Chng 1 gii thiu chung

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Qu trnh truyn tin Truyn tin s Knh truyn tin Tn hiu bng c s v tn hiu bng thng di Ch thch lch s

1.1 Qu trnh truyn tin Qu trnh truyn tin l qu trnh truyn thng tin t ni ny n ni khc theo yu cu xa, nhanh, ng (chnh xc). Ba yu cu gin d ny khng phi lun c mi ngi hiu chnh xc v lch s cng i hi bao cuc cch mng k thut mi ngy cng thc hin tt hn nhng iu ny. Ta phc ha chng nh sau: Th no l xa ? Xa c th l t y n sao ha (!). Phng tin truyn tin hin i p ng yu cu ny khng l g khc ngoi trng in t. Trng in t c th lan truyn trong khng gian t do, trong dy dn in hoc di dng nh sng trong si quang...vi tc 3.108m/s. Th no l nhanh ? Nhanh y khng phi l tc nh sng nh nhiu ngi tng lm. Nhanh y l tc truyn thng tin, n th hin vic p ng thi gian thc i vi yu cu s dng. Cn g chn hn khi voice chat qua mng phi ch mt lc mi nghe ting tr li. iu ny c lin quan n bng thng ( rng bng tn) ca ng truyn hoc t chc mt mng truyn dn cho nhiu ngi dng. Th no l ng ? trong truyn tin khi nim ny cng khng c hiu vi ngha tuyt i mt trm phn trm. M phi hiu vi t l sai st t nht, sai st m yu cu s dng c th chp nhn c Hn ch v cn tr v 3 yu cu truyn tin ni trn chnh l cc yu t Cng sut , rng bng tn knh truyn v can nhiu ( y mi cp n can nhiu do n ch cha ni n cc can nhiu c th khc nh hng n truyn tin nh can nhiu do chuyn ng, do hiu ng a ng truyns c nghin cu trong mt chuyn khc). Cng sut pht tin cng ln, th cng truyn tin i xa. Bng tn truyn dn cng rng th tc thng tin cng nhanh v cui cng cng it can nhiu cng t li truyn tin xy ra. Cu hi chnh t ra trong gio trnh ny l nhng yu t trn hn ch v cn tr 3 yu cu truyn tin th no, v bng cch no vi k thut truyn tin s c th khc phc v vt qua nhng cn tr ny. Bn cnh 3 yu cu truyn tin ni trn thun ty mang tnh k thut, cn c mt yu cu na cng khng th thiu khi thit k cc h truyn tin l yu cu v kinh t, v hiu sut v gi thnh. Yu cu ny cng thng xuyn c phn tch gn lin vi nhng yu cu k thut bt u ta nu ra mt h thng truyn tin tiu biu (hnh 1.1). H thng ny lun c 3 phn c bn l: b pht, knh truyn v b thu. B pht chuyn tn hiu tin to ra t mt ngun tin thnh tn hiu pht dng thch hp truyn c trn knh truyn. Tn hiu thu c sau knh truyn l mt phin bn ca tn hiu pht b lm mo do knh truyn. Nhim v ca b thu l phi to li tn hiu gc (tn hiu tin) nh bn pht t phin bn nhn c ny, ri t to li bn tin

Hnh 1.1 Cc b phn ca mt h truyn tin 1.2 Truyn tin s Truyn tin s c nhiu u im hn k thut tng t, trong ch s dung mt s hu hn dng sng (k hiu truyn tch bit nhau) truyn tin. Mi dng sng truyn trong mt khong thi gian xc nh gi l chu k k hiu v l i din truyn ca mt d liu tin (hay mt t hp bit) cn gi l bo hiu (Signalings). K thut ny c u im ni bt l: chng nhiu trn ng truyn tt (v nu nhiu khng mnh s khng th lm mo dng sng ny thnh dng sng kia, gy nn nhm ln ni thu), song i hi bn tin ngun cng phi c s ha (biu din ch bng mt s hu hn k hiu). V d vn bn ting Vit dng 24 ch ci, b m dng 10 s, bn nhc dng 7 nt v vi k hiu b sungTrong gio trnh ny ta coi rng bn tin ngun c s ha v ta ch nghin cu k thut truyn s qua knh Vic s ha mt bn tin tng t phi tr gi bng mt sai s no ( Gi l sai s lng t, tuy nhin sai s ny li c th iu khin c). So snh vi k thut truyn tin tng t, bn tin khng mc sai s khi s ha, song do dng v s dng sng (tn hiu lin tc) trn ng truyn nn can nhiu s lm thay i dng sng, gy nn sai s khi quyt nh ti ni thu m gc no kh iu khin c. Ngoi ra vic s ha k thut truyn tin cn to nn nhng tiu chun c th thay i linh hot bng chng trnh phn mm v to ra nhng dch v cha tng c trong truyn tin tng t. Ni nh vy ta cng khng qun rng, k thut truyn tin tng t c nhng nh cao v i nh to ra truyn hnh mu hay iu khin a ngi ln mt trng v hin nay trong mt s k thut iu khin tc cc nhanh vn dng n k thut tng t. Khi vn dng l thuyt thng tin vo k thut truyn tin s thng c nhng vn sau y t ra: - Bn tin phi c biu din (m ngun) vi mt s it k hiu nht, theo m nh phn th tc l cn t bit nht. L thuyt thng tin cho mt gii hn di v s bt ti thiu cn biu din. Tc l nu t hn s bt ti thiu khng th biu din y bn tin (lm mo bn tin) - Khi truyn tin m ngun cn c b sung thm cc bit (d tha), m iu ny lm tng tc bit, c th gim c li truyn bn tin (gi l k thut m knh iu khin li), song c mt gii hn trn v tc truyn m vt qua n khng th iu khin li c, l dung nng knh qui nh bi rng bng tn knh truyn v t s tn hiu /n. C=Blog2(1+SNR) b/s (1.1)

 B l rng bng tn knh truyn, SNR l t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut n v C chnh l gii hn trn i vi tc truyn tin cy tnh bng bit/ giy. Cng thc ny cho thy c s chuyn i gia B v SNR. ng thi c 3 yu t: cng sut, rng bng tn v n knh cng tham gia qui nh mc nhanh ca truyn tin nh ni u. y l cng thc rt in hnh (do Shannon tng kt t nm 1948) c trng cho mt h thng truyn tin s. (C s l thuyt ca cng thc ny s c nghin cu trong chng 7). 1.3 Knh truyn tin Knh truyn tin ta ni n y l mi trng vt l truyn sng in t mang tin, l vn trung tm ca mt h truyn tin. N xc nh dung lng truyn thng tin ca h cng nh cht lng dch v truyn tin. C 6 loi knh tiu biu trn thc t: ng in thoi - Cp ng trc - Si quang Knh viba - Knh v tuyn di ng - Knh v tinh ng in thoi: L ng truyn tn hiu in, tuyn tnh, bng gii hn, thch hp cho truyn ting ni bng c s hoc thng di ( rng t 300-3100Hz) c t s tn /n cao ~30dB. Knh truyn ny c p ng ln theo tn s bng phng, khng ch n p pha theo tn s (do tai ngi khng nhy vi tr pha), song khi truyn nh hay d liu th phi ch n iu ny v cn dng b cn bng thch nghi kt hp phng php iu ch c hiu sut ph cao Cp ng trc: C si dn trung tm cch in vi v xung quanh; v cng l vt liu dn in. Cp ng trc c 2 u im ln l rng bng tn ln v chng c can nhiu t bn ngoi. Song cp ng trc cn nhng b pht lp gn nhau v suy gim nhanh ( tc khong 274Mbit/s th khong cch pht lp l 1km) Si quang: Gm li l thy tinh, lp v xung quanh cng l thy tinh ng tm c h s phn x nh hn 1 chut. Tnh cht c bn ca si quang l khi tia sng i t mi trng c h s phn x cao sang mi trng c h s phn x thp th s b un v pha mi trng h s phn x cao, nn xung nh sng c dn i trong si quang. Si quang l vt liu cch in, ch truyn dn nh sng. Dng tn s mang nh sng c 2x1014Hz s cho rng bng tn c 10%=2x1013Hz. Mt mt trong si quang nh: 0.2dB/km v khng chu nh hng ca giao thoa sng in t ( v c bn cht ng dn tnh in). Knh vi ba: Hot ng di tn 1-30GHz cho 2 anten nhn thy nhau. Anten phi t trn thp cao, iu kin knh c th coi l tnh, knh truyn ny tin cy. Tuy nhin khi iu kin kh tng thay i c th lm gim cp cht lng ng truyn Knh di ng : y l knh kt ni vi ngi dng di ng. Knh c tnh cht tuyn tnh thay i theo thi gian cng hiu ng a ng gy nn s ng pha, hoc ngc pha ca cc tn hiu thnh phn lm tn hiu tng cng thng ging (fading). y l loi knh phc tp nht trong truyn thng v tuyn Knh v tinh: cao v tinh a tnh 22 300 dm (30 nghn Km). Tn s thng dng cho pht ln l 6GHZ v cho pht xung l 4 GHZ. rng bng tn ca knh truyn ln c 500MHz chia thnh cc di do 12 b pht p trong v tinh m nhim, mi b pht p dng 36MHz truyn c t nht mt chng trnh truyn hnh mu, 1200 mch thoi, tc d liu it nht 50Mbit. . Ngoi cch phn loi c th trn c th phn loi knh truyn theo tnh cht nh sau:

- Knh tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn : Knh in thoi l tuyn tnh trong khi knh v tinh thng l phi tuyn (nhng khng phi lun lun nh vy) - Knh bt bin hay thay i theo thi gian : Si quang bt bin trong khi knh di ng l thay i theo thi gian - Knh bng tn gii hn hay cng sut gii hn: ng in thoi l knh bng tn gii hn trong khi cp quang v v tinh l cng sut gii hn. 1.4 Tn hiu bng c s v tn hiu bng thng di Thut ng bng c s ch min tn s ca tn hiu bn tin v thng l tin hiu bng thng thp. Tn hiu bng c s c th dng s hay tng t. i vi tn hiu tng t: c thi gian v bin l lin tc i vi tn hiu s: Thi gian v bin (dng sng) u ri rc ( v d li ra ca my tnh c th coi l tn hiu s bng c s). truyn dn, tn hiu bn tin phi c chuyn thnh tn hiu pht c tnh cht ph hp vi knh truyn, Trong truyn dn bng c s: Bng tn knh h tr ph hp vi bng tn tn hiu bn tin, nn c th truyn trc tip tn hiu bn tin Trong truyn dn bng thng di: Bng tn ca knh c tn s trung tm ln hn nhiu tn s cao nht ca tn hiu bn tin. Khi tn hiu c pht i l tin hiu bng thng di (ph hp vi knh truyn) mang thng tin ca tn hiu bn tin. Vic to ra tn hiu bng thng di ny goi l iu ch. Khi nghin cu tn hiu bng thng di, thng ngi ta dng phng php a v tn hiu bng c s tng ng (xem ph lc ) Lin h nghch o gia thi gian v tn s: Theo nhng tnh cht ca bin i Fourier trong l thuyt x l tn hiu c th rt ra nhng tnh cht cn bn sau: - M t min thi gian ca mt tn hiu thay i c chiu ngc vi m t min tn s ca tn hiu: v d chu k ca tn hiu tng th tn s ca n gim , xung cng hp th ph cng rng - Nu tn hiu l gii hn trn min tn s, th m t trn min thi gian s l v hn d bin ca n ngy cng nh (xung sinc(t) l mt v d). Ngc li nu tn hiu b gii hn trong min thi gian th ph ca n rng v cng. ( ch l khng c tn hiu ng thi gii hn c v tn s ln thi gian song li c th c tn hiu v hn c v tn s ln thi gian). 1.5 Ch thch lch s 1. M nh phn y l m c s cho truyn tin s, xut hin t th k 17 vi nhng cng trnh ca Francis Bacon. ng dng t hp 5 ch (mi ch 2 trng thi khc nhau) biu din 24 ch ci nhm b mt bn tin - Nm 1641 John Wilkins dng phi hp 2, 3, 5 ch biu din ch ci lm t m trung bnh ngn hn. - Nm 1703 Leibnitz ln u tin trong lch s s dung 0 v 1 cho m nh phn 2. Telegraf - Nm 1837 Samuel Morse ln u tin xut telegraf

- Nm 1844 truyn t cha lm g (What hath God wrought) qua teleraf, m ra cuc cch mng truyn thng thi gian thc c ly xa. y chnh l kiu truyn thng s u tin dng 2 k hiu chm v gch.(xung ngn v di, c di t thay i) - Nm 1875 Emile Baudot xng di m c nh (gm 5 phn t m ) 3. in thoi -Nm 1884 in thoi c xng bi Alexander Graham Bell. Phin bn u tin truyn ting ni rt yu v ch c ly ngn, sau c ci tin trong nhng nm 1877-1890 c th truyn n 2000dm - Nm1897 Strowge xng chuyn mch t ng. - Vi s pht minh transistor 1948 h thng tng i lp trnh sn c ch to nm 1958. in thoi thng mi vi chuyn mch s xut hin t 1960. - Nm 1937 Alec Reeves pht minh ra iu ch xung m. m ha ting ni (k thut ny c pht trin trong chin tranh II bo mt ting ni) - Nm 1945 DeLoraine pht minh ra hp knh theo thi gian. c ng dng trong mng in thoi qun s - Nm 1950 khi nim truyn s v chuyn mch s c xng - Nm 1974 M rng mng in thoi s, v mng bng rng ISDN s. 4.Radio - Nm 1984 Maxwell nu l thuyt in t ca nh sng v d on s tn ti ca sng radio - Nm 1901 Marconi thc hin thu pht tn hiu radio xa nhau 1700 dm. - K thut iu ch s s dng cho viba ln u Php nm 1930 sau mi n 1970 k thut s mi c quan tm li 5. Thng tin v tinh - Nm 1945 Arthur C.Clarke xut tng dng v tinh nh trm chuyn tip 2 trm mt t. - Nm 1957 V tinh Sputnik ca Nga pht tn hiu 21 ngy. - Nm 1958 M phng tu thm him pht tn hiu ko di trong 5 thng. - Nm 1962 v tinh Telstar (do phng th nghim Bell ch to theo cng trnh ca John R.Pierce) chuyn tip c chng trnh TV qua i ty dng (dng b thu maser v anten ln) - Nm 1964 INTERSAT thnh lp, phng v tnh a tnh (INTERSAT 1 dung lng 240 knh thoi v 1 knh TV) 1965 v trong 7 nm tip theo 4 th h v tinh thng mi c phng tip c 6000 knht hoi v 12 knh TV (INTERSAT 4). INTERSAT 5 dng TDMA k thut s 6. Thng tin quang - Nm 1966 Kao v Hockham ngh dng si thy tinh lm ng dn sng - Laser c pht minh t 1959 v 1960. 1970 Kapron Keck ch to c si pha silic cho suy gim truyn dn nh sng 20dB/km. Hin nay ch cn 0.2dB/km 7.Truyn thng my tnh - T nm 1950 c th lin lc c ly xa u tin dng knh in thoi vi tc 3001200b/s. Hin nay tc nng ln rt nhiu do nhiu ng gp trong c cn bng thch nghi (Lucky 1965) v k thut iu ch c hiu sut ph cao - Mt tng khc l t ng yu cu pht li (ARQ) do Duurent ngh trong chin tranh II v c cng b vo nm 1946.

- T nm 1950-1970 Cc mng my tnh c pht trin mnh. C nh hng quan trong l mng ARPANET ( c ti tr ca b quc phng M vi chuyn mch gi. y l mt v d in hnh ca mng im-im, thu nhn, gi v chuyn) - Mt mng truyn gi khc l mng a truy cp (single-hop) c minh ha l mng ALOHA do Abramson xng t nm 1970. - Loi th3 t hp c 3 loi trn (Multiple-hop). V d v loi ny l mng gi radio PRNET (c ti tr bi ARPA) 8. L thuyt: - Nm 1928 Harry Nyquist Cng b cc bi bo v l thuyt truyn tn hiu trn telegraf. c bit l pht trin l thuyt thu chnh xc tin hiu telegraf trn knh phn tn, c n - Nm 1943 North xut b lc ph hp cho tch ti u tn hiu trn nn n. L thuyt tch da trn l thuyt quyt nh thng k c pht trin bi Neyman v Person (1930) - Mt lnh vc quan trng khc l l thuyt c lng c ng gp quan trng ca Fisher nm 1920. c bit ng dung khi nim c lng kh nng ln nht - T nm 1930-1940 c lng trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu c nghin cu ng thi bi Norbert Wiener (M) v Kolmogorov (Nga). Wiener cng thc ha vn d on tuyn tnh thi gian lin tc v rt ra cng thc hin cho d on ti u ( nm 1942). ng cng xt c lng lc qu trnh c n trng. Cng thc hin ca lc ti u i hi phi gii phng trnh tch phn Wiener-Hopf. Kolmogorov pht trin vn ny trong qu trnh ri rc ( nm 1939) - Nm 1947 L thuyt biu din tn hiu pht trin bi Kotelnicov (lun vn tin s trc hi ng hn lm vic nng lng Moscou) - Nm 1948 C s l thuyt truyn thng s tng i hon chnh c Claude Shannon trnh by trong cc bi bo v l thuyt ton cho truyn thng.