- Data-Link Layer Data Frame

Packet

-
Controlling Transfer Across Local Media
- media access control


(Network Interface Card : NIC)
Data link Layer
Creating a Frame
-
1. Data : Network Layer
2. Header : Frame Start, Addressing, Type,
Contol
3. Trailer : Error Detection, Frame Stop
Connecting Upper-Layer Services to the Media
- Data Link Layer 2 sublayer

1. Upper sublayer :

Network Layer
2. Lower sublayer :

- LAN , Eternet sublayer

1. Logical Link Control
LLC (Logical Link Control)

IEEE802
LAN

LLC

LLC
(Network Layer)
LAN

ATM

LLC

2.Media Access Control

MAC (Media Access Control)



MAC
LLC
(Address)
MAC

MAC

MAC

MAC

Standards
- Data Link layer services specifications

- Engineering organizations
Data Link layer :
1. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) : HDLC
2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) :
802.2(LLC), 802.3(Eternet), 802.5(Token Ring), 802.11(Wireless
LAN)
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) : Q.922
4. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) : 3T9.5 , ADCCP
>Media Access Control (MAC) Techniques:
Placing Data on the Media
- Media access control

-


sophisticated protocols

- Media access control

1. Media Sharing :
2. Topology : Data
Link Layer
MAC for Shared Media
- media access control

1. Controlled :
2. Contention-based :
- Controlled Access for Shared Media
- Controlled Access
scheduled
access or deterministic
-

-
- Token Ring, FDDI
- Contention-based Access for Shared Media

- non-determistic


-
- Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA)

- Eternet, wireless
-

Collision
- CSMA
- CSMA

1. CSMA/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) :

Ethernet
2. CSMA/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) :

 802.11
wireless
MAC for Nonshared Media
- point-to-point topologies

Data Link Layer
half-duplex full-duplex.
- Half-duplex :

- Full-duplex :

Logical Topology Versus Physical Topology

- Physical Topology :

- Logical Topology :

- Topology Point-to-Point, Multi-Access, Ring
Point-to-Point Topology

- 2 ( 2
)
- Link
Link
-
Point-to-Point
- media access method Data Link
protocol logical point-to-point topology
Multi-Access Topology
- 2

Share
- (
)
- media access control methods CSMA/CD or
CSMA/CA, token passing
Ring Topology
- link Point-to-Point

2


- Ring


- media access control methods token passing
>MAC: Addressing and Framing Data
Data Link Layer Protocols: The Frame
- Header, Data, Trailer
- the structure of the frame and the fields contained in the header
and trailer vary according to the protocol.
- fields Header
Trailer Protocol
Framing: Role of the Header
- Header
1. Start Frame field
2. Source and Destination address fields

3. Priority/Quality of Service field

4. Type field
5. Logical connection control field
6. Physical link control field

7. Flow control field

8. Congestion control field
-
Data Link Layer
specific
topologies
Addressing: Where the Frame Goes
- physical addresses
- Data Link layer addressing frame header
destination node
- Data Link layer addressing logical
topology.
1. Point-to-point topologies :
2. multi-access topologies Ring :
Framing: Role of the Trailer
- Trailer
error detection
- Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

- cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

Data Link Layer Protocol The Frames

- Data Link Layer
- Ethernet
- unacknowledged connectionless
CSMA/CD
- LAN protocols MAC address

- Ethernet MAC address 48 bits

- Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

- PPP 2

- PPP
1.

2.

3.

4. (Authentication)
- PPP twisted pair, fiber optic
lines, satellite transmission
- Wireless Protocol for LANs
- IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi contentionbased system Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access process
- CSMA/CA




- High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) :
Half duplex Full
duplex


- Frame Relay
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

- Layer 2 protocol
implement topology

-
LANs WANs.
1. LAN Technology : small geographic area, cost-effective >
Ethernet
2. WAN Technology : large geographic area, not cost-effective >
Point-to-Point Protocol for WANs

Error Detection and Correction

Error Detection Techniques



(Detection and
Correction) Data Link Layer
Transport Layer OSI
Parity Bit
parity
bit 0 1
2
- even parity
- Odd parity
Ex 1 0100110 (Even Parity)
Sol :
1. 1 ( 1)
01001101
Parity Check

2 2, 4, 6

Checksum
Parity Check Over head Parity
Check Compute and send arithmetic sum Handles multiple bit
errors Cannot handle all errors
Check sum

(Parity Bit Check) Overhead
Parity Bit Check check sum

Check Sum
Check Sum




Physical Layer

Physical Layer
Lan

Connector


layer

bits protocol CAT5, CAT6, RJ-45 cable

CCNA Lan UTP

Serial

UTP

 Lan

 Lan

1. Lan

- ( Crossover ) PC
Lan PC ,

Router Lan Router

- ( Straight ) PC
Hub Switch

2. Lan Router PC

Lan

Ethernet

>Overview of EthernetEthernet: Standards and Implementation

- IEEE The

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

.. 1963 2

AIEE TRE
..
1884

- IEEE 802

IEEE 802.3 /

IEEE 802.4

IEEE 802.5

IEEE 802

2 802.2
(LLC : Logical Link Control)

(802.3,

802.4 802.5)

Ethernet: Layer 1 and Layer 2

Logical Link Control: Connecting to the Upper Layers
- LLC (Logical Link Control)

IEEE 802 LAN

LLC

LLC

(Network Layer)
LAN
ATM


LLC

MAC : Getting Data to the Media

- MAC (Media access Control)

- MAC LLC

(Addresses)

MAC

MAC

MAC

MAC



Physical Implementations of Ethernet
>Ethernet: Communication Through the LAN
Historic Ethernet
Legacy Ethernet
Current Ethernet
Moving to 1 Gbps and Beyond
>Ethernet Frame

Frame: Encapsulating the Packet

- Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter :

0 1 packet
frame network

Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Preamble Ethernet

frame 8 byte byte the

Start-of-Frame field n the IEEE 802.3

field

- Destination and Source Addresses

6 bytes 3 bytes addresses

field IEEE vendor-dependent basis

3 bytes ( vendor ) Ethernet IEEE

802.3. source address unicast (

) address destination address

unicast, multicast (group), or broadcast

- Length : (2 bytes in length) bytes

field filed .

- Type (Ethernet ) field

Ethernet packet

- Data (Ethernet) physical-layer link-layer

frame
upper-layer protocol

field Ethernet version 2 padding byte

frame
data filed 46 bytes

- Data (IEEE 802.3 physical-layer link-layer

frame
upper-layer protocol
data portion frame data frame

frame 46-bytes
padding bytes frame
46-bytes

- Frame Check Sequence (FCS) cyclic redundancy check

(CRC) 4 bytes

frame
frame
Ethernet MAC Address
- Mac Address LAN

LAN

- MAC 48 12

6 IEEE

>Ethernet MAC

MAC in Ethernet
CSMA/CD: The Process
- CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access With

Collision Detection)
(Half

Duplex)

(Carrier

Sense)

(Collision

Detection)

Ethernet Timing
-

(Collision)

MAC

(Collision Detection)


(Round-Trip Time)

51.2

ns (10-6 ) 10

Mbps 5.12 ns 100 Mbps

Interframe Spacing and Backoff
>Ethernet Physical Layer

10 Mbps 10Base-T Ethernet

- 10BASE5 using Thicknet coaxial cable : Thick Ethernet


tap

- 10BASE2 using Thinnet coaxial cable : Thin Ethernet

- 10BASE-T using Cat3/Cat5 unshielded twisted-pair cable :

Ethernet Twisted Pair

10 Base T

10 Base T
Ethernet

Ethernet Star

Concentrator HUB

Workstation File Server

HUB
1 0 Base T UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair)
RJ-45
100 Mbps

100 Mbps Fast Ethernet

- Fast Ethernet Ethernet

IEEE 802.3u Ethernet

10 Mbps 10

Fast Ethernet
10 Mbps Ethernet

 Fast Ethernet

- FAST ETHERNET
Network Diameter 205

Fiber Optic 320

10 Mbps Ethernet 500

- 100BASE-TX using Cat5 or later UTP : 100BASE-TX

UTP CATEGORY Fiber

Optic 4B/5B,

- 100BASE-FX using fiber-optic cable : 100BASE-FX

Fiber Optic FDDI Technology
Back Bone

1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

- Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3z)

(LAN-Local Area-Network)
Ethernet 10 Mbps
1 Gbps

CSMS/CD
Ethernet
1 Gbps

- Gigabit Ethernet 10 Mbps 100 Mbps

Ethernet ( IEEE 802.3 IEEE802.3u )

100% Gigabit
Ethernet mode full-duplex

Switch Switch Switch

 End Station Repeater, Hub

Shared-media ( CSMA/CD) Gigabit Ethernet

mode Half-duplex

10 Gbps 10 Gigabit Ethernet

- Ethernet 10

Gigabit 1 Gigabit Ethernet 2-3

- Frame 802.3

- Ethernet 802.3x

- Frame
IEEE 802.3

-
- Full Duplex

- LAN
Star

>Hubs and Switches

Legacy Ethernet: Using Hubs

- (Hub) (Repeater)

- Scalability :

- Latency :
Latency

- Network Failure :

100 Mbps 10 Mbps hub

Ethernet: Using Switches

- throughput

1. Dedicated bandwidth to each port

2. Collision-free environment
3. Full-duplex operation

Switches: Selective Forwarding

- Learning : A B

A MAC

Address (Lookup
Table) X A

A
Learning

- Flooding : B

X)
Flooding

- Forwarding : A

B
A B
Forwarding

- Filtering : C A

MAC Address C

Filtering
- Aging :

Learning

Flooding

Aging

(Timestamp)

>Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Resolving IPv4 Addresses to MAC Addresses

- ARP

- IP address Hardware
address

1.
A

ARP request B

IP address B

2.
A B
3.

IP address
B

4. B

ARP reply

5. B
A
A
B

Maintaining a Cache of Mappings

- ARP

IP address
(cache)

ARP cache
ARP

-
IP address

Ethernet card