i. kveselava, v.

SubiTiZe

politologia
(politikuri Teoria da praqtika)

`teqnikuri universiteti@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe

politologia
(politikuri Teoria da praqtika)

damtkicebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5

Tbilisi 2009

politologiis es axali saxelmZRvanelo Zvelebisagan gansxvavebiT gamoirCeva mravali TemiT da Seqmnilia bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero da saswavlo-meToduri literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad eyrdnoba cnobili amerikeli (e. heivudi), rusi (s. soloviovi, m. makarenkovi, i. suSkovi, r. muxaevi, g. polunina da sxv.) da qarTveli avtorebis (i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, vl. WanuyvaZe, v. qobalia, m. macaberiZe, S. jafariZe, g. abesaZe, a. tukvaZe, v. Wania, T. kiknaZe, o. gogiaSvili, a. kuWuxiZe, n. baraTaSvili, v. doliZe, a. bucxrikiZe, o. qoCoraZe, o. daviTaSvili, v. feraZe, o. WumburiZe, m. sioriZe, q. jijeiSvili, e. gvenetaZe, i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe da sxv.) Sromebs, monografiebs, saxelmZRvaneloebsa da statiebs. wigni ZiriTadad gaTvaliswinebulia studentebis, magistrebisa da doqtorantebisaTvis, magram igi uTuod miiqcevs praqtikospolitikosTa, saxelmwifo moxeleTa, politikur mkvlevarTa da eqspertTa, mkiTxvelTa farTo wris yuradRebas, radgan masSi wamoWrili da ganxilulia politikis Teoriisa da praqtikis mravali aspeqti, romelic Cvens transformirebad sazogadoebaSi mwvaved dgas da kvalificiur gansjas moiTxovs.

redaqtorebi: recenzentebi:

asoc. profesori q. jijeiSvili asoc. profesori z. kvetenaZe asoc. profesori e. gvenetaZe asoc. profesori r. ruxaZe

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-744-9

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Tavi I. politika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovneba ------ 10 politikis gansazRvreba -------------------------------------------------- 10 politika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovneba ------ 12 politika rogorc sajaro procesi ------------------------------ 14 politika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi ------------ 1 5 politikuri Zalaufleba ------------------------------------------------- 16 politikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebi ---------------- 17 Tavi II. mTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebi ------------ 20 tradiciuli klasifikacia da ti pologiebi ------------- 20 `sami samyaros~ ti pologia ------------------------------------------- 2 3 Tanamedrove msoflios reJimebi da axali demokratia ------------------------------------------------------- 2 5 Tavi III. politikuri ideologiebi -------------------------- 3 5 liberalizmi da neoliberalizmi ------------------------------- 3 6 Tanamedrove liberalizmi --------------------------------------------- 3 9 neoliberalizmi --------------------------------------------------------------- 3 9 konservatizmi da neokonservatizmi ---------------------------- 40 socializmi da marqsizmi ----------------------------------------------- 4 3 social-demokratia da mesame gza -------------------------------- 49 sxva ideologiuri tradiciebi faSizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1 anarqizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2 feminizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3 ideologiis momavali ----------------------------------------------------- 54 Tavi IV. demokratia ------------------------------------------------------ 5 6 demokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebi --------------------- 5 6 klasikuri demokratia ----------------------------------------------------- 60
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proteqtoraluri demokratia ----------------------------------------- 61 ganviTarebis demokratia ------------------------------------------------ 62 saxalxo demokratia --------------------------------------------------------- 64 demokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi ----- 6 5 Tavi V. saxelmwifo --------------------------------------------------------- 71 saxelmwifos arsi da ti pebi ----------------------------------------- 71 saxelmwifos formebi ------------------------------------------------------ 7 5 mcire saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------------------------ 7 5 socialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifo ------------------------- 77 totalitaruli saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------ 78 koleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifo ----------------------------- 79 globalizacia da saxelmwifo ------------------------------------- 79 Tavi VI. erebi da nacionalizmi ------------------------------- 84 eri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erToba --- 84 nacionalizmis saxeebi ---------------------------------------------------- 89 liberaluri nacionalizmi ------------------------------------------- 90 konservatoriuli nacionalizmi ---------------------------------- 92 eqspansionisturi nacionalizmi ----------------------------------- 9 3 erovnuli saxelmwifos momavali --------------------------------- 9 3 Tavi VII. msoflio politika -------------------------------------- 97 msoflio politikis arsi da ZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebi --------------------------------------- 97 idealizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 realizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 pluralizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 marqsizmi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 msoflio wesrigi XXI sauku neSi -------------------------------- 103 saukuneSi
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Tavi VIII. qveynis Sida politika ----------------------------- 107 centralizacia Tu decentralizacia? ---------------------- 107 federaciuli sistemebi ------------------------------------------------- 109 federalizmis niSnebi --------------------------------------------------- 112 federalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebi ----------------- 114 unitarizmi ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115 adgilobrivi xelisufleba ------------------------------------------- 116 devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema) ------------------- 116 eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika. nacionalizmis gamococxleba -------------------------------------- 118 Tavi IX. sazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebi --- 121 kapitalizmis saxeobebi ------------------------------------------------- 121 sawarmoo kapitalizmi ---------------------------------------------------- 122 socialuri kapitalizmi ------------------------------------------------ 124 koleqtiuri kapitalizmi ---------------------------------------------- 125 marTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmi --------- 126 socializmis saxeobani -------------------------------------------------- 128 saxelmwifo socializmi ------------------------------------------------ 129 sabazro socializmi ------------------------------------------------------ 129 arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~? -------------- 130 Tavi X. politikuri kultura, TviTgamo rkveva da legitimuroba -------------------------- 1 3 3 TviTgamorkveva samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia? ------ 134 masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da politikuri komunikacia ----------------------------------------- 136 socialuri kapitalis degradacia? ---------------------------- 137 legitimuroba da politikuri stabiluroba ----------- 139 Zalauflebis legitimacia ------------------------------------------- 140
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legitimurobis krizisi ------------------------------------------------- 142 ratom xdeba revoluciebi --------------------------------------------- 143 marqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebi ------------------------ 144 revoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebi --------------------- 145

warmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikur figurebs? ----------------------------------------------------- 175 qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas? ---------------- 178 Tavi XIII. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ------------------- 182

Tavi XI. warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi, xmis micema da referendumi --------------------------------------- 149 warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi ----------------------------------------- 149 mindobilobis modeli --------------------------------------------------- 150 delegirebis modeli ------------------------------------------------------ 151 samandato modeli ----------------------------------------------------------- 152 gaigivebis modeli ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 5 3 arCevnebis arsi da funqciebi -------------------------------------- 154 saarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebi ----- 157 xmis micemis Teoriebi --------------------------------------------------- 159 referendumi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 Tavi XII. konstituciebi, kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo sistemebi --------------------------------------------- 163 konstituciebi ------------------------------------------------------------------ 163 konstituciebis klasifikacia ------------------------------------- 164 konstituciis miznebi ---------------------------------------------------- 169 saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra ----------------------- 169 saerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgena -------------- 170 mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa ------------ 170 uflebebis dacva ------------------------------------------------------------- 171 r eJimebis legitimacia -------------------------------------------------- 171 raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba? ------- 171 samarTali, morali da politika --------------------------------- 173 sasamarTlo xelisufleba --------------------------------------------- 174
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saparlamento da saprezidento sistemebi ---------------- 182 saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi ---------------------- 183 sakanonmdeblo kreba ------------------------------------------------------ 184 saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi ---------------------- 185 warmomadgenloba ------------------------------------------------------------- 186 Tvalyuris devneba da kontroli ------------------------------- 187 politikuri gadaadgileba da momzadeba ------------------- 188 r eJimis legitimuroba --------------------------------------------------- 188 sakanonmdeblo krebis struqtura ------------------------------- 189 erTi Tu ori palata? ---------------------------------------------------- 191 komitetis upiratesoba da nakli -------------------------------- 193 komitetebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 194 sakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansi ------------------------------ 198 Tavi XIV. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ------------------ 201 aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqtura da funqciebi vin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSi ----------------------------------------------- 201 kontroli politikis ganxorcielebaze -------------------- 203 saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva ------------------------------------ 204 gadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSi ----- 205 rezidentebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 206 premier-ministrebi ---------------------------------------------------------- 212 ministrTa kabineti --------------------------------------------------------- 216
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politikur i politikuri

lideroba da misi T eo r iebi ---------------- 218 Teo eor

Tavi XVII. qarTuli politikuri azri ------------------- 259 qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTan -------- 259 daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125) _ politikosi da moazrovne ----------------------------------------- 262 SoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuri da religiuri Sexedulebebi ---------------------------------------- 267 xelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modeli (`isnis karavi~) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 272 ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 276 niko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebi -------------------------------------------- 283 vaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisa da patriotizmis Sesaxeb ----------------------------------------------- 291 Tavi XVIII. saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveoba ------------ 294 politikur sityvaTa leqsikon i ----------------------------- 304 leqsikoni

liderobis Teoriebi ------------------------------------------------------ 219 liderobis stili ----------------------------------------------------------- 223 Tavi XV. armia da policia --------------------------------------- 228 armia da politika ---------------------------------------------------------- 228 armiis roli omis iaraRi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 230 armia rogorc interesebis dajgufeba ----------------------- 231 samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativa --------------------- 2 3 3 armiaze kontroli ---------------------------------------------------------- 235 rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba? ------------------------------------------------------- 236 Sinagani wesrigis garantia ------------------------------------------ 237 policia da politika ---------------------------------------------------- 239 samoqalaqo policia ------------------------------------------------------- 240 politikuri policia ----------------------------------------------------- 241 policiuri saxelmwifoebi -------------------------------------------- 243 Tavi XVI. saqarTvelos politikuri sistema ------- 247 sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamenti ----------------- 248 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba -------------------------------------- 248 sasamarTlo xelisufleba --------------------------------------------- 250 adgilobrivi xelisufleba ------------------------------------------- 250 avtonomiebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 250 cxinvalis regioni --------------------------------------------------------- 252 aWaris avtonomiuri respublika ---------------------------------- 253 adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba ----------------------------------- 254 politikuri partiebi ----------------------------------------------------- 255 masmedia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 256 arasamTavrobo organizaciebi -------------------------------------- 257
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Tavi I politika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovneba politika saintereso saqmea, radgan adamianebi sxvadasxvanairebi arian da maT Soris ar aris SeTanxmeba, rogor unda icxovron, vin da ra unda miiRos sazogadoebidan, vin aris Zalauflebis Rirsi, rogor unda iyos gayofili sazogadoebrivi resursebi da bolos, ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fuZe _ TanamSromloba Tu konfliqti. adamianebi xSirad ver Tanxmebian imaSi, Tu rogor unda gadawydes es sakiTxebi, rogor unda iqnas SemuSavebuli koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi, vin da rogor unda gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazreba, rogor SeuZlia adamians imoqmedos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze da a.S. aristoteles TvalsazrisiT, yvelaferi es politikas `samefo mecnierebad~ ayalibebda, rasac unda gaeumjobesebina cxovrebis done da Seeqmna Rirseuli sazogadoeba. politika, umTavresad sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobaa. is yovelTvis dialogia da ara monologi. cxadia, calke aRebul individebs, robinzon kruzos msgavsad, xelewifebaT Tavisi meurneobis gamarTva, xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna da a.S. erTaderTi, rac maT ar SeuZliaT, es politikiT dakavebaa. es imitom xdeba, rom politika mxolod maSin iwyeba, mxatvrulad rom vTqvaT, rodesac paraskeva Cndeba. mravalxmianoba, romelic politikis fuZeSi devs, raTqma unda, badebs kiTxvas, rogor unda SeviswavloT es sagani. aq isev sxvadasxvagvar gagebas vejaxebiT, rac ama Tu im sazogadoebis problemas `politikurs~ xdis _ rogor analizs saWiroebs politikuri moRvaweoba, rogor avxsnaT igi ufro ukeTesad.

politikis gansazRvreba
yvelaze zogadi saxiT politika aris procesi, romlis farglebSic xalxi qmnis, inarCunebs da amdidrebs Tavis Tanacxovrebis normebs. amitom politika ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli iseT movlenebTan, rogorebicaa konfliqti da TanamSromloba. es asea, radgan sazogadoebaSi arsebobs azrTa sxvaoba, romelic, erTis mxriv, moxmarebas, interesebsa Tanacxovrebis saerTo normebs exeba; meores mxriv, yvela xvdeba, rom am wese10

bis Secvlas an maT SenarCunebas aucileblad sWirdeba TanamSromloba. politikis arsi xSirad dainaxeba konfliqtebis daregulirebis procesSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi farTo midgomis drosac politika unda gavigoT ara rogorc konfliqtebis gadawyveta, aramed gzebis Zieba maTi mogvarebisaTvis, radgan sazogadoebaSi yvela konfliqtis mogvareba rodia SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, erTis mxriv sazogadoebrivi nairferovneba, meores mxriv, sazogado resursebis deficiti mudam iqneba sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili. yovelgvari cda ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT cneba `politika~, dakavSirebulia ori problemis gadawyvetasTan. pirveli _ es asociaciebis simravlea, romlebic yoveldRiurad xmaroben termins `politika~. es maSin, rodesac terminebi, ekonomika, geografia, istoria an biologia sazogadoebaSi miCneulia rogorc samecniero disci plinebi, politika ki gansxvavebul asociaciebs aRZravs. xSirad gvesmis, rom politika aris mikerZoebuli, SeuZlebelia misi Seswavla piradi emociebis gareSe. zogierTis TvalSi politika ubralod `binZuri~ da `saeWvo~ saqmea, romelic iseT saqmeebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa Zaladoba, maqinaciebi, TvalTmaqcoba an ubralod tyuili. cxadia, aq araferi axali ar aris. mag., jer kidev 1775 wels ingliseli poeti da kritikosi samuel jonsoni ambobda, rom `politika _ mxolod da mxolod karieris gakeTebaa am samyaroSi~. XIX s. amerikeli istorikosi henri adamsi ase axasiaTebda am sagans _ `urTierTgautanlobis mowesrigebuli sistema~. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom politikas aqvs meore, sruliad sapirispiro reputaciac _ sazogadoebis nawilis TvalSi politika umTavresi da sapativcemlo saqmea. meore ufro rTuli problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvelaze didi avtoritetebic ki dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan, Tu ras warmoadgens politikis mecnierebis sagani da sxvadasxva meTodebiT gansazRvraven mas. SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi Sexeduleba politikaze: politika rogorc saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba; politika rogorc sajaro procesi; politika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi; politika rogorc Zalaufleba da resursebis gadanawileba. 11

politika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovneba

`politika ar aris mecniereba _ es xelovnebaa~ _ am sityvebs germaniis kancler bismarks miaweren. cxadia, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba Zveli berZnuli sityvis mniSvnelobis mixedviT. termini `politika~ warmoiqmneba sityvidan polis (polis), rac sityvasityviT niSnavs qalaq-saxelmwifos, TiToeul maTgans hqonda Tavisi marTvis organoebi. maTgan yvelaze didi da mZlavri aTeni iyo, romelic kanonierad iTvleba demokratiis akvnad. istoriul WrilSi sityva politika gvagebinebs, rom saqme gvaqvs Tanamedrove gansazRvrebis im formebTan, rac saxelmwifos exeba. politikis aseTi gaazreba ufro metad vlindeba yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi, ase magaliTad, adamianze, romelmac daikava saxelmwifos esa Tu is Tanamdeboba, Cven vambobT _ `politikaSi wavida~. dReisaTvis politikis amgvari gageba ramdenamde moZvelda, Tumca akademiur politikur mecnierebaSi arsebobs tradicia, rom politikis Seswavla niSnavs mTavrobis, ufro farTod ki xelisuflebis funqcionireba-Seswavlas. es tradicia gatarebulia gavleniani amerikeli politologis, devid isTonis naSromebSi. igi gansazRvravs politikas, rogorc `faseulobis gadanawilebas~, romelsac Zalismieri struqturebi axorcieleben. aq varaudoben, rom politika moicavs mxolod im procesebs, romelTa meSveobiT mTavroba reagirebs sazogadoebriv zewolaze, riTac axerxebs gaanawilos faseulobebi an negatur moqmedebebs mimarTavs. faseulobad miRebulia is aucilebeli Tvisebebi, romlebic miRebulia sazogadoebis mier da aRiarebulia aucileblobad. aseTi midgomis nakli aris misi siviwrove. gamodis, rom politika efuZneba mxolod imas, rac Sig politikaSi xdeba _ im sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemaSi, romelic saxelisuflebo aparatis xelisuflebis irgvliv koncentrirdeba. aseTi gagebiT politika iqmneba mxolod kabinetebSi, sakanonmdeblo palatebSi, samTavrobo uwyebebSi, xolo ganageben mas Zalian mcire da gansakuTrebuli jgufebis adamianebi. adamianTa umravlesoba da institutebis didi nawili politikis CarCoebs miRma rCeba. biznesi, sxvadasxvagvari adgilobrivi gaerTianebebi, ojaxi, skola da sxva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi _ yvelani aRiniSnebian, rogoc `arapolitikuri~ struqturebi, isini arafriT ar arian dakavSirebulni 12

`qveynis marTvasTan~. saxelmwifo aparatebis gaigiveba politikasTan niSnavs, rom CarCoebs miRma rCeba saerTaSoriso faqtorebi _ transnacionaluri korporaciebi, romlebic sul ufro mzard gavlenas axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze, iyo dro, rodesac saerTaSoriso arenaze moqmedebda Sida Caketili nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, es ewinaaRmdegeba dRevandelobas, rodesac ufro da ufro rTuli sazogadoebebi xdebian marTvis obieqtebi da sazogadoebis marTvas axorcielebs ara imdenad mTavroba, aramed sazogadoebrivi da kerZo seqtori. amitom amboben, rom movida dro, roca unda Seicvalos terminiT _ `makromarTva~. politikisa da saxelmwifos TvalTaxedviT politikuri moRvaweoba xSirad negatiur WrilSia moTavsebuli, politikosebs ki arc Tu saxarbielod ixseneben. es yvelaferi tolobis niSniT erTiandeba politikuri sferosa da saxelmwifo moRvaweTa saqmianobaSi. yvela kargad icnobs mliqvnel politikoss, romelic xelisuflebisken iltvis, magram araferi gaaCnia sakuTari ambiciebis garda. sainformacio saSualebebis meSveobiT vigebT korumpirebulobis faqtebs saxelmwifo eSelonebSi. amaze laparakoben, rogorc `politikanobaze~, da `biurokratebze, romlebic TavianT savarZelSi arian mokalaTebulni~. aqedan gamomdinare `anti politikis~ kargi niadagi Cndeba. xSirad amasTan dakavSirebiT nikolo makiavelis naSromebs moixsenieben, romelmac wignSi `mTavari~ (1513 w.) aRwera Tavisi drois mmarTvelebis veragoba, cbiereba da simkacris realisturi suraTi. politikis negatiuri saxe sazrdovdeba liberaluri filosofiis mxridanac: individs am filosofiaSi yovelTvis miewereba esa Tu is piraduli xasiaTis daintereseba, politikuri xelisufleba, dasawyisSive afuWebs adamians, radgan isini vinc `xelisuflebaSia~, yovelTvis gamoiyenebs Tavis adgils sakuTari miznebisaTvis sxvis xarjze. es mosazreba aisaxa lordi aktonis (1834-1902) cnobil aforizmSi `yvelanairi Zalaufleba ryvnis, _ absoluturi Zalaufleba ki absoluturad~.

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politika rogorc sajaro procesi

meore ufro farTo koncefcia politikisa scildeba samTavrobo marTvas, kerZod, im mimarTulebiT midis, rasac ewodeba `sazogado cxovreba~ an `sazogado saqme~. am midgomis Tanaxmad, gansxvaveba `politikursa~ da `arapolitikurs~ Soris emTxveva gansxvavebas sajaro da kerZo cxovrebis sferoebs Soris. aseTi Sexedulebebi politikaze gamomdinareobs berZeni filosofosis aristoteles Sromebidan. Tavis `politikaSi~ man miniSneba moaxdina imaze, rom `adamiani TavisTavad Tavisi bunebiT aris politikuri arseba~ da `Rirseuli cxovreba~ xalxs SeuZlia mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, sadac aris politika, _ politikur TanasazogadoebaSi. aq politika warmodgenilia ZiriTadad eTikur aspeqtSi: politika isaa, rac ukavSirdeba `samarTlian sazogadoebas~, anu is, rasac aristotelem `samefo mecniereba~ uwoda. kiTxva mxolod erTSi mdebareobs _ zustad sad gadis sazRvari `sajaro~ da `pirad~ cxovrebas Soris. saerTod amboben, rom is emTxveva saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gayofas. saxelmwifo institutebs (saxelmwifo aparati, sasamarTloebi, policia, jari, socialuri dacvis sistema da a.S.). Cven ganvixilavT rogorc `sajaros~, radgan isini pasuxs ageben sazogadoebis koleqtiuri cxovrebis organizaciaze da amasTanave sazogadoebis xarjze finansdebian _ gadasaxadebis saxiT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba `patara ujredebisagan~, rogorc mas edmund biorki uwodebda, anu iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa ojaxi, sisxliT monaTesave sazogadoebebi, kerZo sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, klubebi, adgilobrivi Tanasazogadoebebi da sxva msgavsi struqturebi. isini `kerZoa~ im gagebiT, rom iqmnebian da arseboben kerZo pirebis xarjze maTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ekonomikaSi, socialur, sayofacxovrebo, pirad, kulturul sferoebSi da a.S.) da warmogvidgebian rogorc `arapolitikuri~. politikis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis koncefcia, yovelTvis iyofoda `momxreebad~ da `mowinaaRmdegeebad~. aristoteles tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, politikuri moRvaweoba ganixileba, rogorc Rirseuli da ganaTlebuli saqmianoba swored misi `sajaro~ xasiaTis gamo. ufro mogvianebiT es tradicia gaagrZela hanna arendcma, romelic naSromSi `adamianuri arsebobis pirobebi~ (1958 w.) werda imis Sesaxeb, rom politika aris 14

adamianuri moRvaweobis yvelaze mTavari forma, imitom rom aq saqme gvaqvs Tanaswor da Tavisufal moqalaqeebis urTierTobasTan, es aris is raRac unikaluri, rac yvela adamians aZlevs cxovrebis azrs. miaxlovebul azrs gamoxatavda Jan-Jak ruso da jon stiuard mili.

politika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi

politikis mesame koncefcia yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogori gziT miiReba gadawyvetilebebi. politika ganixileba rogorc konfliqtebis mogvarebis saSualeba kompromisebis, molaparakebebisa da sxva saSualebebis gziT, romlebic gamoricxaven Zalis gamoyenebas an SiSvel Zalauflebas. es koncefcia aqvT mxedvelobaSi, roca amboben `politika aris SesaZleblobis xelovneba~. rodesac laparakia problemis `politikuri~ gziT gadawyvetaze, mxedvelobaSi aqvT samSvidobo molaparakeba `Zalovan~ an `samxedro~ gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg. es tradiciac aristotelesagan modis. swored misi postulatia _ idealuri marTvis sistema aris `politika~ _ `Sereuli~ forma, romelic Seicavs rogorc aristokratiul, aseve demokratiul elementebs. am tradiciebis momxre Cvens droSi gaxlavT bernard kriki. Tavis klasikur naSromSi `politikis dasacavad~ is wers, rom konfliqtis mxareebi Tanxmdebian mxolod maSin, rodesac maT gaaCniaT Zalaufleba an Zala. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi mxare ubralod gaiTeleba. Tu raime konfliqti warmoiSva, is unda gadaiWras Zaladobisa da muqaris gareSe. kriks kritikosebi gamouCndnen, romlebic miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom is gaerTo dasavleli pluralistebis magaliTiT da gaaigiva politika iseT movlenasTan, rogoric eleqtoraluri procesi da partiuli mowinaaRmdegeebia; rac Seexeba erTpartiul saxelmwifoebs da samxedro diqtaturas, aq misi pozicia cota rames gangvimartavs. mocemuli koncefcia umTavresad miiCnevs kompromiss da konsensuss. igi politikas dadebiT WrilSi warmoadgens, magram miuTiTebs, rom aseT politikaSi midis brZola, sadac mTavar xifaTs warmoadgens _ `nebismieri fasiT Semovides mkafio sicxade da garkveuloba~, es SesaZloa iyos demokratiisadmi brma mimxroba, ybadaRebuli nacionalizmi an sulac mecnierebis pretenzia saboloo WeSmaritebazea. 15

politikuri Zalaufleba
meoTxe koncefcia yvelaze farToa da radikaluri. politikas aq ar eTmoba raime konkretuli sfero mTavrobaSi, saxelmwifosa Tu `sazogado cxovrebaSi~, is sazogado moRvaweobis yvela dargSia, yvela `nabijze~. rogorc adrian leftiviCi aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `ra aris politika? politikuri moRvaweoba da misi Seswavla~. `politika sazogado moRvaweobis centrSia, rogorc oficialurad, aseve araoficialurad, sajaro da kerZoa, is yvela socialur jgufSia, institutebsa da sazogadoebebSi~; Cven mas vxedavT yvela sazogado urTierTobaSi. ojaxSi, mcire jgufebsa Tu megobarTa wreSi, Tu ersa da globalur TanasazogadoebaSi. maSin ra gansxvavebaa politikursa da sxva saxis moRvaweobas Soris, raSia misi specifika? am kiTxvas es tradicia Semdegnairad xsnis: politika ewodeba yvelafers, rac warmoebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, resursebis danawilebasa da gamoyenebaze sazogadoebis funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad, saubaria Zalauflebaze _ maT unarze `Tavisi miiRon~ xSirad nebismieri saSualebebiT. es idea mSvenivradaa reziumirebuli harold lasuelas wignSi `politika: vin ras Rebulobs, rodis da rogor?~ (1936 w.) sazogado cxovrebaSi es tradicia iTvaliswinebs interesebis mudmiv konfliqts, da rac mTavaria _ resursebis deficits, romelic momdinareobs im ubralo viTarebisagan, rom adamianis survilebi usazRvroa, magram maTi dakmayofilebis saSualeba SezRuduli. amitom aq politikas, rogorc winaaRmdegobas, ise ganixilaven; Zalauflebas ki, rogorc mTavar instruments am winaaRmdegobaSi. am midgomas emxrobian feministebi da marqsistebi. Tanamedrove feminizmi sazrdoobs ideiT, rom politika ZiriTadad gamoricxavs qalebis moRvaweobas da mas mxolod ojaxisa da ojaxuri valdebulebebis irgvliv tovebs, mamakaci ki agrZelebs moRvaweobas ara mxolod politikaSi, aramed sxva sazogado sferoebSic. amitom feminizmis Teoretikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian sajarosa da piradulis gayofas sazogadoebaSi, rasac Semdgom lozungs uyeneben `piraduli aris politika~, raSic rogorc wylis wveTSi irekleba radikaluri feminizmis mTeli filosofia. feminizmma Taviseburi niSa gamoyo _ `yoveldRiurobis politika~. aq yvela saxis urTierToba _ ojaxSi, col-qmars Soris, bavSvebTan iseve, `politikuria~, rogorc mosamsaxurisa 16

da damqiraveblis an mTavrobisa da moqalaqis urTierTobani. marqsizmi politikaze saubrobs, rogorc sazogadoebis or doneze `zednaSenze~ da `bazisze~. TviT marqsi pirvelsawyisad politikas aRiqvamda klasikurad, anu akavSirebda mas saxelmwifosTan: magaliTad `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~ (1848 w.) is wers politikur xelisuflebaze, rogorc `erTi klasis mier organizebul Zalauflebaze~. SemdgomSi man ganaviTara Tavisi Teoria, miakuTvna politikur urTierTobas sakanonmdeblo da kulturuli urTierTobani, anu `zednaSeni~. `zednaSeni~ `bazisidan~ warmoiSoba da mas ireklavs. SemdgomSi leninma moaxdina postulizeba da politikuri Zalaufleba daukavSira sazogado klasobriv sistemas, anu `politika ekonomikis koncentrirebuli gamomxatveli gaxada~. marqsizmis Tanaxmad `ekonomika _ ukve politikaa~. zemoT ganxilulis mixedviT, politika aris xalxisadmi mtruli Zala, igi dakavSirebulia erTi adamianisadmi meoris damorCilebasTan. radikaluri feminizmisaTvis es azri amkvidrebs `politikur patriarqats,~ sadac qalisaTvis mamakacis qveSevrdomis rolia gankuTvnili; marqsizmisaTvis _ burJuaziis mier proletariatis eqspluatacias. amave ToeriaSi politikas ara mxolod negatiuri, aramed pozitiuri mniSvneloba eniWeba _ rogorc iaraRs, romliTac sazogadoebriv uTanasworobas ebrZvian. feministebi mouwodebdnen bolo moeRos `seqsizmis politikas~ da aSendes iseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic ar iqneba sqesobrivi dayofa. marqsistebis TvalsazrisiT `klasebis politika~ istorias Cabardeba. is migviyvans `saxelmwifos sikvdilamde~ da politikis, klasikuri gagebiT, dasrulebamde.

politikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebi

cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebi aris politikuri analizis instrumentebi, magram maTTan frTxili mopyrobaa saWiro. cneba _ esaa saerTo idea, ZiriTadad erTi sityviT an erTi winadadebiT gamoxatuli. magram is ufro metia, vidre sakuTari an sazogado sityva. mag. cneba `prezidentoba~ ar ganekuTvneba romelime konkretul prezidents. igi aris ideate erToblioba saxelmwifos meTauris raobaze. cneba instrumentia, romelic gvexmareba fiqris, kritikis, mtkicebis, axsnasa da analizis dros. ubralo Tvalyuris devneba ar 17

gvaZlevs srul codnas gare samyaros Sesaxeb. yvelaferi pirdapir kavSirSia politikis samyarosTan: Cven viZenT codnas, vamdidrebT da vayalibebT cnebebs, romlebic msoflios usazRvrobis arss gvagebinebs. cneba da koncefcia TavisTavad adamians movlenaTa Semecnebasa da gaazrebaSi exmareba. modeli da Teoria farTe cnebaa; isini ideebia mTel speqtrs Seicaven. modelis sityvis qveS tradiciulad viazrebT obieqts Semcirebuli masStabiT. mag, Tojinis saxli an TviTmfrinavi. modelis funqciaa rac SeiZleba zustad gaimeoros originali. mag. kompiuteruli ekonomikis modeli ver iqneba TviTon ekonomikis fizikuri analogia. konceptualuri modeli _ ufro analitikuri instrumentia. modelebi Seicaven urTierTobebis garkveul SigTavss, romlebic warmogviCenen empiriuli monacemebis azrsa da mniSvnelobas. politikuri analizis erT-erTi yvelaze kargi politikuri sistemis modeli SeimuSava devid istonma. models Zalian ambiciuri mizani hqonda, analizis sistemis safuZvelze aexsna mTeli politikuri procesi wamyvani politikuri aqtebis CaTvliT. rac, Tavis mxriv, erT mTlianobas qmnis. politikur sistemaSi, rogorc istonma axsna, aris `wvlili~ da `sargebeli~. pirveli niSnavs moTxovnas, mxardaWeras sazogadoebis mxriv. meore _ gadawyvetilebebsa da moqmedebebs, romelSic sxvadasxva programebi Sedis, kanonebis miReba da sazogado saSualebebis gafarToeba. istonis modelSi politikuri partiebi da interesebis jgufebi warmodgenilia rogorc `mekare~. maTi mTavari amocanaa politikur sistemaSi `Seyvanis~ raodenobis regulireba. istonis modeli ukeTesad xsnis imas, Tu ratom midian represiasa da Zalisxmevaze, rogor xdeboda es ama Tu im politikur sistemebSi. terminebi `Teoria~ da `modeli~ xSirad ixmareba rogorc urTierTSemcvleli cnebebi. erTic da meorec Semadgeneli konceptualuri konstruqciaa. politologebi ityvian, rom Teoria SesaZloa iyos naklebad WeSmariti, modeli ki _ ufro naklebad `sasargeblo~. Teoria da modeli xSirad urTierTkavSirSia. rTul politikur Teoriebs SeuZliaT iyon ilustrirebuli rigi modelebiT. magaliTad, pluralizmis Teoria SeiZleba aixsnas saxelmwifo modelis gamoyenebiT, eleqtoratuli procesis Teoria ki jgufuri politikis modeliT da a.S. modeli da mikroTeoria politikuri analizis umTavresi Teoretikuli instrumentebia, romlis centrSic Zalau18

flebisa da saxelmwifos problematika devs: pluralizmi, elitizmi, klasobrivi analizi da a.S. tomas kunim Tavis wignSi `mecnieruli revoluciis struqtura~ makroTeoriis warmodgenas uwoda paradigma, rogorc ideologiur tradicias. paradigma _ urTierTdakavSirebuli prognozebis, doqtrinebis da Teoriebis aris krebuli, romlebic xels uwyobs gaazrebis struqturul process. bunebismetyvelebaSi, klunis mixedviT, yvela droSi mefobs erTi paradigma, Zvel paradigmas axali cvlis. es paradigmebi Rebuloben farTo socialuri filosofiis formas, rasac xSirad ideologias uwodeben _ liberalizms, konservatizms, socializms, faSizms, feminizms da a.S.

daskvnebi
politika aris moRvaweoba, romlis farglebSic xalxi qmnis, inarCunebs da amdidrebs sazogado wesebs. sazogado moRvaweoba dakavSirebulia, erTis mxriv, nairferovnebasa da konfliqtze, meores mxriv, _ TanamSromlobisa da amoqmedebaze. politika umjobesia gavigoT, rogorc konfliqtebis gadaWris gza, magram yvela konfliqti ar aris mogvarebadi. sxvadasxva tradiciebiT da sxvadasxva moazrovneTa mixedviT politikas igebdnen sxvadasxvagvarad. mas saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebad aRiqvamdnen. sazogado konfliqtebis mogvareba xdeboda diskusiebiTa da kompromisebiT. yvelaze sadao problema politologiaSi aris is, Tu sazogado cxovrebis romel sferos moicavs `politika~. tradiciuli midgomiT am sferos ganekuTvnebian mxolod institutebi da isini, vinc moRvaweobs sazogadoebis `sajaro dawesebulebebSi~. Tu politikas gavigebT, rogorc Zalovani urTierTobis process, maSin mas miekuTvneba piradi cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebi. politikis Seswavla mecnierul xasiaTs atarebs imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia miviRoT obieqturi codna politikis samyaroze, koncefciebi, modelebi da Teoriebi unda gavigoT, rogorc politikuri analizis instrumentebi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cven gamovyofT codnas usasrulo da rTuli realobidan. saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebisa da politikis esa Tu is gageba xorcieldeba farTo inteleqtualuri konstruqciis farglebSi _ ideologiur paradigmaSi. 19

Tavi II mTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebi Zveli drois moazrovneebi ganasxvavebdnen mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebs. jer kidev Zv. w. aR. me-4 s. aristotelem pirvelma daaxasiaTa politikuri reJimebi iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebiT, rogorebicaa `demokratia~, `oligarqia~ da `tirania~. me-18 dasawyisSi ukve gvaqvs monarqiuli da respublikuri saxelmwifoebi, avtokratiuli da konstituciuri reJimebi. XX saukuneSi gaCnda kidev ufro specifikuri klasifikaciebi. mag. `civi omis~ periodSi planetis politikuri suraTi warmogvidgeboda or dapirispirebul mxares _ demokratiasa da totalitarizms Soris. dReisTvis es klasifikacia moZvelebuli Cans iseTi movlenebis fonze, rogorebicaa komunizmis kraxi, aRmosavleT aziis amoZraveba da politikuri islamis Camoyalibeba. Tumca jerjerobiT garkveuli ar aris raze mianiSnebs es cvlilebebi _ dasavluri liberaluri demokratiis triumfze Tu Tanamedrove msoflios Semdgom politikur fragmentaciaze.

tradiciuli klasifikacia da ti pologiebi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis arsebuli klasifikaciebis sakiTxze gadasasvlelad saWiroa pasuxi kiTxvebze _ ra aris `mTavroba~ da riT gansxvavdeba mTavroba `politikuri sistemebis~ an `reJimebisagan~. termini `mTavroba~ miekuTvneba institutebsa da procesebs. romlis CarCoebSic ZiriTadad miiReba koleqtiuri da, amasTanave, rogorc wesi, Sesasruleblad aucilebeli gadawyvetilebebi. politikuri sistema an reJimi farTo gagebiT moicavs aramarto Zalauflebis meqanizmebsa da saxelmwifos institutebs, aseve struqturebsa da procesebs, romelTa meSveobiT saxelmwifo zemoqmedebs sazogadoebasTan. reJimi aris `mmarTvelobis sistema~, romelic narCundeba mTavrobis yovelgvari cvlilebisas. mTavrobebi SeiZleba Seicvalos arCevnebis, dinastiebis Secvlis, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis da sxva movlenaTa Sedegad. reJimebi ki icvleba an garedan samxedro Carevis Sedegad, an SigniT revoluciuri gadatrialebiT. 20

saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT nebismieri meqanizmi an instituti, romelic xelmZRvanelobs sazogadoebas, mxars uWers masSi dawesebul wesrigs, gaaCnia unari gamoimuSavos koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi da ganaxorcielos isini. garkveuli mmarTvelobis amgvar sistemas Cven aRmovaCenT TiTqmis yvela socialur institutSi _ ojaxSi, skolaSi, saqmian struqturaSi, profkavSirebSi da sxv. termins `saxelmwifo mmarTveloba~ ZiriTadad miakuTvneben im oficialur da institucionalur procesebs, romelTa meSveobiTac erovnul doneze narCundeba kanoni da wesrigi, xorcieldeba koleqtiuri xasiaTis qmedebani. saxelmwifos centraluri funqciaa SeimuSaos, miiRos kanonebi da cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos. politikuri sistemis klasifikacia CvenTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovania ori mizeziT. pirveli, igi arsebiTad amsubuqebs politikis da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gagebas, politologiasa da sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi cnobiereba ZiriTadad modis Sedarebis gziT, eqsperimentuli xasiaTis meTodebi aq miuRebelia. meore _ klasifikacia aiolebs ara marto analizs, aramed movlenebis Sefasebas. aristoteles droidan politikuri moazrovneebi miiswrafodnen ara marto gaegoT, aramed moexdinaT Zalauflebis srulyofa. istoriaSi araerTxel ganxorcielda udidesi arsiT utopiuri cdebi mmarTvelobis idealuri sistemis dasaxatad. mag. platonis `respublika~, Tomas moris `utopia~, `mindvrebi, fabrikebi da saxelosnoebi~ da sxv. Cven gveZleva SesaZlebloba mivceT maT garkveuli xarisxobrivi daxasiaTeba, Sefaseba. mxolod SedarebiTi midgomis CarCoebSi SeiZleba garkveuli msjeloba sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. mag. `unda mivesalmoT Tu ara ruseTis, saqarTvelos da sxv. postsabWoTa qveynebis gadasvlas liberalur demokratiaze?~ `indoeTma uari unda Tqvas Tu ara federalizmze unitaruli sistemis Tu regionebis damoukideblobis sasargeblod?~, `didma britaneTma unda miiRos Tu ara dawerili konstitucia?~ da a.S. klasifikaciis yvela sistemas aqvs Tavisi naklovanebebi. aris saSiSroeba imisa, rom ar iqnas SemCneuli da gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva pirobebSi erTi da igive movlenis gansxvavebuli azri, mag. iaponiasa da mTel aRmosavleT aziaSi `saxelmwifo~ arsiT da ti piT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes im `saxelmwifosgan~, rogorc igi esmiT dasavleTSi. amitom 21

SedarebiTi analizis Catarebisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi eTnocentrizmis saSiSroeba. klasifikaciebi SeiZleba iyos damaxinjebuli ama Tu im faseuli zegavleniT. mag. iyo dro, roca politologebi aerTianebdnen komunistur da faSistur reJimebs erTi rubrikis `totalitarulis~ qveS; warmoiSva suraTi, rom `civi omis~ wlebSi dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiebi ebrZodnen arsebiTad im mters, romelTanac TanamSromlobdnen meore msoflio omSi. klasifikaciis yvela Cvens sistemas axasiaTebs kidev erTi nakli _ win ayenebs saxelmwifos, xolo qveynebs ganixilavs, rogorc mTlian sistemebs. globalizaciis epoqaSi aseTi midgoma gaumarTlebelia. istoriulad mmarTvelobis sistemis yvelaze ufro avtoritetuli sistema iyo is, romelic IV s. Cv. eramde SeimuSava aristotelem _ misTvis masalad iqca 158 berZnuli polisi, romlebic im momentisTvis arsebobda. aristoteles Semdeg es sistema batonobda politikur filosofiaSi kidev 2500 wels. aristotele Tvlida, rom mTavrobebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba ori kategoriiT: `vin marTavs~ da `vis interesebSia es~. Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos erTi adamianis, adamianTa jgufebis an mravali moqalaqis xelSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba emsaxurebodes an mmarTvelebis viwro, aSkarad egoistur interesebs an mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs. ase aristotelem gamoyo mmarTvelobis eqvsi forma:Ltirania, oligarqia, demokratia, monarqia, aristokratia da politia. aristotele cdilobda Rirseulad Seefasebina mmarTvelobis TiToeuli forma, raTa ganesazRvra maT Soris ukeTesi. uares, gafuWebul formebs man miakuTvna tirania, oligarqia da demokratia. ufro srulyofilad miiCnia monarqia, aristokratia da politia: am sistemebSi Sesabamisad erTi adamiani, adamianTa klasi da sazogadoebis farTo fenebi marTavdnen. mmarTvelobis yvelaze cud formad aristotele Tvlida tiranias. mmarTvelobis srulyofil da mdgrad formad miCneuli iqna politia. aristotele upiratesobas aniWebda mmarTvelobis `Sereul~ formas, romelic gaaerTianebda Tavis TavSi demokratiisa da aristokratiis elementebs, xolo Zalaufleba iqneboda `saSualo klasebis~ _ arc mdidrebisa da arc Raribebis xelSi. SemdegSi aristoteles Teoria ganviTarebuli iqna iseTi moazrovneebis mier, rogorebic iyvnen tomas hobsi da 22

Jan bodeni. naSromSi `saerTo keTildReobis eqvsi princi pi~ bodeni dawvrilebiT ganixilavda sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin aris Zalauflebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebSi. is mivida daskvnamde, rom mmarTvelobis ufro misaReb formad miCneuli unda iqnes absolutizmi, rameTu Zalauflebis matarebeli aq aris mmarTveli, romelsac aqvs ufleba ukarnaxos kanoni, Tavad ki aranairi kanoniT ar izRudeba. rodesac Zalaufleba erTi adamianis xelSia saxelmwifo, bodenis mixedviT, iRebs erTiani da ganuyofeli suverenitetis yvela sikeTes. amasTanave monarqic SezRudulia Tavis nebaSi _ RvTaebrivi kanoniT an adamianebis bunebrivi uflebiT. hobsi suverenitets ganmartavda rogorc gansakuTrebul uflebas iZulebiT Zalauflebaze. mis wignSi `leviaTani~ mmarTveli gamodis SeuzRudavi xelisuflebis matareblad. mogvianebiT am ideebis radikaluri gadasinjvis moTxovniT gamovidnen adrindeli liberaluri azris iseTi warmomadgenlebi, rogorebic iyvnen jon loki da monteskie _ konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideologebi. lokma `mTavrobis or traqtatSi~ win wamoswia debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom suvereniteti `Tavsdeba~ ara monarqSi, aramed xalxSi. mTavrobis Zalaufleba ki SezRuduli unda iqnas adamianis bunebrivi uflebebiT, gansakuTrebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebiT. monteskies cnobili `kanonTa krebuli~ warmoadgenda sazogadoebis WeSmaritad mecnieruli gamokvlevis cdas, rom Tavad monteskiem, absolutizmis Seurigebelma kritikosma da inglisis parlamentaruli tradiciis enTuziastma, pirvelma wamoayena `Zalauflebis danawilebis~ winadadeba aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo institutebs Soris. mogvianebiT es princi pi ganxorcielda amerikis konstituciaSi (1787).

`sami samyaros~ ti pologia XX saukuneSi istoriis svlam kidev erTxel Secvala politikuri tipologiis kriteriumebi. or msoflio oms Soris periodSi warmoiSva avtoritarizmis axali formebi _ stalinur ruseTSi, faSistur italiasa da nacistur germaniaSi; msoflio gaxda gaiyo or sistemad _ demokratiul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebad. Tumca meore msoflio omSi faSizmi 23

ganadgurda, kontrasti demokratiasa da totalitarizms Soris mainc TvalSisacemi iyo. daiwyo kvalifikaciis iseTi sistemis Zieba, romelic iqneboda sruliad obieqturi da neitraluri. droTa ganmavlobaSi popularoba moi pova e.w. `sami samyaros~ koncefciam, romlis mixedviT politikuri samyaro SeiZleba daiyos sam blokad: kapitalisturi `pirveli samyaro~; komunisturi `meore samyaro~; ganviTarebadi `mesame samyaro~. am klasifikacias aqvs Tavisi ekonomikuri, ideologiuri, politikuri da samxedro-strategiuli ganzomilebani. dasavluri industriuli reJimebi gamocxadebuli iqna `pirvel samyarod~. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT aq mosaxleobis cxovrebis yvelaze maRali donea. 1983 w. es qveynebi, romelSic iyo msoflio mosaxleobis mxolod 15%, qmnida msoflios Sida produqtis 63% (1885 w. msoflio bankis monacemebiT). am azriT, komunisturi reJimebi iyvnen `meoreebi~. maT gaiares industrializaciis procesi da SeeZloT daekmayofilebinaT TavianTi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi materialuri moTxovnebi; aq cxovrobda msoflio mosaxleobis 33%, es qveynebi awarmoebdnen msoflio Sida produqciis 19%. aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi gaerTiandnen `mesame samyarod~ im kriteriumiT, rom isini ekonomikurad damokidebuli da masobrivi siRaribiT arian moculi: aq msoflio mosaxleobis 52% cxovrobs da masze modis msoflio sasaqonlo produqciis 18%. damangreveli dartyma sami samyaros koncefciaze miitanes 1989-1991 w. aRmosavleT evropulma revoluciebma. maTi Sedegi iyo orTodoqsaluri komunizmis kraxi ssr kavSirSi da yofili socialisturi banakis qveynebSi, politikuri liberalizaciis da sabazro reformebis dawyeba. am mimarTulebiT frensis fukuiamam ganacxada, rom yvelaferi es niSnavs `istoriis dasasruls~, radgan yovelgvari ideologiuri winaaRmdegobebi damTavrda dasavluri liberaluri demokratiis gamarjvebiT. rac Seexeba meore da mesame samyaros reJimebs, maT sabolood unda gaiazron, rom mxolod kapitalisturi pirveli samyaro Tavazobs ekonomikuri ayvavebisa da politikuri stabilurobis WeSmaritad swor perspeqtivebs.

Tanamedrove msoflios reJimebi da axali demokratia

1980 wlebis bolodan politologiaSi saerTod ar iyo seriozuli cdebi politikuri sistemebis klasifikaciaSi SemoeTavazebinaT raime axali Teoria. sami samyaros koncefciaze uari Tqves, magram rogori unda iyos dayofis axali xazebi msoflios politikur rukaze, aqamde ucnobia. istoriis dasasrulis idea Tavisi arsiT aRmoCnda erTdRiani pepela, romelic gamofrinda sinaTleze mxolod komunizmisa da demokratizaciis kraxis gamo 1989 wlis bolos da 1990 wlebis dasawyisSi. dRes gasagebia, rom triumfis ganwyobileba, ramac maSin dasavleTi moicva sinamdvileSi iyo civi omis Semdeg kmayofileba. rac Seexeba axali sistemis klasifikaciis konturebs, SeiniSneba kidev erTi siZnele _ mkafio kriteriumebis uqonloba. unda iTqvas, rom klasifikaciis arcerTi sistema ar efuZneboda erTaderT kriteriums, Tundac yvelaze seriozuls. unda gaviTvaliswinoT reJimis sami ZiriTadi daxasiaTeba _ misi politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi. sistemebi gansxvavdeba ara marto Tavisi konkretuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli parametrebiT, aramed imiT, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze da es parametrebi exmarebian erTmaneTs realur cxovrebaSi Tavisi kulturuli konteqstidan gamomdinare: mag. mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da sabazro ekonomika dasavluri sazogadoebis liberalur kulturaSi _ es erTia, dasavluri sazogadoebis kulturaSi gansxvavebuli. amasTanave saWiroa gageba, rom XX saukunis dasasrulis uRrmesi politikuri gadatrialebebis fonze nebismieri klasifikacia droebiTi xasiaTis iqneba. TviTon politikuri sistemebi dRes icvlebian ise swrafad, rom maTi klasificireba urTulesia. es cvalebadi politikuri realobisa maradiuli rbolaa. Tanamedrove msoflioSi SeiZleba gamoiyos reJimebis xuTi ZiriTadi tipi: dasavluri poliarqiebi,axali demokratiebi, aRmosavleT-aziuri reJimebi, islamuri da samxedro reJimebi. cneba `dasavluri poliarqiebi~, faqtiurad, miekuTvneba im sistemebs, romlebzec adre laparakobdnen rogorc liberalur demokratiebze. es aris sistemebi, romelTa sawyisi 25

24

geografiuli areali iyo CrdiloeT amerika, dasavleT evropa da avstralia. am reJimebSi hanTingToni ganixilavda demokratizaciis pirveli ori talRis produqts, romelTagan pirveli moicavs periods 1828 wlidan 1926 wlamde da iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa aSS, safrangeTi da didi britaneTi, xolo meore 1943-1962 ww. da moicavs dasavleT germanias, italias, iaponias da indoeTs. Tumca am sistemebis damyarebis procesi gadioda demokratizaciasa da liberalizaciaze. termini poliarqia mocemul SemTxvevaSi ufro misaRebia, vidre `liberaluri demokratia~. miT umetes, cnebaSi `liberaluri demokratia~ ufro bevri ramaa aRebuli politikuri idealidan, vidre sinamdvilidan. politikuri sistemebis aRsawerad cneba `poliarqia~ Semotanili iqna dalis da lindblomis mier naSromSi `politika, ekonomika da keTildReoba~, xolo Semdeg ganviTarebul iqna dalis mier naSromSi `poliarqia: monawileoba da opozicia~. am avtorTa azriT, poliarqiebi sazogadoebas aZleven farTo SesaZleblobebs politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis misaRebad. aq didia politikuri aqtivobis done, romlis miRweva xdeba mkveTrad damuSavebuli saarCevno sistemiT, rac moqalaqeebs uflebas aZlevs gaakontrolos, da Tu aucilebelia, moiSoros arasasurveli politikosebi. am azriT poliarqiebi axloa demokratiuli elitizmis im formasTan, romelsac ioseb Sumpeteri aRwers naSromSi `kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia~. Tumca lindblomi da dali (1985) aRiarebdnen im faqts, rom poliarqiebi imyofebian didi korporaciebis uzomo zegavlenis qveS. saerTod, raRac poliarqiuli niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia yvela saxelmwifosaTvis, romelTa praqtikaSic mravalperioduli arCevnebia. Tumca ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavluri poliarqiebi erT Targzea gamoWrili. zogni midrekilni arian centralizaciisa da maJoritaruli mmarTvelobisadmi. maJoritaruli demokratiebi dafuZnebulia parlamentarizmis princi pebze. yvelaze naTeli magaliTi aq, ra Tqma unda, didi britaneTia, magram am modelis mravali niSani Cans axali zelandiis, avstraliis, kanadis, israelisa da indoeTis politikur sistemebSi. am modelisgan gansxvavebiT dasavluri poliarqiebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zalauflebis dayofa samTavrobo da partiuli institutebis mTel speqtrze. aSS mmarTvelobis sistema dafuZnebulia mTavrobis institutebs Soris Zalauflebis 26

mkacr ganawilebaze da sruliad naTlad gawerilia konstituciis muxlebSi. sxva qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT kontinentalur evropaSi saboloo politikuri konsensusis ukan dgas partiaTa Soris urTierToba _ maTi molaparakebebiT, `vaWrobiT~ da `Zalauflebis danawilebiT~. belgiaSi, avstriasa da SveicariaSi ganviTareba hpova SeTanxmebiTi demokratiis sistemam, rac ufro miesadageba Rrma religiuri, ideologiuri, kulturuli, regionaluri gansxvavebebis sazogadoebebs. konsensusuri an pluralistuli tendenciebi xSirad asocirdeba koaliciur mTavrobasTan, Zalauflebis danawilebasTan aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris da a.S. rogorc ar unda moxdes politikuri sistemis klasificireba, yvela poliarqiuli reJimi unikaluri erTjeradi da gansakuTrebulia. amerikulis gansakuTrebuloba umetesad modis iqidan, rom qveyanas ar gauvlia feodalizmi, magram iyo migraciis gamocdileba, dasaxlebis mowyoba da sazRvrebis ganawileba. yvelaferi es gvixsnis Cven ratomaa aSS politikuri kultura ase individualisturi, ratom (unikaluri momenti dasavlur poliarqiebs Soris) moaxdina qveyanam imunitetis demonstrireba socialisturi da am ti pis sxva moZraobebis mimarT). ufro rTul SemTxvevas warmoadgens indoeTi. kulturul, religiur da filosofiur mimarTebaSi qveyanas verafriT mivakuTvnebT dasavleTs. evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis ganviTarebuli poliarqiebisgan gansxvavebiT igi umetesad agraruli qveyanaa, sadac ganaTlebis done odnav aRemateba 50%-s. 1947 w. damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg indoeTi warmoadgenda ti piur poliarqias, romelmac sakmaod advilad gadaitana `gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobac~ ki, romelic indira gandim SemoiRo 1970 w. bolos. indoeTis politikuri stabiluroba aixsneba indoeTis nacionaluri kongresis kasturi politikiT da, SeiZleba iTqvas, im `mistikiT~, rac yovelTvis gars akravda neru-gandis dinastias. dRes arcerTi faqtori aRar arsebobs da xdeba indoeTis evolucionireba SeTanxmebiTi demokratiisken. msoflioSi demokratizaciis axali talRa hanTingTonis mixedviT daiwyo 1994 w. memarjvene mTavrobebis damxobiT saberZneTSi, portugaliasa da espaneTSi da Semdeg gamoixata laTinur amerikaSi samxedro diqtatorTa poziciebis SesustebiT da, rac mTavaria, komunizmis kraxiT. 1989-1991 w.w. aRmo27

savleT evropuli revoluciebi aaqtiurebs demokratizaciis procesebs, romelTa msvlelobaSi bevri ram nasesxebi iqna dasavluri liberaluri modelidan. mTavari aq iyo politikaSi mravalpartiuli arCevnebisa da ekonomikaSi sabazro reformebis SemoReba. bevri politikuri reJimi ganicdis gardamaval periods, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi gaiyvans maT dasavluri modelis poliarqiebze. dReisTvis umjobesia es sistemebi mivakuTvnoT gansakuTrebul gardamaval ti ps. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom komunisturi warsulis simZimis daZleva SeuZlebelia mokle xanSi, gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi. am qveynebSi gardamavalma periodma moitana axali problemebi, rasac araferi saerTo ar hqonda dasavlur sazogadoebaTa problemebTan. es reJimebi Sesabamisad axal demokratiebad an naxevrad demokratiul reJimebad unda iqnas kvalificirebuli. paradoqsulia, magram, garkveul wilad, am sistemebSi stabilurobis ideas atareben komunisturi da yofili komunisturi partiebi. rumineTSi da bulgareTSi komunisturi sazogadoebis bevri instituti warmatebiT gadabargda postkomunistur epoqaSi, xolo ungreTSi, poloneTsa da ruseTSi komunisturi partiebi princi puli an koniunqturuli mizezebiT social-demokratiul poziciebze dganan. kidev erTi problemebis wyeba dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri gardaqmnis procesTan. `Sokuri Terapia~, romelic saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis receptebiT mimdinareobs, aris centraluri dagegmarebidan Tavisufal kapitalizmze gadasvla, man umuSevrobis zrdisa da inflaciis gamo arsebiTad gaauaresa sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis mdgomareoba da gaaZliera socialuri uTanasworoba. 90-iani wlebis rTul drosTan SedarebiT dRes ekonomikuri liberalizaciis tempebi mkveTrad Senelda. umetesad, sazogadoebis uaryofiTi reaqciis gamo sabazro reformebze, rac gamoixata komunistur da Tavisi SeferilobiT nacionalisturi partiebis mxardaWeraSi. bolos, problemebis kidev erTi wre dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sisustesTan. dRes es aSkarad Cans eTnikuri da erovnuli winaaRmdegobebis aRorZinebaSi. ssrk kavSirSi komunizmis kraxTan erTad moxda yofili sabWoTa imperiis daSla. im 15 damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi, romelmac igi Secvala ruseTis CaTvliT, erovnuli problemebi dgas yvelaze ufro mkveTrad. 28

1992 w. Sewyvita arseboba Cexoslovakiam da daiyo CexeTad da slovakeTad. magram ufro dramatuli formebi miiRo nacionalur-eTnikurma konfliqtma iugoslaviaSi, sadac man gamoiwvia omi serbeTsa da xorvatias Soris 1991 w. da samoqalaqo omi bosniaSi 1992-1996 w. postkomunisturi reJimebi, ra Tqma unda, aseve araerTgvarovania. mTavari gansxvavebebi aq gadis industriulad ganviTarebul da `dasavlurad~ mcxovreb centralur evropis qveynebs _ CexeTi, ungreTi da poloneTi da ufro CamorCenil qveynebs _ rumineTi, bulgareTi da garkveul wilad ruseTs Soris. pirvel jgufSi sabazro reformebi Catarda swrafad da SedarebiT uproblemod, meoreSi isini arasruli iyo, gamoiwvia seriozuli politikuri winaaRmdegobebi. saxelmwifoebis pirveli jgufi cdilobs rac SeiZleba swrafad Sevides evropis kavSirSi. da bolos, SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT TviT ruseTis unikaluroba, rac gamomdinareobs misi imperiuli warsulidan, avtoritaruli da eqspansionisturi formebis miRebis rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis midrekilebidan da im garemoebidan, rom petre I-is droidan aq pirispir idgnen dasavluri da slavinofiluri interesebi da amitom dRes mas uWirs gaerkves Tavis kulturul da politikur bedSi. SeuZlebelia gamovricxoT, rom XX s dasasrulisTvis dawyebuli aRmosavleT aziis aRmavloba SeiZleba gaxdes ufro mniSvnelovani globalur-istoriuli procesi, vidre komunizmis kraxi. am xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikis centrma gadainacvla dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT. ukve XX s bolo or aTwleulSi ekonomikuri zrdis monacemebi wynari okeanis regionis dasavleT `gareubanSi~ oTxjer aRemateboda evropisa da amerikis ganviTarebuli ekonomikis monacemebs. ufro naklebs laparakoben aRmosavleT-aziur politikur sistemaze. 1980-1990 wlebSi mravalpartiuli eleqtoraluri sistemebi warmatebiT ganviTarda iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa tailandi, samxreT korea da taivani. Tumca aziis poliarqiuli institutebi ise ar funqcionireben, rogorc dasavleTSi. arsebiTi gansxvaveba kulturebs Sorisac, rac konfucianizmis zegavleniT dasavlurma fundamentalizmma Camoayaliba. unda vaRiaroT, rom aziuri Rirebulebani dasavlurisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. ama Tu im mimarTebiT aRmosavleT aziur reJimebs aqvT raRac saerTo. isini met wilad organizebulni arian ufro ekonomikuri miznebis garSemo; maTi mTavari amocanaa 29

xeli Seuwyon ekonomikur zrdas da keTildReobas da ar gaafarTovon individualur uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa is wre, rasac Cven vxedavT dasavleTSi. es metismeti pragmatizmi aSkarad TvalSisacemia `xuTi vefxvis~ ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi _ samxreT korea, taivani, honkongi, singapuri da malaizia. masve vxedavT CineTis ganviTarebaSi 1970-iani wlebis bolodan da es Zalauflebaze im komunisturi monopoliis dros, romelic jerac arsebobs CineTSi. am sistemebSi dafuZnebulia `Zlieri~ mTavrobis idea _ saxelmwifosadmi pativiscema da saTanado mxardaWera mmarTveli partiis mxridan, Tundac es kompartia iyos. xelmZRvaneli da lideri aq sargeblobs pativiscemiT. Tumca loalobis konfuciuri tradiciis mixedviT, yvelafer amaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac dafaruli an Ria tendencia totalitarizmisken. da bolos, aq bevrs fiqroben sazogadoebasa da socialur kavSirebze _ ojaxi aris am tradiciis centraluri elementi. jamSi yalibdeba is, rasac iaponelebi uwodeben `jgufur azrovnebas~, sadac sustia individualizmi da adamianis uflebebi. rogorc sxva sistemebi, aRmosavleT-aziuri sistemebi erTgvarovani ar aris. aq vlindeba kulturuli gansxvavebebi. sainteresoa, rom singapuris skolebSi konfuciuri programebis danergva uSedegod damTavrda. msgavs situacias adgili hqonda malaiziaSi, sadac aseve yvelaferi keTdeboda, raTa SeeferxebinaT Cinuri zegavlena da metad gaeZlierebinaT amis gareSec aSkarad gamoxatuli nacionaluri kulturis islamuri elementebi. CineTis gadasvlam kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze metwilad Caaqro, Tumca ver gadawyvita yvela es winaaRmdegoba. aqamde, SenarCunebulia mkveTri kontrasti `sabazro stalinizmsa~ (Cinuri nimuSis) da Rrmad gamjdar iaponur demokratias Soris. islamis, rogorc politikuri Zalis, aRmavlobam moaxdina gavlena CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziis nawilsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi politikis sferoze. calkeul SemTxvevebSi mebrZoli muslimanuri moZraobebi Tavis Tavze iReben qalaqis RaribTa interesebis ruporis rols marqsizm-leninizmSi sayovelTao imedgacruebis gamo da amiT ucxadeben gamowvevas arsebul reJimebs. wminda islamur saxelmwifod Tavisi warmoSobis droidan _ 1932 w _ iqca saudis arabeTi. 1979 w. iranSi 30

revoluciam gamoiwvia islamuri respublikis Seqmna aiaTola homeinis meTaurobiT (1900-1989), romelsac Semdeg mibaZa sudanma da pakistanma. specifikuri da eqstravagantulic ki gaxda islamis interpretacia iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa libia. islami arasdros ar iyo mxolod religia. es ufro mTliani cxovrebis wesia, rac gansazRvravs eTnikuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri qcevis normebs rogorc adamianebis, aseve saxelmwifosTvis. `islamis gza~ efuZneba muhamadis moZRvrebas (570-632), romelic gadmocemulia yuranSi, rasac yvela muslimi aRiarebs, rogorc RvTis sityvas, aseve surebSi `gakvalul gzaSi~, morwmune muslimanTa mxriv adaTebis dacvaSi. politikuri islami iswrafvis Teokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisken, sadac politikuri da sxva urTierTobebi damorCilebuli iqneba rwmenis princi pebs. amasTanave arsebobs misi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi Seurigebeli fundamentalizmidan iseT formebamde, romlebic garkveulad exebian politikur pluralizms. islamis fundamentalisturi versia asocirebulia iranTan. aq sicocxlis bolomde saTaveSi idga aiaTola homeini, romelic xelmZRvanelobda islamis revoluciur sabWos, organos, romelic aerTianebda saeklesio ierarqiis 15 umaRles pirs. qveyanaSi arsebobda sayovelTaod arCeuli parlamenti, islamis sakonsultacio asambleis saxiT, yvela kanoni unda damtkicebuliyo konstituciis dacvis sabWos mier, igi Tvalyurs adevnebda maT Sesabamisobas islamis princi pebTan. homeinis gardacvalebis Semdeg 1989 w. misi memkvidre xaSemi rafsanjani gadavida ufro pragmatul da naklebad ideologizirebul politikaze. SariaTis samarTali aq dRemde rCeba gabatonebul samarTlad da moralur kodeqsad. ufro metad fundamentalizmi gamovlinda avRaneTSi. Talibanis reJimi 1997-2001 wlebSi atarebda Teokratiul mmarTvelobas, sadac qalebi savsebiT gamoiricxnen ganaTlebidan, ekonomikidan da, saerTod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan. aranakleb mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs fundamentalizmi saudis arabeTSi, Tumca konservatiuli sunituri reJimi gamoirCeva ufro msubuqi formebiT, vidre Siituri iranis revoluciuri populizmi. TviTon muslimanebi ar eTanxmebian islamuri reJimis Sefasebebs rogorc `fundamentalisturisas~, xedaven ra masSi mxolod dasavluri winaswarganzraxulobis gamovlenas `egzotikuri~ da `despoturi~ aRmosavleTis winaaRmdeg. imis ma31

galiTi, rom islami savsebiT SeTavsebadia politikur pluralizmTan, aris malaizia. miuxedavad imisa, rom islami aq aris oficialuri saxelmwifo religia da qveynis umaRlesi mmarTveli aris saxelmwifos da eklesiis meTauri, qveyanaSi Camoyalibda raRac `marTuli~ demokratiis magvari, sadac mravalpartiuli sistemis CarCoebSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis malaizielTa erovnul organizacias premier-ministris xelmZRvanelobiT. Tumca 1988 w. reJims aRmoaCnda avtoritaruli tendenciebi, da daWerebisa da qveyanaSi mkacri cenzuris SemoRebis Semdeg Sewyvita arseboba damoukidebelma samarTalwarmoebam.. maSin, rodesac politikuri sistemebis umravlesoba formirdeba politikuri, kulturuli da ideologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT, msoflioSi rCeba iseTi reJimebi, romlebic damyarebulia wminda samxedro Zalaze, sistematiur iZulebasa da represiebze _ samxedro reJimebze. maT miakuTvneben `avtoritarulebis~ ufro farTo kategorias. samxedro yaidis avtoritarizmi yovelTvis gavrcelebuli iyo laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, afrikasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg samxedro reJimebi aseve warmoiSva espaneTSi, portugaliasa da saberZneTSi. rogorc wesi, samxedro reJimis dros Zalaufleba gadadis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis xelSi. amasTanave xdeba tradiciuli politikuri da sakonstitucio dawesebulebebis moqmedebis SeCereba, xolo institutebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba sajaro opoziciis gamoxatva, parlamenti da presa sustdeba an ikrZaleba. Tumca samxedro mmarTvelobis yvela forma Rrmad represiulia, maT Soris mravali gansxvavebaa. zogierT diqtaturaSi armia iTvisebs mTavrobaze pirdapiri kontrolis funqcias. am nairsaxeobis klasikuri gamoxatulebaa samxedro xunta. rogorc laTinuri amerikis istoria gviCvenebs, es koleqtiuri samxedro mmarTvelobis formaa, sadac yvelaferi wydeba sameTauro sabWos mier. masSi jaris sami saxeobaa warmodgenili (saxmeleTo, sazRvao da samxedro-sahaero), zogjer xuntebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia jaris saxeobebs Soris metoqeoba, ris Sedegadac Zalaufleba SeiZleba gadavides xelidan xelSi. samxedro reJimis sxva formaa piradi diqtatura. am dros xSirad adgili aqvs pirovnebis kults da miswrafebas Camoyalibdes qarizmatuli wyobis Zalaufleba. amis magali32

Tia generaluri papandopulosi saberZneTSi (1974-1986 w.), generali pinoCeti CileSi 1973 w. da generali abaCa nigeriaSi 1993-1998 w.w. bolos, Cven vxedavT samxedro diqtaturebs, sadac mTavari faqtori armiis samxedro poziciaa, TviTon generaliteti ki amjobinebs darCes CrdilSi da `mxolod Zafebi daqaCos~. swored aseT suraTs warmoadgenda brazilia meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sadac armia amjobinebda SeenarCunebina Zalauflebis politikur da samxedro organoebad danawileba (aseT dros aris albaToba imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi Caisaxeba samoqalaqo mmarTvelobisken miswrafeba da diqtatura adre Tu gvian daTmobs Tavis poziciebs da adgils dauTmobs demokratizaciis procesebs).

daskvnebi
mTavroba unda aRviqvaT rogorc meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac mowesrigebulia mmarTveloba, misi mTavari niSania _ koleqtiuri gadawyvetis gamotanis da maTi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis unari. cneba `politikuri sistema~ an `reJimi~ moicavs ara marto mmarTvelobis meqanizmebs da saxelmwifo institutebs, aramed struqturebsa da procesebs, romlis meSveobiTac saxelmwifo urTierTmoqmedebs sazogadoebasTan. politikuri sistemebis klasifikacia or mizans emsaxureba: 1. movlenebis SejerebiT uzrunvelyofs maTSi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlenas; 2. gvexmareba SevafasoT politikuri sistemebis esa Tu is xarisxi da Rirseba. reJimebis klasifikaciisTvis istoriulad arsebobda gansxvavebuli kriteriumebi. klasikuri ti pologiebi aristoteles droidan gamodiodnen sazogadoebis calkeuli institutebis saerTo. komunizmis kraxma da demokratiis progresma seriozuli siZneleebi Seitana axali msoflios politikuri kulturis gagebaSi. klasifikaciis tradiciuli sistemebi moZvelda, miT umetes, rom klasifikaciebs droebiTi xasiaTi aqvT. dRes politikuri sistemebis klasifikacia unda moxdes imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba maTSi politikuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebis urTierTzemoqmedeba. `istoriis dasasrulis~ Teoretikosebma gamoacxades, rom istoria damTavrda, an male damTavrdeba _ liberaluri 33

demokratiis princi pebis sruli gamarjvebisTanave. dRes Cven marTlac vxedavT, rom Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri sistemebis umetesoba warmoadgens demokratiis ama Tu im saxeobas. amasTan arsebobs seriozuli safuZveli CavTvaloT, rom sinamdvileSi msoflios politikuri sistemebi xdeba ufro rTuli da mravalsaxovani, rac Cans dasavluri poliarqiebis, axali demokratiebis, samxedro diqtaturebis aRmosavleT aziisa da islamuri reJimebis Sedarebisas.

Tavi III politikuri ideologiebi ~ideologia~ _ politologiis is cnebaa, romlis irgvlivac mudmivad mimdinareobda da momavalSic gagrZeldeba xangrZlivi kamaTi. marTalia es termini Cvens droSi neitraluri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rogorc ama Tu im msoflmxedvelobis ubralo axsna, magram, istoriulad mas sakmaod mZime bedi ergo. iyo dro, rodesac mas uaryofiT mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. politikuri Sexedulebebis ~ideologiad~ moxsenieba im droisaTvis yvelaze gamanadgurebeli Sefasebis tolfasi iyo. TviTon sityva ~ideologia~ pirvelad gamoiyena frangma filosofosma destiut de trasma (1754-1836). de trasisaTvis igi niSnavda axal ~mecnierebas ideaTa Sesaxeb~, romelsac Cveni azrebis warmomavloba unda Seeswavla. filosofosi imedovnebda, rom ~ideologia~ droTa ganmavlobaSi iseTive aRiarebuli mecniereba gaxdeboda, rogoric aris zoologia an biologia... magram termins is mniSvneloba daumkvidrda, romelic XIX saukuneSi karl marqsma mianiWa. marqsi ideologias ganixilavda rogorc ~mmarTveli klasis~ ideebis gamoxatulebas, romlebic aSuqebdnen fenebis eqspluatacias. liberaluri da konservatiuli tradiciebi Taviseburad ganmartavdnen ideologias totalitaruli ideis warmoqmnasTan erTad. liberaluri orientaciis mecnierebebSi karl koperma (1902-1994), hana ardentma da j.l. talmonma, ideologiis ganxilva daiwyes rogorc socialuri kontrolis saSualebisa, romelic uzrunvelyofda sazogadoebriv Tanxmobasa da morCilebas. `civi omis~ periodSi muSaobisas es Teoretikosebi faSizmisa da komunizmis ideologias ganixilavdnen rogorc `daxuruli~ azrovnebis or variants. WeSmaritebis monopoliur flobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias da ar uSvebda gansxvavebuli azris arsebobas. am fonze, liberalizmi, konservatizmi da demokratiuli socializmi aRiqmebodnen ara rogorc ideologiebi, aramed rogorc `Ria~ sistemebi _ im gagebiT, rom isini uSvebdnen Tavisufal azrovnebas, kritikasa da opozicias. ufro metic, daJinebiT moiTxovdnen maT arsebobas. `ideologiis~ konservatiuli gageba SemuSavebuli iqna iseTi moazrovnis mier, rogoric iyo maikl oukSoti. igi 35

34

gamomdinareobda im garemoebidan, rom garSemomyofi samyaro mTeli Tavisi sirTuliT adamianis SegnebisaTvis miuwvdomelia. `politikaSi adamianebi curaven uZiro da usazRvro zRvaSi~. am TvalsazrisiT ideologia gvxvdeba rogorc `azrovnebis abstraqtuli sistema~ _ ideebis nakrebi, romlebic amaxinjeben politikur realobas, vinaidan cdiloben axsnan is, risi axsnac SeuZlebelia. amis gaTvaliswinebiT konservatorebi ideologiis nacvlad upiratesobas aniWebdnen pragmatizms, tradiciasa da istorias. yvela zemo aRniSnul midgomas gaaCnia is nakli, rom maTSi ideologia negatiuri mxriT aris warmodgenili. gamodis, rom zogi politikuri doqtrina SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ideologias, zogi ki ara. marqsi daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom misi ideebi atarebdnen ara ideologiur, aramed mecnierul xasiaTs; liberalebi uaryofdnen TavianTi filosofiis msoflio ideologiisadmi mikuTvnebas; xolo konservatorebi amtkicebdnen, rom politikaSi emxrobian ara ideologiur, aramed pragmatul pozicias. saWiroa moinaxos neitraluri da yovelmxrivi, yvela politikuri tradiciisaTvis misaRebi ideologiis klasifikacia, unda ganvTavisufldeT im warmodgenisagan, rom ideologia SeiZleba iyos `cudi an kargi, tyuili an marTali, ganmaTavisuflebeli an dammorCilebeli~. ideologiis Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv-mecnieruli gagebis Rirseba aris is, rom igi aixsneba rogorc ideebis mTlianoba, romelic ama Tu im meTodiT marTavs politikur qmedebas.

liberalizmi da neoliberalizmi
nebismieri politikuri ideologiebis CamonaTvali liberalizmiT unda iwyebodes, radgan liberalizmi Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens samrewvelo dasavleTis ideologias. rogorc Camoyalibebuli politikuri doqtrina liberalizmi XIX sis dasawyisSi damkvidrda. misi calkeuli elementebi Semdgomi 3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi formirdeboda. Tavisi SinaarsiT, liberalizmi iyo feodalizmis rRvevisa da sabazro kapitalisturi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis Sedegi. adreuli liberalizmi gamoxatavda samrewvelo, saSualo klasis miswrafebebs. mas Semdeg liberalizmi da kapitalizmi erTmaneTisagan faqtobrivad ganuyofelia. igi Tavdapirvelad sufTa poli36

tikuri doqtrina iyo, romelic absolutizms, feodalur privilegiebsa da maT urTierTsawinaaRmdego konstituciur da mogvianebiT, warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobasac akritikebda. XIX s-is dasawyisisaTvis ganviTareba pova ekonomikurma liberalizmma, romelic propagandas uwevda Tavisufal kapitalizms da gmobda saxelmwifos yvelanair Carevas ekonomikaSi. XIX saukunis bolos warmoiSva socialuri liberalizmis forma, romelmac gaaTviTcnobiera socialuri reformebisa da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucilebloba. aseTi midgoma XX saukunis liberalizmis damaxasiaTebeli Tema gaxda. upirveles yovlisa, adamianebi aq ganixilebian rogorc individebi. isini unikalurebi arian da gaaCniaT Tanabari moraluri Rirsebebi. amitom liberalizmi cdilobs Seqmnas iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac individis uzrunvelyofili iqneba keTildReoba da yovel adamians mecema Sansi srulad moaxdinon TavianTi SesaZleblobebis realizeba. pirovnebis Tavisufleba _ liberalizmis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, romelic ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre, vTqvaT,Tanasworoba,samarTlianoba an Zalaufleba. liberalebi amjobineben isaubron ~Tavisuflebaze kanonis farglebSi~. isini cxadad acnobiereben, rom erTi adamianis Tavisuflebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas sxva adamianebis Tavisuflebas da es SeiZleba gadaizardos qaosSi. am problemis idealuri gamosavali aq warmogvidgeba Semdegnairad: adamians unda mieces Tavisuflebis is maqsimumi, romelic safrTxes ar Seuqmnis sxva adamianebis Tavisuflebas. goneba _ liberalebs swamT, rom samyaros gaaCnia SemecnebiTi xasiaTi. amitom isini amjobineben irwmunon individis SesaZlebloba damoukideblad miiRos gadawyvetileba. aqedan gamomdinareobs liberalebSi progresisa da adamianebis SesaZleblobebis rwmena gadalaxon winaaRmdegobebi mSvidobiani gziT _ diskusiiTa da molaparakebebiT da ara ZaladobiTa da omiT. Tanasworoba _ individualizmi moicavs adamianTa Tanasworobis ideas. igi ar aRiarebs socialuri Tanasworobis ideas _ Sedegebis Tanasworobas. vinaidan amis magivrad igi amjobinebs isaubros ~SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobaze~, romelic xalxs saSualebas aZlevs moaxdinos sakuTari potencialis realizeba, romelic Tavidanve araTanabaria. tolerantoba _ liberalebi darwmunebulni arian, rom 37

tolerantoba erTdroulad piradi Tavisuflebis, kulturisa da sxva danarCenis garantiaa. jansaRi sazogadoebis Seucdomel maCveneblad gvevlineba pluralizmi, vinaidan igi xels uwyobs SexedulebaTa gacvlas sazogadoebaSi da gavlenas axdens maT ganviTarebaze, radgan mxolod aseT pirobebSi gamoicdeba SexedulebaTa WeSmariteba Tavisufali sabazro ideebis CarCoebSi. ufro metic, liberalizms sjera, rom sawinaaRmdego interesebs Sorisac ki arsebobs ~damkvidrebuli harmonia~. swored amitom sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi konfliqti, romlis gadawyvetac ar SeiZleba. sazogadoebr ivi Tanxmoba. konsesu si. _ liberalsazogadoebrivi konsesusi. izmis filosofiis Tanaxmad Zalaufleba da urTierTobebi dafuZnebuli unda iyos sazogadoebriv Tanxmobasa da nebayoflobiT SeTanxmebebze. yvelanairi mmarTveloba unda emyarebodes `im mxareTa Tanxmobas~, romelTac isini marTaven. swored amitom liberalizmi emxroba demokratiis doqtrinas da politikur warmomadgenlobas. konstituci onalizmi _ liberaluri ideologiisaTvis konstitucionalizmi yovelTvis warmoadgenda sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani wesrigisa da stabilurobis garants sazogadoebaSi. yovelTvis arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom xelisuflebam SeiZleba gamoavlinos tirania. Sesabamisad saWiroa misi SezRudva. sakiTxis gadaWra xdeba saxelmwifos Zalauflebis gayofiT. am amocanis gadaWra xdeba saxelmwifo institutebSi Zalauflebisa da winaaRmdegobebis SeCerebiT, kodificirebuli an werilobiTi samarTlebrivi konstituciis miRebiT, romliTac ganisazRvreba individis da saxelmwifos urTierToba. klasikuri liberalizmi Tavidanve emxroboda individualizmis ukidures formas. am tradiciis mqone adamianebi aRiqmebodnen rogorc egoisturi arsebebi, romlebic sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad iRvwodnen da mxolod TavianTi Tavis imedi hqondaT. isini arian sakuTari bedis gamgebeli adamianTa kategoria, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, romelTac aranairi valdebuleba ar gaaCniaT sazogadoebisa da xalxis winaSe. klasikuri liberalizmis idealad ~minimaluri saxelmwifos~ idea miiCneoda, romelic ~Ramis guSagis~ funqcias Seasrulebda da Tanamoqalaqeebs yovelgvari usiamovno qmedebisagan daicavda. 38

Tanamedrove

liberalizmi

Tanamedrove liberalizmi ufro advilad urigdeba saxelmwifos Carevas sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. arsebobs egreT wodebuli socialuri liberalizmis, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ~sayovelTao keTildReobis~ liberalizmis cneba. aq mTavari idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifos Careva, gansakuTrebiT socialuri daxmarebebis saxiT, afarToebs sazogadoebriv sazRvrebs da icavs adamians ~bedis ukuRmarTobisagan~. did britaneTSi 1942 w. erT-erT samTavrobo moxsenebaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miTiTebulia 5 ~monstris~ Sesaxeb: SimSili, umecreba, dausaqmebloba, avadmyofoba da gamflangveloba. yvela am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove liberalizmma uaryo Tavisufali kapitalis ideali. amaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa j.m. keinsis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom zrda da ganviTareba miiRweva mxolod ~marTvadi~ CarCoebis farglebSi an regulirebisas, rodesac saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs ZiriTadi ekonomikuri amocanebis gadaWras. magram amave dros, axali drois liberalebi mzad arian mxari dauWiron saxelmwifo Carevis ideas mxolod garkveuli pirobebis dacvis SemTxvevaSi. maT mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens ukiduresad gaWirvebuli fenis dacva, romlebic namdvilad ususurebi arian; xolo mizans _ daexmaron am xalxs miaRwion im dones, roca isini SeZleben damoukideblad moiwyon sakuTari cxovreba da eqnebaT Tavisufali arCevanis saSualeba. yvelaze gavleniani Teoretikosi, romelic Seecada daekavSirebina liberalizmis principebi ~sayovelTao keTildReobis~ politikasTan da sazogadoebrivi resursebis gadanawilebis praqtikasTan, iyo jon loki.

neoliberalizmi
Tavisi SinaarsiT neoliberalizmi Tavisufali bazris Sesaxeb klasikuri politikuri ekonomikis ganaxlebul variants warmoadgens, romelsac Tavis droze anviTarebdnen fridrix haieki, milton fridmani da robert noziki. neoliberalizmi or veSapzea dafuZnebuli: bazarsa da individze. neoliberalizmis mTavari mizani iyo ~saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gadaweva~ im gaangariSebiT, rom regulirebisagan ganTavisuflebuli kapitalisturi bazari TavisTavad moitans ekonomikur 39

efeqts, zrdasa da ganviTarebas saxelmwifo ki, rogorc am orientaciis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, axSobs pirad iniciativas da mewarmeobas. neoliberalizmis mimdevrebis gansakuTrebul Relvas iwvevs sakuTrebis problema. isini upiratesobas aniWeben ara saxelmwifo an nacionalur, aramed kerZo sakuTrebas e.i. ~yvelaferi sakuTari kargia, saxalxo _ cudi~. amis msgavsi ideebi xSirad asocirdeba ~myari individualizmis~ saxelTan, romelmac gamoxatuleba pova margaret tetCeris cnobil frazaSi: `ar arsebobs cneba sazogadoeba _ arseboben mxolod adamianebi da maTi ojaxebi~. dRes es ideebi globaluri progresis meSveobiT ikafaven gzebs, romlebic rigi avtorebis azriT, gvibrundeba neoliberaluri globalizaciis saxiT.

konservatizmi da neokonservatizmi
konservatiuli ideebi da doqtrinebi pirvelad XVIII s. bolos Camoyalibdnen. konservatizmi damcvelad daudga moZvelebuli sazogadoebriv wyobas, magram amave dros TviT yvelaze konservatiul ideaSic Tavidanve ar iyo erTianoba. kontinentalur evropaSi gaCnda mimdinareoba, romelic Riad atarebda aristokratiul da reaqciul xasiaTs da Tavidanve uaryofda nebismier cvlilebas. amerikasa da britaneTSi sicocxlisunariani konservatizmis forma aisaxa lozungSi: ~Seicvalo, raTa SeinarCuno~. aseTma midgomam saSualeba misca konservatorebs XIX s. gadasuliyvnen socialuri reformebis poziciaSi paternalisturi lozungiT ~erTiani nacia~. am moZraobis apogeam miaRwia did britaneTSi 1950-ian wlebSi, rodesac konservatiuli partia bolos da bolos Seegua omis Semdgom wesrigs da wamowia demokratiis sakuTari versia keinsis socialuri doqtrinis saxiT, magram es moZraoba 1970-ian wlebSi Seejaxa konservatiul opozicias ~axali memarjveneebis~ mxridan da mimdinareoba Taviseburi antietatisturi da anti paternalisturi sicxariT miubrunda klasikur Temebs da adreuli liberalizmis faseulobebs. tradicia _ konservatiuli ideis centraluri Tema _ ~monapovris (dagrovebulis) SenarCuneba~ _ mWidrod aris 40

dakavSirebuli yvelafer imasTan, rac drom gamoscada _ tradiciebTan, adaT wesebTan, institutebTan. aq tradicia aris warsulSi dagrovebuli sibrZne, romelic aucileblad unda iqnes SenarCunebuli momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod. yvelaferi es Zalian mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom amyarebs sazogadoebis damokidebulebas stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebisadmi. pragmatizmi _ konservatorebi yovelTvis miuTiTebdnen, rom samyaro metismetad rTulia saimisod, rom mas adamianis goneba Caswvdes. aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi instinqturi undobloba absraqtuli princi pebisa da Teoriebis mimarT. isini amjobineben daeyrdnon gamocdilebas, istorias da, rac mTavaria, darwmunebulni arian, rom unda imoqmedon gonivrulad, praqtikul garemoebebTan da miznebTan SeTanxmebiT, erTi sityviT, yvelafer imasTan, rac ~muSaobs praqtikaSi~. ierarqia _ konservatorTa rwmeniT organul sazogadoebaSi sxvaoba adamianTa socialur mdgomareobasa da statuss Soris bunebrivi da gardauvalia. yvela adamians sxvadasxva roli da faseulobebi akisria: mewarme da muSa, maswavlebeli da moswavle, mSobeli da Svili. magram es uTanasworoba TavisTavad ar qmnis konfliqts, radgan sazogadoeba kavSirebiT aris gamagrebuli. gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba akisria sazogadoebis umaRles fenas. maTi moraluri valia im adamianebze ifiqron, romlebsac naklebad gaumarTlaT cxovrebaSi. Zalaufleba da avtoriteti _ konservatorebi yovelTvis amtkicebdnen, rom avtoriteti da Zalaufleba iqmnes ~zevidan~. mxolod namdvil liders ZaluZs daanaxos sazogadoebas swori mimarTuleba da mxari dauWiros maT, visac ar yofnis gamocdileba, ganaTleba da codna. odesRac es yvelaferi ~bunebrivi aristokratiulobidan~ gamomdinareobda. dRes ki, avtoriteti da lideroba efuZneba ganaTlebasa da gamocdilebas. sakuTreba _ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas konservatorebi aniWeben sakuTrebas, romelsac adamianisTvis moaqvs usafrTxoeba da uzrunvelyofs damoukideblobas saxelmwifosgan. garda amisa, es Tavis mxriv, adamianis ~eqsteritorizaciaa~. amave dros, sakuTreba dakavSirebulia rogorc uflebebTan, aseve valdebulebebTanac. garkveuli gagebiT yoveli Cvengani mxolod qonebis meurveebi varT, romelic memkvidreo41

biT gvergo winaprebisagan da SemdgomSi STamomavlebs unda gadavceT. neokonservatizmi faqtobrivad aRadgens XIX s. konservatizmis socialur princi pebs. mTavar miznad igi miiCnevs aaRorZinos ~avtoriteti~ da tradiciuli faseulobebi dakavSirebuli ojaxTan, religiasTan da naciasTan. neokonservatorebis azriT, mxolod avtoriteti iZleva stabilorobis SenarCunebis garantias sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac mas Tan sdevs disci plina da pativiscema tradiciebisadmi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebriv erTianobas. amas upirispirdeba TviTneboba, sakuTari `me~-s kulti, Cveva ~moiqce ise, rogorc ginda~, romelic neokonservatorebis azriT, 1960-ianma wlebma moitana. sainteresoa, rom amerikeli neokonservatorebis umetesoba sinamdvileSi yofili liberalia,romlebsac imedi gaucruaT kenedi-jonsonis epoqaSi momxdarma reformebma. ~axali memarjveneebis~ ideologia imdenad gaemijna konservatiuli ideis mTavar azrs, rom, Tavis mxriv, igi iqca im praqtikis erTgvar kontrevoluciad, romelic Camoyalibda omis Semdgom periodSi da romelic iTvaliswinebda xelisuflebis Carevasa da liberaluri da socialur-progresuli Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas. am ideologiis formireba 1970-ian wlebSi daemTxva im specifikur moments, roca, erTi mxriv, amowuruli aRmoCnda keinzis moZRvreba socialuri demokratiis Sesaxeb, rac gamoixata omis Semdgomi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis SewyvetiT da, meore mxriv, gamoikveTa socialuri krizisis konturebi da xelisuflebis avtoritetis vardna sazogadoebaSi. 1980-ian wlebSi did britaneTsa da amerikaSi, ~axalma memarjveneebma~ gamoxatuleba poves tetCerizmsa da reiganizmSi. amas mohyva masiuri Zvrebi sabazro ekonomikis formirebaSi, magram imavdroulad ~axali memarjveneebis~ ideologia gaxda ara imdenad erTiani da sistematuri filosofia, ramdenadac mcdeloba SeeTavsebinaT ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli tradicia _ ~neoliberalizmi~ da ~neokonservatizmi~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or mimarTulebas Soris arsebobs Taviseburi da ideologiuri winaaRmdegobebi,maT aerTianebT lozungi: ~Tavisufali ekonomika da Zlieri saxelmwifo~.

socializmi da marqsizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom socialisturi ideebis kvali XVII s. gamoCnda levelerebTan da digerebTan, socializmi rogorc politikuri doqtrina Camoyalibda XIX s. dasawyisSi samrewvelo kapitalizmis reaqciul mowinaaRmdeged. pirvelad mis socialur safuZvels warmoadgendnen xelosnebi, magram male igi mzardma proletariatma, adreuli industrializaciis ~fabrikis xorcma~ Secvala. Tavis adreul formebSi socializmi atarebda fundamentalur, utopiur da revoluciur xasiaTs. misi mizani iyo kapitalisturi meurneobis likvidacia da misi Secvla axali, xarisxiani socialisturi sazogadoebiT, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze. am mimarTulebis yvelaze avtoritetuli moazrovnis karl marqsis ideebma fundamenti Cauyara XX s-is komunistur ideologias. Tumca XIX s-is dasawyisSi socializmSi gaCnda reformistuli dineba, romelmac asaxa muSaTa klasis TandaTanobiTi integraciis procesi kapitalizmis pirobebSi _ Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebis, xelfasebis zrdis, profkavSirebis gaZlierebisa da socialisturi muSaTa partiebis Camoyalibebis gziT. reformizmma gamoavlina mSvidobiani, TandaTanobiTi da sruliad legaluri ~saparlamento gziT~ socializmSi gadasvlis SesaZlebloba. am ideologias gaaCnda ori wyaro: eTikuri socializmis humanisturi tradiciebi, dakavSirebuli iseT moazrovneebTan, rogorebic arian: robert oueni (1771-1858), Sarl furie (1772-1837) da uiliam morisi (1854-1896) da aseve marqsistuli revizionistuli Sexedulebebi, romelsac ZiriTadad eduard bernSteini aviTarebda. XX s. socialisturi moZraoba or mowinaaRmdege banakad iyo gayofili: revoluciuri mimarTulebis socialistebad, romlebic gayvnen leninsa da bolSevikebs da bolos da bolos ganisazRvrnen rogorc komunistebad. social-reformatorebad, romelTac legaluri konstituciuri politikis pozicia ekavaT, imaT TavianT irgvliv Semoikribes yvela is elementi, romelTac SemdgomSi social-demokratia daerqva. debatebi mimdinareobda ara marto socializmze gadasvlis gzebze, aramed ixileboda TviTon socialisturi ideebis arsi. social-demokratebma kategoriulad uaryves iseTi radikaluri xasiaTis moTxovnilebebi, rogoric iyo sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba da saxelmwifo dagegmareba. cdilobdnen 43

42

ra gaeanalizebinaT socializmis kategoriebSi ~saxelmwifo sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis~, sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis gonebrivi gadanawileba da strategiul-ekonomikuri mmarTveloba. XX s. bolos orive mimdinareobam krizisi ganicada, ramac sakmaod bevri aalaparaka ~socializmis dasasrulze~. yvelaze dramatuli momenti ki am SemTxvevaSi iyo komunizmis krizisi, romelic aRmosavleT evropis 1989-91 w. revoluciis inicirebam gamoiwvia. magram social-demokratiis garkveulma nawilma princi pulad ar uaryo Tavisi tradiciebi, amitom, rogorc zogierTi Teoretikosi fiqrobs, dRes isini arafriT ar gamoirCevian liberalebisagan. sazogadoeba _ mTavari socializmSi aris Sexeduleba adamianze, rogorc socialur arsebaze, romelic mTeli Tavisi arsiT dakavSirebulia samyarosTan. ~yoveli adamiani kontinentis nawilia~... sazogadoeba, marTlac, adamianis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. adamiani yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri jgufebisa da koleqtivebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelze. amitom socialistebi adamianTa qmedebebs xsnian ara Tandayolili TvisebebiT, aramed ZiriTadad socialuri faqtoriT. erToba _ socialistebis azriT, xalxi, romelic samyaros ekuTvnis, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni unda iyvnen Zmuri urTierTobebiT. amitom, es tradicia amtkicebs TanamSromlobis prioritets konkurenciaze da koleqtivizmisas _ individualizmze. TanamSromlobis dros xalxi aerTianebs TavianT Zalebs da amyareben socialur kavSirebs, xolo konkurenciisas isini upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, aqvT mtruli da konfliqturi damokidebuleba. socialuri Tanasworoba _ Tanasworoba socializmis erT-erTi fundamenturi faseulobaa. xSirad socializmi esmiT rogorc egalitarizmis erT-erTi forma, sadac Tanasworobis cneba yvelaze ufro faseulia sxva faseulobaTa Soris. gansakuTrebuli roli am ideebis erTobliobaSi miekuTvneba socialur Tanasworobis ideas _ Tanabar rezultatebs da ara Tanabar SesaZleblobebs. moTxovnileba _ socialisturi ideologiis mixedviT, Tanasworobis princi pidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebaSi materialuri keTildReoba unda nawildebodes moTxovnilebebis mixedviT da ara sxva mizezebis gamo. am princi pis klasikur gamoxatulebas Cven vpoulobT marqsistul formulaSi: ~yve44

lasgan SesaZleblobis mixedviT _ yvelas moTxovnilebis mixedviT~. am filosofiis mixedviT, mxolod pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iRebs adamiani sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobas. magram gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor mivaRwioT imas, rom moraluri xasiaTis faqtorma gadawonos materialuri. socialuri klasi _ socialisturi ideologia xSirad asocirdeba klasobrivi politikis garkveul formasTan. jer erTi, sazogadoeba upiratesad warmoCindeba klasobrivi politikis struqturebidan gamomdinare, sadac keTildReoba klasobrivi moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. meorec, socializmi Tavidanve gamoxatavda Cagruli proletariatis interesebs da ganixilavda mas, rogorc socialuri revoluciis da sazogadoebrivi progresis mamoZravebel Zalas. am ideologiis poziciidan gamomdinare, klasobrivi gansxvaveba gardamaval xasiaTs atarebs. socialistebis amocanas warmoadens socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis likvidireba an maTi mniSvnelovnad Semcireba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba _ sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gadawydes princi puli problema sakuTrebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb, socialuri ideologiisTvisac ki sakamaTo aRmoCnda. sakamaTo ar iyo mxolod is, rom warmoebis xarjze Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba, SesaZleblobas iZleoda materialuri resursebi Caeyenebina xalxis samsaxurSi im dros, rodesac kerZo sakuTreba badebs egoizmsa da momxveWelobas, da, bolos da bolos, xels uwyobs sazogadoebis dayofas mdidrebad da Raribebad. rogorc calke Teoriuli sistema, marqsizmi yovelTvis iyo liberalizmis mTavari oponenti. igi axali drois dasavleTSi rogorc sulier, ise mis kulturul cxovrebaze gabatonda. asazrdoebda saerTaSoriso komunistur moZraobas da masTan erTad kapitalizmis sistemis mowinaaRmdege politikur Zaladac gvevlineboda. yoveli SemTxvevisTvis es ase iyo 19171991 w.w. TvalTaxedvis aridan ar unda gamogvrCes socialuri filosofiis sxvaoba, gamomdinare karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis klasikur naSromebsa da XX s-is komunizmis fenomens Soris, romelic sakmaod Camocilda klasikuri marqsizmis princi pebs. socializmis krizisi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc marqsizmis dasasruli. leninizmisa da stalinizmisagan ganTavisuflebam mas misca unari axali sunTqva SeiZinos. 45

marqsizmi rTuli sistemaa. marqsis gviani namuSevrebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba adreulisagan. erTi ram naTelia _ TviT marqsi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom SeimuSava socializmis mecnieruli sistema, romelic ara mxolod akritikebda kapitalizms esTetikuri poziciidan, aramed yovelmxriv ganmartavda sazogadoebriv-istoriul procesebs. marqsis ideebma ufro didi auditoria misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Semoikriba. ZiriTadad misi TanamebrZolis f. engelsis, agreTve germaneli socialistebis lideris karl kacskis (1854-1938) da rusi Teoretikosis giorgi plexanovis (1856-1918) naSromebidan gamomdinare, paralelurad yalibdeboda orTodoqsaluri marqsizmi, romelsac dialeqtikuri materializmi ewoda. istoriuli materializmi materializmi. marqsistuli filosofiis ZiriTad idead gvevlineba is, rasac engelsma istoriis materialuri gageba uwoda _ koncefcia, romelic asaxavs ekonomikis mniSvnelobas da, saerTod, sazogadoebrivi warmoebis materialur pirobebs. marqsis mixedviT ekonomikuri ~bazisi~, yvela im niSniT, romliTac xasiaTdeba ~warmoebis saSualeba~, warmoadgens erTgvar safuZvels, romelzedac Sendeba politikuri da ideologiuri urTierTobebis sistema. dialeqtika _ hegelis moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT, marqsi fiqrobda, rom istoriuli ganviTareba dialeqtikurad mimdinareobda winaaRmdegobrivi brZoliT, romlis Sedegic aris ganviTarebis ufro maRal stadiaze gadasvla. Tavis materialur ganmartebaSi es idea aRniSnavs, rom istorias amoZravebs ~warmoebis saSualebebSi~ Cadebuli winaaRmdegobebi da klasebs Soris urTierTobebi. am modelis versia varaudobs, rom istoriuli ganviTareba ~warmoebis saSualebebSi~ winaaRmdegobebis Sedegia, romelic aisaxeba klasobriv antagonizmSi. klasobrivi brZola _ kapitalizmis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi warmoqmna kerZo sakuTrebam, romelmac sazogadoeba dayo kapitalistebad, romelTac gaaCniaT warmoebis saSualebebi da sakuTrebaCamorTmeuli proletariati, romlebic mxolod sakuTari Sromis gayidviT arseboben. burJuazia ~mmarTvel klasad~ gvevlineba yvela SesaZlo mdgomareobaSi. isini floben ekonomikur Zalauflebas, saxelmwifos meSveobiT axorcieleben TavianT politikur Zalauflebas da sargebloben sakuTari ideologiuri Zalauflebis yvela upiratesobiT, radgan maTi ideebi TavianTi drois ~mmarTvel ideebs~ warmoadgenen. 46

zedmeti Rirebuleba _ urTierToba burJuaziasa da proletariats Soris aris Seurigebeli antagonisturi xasiaTisa. marqsis mixedviT muSis eqspluatacias kapitalistisaTvis damatebiTi Semosavali moaqvs, romelic warmoebis procesSi warmoiqmneba. kapitalisti amas aRwevs muSisaTvis ufro dabali anazRaurebis gadaxdiT, vidre mas ekuTvnis saqonlis Rirebulebidan gamomdinare. daskvna: ramdenadac proletariats ar SeuZlia mudmivad Seeguos eqspluatacias, kapitalizmi daRupvisaTvis aris ganwiruli. proletaruli revolucia _ kapitalizmi daRupvisTvis aris ganwiruli da, rogorc marqsi ambobda, proletariatis saxiT mas sakuTari ~mesaflave~ gaaCnia. magram kapitalizms jer kidev mouwevs uamravi krizisisa da winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva gardaqmnis gzaze. am dros proletariats uCndeba sakuTari revoluciuri klasobrivi azrovneba. Cndeba uamravi mizezi proletaruli revoluciisaTvis, romelic marqsis varaudiT stiqiur qmedebebSi gamovlindeba. magram Tavis gviandel wlebSi igi ar gamoricxavda socializmSi mSvidobiani gziT gadasvlis SesaZleblobas. komunizmi _ marqsis mixedviT, proletaruli revoluciis Semdeg unda dadges gansakuTrebuli, ~socialisturi periodi~, rodesac burJuaziuli kontrrevoluciis CasaxSobad saWiro gaxdeba ~proletariatis diqtatura~. klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis Semdeg daiwyeba WeSmariti komunisturi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romlis mimdinareobis drosac saxelmwifo intensiurad daiwyebs ~kvdomas~. dadgeba araklasobrivi komunisturi sazogadoebis epoqa. yvelanairi materialuri simdidre sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi gadava, xolo saqonlis warmoebis sanacvlod daiwyeba adamianisTvis realurad saWiro moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. amis Semdeg xalxi TviTon gaxdeba sakuTari bedis gamgebeli da miecemaT saSualeba Tavisuflad ganaviTaron TavianTi SesaZleblobebi: ~TiToeuli adamianis Tavisufali ganviTareba, yvelasaTvis Tavisufali ganviTarebis piroba gaxdeba~. praqtikaSi marqsizmi mWidrod aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli sabWoTa komunizmis periodTan da, pirvel rigSi, ori sabWoTa lideris _ v.i. leninisa da i. stalinis moRvaweobasTan. XX sis ideologia marqsizm-leninizmad iwodeba da orTodoqsalur marqsizms warmoadgens im elementebis cvlilebebiT, romelic masSi leninma Seitana. ZiriTadi wvlili, romelic marqsizmSi 47

leninma Seitana iyo revoluciuri Teoria. lenini iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom mudmivad burJuaziuli ideebisa da burJuaziuli crurwmenebis qveS myof proletariats ar SeeZlo gaeTviTcnobierebina Tavisi revoluciuri SesaZleblobebi da ar Seswevda unari elementaruli ~trediunionis~ situaciidan gamosuliyo, raTa gaeumjobesebina sakuTari Sromisa da cxovrebis pirobebi. amitom ~muSaTa klasis avangardad~ saWiro iyo revoluciuri partiis arseboba, romelic mecnieruli marqsizmiT iqneboda aRWurvili. es unda yofiliyo axali tipis partia,ara masobrivi organizacia, aramed mcire, Sinaganad Sekruli profesionali revolucionerebis gundi. aseTi, ~muSaTa klasis avangarduli partiis~ meSveobiT movidnen 1917 wels bolSevikebi xelisuflebis saTaveSi. Tumca, Zalian male ~proletariatis diqtatura~ ~komunisturi partiis diqtaturad~ amotrialda, romelic sabWoTa erTpartiuli saxelmwifos ~mamoZravebel Zalad~ iqca. 1930-iani wlebis stalinis ~meore revoluciam~ qveyana ufro Zlierad gadaatriala, vidre 1917 wlis revoluciam. sabWoTa saxelmwifos Zirfesvianad Secvlis Semdeg stalinma Seqmna orTodoqsaluri komunizmis sistema, romelic 1945 wlis Semdeg dainerga aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTSi, Crd. koreasa da kubaSi. ekonomikis pirveli xuTwledi daiwyo 1928 w. da ekonomikaSi kerZo seqtoris swrafi aRmofxvriT damTavrda. amas 1929 w. soflis meurneobis sruli koleqtivizacia mohyva. mTeli ekonomika saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS gadavida da saxelmwifo dagegmarebis sistemas daeqvemdebara. aseTive Rrma iyo qveyanaSi politikuri cvlilebebi. 1930 ani wlebis ganmavlobaSi stalinma ssrk-Si diqtatura daamyara. partiaSi aRmofxvra sityvis Tavisufleba, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da samxedro mosamsaxureebi opoziciisagan gawminda. ssrk gaxda totalitaruli saxelmwifo. represiebi da terori cxovrebis normad iqca. gorbaCoviseuli gardaqmna (1985-1991) cdilobda Tavi daexsna dromoWmuli centralizebuli dagegmarebis sistemisagan. zedapirze amoxeTqa Zalam, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Rrmad iyo Camaluli da romelmac gaamgzavra komunizmi l. trockis TqmiT ~istoriis sanagve yuTze~. marqsizmis bevrad rTulma da ~rafinirebulma~ formam Tanamedrove marqsizmis saxiT, gavrceleba pova dasavleT evropaSi. Tanamedrove marqsistebma Tavi daaRwies formulas _ ~bazisi _ zednaSeni~ da uari Tqves klasobrivi brZolis Sexedulebebze, rogorc socialuri analizis alfasa da ome48

gaze. maT ideebs xandaxan neomarqsizmis kvalifikacias aniWeben. pirvelebi, vinc marqsizmi humanistur filosofiad warmoadgines, iyvnen ungreli marqsisti georg lukasi (1885-1971) da italieli antonio gramSi, romelic 1929-35 wlebSi Tavis ~cixis rveulebSi~ werda, rom kapitalizmi emyareba ara marto ekonomikur, aramed politikur da kulturul faqtorebsac. gramSma amas ~ideologiuri hegemonia~ uwoda. mrqsizmis ufro aSkarad hegelianuri mimarTuleba ganaviTara franqfurtis sociologiurma skolam, romlis wamyvani liderebi iyvnen: Teodor adorno (1903-1969), marqs horkhaimeri (1895-1973) da herbert markuze. franqfurtelma Teoretikosebma ganaviTares ~kritikuli Teoria~, romelic hegelis filosofiis, marqsistuli ekonomikisa da froidis fsiqologiis Sexamebas warmoadgenda da ramac didi gavlena iqonia 1960-iani wlebis ~axal memarjveneebze~.

social-demokratia da mesame gza

social-demokratias ar axasiaTebs is Teoriuli mTlianoba da Tanmimdevroba, rac axasiaTebs klasikur liberalizms an radikalur socializms. im dros, rodesac liberalizmi ideologiurad bazris, xolo socializmi sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis momxrea, social-demokratia mudmivad eZebs wonasworobas bazarsa da saxelmwifos, sazogadoebasa da individs Soris. unda aRiniSnos, rom social-demokratebisaTvis bazris aRiareba metad mtkivneuli aRmoCnda, magram isini am mosazrebas xsnidnen ara ideologiuri, aramed pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT eleqtoratis moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze. mag. SeiZleba moviyvanoT reformistuli aqti, rodesac XX s.-is dasawyisSi, germaniis social-demokratiulma partiam miiRo eduard bernSteinis revizionizmi. mogvianebiT, magdegburgis yrilobaze, 1959 wels germaniis social-demokratiulma partiam sabolood Tqva uari marqsizmze da SeiaraRda principiT: ~konkurencia sadac saWiroa, _ dagegmareba sadac aucilebelia~. social-demokratebis Tviseba iyo zrunva yvelaze susti, gandgomili fenis mimarT. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki ibadeba kiTxva: ramdenad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT isini sufTa socialistur tradiciebs. es ideebi saTaves Rebulobs farTo sainformacio wyaroebidan: TanagrZnobis humanuri eTikidan, samyaro49

saTvis individis mikuTvnebis socialisturi ideebisagan, Tanabari SesaZleblobebisa da pozitiuri Tavisuflebis liberaluri filosofiisagan da, bolos, konservatizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli paternalisturi wesebis dadgeniT. magram rogori zegavlenac ar unda moexdina maTze social-demokratias yvelaferi yovelTvis mTavrdeboda lozungiT ~saxelmwifos keTildReoba~, sazogadoebrivi saSualebebis gadanawileba dabali fenebisa da socialuri samarTlianobis sasargeblod. yvelaferi es SesaZloa kargi iyo keinzianuri batonobis epoqaSi, magram meore msoflio omis Semdgom yvela darwmunda, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi farTod Carevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba kapitalizmis ~humanizireba~, sruli dasaqmeba da bolos da bolos zRvaris SenarCuneba mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. siRaribis SemcirebasTan erTad industriul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis mkveTrma vardnam social-demokratia daayena aucileblobis winaSe gadaexedaT TavianTi poziciebisaTvis. ~mesame gza~ zusti terminia da bevri interpretacia gaaCnia. es imiT aixsneba, rom es moZraoba Tavidanve eyrdnoboda sxvadasxva ideologiur tradiciebs. esenia: uaxlesi liberalizmi, ~erTiani naciis~ konservatiuli princi pi da Tanamedrove social-demokratia. ~mesame gzis~ koncefcia sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis mier iyo wamoweuli. aSS-Si ~axali demokratebisa~ da bil qlinTonis mier, britaneTSi ~axali demokratebisa~ da toni bleris mier. agreTve sxvadasxva Teoretikosebis mier germaniaSi, holandiaSi, italiasa da axal zelandiaSi. gansxvavebebis miuxedavad Camoyalibebul ideologiaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime saerTo Tema. pirveli, yvela sistemam, romelic agebulia princi piT ~zemodan _ qvemoT~ da romlebic odnav mainc emxroba saxelmwifos Carevas, gansakuTrebiT ki socialisturma sistemebma, sruliad amowures TavianTi SesaZleblobebi. meore, globalizaciis kvaldakval kapitalizmi ganicdis transformirebas ~codnis ekonomikaSi~, romelic emyareba informaciul teqnologiebs, individualuri momzadebis waxalisebasa da samuSao Zalis mobilurobas. neoliberalizmis sapirispirod ~mesame gzis~ ideologia saxelmwifos cnobs sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel rogorc ekonomikur, ise socialur Zalad, im ganmartebiT, rom saxelmwifos movaleobaa xeli Seuwyos nacionaluri ekonomikis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobas ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis gziT, aseve Seakavos globaluri sabazro sti50

qiuroba adgilobrivi kavSirebisa da mTlianad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis meSveobiT. am kuTxiT ~mesame gzis~ politika warmoCindeba rogorc liberaluri komunitarizmis saxesxvaoba, romelic ~axali individualizmis~ deklarirebisas, saWiroebs balanss, erTi mxriv, adamianis uflebebsa da mewarmeobas Soris, meore mxriv, sazogadoebriv valdebulebebisa da moraluri pasuxismgeblobas Soris. da bolos, kidev erTi Tviseba ~mesame gzis~ ideologiisa, romelic uaryofs yvelanair evalitarizms, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis princi pis deklarirebasa da meritokracias _ am orientaciis politikuri moRvaweebi reformebis aucileblobas xedaven ara imisTvis, rom mudmivad, ~akvnidan samaremde~ uzrunvelyon xalxi, aramed `xeli Seuwyon adamians, raTa adamiani TviTon daexmaros Tavs~, iqneba es SeRavaTebi Tu sti pendia ganaTlebisTvis; uzrunvelyos is kategoria, romlebic TviTon arian dainteresebulni saqmianobiT da mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedi aqvT. am ideologias kritikosebic gamouCnda, miuTiTebdnen ra, rom aseTi midgoma sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia da maTi gadaWra praqtikulad rTuli da SeuZlebelic kia.

sxva ideologiuri tradiciebi faSizmi

liberalizmi, konservatizmi da socializmi saTavis XIX s-Si iRebs, xolo faSizmi XX s-is pirmSoa. SeiZleba iTqvas, igi or msoflio oms Sors periodSi Camoyalibda. faSisturi ideologiis zogierTi elementi XIX s-is bolos gamovlinda, magram saboloo saxe am idebs pirvelma msoflio omma da misma Sedegebma, kerZod, pirveli msoflio omisa da revoluciis nazavma misca. am moZraobis ori ZiriTadi pirmSoa: musolinis faSisturi diqtatura italiaSi 1922-43 w.w. da hitleris nacisturi diqtatura germaniaSi 1933-45 w.w. calkeuli neofaSisturi da neonacisturi recidivebi SeimCneoda XX s-is bolos, romelic ekonomikurma krizisma da politikurma arastabilurobam gamoiwvia. Tavis droze, garkveuli azriT, faSizmi Camoyalibda rogorc protesti im faseulobaTa da ideaTa sawinaaRmdegod, romelic damonirdeba safrangeTis revoluciis droidan. racionalizmi, progresi, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba _ yvelaferi es 51

uaryofili iyo hegemoniis, beladizmis, Zalauflebisa da omis saxeliT. amitom faSizmSi mkveTrad figurirebs Zlieri ~anti~, ZiriTadad iq, rac misTvis miuRebelia. faSizmi antikomunizmis, antikapitalizmis, antiliberalizmis, antiindividualizmis da a.S. saxesxvaobaa. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba gamovyoT centraluri Tema _ erTiani naciis organuli suraTi. individi am SemTxvevaSi arafers ar niSnavs, is aucileblad unda Seerwyas koleqtivs, jgufs an kavSirebs. faSisturi idealia _ ~axali adamiani~. es aris pasuxismgeblobis, movaleobis, Rirsebis grZnobiT aRsavse gmiri, romelic mzad aris fiureris erTi sityvis gamo sicocxle gawiros erisa da naciis didebisaTvis. Tumca, moZarobis SigniT iyo gansxvavebebic. italiuri faSizmi miiswrafoda etatizmis ukiduresi formisaken. rogorc faSizmis filosofosma jentilem (1875-1944) aRniSna: ~yvelaferi saxelmwifosTvis, araferi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. araferi saxelmwifos gareT~. germaniis nacional-socializmi ki eyrdnoboda rasizm-semitizms, ebraeloba gamocxadebuli iyo borotebad da aRmofxvras eqvemdebareboda.

feminizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom feminizmze saubrebi jer kidev Zvel CineTSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, am sferoSi aranairi Teoriebi ar arsebobda sanam 1792 w. ar gamoCnda meri volstounkraftis wigni ~qalTa uflebebis dacva~. ufro farTo auditoria feminizmma moizida 1840-50-ian wlebSi, rodesac dasavleTis qveynebSi daiwyo sufrakistebis moZraoba, romelTa mizani iyo qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebebis miniWeba. es iyo e.w. ~feminizmis pirveli talRa~. mas Semdeg, rac XX s-is dasawyisSi dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi qalebs rogorc iqna mianiWes amomrCevlis uflebebi, moZraoba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi naTeli miznisa da ZiriTadi princi pis gareSe darCa. 1960-ian wlebSi agorda feminizmis ~meore talRa~. masSi aisaxa qalTa politikuri emansi paciis radikaluri da im droisaTvis ufro revoluciuri moTxovnebi. dRes Cven vxvdebiT uamrav feministur Teoriebsa da ideebs. maTSi SeiZleba gamovyoT maTi gamaerTianebeli survili _ gaaZlieros qalis roli sazogadoebaSi. feminizms wiTel zolad gasdevs idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebas axasiaTebs sqesTa Soris princi puli uTanasworoba, rom gabatonebuli sistema kacisa qalze aucileblad unda iqnes gadalaxuli. gamoyofen sam gansxvavebul feministuri tradicias: liberaluri orientaciis feminizmi, romelic warmodgenilia iseTi saxelebiT, rogorebic arian meri volstounkrafti da beti frideni. isini problemas ganixilavdnen im kuTxiT, rom sazogadoeba qals imaze bevrad nakelb uflebebsa da saSualebebs aniWebda, vidre mamakacs. Tanabari uflebebisaTvis brZolam reformistuli xasiaTi miiRo. saubaria ~saxalxo sferos~ mTlian reformaze, raTa amaRldes qalis politikuri da samarTlebrivi statusi, mieces mas ganaTlebis miRebisa da karieris gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. feminizmis socialisturi saubrebis ZiriTadi Tema iyo qalis roli kapitalisturi warmoebis sistemis CaorCoebSi. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom qali ojaxis saqmianobas aris mijaWvuli, riTac igi aTavisuflebs mamakacs saojaxo meurneobis uRlisagan. amasTan erTad, qalebi zrdian muSaxelis momaval Taobas kapitalisturi fabrikebisaTvis, romelic Tavisi arsiT Sromis sarezervo armiaa. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani ~feminizmis meore talRaSi~ feministuri kritikis aRmocenebaa, romelic aranairad ar 53

anarqizmi
politikur ideologiebs Soris anarqia unikaluria _ arc erT anarqiul partias arsad da arasdros ar miuRwevia ZalauflebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, anarqizmi sakmaod gavleniani moZraoba iyo. espaneTSi, safrangeTSi, ruseTsa da meqsikaSi XX s-is dasawyisamde, anarqias, rogorc ideologias dResac Tavisi adgili ukavia politikur diskusiebSi; rogorc antiTezas im tradiciuli mrwamsis mimarT, rom sazogadoeba ar arsebobs kanonis, xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos gareSe. anarqizmis mTavari ideaa politikuri Zalebis miuRebloba yvela mis gamovlinebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifos saxiT. anarqistebi mxars uWeren sazogadoebas saxelmwifos gareSe, sadac xalxi TviTon moagvarebs yvela problemas, Tavisuflad SeTanxmdebian da iTanamSromleben erTmaneTTan. sainteresoa, rom es ideologia Tavis droze viTardeboda ori mowinaaRmdege tradiciis _ liberaluri individualizmisa da socialisturi komunitarizmis zegavleniT. amitom anarqizmi warmoadgens raRac saSualos liberalizmsa da socializms Soris _ ~ultraliberalizmisa~ da ~ultrasocializmis~ erTianobas. 52

aris dakavSirebuli Cveulebriv ideologiasTan. radikaluri feminizmis moZRvreba darwmunebulia, rom sqesobrivi sxvaoba bevrad ufro Rrmaa da politikuri mniSvnelobiT sazogadoebis wyalgamyofi. mTeli sazogadoeba _ axali da Zveli _ am xedviT patriarqaluria. qeiT miletis (1969) TqmiT: es sistema ~samyaros erT nawils _ kacebs saSualebas aZlebs akontrolon meore nawili _ qalebi~. radikaluri feminizmi seqsualuri revoluciis aucileblobis momxrea, romelic yvelaferTan erTad Secvlis ara marto politikur, aramed piradul, ojaxur cxovrebas. misi damaxasiaTebeli lozungia _ ~piraduli aris politikuri~. marTalia, saqme ar dadis iqamde, rom mamakacSi ~mteri dainaxo~. mxolod mis ukidures formebSi radikaluri feminizmis mouwodebs qalebs daSordnen mamakacTa sazogadoebas.

ruli SeniSna. magram es problemis erTdaerTi xedva ar aris. mag. entoni gidesi (1994) amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi tradiciebis dacemisa da socialuri refleqsurobis gaZlierebisas yevla ideologia zedmetia. kidev erT midgomas gvTavazobs postmodernizmi, amtkicebs ra, rom yevla ideologia Tavisi arsiT aris modernizaciis produqti, romelic dRes dasrulda. aqve unda gaviazroT, rom ideologiis, istoriis anda modernizaciis eris dasasrulis mtkiceba, TavisTavad ideologizirebulia. maT ar SeuZliaT daamtkicon, rom movida ideologiis dasasruli. amis magivrad isini amtkiceben, rom diskusia ideologiaze bunebrivi da realuria, xolo ideologiuri azris moZraoba usasrulo procesia.

daskvnebi ideologiis momavali

XX s. dasasruls bevrs saubrobdnen imaze, rom ideologiebi gamoifitnen an ukidures SemTxvevaSi dakarges TavianTi pirveladi mniSvneloba. 1950-ian wlebSi daiwyo, mas Semdeg, rac II msoflio omSi faSizmi damnarcxda da dasavleTis sxvadasxva qveynebSi daiwyo komunisturi krizisi. daiwyo diskusiebi ~ideologiis dasasrulis~ Sesaxeb. deniel belma Tavis naSromSi _ ~ideologiis dasasruli? politikuri ideebis gamofitva 1950-ian wlebSi~ _ ganacxada, rom kacobriobam absoluturad amowura politikuri ideebis maragi. belis mixedviT, ekonomikam politikaze gaimarjva. magram dReisTvis irkveva, rom momenti, romelzec beli werda, sinamdvielSi iyo ara ideologiis dasasruli, aramed ideologiuri konsensusis farTo gamovlineba wamyvan politikur partiebs Soris. aman gamoiwvia politikuri debatebis droebiT Sewyveta, mizezi gaxda ~kapitalizmis sayovelTao keTildReobis~ keinziseuli msjelobebis warmateba. diskusia ganaaxla fresis fukuiamam Tavis naSromSi ~istoriis dasasruli~. fukuiama ar amtkicebda imas, rom politikurma ideologiam sruliad dakarga mniSvneloba. igi amtkicebda, rom liberalurma demokratiam ajoba yvela mowinaaRmdeges da es gamarjveba sabolooa. esse aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis kraxis fonze iwereboda am movlenebSi, fukuiamam marqsizm-leninizmis ideologiis dasas54 ideilogia politikur Teorias politikur praqtikasTan akavSirebs. igi winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri terminia, romelic garkveuli politikuri filosofiuri kategoriacaa. ideologia aris msoflmxedvelobrivi Rirebulebebis erTgvari krebuli, Tumca meore mxriv politikuri moZraobis formasac iZens politikuri liderebis, partiebisa da jgufebis qmedebebSi vlindeba. ideoligiebis sistemur xasiaTs atareben, maT sakuTari princi pebi da ideebi aqvT. Tumca maTi sistemuroba da urTierTkavSiri mxolod fardobiTia, radgan yoveli ideologia sakuTar TavSi dapirispirebul tradiciebsa da winaaRmdegobebsac moicavs. ideologiaTa mniSvneloba drois mixedviT icvleba, anu imis Sesabamisad Tu ramdenad miesadageba igi arsebul politikur, socialur da ekonomikur viTarebas. ideologiur dasasrulde dResac ar wydeba kamaTi. XX saukuneSi faSizmisa da komunizmis daamarcxebam xeli Seuwyo mosazrebis damkvidrebas, rom ideologiurma dapirispirebam adgili unda dauTmos ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da urTierTsargeblianobis princi ps. Tumca male gamoCnda frensis fukuiamas `istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani~, romelis liberaluri demokratiis planetis masStabiT gamarjvebas gvauwyebda. postmodernizmi ki yovelgvari ideologiisadmi yavlgasulobaze saubrobs. ase rom, kvlavac dro gviCvenebs am SexedulebaTa avkargianobas. 55

Tavi IV demokratia

demokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebi

`demokratiis~ gageba CvenTan Zveli saberZneTidan movida, im sityvebis msgavsad, romlebic `kratia~-ze mTavrdeba (avtokratia, aristokratia, biurokratia). termini `demokratia~ dafuZnebulia berZnul sityvaze `kratia~, rac mmarTvelobas, xelisuflebas niSnavs. `demokratia~ ki, Sesabamisad, _ `demosis Zalauflebas~ (demosi niSnavs `xalxs~, Tumca berZnebi Tavdapirvelad ase uwodebdnen `siRaribes~ an `masas~). es cneba `xalxis mmarTveloba~ dRes cota rames Tu gveubneba. saqme imaSia, rom demokratiis problema TviTon am terminis gavrcelebadoba gaxda, romelic xandaxan uSlis kidevac xels demokratiis rogorc seriozuli politikuri koncefciis gagebas. ramdenadac demokratia dResdReisobiT `karg ramed~ iTvleba, is ukve mWidrod damkvidrda iseT sityvaTa leqsikonSi,romelic mniSvnelovnad udris xmamaRal `vaSas~ gansazRvruli ideebis kompleqsis an Zalauflebis koncefciis mosamarTiT. rogorc bernard kriki (1993 w) aRniSnavda: `demokratia sazogadoebrivi politikis leqsikonSi SesaZloa erT-erTi yvelaze arasando sityva iyos~. problemis analizi yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba daviwyoT abraam linkolnis moxsenebiT, romelic 1864 wels getisbergSi amerikis samoqalaqo omis dros warmoTqva. igi saubrobda demokratiaze, rogorc `xalxis mmarTvelobaze xalxidan da xalxisaTvis~. am sityvebidan naTelia, rom demokratia akavSirebs mTavrobas xalxTan, magram TviTon es kavSiri SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva gziT: sakuTriv rogorc xalxis Zalaufleba; rogorc Zalaufleba maTi, vinc gamovida xalxidan da rogorc mmarTveloba xalxis interesebisaTvis. is, Tu rogor gavigoT es komponentebi, yovelTvis iyo yvelaze cxeli politikuri da ideologiuri diskusiebis sagani. saqmis arsi Tavs iyris Semdeg 3 kiTxvasTan: ra aris xalxi? saxeldobr rogori azria Cadebuli xalxis mmarTvelobaSi? ramdenad Sors SeuZlia da unda gavrceldes xalxis Zalaufleba? 56

demokratiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania politikuri Tanabrobis principi, idea imaze, rom politikuri Zalaufleba rac SeiZleba farTod da Tanabrad gadanawildes. magram sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rogor socialur doneze da rogor socialur CarCoSi unda gavrceldes igi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vin Sedis cneba `xalxi~-s SemadgenlobaSi? erTi SexedviT pasuxi naTelia: `demos~-Si an `xalxSi~ unda vigulisxmoT yvela adamiani anu qveynis yvela macxovrebeli, Tumca praqtikulad yvela demokratiuli sistema zRudavda politikur monawileobas da amave dros Zalian mkacrad. Zveli berZeni avtorebi demosSi moiazrebdnen, umravlesobas _ Raribebs, romlebic moklebulni iyvnen yovelgvar sakuTrebas. amitom aq sityva `demokratia~ gamoxatavda ara politikuri Tanabrobis ideas, aramed politikuri balansis darRvevas Raribebis sasargeblod. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi politikuri monawileoba Semoifargleboda mosaxleobis mcire nawiliT _ 20 wels gadacilebuli mamakacebiT. gamoiricxebodnen qalebi, monebi da ucxoelebi. dasavleTis qveynebis umetesobaSi SemdgomSic arsebobda amomrCevelTa uflebebis mkacri SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT qonebrivi cenziT an qalTa diskriminaciiT. did britaneTSi amomrCevelTa ufleba sayovelTao mxolod 1928 wlidan gaxda, roca amomrCevlis yuTTan qalebi dauSves. aSS-Si amas miaRwies 1960 w-dan; maSin bevr samxreT StatSi afroamerikelebi pirvelad dauSves arCevnebze. SveicariaSi qalebma arCevnebis ufleba miiRes 1971 wlidan. ramdenadac yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Sinagani uTanxmoeba, praqtikaSi damkvidrda xalxis sxvagvari definicia, rogorc sazogadoebis umravlesobisa. xalxi SeiZleba gavigoT aseve, rogorc Tavisufali da Tanaswori individebis erToblioba, romelTagan TiToeul maTgans aqvs ufleba miiRos sakuTari gadawyvetileba. Sexedulebis es bolo Tvalsazrisi ara marto aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba maJoritarizmis nebismier formas, aramed gulisxmobs, rom sabooloo jamSi erTxmad miRebuli gadawyvetileba sayovelTaod aucilebelia demosisTvis, rac radikalurad zRudavs demokratiuli princi pebis gamoyenebas. demokratiis umTavresi koncefciebi dafuZnebulia princi pze: `mTavroba xalxisagan~. is niSnavs, rom xalxi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi monawileobiT arsebiTad marTavs Tavis Tavs da sakuTar da sazogadoebis beds gansazRvravs. 57

magram am monawileobas aqvs sxvadasxva formebi. Tu Cven vsaubrobT pirdapir demokratiaze, maSin xalxis monawileobaSi igulisxmeba uSualo da ganuwyveteli monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi referendumis meSveobiT, masobrivi SekrebebiT. demokratiuli monawileobis alternatiuli da ufro Cveulebrivi forma aris politikuri arCevnebi. aq Cndeba e.w. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, roca moqalaqeebi irCeven maT, vinc miiRebs gadawyvetilebas maTi saxeliT. xmis micemis demokratiuli xasiaTi erTis mxriv iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom sazogadoebam `moisrolos naZiralebi~ da amgvarad uzrunvelyos politikosebis angariSgeba sazogadoebisadmi. arsebobs demokratiis iseTi modelebic, romlebic efuZneba princips: `mTavroba xalxisaTvis~. aq xalxs utoveben pirdapir an iribad politikuri monawileobis mcire SesaZleblobas. yvelaze groteskuli magaliTia e.w. totalitaruli demokratiebi, formirebuli iseTi faSisturi diqtaturis dros, rogoric iyo musolinis da hitleris reJimebi. maTi swrafva `demokratiulobaze~ efuZneboda im ideas,rom mxolod liders SeeZlo xalxis namdvili interesis gamoxatva. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom `WeSmariti demokratia~ SeiZleba mxolod absoluturi diqtaturis dros. am dros `xalxis xelisufleba~ gamoixateboda yovlisSemZle beladisadmi Tavmoxris ritualSi yrilobebis saxiT, marSebiT, e.w. sazeimo koncertebiT, SouebiT, piar-aqciebiT, demonstraciebiT da a.S. zogjer amas warmoadgendnen rogorc plebicistur demokratias, Tumca totalitarul demokratiaSi yvela Cveulebrivi gageba demokratiul mmarTvelobaze Tavdayira dgas, isini axdenen erTi mniSvnelovani momentis ilustracias, saxeldobr, `mmarTveloba uSualod xalxis meSveobiT~ (sazogadoebis aqtiuri politikuri monawileobiT) da `mmarTveloba xalxisaTvis~ (mmarTveloba xalxis interesebisaTvis) Soris SeiZleba iyos uSvelebeli distancia. amitom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis momxreebi yovelTvis miiswrafian sazogadoebis monawileoba politikaSi daiyvanon xmis ubralo micemaze, imis SiSiT, rom TviTon sazogadoebas SeuZlia ar eyos Wkua, gamocdileba da ganaTleba, raTa TviTon ganaxorcielos mmarTveloba. roca gavarkvieT ra aris xalxi da rogor unda marTavdes igi, aucilebelia ganvixiloT sakiTxi: ramdenad farTod unda vrceldebodes misi mmarTveloba? rogoria sazRvre58

bi `demokratiis samyarosi?~ rogori sakiTxebi unda gadawyvitos xalxma da rogori _ calkeulma moqalaqeebma? liberalur individualizmze aSenebuli demokratiis modelebi politikis viwro gagebiT Cveulebriv gulisxmobs demokratiuli sferoebis SezRudvas politikiT. politikiT am poziciidan demokratiis mizania daamkvidros raRac saerTo kanonebis krebuli, romlis CarCoebSic individebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba maqsimalurad Tavisuflad ganaxorcielon piradi interesebi. arsebobs sxva saxis Sexeduleba demokratiaze, mag: socialistebis da radikal-demokratebis Teoriebi radikaluri demokratiis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT adamianebs aqvT sawyisi ufleba miiRon monawileoba nebismieri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic maT cxovrebas exeba. demokratiaSi aq igulisxmeba koleqtiuri procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvelafer amas. sakuTrebis gansazogadoeba da muSaTa TviTmmarTvelobis Semotana gaigeba rogorc ekonomikuri cxovrebis demokratizaciis saSualeba. amrigad, politikuri demokratiis magivrad socialistebi mouwodebdnen `sazogadoebrivi demokratiisaken~ an `sawarmoo demokratiisaken~. feminizmis warmomadgenlebic aseve moiTxoven ojaxuri cxovrebis demokratizacias, romelic gagebulia, rogorc sayovelTao monawileobis ufleba ojaxuri da piradi cxovrebisas gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. demokratiis ukanaskneli gageba konkretizirdeba damatebiTi epiTetiT `liberaluri~. Tumca sinamdvileSi arsebobs demokratiis ramdenime konkurentuli Teoria an modeli, romelTagan TiToeuli maTgani gvTavazobs saxalxo xelisuflebis sakuTar versias. es cxadyofs aramarto demokratiuli formebisa da meqanizmebis mravalsaxeobas,aramed logikuri safuZvlebis sxvadasxvaobas, romelzedac SesaZloa dafuZndes demokratiuli ideebi. iseT gavrcelebul terminzec ki, rogoricaa `liberaluri demokratia~, sinamdvileSi arsebobs sruliad sxvadasxva da urTierTsapirispiro poziciebi. saerTod, SeiZleba gamoiyos demokratiis 4 sxvadasxva modeli: klasikuri demokratia proteqciuli demokratia ganviTarebis demokratia saxalxo demokratia 59

klasikuri demokratia
demokratiis klasikuri modeli dakavSirebulia polisTan (Zv. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo), xelisuflebis im sistemasTan, romelmac miiRo ganviTareba saberZneTis udides da yvelaze Zlier qalaq-saxelmwifoSi _ aTenSi. pirdapiri demokratiis forma, romelic arsebobda aTenSi Cv.w.aR.-mde VIV s.s., xSirad gaigeba, rogorc politikuri monawileobis erTaderTi idealuri sistema. am modelma gavlena moaxdina ufro gviandel moazrovneebze, rogoric iyo ruso da marqsi. aTenis demokratia Tavis TavSi moicavda pirdapiri saxalxo xelisuflebis specifikur saxes, romelsac Tanamedrove msoflioSi Zalian SezRudulad gamoiyeneba. demokratia aTenSi gaigivebuli iyo mmarTvelobasTan saxalxo krebis meSveobiT. yvela ZiriTad gadawyvetilebas iRebda kreba, romelSic yvela moqalaqe Sedioda. igi ikribeboda aranakleb 40-jer weliwadSi. Tanamdebobebi, rogoroc wesi, gaTvlili iyo xanmokle droze. saxalxo krebis aRmasrulebel organos warmoadgenda didi sabWo, romelSic Sedioda 500 moqalaqe, agreTve arsebobda 50 moqalaqis kolegia, romelic winadadebas awvdida did sabWos. kolegiis Tavmjdomare asrulebda am movaleobas mxolod erT dRes da am mniSvnelovani sapatio adgilis dakaveba SeeZlo mxolod erTxel cxovrebaSi. erTaderTi gamonaklisi daiSveboda 10 samxedro sardlisaTvis. aTenis demokratiis mniSvnelovani niSani iyo moqalaqeTa politikuri aqtivobis done. isini ara marto monawileobdnen regularul SexvedrebSi, aramed umravlesoba mzad iyo daekavebina nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tumca am demokratias hyavda Tavisi kritikosebic. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gavleniani iyo filosofosi platoni. is akritikebda politikuri Tanabrobis princi ps. naSromSi `respublika~ problemis gadawyvetas is xedavda imaSi, rom Zalaufleba gadascemodaT mefe-filosofosebs. aTenis demokratiis mTavari nakli iyo is, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mosaxleobis zogierTi kategoria ar monawileobda. monawileobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod aTenSi dabadebul mamakacebs 20 wlis zeviT. monebs (mosaxleobis umetesoba), qalebs da ucxoelebs ar hqondaT araviTari politikuri ufleba. gasagebia, rom aTenelebs hqondaT SesaZlebloba mieZRvnaT mTeli dro politikisTvis imis wyalobiT, rom monaTmflobeloba aTavisuflebda maT ramde60

nadme daZabuli movaleobebisagan. am azriT aTenuri polisi Tavis TavSi moicavda demokratiuli idealebis sruliad sapirispiro models. miuxedavad amisa politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis pirdapiri da ganuwyveteli monawileobis klasikurma modelma gamoyeneba hpova ufro mogvianebiTac. igi devs referendumis safuZvelSi, gansakuTrebiT konstituciur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da axali demokratiuli gamocdilebis danergvis dro. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT saxalxo TaTbiri da eleqtronuli demokratia.

proteqtoraluri demokratia
aRorZinebis periodSi XVII-XVIII s.s. demokratiuli ideebi Zlier gansxvavdeboda Zv. berZnuli klasikuri demokratiisgan. demokratias ganmartavdnen ara rogorc politikur cxovrebaSi sazogadoebis monawileobis meqanizms, aramed rogorc saSualebas, romliTac xalxs SeeZlo SemoesazRvra Tavi TavianT cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevisagan. aqedanaa saxelwodeba `proteqtoruli demokratia~. demokratiis aseTi gageba damaxasiaTebeli iyo adreuli liberaluri moazrovneebisaTvis. SeuzRudavi mmarTvelobisadmi SiSis gamo, jon loki XVIII s. amtkicebda, rom xmis politikuri ufleba momdinareobs adamianis bunebrivi uflebisagan, kerZod, sakuTrebis uflebisagan. Tanamedrove gagebiT TviTon loks Znelad SeiZleba ewodos demokrati, ramdenadac is Tvlida, rom xmis politikuri ufleba unda hqondes mxolod sakuTrebis mflobelebs, radgan mxolod isini floben im bunebriv uflebas, romelsac SeuZlia SezRudos saxelmwifo mmarTveloba. ufro radikaluri gageba sayovelTao arCevnebis Taobaze hqondaT XVIII s. utilitarizmis iseT Teoretikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen ieremia bentani da jeims mili (1773-1836 ww). utilitarizmi demokratiis dasabuTebaSi eyrdnoboda individualuri interesebis dacvis an mxardaWeris aucileblobas. demokratiis dafuZnebas individis dacvis princi pze aqvs mniSvnelovani, magram ara gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. proteqtoraluri koncefcia mainc Tavis TavSi moicavs SezRudul da ara pirdapiri demokratiis formas. es upirvelesad da umTavresad konstituciuri demokratiis sistemaa, funqcion61

irebadi gansazRvruli formebiT da araformaluri uflebiT, uzrunvelyofili Zalauflebis gayofiT aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad, agreTve uflebiT adamainis ZiriTadi uzrunvelyofili _ sityvis uflebiT, gadaadgilebis TavisuflebiTa da TviTnebobisagan dacviT. proteqtoruli demokratia orientirebulia moqalaqeTaTvis rac SeiZleba ufro farTo SesaZleblobebis micemaze, raTa man icxovros ise, rogorc unda. TvalnaTelia, rom is dakavSirebulia Tavisufali kapitalizmis princi pTan da koncefciasTan, rom swored individi unda aRiWurvos maqsimaluri pasuxismgeblobiT Tavis ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobaze.

ganviTarebis demokratia
demokratiis Tavdapirveli Teoria ufro metad pirovnebis uflebebis da interesebis dacviT iyo dakavebuli, magram male masSi gaCnda arsebiTad axali aqcenti _ sazogadoebisa da adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. am WrilSi aRmocenebuli axali koncefciebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT models, romelsac ganviTarebis demokratia hqvia. yvelaze Tamami midgoma am sferoSi Tavisi droisTvis wamoayena Jan-Jak rusom. bevri TvalsazrisiT rusos ideebma, romlebic gadaWriT uaryofdnen demokratiis liberaluri koncefciis batonobas, momavalSi gavlena moaxdines rogorc marqsistul, ise anarqistul tradiciebze, ufro mogvianebiT _ `axal memarcxeneebze~. rusosTvis demokratia iyo saSualeba, romlis daxmarebiTac adamianebi moi povebdnen Tavisuflebas da damoukideblobas. ruso gamodioda demokratiis gagebis im CarCodan, romelsac dahyavs igi arCevnebamde da win swevda pirdapiri demokratiis ideas, romelic Zalian radikaluri iyo Tavisi droisaTvis. misi TeoriiT moqalaqeebi `Tavisuflebi arian mxolod maSin, roca isini TviTon pirdapir da ganuwyvetliv monawileoben sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi~. SemTxveviTi araa, rom man mogvca mkacri kritika arCevnebis im sistemisadmi, romelic did britaneTSi iyo. `sazogadoebriv xelSekruleba~-Si (1762). rusos Teoria daexmara Tanamedrove ideis formirebas, romliTac 1960-70-ian wlebSi gamovidnen `axali memarcxeneebi~. 62

saqme exeba `monawileobis sazogadoebas~, _ sazogadoebas, romelSic Teoriulad moqalaqes eqneba sruli Tavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis dros. amas ver mivaRwevT mTavari sazogadoebrivi institutebis _ ojaxis, samuSao adgilisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebis, aseve politikuri institutebis _ partiis, interesTa jgufis, sakanonmdeblo organoebis Riaobis, angariSgebisa da decentralizaciis gareSe. am modelis safuZvlad devs koncefcia `dabali~ demokratiis an rogorc mas uwodebdnen `balaxis fesvebis demokratiis~ koncefcia. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom politikuri Zalaufleba unda amovides Zalian dabali donidan maRla. ganviTarebadi demokratiis koncefciis ufro zomieri varianti, dakavSirebuli warmomadgenlobiTi mTavrobis liberalur modelTan, Camoyalibebulia jon stuard midis mier. demokratiis mTavar Rirsebad midi ganixilavda imas, rom is uzrunvelyofs adamianis SesaZleblobebis harmoniul da umaRles ganviTarebas. politikur cxovrebaSi monawileoba amaRlebs moqalaqis Segnebis dones da zrdis adamianis grZnobas, erTi sityviT, ganaviTarebs mas. demokratia aq warmogvidgeba rogorc ganaTleba. amitomac midi mouwodebda gafarToebuliyo moqalaqeTa monawileobis sferoebi politikaSi. sTvlida, rom xmis ufleba unda iyos micemuli yvela adamianisaTvis, garda gaunaTleblebisa. amomrCevlis uflebas is avrcelebda qalebzec. es iyo im droisaTvis yvelaze radikaluri idea. mis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebda Zlieri da damoukidebeli adgilobrivi xelisuflebac, liberaluri azris sxva warmomadgenlebisgan gansxvavebiT is ar scnobda formaluri politikuri Tanasworobis ideas iseve, rogorc Tavis droze platoni. aqedan momdinareobs misi winadadeba mravaljeradad xmis micemaze _ iseTi sistemis Seqmnaze, romlis drosac arakvalificiur muSas eqneba erTi xma, kvalificiurs _ ori, kolejdamTavrebulsa da mecniers ki _ 5-6. magram mids aseT SemTxvevaSi hqonda seriozuli eWvebi, romelic aleqsis de tokvilma Tavis cnobil frazaSi gaaxmiana: `umravlesobis tirania~. demokratia am TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis atarebs Tavis TavSi imis saSiSroebas, sazogadoebis sulieri cxovreba SeiZleba msxverplad iqnas mitanili umravlesobis survilTan da maSin gamefdeba erTferovneba da mosawyeni konformizmi. 63

saxalxo demokratia
termini `saxalxo demokratia~ modis im orTodoqsaluri komunisturi reJimidan, romelic Seiqmna meore msoflio omis Semdeg. Cven viyenebT mas farTo gagebiT, mivakuTvnebT ra mas marqsistuli tradiciebiT warmoSobil demokratiis sruliad gansxvavebul modelebs. isini cota ar aris da yvela isini arian STambeWdav kontrastSi gavrcelebul liberalur demokratiul modelebTan. marqsistebi, rogorc cnobilia, yovelTvis emijnebodnen liberalur an parlamentarul demokratias, xedavdnen ra masSi ufro metad `burJuaziul~, `kapitalistur~ mmarTvelobis formas. am ideals maT mimarTes imitom, rom masSi arsebobs Tanasworobis idea. `demokratia~ aq niSnavda socialur Tanasworobas agebuls sakuTrebis ganzogadebaze. marqsi darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom sakmarisia daamarcxo kapitalizmi da demokratia adre Tu gvian gaimarjvebs. marTalia, namdvil komunizmamde jer kidev Soria, amitom saWiro iqneba e.w. gardamavali periodi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `proletariatis revoluciuri diqtaturiT~. ase mova `burJuaziuli damokratiis~ Semcvlelad sruliad axali sistema _ `proletaruli demokratia~. marqsistuli demokratiis modeli komunistur sazogadoebaSi dakavSirebulia ufro leninis saxelTan. 1917 wels leninis lozungSi `mTeli Zalaufleba muSaTa, jariskacTa da mezRvaurTa sabWoebs~, iyo parizis komunis suliskveTeba, magram, praqtikulad, Zalaufleba Zalian male gadavida bolSevikTa partiis xelSi. leninis azriT, es iyo `mSromelTa klasis avangardi~, SeiaraRebuli marqsizmiT da amitomac hqonda unari gaego proletariatis WeSmariti interesebi. es Teoria gaxda `leninuri demokratiis~ qvakuTxedi sabWoTa kavSirSi da Semdeg miRebuli iqna komunisturi reJimebis mier, rogorc marqsizmleninizmis erT-erTi centraluri debuleba. am sistemis mTavari sisuste iyo, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebda kontrols kompartiis Zalauflebaze, gansakuTrebiT misi liderebis mimarT da Sesabamisad, isinic ar gaxdnen is sinamdvileSi pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebuli muSaTa klasis winaSe. isic sakiTxavia, Tu movaxdenT aristoteles kiTxvis perifrazirebas platonisadmi _ vin daicavs komunistur partias?

demokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi

demokratiis ama Tu im formebis Sesaxeb kamaTi ar wydeba, magram dRes ufro mets kamaToben imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs demokratia praqtikulad. ZiriTadad saubari midis liberaluri demokratiis modelze, romelic ase Tu ise aRiarebulia mTels msoflioSi, Tumca Sinaganad masSi gvxvdeba winaaRmdegobebic. liberaluri demokratiis modeli dafuZnebulia SejibrebiTobaze, masSi yvelaferi wydeba amomrCevelTa arCevaniT da Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mas, vinc gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi, arCevnebi ki dafuZnebulia yvela moqalaqis formalur politikur Tanasworobaze. aq saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad arian gamijnuli: sazogadoeba yalibdeba damoukidebeli socialuri jgufebisagan da organizebulia sabazro e.i. kapitalisturi ekonomikis princi pebze. liberalur demokratiasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs kiTxvebic: efeqturad uzrunvelyofs Tu ara es modeli namdvil ganawilebas politikur xelisuflebaSi. saboloo angariSSi mogebulia Tu wagebulia sazogadoeba, SesabamisobaSia Tu ara politikuri Tanasworoba ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan? Teoretikosebi sxvadasxvanairad pasuxoben am kiTxvebze. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori pasuxi gvaqvs, unda gamovyoT Semdegi ZiriTadi midgomebi: pluralizmi, elitizmi, korporativizmi, axali memarjveneebi, marqsizmi. pluralistuli ideebi dakavSirebulia liberalur politikur filosofiasTan, kerZod, lokisa da monteskies naSromebTan. magram mas ufro sistematuri forma misca jeims medisonma, romelmac pirvelad Camoayaliba pluralizmis princi pebi. dReisTvis politikuri pluralizmis Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad iTvleba robert dali, romelmac empiriuli analizis safuZvelze saintereso daskvnebi gaakeTa. termin `pluralizms~ aqvs ori gageba: farTo da viwro. farTo gagebiT igia mravalferovani da mravalsaxeobiTi SexedulebaTa sistema. termini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mravalpartiulobis aRsaniSnavad (politikuri pluralizmi); eTikuri faseulobebis mravalferovnebis (eTikuri pluralizmi) an kulturuli normebis (kulturuli pluralizmi) gamosaxatavad. igi gulisxmobs, rom TavisTavad mravalfer65

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ovneba warmoadgens sazogadoebis sasurveli da jansaRi ganviTarebis aucileblobas, radgan is xels uwyobs pirovnebis dacvas da warmoadgens areals diskusiebisaTvis. ufro viwro gagebiT pluralizmi esaa koncefcia politikuri xelisuflebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. misi arsi imaSia, rom Zalaufleba ar unda iyos koncentrirebuli elitisa da wamyvani klasis xelSi. am SemTxvevaSi pluralizmi Cveulebriv ganixileba, rogorc `jgufuri politikis~ Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs, rom individebis interesi unda gamovlindes sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis meSveobiT. elituri midgomis ideologiebi da misi momxreebi Tvlian, rom Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi ekuTvnis elitebs. amas miiCneven sazogadoebis yofis normalur da dadebiT an arasasurvel, magram gamosworebad procesad. klasikuri elitizmis Teoretikosebia vilfredo pareto, gaetano moska da robert mixelsi. maTi mtkicebiT demokratia briyvuli dabneulobaa, ramdenadac politikuri Zala yovelTvis ekuTvnis privilegirebul umciresobas _ elitas. paretom gamohyo adamianTa ori fsiqologiuri ti pi, romlebsac marTvis unari gaaCniaT _ `meliebi~, romlebic marTaven eSmakobiT da lomebi, romlebic mizans ZaladobiT da iZulebiT aRweven. mixelsma SemogvTavaza meorenairi midgoma, romelic exeba nebismier organizacias, rogori demokratiulic ar unda gveCvenebodes is. masSi xdeba xelisuflebis koncentracia adamianTa mcire jgufis xelSi, romelTac dominirebis, organizaciisa da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unari gaaCniaT, sxvaTa sawinaaRmdegod. mixelsma amas uwoda `oligarqiis rkinis kanoni~. ufro gvian jeims barnexmma daamuSava `biurokratiuli mmarTvelobis~ cneba. is amtkicebda rom, yvela industriul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc kapitalisturSi, aseve socialisturSic mmarTveli klasi gamoirCeva samecniero teqnikuri codniTa da administrirebis xelovnebiT. Tanamedrove politikuri Teoretikosebi ufro metad saubroben imaze, Tu ra Sorsaa calkeuli politikuri sistemebi demokratiul idealisagan. aseT pozicias afiqsirebs raita milsi Tavis cnobil gamokvlevebSi, romlebSic naCvenebia, rom aSS-Si batonobs Zalze viwro wre sxvadasxva dajgufebebidan. `xelisuflebrivi elita~ warmoqmnilia didi biznesis armiisa da samrewvelo kompleqsis dajgufebidan. preziden66

tis irgvliv arsebul Zalauflebriv elitas aqvs SesaZlebloba miiRos `WeSmaritad istoriuli~ gadawyvetilebani, gansakuTrebiT Tavdacvasa da saSinao politikaSi, aseve ekonomikur strategiaSi. Zalauflebrivi elitis am modelidan bunebrivad gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom sinamdvileSi amerikul demokratiaze laparaki ar SeiZleba. amasTan zogierTi Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom zog SemTxvevebSi elitis Zalaufleba ar gamoricxavs politikuri angariSsworebis process, aq saubaria konkurentuli elitizmis koncefciaze gamomdinare elitis SejibrebiTobis faqtidan. antoni daunsma konkretuli elitizmis modelze dayrdnobiT daamuSava `demokratiis ekonomikuri Teoria~, sadac gvTavazobs Semdeg koncefcias: arCevnebze metoqeoba qmnis Tavisebur politikur bazars, sadac politikosebi warmodgenilia mewarmeebad, romlebic miiltvian miiRon Zalaufleba, amomrCevlebi ki _ momxmareblebad, romlebic xmas aZleven maTi survilebisa da arCevanis gamomxatvel partias. am SemTxvevaSi sistema Riaa da SejibrebiTi arCevnebis demokratiuloba garantirebulia, radgan xelisufleba gadaecema im partias, romlis filosofia, faseulobani da politika Seesabameba amomrCevelTa umravlesobis interesebs. rogorc Sumpeteri ambobs: `demokratia _ es politikuri Zalauflebaa~. elitebis konkurencia rogorc demokratiuli politikis modeli zustad xsnis liberalur-demokratiuli sistemis namdvil meqanizms. elitebis konkurencia yovel SemTxvevaSi aris demokratiis susti forma. elitis Secvlis dros sazogadoebas eniWeba Zalian mokrZalebuli roli _ ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel gadawyvitos Tu romeli elita daiwyebs marTvas misi saxeliT. es ki iwvevs sazogadoebis pasiurobas, gulgrilobasa da gaucxoebas. igi saTaves iRebs im periodidan, rodesac faSistur italiaSi cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT e.w. `korporatiuli saxelmwifo~, sadac gadawyvetilebas miiRebdnen mmarTvelebi da muSebi. aRniSnuli midgomis Teoretikosebi miuTiTeben imaze, rom wamyvani industriuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebaSi SeimCneva saerTo procesebi. saubaria `sammxrivi mTavrobis~ mTeli speqtris Camoyalibebis ideaze, sadac mmarTveloba xorcieldeba organizaciuli struqturebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan 67

pirdapir akavSirebs saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs, saqmian wreebsa da profkavSirebs. amis safuZvelze yalibdeba neokorporativizmi an liberaluri korporativizmi. ekonomikuri interesebis pirdapiri CarTva saxelmwifoebriv mmarTvelobaSi gamovlinda omis Semdgom periodSi iseT qveynebSi, rogorebic iyvnen Svecia, norvegia, holandia da avstria. aq xelisuflebis ZiriTad amocanas mmarTvelobisa da ekonomikis regulacia warmoadgenda. saxelmwifo eswrafvoda ekonomikuri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofas, rac ukavSirdeboda institucionalur sqemas, romlis CarCoebSi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva kategoriebi mxars uWerdnen qveynis saerTo ekonomikur strategias. iq, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi Careva ekonomikur cxovrebasa da bazris gafarToebaSi SezRuduli iyo (rogorc, mag. did britaneTSi 1979 wlis Semdgom) uars ambobdnen korporativizmze. `axali memarjveneebis~ gamoCena moxda 70-ian wlebSi demokratizmis kritikiT. maT daiwyes saubari sazogadoebis `demokratiul gadatvirTvaze~, aseve politikuri sistemis paralizebaze metismeti eleqtoratuli zewolis gamo. mkacri kritikis qveS moeqca korporativizmic, saqme imaSi iyo, rom `axali memarjveneebis~ Teoretikosebi _ Tavisufali bazris mtkice momxreebi miiCnevdnen, rom ekonomika yvelaze ukeTesad muSaobs maSin, rodesac mTavroba mas ar awuxebs. rogorc devid markandi SeniSnavda, axali memarjveneebis midgomis Tvalsazrisi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom `demokratia ufrosebisaTvis _ es igive iyo, rac Sokoladi bavSvisaTvis~. rac uvnebelia patara doziT, magram mavnebelia didi doziT. amitom `axali memarjveneebis~ Teoretikosebs aqvT midrekileba dainaxon demokratiaSi ara socialuri gardaqmnis, aramed mTavrobis TviTnebobisagan dacvis saSualeba. marqsistuli Sexeduleba demokratiaze dafuZnebulia klasobriv analizze. marqsizmis mixedviT ar SeiZleba politikuri xelisuflebis arsi ganvixiloT viwro gagebiT. saWiroa ufro Rrmad Caxedva, radgan politikuri Zalaufleba asaxavs ekonomikuri Zalauflebis ganawilebas. marqsizmi akritikebs liberalur da pluralistur demokratiebs, saubrobs elitistur Teoriebzec. magram Tanamedrove marqsistebi sulac ar xedaven eleqtoralur demokratiaSi mTlian butaforiasa da motyuebas. evrokomunistebma magaliTad uaryves socialisturi 68

revoluciis idea da mTlianad gadavidnen mSvidobiani, kanonieri da demokratiuli `socializmis gzis~ ideologiaze. Tumca neomaqrsistebi, iseTebi, rogorebic iyvnen iurgen hamermansi da klaus ofe, Zveleburad miuTiTebdnen kapitalisturi demokratiis Sida arastabilurobaze da winaaRmdegobebze. praqtikaSi yvelaze aRiarebuli demokratiis modelia liberaluri demokratia. misi Zlieri mxareebi mdgomareobs imaSi, demokratiis es forma dafuZnebulia regularul arCevnebze, funqcionirebs ra partiuli Sejibrebisa da eleqtoratuli sistemis safuZvelze, is icavs zust zRvars saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris da sanqcias aZlevs Tavisufali, damoukidebeli socialuri jgufebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis funqcionirebas. arsebobs demokratiis uamravi modeli, romelSic TiToeuli maTgani gvTavazobs demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sakuTar versias. esaa klasikuri demokratia, romelic dafuZnebulia saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis principebze; proteqtuli demokratia, romelic gamomdinareobs Tavisuflebis individualuri gagebisagan; ganviTarebis demokratia, romelic orientirebulia sazogadoebis politikur gafarToebaze da saxalxo demokratia, sadac centraluri sakiTxi aris urTierTobebi klasebs Soris. klasikuri demokratia, romelic momdinareobs aTenis politikuri sistemidan, istoriaSi Sevida imiT, rom marto aq xorcieldeboda xalxis uSualo Zalaufleba. proteqtiuli demokratia aniWebs xalxs maqsimalur Tavisuflebas piradi cxovrebis mosawyobad. ganviTarebis demokratiis Rirseba imaSia, rom axasiaTebs ra politikur monawileobas, is amasTan afarToebs Tavisuflebis sferos da individis pirad ganviTarebas. saxalxo demokratia orientirebulia ara imdenad individis politikuri uflebebis gafarToebaze, ramdenadac mis ekonomikur emansipaciaze.

daskvnebi
demokratiis cneba, rogorc seriozuli politikuri koncefcia, zogjer Zalian Znelad gamoiyeneba. terminSi Cadebulia Ria sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi _ masebis Zalauflebidan dawyebuli da mmarTvelobis formebiT damTavrebuli, romlebic dafuZnebulia sazogadoebis pirdapir da mudmiv politikur monawileobaze, umravlesobis Zalauflebaze, partiuli 69

konkurenciis sistemasa da sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebze. istoriulad diskusiebi demokratiis bunebaze 3 sakiTxis irgvliv trialebda. pirveli _ ra aris xalxi da ramdenad unda vrceldebodes maTze politikuri Zalaufleba? meore _ SeuZlia Tu ara xalxs marTos Tavisi Tavi TviTon Tu es funqcia unda gadasces politikosebsa da politikur partiebs, romlebsac aqvT pretenzia warmoadgendnen sazogadoebas? mesame _ ra sakiTxebi eqvemdebareba koleqtiur gadawyvetas demokratiul procesSi?

Tavi V saxelmwifo

saxelmwifos arsi da ti pebi

terminis `saxelmwifo~-s mimarT arsebobs idealisturi, funqcionaluri da organizaciuli midgoma. idealisturi midgoma damaxasiaTebulia hegelis naSromebisaTvis, sadac saxelmwifo eTikur sazogadoebas warmoadgens, gamsWvaluls saerTo simpaTiiT. Tumca saxelmwifos eTikur kategoriaSi ganTavsebiT, igi uZluri xdeba gviCvenos zusti zRvari saxelmwifo da ara saxelmwifo institutebs Soris. funqcionaluri midgoma saxelmwifosadmi imazea fokusirebuli, Tu rogoria saxelmwifo institutebis roli da miznebi. aq saxelmwifos mTavari funqciaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damyareba, kerZod, saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba rogorc institutebis kompleqsi, romelic amyarebs wesrigsa da stabilurobas sazogadoebaSi. rac Seexeba organizaciul midgomas, aq saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba marTvis aparatis yvelaze farTo mniSvnelobiT. es aris institutebis kompleqsi, romelTac aqvT aSkarad gamoxatuli `saxalxo~ xasiaTi im azriT, _ is pasuxobs koleqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis organizacias da finansirdeba sazogadoebis xarjze. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos warmoSoba dakavSirebulia evropasTan (XV-XVI ss.), rodesac aq warmoiSva pirveli centralizebuli marTvis organoebi, romlebmac Tanmimdevrulad daiqvemdebara sxva institutebi da struqturebi, rogorc sasuliero, ise aristokratiuli, xolo vestfaliis samSvidobo molaparakebaSi (1680 w.) pirvelad iyo formulirebuli `saxelmwifo suvereniteti~. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela kanonis dacvas da sjis maT damrRvevebs, e.i. `kanoniT daSvebuli Zaladobis~ meSveobiT (maqs veberi) gamoxatavs Tavis suverenitets. saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze farTo cnebaa. xelisufleba misi nawilia. Tu saxelmwifo aris istoriulad Camoyalibebuli da samudamo, xelisufleba aris droebiTi, romelic modis da midis. xelisufleba aris saSualeba, romlis 71

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meSveobiTac saxelmwifo axorcielebs xelisuflebas, is saxelmwifos tvinia, romelic xels uwyobs mis arsebobas da gamoxatavs imaT partiul midrekilebebs, vinc imyofeba xelisuflebis saTaveSi. politologiis erT-erTi mTavari problema yovelTvis iyo saxelmwifo Zalauflebis bunebis sakiTxi. politologiaSi gamoyofen saxelmwifos oTx Teorias: pluralizebuls, kapitalisturs, saxelmwifo leviaTanisa da patriarqalurs. pluralizebuli saxelmwifos Teoria ixreba liberaluri tradiciisken. saxelmwifo aq warmogvidgeba rogorc `referi~ sazogadoebaSi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevs an naklebad aqcevs saxelmwifosa da mis institutebs da did mniSvnelobas aniWebs `xelisuflebas~. saxelmwifos Teoriis sawyisebi viTardeba XVII saukuneSi iseTi Teoretikosebis mier, rogorebic arian Tomas hobsi da jon loki. yvelaze metad am politologebs awuxebT kiTxva politikuri valdebulebebis Sesaxeb. XX saukuneSi am ideebze dayrdnobiT warmoiSva pluralistuli ideologiis saxelmwifo. rogorc sazogadoebis koncefcia, pluralizmis Tanaxmad liberalur-demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba danawilebulia farTod da Tanabrad. yoveli saxelmwifo reagirebs saxelmwifoebriv azrze. ase rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba SevadaroT fliugers, romelic Sebrundeba im mxares, saiTkenac miuTiTebs sazogadoeba. marqsizmi gvTavazobs kapitalisturi saxelmwifos sruliad sxva gagebas. mas araferi aqvs saerTo `neitraluri referis~ politikasTan, romlidanac gamomdinareoben pluralizmis Teoretikosebi. marqsizmis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli sazogadoebis araekonomikur struqturaSi; klasikuri formulirebiT, es aris klasobrivi Cagvris iaraRi, romelic warmoiSoba klasobrivi sistemidan da aris misi anarekli. marqsizmis mTavari azri imaSi gamoixateba, rom saxelmwifo, romelsac warmoSobs kapitalisturi klasi, gvevlineba, an damonebis iaraRad, an kidev klasobrivi antagonizmis Serbilebis meqanizmad. magram marqsis damokidebuleba saxelmwifosadmi ar iyo mTlianad negatiuri. is Tvlida, rom kapitalizmidan komunizmSi gadasvlis periodSi `proletariatis revoluciuri diqtatura~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc absoluturad konstruqciuli Zala; amasTan erTad kapital72

isturi sistemis dangreva gamoiwvevda burJuaziuli klasis daSlas da xels Seuwyobda axali, proletaruli saxelmwifos Seqmnas. marqsis memkvidreobaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi dautoves Tanamedrove maqrsistebs an da neomarqsistebs, raTa TviTon moaxdinon saxelmwifo xelisuflebis farTo analizi. aq didi roli iTamaSa italieli marqsistis antonio gramSis Sromebma, sadac amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli klasi cdilobs moi povos batonoba ara Ria ZaldatanebiT, aramed ideologiuri mani pulaciebiT. gramSisTvis burJuaziis politikuri batonoba narCundeba `hegemoniiT~ _ misi batonobiT sasuliero da kulturul cxovrebaSi, raSic saxelmwifo TamaSobs umniSvnelovanes rols. saxelmwifos saxe, rogorc `leviaTani~ (monstri, romelic dakavebulia Tavis Tavis gamokvebiT da gazrdiT sigrZesa da siganeSi) ganmtkicebuli iyo Tanamedrove politikur azrovnebaSi da Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis SromebSi. saerTod ki es Sexeduleba warmoiSva klasikuri liberalizmis dros. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar una Caerios qveynis ekonomikur da socialur sferoSi, radgan es emuqreba pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da qveynis ekonomikis usafrTxoebas. aq ukve saxelmwifo gvevlineba ara rogorc msaji, rogorc es pluralistebs miaCndaT, aramed rogorc uceremonio `ZiZa~, romelic midis sazogado interesebis winaaRmdeg (gansxvavebuli niSani marqsizmisgan!) da es interesebi yovelTvis moiTxovs saxelmwifos rolisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrdas. `axali uflebis~ Teoretikosebi amiT gviCveneben, rom XX saukunis moZraoba saxelmwifos Carevis uflebis gafarTovebiT, sinamdvileSi ar iyo pasuxi sazogadoebis moTxovnebze _ ekonomikuri da socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa aseve kapitalizmis stabilurobaze klasobrivi urTierTobis Serbilebis xarjze _ aramed es iyo saxelmwifos Sinagani dinamika. Tanamedrove ierarqiuli saxelmwifos idea wamovida feministuri Teoriidan. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom feministebs sakuTari Teoria aqvT saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. saerTod feministebi did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben saxelmwifos, radgan isini ikvleven mamakacis batonobas sazogadoebaze, romlis fesvebicaa ojaxuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi feministi ar eTanxmeba saxelmwifos sazoga73

doebriv gagebas, isini amtkicebdnen, rom mamakaci ar flobs monopolias mocemul Zaladobaze. unda iTqvas, rom feminizmma gaamdidra diskusia saxelmwifos Sesaxeb sruliad axali midgomebiTa da saintereso koncefciebiT. liberaluri feminizmis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom miaRwevdnen sqesebis Tanasworobas sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Tanmimdevruli gadawyobiT, sinamdvileSi emxrobian saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pluralistur mosazrebas. isini iqidan gamodian, rom rodesac qals uars eubnebian iuridiul da politikur Tanasworobaze, gansakuTrebiT xmis micemasTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifo upiratesobas aniWebs kacs, magram, amisda miuxedavad, saxelmwifos mainc uWiravs neitraluri pozicia, radgan adre Tu gvian amis gamosworeba SeiZleba. amitom liberaluri feministebi darwmunebulni arian imaSi, rom yvela sazogadoebriv jgufs (qalebis CaTvliT) aqvs Tanabari potenciali saxelmwifos winaSe da swored amitom SesaZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebrivi samarTlis miRweva. amasTan erTad saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba Ria ferebSi: iTvleba, rom misi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CareviT SesaZlebelia sqesebis uTanabrobis problemis mogvareba da sazogadoebaSi qalis adgilisa da rolis gamtkiceba. rogorc marqsizmSi, feminizmSic ganviTarda specifikuri instrumentaluri da struqturuli versiebi. instrumentaluri ganStoeba warmogvidgens saxelmwofos `agentad~ an `instrumentad~, risi saSualebiTac mamakaci axorcielebs Tavis interesebs da amkvidrebs da aZlierebs ierarqias. mokled rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos marTaven mxolod mamakacebi, romlebic yvelafers TavisTvis akeTeben. feminizmis instrumentaluri versiisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis analizis sfero saxelmwifo elitaa, xolo struqturuli versia miiswrafis dagvanaxos, rom saxelmwifo institutebi TiTqosda CaSenebulia ufro farTo patriarqiuli sistemis xelisuflebaSi. gansakuTrebul interess am radikalur feminizmSi iwvevs fenomeni `saxelmwifo sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis~. maTi azriT, es aris patriarqiis axali saxeoba. mTeli es sistema Tavis `patriarqobas~ imiT gamoxatavs, rom xdeba qalis gadasvla kerZo damoukideblobidan saxalxo sferoSi, sadac igi xvdeba `didi~ saxelmwifos meTvalyureobis qveS. ase rom, saxelmwifos Careva qalis sferoSi gamoiwvevs qalis damoukideblobis axali sferos Camoyalibebas. 74

saxelmwifos formebi
yvela arsebuli koncefcia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb, ase Tu ise, dakavSirebulia kiTxvebTan _ ra rols TamaSobs saxelmwifo, rogoria misi valdebulebebi, riT unda iyvnen dakavebulebi saxelmwifoebi da ra funqciebi unda darCes kerZo pirebis xelSi. am kiTxvebis garSemo brunavs rogorc saarCevno politika, aseve partiuli konkurencia. anarqistebis gamoklebiT, romlebic saxelmwifos naklebad dadebiTi mxridan axasiaTeben, socialuri revoluciis mimdevrebic ki, romlebic deklarirebdnen leninis lozungs `davangrioT saxelmwifo~, xedavdnen masSi raRac saWiros _ proletariatis saxelmwifo miaCndaT aucilebel gardamaval rgolad kapitalizmidan komunizmSi gadasasvlelad. SekiTxvaze _ Tu ra rols unda srulebdes saxelmwifo da rogori unda iyos balansi masa da sazogadoebas Soris _ sxvadasxvaobaa. Cven gamovyofT saxelmwifos Semdeg saxeebs: _ mcire (minimaluri saxelmwifo) _ ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo _ social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo _ koleqtivizeburi saxelmwifo _ totalitaruli saxelmwifo

mcire saxelmwifo
`rac SeiZleba naklebi saxelmwifo~ yovelTvis iyo klasikuri liberalizmis lozungi. es tradicia Tavisi fesvebiT midis `sayovelTao molaparakebis~ Teoriamde, magram amisda miuxedavad, is mainc negatiur Sexedulebas gamoxatavs saxelmwifos mimarT. igi Tvlis, rom mxolod saxelmwifos SeuZlia adamianis qcevebi moaqcios gansazRvrul farglebSi da amiT daicvas adamianebi, raTa maT ar Seaviwrovon erTmaneTis uflebebi. saxelmwifo aq gamodis Tavisi proteqcionaluri funqciiT, romelic mdgomareobs msoflio wesrigisa da socialuri keTildReobis dacvaSi, rodesac xalxi wyvets, Tu rogor urCevnia cxovreba. lokis TqmiT, saxelmwifom unda imoqmedos rogorc Ramis guSagma, romelsac sTxoven daxmarebas uwesrigobis dros, magram aseTi Sexeduleba mainc utovebs `Ramis guSags~ an `mcire saxelmwifos~ sam mniSvnelovan fun75

qcias. pirveli da mTavari funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos Sinagani wesrigi; meore _ man unda akontrolos SeTanxmebaTa uzrunvelyofa; mesame _ saxelmwifom unda daicvas qveyana garegani safrTxisagan. aseTi saxelmwifos institucionaluri aparati mWidro kavSirSia policiasTan, sasamarTlo sistemasTan da jarTan, xolo ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri sxva saqmeebi ekisreba individs, romelic aris sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili. `mcire saxelmwifos~ problema Tanamedrove periodSi wamoyenebuli iqna `axali memarjveneebis~ mier. `axali liberalizmis~ Tavisufali bazris ekonomikuri Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT. axali memarjveneebis filosofiis mixedviT saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli unda iyos Serwymuli or funqciasTan: nacionaluri valutis stabilizaciasa (`janmrTeli fulis~ lozungi, romelic aRniSnavs mcire an nulovan inflacias) da saRi konkurenciis mxardaWerasTan, monopoliebis kontrolsa da fiqsirebul fasebTan brZolasTan. dResdReobiT mcire saxelmwifos magaliTebs xedaven iseT aziur saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, singapuri da malaizia, magram ar aRniSnaven Tu raoden did rols TamaSobs aq saxelmwifo ekonomikis marTvaSi investiciebis gadanawilebaSi, ganaTlebasa da profesionalur momzadebaSi. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi iyo XIX s. didi britaneTi da aSS, magram arsebobs erTi saerTo wesi: saxelmwifo rac ufro gvian iwyebs industrializaciis process, miT ufro didi roli eniWeba saxelmwifos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. dResdReobiT ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos qveS igulisxmeba saxelmwifo, romelic axorcielebs Carevas qveynis ekonomikur sistemaSi erTi mizniT, rom gaaZlieros qveynis ekonomikuri potenciali. amasTan erTad igulisxmeba, rom bazris adgilas funqcionirebs dagegmvis da kontrolis `socialisturi~ sistema _ saubari midis saxelmwifosa da saqmian xalxs Soris urTierTobis awyobaze, romelsac Tan sdevs konservatiuli da naci onalur i lozungebi. nacionalur onaluri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos klasikur saxes warmoadgens iaponia. meiZis epoqaSi 1868-1912 wlebSi iaponurma saxelmwifom daamyara mWidro urTierTobebi ZaibacusTan _ Zlevamosil, saqmian da ojaxur imperiasTan, romelic SemdgomSi mbrZaneblobda iaponiis ekonomikaSi meore msoflio omamde. 1945 76

wlidan ganviTarebis gegma miRebuli iqna saSinao vaWrobis saministros mier, romelic iaponiis bankTan urTierTobiT awarmoebda investiciur procesebs qveyanaSi da xels uwyobda msoflio bazarze qveynis konkurentunarianobis gazrdas. ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Carevis aseTi formebi safrangeTSic SeimCneoda, sadac memarjveneebica da memarcxeneebic yovelTvis aRiarebdnen ekonomikuri dagegmvis aucileblobas, xolo umaRlesi Cinovnikebi Tavis upirveles amocanad miiCnevdnen nacionaluri interesebis saguSagoze dgomas, ekonomikuri ganviTareba aseve midioda `partnioruli saxelmwifos~ gziT, romelic akavSirebs saxelmwifos did biznesTan da profkavSirebTan. sabolood, ekonomikuri globalizaciis kvaldakval warmoiqmneba saxelmwifoebi, romlebic adganan konkurenciis gzas. isini ekonomikur vefxvebad iTvlebian (tiger economies) aRmosavleT aziaSi: aq saxelmwifos gamoyofili aqvs sistematiuri saerTaSoriso konkurenciis safuZvelze ganviTarebis Sorsgamoznuli strategiis gamomuSavebis funqcia.

socialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifo
im dros, rodesac ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo mimarTavs ekonomikaSi Carevis gzas ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dasaCqareblad, social-demokratebi akeTeben amasve `socialuri Tanasworobis~ lozungebiT (social justice) socialuri urTierTobebis Secvlis mizniT. avstraliasa da SvedeTSi saxelmwifo yovelTvis iyenebda rogorc ganviTarebis prioritetebs, aseve social-demokratiul princi pebs. miuxedavad amisa, am midgomebs Soris arsebobs urTierTwinaaRmdegobebi. rogorc didi britaneTis magaliTze dagvanaxa devid markandma, meore msoflio omis dasrulebis periodSi saxelmwifom safuZvliani evolucia ganicada social-demokratiuli mimarTulebiT, is ar gaxda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo. social-demokratiuli gagebis gasaRebi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi moxda sazogadoebaSi Zvra `negatiuridan~ `pozitiurisken~, rac gaxda adamianis Tavisuflebis gafarToebis mizezi. am fonze social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo uceb gaxda ideali rogorc axali Taobis liberalebisTvis, aseve socialdemokratebisTvisac. social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani mdgomare77

obs ara imdenad kargi, wesieri cxovrebis pirobebis SeqmnaSi, aramed igi TviTon miiswrafvis am cxovrebaSi monawileobisken, raTa sazogadoebas daexmaros sabazro ekonomikis negatiuri gamovlinebis dasaTrgunavad, amitom igi naklebadaa orientirebuli materialur miznebze da ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs Tanaswor da samarTlian ganawilebas. praqtikaSi saubari midis siRaribis aRmofxvrasa da socialuri uTanasworobis Semcirebaze. social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos or did veSaps warmoadgenen keinzianeloba da socialuri daxmarebis sistema. keinzianelebis ekonomikuri politikis mizania marTos kapitalizmi iseTi saxiT, rom uzrunvelyos ekonomikis aRmavloba da sruli dasaqmeba. magram es yvelaferi ar gamoricxavs centraluri dagegmvis elementebs, klasikuri keinzianuri strategia damyarebulia moTxovnilebis marTvis fiqsirebul instrumentze. amis safuZvelze warmoiqmna keTildReobis saxelmwifoebi, romlebic orientirebulni arian TavianTi moqalaqeebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

koleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifo
Tu Cvens mier ganxiluli saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben Carevas qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi ekonomikis mxardaWeris mizniT, koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo ekonomikas aqcevs sakuTari kontrolis qveS. aseTi saxelmwifoebis yvelaze cnobili magaliTebia _ ssrk da TiTqmis mTeli aRmosavleT evropa socialisturi banakis daSlamde. Tavis mTavar miznad koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo isaxavda saRi ekonomikis Seqmnas, marTvadi saministroebis qseliTa da dagegmvis organoebiT. ase warmoiqmna mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomika funqcionirebadi direqtiuli dagegmvis princi pebze da marTvadi komunisturi partiis mier. saxelmwifoebrivi koleqtivizaciis idea warmoiqmna ufro farTo socialuri doqtrinidan, saerTo qonebis upiratesobaze da ara kerZo sakuTrebaze. mTeli problema mxolod imaSia, rom am miznis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro iyo ufro metad konstruqciuli midgoma saxelmwifosadmi, vidre warmodgenilia marqsisa da engelsis naSromebSi. marqsi da engelsi ar gamoricxavdnen nacionalizaciis aucileblobas. engelsi Tvlida, rom proletariatis diqtaturis epoqaSi saxelmwifo kontroli unda iqnes damyarebuli fabrikebze, bankebze, transportze da a.S. magram isini xedavdnen proletariatSi mxolod droebiT movlenas. amis sawinaaRmdegod ssrk ar wavida gadaSenebis gziT _ piriqiT, igi TandaTanobiT ikrefda Zalas. stalinis dros socializmi gaxda etatizmis toli, xolo socializmis mSeneblobas Tan sdevda saxelmwifos prerogativebis gafarToveba da aparatis gaZliereba. sabolood, roca xruSCovma 1962 w. gamoacxada, rom proletariatis diqtaturis dro dasrulda, saxelmwifos daerqva erTiani sabWoTa xalxis saxelmwifo.

totalitaruli saxelmwifo
saxelmwifos Carevis yvelaze uxeSi da yovlismomcveli formebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ikveTeba totalitarul saxelmwifoSi. totalitarizmis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Seiqmnas iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic kacobriobis yofis yvela mxaris momcveli iqneba. aseTi saxelmwifo Tavisi kontrolis qveS ayenebs ara mxolod ekonomikas, aramed kulturas, religias, ojaxur cxovrebasa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebs. totaluri reJimis damaxasiaTebeli saxelmwifoebi _ hitleris germania da stalinuri sabWoTa kavSiria, magram dResad arsebobs am niSnebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebi. aseTi saxelmwifoebi damokidebulebi arian policiaze, saxelmwifo kontrolze da maT ideologiur ganStoebebze. ra Tqma unda, aq samoqalaqo sfero sruliad ganadgurebulia da `piradi~ cxovreba ufro garTulebulia. amisken miiswrafodnen italieli faSistebi, rom `pirovneba~ sruliad CaexSoT sazogadoebaSi. fiqroben, rom musolinis idea totalitaruli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, uaxlovdeba hegelisebur `eTikuri sazogadoebis~ gaazrebas, rogorc, romelic mijaWvulia altruizmTan. 78

globalizacia da saxelmwifo
saxelmwifosTvis da erisaTvis yvelaze didi saSiSroeba moaqvs globalizaciis process. saerTod, globalizacia es aris procesi, roca planetis erT wertilSi momxdar movlenas didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia planetis meore wertilSi myofi xalxis cxovrebaze. amis erT-erTi magali79

Tia globaluri ekonomikas, sadac calkeul saxelmwifos aRar SeuZlia gavlena iqonios saerTaSoriso kapitalis dinebaze. am yvelafris Sedegi bevri saxelmwifosTvis dramatulia. naTeli gaxda, rom saxelmwifos rCeba sakmaod SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi sakuTari ekonomikis marTvisaTvis, ufro metic, globalur konteqstSi `nacionaluri~ ekonomikuri strategia saerTod ar funqcionirebs. daiwyo saerTo ukandaxeva saxelmwifos socialuri politikisagan, radgan saerTaSoriso konkurenciis gaZlierebam gamoiwvia gadasaxadebisa da xelfasebis Semcirebis saWiroeba. globalizaciis gamovlinebaa isic, rom dRes saxelmwifos uWirs mravalnacionaluri kompaniebis kontroli _ korporaciebs uadvildebaT momsaxurebisa da investiciebis gadaadgileba mTel msoflioSi. didi gavlena aqvs politikur globalizaciasac, es Cans saerTaSoriso da nacionalur organizaciebSi, rogorebicaa gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, evropis kavSiri, nato da msoflio savaWro organizacia. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropis kavSirSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebas emuqreba erozia, radgan yvelaze seriozuli gadawyvetilebebi miiReba sayovelTao evropul da ara erovnul doneze. arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizacias mivyavarT saxelmwifos Zirfesviani gardaqmnisaken am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. suverenitetis idea, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis niSani da rogorc saxelmwifos mefobis idea, garkveul teritoriaze ukve mTlianadaa amowuruli, yovel SemTxvevaSi. dRevandeli saxelmwifo funqcionirebs `post-suverenul~ pirobebSi _ sazRvrebis gaxsnisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi. magram am yvelafers ar mivyevarT saxelmwifos gaqrobisken, vinaidan SeiZleba warmoiqmnas axali ti pis saxelmwifo. social-demokratiuli orientaciisa da koleqtivizeburis msgavsi saxelmwifos adgilas modian `konkurenciis~ unaris mqone saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ukeTesad moergnen globaluri ekonomikis moTxovnebs. dRes yvelaze metad fiqroben imaze, Tu rogor gazardon ganaTlebis xarisxi da profesionaluri momzadeba, raTa i povon gza ekonomikuri warmatebisken axal maRalteqnologiur ekonomikaSi, gaaZlieron bazris reagirebis SesaZleblobebi axal gamoZaxebaze, gadawyviton ama Tu im socialuri jgufebis problema da am yvelaferTan erTad SeinarCunon da gaaZlieron sazogadoebis moraluri mdgomareoba. politikur globalizacias, SeuZlia rogorc gazardos 80

saxelmwifos Zalaufleba da aseve Seamciros kidevac. aseTi SemTxvevisTvis warmoiSva `gaerTianebuli suverenitetis~ koncefcia. idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebic imoqmedeben erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad, iqnebodnen sustebi da araefeqturebi, xolo gaZlierdebian, Tu ki iTanamSromleben saerTaSoriso da religiuri institutebTan SeTanxmebiT. aq magaliTad gamogvadgeba evrikavSiris ministrebis kreba _ igi aris evrokavSiris mTavari aRmasrulebeli organo, romelic Seqmnes wevrma saxelmwifoebma saerTo evropul forumze, sadac miiReba saerTaSoriso gadawyvetilebebi. 1980-1990 wlebSi aSS-sa da did britaneTSi aRniSnuli iyo yvelaze agresiuli Tavdasxmebi saxelmwifoze `axali memarjveneebis~ mier. es axali moZraoba gamoixata deregulizaciaSi, privatizaciasa da samuSao principebis SeRweviT sazogadoebis daxmarebaSi. amisda magvari mimdinareoba sxva qveynebSic daiwyo. yvelaze intensiurad mimdinareobda postkomunistur aRmosavleTSi, sadac swrafad moxda saxelmwifo manqanis demontaJi. yvela calkeul saxelmwifoSi `saxelmwifo daqanebis~ tempi imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad moqmedebda iq kerZo kargia _ sazogadoeantisaxelmwifo filosofia `kerZo brivi cudia~ cudia~, magram moqmedebdnen ufro Zlieri faqtorebic. pirvel rigSi saubari midis im zewolaze, romelic aZlierebs saerTaSoriso konkurencias da aqedan gamomdinare ufro efeqturi da moqnili politikis Seqmnis aucileblobaze _ `saxelmwifodan~ `makro mmarTvelobisaken~. mmarTvelobis Zveli meTodebi, romlebic warmogvidgenen xelisuflebis mkacr ierarqias, romlebic ukve ar moqmedeben sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi da saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mkacri gayofa, rogorc Cans, moZvelda. subsaxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobisas sabolood saxelmwifo ejaxeba kidev erT gamowvevas, romelic gamomdinareobs mmarTvelobis decentralizebis yvelaze popularuli moTxovnidan, gadaitanon misi funqciebi sayovelTao nacionaluridan adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze da SemdgomSi kidev ufro gaaRrmavon patara sazogadoebriv dajgufebebSi. ra Tqma unda, es procesi ar atarebs sayovelTao xasiaTs, magram msoflios bevr adgilebSi lokaluri politikis roli mkveTrad gaizarda. mag. did britaneTSi 1999 wels Seiqmna Sotlandiis parlamenti da uelsis asamblea, ramac daaxlova saxelmwifo iseT qveynebTan, rogorebicaa espaneTi, safrangeTi da italia, 81

sadac politikuri procesi ukve didi xania midis mmarTvelobis qvemoT gadacemis xaziT. SotlandiisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia adgilobrivi TviTTmmarTvelobis arCevis farTo sistema, es dRes uflebas gvaZlevs did britaneTze vilaparakoT, rogorc federaciul respublikaze. evropaSi ganviTareba hpoves iseTma Zlierma tendenciebma, rom gamovida doqtrina `evropis regionebi~, doqtrinis Tanaxmad adgilobrivi institutebi da jgufebi iReben ufro da ufro met uSualo midgomis saSualebas evrogaerTianebis organoebTan nacionaluri xelisuflebis gavliT. amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna mravaldoniani mmarTvelobis meTodebi, romlebic moicaven subsaxelmwifo, saxelmwifo da zesaxelmwifo organoebis mmarTvelobas. iqmneba suraTi, romelic savsebiT ar Seefereba tradiciul gagebas saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. msoflio gaxda yvelaze dramatuli Zalebis gamovlinebisa da saxelmwifos sruli dacemis mowme. nacionalurma uTanxmoebam 1993 wels Cexoslovakia miiyvana gayofamde CexeTad da slovakeTad, 1990 wlis dasawyisSi iugoslaviaSi Camoyalibda saSiSi dapirispireba nacionalizmsa da eTnikurs Soris, rasac samoqalaqo omi da iugoslaviis daSla mohyva.

antagonistebi. saxelmwifos protagonistebi xedaven masSi individis dacvis saSualebas an koleqtivizirebuli qcevis saSualebebs, antagonistebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo ireklavs gabatonebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufis interesebs an kidev sxva raime interesebs, romelic gamoyofilia sazogadoebisgan. istoriulad saxelmwifoebi asrulebdnen sxvadasxva funqcias, mcire saxelmwifoebi biZgs iZlevian sazogadoebrivi yofis mogvarebisaken. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi miiswrafian ekonomikis ganviTarebisaken da kavSirebisken. social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo miiswrafis Secdomebis gamosworebisaken. koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo ayenebs mTel ekonomikur yofas Tavisi mmarTvelobis qveS. totalitaruli saxelmwifo mTlianad politikurs xdis mTel sazogadoebas da arTulebs mis cxovrebas. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ejaxeba sxvadasxva saSiSroebebs. maT Soris mTavaria: globalizacia da zenacionaluri organoebis Camoyalibeba.

daskvnebi
saxelmwifo _ es aris politikuri organizacia, romelic axorcielebs suverenul mmarTvelobas mis daqvemdebarebul teritoriaze. saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic gvevlineba, rogorc misi nawili, iqvemdebarebs yvela saxalxo organosa da qmnis xelisuflebas amis safuZvelze. arsebobs saxelmwifos mravali Teoria. pluralizmis Teoretikosebi saxelmwifoSi xedaven arbitrs sazogadoebaSi dapirispirebul ZalTa Soris. marqsizmi darwmunebulia imaSi, rom saxelmwifo klasobrivi sistemis sadarajoze dgas, igi aviwrovebs Rarib klasebs, riTac viTomda axSobs klasobriv antagonizms. `axali memarjveneebi~ gvixataven saxelmwifos monstrad, romelic yovelTvis gafarTovebisken miiswrafvis. radikaluri feminizmis Teoretikosebi migvaniSneben saxelmwifoSi patriarqaluri niSnebis arsebobaze, sadac kacis batonobaa sazogadoebasa da politikaSi. saxelmwifos ideas hyavs sakuTari protagonistebi da 82 83

Tavi VI erebi da nacionalizmi

eri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erToba

yvela kiTxva, romelic ibadeba nacionalizmis fenomenis garSemo, umetes SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs iqidan, rom ar arsebobs erebis erTiani gageba. termini erovneba~ (eri) miesadageba srulad gansxvavebul gamovlinebebs saxelmwifos, qveyanas, eTnikur jgufs. cxadia, sadavoa rogoria erovnebis saxasiaTo niSnebi. ra ganasxvavebs erebs sxva socialuri jgufebisagan da sxva gaerTianebebisagan. zusti gansazRvrebis mocema ar aris advili, imitom rom erebi gvevlineba rogorc TviTmyofadi, obieqturi da subieqturi, Seqmnili kulturuli da politikuri xasiaTiT. obieqturi TvalsazrisiT eri aris kulturuli gaerTianeba igive, rac xalxis jgufi, romlebic saubroben erT enaze, aqvT erTi religiuri mrwamsi, akavSirebT saerTo istoriuli warsuli da a.S. zustad aseTi gageba devs nacionalizmis terminSi. mag: kanadaSi q. kvebekis mcxovrebni gamoirCevian imiT, rom isini saubroben frangulad, roca mTeli kanada saubrobs inglisurad. erovnuli problemebi indoeTSi ukavSirdeba religiur dapirispirebas. mag: `siqhebis dava punjabSi mSobliuri saxlisaTvis~ (xalistani) an qaSmireli musulmanebis brZola qaSmiris pakistanTan mierTebisaTvis. saqme imaSia, rom eris gansazRvra erTi romelime konkretul faqtoriT SeuZlebelia, radgan sinamdvileSi erebi Tavis TavSi aigiveben ufro farTo kombinaciebs, specifikur kulturul, eTnikur da rasobriv Strixebs. Sveicarielebi darCnen Sveicarielebad, imis miuxedavad, rom qveyanaSi adgilobrivi dialeqtebis garda saubroben sam enaze (frangulad, germanulad da italiurad). gansxvaveba kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris mkveTrad vlindeba samxreT irlandiaSi, didi britaneTis danarCeni teritoriisTvis ki princi puli mniSvneloba ara aqvs, xolo germaniaSi es problemasaerTod ar arsebobs. es yvelaferi miuTiTebs, rom saboloo jamSi eri aris is, rasac subieqturad igebs masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi es Taviseburi politikur-fsiqologiuri konstruqciaa. sxva nebismieri jgufis an gaerTianebisagan ers ansx84

vavebs is, rom masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi TviTon acnobierebs Tavs rogorc ers. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom erebze saubari SeiZleba maSin, roca masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi acnobierebs Tavs mTlian politikur gaerTianebad, BraSic gamoixateba gansxvaveba ersa da eTnikur jgufs Soris. eTnikuri jgufic aseve dakavSirebulia Sinagani erTianobis grZnobiT da saerTo kulturiT, magram erebisagan gansxvavebiT mas ar aqvs politikuri miswrafebebi. erebi xom istoriulad yovelTvis miiswrafodnen imisken, rom mieRoT an SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi saxelmwifoebroba da damoukidebloba, ukidures SemTxvevaSi ki imisaken, rom uzrunveleyoT avtonomia an sruluflebiani wevroba federaciis CarCoebSi, Tundac, saxelmwifoebis konfederaciaSi. erebi (laT. nasci dabadeba). es rTuli fenomenia warmoqmnili kulturuli, politikuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis erTobliobiT. kulturuli gagebiT eri warmoadgens xalxis gaerTianebas, dakavSirebulT saerTo tradiciebiT, eniT, religiiTa da istoriiT, Tumca TiToeuli erisTvis es faqtori individualurad moqmedebs. politikuri gagebiT eri aris xalxis gaerTianeba, romelic Tavs acnobierebs, rogorc bunebrivad Seqmnil politikur erTobas, romelic upirvelesad gamoxatavs miswrafebas saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis an SenarCunebisaken. aseve am erSi saxelmwifoebriobis TviTSecnobisken. fsiqologiuri gagebiT eri aris xalxis gaerTianeba, dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan Sinagani loialobiTa da patriotizmiT, magram es ukanaskneli ar warmoadgens eris obieqtur gansazRvrebas, radgan mas adamiani nebismier SemTxvevaSi miekuTvneba. problemis sirTule mxolod amiT ar ganisazRvreba. nacionalizmis fenomeni maSinve usxlteba mkacr analizs imitom, rom TviT sakuTari mravalsaxeobebi sxvadasxvagvarad igeben enebs. gamoyofen or koncefcias; pirveli warmoadgens eris upirvelesad kulturul erTobad, amasTanave xazs usvams materialursa da suliers Soris Rrma eTnikuri kavSirebis mniSvnelobas. meore aqcents akeTebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv da politikur kavSirebze. gvTavazobs ra Tavis Sexedulebas eris warmomavlobaze, orive koncefciam hpova adgili nacionalizmis sxvadasxva mimdinareobaSi. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom eri upirveles yovlisa aRiqmeba, 85

rogorc eTnikuri da kulturuli erToba, samarTlianad iTvleba eris pirvel~ (sawyis) koncefciad. (lafonti, 1968)). es idea fesvebs iRebs XVIII saukunis germaniaSi herderisa da fixtes (1762-1814) SromebSi. herderis Tanaxmad yvela eris Tviseba (xasiaTi) ganisazRvreba iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa bunebrivi garemo, klimati da fizikuri geografia, _ faqtorebiT, romliTac formirdeba cxovrebis stili, SromiTi Cvevebi, unarebi, upiratesobebi da adamianTa midrekilebebi (kerZod, SemoqmedebiTi). upiratesobas herderi enis faqtors aniWebs. masSi is xedavs xalxisTvis damaxasiaTebel tradiciul da istoriul Tvisebebs. herderis azriT, yvela nacias (ers) gaaCnia Tavisi `suli~, romelic poulobs gamovlinebas simRerebSi, miTebSi, legendebSi da aris yvelafris sawyisi xelovnebaSi. herderis nacionalizmi mizanSewonilia gavigoT, rogorc kulturizmi, sadac pirvel planze wamoweulia nacionaluri tradiciebi da koleqtiuri mexsiereba da araviTar SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebroba. herderis kulturizmis mTavari idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eri aris erToba, romelic saTaves Rebulobs Soreuli warsulidan da iarsebebs manam, sanam iarsebebs kacobrioba. aseTive poziciaze dganan Tanamedrove socialuri fsiqologebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom xalxis moTxovnilebebis Sedegad warmoiqmna dajgufebebi. maT SeiZines usafrTxoebis grZnoba, erToba da Tanamonawileoba. kacobriobis erebad dayofa, am TvalsazrisiT, ganpirobebulia adamianTa midrekilebiT gaerTiandnen imaTTan, visTanac axlos arian warmoSobiT, kulturiTa da cxovrebis wesiT. wignSi erebi da nacionalizmi~ (1983) ernes gelnerma aCvena rom nacionalizmi dakavSirebulia modernizaciasTan, gansakuTrebiT, industrializaciis procesiT. misi koncefciiT, kapitalistur epoqamde sazogadoeba Sekruli iyo sxvadasxva kavSirebiTa da kvanZebiT, romelic feodalizmisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. warmoqmnilma industriulma SenaerTebma TviTon daades fasi socialur mobilurobas, damoukideblobasa da konkurencias; kulturuli erTobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro gaxda axali ideologia. aseTi ideologiis roli Tavis Tavze aiRo nacionalizmma. postulatma nacionalizmisa da modernizaciis kavSiris Sesaxeb gamoiwvia winaaRm86

degoba entoni smitis mxridan, romelmac naSromSi erebis eTnikuri fesvebi~ (1986) aCvena Serwyma Tanamedrove erebsa da uZvelesi droidan arsebul eTnikur erTobebs Soris: aseT erTobebs man daarqva eTnosebi. smitis mixedviT erebi arian istoriulad ganpirobebuli fenomenebi, romlebic yalibdebian arsebul kulturul da enobriv memkvidreobaze. eTnosebi win uswreben nacionalizmis sxva formas. smiti adasturebs im azrs, rom Tanamedrove erebi gaCdnen maSin, roca ukve formirebulma eTnosebma aitaces politikuri suverenitetis idea. evropaSi es moxda XVIIIXIX s.s. mijnaze, aziasa da afrikaSi XX-s-Si. miuxedavad imisa, rogor wydeba sakiTxi eris warmoSobis Sesaxeb, savaraudoa, rom nacionalizmis zogierTi forma aris kulturuli da ara politikuri xasiaTis matarebeli. kulturuli nacionalizmi Rebulobs nacionaluri TviTdamkvidrebis formas, gamoxatuls erTobis saxiT, sadac did mniSvnelobas aniWeben nacionalur siamayesa da Tavmoyvareobas. magaliTad SeiZleba moyvanili iqnas valiis nacionalizmi, romelic vlindeba ara mxolod damoukideblobis ideologiaSi, aramed eris miswrafebaSi SeinarCunos ena da kultura. Savi nacionalizmi~ aSS-i da dasavleT indoeTSi, agreTve evropis sxvadasxva nawilebSi kulturuli xasiaTisaa. mTavar ideas aq warmoadgens is, rom Savkanian xalxs unda gaaCndes Tavisi azrovneba da Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba. germaneli istorikosi fridrix mineksi yofs erebs kulturul~ da politikurebad~. misi SexedulebiT kulturuli~ erebi eTniurad erTgvarovanni arian, eTnosi da eri erT SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis sinonimebia. kulturul erebad Tvlida is berZnebs, germanelebs, rusebs, ingliselebs, irlandielebs. magram mis koncefciaSi kulturul erebs ganekuTvnebian iseTi eTnikuri jgufebi, rogoricaa CeCnebi. es erebi iTvlebian organul erebad. isini warmoiqmnen bunebrivi istoriuli da ara politikuri procesebis dros. kulturuli~ erebis Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini arian istoriulad determinirebuli, myari da Sinaganad gaerTianebuli nacionaluri erToba. meore mxriv, isini acxadeben pretenzias, iyvnen eTnosis wevrebi da daimkvidron TavianTi nacionaluroba~. aseTi erebi TavisTavs Tvlian didi naTesauri ojaxis wevrebad. ar SeiZleba gaxde rusi, ingliseli, germaneli marto misi enis SeswavliT da rwmenis miRebiT. aseTi gamonaklisebi 87

warmoqmnian nacionalizmis Caketil da konservatorul formebs. isini, vinc ers Tvlian politikur organizmad, aqcents akeTeben sazogadoebriv kavSirebze misi politikuri specifikiT. eri am tradiciiT warmoadgens xalxTa erTobas, romelic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia kulturiT Tu eTnikuri mdebareobiT. ideam saerTo Tavisuflebis nebis~ Sesaxeb xorci Seisxa franguli revoluciis (1789 w.) nacionaluri doqtrinebSi. mmarTveloba unda iyos damyarebuli saerTo nebis princi pebze, is uaryofda rogorc monarqiis, aseve yvela aristokratuli privilegiebis arsebobas. suvereniteti momdinareobs xalxidan. frangulma revoluciam daamkvidra nacionalizmis es axali saxe, misi idealebiT Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobaze, Zmobaze, agreTve TeoriiT eris Sesaxeb, romelic Tavad warmoadgens xelisuflebas. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom eri aris politikuri da ara eTnikuri erToba, gaiziara bevrma Teoretikosma. erik habsbaumma ipova mravali mtkicebuleba, rom erebi ar warmoadgenen arafers garda Seqmnili tradiciebisa~. is amtkicebda rom misi warmoqmna dafuZnebulia miTze da miTia nacionalizmis warmomqmneli. am TvalsazrisiT nacionalizmi warmoSobs erebs da ara piriqiT. kiTxviTi niSnis qveS am dros dgeba mSobliuri enis~ idea, rac gadaecema Taobidan Taobas da masSi aisaxeba nacionaluri kultura. sinamdvileSi enac ganicdis cvlilebebs, radgan yvela Taobas Seaqvs masSi koreqtivebi. ismis kiTxva, SeiZleba eri warmoiqmnas Tavisuflebisken ltolvis an demokratis ganviTarebis Sedegad? Tu es ubralod politikosebis eSmakobis gamovlinebaa. mainekes azriT aseTi erebis mikuTvneba Tavisuflad SeiZleba iseT kategoriasTan, rogoricaa politikuri~. aseTi erebisaTvis moqalaqeobis moments aqvs ufro seriozuli politikuri mniSvneloba, vidre eTnikuri mdebareobas. politikuri erebis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgenen qveynebi didi britaneTi, aSS da safrangeTi. nacionaloba britanelebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. maTTvis Zalian faseulia iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa taxtis erTguleba, parlamentis mimarT pativiscema da a.S. aSS aris emigrantTa qveyana. nacionaluri identuroba aq ar SeiZleboda ganvTiarebuliyo, radgan ar arsebobs saerTo kulturul-istoriuli sawyisebi, amerikuli eris idea Camoyalibda ganaTlebis, kultivirebisa da pativiscemis safuZvelze. iseTi saerTo Rirebulebebis mimarT, rogoricaa Tavisu88

flebis deklaracia da aSS konstitucia. analogiurad frangebis nacionaluri identuroba emyareba franguli revoluciis princi pebs (1789 w). aseTi erebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi ram. isini Camoyalibdnen nebayoflobiT. misdevdnen erT saerTo princi ps da mizans. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia nacionalizmis gansakuTrebuli stili tolerantoba da demokratiuloba. nacionaluri identurobisaken swrafvis momentSi did winaaRmdegobebs waawydnen ganviTarebadi qveynebic. es erebi xasiaTdebian rogorc politikuri~ ori gagebiT. pirveli maT saxelmwifoebrioba moipoves kolonializmis damarcxebis Semdeg; meore istoriulad es erebi Camoyalibdnen yofili metropolebis mier gamoyofil teritoriul sazRvrebSi.

nacionalizmis saxeebi
nacionalizmis politikur arsze mimdinareobs cxare kamaTi. erTi mxridan, is aris savsebiT progresuli da ganmaTavisuflebeli Zala. meore mxriv, mas SeuZlia gadaiqces rwmenis iracionalur da reaqciul simbolod. is yovelTvis ukeTebda demonstrirebas yvela xasiaTis politikur ganStoebas~. am mizezis gamo SeiZleba ukeT ganvixiloT nacionalizmi, rogorc erTiani politikuri fenomeni, aramed rogorc nacionalizmebis~ gaerTianeba, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, tradiciebis erToblioba, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli imiT, rom yvela erTad da TiToeuli Taviseburad, aRiareben eris politikur mniSvnelobas. roca yalibdeba nacionalizmi kolonizatoruli da dampyrobluri saxiT, savaraudoa, rom igi ganmaTavisuflebel Zalad ar mogvevlineba. is rodesac xdeba socialuri rRvevis da demokratiuli cvlilebebis nayofi, rogorc wesi, brundeba izolacionizmis ideologiiT, qsenofobiis da rasizmis miuxedavad. nacionalizmi politikur sferoSi warmoCindeba Semdeg saxeobebSi. liberaluri nacionalizmi (liberal nationalizm). konservatoruli nacionalizmi (Konservative..) eqspansiuri nacionalizmi (Expansionist..) antikoloniuri nacionalizmi (anticolonial..) 89

liberaluri nacionalizmi
liberaluri nacionalizmi SeiZleba CaiTvalos evropuli liberalizmis klasikur formad. kontinentalur evropaSi nacionalad yofna niSnavda liberalobas da piriqiT. yvelaze mkveTrad es gamovlinda italiis ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi (risorJomento~aRorZineba), romlis mTavari figurac iyo juzepe mazini. juzepe mazini (1805-1872) italiuri nacionaluri moZraobis lideri. liberaluri respublikanizmis uryevi mimdevari. gadaasaxles jer safrangeTSi, Semdeg inglisSi. 1848 wels, roca evropas revoluciis talRam gadauara, is cota xniT Camovida italiaSi da miiRo monawileoba milanis ganTavisuflebaSi. 1848 wlis Semdeg mazini italiaSi aRar dabrunebula. misma Sromebma didi gavlena moaxdines evropasa da amerikel emigrantebze. aseTive msoflmxedvelobas iziarebda simon boliva, romelic saTaveSi edga laTinoamerikul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas XIX saukuneSi. man didi wvlili Seitana espanelTa gandevnaSi (espanuri amerikidan~). liberaluri nacionalizmis gansakuTrebuloba aixsneba imiT, rom is akavSirebs suverenitetis ideiT Sepyrobil erebs. rom evropeli nacionalistebi XIX s-Si ibrZodnen iseTi mravalenovani imperiis winaaRmdeg, romlebic mZafrad avlendnen avtokratiisa da despotizmis Tvisebebs. mazini ibrZoda gaaerTianebina aramarto italiuri saxelmwifoebi, aramed gadaegdo avstriis avtokratiuli uReli. amitom am moZraobis mTavari lozungi iyo nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis princi pi. eris TviTgamorkvevis ufleba es aris princi pi, romlis Tanaxmadac eri aris suverenuli erToba; TviTgamorkveva amasTanave gulisxmobs demokratiul mmarTvelobas. liberaluri nacionalizmi eyrdnoba garkveul principebs. is ar aniWebs upiratesobebs erebs, piriqiT, mis lozungebSi mouwodebs, rom yvela ers aqvs Tavisuflebisa da TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. amis mixedviT, liberaluri nacionalizmis idealad iTvleba suveneruli erovnuli saxelmwifo. liberalebis TvalsazrisiT nacionalizmi xels uwyobs aramarto politikur Tavisuflebas, aramed stabilurobis da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad meqanizmebis SemuSavebas. liberalizmisTvis erebis cneba ar aris saboloo, is imis iqiTac ixedeba. amisTvis mas ori mizezi gaaCnia. pirveli, rogorc cnobilia, liberale90

bi individualizmis poziciebs eyrdnobian. isini darwmunebulebi arian, rom yvela xalxi, miuxedavad rasisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri statusisa da erovnebisa, tolfasovania. aniWeben ra liberalebi ufro met upiratesobas individebs,vidre erebs, maTTvis dasaSvebia isic, rom SeiZleba dairRves suvereniteti (nacionaluri). amasTanave liberalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sifrTxile. suverenuli erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba daeSvas sawyis, Cveulebriv mdgomareobamde~, radgan ganusazRverli Tavisufleba aZlevs xalxs erTmaneTis daCagvris saSualebas, aseTi saxelmwifoebi erovnuli saxelmwifos lozungs amofarebuli SeiZleba atarebdes eqspansionistur da dampyroblur politikas. Tavisufleba ar unda ejaxebodes kanonebs, es exeba rogorc individs, aseve ers. ai amitom, liberalebi yovelTvis pirvelebi idgnen organizaciebis rigebSi, saerTaSoriso uflebebis sistemebis gasaZliereblad da SesanarCuneblad. (es wevri qveynebia gaero, evrosabWo, erovnuli liga). liberaluri nacionalizmis kritika warmoebs ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: maT momxreebs adanaSauleben, rom isini xedaven mis mxolod naTel mxareebs, maTi nacionalizmi Zalian Selamazebulia, tolerantuli da racionaluri. isini Tvalebs xuWaven mis Sav-bnel saqmeebze, roca xalxs yofen or jgufad me~ da ~isini~ (traibolizmis gamovlineba). meore: arasworad SeiZleba CaiTvalos erovnul saxelmwifoTa erTobis saxiT samyaros mowyobis liberalur-nacionaluri ideali, romelic Tavis droze personificirebuli iyo v. vilsonis figuraSi, mas Tavis droze emxroboda evropis sakmaod didi nawili. romlebic Tvlidnen, rom TiTqos erebi ikavebdnen mkafiod garkveul da maTTvis xelsayrel sivrceebs da saxelmwifoebi unda jdebodnen mkacrad gamijnul teritoriul sazRvrebSi. sinamdvileSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi moicaven uamrav religiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufebebs, romelTaganac romeliRac mainc gamoTqvams pretenzias eris~ statusze. mag.: yofili Yiugoslavia, romelic Tavis droze versalelma mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales, rogorc slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yovelTvis dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva religiur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTac gaaCndaT ena da istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri wmendis saSiSroeba da es moxda kidec bosnieli serbebis mxridan. 91

konservatoriuli nacionalizmi
konservatoruli nacionalizmi Camoyalibda ufro gvian, vidre liberaluri nacionalizmi. drois msvlelobis kvaldakval isini erTmaneTs uaxlovdebodnen. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT bismarki, romelic mzad iyo daeyenebina germanuli nacionalizmi prusiis sadarajoze da dizraeli misi idealiT erTi eris~ - Sesaxeb. dRevandel samyaroSi, nacionalizmi gaxda rwmenis simbolo bevrisTvis, kerZod, konservatorebisTvis. did britaneTSi es aisaxa omis Semdeg (folklendis omi 1982 w. _ gamoucxadebeli omi britaneTsa da argentinas Soris), roca britaneTi acxadebda pretenzias folklendis kunZulebze. nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo agreTve aSS-s sagareo politikis gaaqtiureba _ reiganis dros, roca is SeiWra grenadaSi da dabomba livia. buSis dros SeiWrnen panamaSi da iomes sparseTis yureSi. konservatoruli nacionalizmis mimdevrebis safiqralia ara nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva msoflio masStabiT, aramed gzebi, raTa moi povon socialuri erToba da sazogadoebrivi wyoba. eri maTi gagebiT aris organuli erTi saerTo~, romelic miiltvis imaTken, visac mis msoflmxedvelobas iziarebs, hgavs cxovrebis wesiT da garegnuladac misi Sesaferia erTi sityviT uSiSroebas da Tanamonawileobas isini eZeben da pouloben mxolod nacionalur erTobebSi. iTvleba, rom imigracias SeuZlia daSalos Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri, kulturuli da eTnikurad identuri erToba, is SeiZleba gaxdes mudmivi mtrobisa da konfliqtebis mizezi. konservatoruli nacionalizmis lozungiT tardeba antiimigraciuli kompaniebi britaneTis nacionalur partiaSi. nacionaluri identurobis sxva safrTxe ganixileba zenacionaluri struqturebisa da globalizaciis kulturis ganviTarebis dros. Tu konservatoruli mmarTveloba mxars uWers sazogadoebriv enTuziazms Sidapolitikuri aqciebiT, maSin es miuTiTebs politikosebis oportunizmze. kulturuli siwmindis SesanarCuneblad da gamyarebuli tradiciebis xelSeuxeblobisaTvis konservatorebi emigrantebs da ucxoelebs ganixilaven, rogorc mudmiv saSiSroebas erisaTvis. 92

eqspansionisturi nacionalizmi
nacionalizmis mesame forma atarebs agresiul, eqspansionistur Tvisebas. eqspansionizmSi mravalmxriv upirispirdeba liberalur nacionalizms Tanasworobisa da TviTgamokvlevis problemebTan dakavSirebiT. pirvelad Tavisi agresiuloba am ti pma gamoavlina XIX saukunis bolos, roca evropulma saxelmwifoebma nacionaluri didebis mosapoveblad gaaCaRes omebi afrikisaTvis. kolonialuri politikisagan evropuli nacionalizmi gamoirCeoda imiT, rom masSi pirvelad gamovlinda sazogadoebrivi nacionalizmi, (saxalso nacionalizmi), romelTa TvalSic imperiis Seqmna iyo sakiTxi nacionaluri prestiJisaTvis upirvelesi sakiTxi. termini (eqspansionisturi) ekuTvnis frang nacionalists Sarl mores, aqsion Ffranses~ organizaciis pirveli frTis liders (aqsion franse~ monarqiul-religiuri organizacia safrangeTSi, 1899 daarsda w. Sewyvita arseboba 1944 w.). is qadagebda eris absolutur pirvelobas, romelic axlos iyo formulasTan eri-yvelaferia, adamiani-araferi~. eris arsebobis cneba misTvis imdenad amaRlebuli iyo, rom adamiani masSi (am eris SemadgenlobaSi) maSin Rebulobda mniSvnelobas, roca is mTlianad dauTmobda Tavis Tavs nacionalur moZraobas. aseTi ideologiebi mTlianad wyvets kavSirs nacionalizmsa da demokratias Soris. nacionalizmis agresiuli forma axocirdeba SovinizmTan, (es sityva warmoiSva nikola Sovenis~ saxelisagan). aq saubaric ki ar SeiZleba erTa Soris Tanasworobaze. igulisxmeba, rom erebi bevria da yvelas Tavisi gza aqvs erTni gaCndnen sabatonod, meoreni-dasamorCileblad. Tavis ers Sovinisti Tvlis erTaderTad da ganumeoreblad _ xalxis rCeulad~. eqspansiuri nacionalizmis kidev erT leitmotivad warmogvidgeba nacionaluri aRmavlobis (aRorZinebis) idea.

erovnuli saxelmwifos momavali

erovnuli saxelmwifo es ara mxolod politikuri organizaciis formaa, aramed politikuri idealicaa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es aris damoukidebeli erToba, romelic Sekrulia 93

erTiani moqalaqeobiT da nacionalizmiT. am mxriv igi ewinaaRmdegeba mravalnacionalur imperiebs da saxelmwifoebs. meore SemTxvevaSi es aris princi pi, mazinis mier Camoyalibebuli erTi eri erTi saxelmwifo~. XX saukunis dasasruls sul ufro xSirad daiwyes saubari, rom dasrulda nacionaluri ideologiebis epoqa, imitom, rom maT savsebiT amowures Tavisi amocana _ SeeqmnaT erovnul saxelmwifoTa samyaro. TviTon istoria muSaobs amgvari saxelmwifos Seqmnaze. amgvari saxelmwifos Rirseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is erTdroulad aerTianebs sazogadoebas politikuri da kulturuli faqtorebiT eTnikur erTobaTa sazRvrebSi, sadac gaerTianebulni arian saerTo warsulisa da kulturis mqone xalxi, igi am SemTxvevaSi idealurad emTxveva moqalaqeobis sferos. amitom bevri ambobs, rom erovnul saxelmwifoTa warmoqmna Tavis droze ganpirobebuli iyo bunebrivi da kanonzomieri procesebiT, sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufi ar SeiZleboda istoriulad Camoyalibebuliyo myar politikur erTobad _ garda erisa. ramdenadac erovnuli saxelmwifoebi ase Tu ise aris mravalgvari eTnosisa da kulturis mqone, amitomac eTnikur fonze politikis gatareba warmoadgens erovnuli saxelmwifos moduls. erovnuli saxelmwifos gare safrTxem SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva forma. _ es aris: _ SeiaraRebis sferoSi progresi (atomuri SeiaraReba). _ ekonomikis globalizacia aqvs Tu ara momavali erovnul saxelmwifos, sadac arcerTi nacionaluri mmarTveloba pasuxs ar agebs ekonomikaze? _ TviTon erovnul saxelmwifos instituti, romelic safrTxes uqmnis garemos da irRveva globaluri ekologiuri Tanasworoba. da bolos, sxva politikur organizaciebisagan, erovnuli saxelmwifoebi gansxvavdebodnen imiT, rom is aerTianebda xalxs saerTo nacionaluri kulturiT da saerTo tradiciebiT. dRes ki transnacionaluri da globaluri kulturis warmoSoba asustebs mis am dadebiT mxaresac.

daskvnebi
eris buneba ganisazRvreba kulturuli da politikuri faqtorebis SerwymiT. kulturuli mxridan eri warmoadgens xalxTa erTobas, dakavSirebuls saerTo religiiT, eniT, istoriiT da tradiciebiT. sabolood erebi gansazRvraven TavianT Tavs rogorc erTobas, romelic Sekrulia moqalaqeobrivi azrovnebiT da miiltvian Seqmnan an SeinarCunon saxelmwifoebrioba. nacionalizmi gvevlineba sxvadasxva politikuri da kulturuli formebiT. kulturuli nacionalizmi atarebs eris ganaxlebis ideas. politikuri nacionalizmi ers xedavs, rogorc Caketil erTobas da amitomac wina planze swevs suverenitetisa da TviTgamorkvevis ideas. zogierTi politikuri moazrovne nacionalizms Tvlis axali drois fenomenad, romelic dakavSirebulia industrializaciasa da demokratiis ganviTarebasTan. zogi mis fesvebs ukavSirebs, romlebic Camoyalibdnen jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi. nacionalizmi sxvadasxvagvaria. yoveli saxeobis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs istoriuli garemoeba da politikuri miznebi, romelsac isini misdevdnen. arsebobs politikuri nacionalizmis ramdenime nairsaxeoba: liberaluri nacionalizmi emyareba eris TviTgamorkvevis saerTo uflebas; konservatoruli nacionalizmi upiratesobas aniWebs patriotisms; eqspansiuri nacionalizmi aris agresiis da damyrobluri xasiaTis matarebeli; antikolonialuri nacionalizmisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia brZola nacionaluri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis. Tanamedrove polikulturalizmis filosofia ase Tu ise yovelTvis uryevs safuZvels nacionalizms. yvelaze nakleb problemas uqmnis liberalur nacionalizms, ramdenadac is xedavs erSi ufro metad politikur, vidre kulturuleTnikur erTobas da moiTxovs, kulturaTa mravalsaxeoba ar ewinaaRmdegebodes tolerantobisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis princi pebs. konservatorebi ki kulturis mravalsaxeobaSi xedaven erisaTvis pirdapir safrTxes, xalxTa undoblobis, mtrobisa da Zaladobis sawyiss. dRemde popularulobiT sargeblobs politikuri organizaciis ZiriTadi forma erovnuli saxelmwifo~. is aris politikis erT-erTi mTavari birTvi. mas bevri Rirseba gaaC95

94

nia. is aerTianebs sazogadoebas kulturulad, politikurad, eTnikurad, da aZlevs damoukideblobisa da TviTgamorkvevis uflebas. axlandel droSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian rig problemebs. vrceldeba sxvadasxva tendenciebi, romlebsac ganapirobebs eTnikuri faqtorebi. saWiroa gamoinaxos gadawyvetilebebi raTa Tavi daaRwion saerTaSoriso ekologiuri krizisidan.

Tavi VII msoflio politika me-20 saukunis dasasrulma kacobriobas daanaxa, rom msoflio, gaxda erTi `globaluri sofeli~. globalizaciam srulebiT Secvala politikis adrindeli gageba da TviT politikuri urTierTobebis arsi. politikis tradiciuli aRqma `CaxlarTuli~ iyo saxelmwifosTan. swored saxelmwifo iTvleboda politikaSi mTavar aqtorad, xolo politikuri analizis centrSi saxelmwifos Semoqmedebis nacionaluri done idga. aseTi gagebidan bunebrivad momdinareobda is, rom SesaZlebelia gagvevlo mkveTri xazi sagareo da saSinao politikas Soris, anu maT Soris rasac adgili hqonda erovnuli saxelmwifos SigniT da rac xdeboda mis sazRvrebs gareT. am ukanasknels aanalizebda axali da damoukidebeli disci plina _ `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~. globalizaciam gaafermkrTala sazRvrebi `saSinao~ da `sagareos~ Soris, kacobrioba mimarTa erTiani `globaluri sazogadoebis~ gzisken. miuxedavad amisa erovnuli saxelmwifo kvlav mTavar aqtorad iTvleba saerTaSoriso arenaze, dRes SeuZlebelia uarvyoT isic, rom mniSvnelovnad izrdeba zeerovnuli organoebisa da transerovnuli struqturebis mniSvneloba.

msoflio politikis arsi da ZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebi

politika rom mimarTulia sazogadoebis ara marto SigniT, aramed gareTac, xalxs esmoda uZvelesi droidan, dawyebuli im omebiTa da konfliqtebiT qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris, rasac adgili hqonda Zvel saberZneTSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Tanamedrove sistema warmoiSva mxolod centralizebuli saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Semdeg XVI-XVII ss. am procesma Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova vestfaliis SeTanxmebaSi (1948 w.), romliTac dasrulda ocdaaTwliani omi da evropulma saxelmwifoebma pirvelad, oficialurad aRiares saxelmwifo suverenitetis princi pi. mogvianebiT saxelmwifoTa erovnul sistemaSi CaerTo aSS, roca 1908 wels espaneTTan gamarjvebis Semdeg msoflio Tanamegobrobis TvalSi igi udides saxelmwifod 96 97

iqca da iaponia, romelmac miiRo igive statusi 1904-1905 wlebSi ruseTTan gamarjvebiT. XIX saukunis bolos imperializmma da evropulma `brZolam koloniebisaTvis~ afrikasa da aziaSi saerTaSoriso sistemas Semata namdvili msoflio. me-20 saukune gaxda momswre msoflio politikis Camoyalibebisa. konfliqturi urTierTobebi da TanamSromloba saxelmwifoTa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris gavrcelda mTeli msoflios masStabiT. yvelaze dramatuli saxiT es gamovlinda pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918) meore msoflio omisa (1939-1945) da `civi omis~ (Cold War) periodSi. XX saukunis bolos naTeli gaxda, rom icvleboda politikuri cxovrebis arsi. kiTxvis qveS aRmoCnda TviT saSinao da sagareo politikis aspeqtebad dayofa, ase Cveulebrivi rom iyo adre. dRes am rTuli da mravalmxrivi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb saubroben globalizaciis saxeliT. sxvadasxva tendenciebis analizisaTvis dasawyisSi aucilebelia gamovarkvioT sxvadasxva midgomebi, romelTa poziciidanac ganixileboda saerTaSoriso da msoflio politika. am mxriv arsebobda Semdegi ZiriTadi skolebi: idealizmi; realizmi; pluralizmi da marqsizmi.

idealizmi
politikuri idealizmis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saerTaSoriso politikas aRiqvams samarTlis moraluri faseulobebisa da normebis poziciidan. mas naklebad ainteresebs empiriuli analizi (anu is, Tu saxelmwifoebi realurad rogor iqcevian). ufro metad normatiuli momentebis (anu is, rogor unda iqceodnen isini). analizze akeTebs aqcentirebas, amitom mas xandaxan ganixilaven rogorc utopiis saxesxvaobas. istoriis msvlelobisas SemuSavebul iqna politikis idealisturi Teoriis mravali ti pi. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi Toma aqvineli (1224-1274) msjelobda imis Sesaxeb. Tu rac warmoadgenda `samarTliani omi~, risTvisac ganixilavda mmarTvelTa moqmedebebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT. igi amtkicebda, rom omi SesaZlebelia gamarTlebuli iqnes, Tu daculia sami piroba. pirveli, omi unda gamoacxados sruluflebianma mmarTvelma; meore, saqme, ris gamoc mimdinareobs omi, samarTliani unda iyos im azriT, rom 98

misi mizani unda warmoadgendes usamarTlobis gamosworebas; mesame, aseT omSi unda eyrdnobode sikeTes da gaeqce borotebas, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda miece simkacresa da sixarbes. mogvianebiT emanuel kantma SemogvTavaza msoflio mmarTvelobis proeqtis msgavsi ram. misi azriT, morali da goneba erTdroulad eubneba adamians, rom ar unda iyos omi da momavalSi kacobrioba miaRwevs `saerTo samudamo mSvidobas~. idealizmis formaTa umravlesoba Seesabameba internacionalizms, anu adamianis saqmianoba unda moewyos sakacobrio moTxovnilebebTan SesabamisobaSi da ara marto nacionalur princi pebze dayrdnobiT. es Sexeduleba, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatulebas poulobs im winadadebaSi, rom xalxis cxovreba, rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze, unda moewyos harmoniisa da TanamSromlobis sawyisebze. idealizmis erTerT gavlenian formad iqca liberalizmi. yvelaze Zlier biZgs idealizmis aRorZinebisTvis warmoadgens imis gaazreba, rom samxedro danaxarjebis eskalaciis Sedegad msoflio atomuri ganadgurebis winaSe dadga, raSic dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi aTwleulebis manZilze ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. warmoiSva moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis, yvelaze farTo internacionaluri filosofiidan pacifizmze _ omisa da Zaladobis nebismieri formis uaryofa _ aqcentirebis Sedegad neoidealizmis princi pebma gamoxatuleba hpova `msoflio sazogadoebis~ koncefciaSi, romlis warmoqmna dakavSirebulia avstralieli di plomatisa da mecnieris jon bertonis saxelTan. `msoflio sazogadoebis~ koncefcia Tvlis, rom erovnul saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis idea daberda, _ mis adgilze modis saxelmwifoTa rTuli da urTierTdamokidebuli urTierTobebis modeli, romelsac bertonma `ablabuda~ uwoda. bunebrivia, iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom tradiciulma saerTaSoriso politikam adgili unda dauTmos saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi araZaladobriv saSualebebs da saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobas.

realizmi
realisturi tradicia, romelsac xandaxan politikur realizmsac uwodeben, Tavisuflad SeiZleba CaiTvalos uZveles Teoriad saerTaSoriso politikaSi. misi Canasaxi Sei99

Zleba davinaxoT fukididesTan peloponesis omis istoriaSi (431 w. Cv. w.aR.-mde) da sun-czis klasikur naSromSi strategiis Sesaxeb `omis xelovneba~, romelic daiwera CineTSi daaxloebiT imave periodSi. politikuri realizmis sxva cnibili figurebi arian makiaveli da Tomas hobsi. magram gabatonebul paradigmad realizmi XX saukuneSi _ ori msoflio omis msvlelobis Semdeg gaxda. im dros, roca idealizmi eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTikur mxares, realizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxva speqtri _ saxelmwifoTa Zalovani politika (Power politics), sadac saxelmwifoebi miyvebian sakuTar interesebs. misi arsiT saxelmwifo mTavaria saerTaSoriso arenaze da momavalSi suverenuli, igi imoqmedebs damoukideblad, ufro metic, nacionalizmis aRzevebiTa da eri-saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT, saxelmwifo xdeba, Sinaganad mWidrod dakavSirebul politikur Tanasazogadoebad, sadac yvela emorCileba eris interesebs. realizmis wamyvanma Teoretikosebma emanuil kantma da hans morgenTaum gaakritikes idealizmi _ internacionalizmsa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi bunebrivi harmoniis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT. mag: kari amtkicebda, rom or msoflio oms Soris periodSi gulubryvilo imedebma saerTaSoriso samarTalze da koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze xeli SeuSala atlantikis orive mxaris politikosebs gaeazrebinaT germanuli eqspansiis safrTxe da SeeCerebinaT igi. radgan msoflioSi ar aris imaze maRali Zalaufleba vidre suverenuli saxelmwifo, xazs usvamen realistebi, saerTaSoriso politika xorcieldeba `bunebis kanonebiT~, anu anarqiiT da aramc da aramc harmoniiT. saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiuloba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo fiqrobs sakuTar nacionalur interesebze, pirvel rigSi sakuTar gadarCenasa da sakuTari teritoriuli sazRvrebis dacvaze. amis safuZvelze realistebi aqcents akeTeben Zalis rolze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, Zalas ki saomar kategoriad miiCneven. saerTaSoriso anarqia maTTvis arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aRniSnavs permanentul konfliqts da mudmiv oms. isini amtkiceben, rom konfliqtic da TanamSromlobac saxelmwifoTa Sida sistemaSi umravles SemTxvevaSi emorCileba ZalTa balansis logikas (balance of power). amasTan realistebi ar Tvlian, rom saerTaSoriso wesrigis SigniT namdvilad moqmedeben `bunebis kanonebi~, radgan 100

Zalaufleba, simdidre da resursebi saxelmwifoTa Soris Tanabrad araa ganawilebuli. am sistemis mTavar monawileebs miniWebuli aqvT didi saxelmwifoebis roli (great power) (`civi omis~ wlebSi maT zesaxelmwifoebs uwodebdnen). saerTod adgili aqvs saxelmwifoTa ierarqias, romelic saerTaSoriso sistemaSi wesrigs qmnis, ramdenadac didi saxelmwifoebi ase Tu ise akontroleben daqvemdebarebul saxelmwifoebs savaWro blokebidan. `civi omis~ wlebSi yovelive aman gamoiwvia bipolaruli msoflio wesrigis damkvidreba, sadac amerikasa da ssrk-s Zalovan blokebs Soris winaaRmdegobebma TiTqmis mTeli msoflio moicva. realistebis mtkicebiT swored bi polarobam SeZlo mSvidobis SenarCuneba. 80-ian wlebSi uoltisa da sxva Teoretikosebis zegavleniT ganviTareba pova neorealizmma, romelic igive poziciebs uWers mxars, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, roca gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas Zalas aniWebs. am mimarTulebis momxreebi msoflio procesebs xsnian ara imdenad saxelmwifoTa miznebiTa da deklaraciebiT, ramdenadac saerTaSoriso sistemis struqturuli faqtorebiT.

pluralizmi
pluralisturi midgoma saerTaSoriso politikisadmi damaxasiaTebelia aSS-sTvis, SeiniSneba 1960-1970-iani wlebidan da warmoadgens erTgvar zednadebs liberalur ideebsa da faseulobebze. Tavisi arsiT pluralizmi warmoadgens socialurpolitikur koncefcias, rogoricaa Zalisa da Zalauflebis gafantva konkurentul struqturebsa an jgufebSi. pluralizmi rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa koncefcia, gamodis saxelmwifo _ `imcentruli~ modelis alternativad, romelsac eyrdnoba realizmi. bolo modelis ilustraciad gamodgeba jon bertonis mosazrebebi `biliardis magidasTan~ dakavSirebiT. rogorc magida burTebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen xist obieqtebs, ejaxebian erTmaneTs da amavdroulad erTmaneTs aZleven moZraobis saSualebas, realizmic mis msgavsad warmoadgens msoflio politikas. pluralizmis momxreTa azriT es srulebiT mcdari Sexedulebaa, radgan iq ar arseboben transerovnuli aqtorebi _ transerovnuli korporaciebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, ar aris saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba, 101

gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikur sferoSi. amitom pluralizmi gvTavazobs `sxvadasxvagvar aqtorTa models~, sadac erovnul mmarTvelTa rolTan erTad xazi aqvs gasmuli imas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi dRes yalibdeba ufro metad farTo faqtorebisa da interesTa jgufebis zegavleniT da `sagareo suverenitetis~ principi,romelzec cocxlobs realizmi, unda Seicvalos metad Tavmdabali gagebiT, moqmed struqturaTagan damoukideblad. es politikaSi iseTi struqturebis CarTvis saSualebas iZleva, rogoricaa `grinpisi~, palestinis ganTavisuflebis organizacia, korporacia `koka-kola~ da vatikani. da es CarTva xdeba gaTanabrebulad, ase vTqvaT, safrangeTisa Tu argentinis saxelmwifosTan. sinamdvileSi ki pluralizmi kiTxvis qveS ayenebs damoukidebel moqmed aqtorebs da Tvlis, rom msoflio politikis yvela subieqti moqmedebs Sekavebisa da urTierTgawonasworebis wredSi. swored aseTi midgomis farglebSi, `kubis krizisis~ analizisas alisonma (1971) gvaCvena, rom saxelmwifoebrivi gadawyvetilebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobs ara imdenad erovnuli interesebis `racionaluri~ Tanmimdevrobidan, ramdenadac CinovnikTa da politikosTa biurokratiuli garemodan. sabolood, pluralizmma misca saSualeba gaeazrebinaT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi iseTi tendencia, rogoricaa Zalovani politikidan CamoSoreba. mocemuli midgomis momxreebi Tvlian, rom urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi TanamSromlobisken da integraciisken moZraoba bolos msoflio politikis mTavar magistralur RerZad iqceva.

xalxis solidaroba ar cnobs nacionalur sazRvrebs. Tanamedrove marqsistebma, anu neomarqsistebma, uaryves marqsisa da leninis klasikuri modeli. neomarqsistuli midgomis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: im dros, roca klasikuri marqsizmi xazs usvams winaaRmdegobebs nacionalur `kapitalizmTa~ Soris, neomarqsistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben masze, rogor viTardeboda globaluri kapitalisturi sistema me-20 saukuneSi. am sistemis mTavar damaxasiaTebel niSans, neomarqsistebis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens klasobriv interesTa organizacia saerTaSoriso safuZvelze _ mravalnacionaluri korporaciebis qselis saxiT.

msoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSi

1989 wlis 9 noembers demonstraciebi aRmosavleT berlinSi gaimarTa berlinis kedlis dasangrevad _ es `civi omis~ mTavar simbolos warmoadgenda. 1990 wlis gazafxulze kuveitis krizisis periodSi, roca erayis agresiis winaaRmdeg Camoyalibda yvelaze farTo saerTaSoriso koalicia, aSS-is prezidentma gamoacxada `axali msoflio wesrigi~. 1990 wlis noemberSi varSavis SeTanxmebisa da natos warmomadgenlebi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs parizSi da oficialurad gamoacxades konfrontaciis eris dasasruli. `civi omis~ wignSi gadaiSala bolo gverdi, magram darCa kiTxvebi: rogor daiwyo `civi omi~? ram SeaCera igi da ratom ar gadaizarda namdvil omSi? da ras niSnavda misi damTavreba: vin moigo? CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom iseTi rTuli istoriuli procesi, rogoricaa `civi omis~ dasawyisi da dasasruli, ar SeiZleba aixsnas romelime erTi mizezis saSualebiT. swored amitom vxvdebiT azrTa da fatebis mravalferovnebas, romelzec amjerad yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. avRniSnavT mxolod imas, rom 1980-iani wlebis movlenebi momzadebuli iyo 1970-iani wlebis daZabulobis ganmuxtvis politikis Sedegad. ganmuxtvam aiZula mxareebi gadaesinjaT Tavisi strategiuli prioritetebi. 1980-iani wlebis moZraobam mSvidobisaTvis kiTxvis qveS daayena zesaxelmwifoebis yvela SeTanxmeba. yvelaze farTo masStabiT `civi omis~ dasasrulma gamoxatuleba ZalTa globalur balansSi hpova. 103

marqsizmi
marqsistuli Sexedulebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze gansxvavdeba sxva paradigmebisagan, da es specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom marqsizmi mTavar mniSvnelobas aZlevs ekonomikur Zlierebas da saerTaSoriso kapitalis Semoqmedebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsi ZiriTadad nacionaluri kapitalizmis struqturebiTa da ZiriTadad burJuaziasa da proletariats Soris antagonisturi urTierTobebiT iyo dakavebuli, misi naSromebi exeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsac _ sakmarisia gavixsenoT misi koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom mSromeli 102

XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso sistema gansxvavebuli iqneba wina periodebis saerTaSoriso sistemisagan: aq yvela saxelmwifo _ didic, da zesaxelmwifoebic icxovreben urTierTdamokidebul situaciaSi da gaizrdeba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvnelobac. globalizacia warmoadgens rTul koncefcias. miuxedavad imisa, rom diskusia mis garSemo 1980-iani wlebidan modis, misi gamoyenebis sfero dResdReisobiTac ar aris dadgenili, man SeiZleba aRniSnos politikuri, globaluri marketinguli strategia, kacobriobis dRevandeli da perspeqtiuli mdgomareoba, da bolos ideologiac ki. globalizacia SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur ganzomilebaSi. ekonomikuri globalizaciis gagebaSi Cadebulia idea imis Sesaxeb, rom dRes arcerTi nacionaluri ekonomika ar warmoadgens kunZuls. isini didi Tu mcire saxiT CarTulni arian msoflio ekonomikaSi. komunizmis kraxma daaCqara globalizacia: globalur kapitalistur sistemas Seemata saxelmwifoTa msxvili bloki, romelic adre mis gareT rCeboda. kulturuli globalizacia qmnis pirobebs imisaTvis, rom informacia, saqoneli da imiji, warmoebuli qveynis ama Tu im nawilSi, moeqcnen erT globalur dinebaSi, romlis gardauval Sedegs warmoadgens erebs, regionebsa da xalxs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis metnaklebi gawonasworeba. politikur globalizacias, pirvel rigSi, Cven vxedavT saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvnelobis zrdaSi. maT Soris arsebobs klasifikacia. arsebobs transnacionaluri organizaciebi, romlebic Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs ara romelime saxelmwifos SigniT, aramed saxelmwifoTa Soris. aseTi organizaciebis umravlesoba meore msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibda, esenia: gaero, evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba, evropis sabWo, msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, saerTaSoriso savaWro organizacia da a.S. globalizaciis kritikosebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlian, rom kapitalizmi uTanasworobisa da eqspluataciis tolfasia da ayalibebs siRaribisa da usamarTlobis axal formebs. globalizacia _ es msoflios urTierTkavSiris rTuli sistemaa, sadac erT regionSi momxdari movlena, erT regionSi miRebuli politikuri gadawyvetileba zemoqmedebas axdens dedamiwis sxva bolos mcxovreb xalxze. globalizaciis arsi mdgomar104

eobs imaSi, rom daSoreba da teritorialuri sazRvrebi erebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris adrindeli urTierTobis formebs cvlis. es, erTis mxriv, ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela `lokaluri~, `nacionaluri~ subieqti dReidan emorCileba `globalur~ faqtorebs. swori iqneba Tu avRniSnavT, rom politikuri procesi Rrmavdeba da farTovdeba da adgilobrivi movlenebi nacionaluri da globaluri masStabebiT ufro metad urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTze. zogierTi Teoretikosebi globalizaciaSi iTvaliswineben TanamSromlobisa da harmoniis tendenciebs, magram arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmad globalizaciis procesi agrZelebs axal winaaRmdegobebsa da konfliqtebs. es tendencia naTlad Cndeba saerTo nacionaluri marTvis modelis efeqturobis SemcirebaSi da regionalizaciis procesis gaZlierebaSi. vinaidan tradiciul nacionalur saxelmwifos urTuldeba usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, sazogadoebis stabiluroba da ekonomikuri keTilmowyoba, es amocanebi gadadis mezobeli da geografiulad axlomdebare saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobis sferoSi. amave dros urTierTdamokidebuleba globalizaciasa da regionalizacias Soris jer-jerobiT naTeli araa. SesaZlebelia, regionalizacia gavigoT rogorc pirveli nabijebi globalizaciisaken: ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis zrda. swored rom regionaluri doniT unda daiwyos regionaluri struqturebis mier xidis gadeba nacionalur saxelmwifoebsa da globalurad moqmed ZalTa Soris. meore mxriv, regionalizacia SesaZlebelia sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebdes da warmoadgendes winaaRmdegobis formas globalizaciis winaSe. yvelaze naTel istoriul precedentad SesaZlebelia gvemsaxuros Ria saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis dacema XIX saukunis bolos. saerTaSoriso daZabulobis, romelic gamowveuli iyo proteqcionizmis (importis SezRudva tarifebisa da kvotebis saSualebiT nacionaluri warmoebis dasacavad) Sedegad, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikurma paqrobam gamoiRo iseTi Sedegi, rogoricaa pirveli msoflio omi. ase Tu ise, ramdenadac eri ukve aRar warmoadgens im formas, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri wesrigis ganviTarebas sazogadoebaSi, momavalSi am amocanam, SesaZlebelia, gadainacvlos regionebTan. regionalizaciis mamoZravebel Zalad gamodiodnen strategiuli, ekonomikuri da, SesaZlebelia, kulturuli xasiaTis gansazRvruli faqtorebi. regionaluri organizaciebi aRmocendnen 1945 wlis Semdeg. mniSvnelovan organizaciebad 105

iTvlebodnen nato da varSavis SeTanxmebis qveynebis organizacia. komunizmis kraxamde, 1989-1991 wlebSi nato da varSavis paqti ar iyvnen aqtiurebi. `civi omis~ damTavrebis Semdgom nato darCa erT-erT msxvil samxedro organizaciad regionaluri masStabiT, magram radikalurad Seicvala misi miznebi da roli. dRes nato farTovdeba, yofili varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebi erTi meoris miyolebiT Sedian nato-Si, raTa uzrunvelyon samxedro da politikuri damoukidebloba. yvelaze didi biZgi regionalizacias mainc ekonomikam misca. zogierTi regionaluri savaWro bloki, magaliTad evropis ekonomikuri kavSiri, Camoyalibda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, magram umravlesoba 1990 wlidan warmoiSva.

Tavi VIII qveynis Sida politika roca vlaparakobT saerTaSoriso politikaze, eri da saxelmwifo warmoadgens erTian, mTlian warmonaqmns. Tumca sinamdvileSi TviToeul maTgans gaaCnia Sida struqtura, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa xelisuflebis sxvadasxva safexurebad. upirveles yovlisa, Cven vxedavT, rom yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs teritoriuli danayofebi Tavisi Sesabamisi mmarTvelobiTi organoebiT _ centraluri (nacionaluri) da agreTve yovlisSemZle regionaluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebiT. es aris saxelmwifo konstituciis sakiTxi _ qveyana aris federaciuli Tu unitaruli saxelmwifo. amasTan orive SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli danawileba, romlis farglebSic warmoiqmneba urTierToba centrsa da regions Soris. ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli donis miuxedavad, yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciebi: erTi mxriv, saerTaSoriso da sxvadasxva faqtorebis, ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba, meore mxriv, XXI s-is dasawyisisaTvis yvelgan gaZlierdnen Zalebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies eTnikuri, regionaluri da adgilobrivi politikis gamococxleba, centridanuli ganwyoba.

centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?
yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi arsebobs centraluri (nacionaluri) da regionaluri (provinciuli da adgilobrivi) saxelmwifo organoebi. aseTi dayofa, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia teritoriul faqtorebTan, magram princi pebi, romlidanac is warmoiqmneba, gansxvavebulia. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba TviToeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqondes konstitucias, romelic gansazRvravs damokidebulebas centrsa da regions Soris. centraluri xelisuflebis gareSe saxelmwifo, romelic awarmoebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs: di plomatiasa da Tavdacvas, ver iarsebebs saerTaSoriso arenaze. garda amisa, centraluri xelisuflebis monawileobis gareSe regionaluri 106 107

organoebi ver SeZleben TanamSromlobas im sakiTxebSi, romlebSic maTi interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. yovelive es niSnavs, rom centraluri xelisuflebis amocanaa saxelmwifos ekonomikur cxovrebas uxelmZRvanelos da gadawyvitos saerTaSoriso sakiTxebi. federalizmis meore Rirseba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xelisuflebis gadanawilebiT is qmnis zemoqmedebis da urTierTgawonasworebis sistemas, rac marTalia, yovelTvis muSaobs uflebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvis saqmeSi. rogorc Tavis droze gamoxata jeims medisonma `unda moviqceT ise, rom zogierTi adamianis ambiciebi awonasworebdnen sxvebis ambiciebs~. federalizmis centralurma sistemebma, (mag: amerikuli, avstraliuri, kanaduri), gamoimuSaves politikosebis Semowmebis ufro sando saSualebebi, vidre unitarulma sistemebma, magram unda gavigoT, rom es sistemebi, Cafiqrebuli janmrTeli konkurenciis Sesaqmnelad, saxelmwifo organoebSi SesaZlebelia aseTive warmatebiT gardaiqmnas xelisuflebis uunarobis mizezadac. federaluri sistemis sisuste is aris, rom centraluri xelisuflebis gakontrolebis nebismieri SesaZlebloba, aZnelebs sxvadasxva Tamami ekonomikuri da socialuri programis ganxorcielebas. ase mag.: ruzveltis `axali kursi~ aSS-Si mniSvnelovnad dazaralda umaRlesi sasamarTlos poziciis gamo, romelic dadga Statebis dasacavad federaluri xelisuflebisagan. 1980-ian wlebSi ronald reiganma mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena federalizmi iaraRad `didi~ xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da socialuri daxmarebis gasawevad ekonomikurad CamorCenili mosaxleobisadmi. `axali federalizmis~ lozungis qveS reigani Seecada Seemcirebina socialuri danaxarjebis zrda. pasuxismgebloba federaluri xelisuflebis nacvlad daakisra susti Statebis xelisuflebas. maSasadame, federalizmi uzrunvelyofda institucionalur meqanizms, romelic SesaZlebels xdida sazogadoebaSi erToba yvela da yvelanair Sida gansxvavebebs Soris. unda iTqvas, rom am damokidebulebiT is gamodgeba mxolod mcirericxovani da mravaleTnikuri regionebisTvis, am SemTxvevaSi is Seucvlelia. amerikuli federalizmis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa ara is, rom Tavdapirvelad akavSirebda 13 Stats, aramed is, rom man misca qveyanas institucionaluri meqanizmis problemebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, rac gamowveuli iyo emigraciis gazrdiT XIX s-is Sua xanebSi. 108

saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi, kerZod, saSinao politikaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalur erTobas, romelic unda uzrunvelyos Zlierma centralurma xelisuflebam. misi amocanaa Tanabaruflebianobisa da Tanasworobis miRweva, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ganxorcieleba da sxva. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia centrisa da regionis damokidebuleba. aq ZiriTad rols TamaSobs saxelmwifos konstituciuri sistema, romelic gvaZlevs centrsa da regions Soris damokidebulebis saerTo sqemas. Tanamedrove msoflioSi teritorialuri mowyobis ramdenime ZiriTadi modelia cnobili, maT Soris unitaruli, federaciuli da konfederaciuli. nacionalur saxelmwifoTa doneze konfederaciaTa magaliTebi iSviaTia. Tavis droze konfederaciuli iyo aSS-Si. yvelaze cnobili Tanamedrove konfederaciebs Soris aris damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (d.s.T.), saidanac gamovida saqarTvelo 2008 wels.

federaciuli sistemebi
mmarTvelobis federaciuli sistemebi ti puria Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis. dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3 cxovrobs federaciul saxelmwifoSi. maT Sorisaa aSS, brazilia, avstralia, pakistani, meqsika, Sveicaria, nigeria, malaizia, kanada, ruseTi da a.S. Tumca msoflioSi ar arsebobs ori absoluturad erTnairi federacia. yvelas aqvs saerTo _ suvereniteti, gayofili centralur da periferiul institutebs Soris. es niSnavs, rom ukidures SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad mainc arc erT mmarTvelobis sistemis dones ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos meores mmarTvelobaze. am azriT, federacia gamodis Sualeduri formiT politikur sazogadoebaSi, raRac saSualo konfederaciasa (romlis suvereniteti gamodis periferiuli institutebisagan) da unitarul saxelmwifoebs Soris (romelSic mTeli Zalaufleba ekuTvnis periferiul regionalur institutebs). federaciuli sistemebi warmoadgenen mTel rig kompromisebs qveynis erTianobis princi pebsa da regionalur mravalferovnebebs Soris, aseve efeqtur centralur xelisuflebasa da momxmarebels Soris. 109

Tu gadavxedavT Tanamedrove federaciebs (an federaciuli princi pis saxelmwifoebs), davinaxavT, rom maT bevri saerTo aqvT, saidanac SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom isini TiTqos am formas esadagebian. 1. maTi msgavseba Cven SegviZlia moviZioT maTive istoriebSi. ufro xSirad isini yalibdebian ukve arsebul erTian politikur sazogadoebad, romelTac amave dros surT SeinarCunon sakuTari TviTmyofadoba, xandaxan avtonomiac. amis magaliTia msoflioSi pirveli federaciuli saxelmwifo _ aSS, Tumca inglisis yofili 13 kolonia amerikaSi sakmaod male darCa ukmayofilo konfederaciul sistemaSi urTierTdamokidebulebiT. TviToeuli maTgani ukve iyo politikuri tradiciis matarebeli, isini iswrafodnen ufro axali centralizebuli damokidebulebisken. mag: iseTi yofili privilegirebuli teritoriebi, rogoricaa rod-ailendi da konnektikuti, jer kidev koloniebis dros flobdnen sakmaod farTo politikur Tavisuflebas, xolo damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg isini agrZelebdnen kolonialuri muxlebis gamoyenebas konstituciis saxiT. 1787 w. filadelfiis konstituciis konvenciasa da aSS-s konstituciis ratifikaciisaTvis gamarTul debatebSi gamoCnda Zlieri erovnuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisadmi yofili koloniebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. `nacionalisturi pozicia~ ratifikaciis sasargeblod Camoyalibebuli iqna statiebSi, romlebic dabeWdili iyo krebulSi `federalisti~. misi avtorebi iyvnen aleqsandre hemiltoni, jeims medisoni da jon jei, romlebic beWdavdnen koleqtiuri fsevdonimiT `publiusi~, isini moiTxovdnen Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibebas, romelic xels Seuwyobda aseve Statebisa da xalxis Tavisuflebas. konstitucia ratificirebuli iqna 1789 w., mas Semdeg, roca miRebuli iqna bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb da konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba, anu roca Camoyalibda imis garantia, rom Zalaufleba oficialurad ki ar gadaecema federalur xelisuflebas, aramed `darCebaT Sesabamisad Statebs da xalxs~. es gaxda amerikuli federalizmis konstituciuri safuZveli, aseTive suraTs Cven vxedavT germaniis gaerTianebaSi 1871 w. ZiriTad rols aq TamaSobda prusia, magram swored federaciuli idea daexmara mas ganemuxta is saSiSroeba, romelsac danarCeni 38 saxelmwifo, romlebic uxsovari droidan mieCvien damoukideblobas, ganic110

didnen centralizaciis win. es regionaluri avtonomiis tradicia droebiT iqna Sewyvetili nacistebis mier da damtkicda federaciuli germaniis respublikis konstituciaSi 1949 w. es dokumenti aniWebs uflebas 11 germanul miwas Seqmnas sakuTari konstitucia (germaniis gaerTianebis Semdeg es ricxvi gadidda 16-mde). 2. federaciis Camoyalibebaze imoqmeda iseTma faqtorebma, rogorebicaa garedan muqara da axali saxelmwifoebis swrafva saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesasruleblad. patara, strategiulad daucvel saxelmwifoebs msxvil politikur gaerTianebebSi Sesvlis seriozuli mizezi aqvT. Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg amerikis Statebma imedgacrueba ganicades `konfederaciis statusis~ gamo, romelic ar aZlevda maT saSualebas Sesabamis di plomatiur doneze daedoT xelSekrulebebi, Sesuliyvnen kavSirebSi da a.S. germanuli saxelmwifoebis mzadyofna XIX s-Si SeeqmnaT federaluri kavSiri da Seguebodnen qveynis gaprusebas didi qveynebis winaaRmdegobebiT _ gansakuTrebiT avstriisa da safrangeTidan mosalodneli agresiiT aixsneba. aseve federaciuli evropisken mimarTuli moZraoba, dawyebuli 1952 w. daarsebuli qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli ekonomiuri gaerTianebiT (EOYC) da 1957 w. Camoyalibebuli evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, aixsneba sabWoTa agresiiTa da evropis gavlenis gazrdiT orpolarul Zalad gayofil msoflioSi. 3. qveynebis geografiuli sidide. SemTxveviTi araa, rom federaluri mowyobisaken miiswrafodnen teritoriulad didi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, kanada (federacia gaxda 1867 w), brazilia (1891), avstralia (1901), meqsika (1917) da indoeTi (1947 w.). saqme imaSia, rom didi teritoriebis mqone qveynebs unitarul sistemebSi Zalian uWirT SeinarCunon centrisken mimarTuli tendenciebi, gamomdinare sazogadoebis kulturuli mravalferovnebidan da Rrmad fesvebgadgmuli adgilobrivi tradiciebidan. maSasadame, federalizmis xelisSemwyobi saboloo faqtori, esaa kulturuli da eTnikuri sazogadoebis araerTgvarovneba: federalizmi am SemTxvevaSi gadaiqceva Tavisebur institucionalur pasuxad. mag: kanadis aTobiT provincias axasiaTebs ara marto regionaluri tradiciebi, agreTve enobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebebi inglisurenovan da frangulenovan mosaxleobebs Soris. indoeTSi arsebuli 25 Statis TviTmmarTveloba dakavSirebulia pirvel rig111

Si eniT, magram penjabisa da qaSmiris StatSi did rols TamaSobs regionuli faqtori. aseTive princi piTaa Camoyalibebuli nigeriis konstitucia, romelic Sedgeba 19 Statisgan, igi iTvaliswinebs religiur da Temur gansxvavebebs, aseve CrdiloeTis da samxreTis Taviseburebebs.

federalizmis niSnebi
yoveli federaciuli sistema unikaluria: TiToeul maTganSi yalibdeba Taviseburi damokidebuleba federalur xelisuflebasa da Statis xelisuflebas Soris, rac ganisazRvreba ara marto qveynis konstituciiT, aramed politikuri, iuridiuli, geografiuli, kulturuli da socialuri pirobebiT, romelsac adgili aqvs TviToeul SemTxvevaSi. zogjer qveyanaSi Seqmnili partiuli sistema ara nakleb gamosaxavs centrisa da regionis damokidebulebas, vidre Zalauflebis konstituciuri ganawileba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis doneebs Soris. mag: ssr kavSiris federaciuli sistema, romlis konstitucia, aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, fiqtiurad iTvaliswinebda TiToeuli respublikis uflebas gamoyofaze, iyo mkacrad centralizebuli komunisturi partiis xazis Sedegi. msgavsi situaciaa meqsikaSi, sadac institucionalur-revoluciuri partiis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ewinaaRmdegeboda federaciul sistemas, Seqmnils amerikuli modeliT. meore mxriv, Cven vxedavT, rom aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliasa da indoeTSi decentralizebuli partiuli sistemebi piriqiT, aZliereben Statebis da regionaluri mTavrobis politikur TviTmyofadobas. federaciis konkretuli xasiaTi damokidebulia imaze, arsebobs Tu ara `xelisuflebis gayofis~ sistemaSi aRmasrulebeli (executive) da sakanonmdeblo (legistative) Stoebi (es yvelaze ti piurad gamoxatulia aSS saprezidento sistemaSi) an masze dafuZnebuli saparlamento sistema, sadac saSemsruleblo da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba `mTlianad SeduRebulia~. saqme imaSia, rom pirveli modeli gvTavazobs, rom xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi iyofodes ara mxolod funqcionaluri, aramed teritorialuri xaziTac, ris Sedegad mTavrobis or dones Soris yalibdeba mravali Sexebis wertili. warmoiSoba rTuli damokidebuleba centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis doneebs Soris, risi magaliTicaa amerikuli 112

da Sveicariuli sistemebi. parlamentaruli sistema warmoSobs e.w. `saSemsruleblo federalizms~, romelSic federalizmis gawonasworebas ZiriTadad xels uwyobs damokidebuleba saSemsruleblo organoebs Soris mTel qveyanaSi. amis magaliTebia kanada da avstralia. gansxvavebebis miuxedavad TiTqmis yvela federaciul sistemas axasiaTebs Semdegi saerTo Tvisebebi: ori, SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mmarTvelobis done. federaciul sistemebSi xelisuflebis centraluri prerogativa (federaciuli done) da regionaluri xelisufleba (Statis an nebismieri warmonaqmnis done) isea gansazRvruli, rom gamoricxulia erTi donis mier meore donis uflebebSi Careva. TiToeul maTgans, Tumca sxvadasxva moculobiT, Tavisi sakanonmdeblo da saSemsruleblo saxelmwifo organoebi, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis SesaZlebloba da dafiqsirebuli damoukidebloba gaaCniaT. ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi TiTeuli mmarTvelobis done da maTi erTmaneTze zegavlenis SesaZlebloba sxdasxvanairad yalibdeba. mag: germaniaSi da avstriaSi moqmedebs sistema `administraciuli~ federalizmi, sadac centraluri xelisufleba politikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs wyvets, regionaluri xelisufleba ki pasuxismgebelia gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebaze konkretul momentSi. federaciul sistemebSi TiToeuli saxelmwifo donis mmarTvelobis uflebebi da movaleobebi iuridiuladaa ganmtkicebuli, anu, werilobiTi konstituciiT. amitom centrsa da regions Soris damokidebuleba reglamentirebulia. TiToeuli donis damoukidebloba imiTaa garantirebuli, rom arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia calmxrivad konstituciis Secvla; aSS-Si konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad saWiroa orive palatis organoebis mxardaWera. avstraliasa da SveicariaSi konstituciaSi SesworebisaTvis saWiroa referendumiT damtkiceba. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgens saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sto, romelic pasuxismgebelia erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze da nacionaluri politikis gatarebaze. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aris saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sto, romelsac aqvs kanonmdeblobis gansakuTrebuli uflebebi da pasuxismgebelia konstituciiT gansazRvrul wesrigsa da kanonze. 113

federalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebi

unitaruli sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT federalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom konstitucia uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi da regionaluri xmebis interesebis dacvas. Statebs da provinciebs gaaCniaT mravali damoukidebeli ufleba da, ase Tu ise, yovelTvis warmodgenilni arian centraluri xelisuflebiT, Tumca federalur sistemebSi Statebsa da provinciebs aqvT gansazRvruli uflebebi. amerikuli sistema Tavidan moqmedebda `ormagi federalizmis~ princi piT, romlis drosac federaluri xelisuflebis politikis sfero StatebSi mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli. XIX s-is bolosTvis am sistemam adgili dauTmo e.w. `kooperaciul federalizms~ _ sistemas, romlis drosac centri mxars uWers Statebs da ufro patara administraciul erTeulebs da sxvadasxvagvari `dotaciebiTa~ da daxmarebebiT isini ufro damoukidebeli xdebian xelisuflebisagan, gansakuTrebiT 1930 wlidan, roca `axali kursis~ CarCoebSi gamoCndnen sxvadasxvanairi ekonomikuri da socialuri programebi. federalizmis dadebiTi mxarea is, rom xelisuflebis gadanawilebiT is qmnis urTierTgawonasworebis sistemas. rogorc jeims medisoni acxadebda: `unda moviqceT ise, rom zogierTi adamianis ambiciebi awonasworebdnen sxvebis ambiciebs~. amasTan federalur sistemas axasiaTebs sisusteebic, romlebic vlindebian centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan kontrolis gatarebisas, rac aZnelebs sxvadasxva Tamami ekonomikuri da socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas. mag. gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ronald reiganma mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena federalizmi iaraRad `didi~ xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. `axali federalizmis~ lozungis qveS reigani Seecada Seemcirebina socialuri danaxarjebis zrda. pasuxismgebloba daekisra susti Statebis xelisuflebas federaluri xelisuflebis nacvlad. federalizmTan dakavSirebulia sxva saSiSroebebic: xelisuflebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas centridanuli Zalebi, rac iwvevs saxelmwifos danawevrebas. Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, rom federaciuli sistemebi aramdgra114

dia Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare. is gadaxrilia an centralizaciisken, rasac mivyavarT unitarizmamde, an decentralizaciisken, rac SemdgomSi unda gamoixatos qveynis danawevrebiT. amis magaliTia kanadis federalizmi. aq federaciuli sistemis mizani iyo politikuri kavSiris Seqmna, romelic SesaZlebels xdida inglisurenovani da frangulenovani mosaxleobis mSvid Tanacxovrebas, magram es cda uiRblo gamodga. amis sapasuxod frangulenovani kvebeki 1980 wlidan aRdga im magiuri formulis saZebnelad, romelic sabolood gadawyvetda kvebekis sakiTxs kanadis federaciis monawileobaSi. 1987 w. miRweuli xelSekrulebiT kvebekma miiRo gansakuTrebuli statusi federaciaSi, magram sami wlis Semdeg moxda gamosvlebi `asimetriuli federalizmis~ princi pis winaaRmdeg. kvebekma moiTxova avtonomiis maRali done, raSic inglisurenovanma frangebma dainaxes qveynis erTianobis saSiSroeba. 1995 wlis referendumze kvebekis mosaxleobam mcire upiratesobiT uari Tqva kanadidan mTlianad gamoyofis variantze, rasac moiTxovda da moiTxovs kvebekis separatistuli partia.

unitarizmi
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas aqvs unitaruli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic suverenitetis matareblad warmogvidgeba saerTo erovnuli masStabis da mniSvnelobis mqone erTi instututi. Teoriulad mainc qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas SeuZlia miiRos da Secvalos nebismieri kanoni. misi uflebebi ar Semoifargleba romelime kodificirebuli an dawerili konstituciiT; mis mier miRebuli kanonebi prioritetulia yvelanair kanonebTan damokidebulebaSi inglissa da SotlandiaSi. radganac konstituciur Zalauflebas unitarul sistemaSi flobs centri, mmarTvelobis nebismieri sxva sistema periferiuli an adgilobrivi SeTanxmebulia centrTan. magram praqtikaSi damokidebuleba centrsa da regions Soris unitarul sistemebSi naklebad rTulia, vidre federaciulSi. aq centri gadascems Tavis uflebamosilebas, rac centrsa da regions Soris damokidebulebas aZlevs specifikur xasiaTs. 115

adgilobrivi xelisufleba
adgilobrivi xelisufleba mTlianad eqvemdebareba centralur xelisuflebas, federalur sistemaSi ki Statsa da olqs. aSS-Si arsebobs 86 aTasi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organo, romlebSic dakavebulia 11 milioni adamiani. 8 milioni adamiani ki muSaobs federaluri centrisa da Statebis organoebSi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis statusi konstituciurad maRalia da adgilebze arCeuli politikosebi floben gansakuTrebul legitimurobas. politikuri kulturis Camoyalibebuli partiuli xasiaTi sul ufro `politizirebuls~ xdis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas adgilebze, miT umetes Tu adgilebze aqtiurad moqmedebs erovnuli partia. amasTan qveyanaSi decentralizaciis sxvadasxva done aRiniSneba. mag. did britaneTs tradiciulad aqvs adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis SedarebiT decentralizebuli sistema, sadac xelisufleba adgilebze flobs sakmaod farTo Tavisuflebas. 1982-1986 wlebSi safrangeTSi amoqmedda decentralizaciis politikuri programa, aqamde safrangeTSi upiratesobas flobda mkacri administraciuli kontrolis sistema, romelsac axorcielebdnen ZiriTadad prefeqtebi 96 frangul departamentSi, ris gamo es sistema Zalian waagavda brZanebas zemodan _ qvemoT. regionaluri mmarTvelobis reformam gaafarTova adgilobrivi administraciis uflebamosilebanic. prefeqtebi Seicvalnen adgilze arCeuli prezidentis komisrebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad ekonomikuri dagegmarebis problemebs wyveten. aRniSnuli reformebis saerTo mizani iyo safrangeTSi SeeqmnaT yvelaze decentralizebuli saxelmwifo struqtura, romelic saTaves 1789 wlis revoluciis Semdgomi periodidan iRebda.

devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)

devolucia aris zemdgomTan daqvemdebarebuli institutebisadmi uflebamosilebis gadacema unitarul saxelmwifoSi, ise rom ar gardaiqmnas federaciad. istoriulad yvelaze adre devolucia daiwyo espaneT116

Si, romelic 1570 wlidan unitaruli saxelmwifo iyo. amasTan erTad espaneTi 50 provinciad iyo dayofili, romlebic ama Tu im donis xarisxis TviTmmarTvelobas flobdnen. general frankos Semdeg espaneTSi daiwyo yvelaze farTo demokratiuli procesi, romlis farglebSi Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova devoluciam: 1979 w. avtonomiis ufleba moi pova 17-ma teritoriam. regionaluri mmarTvelobis axali kursis safuZvlad iqca sakanonmdeblo kreba, romelsac mieniWa didi uflebamosileba adgilobriv politikaSi. reforma ganxorcielda katalonielebis moTxovnis sapasuxod da baskebis qveynisaTvis avtonomiis misaniWeblad, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, amas mohyva separatistuli moZraobis (eta) gafarToeba. amave dros devolucia mimdinareobda safrangeTSi, sadac mTavroba Seecada gadaewyvita nacionaluri da regionaluri umciresobebis problemebi (britania da akvitania), romlebsac zogan ukve miRebuli hqonda eTnikuri nacionalizmis forma. 1982 wels 22 regionaluri organo gardaiqmna srulfasovan regionalur xelisuflebad, romlis saTaveSi moeqca pirdapiri xmis micemis uflebiT arCeuli kavSiri. amavdroulad gansakuTrebuli statusi _ `koleqtiuri teritoriis~ farTo TviTmmarTvelobiT mieniWa korsikas, sadac agorda adgilobrivi separatizmis da terorizmis talRa. mTlianad evropis kontinentze decentralizaciis tendenciebma imZlavra da 1980 w. warmoiSva idea `regionebis evropa~. amavdroulad regionuli da provinciuli mmarTveloba farTod iyenebs SesaZleblobas miiRos pirdapiri finansuri daxmareba, regionaluri ganviTarebis evropuli fondidadn. devoluciis procesi SedarebiT nela viTardeboda did britaneTSi _ erT-erT yvelaze centralizebul unitarul saxelmwifoSi. devolucia aq dRis wesrigSi maSin dadga, roca swrafad daiwyo zrda Sotlandiurma nacionalizmma. realurad adgilebze uflebamosilebis gadacema daiwyo mxolod 1999 wels, rodesac udides da yvelaze Zlier axal organizaciad iqca Sotlandiuri parlamenti, romelic uflebamosili gaxda Seecvala gadasaxadebi da mieRo pirveladi kanonebi Sida politikis sakiTxebze. administraciuli devoluciis magaliTia uelsis sakanonmdeblo kreba, romelmac ver miiRo kontroli gadasaxadebze da romelsac gaaCnda mxolod sagadasaxado sistema. devoluciis momxreebis mtkicebiT Sotlandiisa da 117

uelsisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis uflebis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi qveynis separatistuli da centriskenuli Zalebi Semcirdeba da mravalerovani britaneTi am procesidan ufro konsolidirebuli gamova, vidre odesme iyo. xolo kritikosebi miiCneven (SotlandiaSi ki imedovneben), rom devolucia sabolood daSlis did britaneTs. amrigad ase Tu ise, devolucia gaerTianebul samefoSi mimdinareobs, da iZens erTgvar kvazifederaciul xasiaTs, Tumca xelisuflebis axali organoebi SotlandiaSi, uelsSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, qveynis konstituciaSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli, magram isini floben Tavis legitimurobas da politikur simtkices. es maT Tavis droze referendumiT aqvT miRebuli, magram mainc yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom isini cdiloben ufro gazardon sakuTari xarisxi, rac gamoiwvevs maT garSemo Seqmnili mosaxleobis konsolidirebas, saerToerovnuli identuri grZnobebis gaZlierebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze damajerebeli scenari iqneboda transformacia, gaerTianebuli samefos gardaqmna federaciis mimarTulebiT, uaresi ki _ misi daSla.

eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika. nacionalizmis gamococxleba

politikuri procesebis decentralizaciaze, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki qveynis daSlaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs iseTi axali faqtori, rogoricaa eTnopolitikis gaZliereba da adgilobrivi separatizmi. eTnikuri TviTSegneba gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg gamZafrda. es zustad XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi moxda. unda iTqvas, rom eTnikuri faqtoris gamovlineba politikaSi umravlesi analitikosebisaTvis saerTod moulodneli iyo. 60-iani wlebis bolos da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dasavleT evropis mraval nawilSi da CrdiloeT amerikaSi warmoiSva wminda eTnikuri xasiaTis moZraoba eTnikuri xasiaTis lozungebiT. yvelaze mkafio magaliTi gaxda kvebeki kanadaSi, Sotlandia da uelsi did britaneTSi, katalonia da baskebis qveyana espaneTSi, korsika safrangeTSi da flandria belgiaSi. es gaxda uZlieresi decentralizaciis faqtori, 118

xolo zogierT qveyanaSi Tan mohyva ufro Rrma politikuri gardaqmnebi da gamoiwvia konstituciis radikaluri gadasinjva. italiaSi es procesi moxda 90-ian wlebSi, roca Camoyalibda CrdiloeTis liga lombardiaSi. eTnikuri aqtiurobis gamovlinebas adgili hqonda kanadis da amerikis adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, avstraliaSi da axal zelandiaSi. eTnopolitikis winamorbed prototi pad Tvlian e.w. `Sav~ nacionalizms, romelmac Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits miaRwia 60-ian wlebSi, roca mkveTrad gaaqtiurda rogorc reformistuli, ise revoluciuri frTa. zogadad `Sav~ nacionalizmSi naTlad Cans eTnikuri politikis erTi mTavari motivi _ adamianebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Seeguon Tavis ekonomikur da politikur marginalurobas, roca adgili aqvs rasobriv Cagvras. am gagebiT eTnopolitika warmogvidgeba politikuri ganTavisuflebis ideis gamtareblad, TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolis da sistematiuri arasrulfasovani cxovrebis pirobebis Sesabamisi sazogadoebis kategoriebisaTvis. eTnikuri TviTgacnobierebis aRmasvlam saSualeba misca Crdilo amerikis da dasavleT evropis Savkanian mosaxleobas, epova xerxebi, raTa dapirispireboda gabatonebuli TeTrebis struqturas, romelic tradiciulad xazs usvamda maT ufro dabal ganviTarebas da moiTxovda, raTa win aRdgomodnen. komunizmis kraxma aRmosavleT evropaSi gamoiwvia eTnikuri dapirispirebebi da regionaluri konfliqtebi yofil ssr kavSirSi, Cexoslovakiasa da iugoslaviaSi, gamoiwvia ngreva Zvelis da axali nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Seqmna, risTvisac arsebobda mravali mizezi. maT Soris iyo isic, rom komunisturma reJimma miCqmala da iatakqveSeTSi gadaitana eTnikuri da nacionaluri TviTSegneba; eTnikuri da regionaluri nacionalizmi antikomunizmis da antisabWourobis gamovlinebis formad iqca; politikuri arastabiluroba da ekonomikuri gaWirveba warmoSobili komunizmis kraxis Sedegad, aRmoCnda noyieri niadagi eTnopolitikisaTvis.

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daskvnebi
sabolood winamdebare Tavis debulebebi daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: 1. yvela tendencias _ rogorc centralizacias, ise decentralizacias _ aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba. centralizaciis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi xels uwyobs saxelmwifos moqmedebas saerTaSoriso arenaze. upiratesobas aniWebs ekonomikuri cxovrebis efeqtur xerxebs, aZlierebs nacionalur erTobas da regionebis araTanabari ganviTarebis daZlevis tendencias. Tavis mxriv decentralizacia iZleva saSualebas gafarTovdes sazogadoebis politikuri monawileobis sfero, `daaaxlovos~ xelisufleba xalxTan da gaaZlieros urTierTzegavlenis da urTierTgawonasworebis sistema saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi. 2. or SedarebiT gavrcelebul formebad gvevlineba federaluri da unitaruli sistemebi. federalizmi dayofili suverenitetis ideazea dafuZnebuli. xelisufleba gayofilia centrisa da regionis mmarTvelobas Soris. unitarul sistemebSi piriqiT suvereniteti ekuTvnis erTs da erTaderT saerTo erovnuli masStabis instituts _ centrs, romelic wyvets teritoriuli organizaciebis Zalauflebis sakiTxebs saxelmwifoSi. 3. politikuri decentralizacia eTnikuri da religiuri faqtorebiT stimulirdeba. eTnopolitikis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom eTnosi ayalibebs gansakuTrebul `organul~ grZnobas _ adamianisa da sazogadoebas Soris, romelic axasiaTebs SedarebiT didi masStabis erebs. garda amisa, eTnikuri nacionalizmis aRzeveba msoflio globalizaciis reaqciad iTvleba. 4. kacobrioba sul ufro metad wuxs imaze, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi xalxs uqreba `erTobis~ grZnoba. adamiani ubrundeba pasuxismgeblobis ideas sxva adamianebisa da sazogadoebis mimarT, es iwvevs avtoritetis pativiscemas da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis da kulturis gaZlierebas.

Tavi IX sazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebi ekonomikuri sistema _ es aris warmoebis organizaciis forma, romlis drosac xdeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawileba da gacvla. marqsizmi yovelive amas uwodebs `warmoebis saxeobebs~. erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT ekonomikuri sistemebi, romlebic obieqturad arseboben, ideebTan da doqtrinebTan erTad, da ekonomikuri sistema, romlebSic maTi propaganda xdeba. kapitalizmze zogjer saubroben ara mxolod rogorc ekonomikur sistemaze, aramed rogorc garkveul ideologiaze, romelic icavs kerZo sakuTrebas, miuTiTebs konkurenciis mniSvnelobaze da amtkicebs, rom erTian keTildReobas mivaRwevT mxolod maSin, rodesac yvela daicavs kerZo interesebs. ufro rTulia socializmi, romelSic igulisxmeba rogorc faseulobaTa gansazRvruli sistema, Teoria da Sexedulebani, aseve ekonomikuri cxovrebis is wesi, romelze dayrdnobiTac es Rirebulebebi xorcieldeba yoveldRiurobaSi. orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri diskursebi imarTeba ori sruliad urTierTsapirispiro sistemis irgvliv. esenia _ kapitalizmi da socializmi. politikuri Sexedulebebi bolos davidnen erT metad martiv azramde: _ `vinc mxars ar uWers socializms, is kapitalizmis momxrea.~ da piriqiT. memarcxeneebi moiTxovdnen socializms, memarjveneebs ki araferi hqondaT kapitalizmis sawinaaRmdego.

kapitalizmis saxeobebi
meurneobis pirveli kapitalisturi formebi warmoiSva evropaSi XVI-XVII s. upiratesad feodaluri sazogadoebis wiaRSi. maT axasiaTebdaT maTi iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaa naturaluri xasiaTis agraruli warmoeba, mkacri socialuri ierarqia da aseve ufleba-movaleobebis mkacri sistema. kapitalizmi Tavdapirvelad soflis meurneobis produqtebis vaWrobaSi gamovlinda. swrafva warmoebis gafarToebisaken gadaizarda egreT wodebul `agrarul revoluciaSi~, romelic iTvaliswinebda saerTo moxmarebis mineralgamoleuli uamravi miwebis nayofierebis zrdas mecnierebis uaxlesi meTodebiT. XVIII s-is Sua 121

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wlebSi jer did britaneTSi, Semdeg aSS-Si da bolos mTel evropaSi daiwyo industriuli revolucia, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo manqanuri qarxnuli warmoebis gavrcelebasTan. igi uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis gadadgilebas miwidan qalaqebSi. saboloo jamSi kapitalizmi da industrializmi ise gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi, rom klasikur kapitalizmad swored industrial kapitalizms miiCneven. kapitalizmis Tanamedrove formebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi: sawarmoo kapitalizmi; socialuri kapitalizmi; koleqtiuri kapitalizmi.

sawarmoo kapitalizmi
kapitalizmis es forma iTvleba wminda kapitalizmad, gansakuTrebiT anglo-amerikul samyaroSi, anu Tavisebur idealad, romliskenac miiswrafvian an unda miiswrafvodnen misi sxva formebi. magram isic faqtia, rom am modelze uari Tqves msoflios umetes qveynebSi aSs-sa da didi britaneTis gamoklebiT. sawarmoo kapitalizmi dafuZnebulia ekonomikuri mecnierebis udidesi mcodneebis ideebze. esenia: adam smiti (17231790) da david rikardo (1772-1823), maTi ideebi Semdeg iqna ganviTarebuli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis milton fridmenisa da fridrix fon haiekis mier. misi mTavari arsi aris sabazro konkurenciis efeqturobis Seuqcevadobis rwmena. adam smitis ganTqmuli gamonaTqvamis mixedviT `Cveni vaxSmisaTvis xorcis mWrels an meludes an kidev mebulkes ki ar unda vumadlodeT, aramed imas, rom isini icaven TavianT kerZo interesebs~. aSS-Si amgvarma filosofiam Tavisufali bazris Sesaxeb TiTqmis nulamde miiyvana sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema. yvela winaswari saqmianoba aSS-Si umkacresadaa orientirebuli mogebaze, xolo mTavari sayrdeni keTdeba Sromis nayofierebaze. aSS-is ekonomikuri miRwevebi adastureben sawarmoo kapitalizmis sicocxlisunarianobas. SesamCnevi ekonomikuri vardnis miuxedavad produqciis warmoebis maCvenebeli am qveyanaSi jer kidev ufro maRalia, vidre germaniasa da iaponiaSi. globaluri ekonomikis Seqmnis kvaldakval ekonomikis 122

principebi gavrcelda aSS-s sazRvrebs gareT. yvelaferma aman xeli Seuwyo marketizaciis sxvadasxvagvar gamovlinebas. gaZlierebulma saerTaSoriso konkurenciam iZulebuli gaxada mTavrobebi uari eTqvaT regularul ekonomikaze da daewiaT sagadasaxado tarifebi damatebiTi, maT Soris Sida investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. gaCnda e.w. axali politikuri ekonomika, SiSveli ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis forma, ris Sedegadac saxelmwifos pirdapiri Careva ekonomikaSi izRudeba, xolo ekonomikuri cxovrebis dawyebis msazRvreli xdeba bazari. axal ekonomikur politikas aqvs ori mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba: 1) yuradReba maxvildeba teqnologiur inovaciebze da ganviTarebaze; gansakuTrebiT informaciuli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebaze, yovelive aman aSSSi XXI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi warmoSva turbokapitalizad cnobili movlena. meore Taviseburebad iTvleba is, rom mTavrobebma sul ufro meti saSualebebis dabandeba daiwyes adamianur resursSi, radgan iTvleba, rom ganaTlebisa da profesionalizmis momzadebis donis amaRleba gaaZlierebs erovnul meurneobaSi sazogadoebis aqtivobasa da adapturobas. amasTan erTad sawarmoo kapitalizms gaaCnia seriozuli naklovanebebic, romelTagan yvelaze arsebiTi aris sazogadoebaSi materialuri uTanabrobis gaRrmavebis tendencia, romlis TvalsaCino magaliTia aSS-Si siRaribis iseTi done, romlis msgavssac ver SevxvdebiT evropaSi; da naklebad ganaTlebuli da daxmarebis momlodine adamianebis ricxvis zrda. Semdegi problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sawarmoo kapitalizmis turbos Tviseba sinamdvileSi, SesaZloa, dakavSirebulia ara imdenad bazris dinamizmTan da teqnologiur inovaciebTan, ramdenadac momxmarebelTa mzadyofnasTan _ gaxarjon fuli kreditebSi, xolo warmoebebma moaxdinon kapitalizmis investireba. amitomac mocemul ekonomikur sistemisaTvis, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobiaroba finansuri bazrebis kaprizebTan da mewarmeTa da momxmarebelTa ganwyobilebaTa cvlilebebTan. amis kargi magaliTia 2008-2009 wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi mZime Sedegebi am qveynebSi.

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socialuri kapitalizmi
termini socialuri kapitalizmi ganekuTvneba kapitalizmis saxesxvaobas, romelmac ganviTareba hpova centraluri da dasavleT evropis mraval qveyanaSi. Tavdapirvelad is Camoyalibda germaniaSi, magram ama Tu im formiT misma princi pebma gamoyeneba hpoves rogorc avstriaSi, beniluqsis qveynebSi, SveciaSi, safrangeTsa da skandinaviis umetes nawilSi. ideologiurad es saxesxvaoba eyrdnoba ufro metad fridrih listis (1789-1846) mier SemoTavazebul moqnil da pragmatul midgomas, vidre smitisa da rikardos mkacr sabazro principebs. lists kargad esmoda politikis roli ekonomikaSi da icavda im Sexedulebas, rom mrewvelobis axlad warmoSobili dargebis dasacavad mcdari saerTaSoriso konkurenciisagan aucilebelia moxdes ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Careva. germaniaSi socialuri kapitalizmi efuZneba kavSirs samrewvelo da finansur kapitals _ samrewvelo korporaciebsa da regionalur bankebs Soris, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi korporaciebis mTavar aqcionerebs warmoadgenen. es kavSirebi Seadgenen im RerZs, romlis garSemoc ganviTarda germaniis ekonomika meore msoflio omis Semdeg. mTavari aq iyo orientacia grZelvadian kapitaldabandebebze da ara dauyovnebliv sargebelze. kapitalizmis es saxesxvaoba (romelsac zogjer uwodeben rein-alpur kapitalizms) gansxvavdeba angloamerikulisagan imiTac, rom aq biznessa da profkavSirebs Soris socialur partniorobaze keTdeba aqcenti. socialuri kapitalizmis Rirsebebi damajereblad iqna demonstrirebuli im ekonomikuri saswauliT, romelmac 1960 wlisaTvis omiT gaCanagebuli Ggermania gadaaqcia lider ekonomikur saxelmwifod evropaSi. kapitaldabandebaTa maRalma da myarma doneebma kadrebis ganaTlebasa da momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT profesionalur momzadebasa da gadamzadebaSi, saSualeba misces germanias mieRwia evropaSi Sromis nayofierebis yvelaze maRali donisaTvis. magram miuxedavad amisa yvela rodi aRiarebs socialur-sabazro modelis Rirsebebs. misi erT-erTi naklovaneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom msxvili biznesi, romelic damokidebulia konsultaciebze, molaparakebebsa da konsensusze, drodadro kargavs moqnilobasa da bazris cvalebad pirobebTan swrafad Seguebis unars. am modelis kidev erTi naklovaneba dakavSirebulia keTildReobis 124

programebis socialuri xarjebis SedarebiT maRal donesTan, romelsac mivyavarT sagadasaxado tvirTis gaZlierebamde, rogorc samuSaos mimcemisaTvis, aseve momuSavesaTvis. amitomac im dros, rodesac socialuri bazris enTuziastebi Tvlian, rom bazari uwyveti saxiT unda iyos dakavSirebuli socialur ganviTarebasTan, misi kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom socialuri kapitalizmi sxva araferia, Tu ara terminologiuri winaaRmdegoba. maTi TvalsazrisiT mudmivad zrdadi socialuri programebis dafinanseba iwvevs saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Semcirebas da, maSasadame, iwvevs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis ekonomikuri safuZvlis Sesustebas.

koleqtiuri kapitalizmi
kapitalizmis es mesame modeli Camoyalibda iaponiaSi II msoflio omis Semdeg. SemdgomSi masSi Sevidnen aRmosavleT aziis vefxvebi (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da sxv.) mogvianebiT ki _ CineTi. koleqtiuri kapitalizmis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq mTavari arCevani keTdeba xangrZliv urTierTobaze gaTvlil TanamSromlobaze, ris gamoc ekonomika imarTeba ara faswarmoqmnis upirovno meqanizmebiT, aramed organulad erTmaneTTan Serwymuli saziaro bazrebiT. sistema umaRlesi xarisxis stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba, rac uzrunvelyofs iaponur firmebs Tavisufali kapitaliT da saSualebas aZlevs maT orientirebulni iyvnen sul ufro da ufro grZelvadian perqspeqtivebze da ara moklevadian an saSualo vadian mogebaze. iaponiis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis qvakuTxedi aris firmebi. muSebi (gansakuTrebiT mamakacebi did sawarmoebSi) arian firmis wevrebi, rac warmoudgenelia aSS-Si da TviT socialur sabazro evropaSic ki. saerTo saqmis mimdevrobis, daZabuli Sromisa da ukugebis sapasuxod firmis muSakebs tradiiciisamebr eZlevaT mTeli sicocxlis manZilze pensiebi, socialuri dacvis garantiebi da Tavisufali droisa da dasvenebis farTo SesaZleblobebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba brigadul muSaobasa da amxanaguri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, rac sruliad miRwevadia menejerebisa da muSebis arc Tu ise didi saxelfaso sxvaobebis pirobebSi. am viTarebam iaponur sistemas `xalxurobis~ saxelic ki SesZina. 125

am TvalsazrisiT nimuSad gvevlineba sagareo vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministro, romelic agrZelebs iaponuri ekonomikis marTvas meTvalyureobs indikaturi dagegmarebis sistemis meSveobiT. iyo dro, rodesac iaponiis ekonomika axdenda sruliad sxva Tvisebebis demonstrirebas kapitalizmis Tvisebas, romelic maqsimalur mogebaze iyo orientirebuli. meore msoflio omis win qveyanaSi daiwyo ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi, romlebic omis Semdgom periodSi sabolood warmogvidga namdvil ekonomikur saswaulad. warmoiqmna ekonomikuri zesaxelmwifo, romelic investiciebis amJamindeli donis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi sul male ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebul saxelmwifod iqceva msoflioSi. magram TviT iaponuri fenomenic SeiZleba male gamkrTaldes CineTis fonze, sadac zrdis tempebi ufro maRalia, vidre aRmosavleT aziur vefxvebTan. Tumca yvelafrisaTvis saWiroa safasuris gadaxda: Zviri daujda iaponias warmateba, erTianobisa da TanamSromlobis mimzidveli iaponuri modelis fasadis miRma imaleba kolosaluri datvirTva, romelsac ganicdian iaponeli muSebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, grZeli samuSao dRe da mZime samuSao pirobebi. sakmaod mcire dro rCeba imisaTvis, rasac hqvia pirovneba. iaponur meurneobaSi firma-ojaxebis siWarbes dahkravs neofeodalizmis ieri, Tavisi movaleobebiTa da morCilebebiT, sadac morCileba, ra Tqmaunda dgas uflebebze maRla. am modelis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom mas yovelTvis Tan axlavs tendencia avtoritarizmisaken, amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTi, Tavisi axalgazrda kapitalizmiT da Zveli erTpartiuli komunisturi sistemiT. da bolos, aRmosavleT aziaSi ekonomikis Camongrevam 1997-1999 wlebSi TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, Tu raoden aramyari da myifea ekonomikuri warmateba, rodesac is ar emyareba finansur stabilurobas.

marTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmi

msoflio kapitalizmis saxesxvaobaTa mimoxilva gviCvenebs, rom ekonomikuri politikis mTavar problemas warmoadgens saWiro wonasworobis miRweva politikasa da ekonomikas Soris. muSaobs Tu ara kapitalisturi ekonomika ukeT, Tuki mTavroba saerTod ar ereva masSi, Tu mdgradi zrda da sayovelTao 126

ayvaveba mxolod ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis meSveobiT xdeba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia, Tuki SevadarebT or xvadasxva ekonomikur strategiebs keinsianizmsa da monetarizms. Tavisi naSromiT dasaqmebis, interesisa da fulis saerTo Teoria (1936) keinsma gamowveva gaugzavna klasikur politikur ekonomias da es gamowveva mdgomareobda im ideis srul uaryofaSi, rom Tavisufali bazari badebs saWiro ekonomikur wesrigs. laisser-faire politikas, romelmac Tavis droze aRmarTa barieri mTavrobasa da ekonomikas Soris, amtkicebda keinsi, hqonda mxolod erTi istoriuli Sedegi arastabiluroba da umuSevroba, romlebmac miaRwies apogeas 1930 wlebis didi depresiis dros. keinsis mixedviT 1930 wlebSi kapitalisturi ekonomika aRmoCnda depresiaSi imis gamo, rom umuSevrobis zrdisas sabazro meqanizmebma ganapirobes xelfasebis dacema, ramac Tavis mxriv kidev ufro Seamcira moTxovnileba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. kiTxvis niSnis qveS aRmoCndnen Tavisufali bazris doqtrinis fundamentaluri dogmebi: keinsi amtkicebda, rom ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done pirdapir damokidebulebaSia erTian moTxovnasTan, anu ekonomikaSi moTxovnebis saerTo donesTan, romlis marTvasac xelisufleba dabegvrisa da xarjvis politikis meSveobiT axorcielebs. rodesac umuSevroba izrdeba, mTavrobam unda moaxdonos ekonomikis stimulireba an sazogadoebrivi xarjebis gazrdiT an gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT. Tuki amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba sabiujeto deficiti, amkicebda keinsi, es sruliad gamosworebadia, ramdenadac ekonomikis zrda, garkveuli drois Semdeg saSualebas miscems mTavrobas Seagrovos gadasaxadebi da mas ar mouwevs valebiT didxans cxovreba. amasTan ekonomikis aseT stimulirebas Tan axlavs multi plikatoris efeqti. koleqtiuri moTxovnilebis marTva keinsis mixedviT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, moaxdina revolucia ekonomikur politikaSi. maSin varaudobdnen, rom bolosdabolos miiRes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis stabiluri zrdisa da mdgradi zrdis uzrunvelsayofad utyuari saSualeba. keinsianistoba 1950-60 wlebSi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis xangrZlivi bumis sinonimi gaxda. pirveli eWvebi keinsianistebis postulatebTan mimarTebaSi gaCnda 1970-ian wlebSi stagflaciis (umuSevrobisa da inflaciis erTdrouli zrda) dadgomasTan erTad. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, keinsionistoba daaziana misma princi pma Seagrove gadasax127

adebi da gaxarje-s politikam, romelmac Tavisufali bazris ekonomistebis azriT, bolos da bolos amowura saqmiani iniciativa da mewarmeoba; ekonomikuri zrda ki SeuZlebeli gaxda mudmivad maRali inflaciis (fasebis saerTo zrda) gamo. am situaciaSi aRorZinda monetaristuli ideebi. monetarizmis aRmavlobam, romelic moxda iseTi ekonomistebis ZalisxmeviT, rogoricaa fridrix fon haieki da milton fridmeni, gamoiwvia ekonomikuri prioritetebis radikaluri Zvrebi umuSevrobasTan brZolis amocanebidan inflaciasTan brZola. moZraoba, romelsac 1988 wlebSi saTaveSi Caudgnen tetCeris mTavroba did britaneTSi da reiganis administracia aSS-Si, Tavis mTavar ekonomikur amocanas xedavda imaSi, rom uzrunveleyo janmrTeli fulebi. axali filosofiiT, mTavrobis mTavari amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom inflacia ganidevnos ekonomikidan.

saxelmwifo socializmi
1917 wels bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri iyo pirveli, vinc gamoiyena socialisturi ekonomikis modeli. leninis axali ekonomikuri politikis miuxedavad, am sistemam ver miiRo saboloo ganviTareba stalinis meore revoluciamde. amitom socializmis am formam miiRo saxelwodeba ekonomikuri stalinizmi. sistema eyrdnoboda mTeli sakuTrebis nacionalizacias. faqtiurad, mTeli ekonomikuri resursebi unda gadasuliyo partiul-saxelwifoebrivi aparatis kontrolis qveS, romelic akontrolebda vaWrobas da daawesebda fasebs, xelfasebs, gadasaxadebs da subsidiebs. gegmebis Sesrulebis pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda ekonomikis saministroebs, romlebic gaakontrolebdnen ekonomikis seqtorebs da gauZRvebodnen sabWoTa kavSiris bankebis, qarxnebisa da maRaziebis muSaobas. rodesac 1989-1991 wlebSi moxda saxelmwofoebriv-socialisturi modelis dangreva sabWoTa kavSirSi, daiwyes laparaki imaze, rom ekonomikuri dagegmvis ideam diskreditacia gaukeTa Tavis Tavs. magram mainc, sabWouri dagegmvis sistemas hqonda istoriuli Rirebulebebi, ris Sedegadac 1941 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna mZime industria, ramac uzrunvelyo qveynis gamarjveba faSizmTan brZolaSi. dagegmvis sistema daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs aRmoefxvra usaxlkaroba, umuSevroba da sruli gaWirveba. da mainc, arafers ar SeuZlia dafaros centralizebuli dagegmvis princi puli naklovanebebi. memarcxene orientaciis kritikosebis azriT, sabWouri dagegmvis sistema igive saxelwifo kapitalizmi iyo.

socializmis saxeobani
Tanamedrove socialistebi dReisaTvis kapitalizms miiCneven erTaderT saimedo variantad sazogadoebrivi simdidris Sesaqmnelad. amitom maTi mxridan saubari midis kapitalizmis ara mospobaze, aramed mis reformirebze. SenarCunda Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom socializmi kapitalizmze maRlaa rogorc eTikuri, aseve ekonomikur mimarTebaSi. socialistebis naSromSi parametrebiT ekonomikuri modelebis didi raodenoba iyo, maT Soris mTavari iyo marqsizmi. marqss ar auRweria momavali socialisturi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobileba, is Semoifargla mxolod zogierTi saerTo princi pis miTiTebiT. ra Tqma unda, is varaudobda, rom kerZo sakuTreba Seicvleboda koleqtiuriT an sazogadoebriviT. marqsi Sors iyo nacionalizaciisa da centraluri dagegmvis ideisagan, yvelaferi imisagan, rac unda gamxdariyo XX saukunis sabWoTa ekonomikis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. arsebobs ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli socializmis modeli: saxelmwifo socializmi sabazro socializmi.

sabazro socializmi
zecentralizebuli sabWoTa ekonomikis modelis alternativad xSirad moiazrebdnen socializmis princi pebs dinamikuri sabazro konkurenciiT. aseTi Zieba mimdinareobda 1949 wlidan iugoslaviaSi prezident titosa da stalinis konfliqtis Semdeg, aseve ungreTSi 1956 wels antisabWouri gamosvlebis Semdeg da 1985-1990 ww. mixeil gorbaCovis sabWoTa gardaqmnis wlebSi. sabazro socializmis idea bevrs imiT izidavs, rom mas SeuZlia Seasworos centralizebuli dagegmvis seriozuli 129

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nakli. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialisturma bazarma saerTod ar icis dagegmva da daregulireba, radgan sinamdvileSi SemoTavazebuli variantebidan reliasturi an sicocxlisunariani socializmi arasodes ar gamodioda saerTo dagegmvis koncefciidan, mxolod cdilobda masSi CaerTo ufro farTo kavSirebi mwarmoeblebTan. amasTanave saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom iugoslaviuri da ungruli gamocdilebebi aRmoCndnen naklebad warmatebuli, vidre sabWouri. sabazro socializmis mTavari sisuste imaSi mdgomarebs, rom TviTmmarTveloba sinamdvileSi upirispirdeba sabazro disci plinas.

resursebis wyarosi, romelic mxolod adamianuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba da Seiqmnas saerTod gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis sistema, romelic ekologias ekonomikaze maRla daayenebs da morals materialur sakiTxebze maRla. aseT ideebze aris dafuZnebuli budisturi ekonomiksis koncefcia, romelic warmoadgina e.f. Sumaxerma (1973 w).

daskvnebi
ekonomika gavlenas axdens politikaze. ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi partiebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs dapirebebSi, rom daaCqareben ekonomikur zrdas, Seamcireben inflacias da a.S. amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs kandidats imisda mixedviT, Tu romel socialur fenas miekuTvneba is. arCevnebis Sedegi pirdapir damokidebulia ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. aswleulis manZilze imarTeboda ideologiuri diskusiebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sakuTrebis romel saSualebas aqvs meti upiratesoba. kapitalizmi da socializmi tradiciulad ganixileba, rogorc urTierTsawinaaRmdego ekonomikuri formebi. kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo warmoeba, kerZo sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze da sabazro organizacia. socializmi arsebobda saxelmwifo an koleqtiuri sakuTrebiT, centraluri dagegmarebiTa da Teoriulad adamianis moTxovnebis uSualo dakmayofilebiT. arc kapitalizmi da arc socializmi ar arsebobdnen sufTa formebSi. kapitalizmis erT saxeobaSi aqcenti keTdeba mewarmis srul Tavisuflebaze da sufTa sabazro individualizmze. socialuri samarTlis mniSvnelobas aRiareben. zogisaTvis mTavari sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis principebia, romlebic orientirebulni arian grZelvadian miznebze. socializmis mravalsaxeobebSi an yvelafers wyvetda saxelmwifo an cdilobdnen morgebas kompromisis saxiT. yvela sabazro sistemebi ase Tu ise regulirebadia. regulirebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom brendis mmarTvelobis gareSe SeuZlebelia SeaCero bazris TviTneburi tendenciebi arastabilurobisaken, romelic iwvevs krizissa da umuSevrobas, oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom yvelafer amas mivyavarT sabazro wonasworobis darRvevisaken, rac aucileblad Semobrundeba araefeqturobisa da arakontrolirebadi inflaciisaken. 131

arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?

ekonomikaSi mesame gzis ideas, romelsac ar eqneboda kapitalizmis da socializmis naklovanebebi, mimarTavdnen sxvadasxva politikuri tradiciebis warmomadgenlebi, ar gamoiricxeba faSizmic. am ideis realizacia pirvelad scada musolinma, mogvianebiT mas daubrundnen mozli did britaneTSi da peroni argentinaSi. Tavisi liberaluri variantisagan gansxvavebiT, faSisturi korporativizmi emyareba biznesisa da Sromis organul da sulier erTobas. 1945 wlis Semdeg mesame gziT, socializmisa da kapitalizmis elementebis SeTavsebis gziT wavida Svecia. social-demokratiuli mesame gza SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc socialisturi kapitalizmis memarcxene versia. 1990 wlidan mesame gzis ideologiaSi aSkarad daiwyo Semosvla postsocialurma modelma. ekonomikuri sazogadoebis organizaciis gansxvavebuli midgoma SemogvTavazes ekologiuri moZraobis Teoretikosebma. maTi TvalsazrisiT kapitalizmic da socializmic aris industrializmis superideologiis erTi da igive gamovlineba. mwvane alternativa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ekonomikuri prioriteti unda gaxdes ekologia, e.i. sistemis SesaZlebloba SeinarCunos Tavisi ekologiuri janmrTeloba da arsebobis perspeqtiva. ekosocialistebis TvalsazrisiT mTavari damnaSave garSemo sivrcis ganadgurebaSi aris kapitalizmi Tavisi Semosavlis zrdis mudmivi miswrafebebiT. unda Sewydes bunebis ganxilva, rogorc amouwuravi 130

sazogadoebrivi struqtura, kerZod, misi Sida dayofa socialur fenebad da jgufebad sxvadasxvagvar zemoqmedebas axdens politikaze. yvela sazogadoebaSia sazogadoebrivi azris gamomxatveli politikuri ganwyoba da politikuri kultura. socialuri struqtura gansazRvravs politikuri qcevis Sesabamis formebs da marTvaSi monawilebis formebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba Sinaganad dayofilia iseT safuZvlebze, rogoricaa rasa, klasi da sqesi. klasebis mniSvneloba dRes SesaZlebelia nulamde Semcirebuliyo, rom ar aRmocenebuliyo samoqalaqo uflebebisa da qalTa uflebebis moZraobebi, romlebmac rasa da sqesi iseTive mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv da politikur faqtorad aqcia, rogoric odesRac iyo klasi.

Tavi X politikuri kultura, TviTgamo rkveva da legitimuroba TviTgamorkveva politikis mniSvnelovani nawili, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, xorcieldeba xalxis cnobierebaSi, radgan politika yalibdeba Cveni ideebiT, RirebulebebiTa da warmodgenebiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos organizebuli sazogadoeba. es xdeba Cveni molodiniTac, imediTa da saxelmwifos mimarT sifrTxiliT da bolos erTad aRebuli, SeiZleba iyos gacilebiT ufro mTavari, vidre politikuri realiebi _ ese igi sinamdvileSi sazogadoebaSi ganawilebulia Zalaufleba, resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. Cvens mier realobis aRqma, ara Tu SeiZleba gaxdes mTavari, zog SemTxvevaSi is TviTon aris realoba. yovelive es miuTiTebs imis mniSvnelobaze, rasac politikuri kultura ewodeba. xalxis warmodgenebi da Rirebulebebi politikaze, aseve im saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebaze, romelSic isini cxovroben, mocemulia maTsave urTierTobebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yovelTvis wamoiWreba kiTxvebi _ samarTliania Tu ara es wyoba? aqvs Tu ara mas arsebobis ufleba? politologebi yovelTvis saubroben reJimis legitimurobis problemaze, legitimuroba xom _ es aris politikuri stabilurobis da sicocxlisunarianobis gasaRebi, reJimis arsebobis garantia. warsulis moazrovneebi politikis ganxilvisas aRiarebdnen, rom sazogadoebisaTvis did rols TamaSoben Rirebulebebi da xalxis rwmena, Tumca amas politikur kulturas ar uwodebdnen. berki bevrs werda tradiciebze da adaTwesebze, marqsi _ ideologiaze, herderi _ `nacionalur sulze~. magram yvelani erTad Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom Rirebulebebs da xalxis tradiciebs aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba sazogadoebrivi wyobis stabilurobisaTvis da sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis. politologTa interesi ki politikuri kulturis ideis mimarT warmoiSva mxolod 1950-1960ian wlebSi, rodesac adamianuri qcevis axali meTodiT Seswavlam Secvala sagnis mimarT tradiciuli midgoma. am sferoSi klasikur naSromad iqca almondis da verbas `samoqalaqo kultura~ (1963), romelic xuTi qveynis _ aSS-is, didi britaneTis, dasavleT germaniis, italiis da meqsikis politikuri 133

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specifikis analizisTvis iyo gamoyenebuli. naSromi cdilobda aexsna, Tu ratom ganicades krizisi msoflio omebs Soris periodSi italiis, germaniis da sxva qveynebis TiTqos da sruliad demokratiulma mTavrobebma da ratom miikvlevs demokratia aseTi wvalebiT gzas? 1970-1980-ian wlebSi ki interesi politikuri kulturisadmi odnav daeca, magram 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac daiwyo komunizmis ngreva aRmosavleT evropaSi da demokratiuli qveynebis Seneba,amas mohyva myar demokratiul qveyanaSi _ amerikaSi laparaki `socialuri kapitalis krizisze~ da samoqalaqo aqtiurobis dacemaze. gamwvavda diskusiebi imaze, rom xom ar xdeboda politikuri kulturis formireba elitaruli jgufebis ideebiT da interesebiT da Tu rogor rols TamaSobs sazogadoebaSi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da ra doneze SeuZlia saxelmwifos mani pulireba politikuri komunikaciiT dRes. politikuri kultura _ kultura _ farTo gagebiT aris xalxis cxovrebis wesis gamosaxva. sociologebi da anTropologebi avleben zRvars `kulturasa~ da `bunebas~ Soris. kulturas uwodeben imas, rac STamomavlobas gadaecema socialuri meqanizmebiT da ara biologiuri memkvidreobiT. politologebi am termins ufro viwro gagebiT iyeneben. aq is exeba xalxis fsiqologiur orientacias da gansazRvravs xalxis urTierTobas iseTi fenomenisadmi, rogoricaa partia, xelisufleba, konstitucia. es yvelaferi gamoixateba mrwamsSi, RirebulebebSi da simboloebSi. politikuri kulturis sazogadoebriv azrTan areva ar aris misaRebi, radganac is ganisazRvreba Rrmad dafuZnebuli RirebulebebiT da ara xalxis reaqciiT, konkretuli politikuri problemis SemTxvevaSi.

samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?

bevri avtori politikur kulturaze saubrisas eyrdnoba samoqalaqo kulturas, cnebas SemoRebuls mecnierebaSi almondisa da verbas mier (1963; 1980). isini miiswrafodnen daedginaT, Tu rogori politikuri kultura uwyobs xels demokratias. zemoT xsenebulma avtorebma is sam tipad dahyves _ `aqtiuri kultura~ (politikuri monawileobis kultura), `pasiuri kultura~ (qveSevrdomobis kultura) da `lokaluri kultura~. 134

aqtiuri kulturisaTvis maTi koncefciiT `aqtiuri kulturisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebelia moqalaqeebis cocxali interesi politikisadmi, masSi monawileobas isini Tvlian saWirod da umTavresad. `pasiur kulturaSi~ _ isini gamodian ufro obieqtad, vidre subieqtad, romelsac aqvs gavlenis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba mTavrobaze. aq mTavaria moqalaqeebis mzadyofna daemorCilon xelisuflebas. `lokaluri kultura~ _ gansxvavdeba moqalaqeobrivi grZnobis uqonlobiT. xalxi aq sakuTar Tavs ukavSirebs ara erovnebas, aramed sakuTar garemocvas da ara aqvs politikaSi monawileobis arc survili, arc SesaZlebloba. almondi da verba sabolood mividnen im daskvnamde, rom samoqalaqo kultura sinamdvileSi yovelTvis aerTianebs samive politikuri kulturis komponentebs. demokratiis simyares maTi azriT uzrunvelyofs iseTi politikuri kultura, romelSic napovnia oqros Sualedi moqalaqeebis aqtiurobasa da pasiurobas Soris da saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze iRebs mxolod im aucileblobas, romlis Sesrulebac SeuZlebelia. samoqalaqo kulturis damkvidreba arc ise advilia. es dagvanaxa dasavleT germaniam da italiam. faSizmis damarcxebis Semdeg vercerT qveyanaSi ver hpova ganviTareba aqtiurma politikurma kulturam. Tu germaniaSi dominirebda pasiuri morCilebis kultura, italiaSi ar aRmofxvrila lokaluri politikuri kulturis niSnebi. marqsizmSi ganviTarda kulturis ori Teoria. pirvelis mixedviT kultura atarebs klasobriv xasiaTs, radgan erTiklasis warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT erTi da igive interesebi da imyofebian erTnair ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi. maT eqnebaT msgavsi ideebi, rwmena da miznebi. marqsis sityvebiT `cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs xalxis yofierebas, aramed maTi socialuri yofiereba gansazRvravs (yofiereba) cnobierebas: amitom proletariatis kultura yovelTvis gansxvavdeba burJuaziis kulturisagan. kulturis meore Teoriis mixedviT, mmarTveli klasis ideebi (romelsac marqsi uwodebda `ideologias~) advilad vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi da amitom iqceva epoqis `gabatonebil azrad~. amgvarad misTvis Tavisi drois politikuri da Tundac samoqalaqo kultura iqneboda burJuaziuli ideologia. ideologiis funqcia marqsis mixedviT gulisxmobs imas, rom daCagruli klasi iZulebulia Seeguos Tavis mdgomareobas, amas emsaxureboda yvelanairi saxis miTebis gavrceleba. mogvianebiT es yvelaferi marqsizmma gan135

sazRvra, rogorc burJuaziuli `hegemonia~. Tanamedrove marqsistebi Soris arin problemis aseT gagebasTan da sulac ar Tvlian, rom burJuaziis gabatonebuli klasi gansazRvravs kapitalisturi sazogadoebis inteleqtualur da kulturul cxovrebas. isini amboben, rom sazogadoebaSi konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs. (burJuaziuli ideologia marqsistuli terminia da niSnavs ideebs da Teoriebs, romlebic kapitalisturi wyobis winaaRmdegobis dafarviT emsaxurebian burJuaziis interesebs). am poziciis cnobili warmomadgeneli iyo italieli moazrovne da politikosi antonio gramSi XX saukuneSi. Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gramSma dainaxa, rom burJuaziis gabatoneba Tavis Tavs uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod misi ekonomikuri da politikuri ZalauflebiT, aramed kulturiT, sulier yofaSi, amgvari hegemoniiT: misi Rirebulebebi vrceldeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meSveobiT _ masobrivi informaciis saSualebiT, eklesiuri institutebiT, axalgazrduli moZraobebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, socializmis gamarjvebisaTvis saWiroa `ideebs Soris brZola~, sadac proletarulma Rirebulebebma, Teoriebma da princi pebma unda gandevnon, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seaviwrovon burJuaziuli.

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da politikuri komunikacia

imis Sesaxeb, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi iZenen politikur mniSvnelobas, daiwyes laparaki XIX saukunis bolos, rodesac sazogadoebaSi Semovida masobrivi wigniereba da yvelasaTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi presa. magram drom Tan moitana axali teqnikuri da socialuri cvlilebebi, da gairkva, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi gaxdnen politikuri procesis srulyofili, sakmaod damoukidebeli da uaRresad Zlieri faqtori. am yvelaferSi gamovlinda sami tendencia. droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirda egreT wodebuli politikuri socializaciis `pirveladi~ faqtorebis gavlena, iseTebze, rogoricaa ojaxi da sazogadoebrivi klasi. adamiani bavSvobidan iRebda raRac politikur (kvals) `acras~. ukve zrdasrul asakSi misi 136

Sexedulebebi icvleboda, magram is kvali rCeboda mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ki Tavisi socialuri da geografiuli mobilurobiT, individualizmis dafuZnebiTa da samomxmareblo RirebulebebiT, amkvidrebs sruliad gansxvavebul situacias. dRes, arCevnebze xalxi TviTon wyvets, Tu vis misces xma, iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ras laparakobs da pirdeba kandidati. aqedan modis masobrivi informaciebis politikuri mniSvnelobis zrda, radgan dRes swored maT miaqvT publikamde informacia politikuri problemebisa da programebis Sesaxeb, aseve kandidatis an partiis arCevis variantic. dRes gasagebia, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi pirdapir ayalibeben sazogadoebriv azrs, gemovnebas. xalxs rCeba mxolod airCios romelime politikuri gadawyvetileba da am gadawyvetilebiT gaemarTon saarCevno urnebisaken. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi masobrivi informaciebis saSualebebis politikur rolze.. Teoriebs Soris umTavresia Semdegi modelebi: pluralisturi modeli, gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli, sabazro modeli da elitis faseulobaTa modeli. politikuri socializacia _ aris procesi, romlis mimdinareobisas xalxi iZens da gamoimuSavebs mosazrebebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg Taobebs gadaecema. propaganda _ aris mizanmimarTuli informaciis gavrceleba im mizniT, rom Camoyalibdes saWiro azri da moaxdinos provocireba gansazRvrul politikur moqmedebaze, mani pulir ebis mizniT. pulirebis `axali ambebis miwodebis xelovneba~ _ aris informaciis mowodeba iseTi xerxiT, rom gamoiwvios sasurveli efeqti da gansakuTrebuli reaqcia `ekonomikur WeSmaritebaze~.

socialuri kapitalis degradacia?

yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi, politikurma da ekonomikurma cvlilebebma misca damatebiTi interesi politikuri kulturis problematikas. saqme isaa, rom ramdenime Taobis cxovrebaSi saxelmwifom amoZirkva, an minimumamde daiy137

vana is socialuri da politikuri kavSirebi, romelsac eyrdnoba demokratiuli politika. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis jgufebis sfero, damoukidebeli saxelmwifosagan, romelic Seicavs kerZo warmoebas, interesTa jgufebs da a.S. aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT aleqsis de tokvilis azri, romelmac XIX saukuneSi axsna amerikis demokratiuloba imiT, rom amerikelebi midrekilni arian aseTi sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis daarsebisadmi. magram rogorc ki gaCnda interesi post-komunisturi qveynebis politikuri kulturisadmi, is gavrcelda momwifebul demokratiebis politikur problemebzec. robert patnemma mosaxleobis samoqalaqo aqtiurobis tradiciebi gansxvavebiT axsna, rac vlindeba iseT movlenaze, rogoricaa gansxvavebuli saarCevno aqtiurobis done. patnemma yuradReba miaqcia aSS-is socialuri `kapitalis dacemas~, romlis arseboba aisaxa imaSi, rom 1965 wlidan klubebis, nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebebis da yvelanairi ti pis asociaciebis ricxvi Semcirda 25-50%-iT, mkveTrad Semcirda sazogadoebriv, qalaqur, saskolo krebebze daswreba, Semcirda politikur partiebSi gawevrianeba, maTi nebayoflobiTi moRvaweoba. TavianTi azri aqvT konservatiuli orientaciis Teoretikosebsac: socialuri kapitalis marTva asocirdeba tradiciebTan `tradiciul RirebulebebTan~. is Rirebulebebi da warmodgenebi, romlebic gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, aarseben Tavisi ti pis cxovrebis kulturul safuZvels. konservatiulad ganwyobili politikosebi yovelTvis mouwodeben Rirebulebebis gaZlierebisaken, radgan maTSi xedaven Sinagani gamTlianebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikuri stabilurobis gasaRebs. 1980-ian wlebSi margaret tetCeri gamovida mowodebiT, imuSaon egreT wodebuli `viqtorianuli Rirebulebebis~ aRorZinebaze did britaneTSi. amis Semdeg analogiuri, magram naklebad warmatebuli iniciativiT `pirvelsawyisisken dabrunebisaken~ 1990-ian wlebSi gamovida jon meijori. zustad ase apelirebda aSS-Si ronald reigani `sazogadoebrivi ideologiis~ memkvidreobisadmi, rac amerikelebSi aisaxa TavianTi dasavluri TavdaWerilobiT. xSirad tradiciuli Rirebulebebi ukavSirdeba iseT institutebs, rogoricaa ojaxi, eklesia da erovneba, anu is yvelaferi, rac istoriaSi ganasaxierebs fxianobas, TviTnebobas da mdgomareobas. tradiciuli Rirebulebebis dacva gaxda erT-erTi 138

umTavresi motivi neokonservatorebisTvis, romliTac aSS-Si gamovidnen iseTi socialuri moazrovneebi, rogorebic arian deniel beli da ireing kristoli, romlebmac win wamoswies sulieri Rirebulebebis dangreva bazris stiqiis gamo. kidev erTi azri socialuri krizisis problemaze, amtkicebs, rom saubari unda mimdinareobdes ara samoqalaqo kulturis Semcirebaze da socialuri kavSirebis Sesustebaze, aramed maTi formebis Secvlaze. inglhartis azriT, yvelaferi es xdeba amJamindeli materialuri keTildReobis da `postmaterialisturi~ Rirebulebebis (gansakuTrebulad axalgazrdebSi), gavrcelebis gamo. 1960iani wlebidan xalxi umetesad ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi egueboda ekonomikur usafrTxoebas da materialur keTildReobas, yvela da yvelanairi tradiciuli warmodgenebi _ seqsze, qorwinebaze, cqevis normebze Seicvala, liberaluri, uweso RirebulebebiT, rom ar vTqvaT `yovlad umsgavsoTi~. tradiciuli politikuri urTierTobebi da kavSirebi ki piriqiT dasustdnen, maT Caenacvlen iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa feminizmi, atomuri ganiaraReba, cxovelebis uflebebi da garemo. SesaZlebelia imitom mimdinareobs aseTi movlenebi, rogorc partiebSi wevrebis Semcireba da saarCevno aqtiurobis dacema. meores mxriv ki, iseTi saprotesto aqciebis warmoSoba, romlebic dakavSirebulebi arian raRac erTi saerTo problemiT. postfordizmis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi ti pis cvlilebebi, iyo absoluturad Seuqcevadi da warmoadgendnen sazogadoebis saerTo ekonomikuri da politikuri individualizmisaken moZraobis Sedegebs.

legitimuroba da politikuri stabiluroba

politikuri sistemis an reJimis legitimurobis problema, an SekiTxva imaze, iRebs Tu ara es sazogadoeba ama Tu im reJims, rogorc `kanoniers~, `samarTlians~, da a.S. dakavSirebulia Zvel da mTavar TemasTan _ esaa politikuri valdebuleba. problema midis ubralo kiTxvamde: ratom arian moqalaqeebi valdebulni aRiaron saxelmwifos Zalaufleba? aris Tu ara aseTi midgoma saxelmwifosadmi da misi kanonebisadmi damorCileba _ xalxis movaleoba? Tanamedrove politikur diskusiebSi legitimuroba esmiT ar imdenad, rogorc mor139

aluri valdebulebebis problema, ramdenadac kiTxva, Tu ratom unda gaakeTon maT es. legitimuroba (laTinurad legitimas _ kanonierad gamocxadeba) farTo gagebiT niSnavs `kanonierebas~, `sworobas~, `samarTlianobas~. es aris is Zalaufleba, rac organoebs aZlevs avtoritets sazogadoebis TvalSi. kanoniereba sulac ar aZlevs saxelmwifos an mTavrobas, sazogadoebis an calke moqalaqeebis pativiscemis garantias.

Zalauflebis

legitimacia

legitimurobis problemis, rogorc sociologiuri movlenis klasikuri gamokvleva, daiwyo maqs veberma. veberi cdilobda `batonobis sistemis~ klasificirebas da surda aexsna is safuZvlebi, romlebic gansazRvraven am sistemis legitimurobas. man politikuri Zalauflebis mravalferovani buneba miiyvana `idealur ti pebamde~ da konceftualur modelebamde. es idealuri ti pebia: _ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba tradiciebs _ tradiciuli Zalaufleba _ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba qarizmas _ qarizmatuli Zalaufleba _ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba kanons racionaluri Tvisebebis safuZvelze _ racionalur-samarTlebrivi Zalaufleba. TiToeuli am samidan, flobs politikuri legitimurobis sakuTar bunebas da wyaros, romlebSic xalxi Tvlis SesaZlebels da aucilebels daemorCilos saxelmwifos. politikuri legitimurobis pirveli ti pi _ veberis mixedviT, dafuZnebulia istoriul adaT-wesebze da tradiciaze, tradiciuli batonoba miiCneva rogorc legitimuri, imitom, rom is arsebobda istoriulad, mas aRiarebdnen wina Taobebi, rogorc wesi aseTi Zalaufleba eyrdnoboda konkretul normebs _ gamZle da ueWvo adaT-wesebs, romlebsac ar sWirdebaT dasabuTeba, radgan isini arsebobdnen uxsovari droidan. tradiciuli Zalauflebis damaxasiaTebel Cvevebs Cven vpoulobT TemebSi, an patara jgufebSi, sadac is arsebobs patriarqatis formiT an gerontokratiiT (ufrosebis avtoritetuli brZanebloba). 140

izmuli balegitimurobis meore ti pi es aris qar qarizmuli tonoba, es saubari midis avtoritetze, im batonobaze, romelic TiTqos da TavisiT warmoiSveba Zlieri pirovnebisagan, misi `qarizmidan~. qarizmatuli Zalaufleba, romelic srulad ar aris dakavSirebuli statusTan, sazogadoebriv mdgomareobasTan, an saxelmwifos ierarqiul adgilTan, fuZndeba lideris Tvisebebze, raTa Tavisken miizidos xalxi: istoriulad aseT Zalauflebas flobdnen isini, visSic xedavdnen gmirebs an wmindanebs. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom axali istoriis politikuri liderebi, de goli, kenedi, tetCeri flobdnen aseTi avtoritetis garkveul elementebs. ar SeiZleba maT vuwodoT qarizmatuli liderebi, isini yvelani iyvnen saxelmwifo moRvaweebi problemis Tanamedrove gagebiT. aseT magaliTad politologebi Tvlian napoleons, musolinis, hitlers, aiaTola homeinis, fidel kastros da polkovnik kadafs. veberis politikuri legitimurobis mesame ti pi _ racionalur-samarTlebrivi, asocirdeba mkveTrad gansazRvrul wesebiT, romelic warmodgenilia samarTalSi, kanonSi. es Zalaufleba damaxasiaTebelia bevri Tanamedrove saxelmwifosaTvis. prezidentis, premier-ministris, an nebismieri sxva maRali rangis oficialuri saxis uflebamosilebas sabolood yovelTvis aqvs Tavisi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli, formulirebuli konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic dawerilia risi ufleba aqvT da risi ara. am Tanamdebobebis pirebisaTvis, am Zalauflebis formis upiratesoba isaa, rom is dakavSirebulia `adgilTan~ da ara `adamianebTan~. biThemi Tvlis, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos legitimurad sami pirobis Sesrulebisas. upirvelesad is unda warmoebdes dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, warmodgenili oficialurad miRebul kanonebSi, an daweril normebSi. meore _ es wesebi unda iyvnen aRiarebuli yvelas mier, rogorc aucilebeli _ vinc marTavs da vinc imarTebian, mesame _ sazogadoebis mxridan ar unda iyos imis niSnebi, rom is ar eTanxmeba arsebul reJims. did britaneTSi ukanaskneli piroba iyo daculi 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac sazogadoebam dainaxa, rom liderebis da maTi politika ukiduresad arapopularulia, magram es mTavroba, romelic movida xelisuflebaSi arCevnebis gziT, unda wavides amave gziT. aq warmoiSveba Zalauflebis legitimurobis ori mniSvnelovani momenti. pirveli _ mravalpartiuli sistema da 141

arCevnebis aucilebloba, radgan mxolod am pirobiT sazogadoebas SeuZlia gamoxatos Tavisi princi puli Tanxmoba, an arsebuli Zalauflebis sistemis uTanxmoeba. meore _ ama Tu im konstituciis Sedgenisas, aucilebelia asaxuli iyos sazogadoebis pozicia. ase vTqvaT, rogor pirobaze arian isini Tanaxma, rom SeiZlebodes maTi marTva.

iT mTavrobidan individebze. isini ambobdnen, rom ekonomikuri keTildReobis sakiTxi damokidebulia adamianis pirad pasuxismgeblobaze, yovelma moqalaqem TviTon unda izrunos Tavis Tavze _ SromiT, samedicino dazRveviT, danazogiT, pensiiT da a.S. mTavrobam moixsna pasuxismgebloba umuSevrobis gamo. wamoiWra idea imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs umuSevrobis bunebrivi procenti, romelic izrdeba mxolod imitom, rom xarbi muSebi fasebis aweviT TviTonve rCebian umuSevrebi.

legitimurobis krizisi
veberis azrisagan sakiTxis gansxvavebuli gagebiT, gamovidnen neomarqsizmis Teoretikosebi. Tu orTodoqsuli marqsizmi ubralod icilebda legitimurobis problemas, radgan mas xedavda rogorc burJuaziuli cnobierebis miTs, axali marqsistebi, gramSis kvaldakval, mzad arian aRiaron, rom kapitalizmi inarCunebs Tavis resurss imitom, rom SeuZlia uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis politikuri mxardaWera. iseTma neomarqistebma, rogorebic iyvnen habermasi da klaus ofe, gadaitanes yuradReba klasebis problematikidan legitimurobis warmoebis meqanizmze (demokratiuli procesi, mravalpartiuli sistema, socialuri mxardaWera, reformebi da a.S.). amasobaSi isini ar uaryofdnen im garemoebasac, rom politikur sistemaSi, Tu is dafuZnebulia klasebis princi pul uTanxmoebaze, ase Tu ise yovelTvis iqneba siZneleebi legitimaciasTan. msgavsi problema ganixileboda 1970-iani wlebis diskusiebSi, egreT wodebul `samTavrobo datvirTvaze~. iseTma mkvlevarebma, rogorebic iyvnen entoni kingi da riCard rouzi, yuradReba miaqcies imas, rom mTavrobebi xdebian ufro rTulad funqcionirebadi, imis gamo, rom sazogadoeba uyenebs ufro met moTxovnilebebs. 1980-1990-iani wlebis politikur tendenciebs SeiZleba SevxedoT, rogorc legitimurobis kriziss da `samTavrobo gadatvirTvis~ problemis reaqcias. prioritetebis gadaxedvaze yvelaze didi SeZaxilebi ismoda `axali memarjveneebis~ mxridan. iseTma politologebma, rogorebic iyvnen samuel britani, daiwyes laparaki saxelmwifos sayovelTao keTildReobis fiskalur krizisze da `demokratiis ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobis~ Sesaxeb. 1990-iani wlebis reiganis mTavrobam aSS-Si da tetCeris did britaneTSi daiwyes muSaoba sazogadoebis molodinis `Semcirebaze~, pasuxismgeblobis gadatan142

ratom xdeba revoluciebi

reJimis legitimuroba uzrunvelyofs politikur stabilurobas da sicocxlisunarianobas Tu is dakargavs mas, maSin unda airCios oridan erTi: an represiebis gza, an ganaxorcielos Zireuli politikuri cvlilebebi. umravlesoba, vinc moRvaweobs politikaSi, xels moawerdnen marqsis im gamoTqmas, romelic foierbaxis TezisebSi dawera: filosofosebi mxolod sxvadasxva saSualebebiT xsnidnen samyaros, magram saqme isaa, rom SeecvalaT igi, am sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxva politikuri moazrovneebs sxvadasxva damokidebuleba hqondaT, maSin roca konservatizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `ltolva SenarCunebisadmi~ tradiciebis da monacvleobis saxeliT, liberalebi da socialistebi, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis idgnen cvlilebis mxareze, radgan masSi xedavdnen progress. progresTan ki asocirdeba adamianuri gonebis niWi aamoZraos istoria win, codnis SeZeniT da ufro srulyofili sazogadoebis SeqmniT. gavigoT Tu ara sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi, rogorc progresi an regresi, zrda Tu dacema. isini yovelTvis arian arsi, produqti erT-erTisa ori procesidan _ evoluciisa an revoluciisa. evoluciur cvlilebebad miRebulia reformebi _ TandaTanobiT da nel-nela ganxorcielebadi, gaumjobeseba warmoSobili, socialuri an politikuri sistemis farglebSi. es cvlilebebia memkvidreobiTobis SenarCuneba. praqtikaSi es niSnavs romelime institutis reorganizacias, vidre mis gauqmebas. revolucia, es radikaluri gadatrialebaa, is mTlianad cvlis politikur wyobas da gamoixateba warsulTan kavSiris mkveTri, xan ki uxeSi, Zaladobrivi gawyvetiT. bunebrivia sakiTxi revoluciebis bunebaze (yovelTvis iyo) im istoriul, socialur da politikur garemoebaze, romlebic maT warmoSoben, 143

yovelTvis iyo yvelaze mZafri diskusiebis sagani. pirvelad cneba `revolucia~ miekuTvneboda cikluri xasiaTis cvlilebebs (inglisurad sityva revolve _ brunva, mobruneba, dabruneba sawyis mdgomareobaSi) _azri, romelsac magaliTad atarebda `saxelovani revolucia~ (1688) inglisSi. magram safrangeTis revoluciiT (1789) dadginda terminis Tanamedrove gageba. am droidan termini aRniSnavs radikaluri cvlilebebis process da Zveli politikuri wyobis ngrevas. revoluciebi _ es aris sazogadoebrivi gadatrialeba, uecari xasiaTis masiuri qmedebebi, xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis iReben Zaladobriv xasiaTs. revolucia gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo gadatrialebisagan. revoluciis gansxvaveba buntisa da ajanyebebisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is iwvevs kardinalur cvlilebebs (cvlilebebi am politikur sistemaSi) politikaSi, an ubralod cvlas erTi mmarTveli elitisa meoreTi.

marqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebi

revolucia~ marqsizmi debs gansakuTrebul cnebaSi `revolucia~ azrs. mTlianad viziarebT im ideas, rom revoluciebs aqvT politikuri xasiaTi. marqsistebis umravlesoba ganixilavda inglisur, amerikul da frangul revoluciebs rogorc gansakuTrebul `burJuaziul~ revoluciebs, rac sinamdvileSi iyo TandaTanobiTi gadasvla warmoebis kapitalistur saSualebebze gadasvla. amgvarad, marqsistuli poziciidan revoluciis azri ara ubralod mkveTri da dramatuli gadatrialebaa, aramed xangrZlivi da Rrma sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis periodi. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTSi revolucia daiwyo 1917 w. da grZeldeboda ssrk _ daSlamde _ 1991 w. Tumca ver Seasrula Tavisi amocana `komunizmis aSenebisa~. marqsizmis Tanaxmad, revoluciis mizezs warmoadgens socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba, antagonisturi konfliqti eqspluatatorebsa da eqspluatirebulebs Soris. amitom yvela klasobrivi sazogadoeba istoriulad ganwirulia. marqsi Tvlida, rom revolucia aRniSnavs im moments, roca klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebi gadaizrdeba Ria brZolaSi, romlis drosac erTi klasi daamxobs da gadaayenebs meores. Tu frangul revolucias, marqsizmi gansazRvravs rogorc burJuaziuls, 144

rusul revolucias uwodebs `proletaruls~. 1917 wlis rusulma bolSevikurma revoluciam leninis xelmZRvanelobiT Seitana marqsistul TeoriaSi ori axali momenti. pirveli, Tu manamde sakiTxi esmodaT ise, rom TiTqos klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebi TviTon angreven sazogadoebas, rodesac amisaTvis momwifdeba pirobebi, leninisTvis es problema ar arsebobda. is Tvlida, rom revolucias ki ar unda ucado, aramed unda ganaxorcielo. bolSevikebma Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes 1917 wlis oqtomberSi da es maSin, roca burJuaziuli revolucia qveyanaSi moxda ramodenime TviT adre da proletariati ar iyo mravalricxovani da gamocdili. partiaSi muSaTa klasis avangardis roli ikisres bolSevikebma (mogvianebiT partias gadaarqves saxeli da ewoda komunisturi partia) mkveTrad Tu vityviT, ufro metad es iyo gadatrialeba, vidre saxalxo revolucia. Tebervlis revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac daamxo monarqia, 1917 w. oqtomberSi Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes ara masebma, aramed patara, magram kargad SeduRabebulma revolucionerebma. Semdegi sruliad axali momenti klasikur marqsizmTan SedarebiT gaxldaT proletariatis nacvlad `revoluciur klasad~ glexobis gamocxadeba. raRac Canasaxi am ideisa ukve hqonda leninsac, rodesac is 1917 w. ambobda kavSirze qalaqis proletariatsa da glexobas Soris, es idea gaifurCqna CineTis revoluciaSi 1949 w. mao Zedunis xelmZRvanelobiT. CineTis revolucia gaiSala soflebSi da ara msxvil qalaqebSi. am ideas mogvianebiT sesxulobdnen aziis, laTinuri amerikis da afrikis marqsistebi.

revoluciis aramarqsistuli

Teoriebi

marqsizmis garda arsebobs mTeli rigi sxva revoluciuri Teoriebi. marqsizmTan isini Tanxmdebian imis aRiarebaSi, rom am problemas aqvs sazogadoebrivi winaaRmdegobebi, magram ver Tanxmdebian or seriozul punqtSi. pirveli, umravlesobis azriT politikuri xasiaTis movlenebi aucilebeli ar aris iyos gamoxatuli ufro Rrma ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebiT, revolucia maTSi aisaxeba, ara rogorc socialuri sistema, aramed rogorc politikuri gardaqmna. meore, aq araa laparaki revoluciis gardauvalobaze (e.i. imaze, rom 145

isini warmoiSvebian istoriis logikidan) amitom maTSi xedaven konkretuli politikuri da socialuri garemoebebis Sedegs. magaliTad, wignSi `revoluciuri cvlilebebi~ (1966) Calmers jonsoni amtkicebs, rom revoluciebi warmoiSveba `mravaljeradi disfunqciebis~ pirobebSi, rodesac politikuri sistema ingreva sxvadasxva zemoqmedebiT, xandaxan urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli moTxovnebiT sazogadoebis mxridan. wignSi `Zveli wyoba da franguli revolucia~ (1856) tokvilma SeamCnia, rom revoluciebi iSviaTad warmoadgenen mosaxleobis masiuri siRatakis Sedegs. siRatakes da gaWirvebas hyavT Tavisi Tanamgzavrebi: sasowarkveTileba, morCileba da sruli politikuri pasiuroba. revolucia misi SexedulebebiT xdeba maSin, roca saxelmwifo arbilebs Tavis politikas, xangrZlivi, mkacri mmarTvelobis Sedegad, rogorc is amaze werda `xelisuflebisTvis yvelaze saSiSi momenti dgeba maSin, roca is iwyebs reformebs~. magaliTad zustad ase saqme ganviTarda safrangeTSi, rodesac ludovik XVI 1788 w. Sekriba generaluri Statebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zustad ase moxda evropaSi gorbaCovis reformis Sedegad. 1986 wels imis magivrad, rom daekmayofilebina sazogadoeba mis moTxovnebSi, Seecvala politikuri sistema, reformam mxolod SeaTbo sazogadoebrivi molodini da gaaCaRa revoluciuri vnebebi. teda skocpoli franguli, rusuli da Cinuri revoluciebis SedarebiT analizSi gvaZlevs revoluciebis socialur-struqturul axsnas. is migviTiTebs imaze, rom xSirad reJimebi ingreva Tavisi Sinagani araefeqturobiTa da saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis sisustiT. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba revoluciuri situaciebis warmoSobisas xSirad hqondaT omebs da intervenciebs. es moxda CineTSi 1911-1949-Si da ruseTSi 1905 da 1917 wlebSi. Sinaganad saxelmwifo revoluciebis safrTxeSi Tavs igdebs maSin, roca mas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos armias, an ver riskavs wavides farTomasStabian represiebze. mTlian situacias Tu davapirispirebT Cineli studentebis 1989 w. tiananminis moedanze gamosvlis mkacr CaxSobas da TiTqmis usisxlod komunisturi reJimis rRvevas aRmosavleT evropaSi, amave wlis Semodgomaze da zamTarSi, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti faqtori gaxda is, rom ssrk gorbaCovis dros ar wavida represiebze, an am SemTxvevaSi Carevaze, rogorc amas 146

hqonda adgili aRmosavleT germaniaSi 1949 w. da CexoslovakiaSi 1968 w. _ politikuri kultura aris xalxis fsiqologiuri ganwyobis erToblioba iseT politikur obieqtebze, rogoricaa partia, xelisufleba, konstitucia _ ganwyoba, gamoxatuli politikur poziciebSi, mrwamsSi, simboloebSi da RirebulebebSi. sazogadoebrivi azrisagan politikuri kultura gansxvavdeba imiT, rom is formirdeba istoriulad Camoyalibebuli faseulobebis safuZvelze da ara warmodgeniT da reaqciisT konkretul politikaze, konkretul problemaze da pirovnebaze. _ politikuri ganwyobileba da individebis an jgufebis faseulobebis formireba xdeba politikuri socializaciis procesSi, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ideologiuri zemoqmedebis procesi gaweuli adamianze mTeli misi cxovrebis manZilze, an rogorc faseulobebis gadacema ufrosi Taobidan umcrosisaTvis. socializaciis mTavar garemos warmoadgens ojaxi, ganaTlebis sistema, religia, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da saxelmwifo mTlianad. _ samoqalaqo kulturis cneba iwvevs mravalmxriv kamaTs. ase Tu ise am terminis qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli fsiqologiuri ganwyobis erToblioba (politikuri monawileoba, kanonebisa da saxelmwifos pativiscema) romelzec damokidebulia demokratiuli sazogadoebis stabiluroba. amasTan erTad samoqalaqo kultura samarTlebrivad ganixileba, rogorc Sedegi da rogorc demokratiis winapiroba. zogjer samoqalaqo kulturis diskusiebSi gazviadebulia xalxis poziciuri orientaciis mniSvneloba politikur sferoSi da saTanadod ar fasdeba sazogadoebrivi kulturis faqtorebis araerTgvarovneba. amasTan erTad radikalebi da marqsistebi ixrebian im ideisken, rom gabatonebuli kultura Tavs axvevs sazogadoebas, zevidan privilegirebuli jgufebis interesebs. _ Cvens droSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis (mis) mniSvneloba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ase teqnologiuri faqtorebis. zogjer maT moRvaweobas warmogvidgenen, rogorc ideebis bazars, romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebriv diskusiebs da eleqtorats aZlevs ufro farTo arCevans. sxvagvari poziciidan ganixileba, rogorc mmarTveli klasis propagandistuli iaraRi, rogorc saSualeba elitis faseulobebis gasavrceleblad, an rogorc ubral147

od asaxva sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis Sexedulebebisa an gemovnebis. _ zogjer amboben, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba daavadebulia socialuri kapitalis eroziiT, sazogadoebis moqalaqeobrivi aqtiurobis donis dacemiT. socialuri da kulturuli cvlilebebisas amaSi xedaven Sedegs. _ politikuri stabiluroba damokidebulia reJimis legitimurobaze _ xelisuflebis avtoritetze sazogadoebis TvalSi. istoriulad xelisuflebis legitimacia xorcieldeboda iseT safuZvelze, rogoricaa tradicia, xarizma an samarTali. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo eyrdnoba legitimurobis me3 ti ps, romelic varaudobs kanonis udavo Zalauflebas da xelisuflebis moRvaweobis detalur reglamentacias. _ Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi dganan legitimurobis krizisis winaSe, rac aris sazogadoebaSi dagrovili mravali struqturuli winaaRmdegobebis Sedegi. legitimurobis krizisi ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia winaaRmdegobebiT saxelmwifos gazrdil rolze ekonomikur da socialur sferoebs Soris. erTis mxriv Tavisufali bazris moTxovnaTa, meores mxriv, saxelmwifoebs Soris moTxovnilebiT erTsa da imave droSi daakmayofilon zrdadi sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebi da SeinarCunon Tavisufali bazris dinamika. _ revoluciebis fenomeni axsnilia sxvadasxvagvarad: rogorc sazogadoebis Rrma winaaRmdegobebis gamovlena, wonasworobis dakargva politikur sistemaSi. sazogadoebrivi molodinis zrdis Sedegi, saxelmwifos mier gaumarTlebeli politikis da bolos, rogorc saxelmwifos efeqturobis swrafi vardnisa.

Tavi XI warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi, xmis micema da referendumi arCevnebi politikuri procesis erT-erTi mTavari aqtia. albaT bevri adamiani svams politikisaTvis saWiro aseT kiTxvas: sainteresoa, rogori eSmakuri xerxiT moxda im xalxis xelisuflebaSi moxvedra? aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom es uSualod Cveni arCevnebis Sedegia. mokled, rogorc ar unda vifiqroT, arCevnebi es aris demokratia moZraobaSi, romelic xalxs saSualebas aZlevs ase Tu ise akontrolos mTavroba. ukidures SemTxvevaSi ki Tavi SegviZlia imiT davimSvidoT, rom arsebobs SesaZlebloba es `aramzadebi~ gareT gamovyaroT. arCevnebi warmomadgenlobis princi pze funqcionirebs. misi mniSvneloba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: politikosebs, romlebic `xalxis msaxurad~ iwodebian, aqvT ufleba maTi saxeliT imoqmedon. demokratia Tavis klasikur variantSi iTvaliswinebs moqalaqeTa pirdapir da uwyvet monawileobas xelmZRvanelobaSi. dRes ukve politikuri warmomadgenloba iZleva garantias maqsimalurad muaxlovdes ideals `xalxis mTavroba~. Semdeg ki ibadeba kiTxvebi: _ rogor ganvaxorcieloT aseTi warmomadgenloba praqtikaSi? _ rogoria politikosebis arCevis saukeTeso saSualeba? _ ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi xmis micemis Sedegebi arCevnebSi?

warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi
me-19, me-20 saukuneebSi, rodesac adgili hqonda demokratiis gavrcelebas, ismoda kiTxva, Tu vin unda flobdes warmomadgenlobas? isini unda iyvnen uaRresad ganaTlebuli, politikur sferoSi garkveuli Zlieri sqesis warmomadgenlebi, Tu ubralod qveynis saarCevno asaks miRweuli Taoba. dResdReobiT es sakiTxi gadawyvetilia. formalurad is xorcieldeba saerTo saarCevno uflebiTa da princi piT `erTi adamiani _ erTi xma~. Cven aseve unda SevZloT imis gageba, rom warmomadgen148 149

loba ar daiyvaneba arCevnebamde da xmis micemamde, rom arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli kandidatebi ar iTvlebian `warmomadgenlebad~ marto imitom, rom maT gaimarjves arCevnebSi. ufro mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, ra SemTxvevaSi iTvleba adamiani viRacis warmomadgenlad da ras warmoadgens igi _ Tavis amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebs, maT sisxlxorceul interesebs, sxvadasxva jgufebs Tu sxva rames? warmomadgenlobis saerTo Teoria ar arsebobs. arsebuli ramdenime Teoria ki yalibdeba garkveul ideologiur an politikur safuZvelze, ras warmoadgens warmomadgenlobis princi pi? am da sxva amgvari kiTxvebiT dainteresebulni arian ara mxolod politologebi, aramed politikosebi, ramdenadac sxvadasxva warmomadgenlobis modelebi warmogvidgenen politikuri moqmedebis sxvadasxva models. arCeuli politikosebi valdebulni arian mkacrad xelmZRvanelobdnen im programiTa da poziciiT, romelTac isini gamoTqvamen arCevnebis dros. miT ufro Tu maT amocanas warmoadgens sazogadoebis azrisa da interesebis gaTvaliswineba. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom politikuri sistemis SigniT SesaZloa funqcionirebdes sxvadasxva warmomadgenlobis princi pi, radganac iTvleba, rom arcerTi calke aRebuli modeli ar wyvets yvela problemas. warmomadgenloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi oTxi wesiT: _ mindobiloba (trusteeship) _ delegireba (delegation) _ mandati (The mandate) _ gaigivebis modeli (resemblance).

warmomadgenelia, aramed imavdroulad parlamentis wevric. warmomadgenelma yvelaferi unda gaakeTos TqvenTvis da TavisTvis daitovos mxolod Tavisufali azris ufleba, magram swored amiT gemsaxurebaT is Tqven da moRalated CaiTvleba maSin, roca samsxverplod gaimetebs Tavis swor azrs, Tqveni cvalebadi azrebis sasargeblod.~ biorkis mixedviT, warmomadgeneli maSin emsaxureba Tavis xalxs, roca am saqmisaTvis avlens Tavis jansaR azrovnebas. warmomadgenloba, Tavis mxriv, iTxovs dakisrebuli moraluri movaleobis Sesrulebas im xalxisagan, romelTac wilad xvdaT bedniereba mieRoT ganaTleba; es yvelaferi niSnavs imas, rom momavalSi arCeulma warmomadgenlebma gadawyvetileba damoukideblad unda miiRon. j.s. milis azriT marTalia yvela adamians aqvs warmomadgenlobaze ufleba, magram yvelas azrs ara aqvs erTnairi wona politikaSi, amitom man wamoayena idea xmaTa wonadobasTan dakavSirebiT, romliTac oTx an xuT xmas arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis miiRebdnen diplomisa da samecniero xarisxis mqone kandidatebi, 2-3 xmas kvalificiuri muSakebi da mmarTvelni, erT xmas ki _ arakvalificiuri momuSaveebi. is Tvlida, rom am ideis daxmarebiT Wkviani amomrCeveli xmas miscemda ara im warmomadgenels, romelic gamoxatavs sayovelTaod misaReb Sexedulebebsa da azrs, aramed imaT, visac SeuZlia brZnulad azrovneba da windaxeduli moqmedeba, imaT, vinc gamoirCeva altruizmiT da socialuri pasuxismgeblobiT. Tavisi simarTle hqondaT warmomadgenlobiTi radikaluri demokratiis warmomadgenlebsac. mag. Tomas peinis azriT, Tu politikosebs mivcemT srul Tavisuflebas gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, isini ubralod isargebleben TavianTi interesebis sasikeTod da xalxis nacvlad darCebaT mxolod _ warmomadgenloba

mindobilobis modeli
ndobiT aRWurvil pirad iTvleba adamiani, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs formalur pasuxismgeblobas sxva adamianis sakuTrebis dacvis an saqmis warmarTvisaTvis. politikaSi warmomadgenlobis am modelis klasikur gamovlinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos edmund biorkis gamosvla amomrCevlebTan bristolSi 1774 wels. `diax, Tqven irCevT Tqvens warmomadgenels, magram arCevis momentidan is ara mxolod bristolis 150

delegirebis modeli
delegatad iwodeba adamiani, romelic warmoadgens sxva xalxs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli davalebebisa da instruqciis safuZvelze. aq aqcenti keTdeba, rom delegati ubralod warmoadgens viRacis Sexedulebebs da interess da mas ara aqvs ufleba (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda) miiRos esa Tu is 151

gadawyvetileba. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT savaWro warmomadgenloba, elCebi, romelTac mkacrad rom vTqvaT, ar gaaCniaT araviTari ufleba miiRon gadawyvetilebebi damoukideblad. sxva magaliTi _ profkavSiris wevri, romelic gagzavnes konferenciaze, winaswar aris informirebuli, rogor misces xma da ra Tqvas, mas gaaCnia instruqcia. biorkis azriT, es ar aris warmomadgeneli, aramed aris delegati. am modelis detalebi Tavis droze iTvaliswinebdnen meqanizms, romelic arCeul politikosebs avaldebulebda bolomde miyolodnen miniSnebul Tematikas, romelsac isini warmoadgendnen. `delegirebuli warmomadgenlobis~ Rirseba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is afarToebs sazogadoebis monawileobas politikaSi da aZlevs mas saSualebas aRkveTos profesional politikosTa egoisturi miswrafebani. vinaidan profesional politikosebs ara aqvT damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, maTgan ar unda velodoT liderobas, rom araferi vTqvaT saxelmwifoebriv azrovnebaze. imis magivrad, rom gauZRven xalxs win, organizeba gauwion da sulierad gaaZlieron isini, maT uwevT yvelaze karg SemTxvevaSi `gaaxmovanon~ TavianTi amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi, cud SemTxvevaSi ki _ ubralod ar gaiTvaliswinon isini.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi ityvis yvela partiis lideri, partiisgan saWiroa erToba da disci plina. am modelSi politikosi amomrCevels emsaxureba ara imiT, rom damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, aramed imiT, rom Tavisi partiisa da misi politikuri mimdinareobis erTgulia. am doqtrinis Zlier mxared gvevlineba is, rom swored iTvaliswinebs partiis praqtikul mniSvnelobas da partiis politikas. ufro metic, masTan erTad ufro advilia gaigo ras niSnavs arCevnebis Sedegebi. am modelsac hyavs Tavisi kritikosebi. isini Tvlian, rom is pirvel rigSi emyareba saeWvo Sexedulebebs arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT. is gvTavazobs, rom amomrCeveli partias airCevs maTi politikuri programebis an problemebis mixedviT, magram sinamdvileSi amomrCeveli arc ise racionalurad moazrovne da kargad informirebuli piria, rogorc iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli modeli. praqtikaSi, rogorc cnobilia, saqmeSi ereva sruliad iracionaluri faqtorebi: lideris pirovneba, partiis imiji, didi xnis win formirebuli upiratesoba da socialuri xasiaTis faqtori. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu programebi savsebiT damajerebelia, pirvel rigSi amomrCevlebs izidavT mxolod manifestis punqtebi: mesame doqtrina mandatisa Tavis mxriv `maxea~, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT warmomadgenlobas xelebi aqvs Sekruli.

samandato modeli gaigivebis modeli

mandati aris instruqcia an brZaneba. ori winamorbedi modeli istoriulad Seiqmna maSin, roca jer kidev ar arsebobda Tanamedrove politikuri partiebi. amitom maT Soris saubari midioda warmomadgenlobaze individualur safuZvelze, Tumca dRes xalxs iSviaTad irCeven misi piradi monacemebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. maTSi ufro xedaven maTi partiis `rigiT mebrZolebs~. cxadia, warmoiSva axali warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi, romelTa Soris yvelaze metad zegavlena moaxdina koncefciam imaze, rom Tu partia imarjvebs arCevnebze, is iRebs sazogadoebisgan mandats da es mandati niSnavs maTi saarCevno programis mowonebas da uflebamosilebis miRebas mis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. ase miiRo 2004 da 2008 wlebSi gamarjvebulma saqarTvelos nacionalurma moZraobam qveynis marTvis mandati. rogorc 152 warmomadgenlobis am Teorias ar ainteresebs, ra gziT iqnen arCeulni warmomadgenlebi. maTTvis mTavaria, rom maT SeiZleba sruli masStabiT warmoadginon TavianTi amomrCevelTa jgufi, moaxdinon maTi personificireba, gaigivdnen maTTan. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi msgavsi ram SeiZleba vnaxoT e.w. `reprezentiuli Wrilis~ meTodSi, romelic gamoiyeneba bazris kontrolsa da sazogadoebis azris kvlevisas. am logikiT warmomadgenlobiTma mTavrobam miniaturulad unda asaxos mTeli sazogadoeba, yvela warmomadgenlobiTi jgufisa da fenis CaTvliT. warmomadgenelTa aseT ideas uwodeben `warmomadgenloba mikrokosmosSi~, romelsac tradiciulad icavdnen socialisturi da radikaluri Teoretikosebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom saxelmwifos SeiZleba marTavdes 153

arasakmarisi warmomadgenloba, sadac araadekvaturadaa warmodgenili muSaTa klasi, qalebi da eTnikuri umciresoba. es ki am kategoriis warmomadgenelTa interesebis ignorirebis maCvenebelia. mocemuli koncefcia ambobs, rom ama Tu im jgufis interesebis warmodgena SeuZlia sinamdvileSi mxolod am jgufidan gamosul xalxs, romelTac gaaCniaT erTnairi gamocdileba. am modelis warmomadgenlobis idea Tavidanve Casmulia viwro CarCoebSi. savaraudoa, rom qalma SeiZleba warmoadginos qali, Savkanianma sxva Savkaniani da ase Semdeg, magram Tu yvela warmomadgenlebi warmoadgenen mxolod maTi jgufis interesebs, sazogadoebisaTvis `garantirebulia~ socialuri problemebi da konfliqtebi. vin ifiqrebs aseT situaciaSi saerTo sikeTeze, sazogadoebis erTian interesebze? da bolos mocemuli Teoriis idealebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod gansazRvruli eleqtoratuli arCevnebiT da piradi Tavisuflebis princi piT.

arCevnebis arsi da funqciebi

marTalia politikuri vnebaTaRelva warmomadgenlobis princi pis irgvliv kvlav Zveleburad boboqrobs, magram maTi azri raRac sakiTxSi mainc emTxveva erTmaneTs. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia SeuZlebelia arCevnebisa da xmis micemis gareSe. arCevnebi Taviseburad arasakmarisi pirobaa politikuri warmomadgenlobisa, magram is mainc aucileblobas warmoadgens. Teoretikosebi ufro Sors midian da amtkiceben, rom arCevnebi demokratiis sulia. aseT pozicias icavda ioseb Sumpeteri Tavis wignSi `kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia~, sadac demokratia iSifreboda rogorc `institucionaluri meqanizmi~. Teoretikosebi raRac momentSi eTanxmebian Sempeters. mag. im sakiTxSi, rom sistemis demokratiuloba damokidebulia normebze da meqanizmebze, romlebic aregulirebs arCevnebs. saWiroa garkveva Tu arCevnebis rogori formebi arsebobs. I _ pirvel rigSi saubari unda midiodes Tu romeli Tanamdebobebi da postebi unda iyvnen arCeviTi saxelmwifoSi. II _ moqalaqeTa ra kategoriebze vrceldeba saarCevno 154

ufleba? rogorc aRiniSna, xmis micemis uflebis gansazRvra, sqesiT, rasiT da ase Semdeg warsuls Cabarda, magram ramdenime problema mainc rCeba, kerZod aSS-s bevr StatSi ibadeba kiTxva, unda gaiaro registracia Tu ara? bevri moqalaqe arc registracias gadis da arc xmas aZlevs. avstraliaSi, belgiaSi da italiaSi ki arCevnebSi monawileoba savaldebuloa. albaT jobs saqarTveloSic ase iyos am etapze. III _ rogor xdeba xmis micema? sabWoTa kavSirSi 1989 wlamde normad iTvleboda Ria xmis micema. dRemde msoflios bevr organizaciaSi arCeva xdeba xelis aweviT, magram saerTod Tanamedrove politikuri arCevnebi tardeba faruli kenWisyriT. xandaxan es iwodeba, rogorc `avstraliuri biuleteni~, radgan es princi pi pirvelad gamoiyenes 1856 wels avstraliaSi. iTvleba, rom faruli kenWisyra garantias iZleva `gulaxdili~ arCevisa maTTvis, vinc gamoricxavs korufcias da amomrCevelTa daSinebas, magram aq mainc is aris mniSvnelovani, Tu ramdenad iyo amomrCeveli sworad informirebuli, rogor tardeboda winasaarCevno kampania da bolos ramdenad keTilsindisierad xdeba xmis daTvla (es didi problemaa dRemde saqarTveloSi). IV _ aris Tu ara arCevnebi konkurentuli? es umniSvnelovanesi kiTxvaa, ramdenadac mxolod naxevarSi im qveynebisa, sadac tardeba arCevnebi, amomrCevlebs eZlevaT saSualeba amoirCion kandidatebi an partiebi. komunistur qveynebSi yovelTvis iyo erTi kandidatis arCevis ufleba. kandidatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi irkveoda partiebSi, arCevnebamde didi xniT adre. da bolos, rogor tardeba arCevnebi? Cven vnaxavT, rom arsebobs bevri saarCevno sistema da TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia politikuri da konstituciuri aspeqtebi. ramdenadac arsebobs arCevnebis da saarCevno sistemebis sxvadasxva saxeoba, mis funqciasTan dakavSirebiT raimes Tqma cota Znelia. dasawyisisTvis mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom 1980-90 ww. komunisturi reJimis rRveva ganapiroba imanac, rom am qveynebSi ar arsebobda liberalur-demokratiuli saarCevno sistema _ arCevnebis sayovelTaoba, winasaarCevno brZola, faruli xmis micema. 1. politikuri korpusis Sevseba _ demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi arCevnebi iTvleba politikuri rekrutirebis mTavar wyarod. procesi ase gamoiyureba: partia wamoayenebs Tavis kandidaturebs, wina155

saarCevno kampaniaSi politikosebi axdenen sakuTari SesaZleblobebis demonstrirebas, avlenen xarizmatul Tvisebebs, oratorul xelovnebas, sakuTar fizikur monacemebsac. es yvelaferi gamodis im CarCoebidan, rac saWiroa momavali movaleobebis Sesasrulebad. 2. mTavrobis formireba _ arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT mTavroba formirdeba mxolod im saxelmwifoSi, sadac miRebulia saxelmwifo meTaurTa arCevis princi pi, mag. rogoricaa aSS-Si da safrangeTSi. arCevnebis Sedegebze damokidebulia warmomadgenlobis formireba saparlamento mmarTvelobaSi. erT partias SeuZlia miiRos parlamentis umravlesoba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemaSi mTavrobis formireba xdeba arCevnebis Semdeg Sesabamisi molaparakebiT. aq mTavrobis formireba xdeba arCevnebis Semdeg Sesabamisi molaparakebiT. aq mTavrobis formireba da gadadgoma SeiZleba axali arCevnebis gareSec (mag. CvenTan). sazogadoebis politikuri ganaTleba _ 3. winasaarCevno kampaniis msvlelobisas amomrCevelze zemoqmedeben informaciis talRebi; es xdeba partiebze, kandidatebze, momdevno politikis SesaZlo mimarTulebebze da a.S. unda iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis politikur ganaTlebaze is moqmedebs mxolod maSin, rodesac misi mxridan iqneba interesi imaze, Tu ra iTqmis da rogor iTqmis. uyuradRebod ar unda davtovoT isic, rom radganac kandidatebi da partiebi ufro metad miiswrafian daarwunon amomrCeveli, maTgan savsebiT mosalodnelia arasruli an damaxinjebuli informaciebi. 4. sistemis legitimacia _ erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom avtoritaruli reJimebic ki atareben arCevnebs, swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arCevnebis procesi yovelTvis aniWebs reJims legitimurobas. sazogadoebis TvalSi es xdeba imitom, rom saarCevno kampanias aqvs Tavisi ceremonia da rituali. es ki yovelTvis saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis saqmea, magram mTavari SeiZleba iyos is, rom moqalaqeebis monawileoba politikur procesSi Tundac aseTi ubralo 156

formiT, rogoricaa xmis micema, ase Tu ise gamoxatavs maT Tanxmobas mocemul politikur sistemasTan. 5. elitis gaZliereba _ aseve arCevnebi SeiZleba iyos saSualebac, romliTac elitas SeuZlia masebiT mani pulireba da maTi kontroli. aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT prudoni, romelic ambobda, rom `sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba _ es aris kontrrevolucia~. aq saubaria imaze, rom arCevnebTan erTad politikuri winaaRmdegobani, romelic yovelTvis arseboben sazogadoebaSi, rbildebian da saerTod konstituciur formebs iReben, Sedegad mTavrobebi icvleba, reJimi ki _ rCeba. arCevnebi amasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgenen ufro metad saimedo instruments elitis xelSi, radgan igi qmnis mTavrobaze sazogadoebis kontrolis STabeWdilebas. amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba. 6.

saarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebi

saarCevno sistema warmoadgens wesebis krebuls, romelic aregulirebs arCevnebis Catarebas. es wesebi farTod gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. mTlianobaSi saarCevno sistemebi gansxvavdebian Semdegi niSnebiT: 1. amomrCevlebs amosarCevad eZlevaT an kandidatebi, an partiebi. 2. amomrCevels SeuZlia xma misces erT an ramdenime kandidats, magram am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi man isini unda daalagos prioritetis mixedviT. 3. eleqtorati _ SeiZleba iyos dayofili an ar iyos saarCevno ubnebad. 4. erT saarCevno ubanSi SeiZleba irCeodes an erTi an ramdenime kandidati. 5. aucilebeli arCevisaTvis xmebis procentebi SeiZleba TamaSobdes egreT wodebul `ubralo umravlesobasa~ da `absolutur umravlesobas~ Soris, romelic miRebulia mocemul sistemaSi (mag. 5%iani barieri saqarTveloSi). 157

saerTo analizisTvis saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba daiyos or did kategoriad, gamomdinare iqidan, miRebuli xmebi iqneba Tu ara gadaTvlili romelime samTavrobo organos mier. aq erTmxriv Cven vxedavT maJoritarul sistemas sistemas, romelSic gamarjvebuli partiebi iReben proporciulad met adgils, vidre maT miiRes xmebi arCevnebSi. es uzrdis Sanss calke mdgom partiebs Camoayalibon saparlamento umravlesoba da marTon damoukideblad. aseTi situacia damaxasiaTebelia did britaneTSi, sadac safuZvlianad gamyarda idea erTpartiuli mmarTvelobisa, radgan dawyebuli 1935 wlidan, arc erTi partia arasodes iRebda umravles xmebs arCevnebSi. meores mxriv, arsebobs proporciuli sistema, romelic garantias iZleva Tanaswor, an miaxloebiT Tanaswor urTierTmimarTebaSi xmebs Soris, romlebic miiRo partiam arCevnebSi. aseT sistemaSi mcirea SesaZlebloba erTpartiuli mTavrobis Camoyalibebisa. eleqtoraluri qceva _ eleqtoraluri qcevis problemebisadmi interesis zrda daemTxva biheviorizmis gavrcelebas politologiaSi. radganac xmis micema aris metnaklebad gavrcelebuli da sakmarisad mozomili forma politikuri qcevisa, amitom is gaxda obieqti saarCevno gamokvlevis da statistikuri analizis axali meTodebisa. bihevioristuli revoluciis apogeaSi bevrs sjeroda, rom xmis micemis Seswavla gaxdida gasagebs politikuri saidumloebebis amoxsnas da saSualebas miscemda masiuri politikurfsiqologiuri kanonebis Camoyalibebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am ocnebas axdena ar ewera, is mainc mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebda politikur analizSi. eleqtoralur qcevaze gavlenas axdens moklevadiani da grZelvadiani faqtorebi. moklevadian faqtorebSi. mTavari faqtori aris ekonomikis mdgomareoba arCevnebis dros, radgan qcevas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs mTavrobis popularobasa da iseT ekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris, rogoricaa umuSevroba, inflacia da mosaxleobis Semosavlebi. sxva moklevadiani faqtori partiuli lideris pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi reputaciaa. kidev erTi faqtori aris is, Tu rogor stilSi da ramdenad efeqturad atarebs partia Tavis winasaarCevno kampanias. kampania SeiZleba gagrZeldes sami kviridan or wlamde. am dros did rols TamaSobs sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi, romlis Sedegebs SeuZliaT partiis poziciis rogorc gazrda, ise Sesusteba. 158

bolo moklevadiani faqtori aris masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis (mis) roli, romelsac savsebiT SeuZlia qondes grZelvadiani mniSvneloba. Tu magaliTad konkretuli presis organoebis mflobelebi sistematurad gaaSuqeben movlenis ama Tu im tendencias. saWiroa imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom mTeli es Sexeduleba fass kargavs, Tu ki mas aviRebT fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri, ekonomikuri da ideologiuri faqtorebis konteqstis gareT. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT xmis micemis gansxvavebuli modelebi, maTgan mTavaria: I _ partiasTan identifikaciis modeli (party identification model) II _ sociologiuri modeli (sociological model) III _ racionaluri arCevis modeli (rational - choice model) IV _ gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli (dominant ideology model).

xmis micemis Teoriebi

partiasTan identifikaciis modeli _ aq TavSi dgas wminda fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, amomrCevlebi aq arian is xalxi, romlebic tradiciulad mxars uWers Tavis partias da xmis micema aris am damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba, magram ar aris Sedegi raime Sexedulebisa, dakavSirebuli ama Tu im politikur problemasTan, kandidatis pirovnebasTan, winasaarCevno kampaniis pirobebTan an masmediis gavlenasTan. dRes aSS-Si, did britaneTSi da sxva qveynebSi adamianebs aqvT adrindeli Cveuleba miuZRvnas Tavi ama Tu im partias, iseve, rogorc misces mas xma arCevnebis dros. sociologiuri modeli _ sociologiuri modeli akavSirebs adamianis eleqtoralur qcevas mis kuTvnilebasTan garkveul sazogadoebriv jgufTan da varaudobs, rom xmis micemis dros is Cveulebriv gayveba sqemas, romelic Seesabameba mocemuli jgufis ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas. es modeli mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis ufro gviandel kavSirebs, romelic aisaxeba arsebobaze gansxvavebul jgufebSi da kategoriebSi. am damokidebulebaSi metnaklebad mniSvnelovania faqtorebi: sazogadoebis dayofa klasobriv, sqesobriv, eTnikur, religiur jgufebad da teritoriuli kuTvnilebis safuZvelze. 159

racionaluri arCevis modeli _ modeli, romelic xsnis eleqtoralur qcevas amomrCevlis racionaluri arCeviT. aq aqcenti gadadis socializaciis procesidan da socialuri jgufebis fsiqologiis Taviseburebidan individze, xolo xmis micema aixsneba rogorc amomrCevlis racionaluri aqti, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs ama Tu im partiebs piradi interesis safuZvelze. sxva sityvebiT, xmis micema aris ubralod garkveuli miznis miRwevis saSualeba da ara ama Tu im politikuri poziciis, Tu Cvevis gamoxatuleba. gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli _ am models miekuTvneba eleqtoraluri qcevis radikaluri Teoriebi, romlebSic mTavari roli eniWeba ideologiuri mani pulirebis momentebs da amomrCevlis kontrols. es Teoriebi axloa sociologiur modelTan. am TeoriiT jgufebi da individebi TavianT mdgomareobas aRiqvamen imgvarad, rogorc maT unergavs ganaTlebis sistema, saxelmwifo da gansakuTrebiT _ masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi. mag. did britaneTSi klasobrivi ideologiis zegavlenis SemcirebasTan erTad gaizarda masmediis roli eleqtoralur qcevaze. Sedegebi aq aseTia: Tu amomrCevlis pozicia yalibdeba gabatonebuli odeologiiT, maSin partiebic atareben im politikas, romelic Seesabameba am ideologias.

mis legitimurobas, aZlevs sazogadoebas saSualebas TavianTi Sexedulebebis gamoxatvisa konkretul problemaze. referendumi warmoadgens saSualebas, romliTac SesaZlebelia rTuli konstituciuri kiTxvebis gadawyveta, aseve iseT problemebze sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxatva, romelic ar gamodis arCevnebze.

referendumis uaryofiTi mxareebia:

seriozuli politikuri masStabis gadawyvetilebis uflebas aZleven maT, vinc ufro ganaTlebulia da arian masobrivi informaciis moqmedebis qveS. afiqsireben sazogadoebriv azrs mxolod drois mokle monakveTSi. aZleven politikosebs politikuri informaciis manipulaciisa da rTuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis saSualebas. kiTxvebze romelsac ( sWirdeba calsaxa gadawyveta) `ki~ an `ara~ aqvT (orazrovani) azri. popur soveregenty. magram TvalSi sacemia maTi yaryofiTic. 1. amomrCevelTa SeniSvnebiT mWidrod boWaven ra warmomadgenlebs, es SeiZleba gaxdes konfliqtis wyaro. berkli amaze ambobda: `swored es iyo mosalodneli, roca parlamentis wevrebi moqmedeben ara rogorc xalxis warmomadgenlebi, aramed rogorc amomrCevelTa elCebi.~ 2. vinaidan profesional politikosebs ara aqvT damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, maTgan ar unda velodoT liderobas, rom araferi vTqvaT saxelmwifoebriv azrovnebaze. imis magivrad, rom gauZRve xalxs win, organizeba gauwio da sulierad gaaZliero isini, maT uwevT yvelaze karg SemTxvevaSi `gaaxmovanon~ TavianTi amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi, cud SemTxvevaSi - ki ubralod ar gaiTvaliswinon isini.

referendumi
es aris xmis micema, romelSic eleqtorati, rogorc wesi gamoixateba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi politikis gancalkevebuli sakiTxi. referendumi aris SesaZlebloba pirdapiri demokratiis arsenalidan da misi mizania sazogadoebriv institutze Sexedulebebis ara uaryofa, aramed misi damatebiTi mxardaWeris garantireba. referendumi SeiZleba iyos aucileblobiT nakarnaxevi. mas SeuZlia iqonios kanonSemoqmedi iniciativa da aseve sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetis organizeba. referendumis Zlieri mxare isaa, rom igi gansazRvravs arCeuli xelmZRvanelobis (mTavrobis) uflebebs. referendumi aris idea, romelic iuwyeba, rom xelisuflebis politika araa gancalkavebuli sazogadoebrivi azrisagan. igi uzrunvelyofs eleqtoratis politikur monawileobas ufro farTo moculobis informaciebSi da aZlierebs siste160

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daskvnebi
warmomadgenloba aris sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis forma, rodesac pirovneba an garkveuli jgufi sazogadoebis gacilebiT farTo speqtris saxeliT laparakobs an moqmedebs. warmomadgenlobis ufleba eniWema arCevnebis gziT xalxis mier arCeul delegats an sazogadoebis romelime rCeul pirs, an kidev rCeulTa jgufs. marTalia Tanamedrove realobaSi warmomadgenloba arCevnebs ukavSirdeba, magram politikuri warmomadgenlobisaTvis mxolod arCevnebi sakmarisi piroba ar aris. arCevnebis winapiroba unda iyos konkurentunarianoba, demokratiuli garemo, Tavisufleba, sayovelTao xmis ufleba da am xmebis dacva. Tu es ar aris warmomadgenloba mxolod formaluri xasiaTis matarebeli iqneba. arCevnebi demokratiuli politikuri cxovrebis aucilebeli pirobaa. arCevnebi uzrunvelyofs politikuri Tanamdebobebis dakavebas, warmomadgenlobiTi organos Sekrebas, mTavrobis dakompleqtebas. igi seriozul zegavlenas axdens politikur kursze. arCevnebi imavdroulad amyarebs legitimurobis xasiaTs da xels uwyobs politikuri elitis gaZlierebas. saarCevno sistemebSi gabatonebbuli mdgomareoba uWiravs maJoritarul an proporciul arCevnebs. maJoritarul sistemebSi didia erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis SesaZlebloba imitom, rom msxvili partiebi, Cveulebriv, miRebul xmebTan SedarebiT proporciulad met adgils ikaveben sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. proporciul sistemebSi SedarebiT Tanabari Sefardebaa mopovebuli adgilebsa da miRebul xmebs Soris, riTac koaliciuri mTavrobis albaToba sagrZnoblad matulobs. arCevnebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad individis `Seswavlis~ TvalsazrisiTac. igi pirdapir ukavSirdeba amomrCevlis gadawyvetilebebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs. arCevnebi amomrCevlis qcevis Semswavleli meqanizmia. igi naTels xdis imasac, Tu ramdenad moqmedebs ideologiuri wnexi amomrCevlis pirovnul arCevanze.

Tavi XII konstituciebi, kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo sistemebi 1970-ian wlebSi, konstitucionaluri problematika kvlav moeqca politologebis yuradRebis centrSi _ umetesad ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi, miRebuli iqna axali konstituciebi, xolo politikuri konfliqtebi, iq, sadac maT hqondaT adgili, xSirad mimdinareobda, qveyanaSi konstitucionaluri reformebis gatarebis moTxovniT. yovelive aman, TavisTavad gamoiwvia uflebrivi da sasamarTlo sistemebis gadaxaliseba, marTalia Teoriulad mosamarTleebi da sasamarTlo sistemebi, mkveTrad arian gamijnulni politikisagan, praqtikaSi, mraval qveyanaSi isini gardaiqmnen sakvanZo politikur institutebad, romlebic sul ufro met gavlenas axdenen sajaro politikaze.

konstituciebi
tradiciulad, konstitucias ganixilavdnen ori mniSvnelobiT: pirvel rigSi miiCneoda, rom isini zustad asaxavdnen arsebul marTvis sistemas da iZleodnen zogad warmodgenas sazogadoebis sakvanZo institutebisa da maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb, xolo meores mxriv, tradiciulad, igi ganixileboda rogorc liberaluri demokratiis qvakuTxedi da misi ganmsazRvreli niSani. magram orive warmodgena mcdaria. mTlianobaSi konstituciis mizania _ erTgvari `CarCoebis~ dadgena, romlis sazRvrebSic xorcieldeba mmarTvelobiTi da politikuri moRvaweoba, rac arsebiTad ar sruldeba. SegviZlia aviRoT nebismieri qveynis konstitucia da davinaxavT, rom aris raRac maTSi arasworad gamoTqmuli, mxedvelobidan gamorCenili. Tumca konstitucionalizmis idea mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli liberalur faseulobebTan. istoriis magaliTze Cven vxedavT, rom konstituciebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba iyos arademokratiuli da agreTve avtoritarulic, rogorc komunistur da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. maSin ratom iwyeba nebismieri mmarTvelobiTi sistemis analizi misi ZiriTadi kanonis ganxilviT? pasuxi aris mxolod erTi _ radganac, konstitucia Tavis mxriv war163

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moadgens, ukiduresad sayovelTao wesebis krebuls, romliTac funqcionirebs mocemuli politikuri sistema _ anu esaa is wesebi, romlebic `marTaven saxelmwifos~. msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor ayalibebs saxelmwifo mowesrigebul mmarTvelobas sazogadoebaSi, ise konstitucias Seaqvs stabiluroba da wesrigi saxelmwifo institutebis qmedebebSi. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mTavroba unda emorCilebodes raime wesebis krebuls, momdinareobs Soreuli warsulidan. amgvari istoriuli kodeqsebi cocxloben ideiT, rom yovelive miwieri unda emorCilebodes saRmrTo Zalebs: egvipteli faraonebi aRiarebdnen `samarTlianobis~ Zalauflebas sakuTar Tavze, Cineli imperatorebi _ zeciurs, israelis mefeebi _ `moses kanonebs~, xolo arabi xalifebi _ `SariaTis kanonebs~. arcTu iSviaTad, umaRlesi princi pebi xorcieldeboda Cveulebriv kanonebSi, magram isini ar warmoadgendnen konstituciebs, am sityvis dRevandeli gagebiT. 1787 w. pirveli `dawerili~ konstituciis miRebis Semdeg _ romelic iyo amerikuli konstitucia da franguli deklaracia: adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis~ Sesaxeb, ar iqneba Secdoma Tu vityviT, rom konstitucia XVIII saukunis produqtia. es dokumentebi warmoadgendnen nimuSebs sxva qveynebisaTvis da dResdReobiT maT magaliTze SegviZlia SeviswavloT is, Tu rogor iqmneboda droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva konstituciebi. konstituciis miReba TavisTavad warmoadgens seriozul gardatexas politikur procesebSi, romelic arcTu iSviaTad dakavSirebulia omTan, revoluciasTan, damoukideblobis mopovebasTan da a.S. axali konstitucia pirvel rigSi es aris axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebis saSualeba, mas Semdeg rac Zveli, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ganicdis marcxs.

konstituciebis klasifikacia
konstituciebis klasifikacias mravali safuZveli gaaCnia: _ konstituciis forma (aq gamoiyofa: dawerili da dauwereli, kodificirebuli da arakodificirebuli konstituciebi). _ arsebuli kanonis adaptaciis unari, cvalebadi politikuri mdgomareobis mimarT. 164

_ Tu ra xarisxiT sruldeba arsebuli kanoni (igi SeiZleba sruldebodes srulad, an atarebdes nominalur xasiaTs). _ konstituciis Sinaarsi da misgan dadgenili institutebis politikuri xasiaTi. (es SeiZleba iyos monarqiis an respublikis, federaluri an unitaruli saxelmwifos, saprezidento an saparlamento mmarTvelobis formis konstituciebi). umTavresad iTvleba sxvaoba daweril da dauwerel konstituciebs Soris. Teoriis Tanaxmad dawerili konstituciebi ganxorcielebulia kanonSi, xolo dauwereli _ Cveulebebsa da tradiciebSi. pirveli warmoadgens erTgvar faqtebs, radganac isini realurad arseboben, xolo meore, rogorc organuli sistemebi, TandaTanobiT viTardeba istoriis msvlelobis procesSi _ Tumca problemis amgvari gageba dResdReisobiT moZvelebulad iTvleba. kanonebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen umravles saxelmwifoebze, ZiriTadad warmoadgenen daweril konstituciebs, xolo dauwereli konstituciebi SemorCenilia 3 liberalur demokratiul saxelmwifoSi _ israelSi, axal zelandiasa da did britaneTSi, aseve iseT arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebicaa _ butani, saudis arabeTi da omani. amgvari `dayofa~ sakmaod pirobiTi da arazustia. arc erTi konstitucia ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos srulad `dawerilad~, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar moicavs mocemuli politikuri sistemis yvela mxares. minimumamdea iseTi konstituciebi, sadac moixsenieboda mainc politikuri partiebi da politikur interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebaSi da aseve ar arsebobs absoliturad `dauwereli~ konstituciebic, romlebic, saerTod ar eyrdnobian kanons da mxolod dauwereli wesebiT, CveulebebiTa da tradiciebiT cocxloben. sinamdvileSi yvela konstitucia Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens dawerili da dauwereli normebis speficikur kombinacias. iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi da germania, konstituciuri dokumentebi moqmedeben, rogorc kodeqsebi, romlebSic detaluradaa aRwerili politikuri institutebis kompetencia da movaleobebi _ aqcenti keTdeba daweril normebze: mag. aSS-s konstitucia, romelic Sedgeba 7000 sityvisagan, Zalian zogadad gansazRvravs saerTo princi pebs da gvaZlevs qveynis konstituciuri mowyobis `zogad~ sqemas. zogierTi realurad konstituciuri mniSvnelobis amerikuli institu165

ti, rogoricaa kongresis komitetebi, pirveladi arCevnebi da saxelmwifo samsaxuris organizacia, TavisTavad Camoyalibda istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. sxva konstituciebi, romelTac sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ver vuwodoT `dauwereli~, ufro metad eyrdnobian Cveulebrivi samarTlis elementebs (konvenciebs), mag. didi britaneTis ministrTa mier ganxorcielebuli `samefo prerogativa~, maTi individualuri da koleqtiuri movaleobebi parlamentis winaSe da a.S. _ mTlianad eyrdnoba dauwerel wesebs. mTel msoflioSi, ra Tqma unda, upiratesad miaCniaT dawerili konstituciebis arseboba, aqedan gamomdinare, ara marto Semcirda dauwereli konstituciebi, aramed iq, sadac isini kidev arsebobdnen, moxda maTi samarTlebrivi nawilis gafarToeba. mag: isarelSi 1948 w. saxelmwifos warmoqmna moxda yovelgvari ZiriTadi kanonis gareSe, qnesetma sakmaod swrafad miiRo gadawyvetileba, droTa ganmavlobaSi konstituciis miRebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. did britaneTSi ki, miRebuli iqna e.w. `proceduruli SekiTxvebi ministrebze~, romelmac moaxdina, manamde metad areuli konvenciebis formulireba. axal zelandiaSi 1986 w. miiRes konstituciuri aqti, romelmac gaaerTiana yvela arsebuli da erTmaneTTan mcired dakavSirebuli kanonebi da princi pebi, xolo 1990 wlidan aqti `uflebebis Sesaxeb~. ase rom, amgvari dayofa sakmaod pirobiTia da ufro naTlad warmosadgenia gansxvaveba arakodificirebul da kodificirebul konstituciebs Soris. kodificirebul konstituciebSi yvelaferi umniSvnelovanesi formulirebulia mxolod erT dokumentSi, romelsac vuwodebT `daweril konstituciebs~. isini ukve warmoadgenen kanonebs da maTi Sesruleba aucilebelia yvela politikuri institutisaTvis, romlebic Tavad iTvlebian kanonmdeblebad. aqedan gamomdinare, kodificirebuli konstitucia ayalibebs kanonTa ierarqias. unitarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs orsafexuriani kanonTa sistema, sadac konstitucia uzenaesia Cveulebriv kanonze, romelic miiReba sakanonmdeblo krebis mier. federalur saxelmwifoebSi amas emateba mesame safexuri ufro `dabali~ saxelmwifoebrivi an adgilobrivi kanonebis saxiT. meores mxriv kodificirebuli dokumentis statusi, SedarebiT maRalia, radganac uiSviaTesad xdeba masSi Sesworebebisa da damatebebis Setana. 166

minimaluria msoflioSi arakodicifirebuli konstituciebis raodenoba da amasTanave, isini sakmaod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. didi britaneTis konstitucia, romelic umjobesia ganvmartoT rogorc arakodificirebuli, magram nawilobriv dawerili konstitucia, eyrdnoba `wyaroTa~ mTel rigs, romelTaganac umniSvnelovanesad iTvleba: parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebi, CveulebiTi samarTali da yvela SesaZlo iuridiuli kvlevebi, romlebic ganmartaven dauwereli konstituciis elementebs. Tu politikur sistemas ar gaaCnia kodificirebuli konstitucia, es pirvel rigSi niSnavs, rom masSi parlamenti usityvo ZalauflebiTa da suverenitetiTaa gamoxatuli _ mas aqvs miniWebuli nebismieri kanonebis miRebis da masSi Sesworebis Setanis ufleba da saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobs sxva instituti, romelic uflebamosilia raime mxriv moaxdinos miRebuli kanonis cvlileba, an ugulvebelyofa. amgvari kanonmdebluri uflebebi gaaCnia qnesets israelSi da didi britaneTis parlaments, sadac es mdgomareoba didi xania sazogadoebis ganxilvis sagnad gadaiqca. konstituciebis klasifikacia, agreTve xdeba imis mixedviTac, Tu ramdenad `xisti~ an `moqnilia~ igi: ra procedurebis safuZvelze SeiZleba cvlilebebis da damatebebis Setana mocemul konstituciaSi? SeuZlia Tu ara mas Seesabamebodes cvalebad istoriul realobas? da a.S. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom kodificirebuli konstitucia araa moqnili, radganac igi mkacrad aris dafiqsirebuli qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi, xolo arakodificirebuli ki, moqnili da adaptirebadi, radganac misi Semadgeneli kanonebi miiReba Cveulebrivi kanonmdeblobiTi wesrigiT da bevri ram damokidebulia dauwerel wesebsa da mimdinare politikuri gamocdilebaze. konstituciis moqnilobis done SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari, rac ar dgas pirdapir kavSirSi imasTan, Tu ramdenad zustad aris gansazRvruli misi princi pebi da normebi. 1787 wlidan aSS-s konstituciam, miuxedavad masSi Setanili sxvadasxva cvlilebebisa, moaRwia dRevandelobamde, maSin, roca safrangeTs amave istoriul periodSi gaaCnda aranakleb 17 konstituciisa. SesworebaTa Setanis procedurebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari, sirTulis donis mixedviT. mag: avstraliaSi, daniaSi, irlandiaSi da espaneTSi, konstituciaSi cvlilebaTa Setanis an maTi ratifikaciisaTvis moiTxoveba 167

referendumis Catareba. sxva SemTxvevebSi amgvari cvlilebebis Setana SeuZlia saparlamento umravlesobas da rogorc, magaliTad Cawerilia germaniis ZiriTad kanonSi, konstituciuri Sesworebebis Setanisas aucilebelia mas xma misces erTdroulad bundestagisa da bundesratis orma mesamedma, xolo amerikaSi amisaTvis moiTxoveba kongresis orive palatis 2/3 da Statebis 3/4 (aSS-is konstituciaSi dRemde mxolod 26 Sesworeba Sevida). namdvilad moqmed konstituciad mxolod is konstitucia SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romelic akmayofilebs Semdeg erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul or kriteriums: 1) xelisuflebis praqtikuli moRvaweoba unda miesadagebodes konstituciis mdgomareobas; 2) konstitucia realurad unda zRudavdes (gansazRvrul CarCoebSi aqcevdes) xelisuflebis moqmedebebs. imisTvis, rom konstituciam imuSaos, unda visaubroT ara mxolod mis calkeul normebze, aramed im konstituciur reJimzec, romelsac sazogadoebaSi emorCileba yvela, xelisuflebis CaTvliT. aseve unda gvaxsovdes, rom metnaklebad yvela konstitucia irRveva. zogierT maTgans SeiZleba vuwodoT nominaluri konstitucia: maTi Sinaarsi zustad asaxavs mocemul qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis sistemas, magram ar warmoadgens raime realur `winaRobas~ mTavrobisaTvis. mag: iseT komunistur qveynebs, rogoricaa sabWoTa kavSiri, qondaT konstitucia, romelSic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, cxaddeboda partiis monopolia Zalauflebaze. amgvari konstituciebi ar moqmedebdnen, radganac igive partia mkacrad akontrolebda umaRles sasamarTlo instanciebs, romelnic formalurad konstituciis Sesrulebas aqcevdnen yuradRebas. sxva mTavrobebSi konstituciebs xSirad gaaCniaT mxolod `fasaduri~ xasiaTi da asruleben propagandistul rols, aq konstitucia da politikuri praqtika sruliad gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan. amgvari situacia damaxasiaTebelia diqtatorul da avtoritarul mTavrobebSi. konstituciebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi safuZvelia maTi Semadgenloba _ Sinaarsi da kidev is, Tu zustad romel institucionalur struqturas ayalibeben isini sazogadoebaSi. upiratesad es aris monarqiis da respublikis konstituciebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Zalaufleba realurad aris memkvidre mmarTvelis xelSi, xolo respublikaSi Zalaufleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas. 168

aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT saprezidento da saparlamento konstituciebi. aq mniSvnelovania urTierTdamokidebuleba aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris. saparlamento sistemebSi aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs sakanonmdeblo Stodan da angariSvaldebulia masTan, xolo saprezidento sistemebSi orive Sto, Zalauflebis gadanawilebis princi pis Sesabamisad, erTimeorisgan damoukideblad funqcionirebs. bolos ki, pluralisturi da monopolisturi konstituciebi. pirveli damaxasiaTebelia ti piuri liberaluri demokratiisTvis, sadac Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia sazogadoebaSi, meore ki, komunisturi da avtoritaruli mTavrobebisaTvis, sadac Zalaufleba ganuyoflad, Tumca ki formaluri normebis dacviT, miekuTvneba mmarTvel partias an belads, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom konstituciis arseboba ar niSnavs, rom qveyanaSi sruldeba konstitucionalizmis principi.

konstituciis miznebi
konstitucia umniSvnelovanesia organizaciebis mmarTvelobisaTvis, magram ismis kiTxva: ratom aris mTavrobebisa da institutebis funqcionireba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli konstituciis gareSe? SekiTxvis sirTulec isaa, rom sinamdvileSi konstitucias ar gaaCnia raime formulirebuli mizani, mas SeiZleba hqondes ramodenime funqcia da isini SeiZleba emsaxurebodnen gansxvavebul miznebs: _ saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra. _ sayovelTao faseulobebisa da miznebis dadgena. _ mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa. _ TavisuflebaTa dacva. _ reJimebis legitimacia.

saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra

konstitucia, es aris damoukidebeli saxelmwifos erTgvari `savizito baraTi~ _ raRac iseTi, raSic igi gamoxatavs sakuTar moTxovnebs damoukideblobasa da suverenitetze. ax169

ali saxelmwifos warmoqmna, damoukideblobis mopoveba, didi saxelmwifos daSla, an ramodenime patara saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba, yovelTvis mimdinareobs axali konstituciis SemuSavebiTa da miRebiT. SeiZleba aseve iTqvas, rom saxelmwifoebi mxolod maSin iqmnebian, rodesac isini iReben konstitucias, radganac mis gareSe isini arc erT teritoriaze ar floben iurisdiqcias da arc saxelmwifo meqanizms, romelsac unari aqvs ganaxorcielos es iurisdiqcia.

uflebebis dacva
liberaluri demokratiis saxelmwifoebSi TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom konstituciis umTavresi mizani aris, ase Tu ise SezRudos saxelmwifos moRvaweobis sfero, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis dacviT, _ anu konstitucia es aris mmarTvelobis erTgvari SezRudva. konstituciebi realurad Seicaven saxelmwifosa da individs Soris amgvar urTierTdamokidebulebas, riTac mmarTvelobiTi Zalauflebis sfero mkacrad gamijnulia individualuri Tavisuflebis sferosagan, es ki miiRweva moqalaqeTa uflebebis da Tavisuflebis gansazRvriT.

saerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgena

konstitucia, ara marto saxavs saxelmwifos saerTo princi pebs, aramed moicavs politikuri faseulobebis, idealebis da miznebis farTo speqtrs, amitomac konstitucia ar SeiZleba iyos politikurad neitraluri, igi yovelTvis gamsWvalulia aSkara an faruli ideologiuri SinaarsiT. konstituciis avtorebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen CaedoT, maT mier Seqmnil reJimebSi, raime saerTo faseulobebis krebuli, miswrafebebi da arsebuli politikis Taviseburi leqsikoni. xSir SemTxvevaSi es miznebi formulirebulia konstituciis preambulaSi _ nacionaluri ideebis Tavisebur deklaraciaSi. es idealebi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri demokratiis, Tavisuflebis, saxelmwifos sayovelTao keTildReobis miznebisadmi erTgulebiT dawyebuli, socializmis, federalizmis da islamis gamarjvebisaTvis brZoliT damTavrebuli.

r eJimebis

legitimacia

konstituciis kidev erTi funqciaa mocemuli politikuri sistemis legitimaciis saSualebebi da miznebi, ris gamoc mas iReben iseTi reJimis qveynebSic, sadac mas mxolod formaluri, an sulac fasaduri roli akisria. legitimaciur process aqvs ori ganzomileba. konstituciis arseboba, TiTqmis aucilebeli winapirobaa saerTaSoriso gaerTianebaSi yofnis da am saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifoTa mxridan aRiarebisaTvis.

raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba? mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa

konstituciebi _ uflebamosilebis, valdebulebebis da funqciebis Tavisebur monaxazs warmoadgenen. mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebis, valdebulebis da funqciebis gadanawilebas sxvadasxva institutebs Soris, konstitucias organizaciul reJimSi ayenebs, riTac es konstituciebi axdenen sxvadasxva politikuri organizaciebis urTierTdamokidebulebis formulirebas da reglamentirebas, amasTanave uzrunvelyofen SesaZlebeli uTanxmoebebis da konfliqtebis gadawyvetas. 170 is, rom konstitucia mniSvnelovania, TavisTavad cxadia, ivaraudeba, rom nebismieri konstitucia, marto imiTacaa kargi, rom Semoaqvs politikuri stabiluroba sazogadoebaSi, zRudavs xelisuflebas, saimedod icavs uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas. amgvari rwmena, arsad ise ar aris ganviTarebuli, rogorc aSS-Si, romelic lui hartlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT `konstituciur kultamde~ midis. drodadro es rwmena seriozuli gamocdis winaSe dgeba, rogorc magaliTad uotergeitis skandalis SemTxvevaSi, roca gairkva, rom 1972 w. saarCevno kampaniisas, prezidenti niqsoni TeTri saxlis maRalCinosani TanamSromlebis ukanono qmedebebs malavda. niqsonis gadadgomam 1974 w., mis Semcvlel, jerald fords misca ufleba gamoecxadebina, rom maTi konstitucia muSaobs, ri171

Tac gaimeora konstitucionalizmis mTavari postulati, rom maT aqvT kanonebis da ara xalxis mTavroba. konstituciebi `muSaobs~ gansazRvrul viTarebaSi. isini realurad urunvelyofen sakuTar miznebs mxolod maSin, roca es miznebi moqceulia mTel rig socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul faqtorebTan erTian konteqstSi. ZiriTadad aq mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis politikuri kulturis faqtori. pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri Sejibris princi pis uzrunvelmyofeli konstituciuri normebi, SeiZleba sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes iseTi sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze ar gascdenia koleqtiuri tradiciebis sazRvrebs, ufro metad ki maSin, rodesac aseT saxelmwifoebs jer kidev ar gadauwyvetiaT ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis pirveladi amocanebi. meore sakvanZo faqtoria sruldeba Tu ara konstitucia sazogadoebis mmarTveli wreebis mier da Seesabameba Tu ara igi sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebsa da faseulobebs. aq Cven vxelmZRvanelobT vaimaris respublikis konstituciiT germaniaSi: miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi formulirebuli iyo sakmaod STambeWdavi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis krebuli, igi uaryofili iqna 1930-ian wlebSi, roca hitlerma daiwyo nacisturi diqtaturis damyareba. mizezi erTia: vaimaris reJimis demokratiuli buneba aramarto ewinaaRmdegeboda nacistebis miswrafebas, aramed man ver miiRo gamoxmaureba, ekonomikuri krizisisa da warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis ideis mimarT gulgrilad ganwyobili sazogadoebisagan. indoeTSi, 1975-77 ww. da pakistanSi general ziaul-xakis periodSi 1977-81 ww-ebSi, konstituciebi ar moqmedebdnen, saomari mdgomareobis gamo, armiis interesebi aq aRmoCnda ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre konstituciuri detalebi. da bolo faqtoria konstituciuri adaptacia, unari SeinarCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba, yvela da yvelanairi politikuri mdgomareobis pirobebSi. konstitucia unda iyos sakmaod moqnili, raTa SeinarCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba xangrZlivad, magram ara usasrulod. moqnili, radganac winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saerTod aRar iqneba igi konstitucia. magaliTad aSS-s konstitucia, Tavidanve flobda Tavisuflebis sakmao dones, raTa gadaelaxa sakuTari naklovanebebi. amitomac, mmarTvelobiTma sistemam gamoimuSava drois moTxovnebze Seguebis unari, Sesworebebis miRebis meqanizmma ki, SesaZlebeli gaxada qveynis politikuri 172

interesebis demokratiazacia. XX s. kanonTa gadaxedvis sistemis meSveobiT, gafarTovda prezidentis xelisufleba, moxda Zalauflebis gadanawileba federaluri centris sasargeblod da ufro meti prioriteti mieniWa individis uflebriv mdgomareobas. yvela es cvlileba ganxorcielda erTi konstituciis sazRvrebSi da misi ZiriTadi princi pebi, ganaxlebul mdgomareobaSi, xelSeuxeblad SenarCunda.

samarTali, morali da politika

urTierTdamokidebuleba samarTalsa da morals Soris politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli problemaa. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom samarTali da morali radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. samarTali _ socialuri kontrolis yvelaze moxerxebuli formaa, igi gvkarnaxobs, ra SeiZleba da risi keTeba ikrZaleba. morali, samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, exeba eTikuri wesrigis sakiTxeba, ra aris `kargi~ da ra `cudi~, rogor unda moviqceT da rogor ara. kanoni obieqturia _ es sazogado realobaa. morali subieqturia _ igi adamianis sindisis sakiTxia. platonisa da aristotelesgan momdinare, bunebrivi samarTlis Teoriebi yovelTvis arsebobdnen im princi piT, rom samarTali eyrdnoba, an unda eyrdnobodes ama Tu im moralur safuZvels. im uzarmazari rolis mixedviT, romelsac kanoni sazogadoebaSi TamaSobs, gasagebia, rom samarTals agreTve eniWeba udidesi politikuri mniSvneloba, mwvave debatebis sagani yovelTvis iyo is, Tu rogor Seesabameba, an unda Seesabamebodes igi politikas. samarTlis roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daculi iyos sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri da ar moxdes zewola maT Tavisuflebebze da uflebebze, radganac amgvari mfarveloba vrceldeba yvela adamianze da aseve mTel sazogadoebaze. liberalizmis Tanaxmad, samarTali iZens principulad neitralur xasiaTs da am gagebiT igi politikaze `zemdgomia~. klasikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, kidev erTi problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu kanonis umTavresi mizani aris adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebis dacva, imavdroulad unda xdebodes Tavad kanonis moqmedebis sferos SezRudva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kanoni `kargia~ mxolod maSin, roca igi afarToebs da ar zRudavs adamianis Tavisuflebas. 173

samarTalze gansxvavebul Sexedulebas gvTavazoben konservatiuli moZRvrebis Teoretikosebi. aq ganixileba azri imis Sesaxeb, rom wesrigi da kanoni im donezea erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom moxda maTi erTgvari Serwymac. tradicia eyrdnoba or wyaros. pirveli Rrmad pesimisturia. esaa hobsiseuli tradicia, romelic amtkicebda, rom adamians sicocxlis bolomde gaaCnia samudamo da dauokebeli Zalauflebis wyurvili. meore motivi efuZneba azrs, rom sazogadoebrivi stabiluroba damokidebulia imaze, gaaCniaT Tu ara adamianebs erTnairi faseulobebi da saerTo kultura. am poziciis klasikur gamoxatulebad iqca patrik devlinis wigni `iZuleba moralisken~, sadac mtkicdeba, rom sazogadoebas gaaCnia sruli ufleba, xeli Seuwyos `sazogadoebriv morals~ kanonebis meSveobiT. masSi sazogadoeba uflebamosilia daculi iyos imisgan, rasac ewodeba `aratradiciuli moqcevis saSualebebi~ _ msgavsad homoseqsualizmis da narkomaniisa. 1980-90-ian wlebSi `axalma memarjveneebma~ daikaves amasTan Zalian axlo pozicia, `tradiciuli moralisa~ da `saojaxo faseulobebis~ win wamowevT da moTxovniT, rom yvelaferi miekuTvneba samarTlebriv dacvas.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba
sasamarTlo xelisufleba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis nawilia, romelic saWiroa problemaTa samarTliani gadawyvetisaTvis. mosamarTleTa umTavres daniSnulebad samarTlis dacva iTvleba, maT mier xdeba kanonis `konstruireba~. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis daniSnuleba sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba saxelmwifo da politikur sistemebSi. ZiriTadad, igi mniSvnelovania kodificirebuli konstituciis mqone saxelmwifoebSi, sadac sasamarTlo xelisufleba ganmartavs konstitucias da amasTanave ganixilavs konfliqtebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifo institutebsa da aseve saxelmwifosa da individs Soris. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mniSvneloba dReisaTvis izrdeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mzardi mniSvnelobis gamoc. aq Semdegi institutebi moqmedeben: gaeros sasamarTlo organo aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo haagaSi _ forumi, sadac 174

saxelmwifoTa Soris dava da dapirispireba ganixileba. radganac saerTaSoriso samarTali dafuZnebulia saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis princi pze, es sasamarTlo procesi imarTeba mxolod konfliqtis yvela mxareTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom aaRorZina niurnbergis tribunalis idea (1945-46), romlis mixedviTac sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna xorcieldeba saomari danaSaulis an kacobriobis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis gamo. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom warmoadgina braldebebi da miaRwia mTeli rigi pirovnebebis dapatimrebas. maT Soris iyo iugoslaviis yofili prezidenti, slobodan miloSeviCi. amas garda, arsebobs mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi, romelTac gaaCniaT regionaluri iurisdiqcia, rogoricaa evrosasamarTlo luqsemburgSi da evrosasamarTlo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganxriT strasburgSi. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Tviseba da liberalur-demokratiul sistemebSi misi mTavari ganmsazRvreli niSani aris is, rom mosamarTleebi warmoadgenen sruliad damoukidebel da arapolitikur figurebs. maTi unari, iyvnen politikaze `maRla~, ganixileba, rogorc pirveladi garantia imisa, rom samarTali realurad gancalkevebulia politikisagan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sasamarTlo xelisuflebis araswori gagebaa. umjobesia, igi ganixilebodes, rogorc politikuri da ara ubralod samarTlebrivi instituti, romelic arCevs konfliqtebs da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT. maT gadawyvetilebebs yovelTvis gaaCniaT esa Tu is politikuri mniSvneloba. Tumca, am sakiTxebTan aris ori arcTu sabolood `pasuxgacemuli~ SekiTxva, romlebic xSirad xdeba diskusiis sagani. pirveli _ warmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikur figurebs? da meore _ qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas, anu iWrebian Tu ara isini sakuTari gadawyvetilebebiT politikosebis kompetenciaSi?

warmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikur figurebs?

iyo da aris saxelmwifoebi, sadac arasdros ar uTqvamT, rom maTi sasamarTlo aris neitraluri da miukerZoebeli. orTodoqsuli komunisturi reJimebis dros `socialisturi 175

kanonierebis~ princi pi niSnavda, rom sasamarTlo ganmartavs kanons `marqsizm-leninizmis~ stilSi. am sistemaSi mosamarTleebi iyvnen ubralo paikebi, romelnic emsaxurebodnen reJimis politikur da ideologiur miznebs, rac metnaklebad gamovlinda 1930-ian wlebSi ssrk-s `sajaro procesebis~ dros. amgvari ideologiuri zewolis da politikuri devnis instituts warmoadgenda germanuli sasamarTlo nacizmis wlebSi. sxva saxelmwifoebSi, mosamarTleebisgan yovelTvis moelodnen umkacres politikur neitralitets. iq, sadac udidesia liberaluri konstitucionalizmis zegavlena, kanonis avtoriteti zustadac rom dakavSirebulia mis arapolitikur xasiaTTan da igi xorcieldeba damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli mosamarTleebis mier. unda gvesmodes, rom politika SeiZleba SeiWras sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSic. problemas gaaCnia `Sida~ da `gare~ aspeqti. `gare~ _ mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mosamarTleebze SeiZleba moaxdinon zewola politikurma institutebma _ partiebma, sakanonmdeblo krebebma da a.S., xolo `Sida~ _ imaSi, rom mosamarTleebs SeiZleba hqondeT wminda politikuri xasiaTis simpatiebi an anti patiebi. gare aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs `sasamarTlo damoukideblobis~ princi pi (judicial independence) da miCneulia, rom mosamarTleebi mkacrad emorCilebian mas. liberaluri demokratiis umravles saxelmwifoebSi, sasamarTlo sistemis damoukidebloba uzrunvelyofilia imiTac, rom mosamarTleTa Tanamdeboba saimedodaa daculi (ar SeiZleba misi ubralo gaTavisufleba) da sazogadoebaSi, ase Tu ise SezRudulia mosamarTleebisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa Ria kritika. sasamarTloTa damoukidebloba SeiZleba iyos komprometirebuli im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac politikuri institutebi, sakmaod mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni mosamarTleTa rekrutirebasTan da karieristuli winsvlis procesebTan (mag. dRevandel saqarTveloSi). aSS-Si, mosamarTles Tanamdeboba ukavia samudamod Tu ki igi ar arRvevs `Rirseuli qcevis~ normebs. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi iniSnebian prezidentis da mtkicdebian senatis mier. 1930-ian wlebSi, ruzveltsa da sasamarTlos Soris uTanxmoebis dros, praqtikaSi TandaTanobiT Semovida umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa daniSnvis wminda politikuri princi pi: prezidenti irCevs kandidaturebs, maTi partiuli kuTvnilebis da ideologiuri erTgulebis mixedviT. 176

amave safuZvliT, senati uflebamosilia daamtkicos an ar daamtkicos isini. 1954-69 ww. aSS-Si umaRlesi sasamarTlos liberaluri da 1969 wlidan, ufro konservatiuli tendenciebi, ganpirobebuli iyo zemoqmedebis gare faqtorebiT. did britaneTSi mosamarTleebi, agreTve iniSnebodnen mocemul momentSi arsebuli mTavrobis mier, xolo ufrosi mosamarTleebi lord-kancleris rekomendaciiT, premier-ministris mier. dauwereli wesebis mixedviT, amgvari daniSvna unda xdebodes sruliad miukerZoeblad. Tumca saqmeSi xSirad iWreba wminda politikuri motivebi, rogorc es moxda konservatiuli partiis yofili mrCevlis da profkavSirebis uflebrivi SezRudvis momxre, lord donaldsonis SemTxvevaSi. yvelaze metad garegan politikur zegavlenas eqvemdebareba konstituciuri sasamarTlo safrangeTSi. franguli politikuri sistemis specifikidan gamomdinare, mas ukavia myari poziciebi, rogorc sakanonmdeblo krebis, aseve mTavrobasTan mimarTebaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, mas SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba, ama Tu im aqtis arakonstituciurobis Sesaxeb. am sasamarTlos wevrebi, ufro xSirad arian gamocdili politikosebi, vidre profesionali iuristebi. safrangeTis prezidenti, nacionaluri krebis da senatis Tavmjdomareebi, TiToeuli Tavisi mxridan, warmoadgenen dasaniSnad sasamarTlo Semadgenlobis mesamed nawils _ umetesad partiuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. iaponiaSi, umaRles sasamarTlos niSnavs ministrTa kabineti, xolo umaRlesi mosamarTleebi, romelTac waradgens kabineti, gadian daniSvnis proceduras imperatorTan. sasamarTlo damoukidebloba, erTi problemaa, meorec, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas yovelTvis aqvs sakuTari Sida tendenciebi, romlebic gamoxatavs mosamarTleTa kulturas da faseulobaTa orientacias. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania ara mxolod is, Tu rogor xdeba mosamarTleTa rekrutireba, aramed is, Tu vis Semosaven mosamarTlis mantiiT. socialistebis mxridan, ukve didi xania ismis kritika sasamarTlo sistemis misamarTiT, rom igi asaxavs mocemul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul faseulobebs da amitom atarebs Sinagan tendenciebs, arsebuli politikuri da socialuri wesrigis gaZlierebisadmi. amave tendenciaze muSaobs sasamarTlos socialuri Semadgenloba da saerTod is statusi, rac am profesias gaaCnia sazogadoebaSi. grifitma aCvena, rom aseTi konservatoru177

li tendencia, yovelTvis iyo didi britaneTis maRal eSelonebSi da igi momdinareobs umaRlesi sasamarTlos socialuri erTferovnebidan. mosamarTleTa zogadi portretia _ TeTrkaniani mamakaci, umaRlesi saSualo klasidan, romelmac daamTavra privilegirebuli saSualo skola. Semdeg ki oqsfordi. bevrs saubroben imis Sesaxeb, rom mosamarTleebs aqvT amoCemebuli damokidebuleba _ qalebis, eTnikuri umciresobebis da saerTod nebismieri sazogadoebrivi jgufisadmi, romelic araadekvaturadaa warmodgenili mosamarTleTa korpusSi. sxva magaliTia aSS-s umaRlesi sasamarTlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1950-iani wlebidan masSi yovelTvis iyo afroamerikeli mosamarTle, xolo dResdReobiT ori mosamarTle _ qalia, misi SemadgenlobisaTvis exlac damaxasiaTebelia anglosaqsuri warmoSobis TeTrkaniani mamakaci, protestanti umaRlesi an saSualo fenis warmodgenili. zogierT saxelmwifoSi, mag. avstraliaSi iyo mcdeloba, sasamarTlo eqciaT socialurad ufro reprezentaciulad. 1980 wlidan mosamarTleebi aq rekrutireben, ara marto profesionali iuristebidan, aramed akademiuri wreebidanac, magram aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos kritikosebic ki aRiareben, rom aseTi ti pis eqsperimentebi SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveul zRvramde da sasamarTlos, sazogadoebis mikrokosmosad qceva Seiwiravs im profesionalizms da gamocdilebas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia sasamarTlo korporaciisaTvis.

qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?

mosamarTlis, rogorc kanonis ubralo msaxuris `xati~, yovelTvis miTi iyo. arc erT kanons, iuridiul termins an princi ps, ar aqvs erTi romelime yvelasaTvis naTeli mniSvneloba. mosamarTleebi ganmartaven kanonebs da imavdroulad, awydebian maT mravalricxovan gagebas da SesaZlo axsnas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli kanoni iseTia, rogorsac mas xedavs an axorcielebs mosamarTle, magram praqtikaSi, ra Tqma unda, mosamarTleebs ar aqvT kanonTa `TviTneburi~ ganmartebis sruli Tavisufleba da TviTon kanonic arasdros aris iseTi bundovani, rom igi ise ganmarto, rogorc mogesurveba. yvelaferi damokidebulia or faqtorze. pirveli, es aris kanonis sizuste da detaluroba zogadi wesebiT. rac ufro farToa 178

kanonebis da konstituciuri normebis formulireba, miT meti Tavisuflebaa maTi ganmartebisaTvis. meore faqtori, es aris kodificirebuli an dawerili konstituciis arseboba an ararseboba. am dokumentis arseboba yovelTvis zrdis mosamarTleTa korporaciis statuss, Semoaqvs ra iseTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi, rogoricaa kanonis gadaxedva, konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis an Seusabamobis safuZvelze. miuxedavad imisa, rom am meqanizmis Canasaxebi aRiniSneba XVII s-is dasawyisSi inglisSi, igi mainc ufro amerikuli `aRmoCena~ da msoflioSi pirveli dawerili konstituciis Sedegia. Tumca, aSS-s konstituciaSi ar aris miniSneba kanonTa gadaxedvis Sesaxeb, igi mainc iZleva garkveul safuZvels amasTan dakavSirebiT. logikurad, Tu saxelmwifo institutebs miewerebaT qcevis samarTlebrivi standartebi, maSin arsebobs am yvelaferze dakvirvebis pirdapiri aucilebloba da ar arsebobs amisTvis ukeTesi instituti, vidre sasamarTlo (ufro zustad, umaRlesi sasamarTlo). es sistema amuSavda 1803 wels, roca umaRlesma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze gamoitana gadawyvetileba, rom `romeliRac kanoni~ 1789 wlidan, SeusabamobaSia aSS-s konstituciasTan. aman, umaRlesi sasamarTlo, robert dalis TqmiT, gadaaqcia politikur institutad, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebebs nacionaluri politikis sadavo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. amerikis istoriaSi, sakmaod naTlad Cans umaRlesi sasamarTlos politikuri roli. mag. XIX s-is dasasrulsa da XX s-is dasawyisSi, umaRlesma sasamarTlom, romelic saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Caurevlobis ideologiis gavleniT moqmedebda, miiRo mTeli rigi gadawyvetilebebi, romliTac Semcirda sakanonmdeblo roli ekonomikurad Sesustebuli sazogadoebrivi fenebis socialur mxardaWeraze, saxeldobr, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, man dabloka ruzveltis `axali kursi~. aucilebeli gaxda `sasaxlis gadatrialeba~ 1937 wels. Semdeg moxda `axali kursis~ momxre mosamarTleTa daniSvna, raTa umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT momxdariyo saxelmwifos garkveuli monawileoba ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv saqmeianobaSi. 1950-60-ian wlebSi, umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiRo mTeli rigi seriozuli gadawyvetilebebi, skolebSi rasobrivi segregaciis gauqmebasTan da qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebis, raodenobrivi Semadgenlobis gaTanabrebasTan dakavSirebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi sasa179

marTlo win miuZRoda kongressa da TeTr saxls da zogjer ukvalavda gzas sxva kanonmdeblobebs, rogorc es iyo 1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT. SemdgomSi umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, abortis kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb da es moxda maSin, roca yvela arCeuli xelisufleba uars acxadebda am metad saCoTiro problemis ganxilvaze. Tumca im drois sasamarTlo aqtivizmma iklo, mas Semdeg, rac ganxorcielda konservatoruli daniSvnebi, respublikeli prezidentebis _ niqsonis, reiganis da ufrosi buSis mier, magram sruliad mainc ar Semcirda umaRlesi sasamarTlos gavlena, rac gamoixateboda sikvdiliT dasjisadmi gamudmebul winaaRmdegobaSi da abortis SezRudvebis TandaTanobiTi SemotaniT. magram yvelaze maRali politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo floridis umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba 2000 wlis dekemberSi, roca saprezidento arCevnebis sakamaTo Sedegebi jorj buS umcrosis sasargeblod gadawyda. am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT, analitikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom umaRlesma sasamarTlom sazogadoebis arCevanis dezavuireba moaxdina. sasamarTlo sistemis sirTulis uaRresad saintereso magaliTia dava indira gandisa da indur sasamarTloebs Soris 70-ian wlebSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom indoeTs gaaCnia sakuTari dawerili konstitucia, aq mainc ar iyo miRweuli saWiro balansi, sasamarTlo instanciasa da vestministrul saparlamento sistemebs Soris. upasuxa ra, mzard sazogadoebriv kritikas, romelic mimarTuli iyo indira gandis mmarTvelobis avtokratiuli stilisadmi, indoeTis umaRlesma sasamarTlom 1975 w. mas brali dasdo arCevnebis dros Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebaSi da auwya xuTi wliT Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca sasamarTlom SeaCera sakuTari gadawyvetileba, indira gandim mokle droSi gamoacxada saomari mdgomareoba, riTac gauCnda SesaZlebloba, daepatimrebina asobiT politikuri oponenti da SemoeRo umkacresi cenzura. sasamarTlo mTlianad daubrunda sakuTar saqmes mxolod maSin, roca 1977 wlis martSi, gauqmda saomari mdgomareoba, ris Semdegac igi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT moqmedebda da arasdros Sedioda Ria konfrontaciaSi arsebul xelisuflebasTan. sasamarTlo moRvaweobis politikuri mxare, ufro naklebadaa gamoxatuli iq, sadac kodificirebuli konstitucia 180

ar aris. mizezi erTia, dauwereli konstituciebis arsebobisas, sasamarTlo moklebulia samarTlebrivi standartis im safuZvels, razec SeiZleba Semowmdes konstituciuria Tu ara esa Tu is politikuri aqti an samTavrobo gadawyvetileba mainc. aucilebelia gvesmodes, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ufleba kanonTa gadaxedvis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas SezRudul masStabebSic, mag. ama Tu im ministris qmedebis arakonstituciurad gamocxadebisaTvis.

daskvnebi
konstitucia warmoadgens saxelmwifos uzenase kanons, romlis mizania saxelisuflebo institutebis daniSnulebisa da ufleba-movaleobebis dadgena da urTierTobaTa gansazRvra saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris. konstituciis daniSnulebaa saxelmwifo Zalauflebis legitimacia, kerZo moqalaqeTa dacva saxelmwifos mxriv Zaladobisagan, saxelisuflebi miznebisa da Rirebukebebis gamokveTa. konstituciasa da realur politikas Soris sxvaoba udavoa. konstitucia qmediTia mxolod maSin, roca mas politikuri kultura umagrebs zurgs, roca mas icaven da pativs scemen mmarTvelebi, roca igi exmianeba gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebs da SesaZlebeli xdeba misi SeTavseba cvalebad politikur garemoebebTan. kanonmdeblobis politikisagan gamocalkeveba marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da arapartiulobis dacviT xerxdeba. Tumca, es damoukidebloba arcTu ise ioli misaRwevia _ marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis procesSi politikuri institutebis xSiri Carevis Sedegad. politikur procesebSi mosamarTleTa Carevas xels uwyobs isic, rom am kanonTa Semdgenelni xSirad Tavad isini arian. mosamarTleebis gavlena imis mixedviT ganizomeba, ramdenad mkafiod da detaluradaa Camoyalibebuli kanoni, ramdenad iZleva interpretaciis saSualebas, dawerili Tu dauwereli konstitucia moqmedebs qveyanaSi; da aqvT Tu ara mosamarTleebs samarTlebrivi Sesworebis Setanis ufleba miniWebuli. 181

Tavi XIII sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba politikur leqsikonSi arsebobs uamravi saxis termini, romlebic aRniSnaven sakanonmdeblo politikur institutebs (kongresi aSS-Si, erovnuli kreba safrangeTSi, warmomadgenlobiTi palata iaponiaSi, parlamenti singapurSi, deputatTa kongresi espaneTSi da sxv.). politikuri terminis rangSi sityva `asamblea~ (anu Sekvra) Cveulebriv asocirdeba warmomadgenlobasTan da warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobasTan. frangul enaSi is yvelaze axlos aris sityvasTan `xalxi~, amitom zogjer am termins iyeneben mxolod qveda, xalxis mier arCeul orpalatian parlamentSi (mag. pakistanSi, safrangeTSi). ZiriTadad funqcionirebs sami saxelisuflo Sto: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi

me-14 s. inglisSi Seiqmna ori palata: TemTa palata da lordTa palata: pirvelSi warmodgenilia raindebi da burJuebi, meoreSi lordebi da samRvdeloeba. parlamentis uzenaesobis princi pi _ parlamentis xelisuflebis upiratesoba samefo gvirgvinTan _ damtkicda 1688 wlis revoluciiT, xolo angariSvaldebuleba mTavrobisa parlamentis winaSe _ saarCevno uflebis ganviTarebis mixedviT. analogiuri saparlamento sistemebi aRmocendnen iseT saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebic arian germania, Svecia, indoeTi, iaponia, axali zelandia da avstralia. am sistemebis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Serwyma: aq mTavrobas `saparlamento~ xasiaTi aqvs, ramdenadac is formirdeba parlamentis wevrebisagan da angariSvaldebulia mis winaSe. am sistemis Rirseba is aris, rom is uzrunvelyofs sakmaod Tavisuflad funqcionirebad da amasTan erTad pasuxismgebel mTavrobas (responsible goverment). mTavroba Tavisulad funqcionirebs imdenad, ramdenadac is eyrdnoba parlamentis ndobas da swored amitom is xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod advilad iRebs saWiro kanonebs. mokled, am sistemiT mas SeuZlia mSvidad `Seudges saqmes~. is agreTve warmoadgens pasuxismgebel mTavrobas, ramdenadac marTavs, sanam igi parlamentis ndobiT sargeblobs. Teoriulad bolo sityva yovelTvis ekuTvnis parlaments, ramdenadac mas ufleba aqvs gadaayenos mTavroba. samwuxarod, saparlamento sistemebi xSirad molodins ar amarTleben, aris ra Tqma unda, gamonaklisebi. mag: Svecia, sadac ganviTarebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo asambleis (pukcgas) konsultaciebs aqvT udidesi politikuri poziciebi, raTa daarRvios mTavrobis muSaobis mSvidi ritmi. saparlamento xelisuflebas umravles SemTxvevaSi mudmivad Tan sdevs problema _ `saaRmasruleblo elementis batonoba~. did britaneTSi, mkacri politikuri disci plinis da disproporciuli saarCevno sistemis Serwymisas, mTavrobas, romelsac hyavs disci plinirebuli umravlesoba TemTa palataSi, yovelTvis SeuZlia akontrolos parlamenti. amasTan dakavSirebiT ordma heilSemma (1976 w.) didi britaneTis mTavrobas uwoda `arCeviTi diqtatura~ _ diqtatura arCeviTi sistemiT.

saparlamento da saprezidento sistemebi

nebismieri politikuri sistemis erT-erTi gasaRebi aris is, Tu rogor aris gansazRvruli urTierToba asambleebsa da mTavrobas Soris, anu sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris. xdeba isec, rom yalibdeba forma `asambleamTavroba~. gaerTianebuli aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebiT. mag: aseTi sistema, garkveuli xniT aRmocenda robespierisa da iakobinelebis epoqaSi safrangeTis revoluciis dros. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mag: orTodoqsalur-komunisturi reJimebis dros, sakanonmdeblo kreba da mTavroba eqvemdebareba `mmarTvel partias~. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoebs Soris urTierTobisas politikuri sistemebi Cveulebriv oridan erT-erT kategorias miekuTvnebian _ es saxelmwifo an saprezidento sistemaa. liberaluri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam istoriulad miiRo saparlamento sistemis forma.

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sakanonmdeblo kreba
saparlamento sistemebi ar aris dazRveuli arc susti mTavrobisagan da arc politikuri arastabilurobisagan. Cveulebriv ase xdeba, rodesac partiuli sistema damsxvreulia, xolo saarCevno sistema ufro proporciulia. mag: safrangeTis respublikaSi 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala 25 mTavroba. verc erTma maTganma ver SeZlo dayrdnoboda erovnuli krebis stabilur umravlesobas, sadac komunistebi marcxniv da `golistebi~ marjvniv ganwyobilni iyvnen SeurigeblobisaTvis respublikis reJimis winaaRmdeg. amasTan problemebi hqonda italiasac, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sadac umaRles doneze polarizebuli mravalpartiuli sistema ise datrialda, rom 1945 wlidan 2004 wlamde qveyanaSi mTavroba 62-jer Seicvala. saparlamento sistemis mTavari alternativaa saxelmwifo marTvis saprezidento sistema. saprezidento sistemebi dafuZnebulia xelisuflebis dayofis mkacr meTvalyureobaze. es imas niSnavs, rom sakanonmdeblo saTaTbiro da mTavroba formalurad damoukidebelni arian erTmaneTisagan da irCevian cal-calke. klasikuri magaliTia aSS, sadac egreT wodebuli `mama-damfuZneblebi~ iyvnen Sewuxebulebi imiT, rom aRekveTaT Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aRmoceneba, imis SiSiT, rom britanuli monarqiis msgavsi ar aRmocenebuliyo. aSS-is kongresi, prezidenti da umaRlesi sasamarTlo arian erTmanisagan damoukidebuli institutebi, magram erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben da zRudaven erTmaneTis Zalauflebas. kongresi Rebulobs kanonebs, magram prezidents SeuZlia mas veto daados, xolo kongress, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia veto gadalaxos, Tuki aseT gadawyvetilebas xmas miscems orive palatis wevrTa 2/3. Semdeg, prezidenti niSnavs mTavrobis uxucess da sasamarTlos wevrebs, magram igi unda daamtkicos senatis umaRlesma palatam. am ti pis saprezidento sistema, aSS-s garda, mTel laTinur amerikaSia. safrangeTSi mexuTe respublikam miiRo `hibriduli~ anu naxevradsaprezidento forma, sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba `orWofobs~ im gagebiT, rom damoukideblad arCeuli prezidenti moqmedebs premier-ministrTan da kabinetTan `kavSirSi~, romelnic formirebulni arian erovnuli saTaTbirosa da masze daqvemdebarebuli wevrebisgan. msgavsi naxevrad saprezidento sistema funqcionirebs fineTSic, sadac 184

prezidenti upiratesad dakavebulia sagareo politikiT, xolo ministrTa kabineti _ saSinao politikiT. saprezidento sistemis principuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan gancalkevebiT is qmnis Tavisebur saSinao daZabulobas _ arenas, romelic sasikeToa adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad. rogorc Tavis droze Tqva hobsma, `Tavisufleba _ es aris xelisufleba, romelic danawevrebulia wvril-wvril ulufebad~. aSS-Si aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis safrTxe blokirdeba kongresis saxelisuflo ufleba-mosilebis farTe wreebisagan: kongress aqvs ufleba gamoacxados omi da gaaZviros gadasaxadebi, senati ratificirebas axdens molaparakebebze da amtkicebs prezidentis mier daniSvnebs. or palatas SeuZlia gaerTianeba prezidentis impiCmentisaTvis, magram aseT fragmentul xelisuflebas aqvs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebic. saprezidento sistemebi SeiZleba iyos veeberTela da araefeqturi. amerikuli sistemis kritikosebi miuTiTeben imaze, rom `prezidenti _ gTavazobT, kongresi _ ganagebs~, amas yovelTvis moyveba e.w. institucionaluri uZraoba. aseTi ram SeiZleba moxdes maSin, rodesac TeTri saxli (prezidenti) da kapitoliumi (kongresi) kontroldeba urTierTmoqiSpe partiebiT, magram aseTi situacia SeiZleba moxdes maSinac, rodesac orive frTa kontroldeba erTi da igive partiiT, rogorc es iyo karteris (1977-1981) wlebSi. aseT problemas safrangeTSi hqvia `arasaxarbielo Tanacxovreba~ _ situacia, sadac prezidenti iZulebulia imuSaos politikurad aramegobrul da misdami mtrulad ganwyobil premier-ministrTan da erovnul saTaTbirosTan, rogorsac orjer hqonda adgili miteranis dros 1986-1988 da 1993-1995 wlebSi.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi

evropis parlamenti ar warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo saTaTbiros. evropis samarTali xorcieldeba cxovrebaSi ministrTa sabWos mier (EC). did britaneTSic, sadac parlamenti suverenulia, ministrebi kanonSemoqmedebas axorcieleben da es yovelTvis ar eqceva parlamentis kontrolis sferoSi. mag: britaneTis parlamentis wevrebs aqvT SesaZlebloba sakuTari kanonproeqtebis wamoyenebisaTvis. aSS-Si, sadac kongre185

si warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier damoukidebel sakanonmdeblo organos msoflioSi, saprezidento iniciativebze modis gansaxilveli kanonproeqtebis 80%. aris SemTxvevebi, roca saparlamento konsultaciebis Catarebisas, kanonproeqtebis naxevari gadaiwereba xolme. didi britaneTSi mTavroba iSviaTad iTmens warumateblobas warmomadgenelTa palataSi. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom am parlamentSi kanoni ki `ar miiReba~, aramed `atareben~ misi gavliT.

Tvalyuris devneba da kontroli

im dros, rodesac asambleebis sakanonmdeblo da warmomadgenlobiTi roli SesamCnevad daeca, saubroben maT SesaZlo TavaSvebulobasa da kontrolze aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan damokidebulebaSi. asambleebi amyareben TavianT funqciebs _ uzrunvelyon sazogadoebisadmi politikuri marTvis pasuxismgebloba da angariSvaldebuleba. am gagebiT specialurma institucionalurma meqanizmma hpova ganviTareba asambleebis umetesobaSi. saparlamento sistemebi agzavnian kiTxvebs ministrebis misamarTiT, sadac zogierT Temebze saWiroa pasuxi zepiri an werilobiTi formiT. klasikuri magaliTi _ `SekiTxvebis dro~ didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi, iZleva SesaZleblobas kviraSi erTxel dausvan kiTxva premier-ministrs da TveSi erTxel _ sxva ministrebs. germaniSi da fineTSi miRebulia `interpolaciis~ praqtika, sadac zepir kiTxvebs sWirdeba xmis micema asambleaSi, raTa dadgenil iqnas ndobis xarisxi miRebul kiTxvebze. SekiTxvebi, romlebsac mohyveba debatebi, gamodian specifiuri problemebis CarCoebidan da iZenen ufro saerTo mniSvnelobas, amitom mosamzadebeli samuSaos mniSvnelovani nawili koncentrirdeba secialur komitetebSi. asambleebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT aseTi kontrolis ganxorcieleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi. CineTis saxalxo-erovnul sabWoSi, partiis monopoliam asamblea gadaaqcia propagandis ubralo iaraRad _ Sekrebad, sadac samTavrobo politika ucvlelad Rebulobs erTsulovan Tanxmobas. sxva qveynebSi did rols TamaSobs partiuli disciplina. sruli da zusti informaciebis gareSe SeuZlebelia kontroli mTavrobaze. mTel rig qveynebSi (aSS, safrangeTi, holandia, kanada da avstralia) miRebulia kanonebi, rom saparlamento warmomadgenlebi unda flobdnen sxvadasxva SesaZleblobas soliduri sagamomZieblo da saeqsperto mxardaWerisaTvis. aq Cven vxedavT saocar kontrastebs _ uxv finansirebas, aSS-s kongresis wevrebis uzrunvelyofasa da didi britaneTis parlamentis arc Tu ise maRalanazraurebad cudad dakompleqtebul da gadatvirTul samsaxurs.

warmomadgenloba
asambleebi TamaSoben mTavar warmomadgenlobiT rols: isini uzrunvelyofen kavSirs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasa da sazogadoebas Soris. me-18 saukuneSi es sainteresod gamoixata lozungSi, romlis qveSac 13 amerikuli kolonia aRsdga britanuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg _ `araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis gareSe~. xmis uflebis gafarToebam saerTo saxalxo saarCevno uflebamde asambleebi gadaaqcia Tavisebur saxalxo forumebad _ organoebad, sadac TiTqos xalxi iyo CarTuli, amitom adgili, Zalaufleba da parlamentis avtoriteti ama Tu im politikur sistemaSi ganixileba, rogorc misi demokratiulobis gansakuTrebuli maCvenebeli. warmomadgenloba _ es rTuli princi pia Tavisi sxvadasxva Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT. aSS-Si warmomadgenelTa palatisa da senatis wevrebi yvelaze ufro Sewuxebulni arian imiT, Tu rogor `dabrundnen nadavliT Sin~. am mizniT kongresi arc Tu ise kargi adgilia `politikis sakeTeblad~. is ufro blokirebas axdens prezidentis programaze, vidre wamoayenebs Tavis romelime jansaR alternativas. ssrk-Si da sxva socialistur qveynebSi mravalpartiuli sistemisa da realuri arCevnebis ararseboba warmomadgenlobas sxva tvirTs atarebinebda _ `aesaxa~ sazogadoeba mTlianad. aSS-Si danaxarjis meoTxedi kongresis arCevnebze ifareba e.w. politikuri qmedebebis komitetebisagan. profesiuli lobirebis gafurCqvna xdeba 1980 wlidan britaneTSi, romelmac gamoiwvia aq seriozuli SiSi, rom parlamentis wevrebi sxvadasxva saqmiani interesebidan gamomdinare TavianTi amomrCevlebis interesebs naklebad daicavdnen. 186

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politikuri gadaadgileba da momzadeba

sakanonmdeblo krebebi xSirad moqmedeben, rogorc politikuri rekrutirebis arxebi. aq vlindeba aSesaZlebloba da talanti im xalxisa, romelic Semdeg politikuri lideri xdeba. naklebad, magram es exeba avtoritarul saxelmwifoebsac, sadac sakanonmdeblo krebebi Stamps adebs gadawyvetilebebs garedan, amitom iSviaTad izidaven seriozul politikosebs saprezidento sistemidan, sadac xelisuflebis danawilebisas aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia TavisTvis asambleis wevrebis rigebidan rekrutireba. iseTi prezidentebi, rogorebic iyvnen kenedi da niqsoni, dasawyisSi iyenebdnen kongresis wevrebis xmas, Tumca qveynis saerTo tendencia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom prezidentebad xdebian yofili gubernatorebi, magram saparlamento sistemebSi yofna aucilebeli pirobaa ministrebisa da premier-ministrebis karierisaTvis. bevr ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo krebebi zrdis liderebis momaval Taobas, romlebsac eZlevaT Sansi da SesaZleblobebi daagrovon aucilebeli politikuri gamocdileba, magram asambleebi am davalebebs ver umklavdebian. ra Tqma unda, politikosi parlamentSi yovelTvis iswavlis ritorikas, an `sityvis wamosrolis xelovnebas~, magram mas aqvs ufro naklebi Sansi daeuflos aq im biurokratiul da sammarTvelo gamocdilebas, romelsac iTxoven mTavrobaSi. miT umetes, asambleebi nawilobriv `afuWeben~ politikosebs, aswavlian ra yvelanair wesebsa da Rirebulebebs, romlebic mxolod ganacalkeveben maT amomrCevlebisagan da rigiTi partiuli muSakebisagan. yoveli SemTxvevisTvis dadgenilia, rom parlamentar-socialistebisaTvis parlamentarizmis idea ufro axlosaa, vidre socializmi.

Tqma unda maSin, roca maT ara aqvT realuri mniSvneloba da SesaZlebloba gavlena iqonio politikaze. amas garda, asambleebi asruleben ganmanaTleblobiT davalebebs, zogjer Zalian mniSvnelovans, ramdenadac saparlamento debatebi aZlevs xalxs informacias mTavrobaze da mTavar problemaze im politikuri drois wesrigis Sesaxeb, romelic dgas qveynis winaSe. dRes sakanonmdeblo krebis propagandis da ganaTlebis funqcia ufro i pyrobs masiur sainformacio saSualebebs. eleqtronuli mediis gavrceleba, saSualebas aZlevs mTavrobas pirdapir mimarTos milionobiT amomrCevels da ar unda iyos damokidebuli, rogorc uwin, saparlamento angariSebze. rogorc Sedegi, dRes sakanonmdeblo krebis avtoriteti ufro metad damokidebulia araTu maT sakonstitucio statusze, aramed im yuradRebaze, romelsac maT presa uTmobs. am mizeziT asambleebi zogjer ise Sewuxebulebi arian imiT, rom sxdoma televiziiT Suqdeba. aSS-Si kongresis mosmenas ar eqneboda iseTi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze, rom ar yofiliyo misi televiziiT gaSuqebis tradicia. did britaneTSi televizia ar daiSveboda TemTa palataSi 1989 wlamde. swored am wels pirvelad iqna televizia daSvebuli sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sabWoSi.

sakanonmdeblo krebis struqtura

sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan damokidebulebiT. misi wevrebi ase vTqvaT, SeiZleba iyvnen arCeulebi, daniSnulebi an memkvidreobiT miiRon TavianTi adgilebi, SeiZleba am princi pebis kombinaciac; Semdeg, Tu misi wevrebi eqvemdebarebian arCevnebs, maTi arCeva SeuZlia mosaxleobas an regionebs, an kidev Statebs. saarCevno ufleba SeiZleba iyos sayovelTao an SezRudvebiT, amasTan erTad SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saarCevno sistemebi. farTod gansxvavdeba sakanonmdeblo krebis masStabebi. patara respublika nayrus, romelic mdebareobs wynari okeanis dasavleT centralur nawilSi, asambleaSi hyavs 18 wevri. sawinaaRmdego polusze Cven vxedavT 2000 kacian saxalxo krebas CineTSi, sadac TiToeuli deputati warmoadgens 350 aTas kacze mets. amasTan mTavari struqturuli gansxvaveba sakanonmdeblo krebebs Soris ar aris is, rom Sedgebian Tu ara isini erTi an ori palatisagan da ra rols TamaSoben maTSi komitetebi. 189

r eJimis

legitimuroba

parlamentis bolo funqciaa _ iTanamSromlos reJimis legitimaciasTan. parlamenti aq, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, asrulebs Tavis rols imaSi, rom sazogadoebam miiRos arsebuli marTvis sistema, rogorc `kanonieri~, `swori~, `gardauvali~ da a.S. swored am mizeziT avtoritaruli da totalitaruli respublikebic ki moTminebiT itanen asambleebs, ra 188

erTi Tu ori palata?

mivaqcioT yuradReba. rogoria orpalatiani sistema Zlieri da susti mxareebiT. orpalatiani sistemis ZiriTadi Rirseba aseTia: zeda palatebi zRudaven qveda palatebis xelisuflebas da aferxeben `umciresobis diqtaturas~. orpalatiani Sekreba ufro efeqturia, vidre erTpalatiani, igi aRmasrulebeli organos Zalauflebas zRudavs, imdenad ramdenadac, ara erTi, aramed ori palata avlens mTavrobis moqmedebis ama Tu im nakls. orpalatiani kreba afarToebs warmomadgenlobas da nebas rTavs TiToeul palatas gamoxatos amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva interesi. meore palatis arseboba iZleva ufro xarisxiani da gulmodgine sakanonmdeblo muSaobis garantias. amasTan erTad, meore palata am samuSaos nawils Tavis Tavze iRebs, pirveli palatis SesaZlo Sescdomebis gamosworebiT. meore palatas SeuZlia gamovides konstituciis meTvalyureobis garantad, SeaCeros sadavo kanonproeqtebis miReva da ufro meti dros dauTmos ganxilvebs da debatebs. orpalatiani sistemis nakli SeiZleba iyos Semdegi: erTpalatiani kreba ufro efeqturia imitom, rom meore palatis arsebobam SeiZleba gaarTulos sakanonmdeblo procesi. ori palata xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba demokartiuli gamovlinebebis principebs, gansakuTrebiT roca maTi wevrebi an iniSnebian an irCevian arapirdapiri wesiT. orpalatiani sistemebi ixrebian institucionaluri konfliqtisaken orpalatiani krebebi zRudaven politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesTan xelmisawvdomobas. sakanonmdeblo kiTxvebSi bolo sityva ekuTvnis gaerTianebul komitetebs. meore palatebi xSirad arian konservatiulebi, romlebic gamodian politikuri elitis interesebis matareblad. odesRac iugoslavia eqsperiments atarebda xuTpalatiani parlamentiT, 1984 wlidan 1999 wlamde samxreT afrikas hqonda sampalatiani asamblea. asambleebis umetesobas gaaCnia erTi an ori palata. erTpalatiani asambleebi iyo aqamde gavrcelebuli afrikaSi, dRes aseTs warmoadgens CineTis sakanonmdeblo kreba. amasve vxedavT mTel rig postsocialur saxelmwifoebSi, romlebsac memkvidreobiT ergoT TavianTi asambleebi wina droebidan. sainteresoa rom meore msoflio omis dros erTpalatiani asambleebis tendencia mTel msoflioSi iyo TvalsaCino: israelma 1948 wels daamkvidra erTpalatiani parlamenti (qneseTi), meore palatebi gaauqmes 1950 wels axal zelandiaSi, 1954 wels daniaSi, 1970 wels SveicariaSi. arsebobs zogierTi mowmoba imis sasargeblod, rom erTpalatiani asambleebi ufro efeqturia da misaRebi vidre orpalatianebi. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeba arc Tu ise bevri da SedarebiT socialuri sazogadoebis moTxovnebs. abat siesis cnobili gamonaTqvamis mixedviT (1789 w.) Tuki zeda palata eTanxmeba qvedas, is ar aris saWiro, Tu ar eTanxmeba sazianoa. saxelmwifoTa umetes nawils or palatiani asambleebi aqvT. saqme imaSia rom orpalatiani parlamentebi gamodian liberaluri konstitucionalizmis princi piT. es imitom, rom saxeldobr es princi pi yvelaze metad gamoxatavs winaaRmdegobebs, rogorc parlamentis SigniT, aseve parlamentisa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris. yvela 16 federaciul saxelmwifos aqvs orpalatiani parlamenti, 14 amaTgan zeda palatas warmoadgens provinciebi an Statebi. ukanasknels SuZlia hqondes an Tanabari warmomadgenloba, rogorc avstraliaSi Sveicariasa da aSS-Sia, an iyvnen warmodgenilebi TavianTi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, rogorc avstriasa da germaniaSia. arafederaciul saxelmwifoebSi zeda palata asrulebs davalebas, gadawyvitos regionaluri winaaRmdegobebi. politikuri sistemebis umravlesobaSi konstituciurad da politikurad meore palata eqvemdebareba pirvels, romelic moiazreba rogorc saxalxo universitetis adgilmdebareoba. ufro metad es damaxasiaTebelia saparlameto sistemebisaTvis, sadac mTavroba angariSvaldebulia qveda palatis winaSe da TiTqmis formird191

190

eba misis wevrebisagan. norvegiaSi da holdandiaSi yvela kanonproeqti, xolo indoeTSi, kanadasa da did britaneTSi yvela finansuri kanonproeqti SeaqvT qveda palataSi gansaxilvelad. amasTan erTad meore palatas SeiZleba hqondes vetos dadebis ufleba. iaponiaSi pirvel palatas SeuZlia umravlesobis 2/3 iT gadalaxos meore palatis nebismieri gadawyvetileba. did britaneTSi lordTa palatas SeuZlia erTi wliT gadados daufinansebeli kanonmdeblobis ganxilva da SeuZlia agreTve veto daados saparlamento arCevnebis gadatanis vadebs. umetes SemTxvevaSi meore palatis sisuste momdinareobs iqidan, rom mas ufro viwro warmomadgenloba hyavs. germaniaSi ,avstriasa da indoeTSi mis wevrebs irCeven arapirdapiri gziT, belgiaSi malaiziasa da irlandiaSi erTmaneTs erwymis arCevnebi da daniSvnebic. britaneTSi lordTa palata nominirebs orpalatiani ansableis ufro Zlier versias. italiaSi deputatTa palata da senati irCeva pirdapiri arCevnebis gziT da sargeblobs Tanabari sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebiT. saarCevno kolegia, romelic orive palatas irCevs, aq aseve irCevs prezidents, xolo premier ministrs da ministrTa sabWos koleqtiuri pauxismgebloba aqvs yvela sakanonmdeblo Sekrebis winaSe. aSS-s kongresi SeiZleba warmoadgendes asambleis erTaderT magaliTs, romelSic dominirebs zeda palata. sagadasaxado dabegvris yvela kanoni SeaqvT warmomadgenlobiT palataSi, mxolod senats aqvs ufleba molaparakebis ratificireba moaxdinos da daniSvnebi daamtkicos. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis yvelaze didi problema or palatas Soris mosalodneli konfliqtia, rodesac maT aqvT erTnairi Zalaufleba, aucilebelia raRacnairi meqanizmi, romelic daexmareba mas SesaZlebeli uTanxmoebis gadawyvetaSi. xSirad, aseTi meqanizmis rols Cven vxedavT aSS-s kongresis komitetis saxiT, romelSic gaerTianebulia orive palatis wamyvani figurebi da romlebsac neba darTuli aqvT Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi gamoimuSaon kompromisuli gadawyvetileba, Tumca qveda palata (bundestagi) sakanonmdeblo funqciiT aris mTavari, zeda palatas (bundesrats) aqvs vetos ufleba konstiticiuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze, aseve miwebTan dakavSirebiT. uTanxmoebis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini gadaecema gaerTianebul SemTanxmeblur komitets, romelic Sedgeba orive palatis Tanabari raodenobis wevrebisagan. 192

orpalatiani asambleebis kidev erTi pretenzia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini miesalmebian konservatiul tendenciebs. Tu romelime palata asrulebs Tavis funqcias konstituciuri struqturis dasacavad, rodesac rTuldeba radikaluri an sadavo xasiaTis kanonebis gasvla, aseTi tendencia SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iqnas. xdeba isec, rom meore palata blokavs an ar aRiarebs kanonebs, romlebic miRebulia demokratiulad arCeuli qveda palatis mier. paradoqsulia, magram SiZleba sawinaaRmdegoc, bolo dros amerikis senati ufro liberaluri iyo vidre warmomadgenelTa palata, xolo did britaneTSi 1980-ian wlebSi lordTa palata gamovida ufro Zlier mowinaaRmdeged tetCeris mTavrobis mimarT, vidre TemTa palata.

komitetis upiratesoba da nakli

komiteti es aris arc Tu ise didi samuSao jgufi, romelic Sedgeba romelime didi organos wevrebisagan da aqvs gansakuTrebiTi uflebamosileba. specialuri komitetebi magaliTad iqmnebian romelime konkretuli davalebis gadasawyvetad da isini daiTxovebian am davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg. mudmivi komitetebi floben grZelvadian uflebamosilebas. komitetebma daiwyes ufro mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoebSi. komitetis upiratesobisagan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi: komitetebSi SeiZleba waradgino sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi, azrebi da interesebi komitetebi uflebas aZleven Caataron ufro grZelvadiani, yovlismomcveli da detaluri diskusiebi. maT xelewifebaT ufro efeqturi da Cqari gadawyvetilebebis miReba. sawinaaRmdego azris SezRudva. komitetebSi SeiZleba Sromis danawileba, romelic xels Seuwyobs dagrovil codnas da gamocdilebas. amasTan komitetebi mainc imsaxureben kritikas. is vinc afuZnebs komitets SeuZlia dabrkolebis gareSe misiT imani puliros. komitetebis muSaobaSi Cadebulia tendencia centralizaciisaken, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu Tavjdomaris roli ganusazRvrelia. 193

komitetebi zRudaven Sexedulebebis da interesTa speqtrs romelic yuradRebiT miiReba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. komitetebi cdiloben TavianT wevrebs ZiriTadi samuSaosagan yuradReba gadaataninon da amiT xels uwodeben cruwarmomadgenlobis fenomens.

komitetebi
sxvadasxva saxis komiteti aris TiTqmis yvela saxis asambleaSi, ufro metic, varaudoben, rom am sistemis gavrceleba sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebze Tu sxvadasxva institutSi avlens Tanamedrove politikis specialur niSans. komitetebi, rogorc amboben, gamoxataven xelisuflebis arss sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebze; vudro vilsonis sityvebiT kongresis Zalaufleba, es komitetebis xelisuflebaa, kongresi Tavis sesiaze es publikisTvisaa. kongresi komitetSi komitetis sxdomisaTvis es muSaobaa. SemTxveviT araa, rom asambleis muSaobaze maTi komitetebis mixedviT amboben: Zlier asambleebSi Zlieri komitetia, sustSi susti. sakanonmdeblo krebebze komitetebs aqvT sami funqciidan erTi mainc: 1. detalurad ganixilaven sakanonmdeblo iniciativebs da dRis wesrigSi arsebul problemebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian finansebTan. am funqciiT isini ara marto amsubuqeben sakanonmdeblo organos muSaobis simZimes, aramed maT SeuZliaT kanonpreqtis ufro gulmodgine da zusti analizi, vidre es SesaZlebelia parlamentis tribunidan. Cveulebriv, yvelaferi es xdeba muSa komitetebSi, romelTa kompetencia SeiZleba iyos ufro farTo da moqnili, rogorc es did britaneTsa da safrangeTSia, an viwrospecializirebuli, rogorc germaniasa da aSS-Sia. 2. komitetebi iqmnebian mTavrobis saqmianobis gasakontroleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, isini iqmnebian mudmivi da specializirebulni, radgan maT rom Seasrulon TavianTi davalebebi, gardauvalia iseTive done eqspertizisa, codnisa da informaciulobis, rogorsac floben aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi. aSS-s kongresSi magaliTad am funqciebs akisreben mudmivad muSaTa komitetebs, im dros, rogorc ki did britaneTis da safrangeTis erovnul krebaze yalibdeba ram194

denime sameTvalyureo komiteti aramudmivi funqciebiT. 3. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, uwinares yovlisa maT, romlebsac yvelaze metad aRelvebT sazogadoeba da iTxoven Tavisebur gamoZiebas iqmneba specialuri komitetebi, arc Tu ise didi xnis win aSS-s istoriaSi magaliTad gamoZiebebisaTvis ufro cnobili komiteti iyo irvinis komiteti uotergeitsis saqmeze da warmomadgenelTa palatis antiamerikuli saqmianobis komiteti, romelmac gaiTqva saxeli Tavisi makartizmiT. msoflios sakanonmdeblo krebebi SeiZleba daiyos sam kategoriad: 1. asambleebi, romlebic politikas akeTeben, floben sakmao damoukideblobas da aqtiurad zemoqmedeben politikur procesebze. 2. asambleebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze, SeuZliaT ase Tu ise Secvalon politikuri procesi, rom mxolod da mxolod reagireba moaxdinos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iniciativaze. 3. asambleebi, rmlebic eqvemdebarebian aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, floben mxolod umniSvnelo gavlenas politikaze da umetes SemTxvevaSi mxolod Stamps adeben gadawyvetilebas, romlebic maT kedlebs miRma miiRes. asambleebi, romlebic qmnian politikas msoflioSi Zalian cotaa. realuri poziciuri gavlena rom aRmouCinos politikur process, asamblea unda pasuxobdes sam kategorias: 1. flobdes sakmaod konstituciur statuss da avtoritets. 2. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan unda flobdes realur politikur damoukideblobas. 3. udna hqondes sakmarisi monoliTuroba. Tanamedrove periodSi yvelaze naTeli, SeiZleba erTaderTic, politikis mkeTebeli asamblea aris aSS-s kongresi. es SeiZleba iyos unikaluri movlena.. Zalauflebis dayofa aZlevs kongress konstitucionalur damoukideblobas da misgan gamomdinare sxvadasxva saxis uflebas. is garemoeba, rom Sidapartiuli kavSirebi aq SedarebiT sustia, prezidents uflebas arTmevs Cveulebrivi xerxebiT zemoqmedeba moaxdinos sakanonmdeblo procesebze. suraTs srulyofils xdis komitetebis sakmaod mozrdili sistema, da bolos, kongreisis reformebis droidan 1946-e personalis mizidvis mxriv da informaciis mosapoveblad is flobs iseT resursebs, rom am kuTxiT saer195

Tod saWiroebs TeTri saxlis mxardaWeras. am upiratesobebis miuxedavad, kongresma meoce saukunis dasawyisSi Tavisi zegavlena dakarga: axali kursis dawyebidan kongresi da masTan erTad amerikeli sazogadoeba politikuri lideris ZiebaSi arian. kongresis mTavari tvirTi prezidentis sakanonmdeblo programebis ganxilva iyo. kongresis, rogorc politikis iniciatoris roli SesamCnevad sustdeboda viTarebaSi, rodesac kongresi eqceoda imperiuli prezidentebis zegavlenis qveS. uotergeitsis skandalis Semdeg kongresi gamococxlda da ufro mtkiced dadga TeTr saxlTan mimarTebaSi da amasTanave man mTeli rigi reformebic gaatara sakomiteto sistemebSi. zegavlena Seumcirda mis Tavjdomareebs, xolo partiuli disci plina ki ufro ganmtkicda: partiebi daniSvnebze axdenen zegavlenas. kongresis ufro naTeli cda, aeRo Tavis xelSi sajaro politikis kontroli, ekuTvnis arCevnebis Semdgom periods (1994), rodesac respublikuri umravlesoba warmomadgenelTa palatis spikerma niuton gingriCenma wamoayena radikaluri programa gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb lozungiT: `awarmoo molaparakeba amerikasTan~. politikis mkeTebeli asambleebis sxva magaliTis danaxva SeiZleboda ssrk-Si, sadac gorbaCovis politikuri programis mTavar komponentad 1980-ian wlebSi iyo `mudmivad momsmeni~ ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos Secvla saerTo saxalxod arCeuli deputatTa sabWos mier. konstituciis muxliT xelisuflebaze partiuli monopolis Secvlis Sesaxeb kvaldakval Seiqmna analogiuri parlamentebi yvela TxuTmet sabWoTa respublikaSi _ pirveli da istoriulad axali situacia qveynisaTvis, rasac politikuri pluralizmi hqvia. rodesac 1991 w. konservatorulma Zalebma moaxdines putCi gorbaCovis gadayenebis mizniT, parlamentis SenobaSi mogvevlina elcini, romelic Caudga saTaveSi brZolas putCistebTan. putCis kraxi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla 1991 w. dekemberSi elcins Semoubrunda imiT, rom mas ganudga parlamenti, romelic mtrulad uyurebda mis liberalur politikas. elcini iZulebuli gaxda gaenTavisuflebina Tavisi mTavrobis ZiriTadi ministrebi da Seenelebina qveynis ekonomikuri reformebi. swored am periodSi ruseTis parlamenti moqmedebda rogorc `politikis mkeTebeli asamblea~. yvelaferi damTavrda 1993 w. oqtomberSi, rodesac konservatorebma kvlav moawyves amboxeba elcinis mcdelobis gamo daeTxova parlamenti, romel196

sac Semdeg moyveboda TeTri saxlis samxedro gziT aReba da prezidentis mmarTvelobis SemoReba. axali konstituciiT, romelic miRebuli iqna 1993 w. umaRlesi sabWo Seicvala federaluri saTaTbiroTi, romelic Sedgeboda saxelmwifo dumisagan (qveda palata) da federaciis sabWo (zeda palata), Tumca federalurma saTaTbirom gamoimuSava seriozuli sakanonmdeblo potenciali, misi sxva funqciebi, romlebic asambleebs axasiaTebs, jer kidev Zlierni ar arian. saparlamento sistemisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelni arian ara `asambleebi~, romlebic qmnian politikas, `aramed asambleebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben politikaze~. Tu ra doziT SeuZlia asambleas zemoqmedeba politikaze, ganisazRvreba ori faqtoriT: 1. ramdenad gamZlea mmarTveli partiis pozicia da 2. ramdenad SeuZlia am partias SeinarCunos Sinagani erTianoba. saparlamento sistemebi, romlebic SeeCvivnen erTi partiis xangrZliv mmarTvelobas, Cveulebriv aqvT Zalian susti asambleebi, radganac isini imyofebian aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mkacri gavlenis an kontrolis qveS. safrangeTis mexuTe respublikaSi Tavis droze iqna miRebuli mizanmimarTuli mcdeloba parlamentis Sesasusteblad, radgan Tavi aeridebinaT im konfliqturi da obstruqciuli politikisagan, romelmac ziani miayena meoTxe respublikas. aRmocenda axali, ufro racionaluri sistema, sadac prezidenti dominirebs upiratesad Tavisi partiis gasakontroleblad, da aseve Tavisi uflebis safuZvelze nacionaluri krebis dasaTxovad imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SemdegSi moagrovos ufro soliduri umravlesoba. ase moiqca degoli 1962-1968 w.w. xolo miterani 1981-1988 wlebSi. degolma Seamcira nacionaluri krebis SesaZleblobebi, SezRuda misi kanonSemoqmedebis uflebamosileba imiT, rom daawesa sakonstitucio sabWo uflebiT uzrunvelyo konstitucionaluri kanonebis Sesabamisoba. 1981 wels, rodesac golistebis batonoba damTavrda, nacionalur krebebs isev gauCnda SesaZlebloba gavlena moexdina politikaze, xolo miterani iZulebuli iyo eTanamSromla golistebis mTavrobasTan Jak Siraqis meTaurobiT. igive ganmeorda konfrontaciaSi Jorpenis socialistur mTavrobasTan. ufro naTel suraTs iZlevian adre arsebuli asambleebi, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen komunistur reJims, da ganviTarebadi qveynebis asambleebi. umkacresi partiuli kontroli da arCevnebze Sejibris ararseboba, niS197

navda, rom asambleebi imuSavebdnen mTavrobis gadawyvetilebaTa erTsulovani mxardaWeris atmosferoSi. kontroli odnav dasustdeboda Tu ara, reJimebi umal ganicdidnen ryevas. mag: `solidarobis~ damajerebelma gamarjvebam 1989 w. poloneTis saparlamento arCevnebze Ziri mouTxara komunistur mmarTvelobas, romelic aq 1945 wlidan arsebobda. aziis da afrikis ganviTarebad qveynebSi asambleebi axdendnen sazogadoebis integrirebas, vidre realurad moqmedebdnen politikaze. mTavari maTi funqciaa uzrunvelyon politikuri sistemis legitimacia. asambleis mniSvnelobis Taviseburi maCvenebeli amnair saxelmwifoebSi aris Semdegi: diqtaturis xelisuflebaSi, mosvlisTanave Tu ar daxures, aCereben parlamentis muSaobas. asambleis rolis dacemaze didi xania saubroben, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb SeSfoTeba utoldeba bourokratias da 19 saukunis bolosTvis aRwevs piks. SeSfoTeba aixsneba imiT,rom monteskies da lokis droidan asambleebi iyvnen warmomadgenlobiTi, mTavrobis ideis mTavari matareblebi. sakiTxavia, sWirdeba Tu ara kargi mmarTveloba Zlier asambleas. parlamentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos mTavari, ganusazRvreli, metismeti, gansakuTrebiT maSinac, roca amis gamo politikuri procesi iwyebs `erT adgilze gaCerebas~. amasTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad aSS-s kongresSi arian aramarto aRtacebuli enTuziastebi, aramed kritikosebic. dRes yvela Tanaxmaa, rom me-20 saukuneSi asambleebis Zalaufleba da statusi Seicvala uaresisken, SeiZleba Tu ara aq laparaki asambleebis rolis dacemaze an maTi miznebis da funqciebis Secvlaze? _ es ukve sxva sakiTxia. am cvlilebebbis gamowvevis mTavari faqtorebia: disci plinaruli politikuri partiis aRmoceneba; `didi mTavrobis~ gamovlena; asambleebis organizaciuli sisuste; interesTa jgufebis gavrceleba da masobrivi informaciebis saSualebebze Zalauflebis gaZliereba.

oratorebs (unda gvaxsovdes, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs SeuZliaT rogorc asambleebis aRzeveba, aseve talaxSi amosvra). ufro TvalnaTelia tendencia parlamentebis profesionaluri muSaobisaTvis. aSS-is kongresis magaliTze bevri asamblea amagrebs Tavis komitetebs, afarToebs TavianT personalebs da TiToeuls aniWeben met SesaZleblobas. ufro metic, did britaneTSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSi asambleebi xdebian ufro damoukidebelni. am dros partiebi Sinaganad metad disci plinirebulebi xdebian. dRes yvelaze metad informirebulni amomrCevlebi arian da isini parlamentSi TavianTi warmomadgenlobisagan ufro mets moiTxoven, meore mxirv, imdenad ganaTlebuli da kargad momzadebuli parlamentarebi ufro naklebad arian mzad imoqmedon vinmes miTiTebiT. saerTo gageba imisa, rom politikuri sistemis legitimacia da stabiluroba ukavSirdeba misi parlamentis xarisxs, iZleva garantias: Tu sadme asamblea xdeba ufro susti, amis Sesaxeb aucileblad iqneba protesti gamoxatuli. sakiTxi dgas ase: saWiro balansis moZebna aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo frTebs Soris ver gaeqceva sufTa normatiul moTxovnebs imasTan mimarTebaSi, rom sazogadoeba erTi mxriv, saWiroebs politikur warmomadgenlobas, meore mxriv _ Zlier mTavrobas.

daskvnebi
termini `sakanonmdeblo kreba~ (saTaTbiro), `asamblea~, `legislatura~ da `parlamenti~ ixmareba, rogorc sinonimebi. termini `asamblea~ (kreba), SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es instituti sxva gagebiT warmoadgens TiTon xalxs, romelmac ndoba gamoucxada araprofesional politikosebs da ara saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs. termini `legislatura~ arc Tu ise zustia, ramdenadac asambleebi iSviaTad floben monopolias sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze. termini `parlamenti~ aqcents akeTebs im momentze, rom asambleebi forumebs emsaxurebian sadiskusiod da politikuri problemebis Zirfesviani ganxilvisaTvis. saparlamento sistema _ sistemaa, romelSic saxelmwifo mmarTveloba realizdeba parlamentis meSveobiT. parlamentis wevrebisagan yalibdeba xelisufleba da es xelisufleba parlaments eqvemdebareba. saprezidento sistema dam199

sakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansi

bolo xanebSi parlamentebi iqcnen axali `politikuri komunikaciebis meqanizmebad~, da Cven vxedavT im mzadyofnas, Tu rogori asambleebi uReben TavianT karebs Jurnalistebs da 198

yarebulia Zalauflebis ganawilebaze asambleis da aRmasrulebel institutebs Soris. amiT iqmneba sistema, romelSic ori damoukidebeli Sto erTmaneTze zemoqmedebs da Zlier gavlenas axdens. asambleebi ganasaxiereben TavianT TavSi kavSirs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis da sazogadoebas Soris _ es Taviseburi komunikaciuri arxia, romlis meSveobiT sazogadoeba saxelmwifos uzrunvelyofs mxardaWeriT, saxelmwifo ki sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebs. asambleis mTavari funqciebia _ kanonebis miReba, warmomadgenlobiTi organos saxiT moqmedeba, saxelmwifos mimarT iyos Tavisebur makontrolebel instanciad, ganaxorcielos politikosebis rekrutireba da mocemuli politikuri sistemis legitimurobas mxari dauWiros. asamblea erTi an ori palatisagan Sedgeba. orpalatianobis upiratesoba imaSia, rom is aiZulebs politikur sistemaSi Sekavebas da masi moaqvs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis idea, rac ufro mniSvnelovania federaciuli sistemebisaTvis. misi nakli imaSi gamoixateba, rom politikuri procesi masSi xSirad neldeba da zogjer CixSi Sedis. sakanonmdeblo procesis maRal dones parlamentis komiteti gansazvravs: Zlier asambleas hyavs _ Zlieri komiteti; susts _ susti. asamblea iSiaTad akeTebs politikas, Cveulebrivad is marto gavlenas axdens politikaze, an da mTlianad kontrolirdeba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. Zalauflebis moculoba, romelsac flobs asamblea, rigi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba; asambleis konstituciuri ZlevamosilebebiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan politikuri damoukideblobis xarisxiT, partiuli sistemis xasiaTiT da asambleis Sida monoliturobis xarisxiT. asambleis dacema Sewuxebas gamoxatavs, imitom rom isini yovelTvis asocirdebodnen warmomadgenlobiTi da pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis idealTan. asambleebi kargaven TavianT uwindel mniSvnelobas imis gamo, rom gamoCndnen partiebi Zlieri saSinao politikuri discipliniT. gaizarda mTavrobis roli, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ufro safuZvlianad ayalibebs da amyarebs politikas, vidre parlamenti da bolos, gamoCnda mravalgvari interesTa jgufebi da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da maTi mniSvneloba sistematurad matulobs. 200

Tavi XIV aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba saxelmwifos absoluturad aucilebeli atributia. politikurma sistemebma SeiZleba ifunqcioniron konstituciis, sakanonmdeblo krebis, sasamarTlosa da partiis gareSe, magram maT ar SeuZliaT arseboba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gareSe, vinaidan rom ara es ukanaskneli saxelmwifo ver SeimuSavebda sakuTar politikas da Sesabamisad verc cxovrebaSi gaatarebda mas.

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqtura da funqciebi vin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSi
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba aris saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis sistemis ganStoeba, romelic pasuxismgebelia Sesrulebaze, anu politikis ganxorcielebaze. praqtikaSi misi pasuxismgeblobis sfero bevrad ufro farTo da rTulia, vidre aRniSnuli gansazRvra gulisxmobs. agreTve rTulia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturac. pirvel rigSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sitema moicavs `politikur~ da `biurokratiul~ elementebs anu politikosebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebs, ufro farTod ki, politikisa da administraciis sferoebs. aseve, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT arsebobs danayofebi statusisa da pasuxismgeblobis sferoebis mixedviT. im dros, rodesac asambleebi muSaoben parlamentTan Tanasworobis formalur princi pze dayrdnobiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, marTavs piramidis princi ps anu ierarqiul organizebas. martivad rom vTqvaT, am SemTxvevaSi viRacas ufro meti, viRacas ki ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ufro mkafio gansxvaveba politikur da biurokratiul elementebs Soris, yovel SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad mainc, vlindeba saparlamento sistemebSi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli politikuri rekrutirebis gansakuTrebuli meqanizmebiT. aq aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles politikur rgols (premier-ministri da kabinetis ministrebi) Seadgenen parlamentSi arCeuli politikosebi, romlebic pasux201

ismgebelni arian parlamentis winaSe. maTi amocanaa _ SeimuSaon da gaataron TavianTi partiisa da ideologiuri prioritetebis Sesabamisi politika. Tumca, ufro farTod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis oficialuri pirebi sakuTar TavSi aerTianeben saxelmwifo moxeleebsac _ profesionalebs, romlebic iniSnebian mTavrobaSi da sakuTar ministrebTan mimarTebaSi politikuri neitralitetisa da loialurobis princi pze dayrdnobiT aRasruleben administraciul politikas. ufro martivia saubari aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT ierarqiuli safexurebis Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa misi bunebrivi tendenciaa erTi pirovnebis garSemo koncentrireba. rogorc monteskie werda: xelisuflebis es Sto, romlis mudmivi sazrunavia Sesrulebis siswrafe, ukeTesad imarTeba ufro erTi, vidre mravali piris meSveobiT. miuxedavad amisa, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba visaubroT ori Tanamdebobis arsebobaze, romelsac erTi da imave pirovneba iTavsebs: erTi mxriv, aris saxelmwifos meTauri _ xSirad simboluri figura, romelsac gaaCnia mxolod formaluri Zalaufleba, meore mxriv ki _ mTavrobis meTauri, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos mTavar aRmasrulebel pirs farTo politikuri pasuxismgeblobiT. maSin, rodesac aSS-is, ruseTisa da safrangeTis prezidentebi (politikuri JargoniT rom iTqvas) atareben or quds, anu sakuTar TavSi aerTianeben orive kategorias, saparlamento sistemebSi ki zemoT warmodgenili es ori posti gayofilia: aq aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mTavari piri premier-ministria, xolo saxelmwifo meTauris posti rogorc wesi ukavia pirovnebas, romelic partiul da sxva interesebs xelmZRvanelobs. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi meTauris Semdeg dganan ministrebi (sxva tradiciiT _ mdivnebi), romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian politikis calkeul mimarTulebebze. maTi mimarTulebebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare (rogorc wesi ufro mniSvnelovan figurebad iTvlebian ekonomikisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi) da imis mixedviT, Sedian Tu ara isini kabinetSi (arian Tu ara kabinetis wvrebi) ministrebs Soris wesdeba garkveuli ierarqia. martivad rom iTqvas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikuri rgolis amocanaa, `win gauZRves sazogadoebas~, ganaxorcielos masSi politikuri lideroba. igi SesaZlebe202

lia warmovidginoT rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi birTvi. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikuri rgolis wevrebs yovelTvis uxdebaT ramdenime funqciis Sesruleba, zogjer erTdrouladac ki. metad mniSvnelovan dargebs warmoadgenen: ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebi; politikis ganxorcielebaze kontroli; politikuri lideroba,rogorsac mas sazogadoeba xedavs; saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva; krizisul situaciebSi gadawyvetilebebis miReba. saxelmwifoTa da mTavrobaTa meTaurebi, ufro naklebad ki ministrebi erTgvarad ganasaxiereben saxelmwifos. saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis personificirebiT isini simbolurad warmoadgenen sakuTriv mTeli qveynis erTianobas. am rols umTavresad formaluri da ceremonialuri xasiaTi aqvs, romelic vrceldeba iseT SemTxvevebze, rogoricaa saxelmwifo RonisZiebebi, sazRvargareTuli vizitebi, saerTaSoriso konferenciebi, xelSekrulebebis ratifikacia da saxelmwifo kanonebze xelis mowera. arsebobs politikuri sistemebi, sadac aseTi ceremonialuri movaleobebis Sesruleba ekisreba `arammarTvel~ prezidents an monarqs maSin, rodesac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva pirebi dakavebulni arian saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri saqmeebiT. magram unda iTqvas, rom mocemuli roli cdeba ubralo ceremonialurobis CarCoebs da realurad mas gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

kontroli politikis ganxorcielebaze

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikuri rgolis mTavari amocanaa politikuri procesisaTvis mimarTulebis micema da misi kontroli; sazogadoeba misgan moelis `marTvagamgeobas~. unda iTqvas, rom am rolis mniSvneloba mkveTrad gaizarda XX saukuneSi, rodesac saxelmwifo intensiurad afarTovebda Tavis valdebulebebs. upirveles yovlisa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles matarebelTagan moelian efeqturi ekonomikuri da socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic mTlianad upasuxeben sul ufro garTulebul sazogadoebaTa moTxovnebs, aseve saxelmwifos mravalf203

erovani sagareo kavSirebis damyarebas danarCen msofliosTan, sadac Zlierdeba urTierTdamokidebuleba. yovelive amis erTerTi Sedegia sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saSualebebis gafarToveba, sadac ukanaskneli aSkarad aviwrovebs asambleis tradiciul pasuxismgeblobaTa sferos.

gadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSi

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris misi unari imoqmedos swrafad da gabedulad. rodesac qveynis SigniT an mis farglebs gareT iqmneba krizisuli situacia, amaze swored aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba reagirebs: amisaTvis mas gaaCnia yvela saorganizacio saSualeba da `liderobis~ aucilebeli resursi. amitom aris, rom msoflios sakanonmdeblo krebebi, rogorc wesi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas gadascemen TiTqmis diqtatorul uflebamosilebas omis SemTxvevaSi, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs _ sagangebo uflebamosilebas bunebrivi katastrofebis, teroristuli safrTxis, masStaburi sawarmoo gaficvebisa da samoqalaqo areulobis SemTxvevaSi. cnobilia, rom `sagangebo mdgomareobis~ gamocxadebis uflebiT araerTxel borotad usargeblia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xSirad imisTvis, raTa savsebiT konstituciuri qmedebis safarvelis qveS daesustebina an saerTod gaenadgurebina opozicia, mag. 2007 wlis noemberSi ase moiqca saqarTvelos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, roca daarbia mitingi da gausworda opozicias. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aRmasrulebeli xelisulebis politikuri rgolis Zalaufleba Zlierdeboda politikis demokratizaciis, sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi saxelmwifos Carevis, dabolos, msoflios politikuri da ekonomikuri globalizaciis mzardi tendenciebis kvaldakval. XX saukuneSi xelisuflebis am Stom arsebiTad gaafarTova sakuTari aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebaTa sfero, daamyara yvelaze mtkice kontroli gazrdil biurokratioul manqanaze da saerTod sazogadoebisa da masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis Sexedulebis Tanaxmad gaxda `mTavari Zala~ saxelmwifoSi. yovelive aman ki, Tavis mxriv, gavlena iqonia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sida organizaciasa da mis SigniT funqciaTa ganawilebaze. mkvlevarTa saerTo azris Tanaxmad amgvari procesebiTYyvelaze meti sargebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurma naxa. dRes saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs iseTi politikuri da sazogadoebrivi statusi aqvT, rom es maT sakuTar kabinetTan da saerTod mTel politikur garemocvasTan SedarebiT miuwvdomel simaRleze ayenebs. magram sakvirvelia, Tu rogor eTavseba xelisuflebis 205

saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva

Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri akontrolebs saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis process, mas agreTve uxdeba masTan daqvemdebarebuli saxelmwifo samsaxuris sistemis kontrolic. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mwvervali, ministrebi da mdivnebi warmoadgenen saxelmwifo marTvis `umaRles eSelons~, romelic warmarTavs saxelmwifo manqanas. am saqmianobas gaaCnia Tavisi seqtorebi: aq yvela ministri pasuxismgebelia Tavis politikur mimarTulebaze; Sesabamisad gayofilia saxelmwifo samsaxuris sistemac. sistemis koordinireba xdeba zemodan, risTvisac arsebobs sxvadasxva formis kabineti. cxadia, arsebobs garkveuli eWvebi mocemuli saxelmwifo manqanis efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi, ramdenadac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikur rgolSi Sedian araprofesionali politikosebi, sakuTari saministroebis marTvisaTvis, romlebic dRes uzarmazari masStabebiT gamoirCevian, maT xSirad ar yofniT kompetencia, xelmZRvanelobis gamocdileba da administraciuli codna. Semdeg, samTavrobo manqanis calkeuli qvedanayofebi ganuxrelad misdeven sakuTar interesebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac amisken maT garedan ubiZgeben interesTa msxvili jgufebi. dabolos, biurokratias princi pSi gaaCnia sakuTar interesebze fiqris tendencia, romlebic aucilebeli ar aris, rom emTxveodnen aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis interesebs, ris gamoc igi xandaxan sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba kontrols Tavisi politikuri xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.

204

centralizaciis da personifikaciis aRniSnuli suraTi im precendentebs, rodesac saxelmwifoTa meTaurebi ver umklavdebian liderobis tvirTs da Tavs ver arTmeven saqmes, romlis gansaxorcielebladac maT irCeven TavianT postebze. didadaa damokidebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rTuli dinamika, romelic ufro gasagebi gaxdeba Tuki cal-calke ganvixilavT prezidentebis, premier-ministrebisa da kabinetebis rols. TiToeuli am kategoriisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia Zalauflebis Semdegi sami aspeqti: formaluri an oficialuri ganzomileba _ Tu rogor aris maTi uflebamosilebebi gansazRvruli konstituciaSi da Cawerili im institucionalur garemoSi, sadac isini axorcileban TavianT saqmianobas; araoficialuri ganzomileba _ pirovnuli Tvisebebi, politikuri xelovneba da politikosis gamocdileba, misi gavlena partiasa da masobriv sainformacio saSualebebze; garegani ganzomileba _ politikuri, ekonomikuri, diplomatiuri faqtorebi,romlebic moqmedeben saxelmwifoSi da mis farglebs gareT.

rezidentebi
prezidenti warmoadgens saxelmwifos oficialur meTaurs, igi flobs tituls, romelic sxva politikur sistemebSi ekuTvnis monarqs, an vTqvaT, imperators. saWiroa mivuTiToT gansxvaveba e.w. `konstituciur~ da `aRmasrulebel~ prezidentebs Soris. `konstituciuri~ prezidenti (magaliTad indoeTi, israeli da germania) aris figura, romlic ZiriTadad gvxvdeba saparlamento sistemebSi; misi uflebamosilebebi umeteswilad Semoifargleba ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis premierministrsa da ministrTa kabinets. am TavSi Cven visaubrebT `aRmasrulebel~ prezidentebze _ figurebze, romlebic TavianT TavSi aerTianeben saxelmwifos oficialuri meTauris funqciebsa da realur aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. aseTi saxis prezidentoba damaxasiaTebelia e.w. saprezidento saxelmwifo sistemebisaTvis. 206

am sistemebSi prezidentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba atarebdes, rogorc SezRudul, aseve SeuzRudav xasiaTs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi misi uflebamosilebebi SezRudulia mag. iseTi faqtoriT, rogoricaa konstitucia; mocemul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli esa Tu is demokratiuli norma; partiuli konkurencia; xelisuflebis ganawileba, magram igi gawonasworebulia sajarod arCeuli parlamentis mier. am saxis prezidentobis ti piuri magaliTia aSS. arseboben agreTve naxevrad saprezidento sistemebi (semi-prezidental system) magaliTad, rogoricaa safrangeTSi, saqarTvelosa da fineTSi. im sistemebSi, sadac prezidentis uflebamosilebebi SeuzRudavia, is gamodis TiTqmis absoluturi Zalauflebis matareblad, rac am reJims aaxloebs diqtaturasTan. amgvar suraTs Cven vawydebiT saxelmwifoebSi sadac erTpartiuli sistemebia. aseT qveyanaTa ricxvSia libia, indonezia, erayi. amerikuli modelis saprezidento sistemam mTels msoflioSi warmoSva mibaZvis mravali magaliTi, gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi, mogvianebiT ki iseT post-komunistur saxelmwifoebSi, rogoricaa poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTi da ruseTi, Tumca ruseTis gamoklebiT, saprezidento sistemebis umravlesoba funqcionirebs saparlamento sistemebis CarCoebSi. amerikis konstituciis Semqmnelebi gadascemdnen ra aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas prezidents, acnobierebdnen, rom amiT isini qmnidnen Tavisi arsiT `samefos demokratiuli arCevnebiT~. magram miiswrafvodnen ra Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg borotad gamoyenebisken, romelic maTi rwmeniT damaxasiaTebeli iyo britaneTis samefo karisTvis, maT SeimuSaves parlamentis, prezidentisa da sasamarTlo sistemebis Soris xelisuflebis ganawilebis sakmaod rTuli da gonebamaxviluri meqanizmi. riCard noiStadma (Richard Neustadt, 1964) am process _ `xelisuflebis ganawileba misi erToblivad ganxorcielebisas~ ewoda. Tumca prezidents gadaeca saxelmwifos oficialuri meTauris, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurisa (kongresis mier miRebul kanonebze vetos dadebis uflebiT), SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlisa da sagareo politikis xelmZRvanelis uflebamosilebebi. yovelive es Tavdapirvelad gawonasworebuli iyo kongresisaTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebebiT. kongresi, ZiriTadad, acxadebs oms da SeuZlia gadalaxos prezidentis veto, senats ki ekuTvnis xelSekrulebebis damtkicebisa da ratificirebis ufleba. sinamdvileSi, 207

sainteresoa, rom XX saukunis dasawyisamde prezidentoba iyo meore instituti, pirveli ki erovnul politikaSi kongress ekuTvnoda. prezidentoba aSS-Si gardaqmna orma tendenciam. pirvel rigSi, erovnuli ekonomika imgvarad viTardeboda, rom garkveuli periodidan mTavrobas mouxda uari eTqva sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Caurevlobis tradiciul doqtrinaze da daiwyo ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ufro farTod reglamentireba. Semdeg, msoflioSi sakuTari poziciebis gafarToebiT, aSS-ma uari Tqva misTvis tradiciuli izolacionistur politikaze, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTod gadaiqca bi polaruli msoflios (dRes ki, SeiZleba iTqvas erTpolaruli msoflios) zesaxelmwifod. prezident franklin ruzveltis `axali kursis~ Semdeg aSS-is prezidentebi iqcnen aqtiur sakanonmdeblo Zalad, xolo 1945 wlidan ase vTqvaT, gaexvivnen `Tavisufali msoflios liderebis~ mantiaSi. ufro metic, Tavis droze prezidentma jonsonma da niqsonma ise martivad SeZles vietnamSi omis eskalacia (Tundac kongresis mxridan omis formalurad gamocxadebis gareSe), rom bevri Teoretikosi artur Slizingeris (Arthur Schlisinger, 1974) kvaldakval alaparakda amerikul `imperiul prezidentobaze~, romelmac gaarRvia konstituciuri CarCoebi da romelic Tavis nebasurvils karnaxobs xelisuflebis danarCen or Stos. Tumca saprezidento xelisufleba xSirad warmogvidgeba sxvadasxva mxareebis kuTxiTac. ioStadTis klasikuri kvlevis `saprezidento xelisuflebis~ (Presidential Powwer, 1964) daskvnebi, Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac inarCuneben: umeteswilad prezidentis xelisufleba aris `darwmunebis, vaWrobis, sxvadasxva moqmedebebisaken waqezebisa da loialobis, zogjer Semovlis Zalaufleba, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi diqtati~. TavianTi politikuri programisaTvis gzis gasakvlevad amerikis prezidentebs uxdebaT oTx poluss Soris lavireba. esenia: kongresi; federaluri Cinovnikebi; uzenaesi sasamarTlo; masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani aq ra Tqma unda aris urTierTobebi prezidentsa da kongress Soris. aSS-Si sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli an warumatebeli iyo esa Tu is konkretuli prezidenti, ganisazRvreba kongresTan `urT208

ierTobis Taviseburi skaliT~. amasTan iTvaliswineben, Tu ramdeni sakuTari sakanonmdeblo programis gatareba SeZlo prezidentma kongresis winaaRmdegobis gavliT. vietnamis omisa da uotergeitis skandalis Semdeg amerikel prezidentebs upirispirdeboda kidev ufro `jiuti~ kongresi, romelic miiswrafvoda Zveli poziciebis dabrunebisaken. amis erT-erT gamovlinebad iqca 1974 wlis kanoni, romelic adgenda, rom amerikuli samxedro kontingentis sazRvargareT gagzavnisaTvis saWiro iyo kongresis Tanxmoba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovan garemoebas warmoadgens is, rom aSS-Si susti partiuli sistemis pirobebSi prezidenti arsebiTad moklebulia SesaZleblobas akontrolos sakanonmdeblo procesi, rogorc es saparlamento sistemebSia. amis praqtikuli mniSvneloba aRmoaCina prezidentma karterma 1970-ian wlebSi: kongresi SeiZleba mtrulad iyos ganwyobili prezidentis mimarT maSinac ki, rodesac umravlesoba orive palataSi am ukanasknelis partias ekuTvnis. magram kidev ufro sustdeba prezidentis poziciebi, rodesac kongresze kontrols axorcielebs ara misi, aramed opoziciuri partia. es problema Seeqmna prezident klintons mas Semdeg, rac 1994 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg kongresi `respublikelebis~ xelSi gadavida. jorj buS umcrosis poziciebi aseve Sesustda 2001 wels, rodesac demokratebma, mas Semdeg, rac maT miemxro mxolod erTi respublikeli, miiRes upiratesoba kongresSi. dabolos, amerikeli prezidentebis mudmiv Tavsatexad rCeba is, rom kongresmenebi, miuxedavad maTi politikuri kuTvnilebisa, umetesad `sakuTari Statis mosaxleobis~ (folks back home) saqmeebsa da interesebze fiqroben. es iseT gavlenas axdens saSinao politikaze, rom qveyanaSi ukve saubroben `prezidentobis gaorebaze~. arsebobs e.w. `saSinao prezidenti~, romelic mudmivad ganicdis warumateblobebs da Seswevs unari gauZlos oponentebTan morig dapirispirebas, da saerTaSoriso liderobis aSkara Tvisebebis mqone e.w. `sagareo prezidenti~. prezidenti klintonic ki, romelic Tavis winasaarCevno programaSi ekonomikaze koncentrirebis pirobas debda, Zalian male, rogorc es erTma mimomxilvelma SeniSna `saerTaSoriso politikisaken gadaixara~. dRevandel aSS-Si ki es tendencia kidev ufro gaZlierda 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenis Semdeg. Teoriulad federaluri moxeleebis aparati imisTvis 209

arsebobs, rom moemsaxuron prezidents, praqtikaSi ki is xSirad qmnis dabrkolebebs. Tumca prezidentebi umaRles da saSinao donis Tanamdebobebze saSualod 3000-mde daniSvnas axorcieleben, _ es zRvaSi wveTia aSS-Si saxelmwifo moxeleTa raodenobasTan SedarebiT, romelic 2mln.-ze mets Seadgens. garda amisa, rogorc cnobilia, es Cinovnikebi yvela SesaZlo situaciaze reagireben Taviseburad da xSirad ara ise, rogorc prezidenti da misi administracia. rogorc odesRac vudro vilsonis dros samxedro-sazRvao ZalTa mTavarsardali Tavis uwyebaSi arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb werda: `es bumbulis matrass hgavs: Sen mas gametebiT urtyam, mas ki araferi mosdis~. msgavsi sirTuleebi arsebobs uzenaes sasamarTlosTan urTierTobebSic. 1950-iani wlebidan sasamarTlo asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols aSS-is politikur cxovrebaSi da mudmivad aiZulebs prezidentebs Seeguon mis wamyvan poziciebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebi iniSnebian prezidentis mier, senats aqvs ufleba ar daamtkicos esa Tu is wevri (rogorc amas adgili hqonda orjer niqsonis prezidentobis dros da erTxel reiganis periodSi), aseve mniSvnelovania is, rom mosamarTlis daniSvnis Semdeg, igi aRar eqvemdebareba prezidentis kontrols, vinaidan mosamarTle sakuTar Tanamdebobaze rCeba sicocxlis bolomde. 1930-ian wlebSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom dabloka programa `axali kursis~ sakmaod didi nawili sanam, sabolood, Tavad ruzveltma ar moaxdina `gadatrialeba~ da Secvala sakuTari ideologiuri prioritetebi. meore magaliTi: eizenhauerma Tavis droze uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris postze daniSna e. uoreni mxolod imisaTvis, raTa aRmoeCina, rom es ukanaskneli politikurad metismetad aqtiuri iyo da konstituciasac Zalzed liberalurad ganmartavda. dabolos, gansxvavebulad myardeba urTierTobebi prezidentebsa da masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs Soris. masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs prezidentebisaTvis, romelTac Zalian xSirad esaWiroebaT `kongresze gavliT~ pirdapiri apelireba sazogadoebasTan. yvelaze ukeT am amocanas Tavs arTmevda odesRac msaxiobi da KJurnalisti _ ronald reigani. Tumca prezidentebis warumateblobebis mizezi, masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebic SeiZleba gaxdes. aSS-Si masobrivi sainformacio saSualebeb210

is Sesaxeb xSirad saubroben, rogorc meoTxe xelisuflebaze, rac maTi `mudmivad simarTlismaZieblis~ reputaciisa da damoukideblobis aRiarebaze miuTiTebs. uotergeitis skandalis gamoZiebam saqme iqamde miiyvana, rom 1974 wels prezidentma niqsonma gadawyvita Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo, xolo masobriv sainformacio saSualebebSi `uaitvoteris saqmis~1 (whitewater affair) gaSuqebam seriozulad Searyia klintonis administraciis poziciebi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. is, rom saprezidento sistemebs potenciurad axasiaTebs konfliqtebi politikur institutebs Soris, aCvena post-komunistur ruseTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebmac, rodesac ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi saTaTbiro elciniseuli `Sokuri Terapiis~ mowinaaRmdegeTa kontrolis qveS moeqca. maSin elcinma SeZlo xelisuflebis SenarCuneba armiis mxardaWeris meSveobiT, romelmac 1993 wlis oqtomberSi CaaxSo parlamentis gamosvla. amis Semdeg moxda `saprezidento konstituciis~ miReba. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, prezidentobis rusulma modelma mainc ar miiRo SeuzRudavi xasiaTi, radganac elcini miiswrafvoda epovna wonasworoba ruseTis politikur sistemaSi ukiduresad dinamiur da cvalebad, magram amasTanave winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse procesebs Soris. mxolod putinma SeZlo 2000 wels ruseTisaTvis daebrunebina misi tradiciuli istoriuli centraluri xelisufleba. dRes es aris Zlieri prezidentoba, romelic efuZneba ruseTSi e.w. `kanonis diqtaturas~. sxvagvari mdgomareobaa naxevrad saprezidento sistemebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, avstria, fineTi da portugalia. es aris Taviseburi saxis hibriduli sistemebi. saprezidento sistemebis msgavsad aq calke arCeuli prezidenti aRWurvilia uflebamosilebaTa farTo wriT, xolo saparlamento sistemebis msgavsad, mTavroba warmodgenilia kabinetiTa da premier-ministriT saTaveSi, romelic formulirebulia parlamentis deputatebisagan da angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe. fineTsa da avstriaSi es sistema funqcionirebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganawilebis safuZvelze, rac prezidents saSualebas aZlevs koncentrireba moaxdinos sagareo politikasa da konstituciuri mniSvnelobis problemebze, xolo premier-ministrsa da kabinets _ saSinao politikaze. es sistema, romelic Tavis droze safrangeTis mexuTe respublikaSi Seiqmna da Seivso 1961 w. prezidentis damoukide211

blad arCevis princi piT, sul ufro rTuli xdeba. erTi mxriv, safrangeTis prezidenti, aSS-is prezidentis msgavsad, warmoadgens ra saxelmwifos oficialur meTaurs, mTavrobis meTaursa da mTavar figuras, romelic axorcielebs daniSvnebs umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze, airCeva Svidi wlis vadiT; amasTan igi akontrolebs saarCevno process, aqvs ufleba daiTxovos erovnuli kreba. meore mxriv, ki misi Zalaufleba SezRudulia im kuTxiT, rom mTavrobas, yovelTvis esaWiroeba erovnuli krebis mxardaWera.

premier-ministrebi
rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebs marTaven saparlamento saxis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurebi, anu premier-ministrebi. saprezidento sistemisagan aRniSnul sistemas ganasxvavebs sami Tavisebureba. (1) ramdenadac aq aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba momdinareobs sakanonmdeblo krebis, upirveles yovlisa ki partiisagan, amitom zogierT sistemas esaWiroeba damatebiTi figura _ saxelmwifos oficialuri meTauri. SenarCunebulia konstituciuri monarqis roli Tu iqneba arCeuli `arammarTveli~ prezidenti, _ orive SemTxvevaSi am figuraTa funqciebi, rogorc wesi, dayvanilia wminda ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebamde. (2) Tuki aq aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba momdinareobs isevdaisev sakanonmdeblo krebisagan, aseT SemTxvevaSi politikuri wris (personalis CaTvliT) gayofa aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris ar xdeba im saxiT, rogorc es damaxasiaTebelia saprezidento sistemebisaTvis. (3) mTavrobis meTauri am sistemaSi uSualod angariSvaldebulia sakanonmdeblo krebisadmi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi qveda palatis mimarT mainc da xelisuflebaSi rCeba manamde, sanam sargeblobs kanonmdebelTa ndobiT. premier-ministrebi (germaniaSi _ kancleri, holandiaSi _ ministri-prezidenti, sxva sistemebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas kidev sxva titulebi) warmoadgenen mTavrobaTa meTaurebs, romelTa Zalaufleba momdinareobs parlamentSi umravlesobis partiis an partiuli koaliciisagan. formalurad maT gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebuli uflebamosilebebi gaaCniaT, vidre prezidentebs _ saprezidento sistemebSi. am uflebamosilebaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania `patrona212

Jis~ ufleba, romelic gulisxmobs ministrebis Tanamdebobebze daniSvnisa da daTxovnis, agreTve aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis zeda rgolis TanamSromelTa dawinaurebisa da daqveiTebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, magaliTad, holandiasa da avstraliaSi amisTvisac saWiroa parlamentSi umravlesobis partiis sanqcia. aqedan gamomdinare, ioli ar aris premierministris `Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis~ aRwera: vfiqrobT, Secdoma ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom yvelaferi daiyvaneba iqamde, Tu rogor wyvets sakiTxs Tavad premier-ministri, ufro sworad ki, ramdenad gaaCnia mas problemis gadawyvetis unari. praqtikaSi yvelafris gansazRvra xdeba ori momentis gaTvaliswinebiT. upirveles yovlisa esaa urTierTobebi kabinetTan, calkeul ministrebTan da saministroebTan. Semdeg modis urTierTobebi partiasTan, mere ki sakanonmdeblo krebasa da saerTod sazogadoebasTan. kabinetis mxardaWera gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac premier-ministrs aRiqvamen rogorc `pirvels TanasworTa Soris~, msgavsad did britaneTSi, indoeTsa da avstraliaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciisa. aseTi statusis mqone premier-ministri iZulebulia imoqmedos kabinetis mier gadawyvetilebis koleqtiurad miRebis sistemis mixedviT, amitom misi Zalauflebis realuri moculoba damokidebulia imaze, SeZlebs Tu ara igi patronaJis SesaZleblobebis, kabinetSi Tavisi statusisa da samTavrobo manqanaze sakuTari kontrolis SeTavsebis gziT, aiZulos ministrebi Seasrulon dakisrebuli amocanebi. ase magaliTad, germaniis kancleri konstituciurad uflebamosilia gansazRvros samTavrobo politikis saerTo mimarTulebebi, magram konstituciis igive muxli zRudavs mis Zalauflebas da ministrebs aZlevs TavianT saministroebSi damoukideblad moqmedebis garantias. politologebi erTsulovanni arian im TvalsazrisiT, rom konstituciur sistemebs Soris arsebuli yovelgvari gansxvavebis miuxedavad, bolo dros sagrZnoblad gaZlierda premier-ministrebis Zalaufleba. nawilobriv es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom Tanamedrove, eleqtronul masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs axasiaTebT yuradRebis gamaxvileba pirovnebaze da ara problemebze, ris gamoc premier-ministri xdeba Tavisi partiis erTgvari `brendi~. umaRles doneze Sexvedrebisa da sagareo politikuri vizitebis praqtikis gafarToeba premier-ministrebs `sakuTari saxelmwifos gansaxiere213

bis~ elfers Zens, agreTve, sinamdvileSi am asparezze maT ufro meti SesaZlebloba eZlevaT Tavi warmoaCinon erovnul liderebad. politologebi weren imis Sesaxeb, rom premierministrebi sabolood gaTavisufldnen sakuTari kabinetis mier SezRudvebisagan da amitom ukve SesaZlebelia saubari iseT axal fenomenze, rogoricaa `premier-ministris mTavroba~. amgvar precendents adgili hqonda indoeTSi, sadac indira gandim da misma vaJma rajivma Seqmnes `imperiuli premierobis~ msgavsi mmarTveloba, romelmac umaRles mwvervals 1975-1977 wlebis sagangebo mdgomareobis periodSi miaRwia, es iyo Sedegi imisa, rom kongresis partia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uryevad flobda parlamentis umravlesobas, xolo gandis dinastiam daamyara udavod yvelaze Zlieri kontroli centraluri mTavrobis aparatsa da indoeTis sazogadoebis metad mniSvnelovan segmentebze. premier-ministris Zalauflebis gaZliereba xdeboda did britaneTSic. saerTod es movlena ganpirobebulia mravali faqtoriT. kerZod: premier-ministrze bevri sakiTxi da pirovnebaa damokidebuli, gansakuTrebiT im SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac mas `patronaJis~ princi pi aZlevs; premier-ministri xelmZRvanelobs ministrTa kabinets, masve ekuTvnis komitetebis dafuZnebisa da misi personalis daniSvnis ufleba; premier-ministri dominirebs parlamentSic umravlesobis partiis lideris saxiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, rodesac es umravlesoba akontrolebs qveda palatas; premier-ministri meTaurobs administraciul aparats da saerTod mTel saxelmwifo manqanas; premier-ministrs gaaCnia pirdapiri saSvi masobriv sainformacio saSualebebTan, rac mas amomrCevlebTan uSualod aaxlovebs. erTi sityviT, dRevandeli premier-ministri dgas saxelmwifos administraciuli da politikuri piramidis saTaveSi; ministrTa kabinetebi ki, bevri politologis azriT, transformirdebian erTgvari amerikuli stilis saTaTbiro organoebad, romlebic sakmaod SezRudul monawileobas iReben politikis gatarebis procesSi. did britaneTSi aseTi situacia Seiqmna 1980-ian wlebSi margaret tetCeris dros, romel214

mac SeZlo radikalurad Seecvala saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba da misi xasiaTi. sakuTriv, toni blerma swored am safuZvelze daamyara 1997 wels sakuTari premieroba. albaT, tetCeris premierobis yvelaze saxasiaTo Tviseba iyo is, rom igi sakuTar TavSi xedavda `premiers, romelic arwmunebs~, _ politikoss, romelic ideologiur liderobas axorcielebs, riTac uzrunvelyofs partiis Sida erTianobas. rkinis ledis moRvaweobis istoriaSi tetCerizmis2 saxeliT Sevida. analogiurad blerma imdenad mkafiod moaxdina partiis orientireba `modernizaciis proeqtebze~, rom mas `axal leiboristul partiad~ an kidev `mesame gzis~ partiad moixsenieben. maikl foulis azriT (Michael Foley, 2000) yovelive es iZleva imaze saubris saSualebas, rom did britaneTSi damyarda erTgvari `britanuli prezidentoba~. premier-ministrebSi ukve SeiniSneba prezidentis institutisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi Tvisebebi: dinstancireba sakuTari partiisa da kabinetisagan, ideologiuri speqtris SigniT sakuTari Tavis damoukideblad pozicionireba; sazogadoebasTan pirdapiri apelirebis populisturi tendencia ganacxadiT ama Tu im fenis metad sanukvari imedebis gamomxatvelis rolze; saarCevno kampaniis personalizacia, masobriv sainformacio saSualebebSi dominirebuli tendenciiT yuradRebis gamaxvileba ara problemebze, aramed pirovnebaze, rogorc Sesabamisi partiis an mTavrobis `brendze~; politikuri mandatis personalizacia, sakuTari xelisuflebis wyarod ara partiis, aramed eleqtoratis miCnevis saSualeba; rac Seexeba partias _ mas SeuZlia gamovides pretendentad e.w. `partiuli sindisis~ mfarvelis rolze; personaluri mrCevlebis gamoyeneba ministrTa kabinetisa da Cinovnikebis umaRlesi rgolis sapirwoned. premier-ministrebs, romlebsac zurgs saparlamento umravlesoba umagrebs, SeiZleba gaaCndeT dRevandeli prezidentebisagan gansxvavebulad Zlieri xelisufleba, Tumca amgvar xelisuflebasac aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. partiuli erTianobis dacvis princi pis mixedviT ministrTa kabinetSi warmodgenili unda iyos yvela fraqcia da ideologiuri mimarTuleba. (kanadaSi icaven enobrivi da regionaluri war215

momadgenlobis princi psac), erTgvarad izRudeba premierTa moqmedebis Tavisuflebac. SeiZleba asec iTqvas: premier-ministrebi floben iseT xelisuflebas, rogoris saSualebasac iZleva kabineti, partia da Seqmnili politikuri mdgomareoba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia indoeTis gamocdileba, sadac 1970-iani wlebis sagangebo mdgomareobis eqscesebis Semdeg erTi-meoris miyolebiT mosulma premier-ministrebma desaim, singhma da raom Seamcires saxelmwifo aparati, gamoavlines avtonomiuri saministroebisadmi pativiscema da mzadyofna naklebad Careuliyvnen Statebis mTavrobaTa saqmeebSi. sainteresoa isic, rom britaneTSi margaret tetCeris uzarmazari gavlena aixsneba ara imdenad misi `rkinis~ xasiaTiTa da ideologiuri simtkiciT, ramdenadac misi premierobis periodSi Seqmnili uaRresad xelsayreli mdgomareobiT. es iyo leiboristuli opoziciis krizisi,1982 wlis folklendis gamarjveba, 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi msoflio ekonomikis gamococxleba, ris Sedegadac konservatorebma zedized samjer gaimarjves saparlamento arCevnebSi. magram miuxedavad amisa, 1990 wlis noemberSi man mainc dakarga xelisufleba, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im poziciis meryev xasiaTze, romelsac premier-ministrebi ikaveben.

ministrTa kabineti
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis yvela sistemas ama Tu im formiT gaaCnia sakuTari ministrTa kabineti (an ubralod kabineti). kabineti aris wamyvani ministrebis Taviseburi komiteti, romlebic TavianT saministroebs an uwyebebs warmoadgenen. (ar SeiZleba ministrTa kabinetis gaigiveba safrangeTsa da evrokavSirSi arsebul kabinetTan, romelic gulisxmobs calkeul ministrTan momuSave politikur mrCevelTa jgufs). kabinetebis Camoyalibeba iqca sapasuxo movlenad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikur da administraciul moTxovnilebebze koleqtiur, kolegialur marTvaSi. upirveles yovlisa, kabinetebi sakanonmdeblo krebasa da mTlianad sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis procesSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas aZleven gansazRvrul koleqtiur formas; kabinetis gareSe saxelmwifo marTva iqneboda ubralod instrumenti erTi adamianis xelSi. komiteti warmoadgens adminis216

traciul meqanizms, romelic uzrunvelyofs samTavrobo politikis koordinirebas. rom ara is, mTavroba iqneboda erTmaneTTan konkurentuli uwyebebis meqanikuri konglomerati, romlebic mudmivad ibrZolebdnen mzis qveS sakuTari adgilis gafarToebisaTvis, _ procesi, romelic kargadaa cnobili nacisturi garmaniis magaliTiT. mravalferovani sistemebisa da saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirobebSi gansxvavebulia kabinetis funqciebi da politikuri mniSvneloba. iseT saprezidento sistemebSi, rogoricaa aSS, kabineti umeteswilad asrulebs prezidentTan arsebuli saTaTbiros funqcias, riTac realurad axdens politikis formirebas; ufro metic, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi saxelmwifos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis zrda umeteswilad mimdinareobda kabinetis farglebs gareT _ umTavresad ki prezidentis aRmasrulebeli aparatis gafarToebis gziT. qveynebSi, sadac Camoyalibda klasikuri saxis kabinetebi _ did britaneTSi, britaneTis Tanamegobrobisa da evropis ramdenime saxelmwifoSi, italiis, SvedeTisa da norvegiis CaTvliT, ministrTa kabineti, Teoriulad mainc, agvirgvinebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis piramidas. praqtikaSi ki mainc rTulia WeSmaritad koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobis magaliTebis povna, romelic asaxavda marqsistul-leninur debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom ara beladi, aramed komunisturi partia warmoadgens xelmZRvanel da warmmarTvel Zalas sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi. Tumca realurad, skkp ck-is generalur mdivnebs, staliniT dawyebuli, imdenad mtkiced epyraT politbiurosa da ministrTa sabWos sadaveebi, rom TiToeulma maTganma SeZlo sicocxlis bolomde darCeniliyo xelisuflebaSi, garda xruSovisa, romelic 1964 wels gaxda partiuli gadatrialebis msxverpli, gamonakliss warmoadgens aseve gorbaCovi. germaniasa da saerTod mTels kontinentalur evropaSi rogorc wesi ar saubroben kabinetebis Sesaxeb, radganac aq saministroebi imdenad specializirebulni arian,rom ministrebi, maTi Zlieri survilis miuxedavad mainc ver SeZlebdnen sakuTari Tavi `saerTo gundis wevrebad~ mieCniaT. iseT klasikuri kabineturi mTavrobis saxelmwifoSic ki, rogoricaa didi britaneTi, sakmaod rTulia saubari kabinetis Sesaxeb, rogorc metad mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimReb organoze da kidev ufro naklebadaa SesaZlebeli misi, rogorc koleqtiuri demokratiuli marTvis struqturis warmodgena. 217

britaneTis premier-ministrebis xelisuflebis gafarToebiT ara mxolod darRveul iqna britanuli mTavrobis kolegialuri xasiaTi, aramed samTavrobo politikis garTulebam gamoiwvia is, rom gadawyvetilebaTa umetesoba miiReba `gansxvavebul rgolebSi~, kabinetamde ki ase vTqvaT, ukve dasrulebuli saxiT midis. aRniSnuli procesi imitom mimdinareobs, rom politikis SemuSavebaSi sul ufro mniSvnelovani wvlili SeaqvT calkeul saministroebs, komitetebsa da specializirebul qvekomitetebsac ki. meore mxriv, Secdoma iqneboda kabinetis mxolod da mxolod mTavrobis fasadad miCneva. aRsaniSnavia, rom bevr premier-ministrs sakmaod Zvirad daujda Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis koleqtiuri elementebis ugulvebelyofa. germaneli kanclerebi, rogorc wesi, iTvlebian ufro Zlier figurebad, vidre britaneli premierebi, ramdenadac maTi postidan gadasayeneblad saWiroa e.w. `konstruqciuli undoblobis votumi~: bundestagi uflebamosilia mTavroba gadaayenos mxolod maSin, rodesac is mzad iqneba daniSnos axali mTavroba, magram am SemTxvevaSic ki kancleri Smidti 1982 wels iZulebuli gaxda Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo, mas Semdeg, rac Tavisufal demokratTa mcire partia gamovida misi koaliciis rigebidan da SeuerTda qristian-demokratiul partias h. koliT saTaveSi. saerTod, koaliciebi kabinetebSi yovelTvis arTuleben mdgomareobas, raSic, vTqvaT, sakuTari gamocdilebis magaliTze, mudmivad rwmundebian italieli premierebi. Tumca erTpartiul kabinetebsac ZaluZT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurisaTvis problemebis Seqmna.

oven sajaro angariSvaldebulebasa da dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad mudmivad arsebobs maTi Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca aseve gaizarda liderobis mniSvnelobac: fsiqologiaSi specialuri dargic ki warmoiSva, romelic swavlobs liderebisa da xelmZRvanelebis xasiaTsa da motivaciebs (kreseli, 1993). yovelive amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. kerZod, Tanamedrove demokratiuli procesi TiTqos Tavadve aiZulebs politikosebs yovelnairad gamoavlinon lideris Tvisebebi, ramdenadac sxvagvarad rTulia amomrCevelTa Soris warmatebebis mopoveba. amave mimarTulebiT muSaobs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi (gansakuTrebiT televizia), romelTaTvisac pirovneba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre politika; magram masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebic ki Tavis mxriv, politikosebisaTvis iqceva im instrumentad, romlis saSualebiTac sakmaod mosaxerxebelia sazogadoebisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Cveneba yvelaze momgebiani poziciidan. bolosdabolos sakuTriv sazogadoebas wyuria xelmZRvaneloba: xdeba ra sul ufro rTuli da fragmentirebuli, igi daJinebiT moiTxovs da saWiroebs iseTi adamianebis gamoCenas, romlebic pasuxs mouZebnian kiTxvas, Tu ra xdeba msoflioSi. viTarebis paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dRes lideroba uprecendentod mniSvnelovania.

liderobis Teoriebi
politikuri liderobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali SekiTxva. ramdenad Seesabameba lideroba Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis princi pebs?is axdens adamianebis STagonebasa da motivirebas, Tu Trgunavs maT da arTmevs iniciativas? unda aRgvafrTovanebdnen Zlieri liderebi Tu unda vufrTxodeT maT? msgavsi kiTxvebis ukan dgas sxvadasxva warmodgenebi liderobis politikuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba gamovyoT oTxi Teoria, romlebic liderobas ganixilaven rogorc: pirovnul Tvisebas; sociologiur movlenas; organizaciul imperativs; politikuri Cvevebis nakrebs. 219

politikur i politikuri

lideroba da misi Teo r iebi Teor

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT politikuri liderobis Tema SesaZlebalia moZvelebuli Candes, sazogadoebis dayofa beladebad da maT mimdevrebad xom damaxasiaTebeli iyo im uZvelesi politikuri kulturisaTvis, romelic demokratias uswrebda win, rodesac beladebma `yvelaferi ukeT icodnen~ da saWiro iyo danarCenebis ganaTleba, erTad Sekreba da maTTvis mimarTulebis micema. ra Tqma unda, liderebi demokratiasac Wirdeba, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tavad lideroba SezRudulia yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT: liderebisagan moiTx218

tradiciuli gagebiT lideroba warmoadgens iSviaT, magram bunebriv niWs. rogorc aristotelem Tqva, `adamianebs dabadebidan bediT gansazRvruli aqvT, rom erTni unda batonobdnen, meoreni ki morCilebdnen~. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria lideris wminda pirovnul Tvisebebze, romelTac Cven xSirad vxedavT im adamianebSi, romlebic miekuTvnebian e.w. `bedisweris rCeulTa~ ti ps. am koncefciis ukidures versias warmoadgens faSisturi ideebi `fiureris~ anu uzenaesi beladis Sesaxeb (igi yovelTvis aris mamakaci), romelsac Seswevs Zala masebs gauZRves umaRlesi miznebisaken, _ es warmodgena garkveulwilad gamomdinareobs fridrix nicSes koncefciidan `zekacis~ Sesaxeb, romelic amaRlda gaZlierebuli moralis `jogur instinqtebze~ da miaRwia srul batonobas sakuTar Tavze. ufro zomieri formiT igive tradicia qadagebs qarizmis Sesaxeb, romelic moiazreba, rogorc pirovnebis Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. qarizmatuli liderebis klasikur magaliTebs warmoadgenen hitleri, kastro, naseri3 da tetCeri, Tumca qarizmatuli Tvisebebis danaxva SesaZlebelia sxva liderebis politikuri qcevis garkveul momentebSi, magaliTad, f.d. ruzveltis cnobil `saubrebSi buxarTan~, saerTod telekamerebTan TavdaWeris im unarSi, romelsac flobs TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove politikuri xelmZRvaneli. samwuxarod, Zalzed cotaa nelson mandelasa4 da dalai lamas5 msgavsi liderebi, romelTa avtoritetebic efuZneba gansakuTrebul zneobriv Tvisebebs. Tanamedrove politologia da politikuri fsiqologia Zalian xSirad ikavebs am midgomasTan daaxlovebul poziciebs da koncentrirebas axdens umTavresad liderebis pirovnul Tvisebebze. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli samecniero kvleva Caatares zigmund froidma (1856-1939) da uiliam bulitma da Seqmnes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis vudro uilsonis sakamaTo portreti (froidi da buliti, 1967). aseve SeiZleba gavixsenoT harold lasuelis pioneruli naSromi `fsiqopaTologia da politika~ (Harold Lasswell Psychopathology and Politics, 1988), sadac avtori amtkicebs, rom TavianT saqmianobaSi liderebs amoZravebT Sinagani paTologiuri konfliqtebi, romlebic racionalizirdebian mxolod sajaro aqtivobis doneze. arc Tu ise didi xnis win xmauriani polemika gamoiwvia jeims barberis (James Barber, 1988) mier Catarebulma kvlevam politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb. 220

barberma mogvca amerikeli prezidentebis Taviseburi ti pologia Semdegi ori parametris mixedviT: (1) ramdenad `aqtiurebi~ an `pasiurebi~ iyvnen isini TavianTi movaleobebis Sesrulebis dros (ramdenad gulmodgined asrulebdnen isini TavianT movaleobebs) da (2) ramdenad `pozitiurad~ an `negatiurad~ ekidebodnen sakuTar prezidentobas, mis politikur misias. gamoiyo oTxi ti pi: aqtiur-pozitiuri; aqtiur-negatiuri; pasiur-pozitiuri; pasiur-negatiuri. am kvlevis mixedviT `aqtiur-pozitiuri~ ti pis magaliTebs miekuTvnebian kenedi, jorj buS-ufrosi da klintoni. `aqtiur-negatiuri~ ti pi warmodgenilia hardingiTa da reiganiT. niqsoni moxvda `pasiur-pozitiur~ prezidentTa kategoriaSi, kuliji da aizenhaueri ki _ `pasiur-negatiurSi~. barberis Teoriis sisuste imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ugulvebelyofs prezidentobis Secvlis SesaZleblobas: ase magaliTad, jorj buS-umcrosma Tavisi prezidentoba daiwyo `pasiur-pozitiuri~ ti piT, magram aSS-Si 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers momxdari teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg igi aSkarad gadavida `aqtiuri~ ti pis jgufSi. liderobis Semdegi koncefcia masSi ganixilavs sociologiuri fenomenis upiratesobas. am midgomis mixedviT, liderebad ki ar ibadebian, aramed adamians liderad `aqcevs~ garkveuli socialur-istoriuli mdgomareoba. aq lideri Tavis nebas ki ar axvevs sazogadoebas, aramed piriqiT, igi Tavad gamodis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis matareblad. yvelaze metad amgvari midgoma damaxasiaTebelia marqsizmisaTvis, romlis Tanaxmadac, sazogadoeba viTardeba ekonomikuri faqtorebisa da klasobrivi brZolis gavleniT. am TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara lideris pirovneba, aramed is sazogadoebrivi interesebi, romlebsac igi gamoxatavs. marqsi gamonakliss xedavda bonapartizmSi6 im saxiT ra saxiTac is Camoyalibda safrangeTSi saxelmwifoebrivi gadatrialebis Semdeg da romelsac axorcielebda lui bonaparti 1851 wels. am reJimSi marqsma dainaxa wminda pirovnuli diqtatura, romelic Camoyalibda im gansakuTrebul istoriul momentSi, rodesac burJuaziam dakarga Zalaufleba, xolo proletariati moumzadebeli aRmoCnda, raTa xelSi aeRo marTvis sadaveebi. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki 221

marqsi varaudobda,rom lui bonapartis diqtatura mainc gamoxatavda klasebis, kerZod maSindel safrangeTSi ricxobrivad gazrdili wvrili glexobis interesebs. analogiurad trocki (ix. gv. 443) aanalizebda ra ssrk-Si stalinizmis reJims, werda imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad didi roli Seasrula saxelmwifo aparatma stalinis aRzevebaSi. amave TemasTan axlos mdgomi kidev erTi ideis Tanaxmad lideroba koleqtiuri qcevis Sedegia. rogorc odesRac Tavis pionerul naSromSi `brbo~ (The crowd, 1895) gustav leboni werda, liderebi yovelTvis mihyvebian masas da arasodes piriqiT. liderobis mesame koncefcia am fenomens ganmartavs wminda teqnikuri da racionaluri TvalsazrisiT: aq igi warmodgenilia rogorc sapasuxo movlena nebismieri Tanamedrove organizaciis, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTis moTxovnilebebze, romelic Sida erTianobasTan da xelmZRvanelobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebiT gamoirCeva. am gagebiT liderobis fenomeni `mxardamxar~ misdevs biurokratiis fenomens. Tanamedrove farTomasStabiani organizaciebi saWiroeben funqciebis specializaciasa da Sromis danawilebas, es ki Tavis mxriv qmnis Tanamdebobebisa da movaleobebis ierarqias. aseT viTarebaSi aucileblad warmoiqmneba lideroba, romelic Zalian axlos dgas veberiseul racionalur-samarTlebriv xelisuflebasTan: igi metnaklebad upirovnoa da efuZneba formalur, mkafiod gaweril wesebs. aucilebelia gavixsenoT, rom, rodesac saxelmwifo marTvam SeiZina konstituciuri xasiaTi,politikur liderebs gankargulebaSi gadaecaT biurokratiuli aparati. unda aRiniSnos, rom liderobis amgvari `biurokratiuli~ gageba upirispirdeba demokratiul process, romelic liderebs aiZulebs moi povon da SeinarCunon Zalaufleba, da piriqiT, moaxdinon TavianTi qarizmisa da wminda pirovnuli Tvisebebis demonstrireba. dabolos,ukanaskneli koncefcia liderobas axasiaTebs, rogorc Tavisebur `naswavl rols~, unars, Cvevas, erTi sityviT rogorc xelovnebas, romelsac SeiZleba daeuflos adamiani da praqtikaSi ganaxorcielos amgvari midgoma, ra Tqma unda, winaswaraa navaraudevi, rom lideri moaxdens masebiT mani pulirebas, magram meore mxriv, amaSi Cans masobrivi komunikaciebis epoqaSi arsebuli demokratiuli procesis gardauvali xasiaTi. am koncefciasTan axlos dgas pirovnebis kultis problematika, romelic iqmneboda iseTi pirovnuli Zalau222

flebis simtkicisaTvis, rogorebic iyo, mao Zedunis, polkovnik kadafisa da sadam huseinis reJimebi. ufro metic, xSirad iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom qarizmatuli figurebis arseboba sinamdvileSi gulmodgine da gegmazomieri muSaobis Sedegia. ase magaliTad, stalini sakuTari miznebisaTvis nergavda leninis kults, rasac emsaxureboda mavzoleumis daarseba wiTel moedanze, aTasobiT Zegli da aTiaTasobiT leninis saxelobis quCa mTeli qveynis masStabiT. amis Semdeg `leninis saqmis gamgrZelebels~ isRa darCenoda ecada rodis gadavidoda aRniSnuli kulti masze. Tavis droze sakmaod gulmodgined xdeboda niurnbergSi hitleris gamosvlis inscenireba, razec pasuxismgebeli iyo albert Speeri. detalurad muSavdeboda fiureris yoveli sityva da Jesti: mTeli warmodgena imgvarad ewyoboda, rom hitleris gamoCenisaTvis atmosfero ukiduresad emociuri yofiliyo. SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom Tanamedrove liderebs ara aqvT moTxovnileba saTanadod warmoaCinon sakuTari Tavi, Tumca, televiziis epoqaSi isini iZulebulni arian iyvnen ufro Tavmdablebi da keTilmosurneni, vidre es maT mitingebisa da politikuri demonstraciebis epoqaSi miecaT Tavisi TavisTvis, magram Tavisi `roli~, Tundac satelevizio kamerebis win dResac bevrs aviwydeba: Tanamedrove periodSi amas ukve masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis winaswar momzadebuli mrCevlebi da PR-is ostatebi emsaxurebian.

liderobis stili
cneba `liderobis stili~ ganekuTvneba im modelebsa da strategiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac lideri cdilobs sakuTari miznebis ganxorcielebas. erTmxriv, rom ar arseboben erTnairi saxis liderebi, aseve ganarCeven liderobis meTodebsa da stils, romlebic ganapirobeben ama Tu im strategiis arCevas. ufro xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba Tavad politikosis pirovnebasa da miznebs, im institucionalur garemos, romelSic igi imyofeba, aseve xelisuflebaSi mosvlis meqanizms, romelic mocemul politikur sistemaSi moqmedebs, masobriv sainformacio saSualebebsa da sazogadoebis ufro farTo politikur kulturas. mkvlevarebi gamoyofen liderobis sam stils (bernsi, 1978): 223

 `Caurevlobis stili~; `koordinatoris stili~; `reformatories stili~. `Caurevlobis~ stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia lideris gamosvla pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobisa da kompetenturobis viwro wridan: xatovnad rom vTqvaT, uricxvi saministroebisa da uwyebebisagan Semdgari saxelmwifo manqanis `saWesTan yofna~ ar aris misi stiqia. aseTi lideris magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT reigani, romelsac naklebad aRelvebda sakuTari administraciis yoveldRiuri saqmeebi. rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad jorj buS-umcrosic cdilobda Tavisi mrCevlebisaTvis uflebamosilebaTa farTo wris delegirebas, sanam e.w. `brZolam terorizmTan~ ar aiZula mieRo liderobis ufro aqtiuri saxe. rasac `Caurevlobis~ tipi ar gamoricxavs, es aris wminda ideologiuri xasiaTis lideroba, ufro metic, igi gulisxmobs sakiTxebze strategiuli xedvis aucileblobas. garda amisa, aRniSnul midgomas aqvs kidev erTi Zlieri mxare: ramdenadac xelqveiTebs eZlevaT meti Tavisufleba, aseT pirobebSi iolad Cndeba gunduri suliskveTeba, liders ki, yoveldRiuri saqmeebisagan Camocilebis Semdeg, eZleva ufro mniSvnelovan politikur da eleqtoralur problemebze koncentrirebis saSualeba. am ti pis sust mxares warmoadgens is, rom cudad xdeba saerTo samTavrobo politikis koordinireba, xolo ministrebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs eZlevaT moqmedebis metismetad ukontrolo Tavisufleba. Tuki davubrundebiT reiganis Temas, maSin aRsaniSnavia isic, Tu ramdenad gauTviTcnobierebeli iyo igi `iran-kontras~ sakiTxSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom css-sa da TeTri saxlis TanamSromelTa muSaobaze pasuxs swored is agebda. `koordinatoris~ ti pi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo marTvis procesSi lideris sakmaod aqtiur da gacilebiT ufro gulmodgine monawileobas, Tumca am saxis liderebi ufro xSirad amodian wminda pragmatuli mosazrebidan _ SeinarCunon erTianoba sakuTari partiis rigebSi, daicvan erTiani xazi mTavrobaSi da gaafarTovon eleqtoratis mxardaWera. xatovnad maT SeiZleba ewodoT brokerebi _ Suamavlebi, romlebic kolegialur mTavrobaSi mudmivad arigeben oponentebs, eZeben kompromisebs da erTmaneTSi awonasworeben fraqciebs. aSS-Si am ti pis liderebi iyvnen lindon jonsoni da jorj buS-ufrosi, did britaneTSi ki _ harold vilsoni da jon 224

meijori. am figurebSi yovelTvis SeiniSneboda menejerisa da teqnokratis Tvisebebi: maTTvis yvelaze maRla dgas saqme, sxva danarCeni ki advilad regulirdeba. Tumca am ti ps agreTve gaaCnia sakuTari `aqilevsis quslic~: am saxis liderebSi advilad SeiZleba davinaxoT oportunistebi _ politikosebi mkafio princi pebisa da naTeli miznebis gareSe. xSirad isini arc malaven amas. magaliTad, jorj buS-ufrosma 1992 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze ganacxada, rom mas ar esmis iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa `strategiuli xedva~, riTac sagrZnobi ziani miayena sakuTar reputacias. liderobis mesame saxea `radikali reformatoris~ tipi. aseTi liderebi arian ara imdenad koordinatorebi, ramdenadac STagonebis subieqtebi, ufro metic, isini arian vizionerebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, winamZRvrebi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod princi puli ideologiuri rwmena, aramed aseve politikuri Tavisufleba imisTvis, raTa ganaxorcielon sakuTari ideebi. isini ar eZeben kompromisebsa da konsensusebs, aramed mTavrobaSi mxardaWerisaTvis pirdapir apelireben TavianT mebrZolebTan, sakuTar partiasTan, dabolos, mTlianad sazogadoebasTan. gardnerma amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSna (Howard Gardner, 1966): lideri aris adamiani, `romelic qmnis legendas~; misi Zliereba ki imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad kargad ganasaxierebs Tavad is am legendas da Seswevs Tu ara Zala gauZRves sazogadoebas. ase magaliTad, generalma de golma moaxdina yvelafrisa da politikur liderobaze yvelanairi warmodgenis gadatrialeba ara marto imiT, rom Seiqmna mexuTe saprezidento respublika, aramed imiTac, rom sakuTar Tavze aiRo `samSoblos mamisa~ da `safrangeTis lideris~ roli. xelmZRvanelobis analogiuri ti pi damaxasiaTebeli iyo margaret tetCerisTvisac, romelic xelisuflebaSi movida lozungiT `rwmenis mTavroba~. dRes iseTi cnebebis xSiri gamoyeneba, rogoricaa `golizmi~ da `tetCerizmi~, yvelaze kargad metyvelebs imaze, Tu ramdenad didi gavlena iqonies am pirovnebebma politikasa da ideologiaze. magram ra saxis mmarTvelobasac ar unda mimarTon, politikurma liderebma dRes kargad ician, rom maT winaSe dgas gacilebiT ufro rTuli problemebi, vidre maTi winamorbedis dros idga. amis xazgasma mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac liderisadmi sazogadoebrivi midgoma, maTi saqmianobis 225

Sefaseba gavlenas axdens adamianebis damokidebulebaze politikis mimarT. pirveli problema, romelic dRevandeli politikuri liderebis winaSe dgas mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavad sazogadoeba imdenad rTuli gaxda, imdenad didia masze globaluri xasiaTis procesebis gavlena, rom politikosebisaTvis sul ufro rTuli xdeba `saqmis keTeba~. isini TiTqos ganwirulebi arian warumateblobisaTvis, rom sazogadoebas imeds gaucrueben. meore problema SemdegSi mdgomareobs: politikuri lideroba sustdeba im mxriv, rom sazogadoebrivi cnobierebidan qreba is sruliad naTeli da gasagebi warmodgena, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli drois ideologiisaTvis. dRes gacilebiT rTulia `legendis Seqmna~ da mis kvaldakval sazogadoebis gaZRola, vidre es warsulSi iyo SesaZlebeli. mesame problemis Tanaxmad dRevandeli sazogadoeba imdenad mravalferovani da fragmentuli xdeba, rom liderebs sul ufro uZneldebaT misTvis iseTi programis SeTavazeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba saerTo kulturasa da Rirebulebebze. dabolos meoTxe problemis mixedviT dRes arsebobs yvelanairi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom visaubroT sazogadoebis `politikur~ da `arapolitikur~ jgufebs Soris ganxeTqilebaze, radganac dRevandeli politikuri liderebi umetesad warmoadgenen karierist politikosebs, romlebic TavianTi cxovrebis stiliT, msoflmxedvelobiTa da eniTac ki Zalian daSorebulni arian rigiTi moqalaqeebis masebisagan. ra Tqma unda politikosebs SeuZliaT isaubron ubralo xalxis im imedebsa da molodinebze, romlebsac Tavadve gamoxataven, mxolod swored ubralo xalxisaTvis es yvelaferi ukve `Zalzed Soreulia~. aseT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi izrdeba gankerZoeba tradiciuli politikisagan da lideris Ziebas igi sruliad sxva sferoebSi iwyebs.

daskvnebi
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto pasuxismgebelia politikis `Sesrulebaze~ _ mis realizaciaze. es Sto iyofa `politikur~ da `biurokratiul~ nawilebad: pirveli warmoadgens sakuTriv `moqmed mTavrobas~ an `administracias~, meore _ saxelmwifo moxeleTa korpuss. unda gvesmodes, rom politikuri procesis dRevandeli sirTuleebis 226

pirobebSi am or nawils Soris zRvaris gavleba xSirad arc ise iolia; aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri asrulebs ramodenime mniSvnelovan funqcias: warmoadgens saxelmwifos ceremonialuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebs, axorcielebs politikis SemuSavebis procesis strategiul xelmZRvanelobas, akontrolebs saxelmwifo samsaxuris aparats, krizisul viTarebaSi iRebs sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebebs; saprezidento sistemebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauria prezidenti, romelic iTavsebs saxelmwifo meTaurisa da mTavrobis meTauris uflebamosilebebs, magram amave sistemaSi mis sapirwoned gvevlineba parlamenti, romelic flobs konstituciur da politikur damoukideblobas. saparlamento sistemebSi premier-ministri sakuTar saqmianobas axorcielebs or sferoSi: erTSi igi dakavSirebulia kabinetTan, calkeul ministrebTan da saministroebTan, meoreSi ki _ sakuTar partiasa da sakanonmdeblo krebasTan, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens misi xelisuflebis wyaros; xelisufleba, romelsac floben saxelmwifoTa da mTavrobaTa meTaurebi, arsebiTad gaZlierda iseTi faqtorebis zegavleniT, rogoricaa masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis tendencia, upiratesad gaaSuqos movlenis garegnuli da wminda pirovnuli aspeqtebi; analogiuri meqanizmi, romelic moqmedebs eleqtoralur procesSi; umaRles doneze Sexvedrebisa da saerTaSoriso vizitebis praqtikis gafarToeba; da bolos, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela rTul struqturaSi politikuri da ideologiuri liderobis saWiroeba. Tumca saxelmwifoebisa da mTavrobebis meTaurTa xelisuflebas gaaCnia Tavisi sapirwoneebi, kabinetebis, partiebis, sakanonmdeblo krbebis da saxelmwifo samsaxuris aparatebis saxiT; politologebi gansxvavebulad ganixilaven politikuri liderobis sakiTxs. mas ganixilaven rogorc wminda individualuri unaris _ qarizmis gansaxierebas da rogorc sociologiur fenomens, sadac liderebi warmoadgenen ama Tu im socialur-istoriuli sakiTxebis arssa da azrs; rogorc pasuxs organizaciaSi erTianobisa da gunduri muSaobis princi ps; `koordinatoris~ ti ps mudmivad Tan axlavs wonasworobis Zieba mTavrobaSi fraqciebsa da interesebs Soris; `radikali-reformatoris~ ti pi aqcents akeTebs sazogadoebis strategiul miznebsa da amocanebze. 227

Tavi XV armia da policia arc erTi politikuri sistema ar arsebobs mxolod da mxolod Tavisi politikuri legitimurobis an administraciuli efeqtianobis ZaliT. yvela isini, vin metad da vin naklebad Tavisi siRrmiseuli fesvebiT floben Zalauflebas, iZulebiTi xasiaTisaa, rac xorcieldeba armiisa da policiis saSualebiT. am Zalauflebas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva funqciebi da politikuri amocanebi. armia SeiZleba iyos orientirebuli gareSe miznebisaken, magram amasTanave saSinao saqmeebisaken; mas gamoiyeneben sazogadoebrivi uwesrigobis CasaxSobad an arapopularuli mTavrobis mxardasaWerad. mas (Zalauflebas) SeuZlia gamovides arenaze rogorc mTeli rigi interesebis mZlavr damcvels da gamtarebels an gaxdes samxedro reJimis safuZveli samoqalaqo reJimis damxobis Semdeg. policiasac SeuZlia aseve daicvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, an gadaiqces politikuri represiebis iaraRad, miT umetes gadaiqces policiuri saxelmwifos safuZvlad. am institutebis politikuri Zala imdenad uzarmazaria, rom kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia da rogor unda gaakontrolos sazogadoebam is, arasodes ar moxsnila politikis dRis wesrigidan.

armia da politika
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove tipis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saTaveebi iwyeba gviandeli Suasaukuneebis periodSi, maSin, roca evropis saxelmwifoebma daiwyes regularuli armiebis Seqmna. XIX saukuneSi armia gadaiqca sazogadoebriv institutad, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga profesionaluri sardloba _ instituti, romelic mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli mTeli sazogadoebisagan. Semdeg ki dadga evropuli kolonializmis epoqa da armiis am modelma gavrceleba hpova mTels msoflioSi, riTac gaxda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganuyofeli komponenti. erTaderT gamonakliss dReisaTvis warmoadgens puerto-riko da isic imitom, rom am saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba daculia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT. 228

armia warmoadgens savsebiT gansakuTrebul politikur instituts. misi Tavisebureba isaa, rom misi upiratesoba samoqalaqo institutebze gamoixateba oTxi faqtoriT. pirvel rigSi aris ra omis iaraRi, armia flobs Tavis xelSi SeiaraRebis TiTqmis mTel monopolias da gaaCnia daTrgunviTi xasiaTis uzarmazari potencialis Zalaufleba. ramdenadac mas SeuZlia mxari dauWiros nebismier reJims, an daamxos igi, armiis am reJimTan urTierTobazea damokidebuli misi arseboba. meores mxriv, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Tavisi arsiT arian umaRles doneze organizebuli disci plinaruli struqturebi, aq arsebobs zedmiwevniT mkafiod garkveuli ierarqia da mtkicedaa damkvidrebuli brZanebaTa Sesrulebis kultura. garkveulwilad es aris biurokratiis logikurad ukiduresi varianti im gagebiT, rogorc es esmoda m. vebers. yvelaferi es aZlevs armias araCveulebrivad organizebul efeqturobas, Tumca meores mxriv, SeiZleba yvelafer amas misces konservatizmis elementebis elferi. mesamec, armiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia savsebiT specifikur kulturaTa da RirebulebaTa mTeli nakrebi: ese igi, samxedro profesiis is suliskveTeba, romelic ubiZgebs xalxs iomon, moklan, da Tu saWiro iqna, mokvdnen kidec, armia aRiqmeba rogorc gansakuTrebiT konservatiuli da Zalze avtoritaruli instituti (radganac masSi damkvidrda disci plinis, morCilebis, wodebaTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebis, valdebulebisa da Rirsebis tradiciebi), magram SeiZleba iyos sxva politikuri idealebis momxrec _ ase magaliTad, revoluciuri socializmis, rogorc esaa CineTSi, an islamuri fundamentalizmis, rogorc es iranSia da bolos, meoTxec, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT da TviT isinic aRiqvamen Tavis Tavs rogorc Zalas, romelic dgas politikaze maRla: varaudoben, rom aris ra saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da erTianobis (mTlianobis) garanti, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi emsaxurebian saerTo erovnul interesebs. erTi mxriv, es aZlevs armias yvelaze maRal sazogadoebriv statuss _ xolo meore mxriv, man imave mizeziT SeiZleba gamoiCinos midrekileba politikaSi Carevisadmi, maSin, rodesac armiis sardloba darwmunebulia, rom qveynis erovnuli interesebi safrTxis winaSe dganan. da bolos unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saerTod arc ise advilia ilaparako erovnuli armiebis bunebisa da xasiaTebis Sesaxeb, radganac maT SeuZliaT iTamaSon Zalze gansxvave229

buli sxvadasxva roli sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi. armia SeiZleba warmoadgendes Semdegs: omis iaraRs; politikuri wesrigisa da stabilurobis garants; interesTa specifikur jgufs; samoqalaqo marTvis alternativas.

armiis roli omis iaraRi

armiis mTavari amocanaa _ saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc omis iaraRi sxva saxelmwifoTa winaaRmdeg. swored am mizeziT regularuli armiebis Camoyalibeba daemTxva evropis axali istoriis sawyis periodSi saxelmwifoTa sistemis Camoyalibebas. magram princi pul moments warmoadgens is, rom SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda yofiliyvnen mzad ara marto saxelmwifos dacvisaTvis, aramed TavdasxmiTi amocanebis SesrulebisTvisac. gareSe agresiis winaaRmdeg Tavdacvisunarianobis aucileblobis uzrunvelyofam swored rom gadaaqcia armia Tanamedrove saxelmwifos aucilebel elementad, romelic aseve saWiroa saxelmwifosaTvis rogorc policia, sasamarTlo an, vTqvaT, fosta. magram, unda avRniSnoT, rom saxelmwifos Tavdacvis funqciasTan, rac isedac naTelia, dakavSirebulia isev armiis problemebi, romelTa gadawyvetazec damokidebulia TviT armiis buneba da misi raodenoba. erTi mxriv, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda iyvnen sakmaod Zlierni, raTa SeZlon agresiis mogerieba, magram kidev ufro ukeTesia, Tu gamovricxavT am saSiSroebas potenciuri agresoris SeSinebis princi piT. aq problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis iwyeboda gamalebuli mzadeba SeiaraRebisaTvis, kidev metic, iwyeboda omi, imdenad, ramdenadac TavdacviTi potencialis zrda aRiqmeboda mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mier rogorc TavdasxmiTi potencialis gaZliereba da Sedegad iwvevda saerTaSoriso daZabulobas. swored aseTi viTareba iyo magaliTad maSin, rodesac daiwyo sazRvao SeiaraRebis gamalebuli zrda did britaneTsa da imperiul germanias Soris pirveli msoflio omis (1914 weli) dawyebis win, rac gaxda omis dawyebis mizezi. magram ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan is, rom gamalebulma SeiaraRebam SeiZleba xeli 230

Seuwyos ZalauflebaTa balanss saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da Sedegad Seamciros omis saSiSroeba, rogorc es iyo civi omis wlebSi. meore SemTxvevaSi, Tuki armia Tavis Tavze iRebs TavdacviT rols, is wiravs Tavis Tavs xangrZlivi umoqmedobisaTvis. am dros man unda SeinarCunos maRali brZolisunarianoba, romelic mas SeiZleba arasodes dasWirdes. ufro met mkacr politikas armiisadmi mimarTebaSi atarebda sabWoTa kavSirSi stalini,. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Catarebuli samxedro reformis dros, romelic mimarTuli iyo armiis profesionalizaciaze, mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe, romelic germaniis mxridan modioda. 1937 wels is ucbad CaixSo sisxlSi: daixvrita yoveli xuTidan 3 sabWoTa marSali da armiis 15 sardlidan yoveli 13. saerTod sabWoTa sardlebis 90 procentma, polkovnikebis 80 procentma da saSualo wodebis daaxloebiT 30 000 oficerma dakarges Tavisi Tanamdebobani da zogierTma maTganma sicocxlec ki. gamocdilebisa da armiis momzadebis TvalsazrisiT, armia faqtobrivad aRmoCnda SeuiaraRebeli da demoralizebuli im momentSi, roca mas 1939-40 wlebSi mouxda omi fineTTan. umetes SemTxvevaSi armiaSi SeRwevis modeli iTvaliswinebs ara imdenad politikurad arasaimedo meTaurebis moSorebas, ramdenadac swori politikuri Sexedulebebisa da faseulobebis propagandas. erayis xelisuflebaSi sadam huseinis 1979 wlidan mosvlis droidan, basis mTavroba yovelnairad nergavda panarabul nacionalizms, arabTa gaerTianebas da maT gaTavisuflebas `dasavluri imperializmisagan~ da sionizmisagan. swored aseTi miznebiT xsnida reJimi 1980 wels iranis teritoriaze SeWras, agreTve 1990 wels kuveitis aneqsiis mcdelobas.

armia rogorc interesebis dajgufeba

zemoT warmodgenili iyo mosazreba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, rogorc politikur instrumentebze, romelic mTavrobas iyenebs Tavis Sida politikur da saerTaSoriso samsaxurSi, sinamdvileSi ki aqcevs maT instrumentad, romelTac mTavrobisgan pirwmindad aqvT warTmeuli yvela sakuTari interesi; anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es iyo raRac interesebis dajgufeba da yvela misTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebiT cdi231

lobda zemoqmedeba moexdina politikis arsze. am saqmeSi ki is flobda zemoqmedebisa da zegavlenis yvela saimedo berkets. pirvel rigSi armia informaciisa da codnis uzarmazari matarebelia; Tumca Teoriis Tanaxmad igi unda emorCilebodes samoqalaqo xelmZRvanelobebis gankargulebebs da unda warmoadgendes politikurad neitralur Zalas. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom mTavroba ar usmendes mas, yovel SemTxvevaSi im sakiTxebSi, romlebic exeba samxedro strategias, Tavdacvas da ubralod saerTaSoriso politikas. meorec, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi monawileoben Zireuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis SuagulSi, isini floben xelisuflebis sakuTar institucionalur bazas. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli bazebi magaliTad, axorcieleben Tavis gavlenas uSualod Tavdacvis saministros _ pentagonis, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos da agreTve SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakiTxebis sakongreso komitetebis saSualebiT. da bolos, mesame rigSi armia Tavis mxriv mudmiv `dividendebs~ iRebs imitom, rom sazogadoeba yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebs uSiSroebis sakiTxebs; erTi sityviT, gamoxataven ra Tavis azrs samxedro siZlieris da samxedro xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo politikosebs SeuZliaT amomrCevelTa damatebiTi xmebis imedi iqonion. `sazogadoebrivi arCevanis~ koncefcia Cinovnikebis mimarT ambobs, rom yvelaze metad isini wuxan Tavis karieraze da ufrTxildebian mas. aseve SeiZleba damajereblad vTqvaT samxedro sardlobis mimarT, rom is mowadinebulia gza gaukvalos im politikur gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic muSaoben armiis statusze da sazogadoebaSi misi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis gafarToeba-gaumjobesebaze. am SemTxvevaSi armia warmoadgens klonirebis jgufs, romelic iyenebs politikuri Zalauflebis yvela Sesasvlels, oRondac miaRwios samxedro biujetis zrdas. dRes TiTqmis sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom `civ oms~ Tavis droze amZafrebdnen aSS-sa da ssrk-s samxedro saxelmwifo kompleqsebi. amasTanave orive mxare iyo dainteresebuli imiT, rom meore mxaris TavdacviTi SesaZleblobani warmoeCinaT gadaWarbebulad da iqidan gamomdinare strategiuli muqarebi. zogierTi monacemebiT sabWoTa kavSiris xarjebma samxedro da momijnave miznebisaTvis XX s. 80-ian wlebSi miaRwies saer232

To erovnuli produqciis 80 procents, xolo TavdacviTi kompleqsi iyo ganviTarebadi ekonomikis erTaderTi efeqturi seqtori. amave dros aSS-s samxedro xarjebi iyo saerTo erovnuli xarjebis araumetes 6 procenti. realuri gaangariSebiT es iyo 10 procentiT naklebi sabWoTa kavSirTan SedarebiT. analogiuri ram xdeboda saqarTveloSi, roca samxedro xarjebi 2000 wlis 15 milionidan gaizarda 900 milion dolaramde, Tumca ruseTTan omi 2 dReSi wavageT. agreTve aris safuZveli gveTqva, rom 1991 w. `sparseTis yureSi warmoebuli omis~ ukan idgnen amerikis wamyvani samxedro meijare-gamrigeblebi. amiT maT miecaT saSualeba gaekeTebinaT uaxlesi samxedro miRwevebis demonstrireba. magaliTad iseTis, rogoric iyo TviTmfrinavi `stelsi~, frTiani da `patriotis~ sistemis raketebi da amis Sedegad mieRwiaT kidev ufro meti samxedro asignebisaTvis. meore mxriv ar iqneboda swori davinaxoT SeiaraRebul ZalebSi `omis gamCaRebeli~, magaliTad amerikis prezidentis buSis mTavari samxedro mrCeveli kolin paueli uxalisod daTanxmda samxedro gadawyvetilebas `yureSi krizisis~ Sesaxeb, radganac mas eSinoda materialuri da moraluri zaralis, romelic SeiZleba ganecada amerikis SeiaraRebul Zalebs am omSi yovelgvari naTeli politikuri miznebis gansazRvris gareSe. umcrosi buSis drosac mas ukve aSS-s saxelmwifo ministris posti eWira, danarCen maRalCinosan samxedro pirebTan erTad araerTxel gamouTqvams azri imis Sesaxeb, rom terorizmTan omSi saWiroa moiqce mxolod mkafiod da naTlad Camoyalibebuli da strategiuli miznebis arsebobisas, raTa aSS-s armia ar iyos CaTreuli gaWianurebul samxedro operaciebSi.

samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativa

samxedroebi ar arian yovelTvis Tanaxma, rom warmoadgendnen interesTa dajgufebas da Tavis miznebs aRwevdnen samoqalaqo politikosebis saSualebiT: floben ra SeiaraRebas da iZulebiTi Zalauflebis uzarmazar potencials samxedroebi dro da dro pirdapir erevian politikaSi. calkeul SemTxvevebSi aseTma moqmedebam SeiZleba moaxdinos samxedro mmarTvelobis dafuZneba. armias aqvs imis saSualeba, rom SeinarCunos nebismieri arapopularuli reJimi da amasTanave daamxos 233

igi. garemoebani, romelTa drosac samxedroebi modian mmarTvelobaSi, ganixileba Semdgom nawilSi. jer ki visaubrebT im formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa saSualebiTac xorcieldeba samxedro mmarTveloba. samxedroebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi Taviseburebani, romelTaganac bunebrivia mTavaria is, romlis saSualebiTac samxedro diqtaturaSi Zalauflebis ganawileba xdeba mkacri subordinaciis princi pebiT da gadaiqceva `mbrZaneblobisa da daqvemdebarebis~ jaWvad. samxedro mmarTvelobis erT-erTi saxeobaa _ xunta (warmosdgeba espanuri sityvisagan JUNTA, rac niSnavs sabWos marTvas). aris ra umTavresad laTino-amerikuli gamovlineba, xunta warmoadgens sakuTriv samxedro koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis ti ps, romlis centralur organos warmoadgens yvela fexosani sazRvao da sahaero jarebis warmomadgenelTa sabWo klasikur xuntaSi. ase magaliTad, 1978-83 wlebis argentinaSi samoqalaqo politikosebi sruliad CamoSorebuli iqna xelisuflebisagan, xolo profkavSirebi da saerTod Cveulebrivi politikuri moRvaweoba saerTod aikrZala qveyanaSi. Zalze xSirad jarebis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa da calkeul pirovnebaTa Soris metoqeobis gamo Zalaufleba xuntaSi gadadis xelidan xelSi. sxva SemTxvevebSi samxedro diqtatura Tavs iyris erTi kacis irgvliv: amis magaliTebia _ polkovniki popadopulosi 1974-84 wlebis saberZneTSi, 1973 wlis gadatrialebis Semdeg generali pinoCeti CileSi, generali abaca 1993-98 wlebis nigeriaSi. afrikisaTvis amasTanave damaxasiaTebelia iseTi movlena, rogoric iyo umcrosi oficrebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba: ase iyo ganaSi 1979 wels, roca aq Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo leitenantma jeri roulingsma, da liberiaSi 1980 wels, roca samxedro gadatrialeba moawyo serJantma samuel doum. roca samxedro reJimebi xelisuflebaSi modian, isini auqmeben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs da Trgunaven sazogadoebis politikuri aqtivobis yvela wyaroebs: sityvis Tavisuflebas, demonstraciebs, ikrZaleba opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da profkavSirebi, masobrivi informaciis wyaroebSi myardeba umkacresi cenzura. xSirad saqme mTavrdeba imiTac, rom samxedroebi aseT situaciebSi amjobineben ` CrdilSi gasvlas~ da formalurad gadascemen Zalauflebas romelime `metnaklebad aqtiur samoqalaqo xelisuflebas~. ase magaliTad moxda mabutus mmarTvelobis dros zairSi, rodesac is movida xelisuflebaSi 234

1965 wels samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad, magram Semdeg man amjobina CamoeSorebina armia politikuri cxovrebidan da TviTon emarTa saxelmwifo e.w. `revoluciisTvis saxalxo moZraobis~ saSualebiT, romelic TviT manve daaarsa. 1960-70 wlebSi egvi ptis saxelmwifo, samxedro mmarTvelobidan gadavida avtoritarul samxedro mmarTvelobaze gaal naserisa da anvar sadaTis dros, romlebic TviT armiis rigebidan movidnen. am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda, rom qveyanaSi samoqalaqo kabinetebis formirebam da partiaTa Camoyalibebam moaxdines reJimis legitimacia, xolo naserma da sadaTma miaRwies armiisgan SedarebiT Tavisuflebas. magram zogierT samxedro reJims iseTi bedic eweva, rogoricaa sruli kraxi. roca armia komprometirebulia sruli samxedro marcxiT. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom sazogadoebaSi opoziciam miaRwios iseT gasaqans, rom misi SeCereba ar SeiZlebodes marto represiebiT. amis magaliTs warmoadgens 1978 wels berZeni generlebis reJimis damxoba, roca TurqeTma xelSi Caigdo kvi prosis CrdiloeT nawili da meore magaliTi 1983 wels argentinis xuntis damxoba, rodesac man waago folklendis omi, magram fili pinebis diqtatoris markosis damxoba 1986 wels moxda gansazRvrul faqtorTa kombinaciiT. es iyo moZraoba demokratiuli reformebisken, romelsac saTaveSi edga korason akino. da di plomatiuri zewola aSS-s mxridan, magram akinos gamocdilebam gviCvena is, rom Tu ki armia gamovida yazarmebidan gareT, raTa miiRos uSualo monawileoba politikaSi, misi ukan Sebruneba araa advili: man xelisuflebaSi yofnis 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi gadaitana samxedro gadatrialebis 3 cda.

armiaze kontroli
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis didi siZlieris arsebobisas SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini warmoadgenen politikis umniSvnelovanes Tu ara, umTavres faqtors mainc. sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris, politikaSi armiis pirdapiri Carevis SemTxvevebi, samoqalaqo mTavrobis damxobis mcdelobiT saerTod arc ise bevria da yvela isini ZiriTadad Semofarglulia laTinuri amerikiT, afrikiT da aziis calkeuli nawilebiT. dasavlur demokratiebs ki, warsulSi yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebs, 235

arsebiTad ar ganucdiaT seriozuli samxedro gadatrialebani. saerTo wesebidan erT-erT gamonakliss warmoadgenda 1945 wels: safrangeTi 1958 wels da 1961 wlebSi (pirveli gadatrialebis Sedegi iyo meoTxe respublikis damxoba, meore ver moxerxda); portugalia 1974 wels, roca armiam Caigdo xelSi Zalaufleba `naciis saxelmwifos mxridan xelyofis acilebis mizniT~ da espaneTi 1981 wels, roca misma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma scades saxelmwifo gadatrialeba. rac Seexeba komunistur samyaros, aq Semdegi gamonaklisia: arSemdgari gadatrialeba CineTSi 1971 wels, roca lon biao Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobda; poloneTSi 1981 wels xelisuflebaSi general iaruzelskis mosvla; da agvisto `putCi~ moskovSi 1991 wels, ramac ramodenime dRiT CamoaSora gorbaCovi xelisuflebas.

tika) im ideaTa da faseulobaTa gavrcelebis saqmeSi, rac asocirebulia samxedro saqmesTan, mTel sazogadoebasTan. militaristuli reJimis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens hitleris `mesame reixi~ germaniaSi, dRevandeli rusuli armia, romelic gaeros wevr mezobel, suverenul qveyanas Tavs daesxa 2008 wels da misi nawilis okupacia moaxdina.

Sinagani wesrigis garantia

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Zalauflebis udides potencials mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos ara marto sagareo saqmianobisaTvis, aramed maT udidesi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT saxelmwifos saSinao politikaSi, Tumca armiebis Zala mimarTulia sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. amocanebi, romlebsac wyveten SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, bunebrivia, gansxvavdebian sistemidan sistemamde da saxelmwifo mniSvnelobiT. arasamxedro xasiaTis erT-erTi tipiuri amocana, romlis Sesrulebac SeiZleba daekisros, armias, esaa monawileob bunebriv katastrofebSi, magram aseTi rame xdeba gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi da mas politikuri mniSvneloba ara aqvs. amis Tqma ar SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, roca jari gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo areulobebis da uwesrigobis CasaxSobad an romelime seriozuli sazogadoebrivi winaaRmdegobis gadasawyvetad. aSS-Si magaliTad, armia uzrunvelyofda 1950-1960 wlebSi rasobrivi desegregaciis Sesaxeb xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcielebas. did britaneTSi armia gamoiyeneboda gansakuTrebuli situaciebis gadasawyvetad da 1970-1980-ian wlebSi saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis aRmosaCenad, roca qveyana moicva sawarmoo-samrewvelo konfliqtebma. xSirad aseTi qmedeba iwvevs kritikas, da ara imitom, rom armiebs aq eniWebaT funqciebi, romlebic ganekuTvneba policias, aramed imitomac, rom kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeboda armiis tradiciuli neitralitetis princi pi. samxedro gadatrialebani xdeba gansazRvrul viTarebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan faqtorebs warmoadgenen: _ qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba; _ sazogadoebis TvalSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebis mier Tavisi legitimurobis dakargva; _ konfliqturoba samxedroebsa da saxelmwifos mTavrobas Soris damokidebulebaSi; 237

rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba?

saerTo jamSi gamoyofen kontrolis ori ti pis meqanizmebsa da meTodebs, romlebic iZleva aseTi kontrolis ganxorcielebis saSualebas. 1957 wels samuel hanTingtoni amasTan dakavSirebiT ambobda `obieqturi~ da `subieqturi~ meTodebis Sesaxeb, xolo erik nordlingeri 1977 wels iyenebda terminebs _ `liberaluri meTodi~ da `SeRwevis meTodi~. liberaluri anu obieqturi modeli, armiasa da samoqalaqo xelisuflebis damokidebulebaTa Soris yvelaze mkafiod gamoikveTa dasavleTis iaraRad moazrebaSi. militarizaciis Sesaxeb laparakoben im SemTxvevaSic, roca armia scildeba misTvis gansazRvruli amocanebis farglebs da axdens saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis uzurpirebas (uzurpacia _ Zalauflebis ukanonod xelSi Cagdeba, sxvisi Zalauflebis miTviseba). rodesac armia gamoiyeneba TavdasxmiTi an eqspansiuri miznebisaTvis, misi roli ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielo omi sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg, saWiroa, SeiaraRebul Zalebs SeeZloT da surdeT, gaxdnen iaraRi, da rom sazogadoebaSi iyos am mizanTa sakmaod mtkice mxardaWera. eqspansiuri saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samxedro xarjebis maRali done, generalitetis CarTva politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi (militarizmi _ SeiaraRebisa da omisaTvis mzadebis reaqciuli poli236

_ Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso viTareba, romelic xels uwyobs gadatriaklebas. Zalze TvalnaTliv Cans samxedro gadatrialebis kavSiri ekonomikur CamorCenilobasTan. nigeriaSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Camogdeba 1983 wels moxda xangrZlivi ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, rac gamowveuli iyo navTobze fasebis dacemiT. iqmneba ganxeTqilebis saSiSroeba armiaSi. amitom araa gasakviri, rom yvelaze didxans samxedro reJimebi inarCuneben Tavis reJims msoflios im nawilSi, romlebic adre warmoadgendnen koloniebs _ laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, afrikasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. samxedroebi saerTod yovelTvis cdiloben moawyon imis demonstrireba, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi maT amoZravebT keTilSobiluri zraxvebi da miznebi: imis aucilebloba, rom mospon korufcia, dasZlion ganxeTqileba sazogadoebaSi, gadaarCinon eri. magram arasodes ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom yvelafer amaSi ar aris maTi sakuTari interesebi. samxedro gadatrialebani Zalze xSirad ubralod isaxaven cdas, rom SeinarCunon armiis privilegiebi, damoukidebloba an prestiJi, Tu saqmeSi araa seriozulo politikuri ambiciebi. Szogjer armiis gadawyvetileba _ Caigdos Zalaufleba xelSi, SeiZleba iqnes nakarnaxevi mosazrebiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia saerTaSoriso viTarebasTan. Zalian cotaa iseTi magaliTebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom samxedro gadatrialeba, romel qveyanaSic ar unda moxdes is, srulebiTac ar exeboda mezobeli qveynis interesebs, regionalur an saerTaSoriso organizaciebs an saerTaSoriso sazogadoebebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi samxedroebi imitom awyoben Zalovan gamosvlas, rom maTze axdenen zewolas garedan. swored aseTi SemTxveva moxda CileSi: aSS-s centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelo aliendeSi xedavda kubis reJimis momxre komunists, romlis reformebi emuqreboda amerikis mravalferovnul korporaciebs arsebuls Cilesa da mTels laTinur amerikaSi.pinoCetma ki miiRo aSS-s centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelosagan yovelgveri konsultaciebi: aSS mas aZlevda garantias da pirdapir diplomatiur mxardaWeras gadatrialebis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi.

policia da politika
policia, iseve, rogorc armia, aris daTrgunvis saxelmwifo aparatis nawili, magram gansxvaveba maT Soris TvalnaTelia: SeiaraRebuli Zalebis roli mdgomareos imaSi, rom is aris mowodebuli uzrunvelyos qveynis Tavdacva, policiis roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man unda daicvas qveynis Sinauri wesrigi. dRevandeli Tavisi saxiT policiuri Zalebi emsgavsebian me-19 saukunis policias, rodesac industrializaciis procesma ukiduresobamde gaamwvava dasavleTis sazogadoebis socialuri da politikuri winaaRmdegobani. liberaluri TvalsazrisiT policiaSi xedaven umTavresad neitralur instituts, romlis amocanac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man daicvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da adamianTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. am kuTxiT problema mdgomareobs SemdegSi: policia eyrdnoba farTo sazogadoebriv konsesuss da flobs maRali xarisxis legitimurobas, ramdenadac moqalaqeebi darwmunebulni arian imaSi, rom policia xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis stabilurobas da uzrunvelyofs xalxis pirad usafrTxoebas, icavs ra maT erTimeorisagan, amasTanave is dakavebuli wesrigis dacviT da sxva politikuri funqciebi mas arc hqonda da arc eqneba. konservatiuli TvalsazrisiT policiis roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxari dauWiros saxelmwifo Zalauflebas, uzrunvelyos misi kanonieri Sesruleba qveynis mTel teritoriaze. es midgoma, romelsac aqvs pesimisturi Sexeduleba adamianis bunebaze, xazs usvams imas, rom policias aqvs mniSvneloba rogorc sazogadoebis Zalovani institutisa, romelsac ZaluZs Tu ki dasWirdeba, yvelaze ufro mkacrad imoqmedos sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebisa da samoqalaqo uwesrigobis situaciebSi. am SemTxvevaSi policia ganixileba, rogorc politikuri kontrolis meqanizmi. radikaluri Tvalsazrisi metad kritikulia policia-xelisuflebis mimarT. am mimarTebiT policia warmoadgens daTrgunvis instruments, rac ufro saxelmwifos xelSia, vidre sazogadoebisa da emsaxureba pirvel rigSi elitas, vidre masebs. marqsistuli versiiT policiis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is unda idges sakuTrebis da saerTod kapitalis interesebis sadarajoze. mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom policielebis roli damok239

238

idebulia im politikur sistemaze, romlis nawilsac isini warmoadgenen da imas, Tu romeli amocanebisaTvis iyeneben maT saxelmwifo an moqmedi mTavroba. am TvalsazrisiT ganasxvaveben samoqalaqo policias _ ese igi dayofas, rac gamoxatavs saxelmwifoTa dayofas liberalur saxelmwifoebad da egreT wodebul politikur saxelmwifoebad.

samoqalaqo policia
rodesac vlaparakobT samoqalaqo policiaze, maSin saubari midis iseT Zalebze, romelTa moqmedebis sferoc Semoifargleba mxolod samarTlis kanoniT, es swored is policiaa, rogorsac xSirad warmoadgens sazogadoeba _ `policia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom ebrZolos danaSauls~. magram unda vicodeT erTi ram, rom wesrigis dacva, vTqvaT, indoeTis sofelSi sul sxvaa, xolo wesrigis dacva Tanamedrone niuiorkSi, parizsa da sankt-peterburgSi sul sxva. cnobilia, rom patara da erTgvarovani gaerTianebani sakmaod kargad umklavdebian sakuTari ZalebiT wesrigis dacvis saqmes. sul sxva suraTi gvaqvs ufro met masStabur da fragmentalur (socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT) sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs Soris damokidebuleba TiTqmis sruliad depersonalizebulia. am SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva qveynis policia, romelic ganicdis industrializaciis erTi da igive modelebis Seqmnas, Seejaxeba arsebiTad erTi da igive amocanebs: satransporto samarTaldarRvevebs, manqanebis gatacebas, quCis danaSauls, organizebul danaSauls da am dros sapolicio Zalebis organizeba da taqtika iRebs msgavs xasiaTs. SeiZleba vilaparakoT samoqalaqo policiis sxvadasxva modelebis Sesaxeb. arsebobs policiis konkretuli sazogadoeba. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom policia mudam unda iyos adamianTa kompaqturi cxovrebis ama Tu im adgilebSi, xolo moqalaqeebis mxridan igulisxmeba maTi TanamSromloba danaSaulebaTa gamoZiebasa da gaxsnaSi, amas garda arsebobs kidev danaSaulobaTa profilaqtikis saerTo amocana, sazogadoebaSi iseTi faseulobebis da urTierTdamokidebulebebis damkvidreba, romlebic mimarTulia swored am amocanebis Sesasruleblaad. aseTi koncefcia damaxasiaTebelia didi britaneTisaTvis da kidev ufro metad iaponiisaTvis. iaponel 240

policiels moeTxoveba, rom is icnobdes Tavis samoqmedo ubans, icnobdes yvela ojaxs da sawarmos, romlebic ganlagebulia mis teritoriaze. swored amas emsaxurebian is specialuri saguSagoebi (kubani) an mudmivi sapolicio ubnebi (Cuzaiso). aseTi meTodis warmateba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es warmateba pirdapir damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor eqcevian moqalaqeebi policiels, rogorc gaerTianebis sapatio wevrs da mzad arian, rom yovelTvis iyvnen meTvalyureobis qveS. did britaneTSi ekonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT es sistema ramdenadme Seamcires 1860-70 wlebSi, magram aseve gaafarToves 1980-iani wlebis qalaqebSi agorebuli uwesrigobebis gamo. meore mxriv, arsebobs policiis modeli, romelic moqmedebs `saxanZro brigadis~ princi piT, aq mTavaria misi unari, Tu rogori siswrafiT moaxdens igi reagirebas samarTaldarRvevebze raTa swored siCqaris wyalobiTa da reaqciebiT gadawyvitos ara marto operatiuli, aramed profilaqtikuri amocanebi. rogorc wesi, am modelSi miRebulia ufro mkacri, TiTqmis samxedro meTodebi, aq agreTve umetesad eyrdnobian iaraRis uaxles teqnologiebs da saxeobas. aseTi modeli damaxasiaTebelia yvelaze metad avtoritaruli da totalitaruli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, magram ar aris ucxo liberaluri saxelmwifoebisaTvisac. ase magaliTad, niu-iorkis policia potenciuri damnaSeveebis dasaSineblaad SeiaraRebulia didkalibriani da naxevradavtomaturi revolverebiTa da xelketebiT, xolo kairos policia SeiaraRebulia avtomatebiT an avtomaturi SaSxanebiT.

politikuri policia
policia SeiZleba iyos `politikuri~ ori mimarTulebiT. pirvel rigSi, mis saqmes SeiZleba axldes raRac mudmivi tendencia, romelic keTilganwyobilia erTi jgufisadmi da moqmedebs sxvaTa winaaRmdeg. meore rigSi, is SeiZleba gascdes Tavisi saqmianobis farglebs da ecados, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinos uSualod politikur procesebze. pirveli problema wamoswies radikaluri da socialisturi mimarTulebis kritikosebma maTTvis Cveuli absoluturi urwmunobiT imaSi, rom SeeZloT ki politikur Zalebs yofiliyvnen raRacaSi neitralurni, Zlierni da emoqmedaT samarTlianad da 241

dainteresebis gareSe (romel saxelmwifo organosac ar unda emsaxuron). am TvalsazrisiT saqme ase warmovidginoT: policiis Zalebis specialuri momzadeba da disci plina ukve TviTon TavisTavad qmnian maTSi iseT kulturas, romelic arsebiTad aris avtoritaruli da politikurad konservatiuli, amitom iseT jgufebTan, rogoricaa muSebi, gaficulebi, qalebi da eTnikuri umciresobani, politikuri Zalebi moiqcevian ufro mkacrad, vidre sxvebTan. policiis politizaciis done ucvlelad izrdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad ufro rTuli da fragmentirebuli xdeba sazogadoeba. zogierTi Teoretikosi kidec amtkicebs, rom saerTod ar SeiZleba zRvaris gavleba policiis saqmianobis samoqalaqo da politikur sferoebs Soris. Zalze xSirad policiis neitralobis saerTod ar swamT TviT sazogadoebasac, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca policiels gadaisvrian gaficvebis, demonstraciebis da samoqalaqo uwesrigobebis winaaRmdeg, rac gamomdinareobs aRmoufxvreli sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebebidan da winaaRmdegobebidan. ase xdeba xSirad im regionebSi, sadac arsebobs mwvave eTnikuri an nacionaluri problemebi. ase magaliTad, espaneTis CrdiloeTSi, baskebis qveyanaSi, an CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, sadac mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili ar aRiqvams policiels rogorc `kanonier Zalas~. xSirad saxelmwifoebisaTvis `politikurad Zalze saCoTiro~ operaciebis Sesasruleblad qmnian specialur naxevrad gasamxedroebuli xasiaTis policiur razmebs. amis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens safrangeTis respublikuri uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic organizebulia samxedro yaidaze iqamdec ki, rom misi TanamSromlebi cxovroben specialur garnizonebSi. did britaneTSi amave miznebisaTvisaa Seqmnili patrulirebis specialuri jgufi. da bolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovel saxelmwifoSi aris Seqmnili Tavisi specialuri saidumlo samsaxurebi dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dargSi. maTi funqciebi erTmniSvnelovnad atareben politikur xasiaTs, romelic agreTve Seicavs iseTi xalxisa da adamianTa jgufebze meTvalyureobas, romelTa saqmianobam SeiZleba ziani miayenos saxelmwifos da zogjer destabilizacia gamoiwvios. aseT samsaxurebs warmoadgens Sinagani uSiSroebis samsaxurebi, rogoric arian: did britaneTSi dazvervis centraluri sammarTvelo, daz242

vervis federaluri biuro aSS-Si da sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti. uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxuri _ saagento, romelsac evaleboda usafrTxoebis dacva da kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba did britaneTSi Seiqmna 1909 wels sis britaneTSi germaneli jaSuSebis winaaRmdegsabrZolvelad da igi iTvleba erT-erT uZlieres sadazvervo samsaxurad msoflioSi. saqarTveloSi esenia kudi (konstituciuri usafrTxoebis deparpamenti) da sodi (specialuri operatiuli departamenti).

policiuri saxelmwifoebi
termini `policiuri saxelmwifoebi~ ganekuTvneba iseTi politikuri reJimis gamomxatvel cnebebs da saxelmwifoebs, romlebSic gaTelilia yvela da yovelgvari samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, policiaze ar moqmedebs araviTari kanoni, is ar aris pasuxismgebeli saerTod arc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis da arc sazogadoebis winaSe da moqmedebs yvelaze uxeSi da gaurkveveli saSualebiT. policiuri saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen totalitarizmis pirdapir gansaxierebas: aq policia, romelsac micemuli aqvs ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba, yovelTvis qmnis mudmivi SiSis atmosferos, raTa mmarTvelma elitam Tavis kontrol qveS mtkiced iqonios sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela mxare. magram yvelafer amasTan erTad, policiels aseT policiur saxelmwifoSi ara aqvs miniWebuli iseTi adgili, rogoric ukavia armias samxedro diqtaturis pirobebSi _ is ubralod aris politikuri elitis samsaxurSi. swored aseTi mdgomareoba iyo germaniaSi, sadac Seqmnili iyo daSinebisa da zedamxedvelobis aparati. gestapos `yavisferi perangebi~-s razmebi mzad iyvnen mTavrobis pirveli sityvisTanave gasworebodnen nebismier mowinaaRmdeges. gestapo asrulebda saidumlo policiis amocanebs, CD-is danayofebi iTavsebdnen dazvervisa da uSiSroebis sakiTxebs, xolo CC-I warmoadgenda namdvil saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi. analogiuri adgili hqonda movlenebs sabWoTa kavSirSi: leninma 1917 wels Seqmna _ sagangebi komisia burJuaziisa da politikuri metoqeebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Semdeg misi 243

adgili daikava _ ssr kavSiris saxalxo komisiaTa sabWosTan arsebulma saxelmwifo politikurma sammarTvelom. Semdeg Seiqmna Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati, romelic iyo stalinis Zalauflebis piradi instrumenti da bolos, 1953 wels Seiqmna _ saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti (suki), romelic sxva funqciebTan erTad axorcielebda kontrols sasazRvro samsaxurisa da SromiTi banakebis sistemaze. komunistur saxelmwifoebSi saidumlo policiis magaliTebs warmoadgendnen gdr-Si `Stasi~ da `sekiuritate~ rumineTSi. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aseT sistemebTan erTad SeiZleba arsebobdes `Cveulebrivi~ policiuri Zalebi. ase magaliTad, nacistur germaniaSi faSisturi germaniis arsebobis mTel periodSi saqmianobda Cveulebriv teritorialuri organizebuli policia, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebda wesrigs am sityvis sruli tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda milicia, romelic eqvemdebareboda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da pasuxismgebeli iyo sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulobaTa gamovlenaze, damnaSaveTa dakavebaze, sapasporto reJimis zedamxedvelobasa da saerTo wesrigis dacvaze. magram unda iTqvas, rom TviT e.w. `liberalur saxelmwifoebsac~ ki hyavT Tavisi saidumlo policia. ase magaliTad, aSS-s dazvervis centralur sammarTvelos araerTxel miuRia monawileoba qveynis farglebs gareT saidumlo operaciebis CatarebaSi, TviT CileSi pinoCetis gadatrialebis mxardaWeris CaTvliT, kubis lideris fidel kastros mokvlis mcdelobaSic da salvadorSi kanonieri gziT arCeuli mTavrobis mowinaaRmdegeTaTvis SeiaraRebis miwodebaSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom dazvervis centraluri sammarTvelo araerTxel atarebda saidumlo operaciebs sakuTari qveynis SigniTac da iTamaSa Taviseburi roli 1963 wels prezident kenedis mkvlelobaSi, Tumca es jer kidev daumtkicebelia. `politikuri teroris ~meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna CrdiloeT irlandiaSic 1960-iani wlebis bolos, sadac didi britaneTis policiis specialuri Zalebi ara marto akontrolebdnen samoqalaqo demonstraciebs da winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen irlandiis respublikur armias, aramed yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom daeSinebinaT qalaq olsteris kaTolikuri ubnebis mosaxleoba. 1969 wels ki es razmebi daSlil iqna, magram ara uadres imisa, sanam policiuri funqciebi gadacemuli iqneboda britaneTis armiisaTvis. 244

daskvnebi
_ armia warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli saxis politikur instituts. sazogadoebis sxva institutebisagan gansxvavebiT SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gansxvavdebian imiT, rom isini floben srul monopolias SeiaraRebaze, aqvT SezRuduli xasiaTis udidesi Zalaufleba, umaRles doneze disci plinirebuli da struqturirebuli daqvemdebarebis safexurebis mixedviT, gaaCniaT umaRlesi kultura da faseulobaTa orientacia, warmoadgenen saerTo erovnuli interesebis matareblebs, rac maT ayenebs `politikaze maRla~. _ SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavari amocanaa _ warmoadgendes omis iaraRs sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amasTanave armia warmoadgens interesTa uZlieres dajgufebas, romelic gavlenas axdens politikaze, gansakuTrebiT ki sagareo da TavdacviT politikaze. garda amisa mas gamoiyeneben, rogorc damatebiT saSualebas Sinagani wesrigisa da stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, gansakuTrebiT ki im situaciebSi, roca samoqalaqo samsaxurebi ver Zleven am amocanas. bolos ki armia warmoadgens Zalas, romelsac ZaluZs (SeuZlia) gadaayenos samoqalaqo xelisufleba da daamyaros Tavisi _ samxedro diqtatura. _ Seiqmna armiaze kontrolis ganxorcielebis ori forma. liberaluri, anu `obieqturi~ kontrolis modeli gulisxmobs, rom armia unda uyos politikis gareSe samoqalaqo organoebis meqanizmebis saSualebiT da am dros armia unda emorCilebodes samoqalaqo xelisuflebas da unda arsebobdes mis winaSe angariSvaldebuli. armia eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo xelmZRvanelobas imiT, rom is ideologiurad eqvemdebareba mmarTveli partiis faseulobebsa da miznebs. _ samxedro gadatrialebebi xdeba gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi. aq mTavari faqtoria: qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba (moqmedi mTavroba naklebad uWers mxars ekonomikas); xelisuflebis institutebisa da mmarTveli elitis mier sazogadoebis TvalSi legitimurobis dakargva; interesTa konfliqti samxedroebsa da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas Soris da bolos saerTaSoriso viTareba, romelic ubiZgebs samxedroebs saxelmwifo gadatrialebisaken, an rogorc minimum uadvilebs maT Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas. _ policiis mTavari amocanaa _ ganaxorcielos samar245

TalaRsruleba da xeli Seuwyos samoqalaqo wesrigs. amasTanave mas SeuZlia hqondes politikuri xasiaTi, im SemTxvevaSi Tu TviT policiaSi moqmedebs esa Tu is tendenciebi, roca mas iyeneben samoqalaqo uwerigobis CasaxSobad an politikur uTanxmoebaTa mosawesrigeblad, an roca is warmoadgens policiuri saxelmwifos iaraRs, gadaiqceva ra am SemTxvevaSi politikuri elitis samsaxurSi TiTqosda kerZo armiad. _ policiaze moqmedi kontroli moiTxovs balansis arsebobas mis politikur angariSvaldebulebasa da misi politizaciis princi ps Soris, rac Tavis mxriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu romel princi pzea igi formirebuli _ centralizebul Tu decentralizebul safuZvelze. decentralizebuli sapolicio Zalebi damoukidebelni arian centraluri xelisuflebisagan da yuradRebiT unda reagirebdnen adgilobriv saWiroebebze. centralizacia ki ufro adekvaturad pasuxobs saerTo erovnuli mmarTvelobis amocanebs da efeqturobis moTxovnebs.

Tavi XVI saqarTvelos politikuri sistema saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebuli referendumiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri wyobilebis forma aris demokratiuli respublika. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxelwodebaa saqarTvelo. qalaqis mosaxleoba 58%, soflis 42%. administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa: saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi, 2 avtonomiuri respublika (aWaris da afxazeTis), 9 mxare (kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlis, Sida qarTlis, mcxeTa-TianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, imereTis, guriis, samegrelozemo svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis), 63 raioni, 942 sasoflo sabWo (sul 62 qalaqi, 53 qalaqis ti pis daba, 4475 sofeli). mosaxleoba 4 milionze meti, maT Soris TbilisSi 1,2 milioni. qveyanaSi moqmedebs 1995 wlis 24 agvistos parlamentis mier miRebuli konstitucia. konstitucia agebulia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mkveTri gamijvnis princi pze. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT (muxli 2); aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis upiratesoba erovnul kanonmdeblobasTan SedarebiT (muxli 6) sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba eniWebaT prezidents, parlamentis wevrs, saparlamento fraqcias, saparlamento komitets, avtonomiur warmonaqmnebs an 30 aTas amomrCevels (muxli 6). referendumi SeiZleba moewyos prezidentis, parlamentis an 200 aTasi amomrCevlis iniciativiT (muxli 74). sakanonmdeblo konfliqtebis gadasawyvetad daarsda sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. konstituciis gadasinjvis iniciativiT sargeblobs prezidenti, parlamentis siiT Semadgenlobis naxevari an 200 aTasi amomrCeveli (muxli 102). 1995 wlis konstituciaSi Riadaa datovebuli saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi. aRniSnulia, rom igi 247

246

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg gadawydeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb specialurad miRebuli organuli kanoniT.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamenti

1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers, 1995 wlis 5 noembers, 1999 wlis 31 oqtombers, 2003 wlis 2 noembers, 2004 wlis 28 marts, 2008 wlis 21 maiss Catarebulma mravalpartiulma arCevnebma saqarTveloSi ukve Seqmna parlamentarizmis garkveuli tradiciebi da gamocdileba. parlamenti sul ufro gamokveTil adgils ikavebs politikur cxovrebaSi. 2008 wlis 21 maisis arCevnebze gaimarjva mmarTvelma partiam _ nacionalurma moZraobam, romelmac gadalaxa 5procentiani barieri da 150-dan 120 deputati gaiyvana. bolo wlebis arCevnebis Tavisebureba isic iyo, rom isini ver Catarda separatistuli mTavrobis kontrolis qveS myof afxazeTis teritoriaze da 1992 wels afxazeTidan arCeul parlamentarebs 2004 wlamde gaugrZeldaT mandatebi. 1999 wlis parlamentis arCevnebSi gaimarjva 2003 wels xelisuflebaSi mosulma saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirma, romelmac saparlamento umravlesoba Seqmna, magram es umravlesoba mtkice ver aRmoCnda. misi daSla daaCqara eduard SeevardnaZis wasvlam partiis Tavjdomareobidan da parlamentis Tavjdomaris zurab Jvanias gadadgomam. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavjdomared arCeuli iqna nino burjanaZe. amJamad parlamentSi aris 16 saparlamento komiteti da 5 saparlamento fraqcia (fraqciaSi 6 kacze meti Sedis). 2003 wels gayalbebuli saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad dawyebulma moZraobam Seiwira SevardnaZis xelisufleba. 2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida nacionaluri moZraoba, romelic dRemde marTavs qveyanas.

26 maiss Catarda da masSi zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva. saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg gauqmda prezidentis instituti. 1992 wlis 6 noembers miRebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT parlamentis Tavjdomares eduard SevardnaZes saxelmwifo meTauris uflebamosileba mieniWa. 1995 wlis konstituciiT kvlav SemoRebuli iqna prezidentis Tanamdeboba. prezidenti airCeva saerTo-saxalxo kenWisyriT 5 wlis vadiT. erTi da igive pirovneba prezidentad SeiZleba arCeul iqnas zedized ori vadiT. igi aris saxelmwifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri, umaRlesi mTavarsardali. parlaments aqvs prezidentis impiCmentis (gadayenebis) ufleba xmaTa 2/3-iT. prezidentad ar SeiZleba airCes pirovneba, romelsac ar Sesrulebia 35 weli. (zeda zRvari dadgenili ar aris). 1995 da 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze gaimarjva eduard SevardnaZem, 2004 da 2008 wlis riggareSe arCevnebSi gaimarjva mixeil saakaSvilma. prezidenti imavdroulad aris erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Tavjdomare. b) mTavroba 1995 wlis konstituciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqtura. gauqmda premier-ministris Tanamdeboba, aRar arsebobda ministrTa kabineti, Tumca 2004 wlidan kvlav aRdgenil iqna es Tanamdeboba. 1997 wlis 3 maiss ZalaSi Sevida axali kanoni saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturas qmnian: prezidenti, premier-ministri (saxelmwifo kancelariis meTauri) saministroebi, saxelmwifo departamentebi, saxelmwifo inspeqciebi. wina wlebSi parlamentma ramdenime ministri impiCmentis wesiT gadaayena. parlamentTan SeTanxmebiT ministrebis wardgenis da daniSvnis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos prezidents. 2004 wlis ianvridan saqarTvelos mesame prezidenti gaxda mixeil saakaSvili. 2008 wlis ianvarSi is xelmeored iqna arCeuli prezidentad. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg 2004 wlidan dRemde 5 premier-ministri Seicvala. 249

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba a) prezidenti pirveli saprezidento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi 1991 wlis 248

sasamarTlo xelisufleba
1995 wlis konstituciiT akrZalulia specialuri sasamarTloebis Seqmna. mosamarTleebs irCeven 10 wlis vadiT Sesabamisi gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg. generaluri prokuroris uflebamosilebis vada 5 welia. 1996 wlidan pirvelad Seiqmna sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic mowodebulia konstituciisa da adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad. igi Sedgeba 10 wlis vadiT daniSnuli 9 wevrisagan. mosamarTle SeiZleba gaxdes 28 wels gadacilebuli piri. sasamarTlo sistemaze meTvalyureoba avalia saqarTvelos prezidentTan Seqmnil saTaTbiro organos iusticiis sabWos, Seqmnilia raionuli, saolqo, saapelacio, afxazeTisa da aWaris umaRlesi, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTloebi. 1997 wlidan SemoRebuli iqna saxalxo damcvelis anu ombudsmenis Tanamdeboba, romelsac sakmaod didi uflebebi gaaCnia da romelic arc erTi partiis wevri ar unda iyos.

adgilobrivi xelisufleba
adgilobrivi da regionaluri xelisuflebis mowyobis problema yvelaze mtkivneuli aRmoCnda axali qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis. qveynis teritoriis 15%-ze meti, yofili afxazeTis assr da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoria separatistuli mTavrobebis xelSia kvlavac da udides problemebs uqmnis qveyanas. 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg ruseTma afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba calmxrivad aRiara, amasTan daikava axalgoris raioni, didi da patara liaxvis da frones xeobebi.

avtonomiebi
afxazeTs avtonomiis ufleba (soxumis olqi) jer kidev saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciiT hqonda miniWebuli. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam 1921 wlis 16 dekembers igi saxelSekrulebo respublikad gamoacxada, xolo 1931 wlis 19 Tebervals igi gaformda avtonomiur respublikad saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi. 250

afxazeTSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTul separatistul moZraobas yovelTvis ruseTi aRvivebda, romelsac didad ar anaRvlebda arc afxazeTis bedi. 1991 wlis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis droisaTvis eTnikuri afxazebis wili afxazeTis mosaxleobis 18%-s Seadgenda, qarTvelebisa ki-46%. afxazebi sargeblobdnen qarTvelebze meti uflebebiT yvela sferoSi, rasac demokratiis procesis dawyebam safrTxe Seuqmna. miuxedavad imisa rom 1991 wlis afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebSi afxazebs gamsaxurdias xelisuflebam qarTvelebze meti qvota misca (afxazebs 28 mandati, qarTvelebs 26, 2 adgili ki sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs) konfliqti rusebis waqezebiT mainc mwifdeboda da igi gansakuTrebiT gaRrmavda 1991-1992 wlebis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg. 1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom xmaTa umravlesobiT gamoacxada afxazeTis 1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgena, rac faqtiurad afxazeTis saqarTvelodan gamoyofas niSnavda. saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom, afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos qarTulma fraqciam (31 deputati) ar cno es ukanono aqti. daZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia 1992 wlis 14 agvistos, roca sarkinigzo magistralebis usafrTxoebis dacvisa da sinamdvileSi ki eqs-prezident zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa ganeitralebis mizniT saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Sevidnen afxazeTis teritoriaze. aman gamoiwvia omi afxazeTis separatistulad ganwyobil xelisuflebasTan, romelsac aqtiurad daexmarnen iq dislocirebuli rusi samxedroebi da CrdiloeTkavkasieli daqiravebuli meomrebi. es omi 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumis dacemiT da saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis damarcxebiT damTavrda, omSi daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde adamiani daiRupa, moxda qarTvelTa genocidi 250 aTasze meti qarTveli gamoZevebuli iqna afxazeTidan, daikarga afxazeTis yofili avtonomiis teritoria, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtis Semdeg ki _ kodoris xeobac. 1994 wlidan mimdinareobs molaparakebebi Tbilissa da soxumis defaqto xelisuflebas Soris, romelSic Suamavlis rols 2008 wlamde ruseTi asrulebda, agreTve masSi sxvadasxva statusiT monawileobs, gaero, euTo, saqarTvelos megobarTa jgufi (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, ruseTi). konfliqtis zonaSi samSvidobo Zalebis funqciebs asrulebda ruseTis samxedro kontingenti, romelic damoukidebel 251

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) egidiT moqmedebda da romelic faqtiurad exmareba afxazeTis separatistul xelisuflebas miRweulis SenarCunebaSi. molaparakebebi ZiriTadad or sakiTze mimdinareobs: afxazeTis statusze da ltolvilebis dabrunebaze. arc erT am sakiTxze raime progresi araa miRweuli. galis raionSi stiqiurad dabrunda da cxovrobs 60 aTasamde qarTveli. 1995 wlis 22 agvistos soxumis e.w. parlamentma specialuri rezoluciiT daadastura afxazeTis sruli damoukidebloba, arCeuli iqna afxazeTis e.w. prezidentic. dRes afxazeTis sakiTxi CixSia moqceuli. saqarTvelo arasodes ar Seegueba afxazeTis dakargvas, afxazeTis e.w. xelisuflebas ki gagonebac ar unda saqarTvelos SigniT farTo avtonomiis miRebaze. samwuxarod saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver moagvara afxazeTis problema. 2008 wlis agvistoSi dawyebuli ruseTsaqarTvelos omis Sedegad ruseTma cno afxazeTis da e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba, Tumca am aqts mxari aravin dauWira nikaraguas garda.

sabWom 1990 wlis dekemberSi gaauqma samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. amas samxedro dapirispireba mohyva. es konfliqti ormxrivi msxverpliT mimdinareobda 1992 wlis ivlisamde. igi damTavrda sammxrivi qarTul-osur-rusuli SeTanxmebiT, romliTac yofili olqis statusis garkvevamde regionSi sammxrivi samSvidobo Zalebi dadgeboda. es SeTanxmeba dRemde moqmedebs, olqis teritorias ki realurad dRemde akontrolebs cxinvalis e.w. xeliufleba mTavroba da prezidenti. 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad saqarTvelom damatebiT dakarga didi da patara liaxvis, frones xeobebi, axalgoris raioni.

aWaris avtonomiuri respublika

aWaris avtonomiuri respublika (adre mas 1918-1921 ww damoukideblobis wlebSi samuslimano saqarTvelos eZaxdnen) Seqmnilia ara eTnikuri niSniT (aWarlebi qarTvelebia yvela), aramed religiuri niSniT, TurqeTTan garkveuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. aWaris xelmZRvanelobas arasodes dauyenebia eWvqveS saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofna. 1991 wlidan aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos Tavjdomared airCies aslan abaSiZe, romelic zviad gamsaxurdias mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. 1992 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg aslan abaSiZem cno axali xelisufleba, miesalma eduard SevardnaZis dabrunebas saqarTveloSi. man moaxerxa (rusuli nawilebis daxmarebiT) ar daeSva aWaraze imJamad Zlieri samxedro formirebebis (mxedrioni, gvardia) gavlenebis gavrceleba, risi wyalobiTac regioni faqtiurad gadaurCa ngrevas, SenarCunda wesrigi da garkveuli aRmSenebloba daiwyo. aman aslan abaSiZe popularul figurad aqcia, rasac misi finansuri siZlierec xels uwyobda. man Seqmna axali partia saqarTvelos aRorZinebis kavSiri, romelic gavleniT meore politikuri Zala iyo saqarTveloSi. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze man 60-mde deputatis saparlamento mandati miiRo saqarTvelos parlamentSi. aslan abaSiZe yovelTvis xazs usvamda Tavis erTgulebas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis ideisadmi. igi Zlieri mmarTveli iyo da naklebad sjeroda demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sikeTis. 253

cxinvalis regioni
Tuki afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuris statusi princi pulad misaRebia qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, igive ar iTqmis cxinvalis regionze, e.w. samxreT oseTze. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi bolSevikurma xelisuflebam xelovnurad Seqmna 1922 wlis 20 aprils bolSevikebisadmi osi xalxis daxmarebis jildod. amitom qarTuli sazogadoebis umravlesobis TvalSi am avtonomiuri olqis TviT arseboba aralegitimuri iyo. regionSi Seqmnilma moZraobam XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi adamon nixasis xelmZRvanelobiT moiTxova CrdiloeT oseTTan gaerTianeba, rac ukanono nabiji iyo. pirveli Setakebebi regionSi daiwyo 1989 wels. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebam Tavdapirvelad ganacxada, rom eWvis qveS ayenebda avtonomiis legitimurobas, magram roca TbilisTan SeTanxmebis gareSe avtonomiur olqSi arCevnebi Catarda da axladarCeulma uzenaesma sabWom samxreT oseTis respublika (faqtiurad saqarTvelodan gamoyofa) gamoacxada, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma 252

yovelive amis miuxedavad SeiniSneboda garkveuli daZabuloba centrsa da aWaris mmarTveloabs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi dafiqsirda aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi, realurad ar momdara gamijvna centrsa da regions Soris. es exeboda sakadro sakiTxebsac. xSiri iyo urTierTbraldebebi. 1991 wlidan aslan abaSiZe ar Camosula TbilisSi teroristuli aqtebis SiSis gamo. 1996 da 2001, 2004 da 2008 wlebSi Catarda aWaris uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi. miRebulia aWaris avtonomiis konstituciac. 2001 wels aslan abaSiZe arCeul iqna aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis meTaurad pirdapiri kenWisyriT, aWaris uzenaesi sabWo ki orpalatiani gaxda. 2004 wlis maisidan aWaraSi Seicvala xelisuflebac. aslan abaSiZis nacvlad aWaris ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomared dainiSna levan vaSalomiZe.

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis meore arCevnebi. qalaqebSi (Tbilisisa da foTis garda) pirdapiri kenWisyriT airCies qalaqis merebi, agreTve soflebisa da qalaqis sakrebuloebi. raionis gamgeblebs kvlav niSnavs prezidenti raionuli sakrebulos wardginebiT. aseve iniSnebian Tbilisisa da foTis merebi. TbilisSi da foTSi proporciuli wesiT airCa sakrebuloebi. es arCevnebi daZabul da rTul, dapirispirebul viTarebaSi Catarda. iyo mravali darRveva, arCevnebis Sedegebis gayalbeba, sasamarTloSi gasaCivreba. am arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwies axalma memarjveneebma, mrewvelebma, leiboristebma, nacionalurma moZraobam-demokratiulma frontma. 2006 wlis adgilobriv arCevnebSi gaimarjva nacionalurma moZraobam.

politikuri partiebi
sabWoTa reJimis rRvevis procesma 1987-1988 wlidan damoukidebeli politikuri organizaciebis Seqmna gamoiwvia. im periodSi Seiqmna erovnul-demokratiuli partia, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba, erovnuli damoukideblobis partia, socialur-demokratiuli partia da sxvebi, romelTa mTavari moTxovna erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgena iyo. 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg moxerxda saxalxo frontis Seqmna, romelmac gaaerTiana yvela politikuri Zala komunisturi partiis winaaRmdeg. es erTianoba droebiTi aRmoCnda. imZlavra ambiciebma da erovnuli Zalebi ZiriTadad or banakad gaiyvnen: zviad gamsaxurdiam da misma momxreebma Seqmnes bloki mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo romelmac gaimarjva kidec 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebSi. am arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo 34 politikurma organizaciam. erovnuli moZraobis meore banaki mkveTrad daupirispirda zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas. 1991-1992 wlis samoqalaqo dapirispireba swored am politikur Zalebs Soris moxda. saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg daiwyo axali partiebis warmoSoba 1993 wlis noemberSi eduard SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda `saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ romelmac gaimarjva 1995 da 1999 wlebis saparlamento arCevnebze. 1993 wlis Tebervlidan Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiri, romlis Tavjdomare iyo aslan abaSiZe. 1999 wlidan moqmedebs politikuri 255

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba
1995 wlis konstituciaSi qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis sistema ar iqna Setanili da igi ganixileba qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg, xolo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistema organuli kanoniT unda gansazRvruliyo. yvelaze didi cvlilebaa adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis Sualeduri (regionaluri) rgolis mxaris Seqmna (sul 9 mxare Seiqmna, romelsac prezidentis rwmunebulebi ganageben 1993 wlidan. mxareebis Seqmna ganaxorcielda eduard SevardnaZis iniciativiT da misi (da ara parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonis) brZanebulebiT da amdenad igi jerjerobiT arakonstituciur warmonaqms warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1997 wels miRebuli iqna kanoni mxaris Sesaxeb. momavalSi mosalodnelia regionebis gauqmeba da regionalur (samxareo) mmarTvelobaze gadasvla, orpalatiani parlamentis SemoReba). 1997 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo organuli kanoni adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelzec 1998 wlis 15 noembers Catarda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis pirveli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi afxazeTisa da cxvinvalis regionis gamoklebiT. 2002 wlis 2 ivniss (1 wlis dagvianebiT) Catarda adgi254

moZraoba: mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos, romlis Tavjdomarea gogi TofaZe. swored am samma paartiam gadalaxa 7%iani saarCevno barieri 1999 wlis arCevnebze. 1996 wlidan moqmedebs saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis partia (Tavjdomare Salva naTelaSvili), romelmac warmatebas miaRwia 1998 da 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze. 1978 wlidan funqcionirebs saqarTvelos respublikuri partia (Tavmjdomare daviT usufaSvili). 2001 wels ki 2 politikuri gaerTianeba nacionaluri moZraoba demokratiuli fronti romlis Tavjdomarea mixeil saakaSvili da gaerTianebuli demokratebi (Tavjdomare zurab Jvania). es bolo sami politikuri gaerTianeba moqalaqeTa kavSiris namsxvrevebze aRmocenda da sakmaod warmatebas miaRwies 2002 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze. bolo wlebSi Seiqmna axali partiebic _ `erovnuli forumi~ (kaxa Sartava da gubaz sanikiZe), `saqarTvelos gza~ (salome zurabiSvili), `axali memarjveneebi~ (daviT gamyreliZe), konservatorebi (zviad ZiZiguri), `xalxis partia~ (koba daviTaSvili), nino burjanaZis, irakli alasanias da irakli oqruaSvilis partiebi.

ataven metwilad), Seiqmna damoukidebeli arxebic: rusTavi-2, evrika, maestro, aWara, kavkasia, imedi, mze, radioarxebi: fortuna, radio-105, imedi, ~ucnobi~, nacnobi, saqarTvelos xma, radio Tavisuflebis qarTuli redaqcia da sxva. satelevizio adgilobrivi sakabelo arxebi gaaCnia bevr raions da regions. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi rusTavi-2-is garSemo didi skandali moxda, rac politikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. telekompaniaSi Sevidnen uSiSroebis saministros muSakebi da faqtiurad misi SezRudva da gauqmeba moindomes sxva sababiT. xalxma maSin masiurad dauWira mxari rusTavi2-s, mere ki es yovelive parlametTan mjdomare aqciaSi gadaizarda, romelsac mTavrobis gadadgoma mohyva. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos isic rom am damoukidebeli tele da radio arxebis ukan saxelisuflebo politikuri da finansuri jgufebi dganan, romlebic xSirad WeSmarit qarTul interesebs sulac ar gamoxataven. 2004 wlidan gauqmda telekompaniebi `me-9 arxi~, `iberia~, `202~, raSic xelisuflebas miuZRvis wvlili.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi masmedia

1987 wlidan daiwyo damoukidebeli partiuli gamocemebis gamoSveba, magaliTad saxalxo frontis gazeTi saqarTvelo masobriv popularul gamocemad iqca. damoukidebeli arapartiuli gamocemebis istoria 1990 wlidan gazeT 7 dRis gamosvliT iwyeba, romelsac mere gazeTi dronic daemata. sagazeTo pluralizmi gansakuTrebiT gagrZelda saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg. presaze saxelmwifo cenzura ar xorcieldeba da igi Tavisufalia dRes (Tu ar CavTvliT materialuri damoukideblobis mwvave problemas. damoukidebeli presis princi piT moqmedeben sagazeTo liderebi rezonansi, axali Taoba, alia, jorjian taimsi, axali versia, axali 7 dRe, kviris palitra, Jurnalebi sarke, gza, bomondi, Tbiliselebi, imiji, reitingi da sxva. rac Seexeba samauwyeblo medias (televizia, radio, eleqtronuli media), xelisufleba gacilebiT uxalisod eleva Tavis monopolias am dargSi. saxelmwifo tele da radio arxebTan erTad (romlebic xelisuflebis Tvalsazriss gamox256 dRes sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi ZiriTadad sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi da profkavSirebi (romlebic sabWouri politikuri sistemis specifikur elements warmoadgenen), axali arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, religiuri organizaciebi. 1992 wlidan gamokveTilad daiwyo arapolitikuri arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa Camoyalibeba, romelTa ricxvma 3000-s gadaaWarba. maTi umravlesoba funqcionirebs ucxo fondebis (magaliTad Ria sazogadoebasaqarTvelo, anu sorosis fondi, fondi evrazia, fondi horizonti, tasisis programa, fridrix ebertis fondi, aseve qarTuli firma qarTus saqvelmoqedo fondi, gogi TofaZis fondi, kaTolikos patriarqis fondi, eduard SevardnaZis fondi, axali memarjveneebis fondi da sxva) da iSviaTad sakuTari saxsrebis meSveobiT. arasamTavrobo seqtori ufro metad aqtiuria iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa garemos dacva, adamianis uflebebi, samoqalaqo ganaTleba, demokratiuli reformebis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis SemuSaveba, konfliqtebis regulireba, socialuri da humanitaruli daxmareba, axalgazrdobis da 257

qalTa problemebi. arasamTavrobo organizaciebs mesame seqtors uwodeben, Tumca isini finansurad mTlianad ucxoeTze arian damokidebuli. saqarTveloSi axla iwyeba interesTa jgufebis Camoyalibeba (magaliTad mewarmeebi, romlebic mZafrad akritikeben savaluto fonds da sxva damxmare organizaciebs), romlebic lobireben sxvadasxva jgufebis interesebs xelisuflebaSi.

Tavi XVII qarTuli politikuri azri

qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTan

saqarTvelo uZvelesi civilizebuli qveyanaa. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis gasayarze mdebare saqarTvelos Soreuli warsulidan mWidro di plomatiuri da politikuri urTierToba hqonda evropisa da wina aziis qveynebTan, rac uSualo asaxvas poulobda qarTveli xalxis politikur azrovnebaSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia iman, rom jer kidev gvarovnuli urTierTobis safexurze saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba arsebobda. sagareo orientaciis sakiTxmac Taviseburad daaCqara qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba. kolxeTi imTaviTve bizantiis gavlenas ganicdida, rac misi geografiuli mdebareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ki unda aerCia bizantia da qristianoba an irani da zoroastrizmi. sagareo orientacia ganpirobebuli iyo bizantiis batonobiT, romelic konkretul istoriul situaciaTa mixedviT met-naklebad gamwvavebul xasiaTs iRebda. SeiZleba iTqvas rom ganviTarebis am etapze qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis ori ZiriTadi xazi ganpirobebuli iyo, erT SemTvevaSi ekonomikur-praqtikuli interesebiT (kolxeTi), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi politikuri angariSianobis (saorientacio interesebidan gamomdinare) Sedegad miRebuli qristianobis dacva-ganmtkicebiT (iberia). mimarTulebaT saerTo saazrovno safuZvels warmoadgenda saeklesio Teologia da antikuri filosofia. amas adasturebs kolxeTis akademiis saqmianoba. politikuri codnisa da politikuri praqtikis daaxloebis idea TandaTan ganviTarebas poulobda. amaze naTlad metyvelebs VI saukunis kolxeTis samefos sagareo orientaciisa da politikuri institutebis sakiTxebze aietisa da fartaZes Sexedulebani. aieti kolxeTis warCinebulTa warmomadgeneli da feodaluri aristokratiis msofmxedvelobis gamomxatveli iyo. mas miaCnda rom bizantiis samefo Telavs kolxeTis saxelmwifo suverenitets. amitom igi sparselebis mxareze gadasvlas moiTxovda. 259

258

saxelmwifo, amtkicebda aieti, adamianebis mier Seqmnili rTuli dawesebulebaa, romlis mizania adamianTa bednieri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa. am mizans saxelmwifo uSualod TviTon unda axorcielebdes. aietis azriT, idealuri is saxelmwifoa, romelsac mezobeli qveynebi angariSs uweven, romelic sagareo urTierTobaSi damoukidebel sagareo kurss axorcielebs da sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis sarealizaciod mas ar sWirdeba ucxo, gareSe Zalebis gamoyeneba. yvela politikuri moRvawis mizania imdenad Zlieri gaxados saxelmwifo, rom mas yovelTvis sakuTari Tavis imedi hqondes. magram saxelmwifos beds marto politikur moRvaweTa niWi, undari da codna ar gansazRvravs, miuTiTebda aieti da ganmartavda: saxelmwifo ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba xSirad emyareba JamTa trials, bedis ukuRmarTobas, an orives erTad, is, rom aieti saxelmwifosa da sxva socialuri movlenebis ganmsazRvrelad JamTa trials an bedis ukuRmarTobas da sxva mizezebs asaxelebs , ar niSnavs mis mier RmerTis srul ignorirebas. aieti imasac miuTiTebs rom RmerTi yvelafris gamgebelia, swored igi aniWebs adamianebs inteleqtsa da gonieri azrovnebis unars, exmareba rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebis garkvevaSi. vinc uzenaesis nebas ar misdevs, RmerTi maT urisxdeba da piriqiT, gonivruli moqmedeba uzenaessac siamovnebs aRniSnavda aieti. sayuradReboa aietis Sexedulebani Tavisufali da suverenuli saxelmwifos problemebze. misi azriT suverenuli da Zlieri saxelmwifo Seurigebeli unda iyos yvela im borotmoqmedebis mimarT, romelic laxavs xalxis Rirsebas. Tavisi xalxis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli saxelmwifom arasodes ar unda datovos uyuradRebod, Tu mas surs momavalSi qveSevrdomTa uzrunveli cxovreba. aietis SexedulebebSi naTlad Cans sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli adaT-wesebisadmi pativiscema, romelic ar gamoricxavs axlisadmi mxardaWeras, roca amas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis interesebi moiTxoven. aietis Tanamedrove, didi oratori da swavluli fartaZe, ar eTanxmeboda azrs bizantiasTan kavSiris gawyvetisa da sparselebis mxareze gadasvlis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi fartaZis ZiriTadi argumenti isaa, rom sparselebi qristianobis mtrebi iyvnen, bizantielebi marTlmorwmuneni. amitom kolxebs ar Seefereba uRalatos qristianobas da mimarTos 260

wminda sarwmunoebis mtrebs, riTac SeibRaleba marTlmorwmuneoba da wminda saidumloTa umwikvloba. qarTul religiurfilosofiur azrovnebaSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina qristes ori bunebis RvTaebrivisa da adamianurobis Sesaxeb problemis ganxilvam. romelia ganmsazRvreli _ miwa Tu zeca, kaci Tu RmerTi? ai kiTxva, romlis pasuxic arsebiTad ganapirobebda politikuri azris xasiaTs. am sakiTxis garkvevaSi gansakuTrebiT warmoCnda im epoqis qarTuli azrovnebis kanonmdebeli petre iberi. petre iberis saxiT qarTuli religiur-filosofiuri mimdinareobis progresuli frTa dainteresebuli iyo ara imdenad RmerTis gankacebiT, ramdenadac kacis gaRmerTebiT., adamianis RmerTTan gaTanasworebiT. am problemis politikuri datvirTva uSualod ukavSirdeba erTisa da simravlis problemas. petre iberi, romelsac Tanamedroveni, mowafeebi da biografebi meore moses uwodebdnen, erTisa da simravlis ganuyrelobis ideas qadagebda. igi monofiziticaa (qristes erTbunebianobis RvTaebriobis rwmena), ramdenadac yvelaferi erTze, RmerTze dahyavda da diofizitic (qristes orbunebianoba RvTaebrioba da adamianoba), ramdenadac RmerTSi (erTSi) xedavda adamianur msoflios. petre iberis Tanaxmad ar aris erTi simravlis gareSe da piriqiT, simravle erTis gareSe. aRniSnuli problemis Teoriuli damuSavebiT petre iberma Seamzada niadagi ioane petriwis mier am sakiTxis klasikuri ganzogadebisaTvis. VII-VIII saukuneebis mijnidan XI saukunemde periodi qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi sqolastikis xanadaa cnobili. am etapze politikuri azrovnebis Taviseburebani arsebiTad ganisazRvreboda, erTis mxriv, qveynis SigniT socialuri brZolis gamZafrebiT, meores mxriv, arabTa gabatonebiT. am periodis politikuri cxovrebis arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania saero da sasuliero azrovnebis daaxloeba. am safuZvelze X saukunis dasasrulisaTvis saqarTvelom erTgvar erovnul da saxelmwifoebriv konsolidacias miaRwia. politikuri yofiereba warmodgenili iyo oTxi ZaliT: mdabioni da soflis muSakni, didaznaurni, eklesia da aristokratia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli periodis politikuri 261

azrovneba am oTxi mebrZoli Zalis partiul-ideologiuri cxovrebis gamoxatvaa. umTavres Teoriul ideas erTmmarTvelobisaTvis brZolas warmoadgens. erTmmarTvelobis Teoriuli ideis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom safexurebrivad ganlagebul Zalebs saTaveSi erTi sawyisi udgas. am sawyisis (erTis) gageba kacobriobis politikuri azrovnebis umniSvnelovanesi Teoriuli problemaa. aRniSnul periodSi igi ZiriTadad absolutizirebuli iyo (magaliTad bizantiis imperiaSi). saqarTveloSi erTmmarTvelobis dros rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul gagebaSi aisaxa qarTuli yofierebis Taviseburebani. erTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifo sistema praqtikulad ganaxorciela daviT aRmaSenebelma, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba misma pirovnebam. daviTis politikuri moRvaweoba Zalisa da samarTlianobis, samarTlianobisa da Zalis erTianobaa. samarTlianoba icavs Zalas despotizmisagan, xolo Zala icavs samarTlianobas xelisuflebiTi partikularizmisagan.

daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125) - politikosi da moazrovne

saqarTvelos udidesi mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebeli im dros mefobda saqarTveloSi, rodesac Zvel ruseTSi vladimer monomaxi (1113-1125) cdilobda erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis Seqmnas; bizantiaSi aleqsi komnenoss (1081-1112) uWirda Zalauflebis SenarCuneba; inglisSi henrix I-is (11001135) cdas Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis Sesaqmnelad Sedegi ar mohyolia, germaniaSi henrix V (1106-1125) Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SeqmnisaTvis brZolaSi damarcxebuli iZulebuli xdeba 1112 wels kompromisuli xelSekruleba dados romis papTan, xolo safrangeTSi jer kidev feodaluri daqucmacebulobis periodi batonobs da mefe lui VI (1108-1137), romelic damoukideblad ver marTavs qveyanas, radganac iZulebuli iyo saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba gaenawilebina misi faqtiuri TanammarTvelis abati sugerisaTvis, mxolod imas axerxebs, rom imorCilebs zogierT feodals samefoSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis politikur Sexedulebebze warmodgenas gvaZlevs misi galobani sinanulisani, ucnobi avtoris 262

Txzuleba cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi, 1103 wlis ruisurbnisis krebis dadgenileba, 1123 wels Sio-mRvimis monastrisadmi boZebuli anderZi da 1125 wels gardacvalebis win memkvidreebisadmi datovebuli anderZi. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri, samxedro da politikuri reformebi cxadad mowmoben, rom igi iyo im epoqis rogorc uZlieresi mefe, aseve didi Teoretikosi da moazrovne. igi erTi pirvelTagania Sua saukuneebSi, romelmac gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana feodalizmis ekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciis sistemis srulyofis saqmeSi, mtkiced Camoayaliba ra XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi feodalizmis epoqis mmarTvelobis TiTqmis ucnobi forma absolutizmi da mecnierul sawyisebze daasabuTa misi, rogorc axali politikuri wyobilebis upiratesoba feodalur daqucmacebulobasTan SedarebiT. marTlmadidebel morwmune mefes Rrmad swams, rom RmerTi gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas. misi nebiT xdeba samefo taxtze mefeTa asvla da samefoTa damxoba, RmerTi aniWebs mefeebs mterze gamarjvebas. daviT aRmaSenebeli Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom samefo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas igi RmerTis TanagrZnobiTa da wyalobiT sargeblobs, Tumca, radganac, Sua saukuneebis religiursqolastikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT yoveli adamiani codvilia, daviT aRmaSeneblsac ar miaCnia YTavi ucodvelad. radganac yovelive arsebuli RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, Zlieri, centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis ideologi daviT aRmaSenebeli feodaluri daqucmacebulobis daZlevis, politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa daTrgunvis da samefo xelisuflebis avtoritetis amaRlebis mizniT, Tavis am zogad filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrel mosazrebas moxerxebulad iyenebs saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis warmoSobis asaxsnelad. misi mtkicebiT, samefo xelisufleba RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, RmerTi gadascems mefeebs saxelmwifoebs marTva-gamgeobisaTvis da amave dros igi umaRlesi mefeTa-mefe da amqveyniuri gamgebelia, romelsac unda daemorCilos yvela pirovneba saxelmwifoSi. eklesia-monastrebi warmoadgenen Suamavlebs RmerTsa da qveSevrdomebs Soris, magram daviT aRmaSeneblis azriT, es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom sasuliero xelisufleba saeroze 263

maRla dgas, piriqiT, RmerTis nebis gamomxatveli saero xelisufleba valdebulia Caerios saeklesio xelisuflebis saqmeSi da RmerTis nebis Sesabamisad moawesrigos igi, Tu amis saWiroeba arsebobs. im dros, roca dasavleT evropaSi romis papebma daimorCiles imperatorebic ki, daviT aRmaSenebelma 1103 wels ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mowveviT miznad daisaxa da ganaxorciela Turq-selCukTa batonobiT gamowveuli Seryeuli zneobis aRdgena, garda amisa,, mwignobarT-uxucesis da Wyondidelis Tanamdebobis SeerTebiT praqtikulad ganxorcielda saero xelisuflebisadmi saeklesio xelisuflebis daqvemdebareba. daviT aRmaSenebeli samefo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi absolutizmis ideebiT (erTmmarTvelobis ideiT) xelmZRvanelobs. igi aqtiurad ereva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela dargSi, gansazRvravs mravalferovani qveynis teritoriaze moqmedi yvela dawesebulebisa da organizaciis saqmianobas. absoluturi samefo xelisuflebis SeuzRudvelobas da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva dargebSi misi Carevis ganusazRvrelobas daviTis mematiane uZiro ufskruls adarebs da am SesaniSnavi mxatvruli SedarebiT mokled da lakonurad aqvs daxasiaTebuli absolutizmis politikuri moZRvreba, romelic dasavleT evropaSi mxolod ramdenime saukunis Semdeg ganxorcielda. absolutizmis ideebis sruli ganviTareba da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maTi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba moxda daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobisas. absolutizmis politikuri moZRvreba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisas erovnulma Taviseburebebma gansazRvra. amitomac misi xasiaTi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis iniciativiT Seqmnil mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi mxolod saqarTvelos ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis adrindeli renesansis politikuri garemoebebiT unda aixsnas. humanizmi da kacTmoyvareoba, rjulSemwynarebloba da sxva erebisadmi pativiscema, winandeli epoqebis cnobil mxedarTmTavarTa da mefeTa gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ganxorcielebisas, sxvadasxva politikur-religiuri da filosofiuri mimarTulebebis warmomadgenelTagan swavlulTa razmis Seqmna, qveyanaSi ganaTlebisa da kulturis danergva, saxelmwifoSi wesrigis damyareba da xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis amaR264

leba, erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba da sagareo da saSinao urTierTobebSi patriotul Zalebze dayrdnoba, gvarovnuli warmoSobis uaryofa, niWisa da piradi unaris mixedviT adamianis dafaseba, realizmi politikaSi ai, is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, riTac xelmZRvanelobda daviT aRmaSenebeli ganaTlebuli absolutizmis ideebze mravalerovani saxelmwifos mowyobisas. daviT aRmaSenebeli feodalizmis ideologi da damcvelia, amitom saxelmwifos yvelaze ukeTes formad mas monarqia miaCnia, igi Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom is didi istoriuli misia romelic RmerTma feodalur saqarTvelos daakisra kavkasiis xalxTa gaTavisufleba Turq-selCukTagan, mravalerovani centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna SesaZlebelia mxolod centralizebuli monarqiuli wyobilebis pirobebSi. daviTi ver egueba mis mier Seqmnil mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi monarqiisagan gansxvavebul da respublikur principebze agebul Tavisufal feodalur qalaqebs da mZime, Seupovar brZolas awarmoebs, sadac jafaridebis dinastiis gandevnisa da amowyvetis Semdeg daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qalaqis dakavebamde Tavisi arsebobis ukanaskneli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi respublikuri wyobileba arsebobda. gaocebas da aRtacebas iwvevs daviTis windaxeduleba da politikuri realizmi. uTuod amiT iyo gamowveuli is saocari movlena, rom evropis religiur-jvarosanTa omebSi daviTma da misma memkvidreebma monawileoba ar miiRes da somxeTiviT Tavisi Tavi sasaklaoze ar miitanes. Sedegic male gamoCnda: moispo somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba, saqarTvelo ki _ gadarCa. qarTveloba da kerZod daviT aRmaSenebeli, kargad xedavda rom evropelebi adre Tu gvian Sin dabrundebodnen (asec moxda), TviTon ki saqarTvelo darCeboda pirispir mahmadianTa mtrul garemocvasTan. daviT aRmaSenebeli ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebas mmarTvelze da mefeze. misi azriT, monarqi unda iyos ganaTlebuli, humanisti, marTlmsajuli, qvelmoqmedi da qveSevrdomTa mowyale. ganaTlebuli absolutizmis am niSnebis mixedviT daviT aRmaSenebeli monarqias ansxvavebs tiraniisagan. daviTis azriT, tiranTa gulqvaoba, sisastike, sixarbe, Seubralebloba da Zaladoba arRvevs samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobis princi pebs da swored RmerTi tiranebs yovelTvis samagieros miagebs. 265

daviT aRmaSenebeli samarTlis normebs, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelon adamianebma sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, sam kategoriad yofs: bunebiTi, RvTaebrivi da dadebiTi. Tavis galobani sinanulisani-Si, romelic Seicavs daviT aRmaSeneblis aRsarebas RmerTis mimarT mis mier Cadenili saqmeebis Taobaze da zogjer umarTebulo TviTbraldebebsac (ra codva gqonda aseTi mefeo ana kalandaZe), igi aRniSnavs, rom TiTqos man fexqveS gaTela da ar Seasrula ara marto bunebiTi samarTlis, aramed RvTaebrivi samarTlis moTxovnebic da daemona xorcieli, amqveyniuri gatacebisa da interesebis mixedviT saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis mier dadgenil samarTals. sinamdvile sxvas RaRadebs: wyaroebis mixedviT, daviT aRmaSenebeli iyo ara marto Zlieri nebisyofis da mtrisaTvis SiSis momgvreli mefe, aramed igi amave dros cnobilia, rogorc rjulSemwynarebeli, marTlmsajuli, RaribTa da qvrivTa damxmare, samarTlianobisa da mSvidobis damcveli, Tavis drois didi humanisti da moazrovne, qvelmoqmedi. mTels saqarTveloSi dadioda xalxze da samSobloze uzomod Seyvarebuli mefe, mfarvelobda qvriv-oblebsa da glaxakebs. calke qisa hqonda daviTs, yovel dRe fuliT avsebda da Rarib-Ratakebs urigebda Turme. sayuradReboa isic, rom igi qvelmoqmedebas saxelmwifo xazinidan ki ar eweoda zogierTebiviT, aramed xelTa TvisTa nadirebulTa e.i. sakuTari qonebidan. kacTmoyvare mefem gelaTTan aRaSena qsenoni (saavadmyofo), sadac xSirad naxulobda avadmyofebs da yuradRebas ar aklebda maT _ yvelas moikiTxavda, gadahkocnida da am mzrunvelobiT tkivilebs uamebda gaWirvebulT. legendebs Txzavda xalxi samSoblos mamaze. amitom uwodes mas aqamde gaugonari saxeli aRmaSenebeli. 1125 wlis 24 ianvars, SabaT dRes gardaicvala didi daviT aRmaSenebeli, romelmac Tanmimdevrulad gaatara cxovrebaSi yvela is reforma, romelmac uzrunvelyo saqarTvelos gadaqceva pirvelxarisxovan saxelmwifod da imperiad: 1) Seqmna TanamoazreTa, samSobloze usazRvrod Seyvarebul adamianTa gundi; 2) Caatara ekonomikis reforma, ramac uzrunvelyo miwaTmoqmedebisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba, Semosavlebis zrda; 3) Caatara samxedro reforma, Seqmna regularuli jari; 4) uzrunvelyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi elementebis CamoSoreba saxelmwifos saTaveebidan; 266

5) jer ekonomikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT moaZliera qveyana da Semdgom amisa Sewyvita xarkis Zleva da daupirispirda Turq-selCukebs; 6) Seqmna saxelmwifo uSiSroebis uZlieresi sitema, romelic uzrunvelyofili iyo mstovarTa informaciiT rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis garedan; 7) moaxdina saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis reorganizacia, Seqmna savaziro; 8)Caatara saeklesio kreba da reforma, eklesia daumorCila saxelmwifos; 9) Caatara sasamarTlo reforma, Seqmna swavla-aRzrdis erTianis sistema; 10) mters Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij waarTva strategiuli qalaqebi; 11) gaimarjva yvelaze did generalur brZolaSi da ganavrco qveynis sazRvrebi.

SoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuri da religiuri Sexedulebebi

SoTa rusTavelis vefxistyaosanSi mxatvruli formiT gadmocemulia XII saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareoba, agreTve samefo xelisuflebis is didi sazogadoebriv-politikuri ideebi da Sexedulebebi, maT Soris religiur sakiTxebSic, romelic qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis, dacvisa da ganmtkicebis dasabuTebas isaxavs miznad. saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis sakiTxebze SoTa rusTavelis mier vefxistyaosanSi gadmocemuli gaazrebuli Teoriuli daskvnebi da saxelmwifos marTvis rekomendaciebi ara marto XII saukunis saqarTvelos (daviT aRmaSeneblidan Tamaris CaTvliT) saxelmwifos xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis anareklia, aramed amasTan erTad isini warmoadgenen rCeva-darigebas samefo xelisuflebisa da agreTve urC feodalTa mimarTac, saqarTvelos meTaurobiT Seqmnil saerTo-kavkasiur saxelmwifoSi Semaval mravalmilionian mosaxleobaze da sxvadasxva sarwmunoebisa da Cvevebis mqone xalxebze _ Tu ra meTodisa da xerxebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganxorcielebuli iqnes qarTuli 267

saxelmwifoebrioba. am mizniT samefo xelisufleba sayovelTao mSvidobisa da klasobrivi zavis politikas atarebda. taxtis memkvidreobis ufleba, mamakacTa da qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba, feodaluri sazogadoebis TiToeuli wodebisaTvis savsebiT garkveuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis dadgena, omisa da ajanyebis ufleba, ai, is mTavari sakiTxebi, romlebic warmodgenas gvaZlevs mis samarTlebriv Sexedulebebze, romelic rusTavels gadawyvetili aqvs e.w. marTali samarTlis moZRvrebis, (qmna marTlisa samarTlisa, xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad), anu bunebiTi, RvTaebrivi samarTlis mixedviT. vefxistyaosnSi rusTavelma aseve Caaqsova Tavisi Sexedulebani socialur-politikur da religiur problemebzec. rusTavelis mier daxatuli sazogadoeba ierarqiulad aSenebulia Semdegnairad: maRla dgas mefe, mis qvemoT vezirebi da didebulebi. Semdeg modis spa, anu laSqari, miwis muSakni da vaWrebi, xolo sul dabla monebi. rusTavelis mier daxatuli mefe srulad ar hgavs feodalur mefes. is ar aris pirveli TanasworTa Soris (primus inter pares) piriqiT, misi swori aravinaa, misi Zala usazRvroa, misi warmoSoba RvTaebrivia. mefea mTeli qveynis TviTmpyrobeli.mcire qveynis mefe saridan uars ambobs taxtze didi mefis farsadanis sasargeblod da misi moxele, amirbari xdeba. am wesiT moxda qveynis gaerTianeba, erTi mefobis damkvidreba. erTi xalxi _ erTi mefe politikuri idealia. mefis survili kanonia, mas win veravin daudgeba. erTi sityviT, rusTavelis mefe aris TviTmpyrobeli, absoluturi monarqi, romelsac morCilebs yvela klasi, mTeli eri. rogor iyenebs mefe am did Zalauflebas? igi am did Zalas xmarobs xalxis sasargeblod, mefe aris `maRali, uxvi, mdabali~, `mosamarTle da mowyale, morWmuli, gangebiani.~ is exmareba gaWirvebulT da davrdomilT, ebrZvis siaves da borotebas, awarmoebs farTo qvelmoqmedebas. igi aris `gonieri, guli lbili~. aseTi mefis qveSevrdomni bednierni arian, vinaidan mefe `yovlTa sworad wyalobasa viTa Tovlsa moaTovebs, obol-qvrivni daamdidrnes da glaxakni ar iTxovdes, avis mqmnelni daaSines, kravni cxvarTa vera swovdes, Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTgan sZovdes.~ amrigad, rusTavelis idealia mefe TviTmpyrobeli, mefe reformatori, mefe mosiyvarule da qveSevrdomTaTvis samarTlis momniWebeli. 268

es ideali rusTavelma aiRo maSindeli XII saukunis saqarTvelos realuri Sinagani politikuri mdgomareobidan, Tamar mefis moRvaweobidan. taxtze asul 18 wlis Tamars daupirispirda didebulTa jgufi yuTlu arslanis meTaurobiT da mas mosTxoves isanSi karvis daarseba, sadac isini dajdebodnen `Tavis uflebaTa msxdomareni, raTa mivcemdeT da moviRebdeT, romelTame vrisxavdeT da romelTame vwyalobdeT, amas esreT vakadrebdeT da vacnobebdeT Tamars mefesa da dedofalsa da munRa srul iqnebodes gangebuli Cvenni~. e.i. yuTlu-arslanis dasi moiTxovda mTeli kanonmdeblobis da mmarTvelobis maTTvis gadacemas, mefe ki mxolod daamtkicebda maT gadawyvetilebas. es iyo xelisuflebis danawilebis progresuli, magram maSindeli saqarTvelosaTvis naadrevi idea, romelic centralizebuli saxelmwifos dasustebas da danawevrebas gamoiwvevda. rusTaveli am did politikur davaSi gadaWriT dadga mefis mxares, romelmac SesZlo ajanyebulTa daSoSmineba da ajanyebis Caqroba. rusTavelma es ar ikmara da saWirod CaTvala mefis uflebebis xalxSi gamagreba ideuradac, man pirvelma wamoayena literaturaSi TviTmpyrobelobis Teoria da aRWurva mefe aseTi warmtaci TvisebebiT. amis safuZvels mas daviT IV da Tamaris moRvaweoba aZlevda. Tamarma pirvelad gaauqma saqarTveloSi sikvdiliT dasja, asoebis mokveTa, Tvalebis daTxra. cnobili iyo Tamaris qvelmoqmedeba. ivane javaxiSvilis gamokvleviT Tamaris dros yofila kanoni, romlis ZaliT saSinao da sagareo Semosavlis 10% qvelmoqmedebaze ixarjeboda. amisaTvis daarsda sagangebo uwyeba. mefe TviTmpyrobeli, rusTavelis mixedviT, Tavis politikas atarebs didebulTa meSveobiT. es wre moicavs pirvel rigSi vezirebs, Semdeg ki spaspetebs. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, `dideba~ Zvelad Tanamdebobasa da masze dafuZnebul pativs niSnavda, didebuli imave dros didi moxele iyo. rusTavelis idealia moxeleoba, saxelmwifos samsaxuri da ara gvariSviloba, rac sruliad eTanxmeba mis politikur koncefcias. `vefxistyaosani~ Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi marto wodebrivi warmoSobiT ki ar unda ganisazRvros, aramed masze maRla dgas adamianTa piradi Rirseba. rusTavelis es mosazreba (`Tu kaci kacad ar varga, cudia gvariSviloba~), romelic 269

jer kidev giorgi mTawmindelma wamoayena da igi saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi mtkiced danerga jer daviT aRmaSenebelma, mefe giorgi III, wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs `vefxistyaosans~. rusTaveli ar xmarobs sityva `aznaurs~, xmarobs `Tavads~, magram ara Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT. misTvis Tavadi niSnavs ara wodebriobas, didgvarovnebas, aramed meTaurobas, winamZRolobas (`Cem wil dagagdeb patronad, Tavadad CemTa spaTasa~). am mmarTvelTa wres mosdevs spa anu laSqari. mis mTavar Zalas, ueWvelia, miwis muSakni ar Seadgendnen. `muSa miwyiv muSakobdes, meomari gulovnebdes~ _ ase aqvs gayofili poets es ori kategoria. maSindel droSi omi iyo TiTqmis mudam, permanentulad da maSasadame misi warmoeba SeeZlo moclil xalxs. glexTa omSi Cabma niSnavda mTeli sazogadoebis SimSiliT amowyvetas, materialuri safuZvlis moSlas. masSi ar Sedioda vaWarTa klasi amave mizeziT _ daingreoda vaWroba, umniSvnelovanesi sfero. amitom maT omi arc ki icodnen (`Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni~). xolo es moclilni iyvnen ufleba-upiratesobiT mosilni aznaurebi. maTTvis laSqroba xelobad da Semosavlis miRebis wyarod iqca da isini TviT iTxovdnen mefisagan `gvalaSqreTo~ (mag: laSqrobda iranSi), roca mSvidobianoba gaxangrZlivdeboda. `vefxistyaosanSi~ SeiaraRebul ZalTa Soris xSirad vxedavT monebs, romlebic erTob did rols TamaSoben mefis garSemo. eseni ar arian ubralo monebi, aramed `monaspa~ _ mefis pirad mcvelTa jaria, mudmivi gvardia. vaWrebs rusTveli or nawilad hyofs: vaWarni da didvaWarni. es ukanasknelni daaxloebulni arian sasaxlesTan da mefesTanac. yvela zemoT aRweril klasebs da fenebs Seadgendnen Tavisufali adamianebi. amaTgan gamoricxulia mxolod erTi klasi _ monebi. omebis wyalobiT tyveTa ricxvi maSindel saqarTveloSi erTob didi iyo da Tbilisis bazarze tyve xuTi Sauri Rirda. mona hyavda yvelas, visac SeeZlo misi yidva. raki monebi ase bevri da iafi iyo, glexebis damoneba da ZaliT miwaze samuSaod mikereba ekonomikur aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda. glexi Tu Tavisuflebas moklebuli iyo, rusTveli mxolod monebis gaTavisuflebas rad iTxovs da arasodes glexebisas? imitom, rom im dros glexi jer kidev Tavisufali iyo da es asaxa rusTvelma realisturad. rusTve270

lis mier poemaSi daxatuli socialuri urTierTobebi aris patronymoba _ sadac erTi mxriT dgas siuzereni, meore mxriT ki misi vasali. rusTvelTan mxolod ori fenaa dabeCavebuli da daxmarebis maZiebeli _ glaxakni da monebi. Raribebs _ daxmareba, monebs _ Tavisufleba _ ai, rusTvelis socialuri ideali. amrigad, rusTvelis politikuri doqtrinaa ganaTlebuli absolutizmi, romelic reformebzea damyarebuli. is mefes adarebs mzes, romlis sxivebi yvelas erTnairad efineba. poetis idealia ara yovelnairi mefe, aramed mxolod iseTi, romelic Raribebs exmareba, monebs aTavisuflebs, simarTles misdevs (`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa~) _ erTi sityviT, umaRlesi kacTmoyvaruli TvisebebiT dajildovebuli, `rasaca gascem Senia, rac ara dakargulia~ _ am gziT maRldeba mefis avtoriteti da Zlierdeba saxelmwifo. sabolood rusTvelis mizania saxelmwifos mkvidr, farTo safuZvelze ageba. amave politikur mizans umorCilebs rusTveli Tavis religiur doqtrinasac. Sua saukuneebSi qristianul samyaroSi ar dawerila arc erTi poema, sadac ar iyo qristianobis apologia, qristes moZRvrebis qebaTa-qeba. jvarosnuli omebi im epoqaSi warmoebda. am saerTo religiuri aRtkinebis periodSi iwereba genialuri `vefxistyaosani~ da Sig erTi sityviTac araa naxsenebi arc qristianoba, arc sameba, arc marTlmadidebloba da misi religiuri dogmatebi. rusTveli religiuri monizmis mimdevaria _ RmerTi erTia. poemaSi RmerTi naxsenebia 193-jer da yovelTvis erTi da imave azriT. poeti jer kidev winasityvaobaSi gvamcnobs Tavis religiur Sexedulebas, rac gatarebulia mTel poemaSi: `he, RmerTo, erTo Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa, Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa.~ e.i. RmerTi erTia, qveynis gamCeni, magram aris agreTve satana, macduri, romlis daTrgunva RvTis daxmarebiT SeiZleba. es, ase vTqvaT, sakacobrio-saxalxo rwmenaa. rusTvelis msoflmxedveloba arc panTeisturia, arc mahmadianuri, arc seqtanturi. is aris sayovelTao, sakacobrio, adamianuri. sxvadasxva araqristian erebs Soris moqceuli mcirericxovani qarTveli eri Tavs ver gadairCenda sarwmunoebrivi fanatizmiT da droSiT. mas unda gamoenaxa saerTo ena mezoblebTan, romelTagan mas hyofda sarwmunoeba. saerTo enis gamonaxva ki SeiZleboda saxelmwifo interesebis niadagze. 271

aqedan, sarwmunoebis TiToeuli xalxis Sinaur saqmed aRiareba, xolo saxelmwifo interesebis politikis mTavar RerZad gamocxadeba _ ai, riT xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos mefeTa politika dawyebuli daviT aRmaSeneblidan. es midrekileba kidev ufro ganviTarda Tamaris mefobisas. riT SeeZlo Tamars mis sabrZanebelSi Semavali uamravi erovnebis milionobiT adamianTa erTi interesebiT Sekvra _ mxolod erTiT: SemakavSirebeli momentebis win wamoweviT da religiuri brZolis savsebiT gandevniT. amrigad, religiuri mSvidobianoba, yvela religiis pativiscema da daxmareba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika iyo. erTi sityviT, Tamar mefis xanaSi gabatonebuli politika moiTxovda religiuri sakiTxebis ukugdebas da saerTo politikur da socialur interesebze saxelmwifos dayrdnobas. rusTveli, rogorc Tamaris ideebi gamtarebeli, dadga swored am niadagze: misi ureligioba misi politikaa, saxelmwifo mosazrebaa. is ugalobs ara qristians an mahmadians, aramed adamians, sazogadoebas, romelsac meTaurobda gonieri qarTveli mefeqali da romlis politika mas moswonda da sworad miaCnda.

xelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modeli (`isnis karavi~)

yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikuri programis mecnierul kvlevas safuZveli Cauyara ivane javaxiSvilma, romelmac XII s-is saqarTvelos istoriasa da msoflio politikis istoriaSi samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul am ajanyebas kuTvnili adgili miuCina. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebulma sazogadoebriv-politikurma reformebma ganamtkica saqarTveloSi feodalizmis ekonomikuri da politikuri wyobilebis sistema, uzrunvelyo vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTareba. feodaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad qveynis ekonomikaSi yalibdeba axali, burJuaziuli wyobilebis wanamZRvrebi, socialuri Zalebi, ramac gamoiwvia klasobrivi brZolis gamwvaveba rogorc samefo xelisuflebasa da didgvarovan aznaurTa Soris, aseve didgvarovan aznaurTa, samefo xelisuflebasa da dabali warmoSobis socialur fenebs Soris. 272

didgvarovani aznaurebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen im progresuli politikuri reJimisa, romelic feodalur saqarTveloSi daviT aRmaSenebelma danerga da SemdgomSi Tamaris mamam, giorgi III-em ganaviTara _ ugvaro, magram niWier adamianTa dawinaureba. rogorc ki gardaicvala giorgi III, amiT idroves didgvarovanma aznaurebma, Tamaris winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves, mefes moTxoves ugvaroTa gadayeneba da kvlav didaznaurTa daniSvna did saxelmwifo postebze. axalgzarda Tamari iZulebuli gaxda, dekmayofilebina maTi moTxovna. didgvarovan aznaurTa SeTqmuleba jer kidev damcxrali ar iyo, rom samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg yuTlu-arslanis meTaurobiT ifeTqa meore ajanyebam, romlis msgavsi Tavisi organizaciul-politikuri simtkiciTa da dasaxuli programis mixedviT saqarTvelos istorias ar axsovs. ai, rogor gadmoscems anonimi avtori Tavis TxzulebaSi `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ am ambavs: `da eseca ucxo mosagonebeli: yuTlu-arslan, cxovarman joris sax(ed) or bunebisa myofelman, viTar misces biWTa gonebisa mzakuareba, momRebelman wessa risame sparsTa ganagissa, iTxova karavi dadgmad velsa isanisasa da sanaxebsa saRodeblisasa da Tqua: `dasxdomilni mun Siga, ganmgebelni micemisa da moRebisa, wyalobisa da Serisxvisani, vhkadrebdeT da vacnobebdeT Tamars, mefesa da dedofalsa; maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gangebuli Cueni.~ amrigad, yuTlu-arslanis politikuri dasi moiTxovda isanSi, samefo xelisuflebis rezidenciis da darbazis gverdiT sruliad axali dawesebulebis `karavis~ Camoyalibebas, romelic samefo xelisuflebisagan damoukideblad iqneboda `ganmgebeli micemisa da moRebisa, wyalobisa da Serisxvisani~ da misi gadawyvetilebis mefisaTvis moxsenebis Semdeg `maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gangebuli Cveni~. yuTlu-arslanis politikur programaSi 2 punqtia mTavari: a) parlamentis msgavsi dawesebulebis Seqmna; b) da ufro mTavari, saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis danawileba da ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva organoebis mier. yuTlu-arslanis politikuri programis mixedviT, sasamarTlo da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda mikuTvneboda yuTlu-arslanis momxreebisagan Semdgar parlaments, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _ mefes. 273

yuTlu-arslanis programaSi ucnobi istorikosis mier gamoyenebuli terminebi `gangeba~, `srulqmna~, `wyaloba da Serisxva~, rogorc es ivane javaxiSvilma cxadyo, niSnavs kanonmdeblobas, aRsrulebasa da marTlmsajulobas. yovelive es qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlisa da azrovnebis didi ganviTarebis damadasturebelia. marTlac, yuTlu-arslanis politikuri programa, rogorc saerTod Sua saukuneebSi dawyebuli ideologiuri brZolis manamde ucnobi mimarTulebis gamovlena, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoriis Suqze msoflio kulturis istoriis axali furcelia da mas msoflio-istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs. Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis yvela sakiTxs mxolod RmerTis nebis mixedviT xsnidnen. yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikuri programa mTlianad Tavisufalia RvTaebriv-religiuri warmodgenebisagan da saero moZRvrebas emyareba, dasabuTebulia ideebiT. am programaSi mTeli feodaluri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobilebis gardaqmnis iuridiul safuZvlad miCneulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis saero moZRvreba. samefo xelisuflebis da yuTlu-arslanis dasis ideologiur TvalsazrisTa gansxvavebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom ajanyebuli meWurWleTuxucesis yuTlu-arslanis dasis momxreebis SeTanxmebis simtkice da daurRvevloba yovlisSemZle RmerTze miTiTebas ki ara, mxolod fics emyareba. exeba ra am Taviseburebas, ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom `pirveli SemTxveva gvaqvs aq, rodesac politikuri sakiTxis gansaxorcieleblad Zvel saqarTveloSi ficze damyarebuli SeTanxmebuli politikuri dasi gvevlineba.~ yuTlu-arslani _ erT-erTi TvalsaCino vaziri, meWurWleTuxucesi (anu finansTa ministri) ivane javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, dabali socialuri warmoSobis iyo. misi dasic Sedgeboda rogorc dabali socialuri warmoSobis saqalaqo wreebisagan, ise gansakuTrebuli niWisa da unaris wyalobiT samefo xelisuflebis mier yuTlu-arslaniviT aRzevebulTagan. Tu im istoriul movlenebs davukvirdebiT, romelic win uZRvoda yuTlu-arslanis dasis gamosvlas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es gamosvla e.w. `mesame wodebis~ socialuri moZraobis 274

Sedegi iyo. yuTlu-arslanis dasis gamosvla didgvarovan aznaurTa gamosvla rom yofiliyo, maSin isini Tamaris winaaRmdeg maTze adre gamosul didaznaurebTan advilad daamyarebdnen kavSirs. yuTlu-arslanis dasi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amzadebda ajanyebas da xelsayrel dros ucdida, amasTan maTi programa didad gansxvavdeboda didaznaurTa programisagan, Tumca orive jgufi miznad isaxavda samefo xelisuflebis SezRudvas, magram yuTlu-arslanis jgufs samefo xelisuflebis SezRudva sxvanairad warmoudgenia. swored amiT unda aixsnas, rom didgvarian aznaurTa SeTqmulebis Sedegad qveyanaSi winaT arsebuli progresuli politikuri reJimis (romlis drosac ugvaro, magram niWier xalxs gza exsneboda xelisuflebisaken) Secvla yvelaze mwvaved dabali warmoSobis socialurma fenebma ganicades, radganac aman sabolood dauxSo gza dabali socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs xelisuflebisaken. swored amitom didaznaurTaTvis Tamaris daTmobas da niWieri, magram ugvaro xalxis xelisuflebidan CamoSorebas dabalma socialurma fenebma dauyovneblad upasuxes didi ajanyebiT, romelic antifeodalur xasiaTs atarebda. ajanyebulTa moTxovna miznad isaxavda samefo xelisuflebis ukiduresad SezRudvas saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis danawilebis gziT. yuTlu-arslanis antifeodaluri ideologiis ideurpolitikuri fesvebi daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbilisis dapyrobamde qalaqSi arsebul respublikur wyobilebaSia saZiebeli. marTalia, yuTlu-arslanis jgufis gamosvla TbilisSi arsebuli respublikuri wyobilebis damxobidan 60-ze meti wlis Semdeg moxda, magram, rogorc aRiarebulia, Tbilisis mosaxleobaSi da saqalaqo cxovrebaSi Zveli respublikuri wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanamdebobrivi institutebi da Sexedulebani didxans SemorCa. yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikuri programa gamoxatavda XII saukunis saqarTvelos ganviTarebuli feodaluri urTierTobebis, kerZod, winaburJuaziuli epoqis ideologias. es ideologia rom XII saukunis feodaluri saqarTvelos ekonomikas Seesabameboda, iqidanac Cans, rom samefo xelisuflebam, romelic feodaluri ideologiiT xelmZRvanelobda, ver gabeda mesame wodebis interesTa gamomxatveli yuTlu-arslanis programis ugulvebelyofa (rac faqtiurad Tamaris mefobis dasasruls moaswavebda) da man yuTlu-arslanis politikur dasTan kompromisis da morigebis gza airCia. samefo xelisuflebam 275

uaryo parlamentis Seqmnisa da saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis danawilebis idea, magram samagierod amieridan saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas igi xelmZRvanelobs `Tanadgomisa da erTianobis~ pr inci pebiT da princi saxelmwifo darbazSi TvalsaCino rols asruleben mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi. yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikurma programam da misma politikurma ideologiam udidesi roli Seasrula XII saukunis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi. igi Camoyalibda XII saukunis feodalur saqarTveloSi, roca qveynis socialur-ekonomikurma ganviTarebam iseT maRal dones miaRwia, rom misi SemdgomSi ganviTareba am feodaluri urTierTobis rRvevisa da axali (burJuaziuli) urTierTobis Casaxva-warmoqmnis gziT SeiZleboda mxolod wasuliyo. marTalia, yuTlu-arslanis dasis progresuli, magram cotaoden naadrevi politikuri programa ver ganxorcielda, magram am ajanyebis Sedegad gafarTovda samefo darbazis uflebebi (masSi Sevidnen mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebic) da SeizRuda samefo xelisufleba da am movlenas, rogorc ivane javaxiSvili werda, `im epoqis msoflio istoriaSi analogia SeiZleba moeZebnos mxolod inglisis TavisuflebaTa did qartiaSi~ (XIII s-is II naxevari). es ki moZraobis msoflioistoriul mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs.

ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg (1801 w.) pirvelad solomon dodaSvilma dasva ruseTis imperiaSi qarTveli xalxis ukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolis ori umTavresi problemis, kerZod, socialur-politikuri da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis samarTlebrivi gadawyvetis sakiTxi, romelmac Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova qarTveli Tergdaleulebisa da maTi beladis _ i. WavWavaZis sabrZolo moTxovnaSi: `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~. ilia, miuTiTebda ra adamianisa da eris daniSnulebaze, xazgasmiT werda, rom `adamiani, Tu mTeli eri, imisaTvis ki ar aris gaCenili, rom puri sWamos, aramed pursa sWams imitom, rom kacur-kacad icxovros da acxovros Tavisi STamomavali~. e.i. ilias gadamwyvetad miaCnda sulieri moRvaweoba. 276

Sesabamisad, ilia adamianebsa da erebs imis mixedviT ki ar afasebda, vin ufro adre warmoiSva da ra manZili gaiara, aramed `am sisrulis gzaze, vin ramodenad win wamdgara, vis ramodenad aRfrTovanebuli aqvs sulTaswrafva am gzaze dauRalavad siarulisaTvis, _ ai, sawyao, rogorc calke adamianis Rirsebisa, isec mTeli erisa~. ilia WavWavaZe saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvlad samarTlianad Tvlida kerZo sakuTrebas da misi dacvis aucileblobaze miuTiTebda qarTvelobas: `kerZo sakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxedad udevs aramc Tu mTels saxelmwifurs da sazogadoebriv wyobas, aramed mTels cxovrebas dawinaurebuli qveynebisas mTel dedamiwis zurgze... kerZo sakuTreba, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, Cvenda sabednierod Tu saubedurod, jer kidev did xans iqneba did pativSi da mis sarbielze Zalmomreoba, erTmaneTze miseva, vinc ginda iyos, iafad ar daujdeba.~ Zalze saintereso da tevadia eris da misi niSnebis iliaseuli TvalTaxedva. i. WavWavaZis azriT eri esaa enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri wyobis, erTobisa da erTiani bunebiT gansazRvruli sulisa da xorcis (fsiqikuri wyoba, kultura da a.S.) adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kavSiri. xalxebis erebad Camoyalibeba warmoudgenelia erTiani enis arsebobis gareSe: `arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli _ enaa.~ _ werda ilia. garda enisa, romelic axasiaTebs ers, rogorc damoukideblad arsebul socialur movlenas, esaa `istoriis erTobiT~ (ilia) ganmtkicebuli adamianTa gvartomobiTi kavSiri, anu i. WavWavaZis mtkicebiT, eri esaa istoriulad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, suliT da xorciT urTierTmonaTesave adamianTa erToba: `eri rogorc krebuli istoriiT SeduRebul erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa~ erTobaa. ilia am niSans (istoiul erTobas) gadamwyvet mniSvneloba aniWebs, radganac `eris pirqve damxoba, gaTaxsireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Taviss istorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisi warsulisa, Tavisis yofil cxovrebisa.~ aseTi eri ubeduria, radgan mas `ra iyo _ is daviwyebuli aqvs da maSasadame, ra aris _ arc is icis... Svilma unda icodes, sad da razed gaCerda mama, rom iqidam daiwyos cxovrebis uRlis weva~ (ilia). eri erT gansazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erTobisagan warmomdgari mTliani organizmia. sanam eri 277

mTliani da erTiania, igi uZlevelia, roca erSi iwyeba `ganTviTeuloba~, igi gardauvali daRupvis winaSe aRmoCndeba: vai im xalxs, romelsac saerTi ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qveyanas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSi TiTo aris, TiToSi _ yvela, saca TiToeuli yvelasaTvis ar hfiqrobs da yvela TiToeulisaTvis, saca `me~ xSiria, da `Cven~ _ `iSviaTi~. iq, sadac sazogadoeba urTierTdapirispirebul wodebadaa danawevrebuli, sadac gabatonebulia cal-calke weva cxovrebis uRlisa, cal-calke xvna da mka, cal-calke Tla lxinisa Tavisaken da Wirisa sxvisaken, adamianTa aseT erTobas eri ar hqvia. mxolod is eria uZleveli, mxolod im ers gadautania gmirulad gansacdeli, `romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da miugnia, rom Tu eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTis wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia. verc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs, rom Tu me kargad var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano... yvelam erTad da TiToeulma calke unda icodes, rom igi ganuyofeli nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac Tavis keTildReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildReobaSi da ara calke.~ am debulebaze dayrdnobiT ilia ayalibebs `saerTo niadagis~ Teoriis qvakuTxeds: `Cveni guliTadi rwmena yovelTvis isa yofila da aris, rom eris warmateba, qonebrivi Tu gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri wodebaTa dauyoflad, did-pataraobis gaurCevlad da gamoukleblad erTianis mecadineobiTa da garjiT cdilobs cxovrebis gza gaikvlios da burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moednidam yvelam erTad sayovelTaod.~ ilia WavWavaZe miuTiTebda, rom eris, sazogadoebis problemebisa da Wiris mogvareba adgilobrivi ZalebiT unda moxdes da misi Rrmad gacnobierebis aucileblobaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas: `minam Cvens sakuTar Wirs sxvisagan nacad wamals SeurCevdeT, jer TviTon Cven unda vicodeT _ ra Tvisebis Wiria, misi sigrZe-sigane gazomili unda gvqondes, misi simZime awonili, erTis sityviT, ise Wiri Tavidam fexebamde Cvens mier cnobili da gagebuli unda iyos, Torem qarisagan SeSinebulsaviT dos davuwyebT bervasa.~ amasTan ilia imasac miuTiTebda, rom `yovelive cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi Tu ekonomikuri, maSin aris margebeli da mkvidri, roca 278

cvlilebis sagani yovelmxriv gasinjulia da Suqmofenili, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze uwinares kacma goneba unda miaqcios adgilobrivs viTarebas, radganac yovels sagans am SemTxvevaSi Tavis adgilzeve aqvs saTave, Tavisi Ziri da Tavisi gza msvlelobisa da ganviTarebisa. magram Zalian Sescdeba is, vinc marto amas dasjerdeba da marto aqedan gamoiyvans Tavis daskvnas.~ ilia ar uaryofda sxvaTa daxmarebas, magram dauSveblad da gaumarTleblad miaCnda sakuTari saqmeebis sxvaze mindoba da minebeba: `sxvazed mindoba _ qviSazed aSenebuli Senoba yofila da iqneba kidec am qveynierobaSi. wamouvlis niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ da im imeds, im mindobas aRgvis xolme dedamiwis zurgidam da imedevneuls, sxvazed dandobils, erTs udaburs tinzed gariyavs, Sens Tavs Senve mouareo. es kanoni _ istoriuli kanonia, iqneba zogierTisaTvis friad armosawoni, magram aucilebeli ki. bevric vivaglaxoT, bevric rom vataroT ubeSi sxvazed damyarebuli imedi, mainc bolos `JamTa svla am kanonzed dagvayenebs da dro warsuli CvenTvis samudamod dakarguli dro iqneba. Cven vambobT, rom xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT aris mxolod Zlieri da nayofieri suliT, Tu xorciT. rac male davijerebT am WeSmaritebas, rac male SeviTvisebT, miT male gamovixsniT Tavs im gaWirvebidam, romelSic ase sasowarkveTilebiT dRes vimyofebiT.~ ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc eris Rirseuli winamZRoli, Sesabamis daskvnas akeTebda aqedan, da miuTiTebda, rom Cveni bedis patroni mxolod da mxolod Cvenve, qarTveloba, unda gavxdeT: `gveyo, batonebo, Cvenis awmyosi da momavlis bedis sxvazed migdeba. Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis da wadilis patronni Cvenve unda viyvneT. mZimea is uReli, magram miT ufro saxelovania misi erTgulad gamwevi. mZimea, magram umagisod ver Soebula am qveynierebazed sikeTe da Zal-Rone xalxisa. sxva gza ar aris, Cvenis cxovrebis Sara gza Cvenve unda gavikafoT, bedi da ubedoba xelT unda vigdoT.~ ilia WavWavaZe swavlobs im mTavar mizezs, rac uzrunvelyofs erebisa da saxelmwifoebis simtkices da im faqtorebsac, romelTa moqmedebis Sedegad iwyeba erebis politikuri daknineba da gaqroba. ilia ikvlevda, Tu ra mizezebma da 279

faqtorebma gaaZlebina qarTvel xalxs mZime qartexilebSi da ram gansazRvra qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis krizisi da misi ruseTTan ZaliT mierTeba: `saqarTvelo dRe-Ram iaraRiT xelSi idga, mteri yoveli mxridan mowolili iyo. Cveni xalxi TiTqmis ori aTasi weli ibrZoda, omobda, sisxlsa Rvrida, da bolos meTvramete saukunis dasasruls TviTmyofobiTi suli ise dalia, rom Cvens qveyanas aravisi vali da vaxSi ar dasdebia. vsTqvaT, mklavma da gulma SesZlo es goliaToba, sakvirveli es aris _ ra qonebam gauZlo amisTana yofasa?... es erTi muWa xalxi TiTqmis qudzed kacad unda mdgariyo iaraRiT xelSi, rom mtrisagan mtvrad ar aRgviliyo, _ da sazrdoebas vin aZlevda da ra aZlevda?~, svams am kiTxvas ilia WavWavaZe da Tavis mosazrebebsac gvTavazobs, romlebic friad angariSgasawevia; pirveli, es aris is, rom `droTa Sesaferisi xerxi, droTa Sesaferisi codna gvqonda: vicodiT im dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixesimagre, misi farxmali. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT, xmali undoda, xmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omis saqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ram Segvinaxa!... im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, im droTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa samWedurSi naWedni.~ meore da umTavress mizezs imisa, Tu ram gagvaZlebina, ilia Cvens ekonomikur agebulebasa da wyobaSi xedavda: `ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomikuri wyoba iseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTi Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia amodena vai-vaglaxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi.~ ilia WavWavaZis azriT, sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobilebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom uZvelesi droidan qveynis ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli iyo ara `sakomlo~, aramed `samsoflo~ sakuTreba miwaze, romelsac xalxi da saxelmwifo ufrTxildeboda da icavda. roca erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo calkeul samTavroebad daiSala, `am ukeTes mxares Cvenis ekonomikuri wyobisasa yuri aRar aTxoves, gaidga fexi gansakuTrebam da komleulobam, Camovarda uswormasworoba miwis mflobelobaSi, aramc Tu komlTa Sorisac, aramed sofelTa Sorisac~, ramac, saboloo jamSi daasusta saqarTvelos erT dros Zlieri da mdidari saxelmwifo. ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebas progre280

sul movlenad Tvlida da istoriuli kanonzomierebiT ganpirobebulad, maram igi kargad xedavda am did problemebs da saSiSroebas, romelic am droidan daiwyo qarTvelTa cxovrebaSi: `xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana... xmliT moseulma vera dagvaklo ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fexqveSidam miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorc upatroni saydars, sxvani daepatronebian.~ es rom ar moxdes, ukve drois Sesabamisi qmedebani unda ganaxorcielos qarTvelobam: `exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an Carxi qarxnisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacoba omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axla imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi gansjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavs naRvaws. dRes mZleTamZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia da bejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa... exlac omia, xolo sisxlisRvrisa _ ki ara, oflis Rvrisa, omi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari... es omi Sromisaa, da viTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania da iseTive Tavmosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa da xmlis omi iyo. vaJkacoba amisTana omSi bevriT win aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze.~ eris gaZRolisa da darazmvis, misi fexze dayenebis saqmeSi ilia did rols aniWebda qveynis xelisuflebas _ mTavrobas, mis zneobas da kompetenturobas: `Rirseba da sikeTe romelime mTavrobisa, xalxisagan cnobili da aRiarebuli, sTesavs xalxSi im siyvarulis Tesls, romelic metad sanatreli unda iyo cnobierebad momarTul da mimarTul saxelmwifosaTvis; da marto es siyvarulia saTaved yovel imisa, rac ki Seadgens saxelmwifos Zalasa da Rones, imitom, rom marto siyvaruliT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gansacdelSi, rac ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTxveva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbar xalxs SeuZlia sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTildReobisaTvis... saca es siyvaruli ar aris, iq saxelmwifo fuRuroa, fuyea, erTi lazaTianis qar is Semoberqaris va da imis gadamsxvreva erTia.~ 281

ilias isic kargad esmoda, rom marto mTavrobis da mis moxeleTa imedad yofna ar SeiZleboda. igi aseve did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda qveynis inteleqtualur elitas, ganaTlebul da zneobriv nawils, romlebic (maSinac da axlac) garkveul pasiurobas iCendnen: `visac zneobrivi da gonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavis sakuTari qveynis cxovrebas, ganzeda dgas. iqneba amis mizezi Cveni cxovrebac aris, miT, ufro bevr siamovnebas da xelis Sewyobas ar uqaddes, magram qveynis samsaxuri yvelgan msxverplia da ara seiri. am SemTxvevaSi dgoma-cdomaa.~ ilia sworad aRniSnavda, rom qarTvelobam met sulierebaze unda izrunos (`CvenSi xorcieli Tvali ufro moqmedebs, vidre Tvali sulisa~), gaTavisufldes dampyrobelTagan gadmoRebuli bevri uRirsi Cveulebisagan, magaliTad, pirferobisagan. `Cven sawyal qarTvelebs, werda igi, _ erTi sxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilbaSoba. gulis Semazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis damamdablebeli pirferoba, urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taflis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _ eseni erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa.~ ilia sarwmunoebrivi Tavisuflebis pativismcemeli iyo da miuTiTebda, rom `sarwmunoeba sinidisis, sasoebis saqmea, aq yvela Tavisufalia da xelSeuxebeli.~ ilia WavWavaZis politikuri ideali iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiT ganmtkicebuli parlamenturi respublika unitaruli (martivi) mowyobiT. Sesabamisad ilia winaaRmdegi iyo diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifosi, romelic spobs yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas da adgilobrivi saqmeebis gamgeblobasac centrs umorCilebs. ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaze ocnebobda, magram iyo realisti da kargad xedavda, rom saWiro iyo qarTveli xalxis saTanado Semzadeba amisaTvis. sanam es moxdeboda, igi kmayofildeboda ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiiT, TviTmmarTvelobiT _ qarTvelobas saSinao saqmeebi TviTon unda ganego da gadaewyvita.

niko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebi

niko nikolaZis, rogorc qarTuli politikuri realizmisa da ekonomikuri pragmatizmis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenlis, mrwamsi or mTavar sayrdens emyareba: 1) pragmatuli _ ra sWirdeba, ra gamoadgeba saqarTvelos da ra ara; 2) realisturi _ saWiroa arametafizikuri azrovneba da qmedeba, romelic sinamdvilis moTxovnebs upasuxebs. uSedego da arafrismomtania abstraqtuli msjeloba da azrovneba, romantikuli Wvreta da oxvra (`droa Cvenc avixiloT Tvali sinamdvileze, imis garCeva viswavloT, Cvens garSemo ra ambavia, ra namdvili wamali uSvelis Cvens Wirs? Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas es mcire amagi sjobia~). niko nikolaZes pirveli rigis ideologiur amocanad miaCnda imis garkveva, Tu ra gza da mimarTuleba unda airCios erma samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc Wkviani irCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdeba sakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve unda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas. jer erTi, Tu SeuZlia, is moZRvreba, rac mas sWirdeba, man TviTonve unda Seqmnas. meorec, Tu amisaTvis Wkua-goneba ar yofnis da aucileblad sxvas unda daesesxos, maSin is unda aiRos, rac mas ueWvelad gamoadgeba, Tumca amasac didi goniereba sWirdeba~. n. nikolaZe mainc ganviTarebis erovnuli modelis Seqmnas uWerda mxars ucxouri dadebiTi gamocdilebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiT da Tvlida, rom SeuZlebeli iyo ucxoels, qarTuli specifikis armcodnes, qveynisaTvis zustad misadagebuli ganviTarebis recepti moenaxa: `Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ubedurebaa is garemoba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebebiT, cxra mTas gadaRmidan moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT. isic xSirad Txis rZes gvawovebs da ara adamianisas... ucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas ver gaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas ver gagacnobs,~ _ miuTiTebda igi. niko nikolaZe qveynis Sinagani saqmeebis pirvel rigSi mogvarebas prioritets aniWebda da werda, rom `mxolod Sinagani saqmeebis gonivrulad da damakmayofileblad 283

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mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs garedan mosalodnel saSiSroebas da mogvitans sagareo didebas. ra didic unda iyos Cveni gamarjvebebi, maTi dideba kvamliviT gaifanteba, Tuki Cvens sakuTar saxlSi ar davakmayofilebT aucilebel moTxovnilebebs, Tuki xels mivyofT sakuTari interesebis sistematur ignorirebas, SevuqmniT Cvens Tavs mraval xelovnur siZneles, maSin es garemoeba adre Tu gvian samxedro warmatebebzec ki udavo damasustebel gavlenas iqoniebs.~ zemoT aRniSnuli debulebis qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis dasamtkiceblad niko nikolaZem kargad Seiswavla da gaaanaliza XIX saukunis II naxevris iaponiis e.w. `meiZis revoluciis~ periodi, romlis dros qveyanam daiwyo da swrafad SeZlo uzarmazari Tvisobrivi naxtomis gakeTeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. kargad gaacnobiera ra Tavisi pasuxismgebloba sakuTari eris winaSe, iaponiis gonierma mTavrobam da mmarTvelma elitam dasaxa qveynis momavali politikuri da socialuri mowyobis mecnieruli gegma, romelSic axali sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisad da balavrad dadebuli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba, tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri cxovrebis wesis mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi. niko nikolaZes samagaliTod miaCnda mokle droSi qveynis aseTi aRorZineba da iliasaviT gonieri mTavrobis aucileblobaze da pasuxismgeblobaze mianiSnebda qarTvelobas: `iaponia erTob did da naTel magaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofila TiTqmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxisaTvis swavliTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva da Zalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da bejiTi survili aqvs rigiani adgili daikavos sxva ersa da samefoebs Sua.~ nedleuliTa da sxva saxis strategiuli resursebis simwiris miuxedavad, iaponiis gaZliereba, nikolaZis samarTliani mosazrebiT, Sromis Wkvianurma organizaciam da saSemsruleblo disci plinis maRalma donem ganapiroba, rac mas aseve sanimuSod miaCnda. niko nikolaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT xazs usvamda, rom aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba rodi hqonda qveynis sididesa da mosaxleobis mravalricxovnebas, aramed samecniero-teqnikuri progresis, axali teqnologiebis swraf danergvas: `Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara, 284

codnas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess da disciplinas~, _ werda igi (da dRes, marTlac, uzarmazar da nedleuliT umdidres ruseTze gacilebiT win arian patara qveynebi _ Sveicaria, belgia, niderlandebi da sxva, romlebmac ganaviTares sawarmoo Zalebi, teqnika, codna da disci plina). amrigad, saqarTvelom rom realuri damoukidebloba rZmoi povos, aucilebelia is jer ekonomikurad aRo aRorZindes. qveynis aRorZinebis umTavres pirobad niko nikolaZes, ilia WavWavaZis darad, TavCauxreli Sroma, TviTganviTareba da swavla miaCnda. amasTan igi Tvlida, rom `sanam umoqmedo nawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenas ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomareobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili erToba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba, an xeiriani ganwyobileba~. qveynis ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi aRorZinebisa da aRmSeneblobis procesSi niko nikolaZes aseve aucileblad miaCnda sxvisi moimedeobisa da aziuri inertulobis, ioli gamdidrebis ganwyobilebis daZleva da moiTxovda amgvari iluziebisagan droze gaTavisuflebas: `Cvens sazogadoebaSi, _ werda igi, _ yvela darwmunebulia, rom Svela Cven erT mSveniers dilas Camogvifrindeba, ise, rom TviTon xelis ganZrevac ar dagvWirdeba Cveni bedis gaumjobesebisaTvis~. niko nikolaZec aqcents akeTebda umTavresad sakuTari resursebiT da SromiT qveynis ganviTarebis aucileblobaze da ara mxolod ucxoelTa finansur da ekonomikur daxmarebaze, rac arasodes uangarod ar xdeba: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT Tu ara sakuTari SromiT da janiT. advilad SenaZeni, napovni, naCuqari arc kerZo kacs daayris xeirs da arc mTel sazogadoebas. kacisaTvis da qveynisaTvis marto is aris gamosadegi da Zvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflis RvriT da SromiT SeuZenia... napovni da nawyalobevi ki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, ise advilad ikargeba, rogorc advilad naSovni iyo~, _ miuTiTebda igi. niko nikolaZe kargad xedavda, rom qarTveloba mravalricxovani da Zlieri mtrebiT garSemortymuli, euli da mcirericxovani eria da amadac Sesabamis daskvnas akeTebda: `Cven 285

Cveni vimecadinoT, Cveni qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: marto Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas mivendoT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT, _ maSin megobaric gauCndeba Cven xalxs da damxmarebelic~. xolo Tu Cven kvlav sxvis imedsa da daxmarebaze davamyarebT momavals, da xels da Wkuas ar gavanZrevT, maSin kapitalizmis ulmobeli kanonebis safuZvelze Cveni momavali perspeqtiva Zalze arasaxarbielo iqneba, miaCnda n. nikolaZes da werda kidec mourideblad: `evropis saxelmfwifoebi saqarTvelos an alJiriviT (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis ufleba miuniWeblad) daimoneben, an indoCineTiviT Zarcvas dauwyeben~ (igulisxmeba damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi _ v.S.). niko nikolaZem erT-erTma pirvelma qarTvel moRvaweTagan, wina planze praqtikuli da pragmatuli sakiTxebi wamoswia, rac mTlianad Seesabameboda qveynis ganviTarebis moTxovnebs: `saWirod vTvlidi SemeZra is cxovelmyofeli Zalebi, romlis moqmedeba da urTierToba ers zrdis, amaRlebs, aZlierebs, Sevexe ekonomikas, kredits, mrewvelobas, miwismflobelobas da TviTmmarTvelobas... ramdenjer dagvWirda duSeTs asvla... WavWavaZisaTvis saxelmwifo samsaxurze xeli agveRebinebina, bankis daarseba ieriSiT agveRo, banki ganaxlebis banakad gveqcia da Sig WavWavaZe ZaldatanebiT qarTuli saqmis saTaveSi Cagveyenebina. Tbilisis qalaqis Tavad somxebs dim. yifiani avarCevineT. quTaiss, gr. levaSovTan auwereli brZolis Semdeg, TviT-mmarTveloba SemovaRebineT. qarTvelobis asparezi xuTiode weliwadSi ucnobaT gavafarToveT.~ niko nikolaZes kargad esmoda, rom yoveli qveynis Tavisekonomikuri Zliereba sam mTavar burjs eyrdnoboda _ `Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, soflis meurneobasa da civilizebul vaWrobas. igi marTebulad miuTiTebda, rom `yoveli eris safuZveli, Zala, momavali, ufro mis meurneobazea damyarebuli, mis mwarmoeblobaze. sxva yvelaferi TiTqmis umniSvneloa amasTan SedarebiT. eri, romlis warmoebac Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoebasTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwarmoebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tu swrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba, gaiafeba, gaadvileba da gaxvavianeba, misi saqme wasuli da daRupulia~. niko nikolaZe iliasaviT saqarTvelos momavals beds 286

adre ruseTs ukavSirebda, magram i. WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT igi moeswro saqarTvelos damoukideblobas (1918 w. 26 maisi) da pirveli dReebidanve qveynis samsaxurSi Cadga, rogorc ukve saxelmwifo moRvawe da didi gamocdilebis adamiani. igi sworad STaagonebda xelisuflebaSi myof gamoucdel socialdemokratebs, rom `roca ar gvabadia warmoeba da arc Semosavali, ver gvixsnis veraviTari gadasaxadi. warmoebis gaCaReba aris erTaderTi Cveni xsna: unda movaxerxoT gareT meti gavitanoT gasayidi, vidre ucxoels vTxovT sayid saqonels. sanam mosazidi meti gveqneba, vinem gasazidi, monobas ver avicilebT.~ niko nikolaZe pirvelia qarTvel moazrovneebSi, vinc vaWrobis, aReb-micemobis propaganda daiwyo da misi fasi kargad icoda. SeiZleboda mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis mTeli mogeba wyalSi gadayriliyo, Tu igi gonieri da SorsmWvreti komersantis xelSi ar aRmoCndeboda. vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, angariSianobaa, awyobili saqmea. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas ori saZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saqarTveloSi yovelTvis aTvalwunebiT uyurebdnen vaWrobas (TviT ilia WavWavaZec ver afasebda mis rols saTanadod _ v.S.), rac qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobas Zalas aclida. disci plinis, wesrigis, awyobili saqmianobis Sinagani moTxovnileba gamqrali iyo, rakiRa eseni vaWrobis Tanmxlebi arian. amitomac daJinebiT arwmunebda niko nikolaZe qarTvelebs, rom `vidre Cveni sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorcSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari, samarcxvino da saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa puris Wamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu warmatebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da iseve pativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~. niko nikolaZe erovnuli saqmeebis gadawyvetis procesSi gadaWriT uaryofda yovelgvar radikalizms da werda, rom `qarTvelobis miznebi mxolod zomierebis gziT miiRweva~. niko nikolaZe marto sityviT rodi arwmunebda vinmes, aramed misTvis umTavresi iyo praqtikuli saqme da amadac uwoda arCil jorjaZem mas `ulmobeli saqmis kaci~. niko nikolaZes udidesi wvlili miuZRvis q. foTis aRmSeneblobaSi, portis eleqtrofikaciasa da meqanizaciaSi (man moiara evropis didi qveynebis portebi da miiRo Sesabam287

isi gamocdileba). 1894 wels, roca igi qalaqis Tavad airCies, foTis biujeti 75 aTas maneTs Seadgenda. misi qalaqis Tavad yofnis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqis biujeti 10-jer gaizarda (man foTis portis amoqmedebiT fanjara gaWra evropaSi saqarTvelosaTvis). udidesi Sroma gaswia niko nikolaZem tyibulis qvanaxSiris sabados aTvisebisa da WiaTuris manganumis warmoebis gasafarToeblad. man moaxerxa didi britaneTis bankidan kreditis aReba, gaiyvana Sorapan-WiaTuris sarkinigzo gza, amiT manganumis gadazidvis saqmec moagvara da gaaiafa (arsebobda platformac ki _ `niko nikolaZe~. manve qarTul enaSi daamkvidra iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa `liandagi~, `orTqlmavali~). niko nikolaZe aqtiurad monawileobda Tbilisis wyalsadenis mSeneblobaSi, kaxeTis rkinigzisa da suramis gvirabis gayvanaSi, quTaisis aRmSeneblobaSi, transcimbiris rkinigzis mSeneblobaSic ki. manve Camoiyvana rotSildi amierkavkasiaSi,principulad daupirispirda nobels (premiis damaarsebels) da dimitri mendeleevs da maT dava mougo. niko nikolaZem foTis qalaqis Tavad yofnis periodSi daaarsa Tanamedrove banki. qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelma niko nikolaZem dabeWda obligaciebi, latariis bileTebi da mTeli Semosavali foTis keTilmowyobas moaxmara, rac uprecedento novatoruli praqtikuli nabiji iyo maSin saqarTveloSi. niko nikolaZem germanel di plomatebTan oficialur saubarSi, damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21 ww.), wamoayena idea evropis Soreul aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis foTze gatarebis Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini), rac dRes ukve praqtikulad xorcs isxams evraziuli derefnisa da abreSumis gzis saxelwodebiT). niko nikolaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda politikur liderTa pirovnebebs, mogvca kidec maTi ti pebi da daxasiaTeba. iq, sadac yvelaferi erT kacze trialebs da ara dawesebulebaze, _ werda igi, _ is kacic nel-nela im Sexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva aravinao, yvela me unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao. qveynis, eris, idealis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. `despotis samsaxuri, qveynis da idealis samsaxuri, didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~. niko nikolaZe miuTiTebs _ rom `evropis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mTavar rols Cveulebriv ori ti pis moRvaweni 288

asruleben xolme: fanatikosebi da moangareebi... ras vxedavT am mxriv CvenSi? sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis momzadebuli adamianebi, romlebic am saqmianobisaTvis saWiro codniTa da niWiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, CvenSi Zlier cotaa. kidev ufro naklebad gvyvanan fanatikosebi, romlebic ikisrebdnen sazogadoebriv moRvaweTa rkinis borkilebis tarebas... samagierod Cven gvyvanan uamravi SesaniSnavi da keTilsindisieri adamianebi, romlebsac alali da wrfeli guliT surT samSoblosaTvis yovelgvari sikeTe, magram romelTac ar SeuZliaT amis gamo uari Tqvan iseT siamovnebazec ki, rogoric aris papirosisi moweva an quCis erTi mxridan meoreze gadasvla wviamiansa da civ amindSi... amaT garda, kidev ufro meti raodenobiT gvyvanan savsebiT moumzadebelni pirni, romlebsac brwyinvale sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis uzomo mada aqvT, magram sruliadac ar gaaCniaT arc mSvidi angariSianoba, arc gamZleoba, arc unari, rom sakuTari Zal-RoniT da metnaklebad rigiani sazogado saSualebebiT miaRwion TavianT mizans da raki sxva ti pis sazogado moRvaweni Cven ar gagvaCnia, amitom burTi da moedani rCeba xolme am o r ti ps, zemoT rom davxate: saTno azizor mazizebs _ erTi mxriv, da arakeTilsindisier intriganebsa da moangareebs _ meores mxriv~. Sesabamisad es ganapirobebda, rom nikolaZis sityvebiT, `modiodnen CvenSi meTaurad viRac sruliad ucnobi da uzrdeli kintoebi. aravin icoda, Tu vin iyvnen, saidan mosuli, ra rjulis an ra azris, saxeli ra erqvaT, gvari maTi ra iyo, rogori warsuli hqondaT: `amboxeba daviwyoTo~, _ daiZaxebdnen da yvela maT gahyveboda, TiTqos Txas _ cxvris fara. WkuaSi aravis mosvlia moeTxova maTgan axsna, an codna an simtkice. ifarfaSebdnen, sanam gsaWiri ar moaxlovdeboda da maSin ki moquslavdnen da gahqrebodnen. ginaxavT sadme sxva eri, ase mCated rom gahyolodes provokators?~ aseTi `liderebisa~ da `moRvaweebis~ CamoyalibebaSi negatiur rols CvenSi sazogadoebac asrulebda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa pirmoTneoba, mliqvneloba, panegeriki (anu `yizilbaSoba~, rogorc ilia uwodebda): `gasagebia iseTi sazogadoebis mavnebloba, _ wer289

da niko nikolaZe, _ sadac Tqvens azrebs brmad imeoreben da sadac kritikuli damokidebulebis nacvlad xotbas gasxamen. aseT viTarebaSi adamianis gonebas eufleba Zili da igi sul ufro naklebs muSaobs sakuTar Tavze~. niko nikolaZe Tvlida, rom `politika axalmoduri Sliapka ki ar aris, romlis cvla Cvens qeifze hkidia, iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli, mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~ Sesabamisad, politikac mecnierebaa da igi Seswavlas moiTxovs, rom aq unda modiodes ara xelmocaruli, uzneo da arakompetenturi xalxi, aramed niWieri, zneobrivi da mcodne pirovnebebi, liderebi, romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT pasuxismgebloba xalxis winaSe da uangarod emsaxurebian qveyanas saqmiT da ara tyuili dapirebebiT. niko nikolaZes aq mohyavs ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTi: `sazRvargareT ki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxvadasxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan aris Semdgari. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmeebi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjve Ronisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs: amitomac meTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT marto frazebis raxa-ruxiT, an miuwvdomel simaRlisaken frTebis farTxaliT~. da bolos, kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelsac SeiZleba pirobiTad niko nikolaZis politikuri anderZi vuwodoT da romelic man dautova Tavis saTayvanebel saqarTvelos: `erTi aiaraRi gvaqvs Cven, marto erTi _ azris siswore, sindisis simarTle, goniereba, saqmis siwminde. marto amiT SegviZlia Cven gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, momavalSi, rodesme. maS, Cven umankod da gausvrelad unda SevinaxoT es Cveni mxolodi iaraRi, Torem im dRes, roca Cveni mterni, ricxviT da ZaliT Zlierni, Cvens winaaRmdeg simarTlesac moi poveben, Cven saqme fizikurad da zneobr izneobrivad daRupuli iqneba~.

vaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisa da patriotizmis Sesaxeb

zogs hgonia, namdvili patriotizmi ewinaaRmdegeba kosmopolitizms, magram es Secdomaa. yoveli namdvili patrioti kosmopolitia, ise, rogorc yoveli gonieri kosmopoliti (da ara Cveneburi) patriotia. rogor? ase, _ romeli adamianic Tavis ers emsaxureba keTilgonierad da cdilobs Tavisi samSoblo aRamaRlos gonebriv, qonebriv da zneobriv, amiT is umzadebs mTels kacobriobas saukeTeso wevrebs, saukeTeso megobars, xels uwyobs mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebas, keTildReobas. Tu mTelis eris ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa kerZo adamianis aRzrda, agreTve calke erebis aRzrdaa saWiro, raTa kacobrioba warmoadgendes ganviTarebuls jgufsa; Tu kerZo adamianisaTvis aris sasargeblo aRzrda nacionaluri, individualuri, agreTve yovelis erisTvisaa sasargeblo aseTive aRzrda, raTa yovelma erma mometebuli Zala, energia, Tavisebureba gamoiCinos da sakuTari Tanxa Seitanos kacobriobis salaroSi... yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis samSoblos unda emsaxurebodes mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa sargeblobaze unda fiqrobdes da ramdenadac gonivruli iqneba misi Sroma, ramdenadac sasargeblo gamodgeba mSobeli qveynisaTvis misi Rvawli, imdenadve sasargeblo iqneba mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. edisoni amerikelia, amerikaSive muSaobs, magram mis Sromis nayofs mTeli kacobrioba gebulobs. Seqspiri ingliselia, inglisSi muSaobda cxovrobda, magram misi nawerebiT mTeli kacobrioba stkbeba dResac. agreTve servantesi, goeTe da sxva geniosebi Tavis samSobloSi, Tavis TanamoZmisaTvis iRwvodnen, magram dRes isini mTels kacobriobas miaCnia Tavis RviZl Svilebad. yvela geniosi nacionalurma niadagma aRzarda, aRmoacena da ganadida iqamdis, rom sxva erebmac ki miiRes isini sakuTar Svilebad. maSasadame, geniosebma Tavis samSoblos gareSec hpoves samSoblo _ mTeli qveyana, mTeli kacobrioba, magram, miuxedavad amisa, geniosTa nawarmoebebi ufro gasagebia da erovnuli niadagisaTvis. genioss, rogorc pirovnebas, individs, aqvs Tavisi samSoblo, sayvareli, saTayvanebeli, xolo mis nawarmoebs ara, vinaidan igi mTeli kacobriobis kuTvnilebaa, rogorc mecniereba... 291

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mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmopolitizmisaken, magram mxolod patriotizmis, nacionalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis, rom kargad esmodes Tavisi ekonomikuri, politikuri mdgomareoba, Tavisi socialuri yofnis av-kargi, mospeT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da, ueWvelia, maSin moispoba erTisagan meoris CasanTqmelad miswrafeba, erTmaneTis rbeva, omebi, romelic dRes gamefebulia dedamiwis zurgze. patriotizmi, rogorc sicocxle dabadebisTanave, hyveba adamians da Seicavs iseT nawilebs, romelTac verc erTi WkuaTmyofeli adamiani ver uaryofs, rogorc mag. aris deda-ena, istoriuli warsuli, saxelovani moRvaweni da erovnuli teritoria, mwerloba da sxva... imav wamidanve, roca bavSvi qveyanas ixilavs, mas, garda haerisa, sadgom-sawolisa, esaWiroeba aRmzrdeli, rZe _ sazrdod, nana _ mosasveleblad. yvela es xdeba ojaxSi, dedis xelmZRvanelobiT da swored aq aris dasabami patriotizmisa. ymawvili imTavidanve mWidro kavSirs imaTTana grZnobs, vinc imas emsaxureba, vinc garSemo axvevia, _ visganac pirvel STabeWdilebas Rebulobs. amitom uyvars is ena, romelic imas siyrmis dros esmoda, da is adamianebi miaCnia Tavisianebad, romelnic am enaze laparakoben Tu mRerian. Tavis soflelTa sruliad umniSvnelo sxvebisagan ganmasxvavebeli saubris kiloc ki mSvenierebad miaCnia. Tavisi sofleli, Tund ukanaskneli adamiani, ucxo adgilas, ucxo mxares rom Sexvdes, did siamovnebas agrZnobinebs. vidre gafarTovdeba bavSvis mxedveloba da gaizrdeba misi patriotizmi, mas mxolod gansakuTrebiT is sofeli, an daba uyvars, sadac dabadebulia da bavSvoba gautarebia. ver warmomidgenia adamiani srulis Wkuisa, saRis grZnobis patroni, rom erTi romelime eri sxvebze metad ar uyvardes, an erTi romelime kuTxe. ratom? _ imitom: erTidaigive adamiani aTass adgilas xom ar ibadeba, aramed erTs adgilas unda daibados, erTs ojaxSi, erTi deda unda hyavdes! Tu vinme ityvis amas: yvela eri erTnairad miyvarso _ tyuis, TvalTmaqcobs: an Wkuanaklebia, an romelime partiis programiT aris xelfexSeboWili. samowyaleo saxlSi aRzrdili buSic ki, romelsac SeiZleba, aTasi lala gamouCndes da garSemo aTasi ena esmodes, bolos erTs romelsame enas iwamebs da erTs qveyanas miiCnevs samSoblod... 292

patriotizmi ufro grZnobis saqmea, vidre Wkua-gonebisa, Tumca keTilgoniereba mudam yofila da aris misi maTayvanebeli da pativismcemeli. kosmopolitizmi mxolod Wkuis nayofia, adamianis keTilgonierebisa, mas adamianis gulTan saqme ara aqvs, igi saRsaria im ubedurebis asacileblad, romelic dRemdis mTels kacobriobas Tavs dastrialebs. amitom kosmopolitizmi ase unda gvesmodes: giyvardes Seni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis sakeTildReod, nu gZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs imaTTvis bedniereba, nu SeuSli imaT miswrafebas xels da ecade, rom Seni samSoblo aravin daCagros da gauTanaswordes mowinave erebs. vinc uaryofs Tavis erovnebas, Tavis qveyanas im fiqriT, viTom da kosmopoliti varo, is aris maxinji grZnobis patroni, igi Tavisave SeumCnevlad didi mteria kacobriobisa, romelsac viTom erTgulebas da siyvaruls ucxadebs. RmerTma dagvifaros ise gavigoT kosmopolitizmi, viTom yvelam Tavis erovnebaze xeli aiRoso. yvela eri Tavisuflebas eZebs. raTa TviTon iyos Tavis Tavis patroni, TviTon mouaros Tavs, Tavis sakuTaris Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. calcalke erovnebaTa ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaa mTelis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa. (vaJa-fSavela)

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Tavi XVIII saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveoba ra ganapirobebda saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis aucileblobas jer kidev Zveli droidan? ori ZiriTadi faqtori: 1. saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri mdebareoba; 2. mosaxleobis mcirericxovneba. mosaxleobis mcirericxovneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saSualebas ar aZlevda ewarmoebina agresiuli politika, sxva xalxebis dapyroba da darbeva (calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs _ XII-XIII saukuneebi _ v.S.); aris mosazreba, rom geopolitikuri `meridianuli RerZis~ mimoqcevis farglebSi mcxovrebma xalxma rac SeiZleba srulfasovnad unda ganakuTvnos Tavi (saxelmwifo wyobiT da sazogadoebriv-politikuri SegnebiT) an dasavleTs, an aRmosavleTs _ Tu surs SeinarCunos damoukidebloba da saxelmwifoebrioba. saqarTvelosaTvis politikuri orientaciis arCevis sakiTxi jer kidev IV saukunidan dgas, roca qarTvelebma qristianoba miiRes da amiT garkveuli arCevani gaakeTes qristianul bizantiasa da mazdeanur irans Soris. magram religiuri faqtori XV saukunebmde orientaciis sakiTxSi gadamwyvet rols mainc ar TamaSobda. aq wina planze iyo wamoweuli saxelmwifo interesi, romelic agebuli iyo realur angariSze, moklebuli iyo avantiuras da fantazias. zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebis sapirispirod (an dasavleTi an aRmosavleTi), qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi sxva politikas atarebdnen: iransa da bizantias, or did moqiSpe mters Soris, saqarTvelos SeeZlo Tavi gadaerCina orivesagan damoukidebeli politikis warmoebiT, darCeniliyo mesame faqtorad, ar mimxroboda arc erTis koalicias da amiT samudamod xidi ar Caetexa meore mezobelTan. am politikis saucxoo nimuSia vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba da qmedeba. magram rogori iyo Cvens winaparTa moqmedeba im viTarebaSi, roca saqarTvelo (an misi romelime nawili) ukve dapyrobili hqonda mters, rogorc es iyo VI saukuneSi, mefe gubazis mkvlelobis momentSi (554 w.) mefe gubazis mokvlas bizantieli sardlebis mier mohyva sagareo orientaciis gadasinjvis 294

mcdeloba orator aietis mier iranelTa sasargeblod. aiets daupirispirda fartaZe, romlis sityva agebuli iyo or princi pze: sargeblianobaze da umjobesobaze, romelic erTiandeboda erT devizSi _ `Tavdacvis mizniT suvereniteesi bo roteba~. logikuri tis SezRudva, rogo rc umcir rogorc umciresi boroteba~. dasabuTebiT fartaZem daarwmuna Sekrebilni, rom umjobesia isev bizantiasTan darCena, magram masTan ufro princi puli politikis warmoeba, vidre iranisken gadaxra. TurqeTis mier konstantinepolis dapyrobisa da erTiani saqarTvelos centralizebuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg wina planze wamoiwia religiurma sakiTxebma da daiwyo qveynis interesebis sarwmunoebis TvalsazrisiT gazomva. amiT iyo gamowveuli qristianul ruseTze orientaciis aReba. pirvel miwer-moweras da elCebis gagzavnas moskovSi iwyeben kaxeTis mefeebi XV saukunis bolodan. Tavis naSromSi `saqarTvelos sagareo politika~, romelic emigraciaSia Seqmnili 1934 wels, noe Jordania samarTlianad werda: `icodnen ki am axirebulma politikosebma ara Tu moskovis mmarTvelobis sistema, aramed misi geografiuli sazRvari mainc? im dros, roca kaxeTi iTxovda misgan jariT Svelas, ruseTis samxreTis sazRvari gadioda mdinare okaze (dRevandeli moskovisa da riazanis guberniebs Soris), qvemoT mdebareobda kazakebis damoukidebeli respublika, imis qveviT yirimisa da astraxanis saxano, mere kidev CerqezeTi _ erTi sityviT, araviTari saSualeba ruseTidan raime samxedro daxmarebis miRebis. poloneTi gacilebiT ufro axlo mdebareobda Cvengan, vidre maSindeli ruseTi. araviTari realuri daxmareba moskovidan ar miuRia saqarTvelos arc erT gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi, xolo ruseTSi ki midiodnen qarTvelebi, Sediodnen iq samxedro samsaxurSi da Tavs debdnen moskovisaTvis~. am fantastiurma avanturistulma calmxrivma orientaciam ruseTze sruliad Secvala saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba da safuZvlad daedo yvela ubedurebas, rac Semdgom saqarTvelos Tavs daatyda iranisa da TurqeTisagan. vaxtang VI-isa da sulxan-saba orbelianis mcdelobas orientacia aeRoT evropaze _ Sedegi ar mohyolia _ evropas Tavisi problemebi hqonda, da patara saqarTvelosTvis, romelic daqucmacebuli iyo, Tavs ar Seiwuxebda. amas mohyva vaxtang VI-is didi Secdomebi sagareo politikaSi, ramac igi iZulebuli gaxada gadaxvewiliyo ruseTSi da qveyana upatronod mietovebina. 295

situacia mcire xniT gamoaswora erekle II-is mamam Teimuraz meorem, magram XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan kvlav ruseTze calmxrivad orientaciis aRebam, georgievskis traqtatis dadebam, riTac Zalze gaRizianda irani da TurqeTi, saboloo jamSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba gamoiwvia. yovelive es iyo didi tragedia qarTveli xalxisaTvis. qarTvel Tergdaleulebs kargad esmodaT, rom ruseTis batonobis mZime pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo damoukideblobaze fiqri. amitom maT mTeli aqcenti gadaitanes xalxis gamofxizlebaze, qveynis sameurneo aRorZinebaze da eris damoukideblobisaTvis Semzadebaze. niko nikolaZe miuTiTebda, rom `nacionaluri miswrafebis gadaWarbeba saqarTvelos im sayaspoSi urgavs Tavs, saca exlaxan tyavi gaaZres polSas da sisxli dauSvres Cerqezebs~. amitom, droebiT, sanam Savi zRvidan gasavali srute osmalos xelSia, sanam samxreTiT osmaleTi da sparseTi gvakravs, aRmosavleTiT leki da TaTari, CrdiloeTiT _ ruseTi, bevric rom viwrialoT, im politikas ver avcildebiT, romelic aurCeviaT saqarTvelos uaRres gmirebs bevri cdis, Zebnis da msxverplis Semdeg... ra Zalam da aucileblobam es devebi gastexa, is axlac ucvlelad arsebobs; mas verc Cven ver movereviT~. cnobili amerikeli politologi Samuel hanTingtoni Tavis naSromSi `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ asabutebs, rom male saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi dasavleTis qveynebi sul ufro da ufro mcire rols iTamaSeben, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mTavari RerZi dasavleTsa da danarCen samyaros Soris wyalgamyof xazs gauyveba. am uaRresad saintereso naSromSi bevri saintereso sakiTxia dasmuli, romelic pirdapir Tu iribad saqarTvelosac exeba. s. hanTingtoni sworad aRniSnavs, rom `civ omSi~ sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxebis da misi daSlis Semdeg dasavleTi Zalauflebis mwvervalze imyofeba. amave dros da albaT, swored amis Sedegad, aradasavlur civilizaciebSi sul ufro aSkarad iCens Tavs fesvebisaken dabrunebis fenomeni. am bolo dros TandaTan aSkarad ikveTeba iaponiis sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebisa da `gaaziurebis~ tendencia. sul ufro xSirad ismis laparaki nerus memkvidreobis dasasrulsa da indoeTis `induiciaze~, socializmisa da saxelmwifoebriobis dasavluri ideebis marcxze axlo aRmosavleTSi da, amdenad, mis 296

`reislamizaciaze~, yovelive amas ki vladimer putinis da dimitri medvedevis ruseTSi atexili gacxovelebuli kamaTic emateba ruseTis vesternizaciis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSic _ dasavleTi Tu ruseTi? Zalauflebis mwvervalze myofi dasavleTi pirispir Seejaxa aradasavleTs, romelic sul ufro mzard miswrafebas, survils da SesaZleblobasac avlens Tavisebur aradasavlur yaidaze moawyos samyaro. warsulSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa elitas, Cveulebriv, is xalxi warmoadgenda, vinc yvelaze metad iyo naziarebi dasavlur ideebs. oqsfordSi, sorbonSi Tu sendherstSi hqonda ganaTleba miRebuli da dasavluri Sexedulebebi da faseulobebi gaTavisebuli, xolo ubralo xalxi, aradasavluri qveynebis mosaxleoba _ mkvidri kulturisadmi erTgulebas inarCunebda. dRes mdgomareoba aSkarad Seicvala. bevr aradasavlur qveyanaSi Tavs iCens elitis midrekileba devesternizaciisaken, maSin, roca dasavluri kultura, cxovrebis stili da wes-Cveulebani nel-nela popularuli xdeba xalxis masebSi (mag: saqarTveloSi). s. hanTingtoni miuTiTebs, rom saomari konfliqti dasavlur saxelmwifoTa Soris warmoudgenelia, dasavleTs samxedro ZlierebaSic toli ar hyavs. Tu iaponias ar CavTvliT, dasavleTs arc ekonomikuri metoqe upirispirdeba (TumcaRa varaudoben, rom 2020 wlisaTvis CineTi amerikas gadauswrebs ekonomikis kuTxiT _ v.S.) is saerTaSoriso politikur organizaciebSic dominirebs, usafrTxoebis institutSic da iaponiasTan erTad, ekonomikurSic. nebismier globalur politikur davas aSS-is, britaneTisa da safrangeTis, ekonomikurs ki _ aSS-is, germaniisa da iaponiis mmarTveli wreebi agvareben (germania da iaponia jer uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi ar arian da politikaSi jer kidev gadamwyvet sityvas ver amboben amadac _ v.S.) gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis gadawyvetilebani, romlebic praqtikulad dasavleTis interesebs Seesabameba, _ xazs usvams s. hanTingtoni, msoflios waredgineba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis miswrafebaTa gamomxatvel dokumentad. TviT fraza `saerTaSorio Tanamegobroba~, ganagrZobs avtori, erTgvar evfemistur krebiT saxelad iqca (`Tavisufali samyaros~ nacvlad), ramac aSS-is da sxva dasavluri Zalebis interesebiT ganpirobebul qmedebebs sayovelTao kanoniere297

bis saxe unda misces. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da sxva saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis meSveobiT, wers s. hanTingtoni, dasavleTi Tavis ekonomikur potencials afarToebs da im ekonomikur politikas axvevs Tavze sxva erebs, romelic TviTon miaCniaT sasurvelad. Tu yovelive amas saqarTvelos prizmiT SevxedavT, suraTi aqac TvalsaCinoa: faqtia, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis e.w. `rekomendaciebi~ (sinamdvileSi macri moTxovnebi) aq erovnuli warmoebis ganviTarebas ar uwyobs xels da saqarTvelos dasavleTis sanedleulo danamatad aqcevs. saqme iqamde mivida, rom saqarTveloSi aRar iwarmoeba tomatpastac ki, aRarafers vambobT sxva produqciaze. qveyanaSi gabatonebulia `importis lobi~, romelTac xels aZlevs yvelafris ucxoeTidan Semotana kontrabandis gziT da SemdgomSi gadasaxadebis gadauxdelad gamdidreba. strategiuli nedleulis (jarTi, xe-tye, oqrouloba, inteleqtis gadineba) ucxoeTSi gatanam qveyana gaaCanaga da ekologiuri da socialuri katastrofis piras miiyvana. savaluto fondisa da sxva ekonomikuri organizaciebis mier `lobirebuli~ umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, cxadia, winaaRmdegobas ver uweven am `rekomendaciebis~ momcemT. ekonomikur da politikur wreebSic saeWvod momravldnen e.w. `lobistebi~, romlebic savaluto fondsa da ucxour firmebs xSirad antierovnul saqmeebSic uWeren mxars, cxadia, garkveuli sazRauris nacvlad (e.w. `troas cxenis sindromi~). aradasavluri qveynebis nebismier saarCevno siaSi, ganagrZobs s. hanTingtoni, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi namdvilad moi povebda finansTa ministrebisa da zogierTi sxva piris mxardaWeras, magram amomrCevlis ZiriTadi masa albaT saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis oficialuri pirebis giorgi arbatoviseul daxasiaTebas ufro gaiziarebda: `eseni arian neobolSevikebi, Zalian rom uyvarT sxvisi fulis eqspropriacia; arademokratiuli, ucxo ekonomikuri wesebisa da politikuri sistemebis Tavs moxveva da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis CaxSoba~. uSiSroebis sabWosa da mis gadawyvetilebebze dasavleTis lamis erTpirovnulma dominirebam, rasac drodadro CineTi Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda, SesaZlebeli gaxada Zalis gamoyenebac kuveitidan erayis gamosadevnad, erayis mier ukve gamocdili iaraRis ganadgurebac da SemdgomSi amgvari iaraRis warmoeb298

is akrZalvac, bolos ki reJimis ZaliT Secvlac. dasavleTi efeqturad iyenebs saerTaSoriso institutebs, samxedro Zlierebas da ekonomikur resursebs msoflios imgvarad samarTavad, rom sakuTari gavlenac SeinarCunos da dasavluri politikuri Tu ekonomikuri faseulobanic sayovelTaod gaavrcelos. es exeba kulturis sferosac. rogorc v. nai poli amtkicebs, dasavluri civilizacia `universaluri civilizaciaa~, romelic `yvela adamianisaTvis zedgamoWrilia~. zedapirul doneze, dasavluri kulturis mniSvnelovanma nawilma marTlac SeaRwia danarCen msoflioSi. Tumca, ufro Zireul doneze dasavluri warmodgenebi safuZvlianad gansxvavdeboda sxva civilizaciebSi gabatonebuli warmodgenebisagan. individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstituci onakonstitucionalizmis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis, Tavisufali bazris, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis dasavluri ideebi xSirad Zalian sust gamoZaxils poulobs islamur, konfucianur, iaponur, indur, budistur Tu marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, _ ganagrZobs s. hanTingtoni. amgvari ideebis propaganda dasavleTis mxridan sanacvlod iwvevs reaqcias `demokratiuli imperializmis~ winaaRmdeg. amis naTeli magaliTia aradasavlur kulturebSi religiuri fundamentalizmis aqtiuri mxardaWera axalgazrda Taobis mier. TavisTavad mosazreba `universaluri civilizaciis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, wminda dasavluri idea, romelic pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba umetes aziur sazogadoebaTa partikularizms, maT Zireul Sexedulebebs erTi xalxis meorisagan gansxvavebis Taobaze: marTlac, _ wers s. hanTingtoni, rogorc sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi Catarebulma RirebulebaTa SedarebiTma kvlevam daadastura, `dasavleTisaTvis yvelaze ufro faseuli Rirebulebani msoflio masStabiT yvelaze naklebad fasoben~ politikur sferoSi, ra Tqma unda, am gansxvavebas yvelaze naTlad adasturebs aSSisa da dasavleTis sxva did saxelmwifoTa mcdelobani, `sxvebic aziaron~ demokratiisa da pirovnebebis uflebaTa dasavlur ideebs. aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi ki, wers avtori, is an dasavleTis kolonializmis nayofia, an iZulebis (saqarTveloSi amas iZulebis xasiaTi aqvs, radgan dasavleTi da aSS sxvadasxva berketebiT aiZulebs xelisuflebaSi myof yofil nomenklaturas da nacionalur moZraobas gaataros e.w. demokratiuli reformebi, romlis arsi xelisuflebas arc esmis _ v.S.). 299

s. hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, rom momavalSi msoflio politikis centraluri RerZi, rogorc Cans, iqneba konfliqti `dasavleTsa da danarCenebs Soris~ da aradasavluri civilizaciebis sapasuxo reaqcia dasavleTis Zlierebasa da Rirebulebebze (s. hanTingtonis es Tezisi kargad daadastura 2002 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momxdarma uZlieresma teraqtebma, romlebmac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira da romelmac dasabami misca musulmanuri da qristianuli civilizaciebis faqtiur dapirispirebas, agreTve ruseT-saqarTvelos saomarma konfliqtma 2008 wels). amgvari reaqcia, rogorc wesi, erTgvarovania an sami sxvadasxva formis kombinacias warmoadgens. erTi ukiduresobaa, roca aradasavlur saxelmwifoebs, birmisa da CrdiloeT koreis msgavsad, SeuZliaT bolomde izolaciis gatarebas Seecadon, sakuTari sazogadoebani dasavleTis `gamryvneli zegavlenisagan~ daicvan da amis Sedegad dasavleTis mier marTuli globaluri sazogadoebisagan gariyulni darCnen. Tumca msgavsi kursis sazRauri Zalian mZimea da cota qveyana Tu miscems Tavs amgvari fufunebis nebas. meore alternativa igivea, rac `gamarjvebulis mimxrobis~ taqtika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi: dasavleTTan SeerTebis mcdeloba da misi Rirebulebebisa da wesrigis `gaTaviseba~ (saqarTveloSi es modelia dRes damkvidrebuli _ Cven gamarjvebul dasavleTs vemxrobiT). mesame alternativaa dasavleTis `gawonasworebis~ cda sakuTari ekonomikuri da samxedro ganviTarebis gziT, sxva aradasavlur saxelmwifoebTan dasavleTis winaaRmdeg TanamSromlobiT da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacviTa da SenarCunebiT, mokled modernizacia, magram vesternizaciis gareSe (s. hanTingtoni). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Zveli winaprebis gamocdilebas XV saukunemde, swored es mesame alternativaa dReisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis, erTis gamoklebiT _ dasavleTis winaaRmdeg vinmesTan TanamSromloba ar Rirs, arc Riad, arc farulad, danarCeni ueWvelad gasakeTebelia _ ekonomikuri da samxedro gaZliereba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacva da SenarCuneba, yovelive kargis gadmoReba xangrZlivi gansjis Sedegad rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve aRmosav300

leTidan da Tundac ruseTidan. es iqneboda Cveni winaprebis tradiciebis gagrZeleba. gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovneni xazs usvamdnen, rom qarTvelobis misia iyo da isev unda iyos dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturaTa sinTezi. aqedan SeiZleba aseTi devizi Camoyalibdes politikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT _ `TanamSromloba yvela ZalasTan, magram arSesvla aSkarad arc erT samxedro blokSi, arc natoSi da arc ruseTis mier Seqmnil raime gaerTianebaSi~. arc natos qveynebi da arc ruseTi patara saqarTvelos gulisaTvis erTmaneTs Tavs ar daesxmian maTi wesdebidan gamomdinare. es sakuTar Tavze gamovcadeT 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTTan samxedro konfliqtis dros. susts aravin angariSs ar uwevs, arc aSS-i da arc TiTqos dasustebuli ruseTi. `Cvens droSi miRebuli ar aris angariSis gaweva sustebisaTvis _ angariSs uweven mxolod Zlierebs~ (i. stalini). Tavis mxriv ruseTi dRes mkacri alternativis winaSe dgas: Tu mas unda, rom SeinarCunos teritoriuli mTlianoba dRes arsebul sazRvrebSi, maSin is aRmosavluri ti pis avtoritarul saxelmwifod unda darCes. Tu ruseTis namdvili vesternizacia daiwyo, maSin misi daSla gardauvalia. ruseTi dRes pirvel variants irCevs teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. dasavleTidan natos da aRmosavleTidan CineTiaponiis mier Seviwrovebuli ruseTis agresiuli energia umciresi winaaRmdegobis zonaSi, anu axlo da Sua aRmosavleTisaken, maT Soris kavkasiisken miiltvis, romelic maxlobeli aRmosavleTis karibWea. dasustebis miuxedavad yvela ufrTxis ruseTs misi birTvuli potencialis gamo. ruseTi arc arasdros iyo ayvavebuli ekonomikis qveyana, magram samxedro TvalsazrisiT is angariSgasawevi Zala iyo da dResac rCeba. dRevandelma xelmZRvanelobam ekonomikas jerjerobiT iseTi veraferi mouxerxa, magram samxedro Zlierebis sakiTxs mainc jerovan yuradRebas aqcevs da ambiciebs arasodes daTmobs, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi, sadac natos Semosvlas is albaT ar Seurigdeba. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam bevrjer gaakeTa gancxadeba natoSi da evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gasawevrianeblad, ramac Zalze gaaRiziana ruseTi. es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom Cven iq sixaruliT aravin gvelodeba. saqarTvelom, albaT am etapze dabalansebuli, garkveuli neitraliteti unda SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros Tavisi 301

ekonomika, gaZlierdes samxedro TvalsazrisiT da Tu Semdgom mas daudga ukiduresi aucilebloba, mxolod maSin unda gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im mxares. manamde ki viaroT Cveni gziT, gavataroT damoukidebeli saSinao da sagareo politika. nu viqnebiT mxolod sxvisi daxmarebis imedze, Cvens satkivars mxolod Cven Tu vumkurnalebT. amas jer kidev erTi saukunis win gvaswavlida niko nikolaZe: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi an sazogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu ara sakuTari SromiT da janiT... droa Tvali gamovaxiloT da davrwmundeT, rom damxmarebeli da gamkeTebli Cvens Tavze ukeTesi arasodes ar gveRirseba~. ZiriTadi faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSoris urTierTobebSi sakuTari nacionaluri interesebisaTvis brZolaa. aseTia realoba. nacionaluri interesebisaTvis ki Tavis mxriv gnmsazRvrelia: a) eris Tavisufali da damoukidebeli saxiT arseboba; b) samxedro xifaTisa da suverenitetis dakargvis (an SezRudvis) Tavidan acileba; g) qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis da mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdis uzrunvelyofa; d) saerTaSoriso sarbielze sakuTari politikuri statusis SenarCuneba; e) mokavSireebis SenarCuneba. ama Tu im sakuTari nacionaluri interesebis uzrunvelyofa damokidebulia am qveynis nacionalur Zalaze. nacionaluri Zalis daxasiaTebisas morgentau gamohyofs 9 ZiriTad parametrs: 1. qveynis geografiuli adgimsamyofeli (xelsayrelia Tu ara geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT) 2. qveynis bunebrivi resursebi (SeuZlia Tu ara sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa omis pirobebSi sursaTisa da sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis aucilebeli nedleuliT) 3. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi (axali teqnologiebi, rogoraa aTvisebuli bunebrivi resursebi) 4. samxedro potenciali (samxedro xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi, jaris odenoba, SeiaraReba, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsi, zurgis uzrunvelyofis done) 5. mosaxleoba (misi odenoba saomari da samSvidobo 302

operaciebis uzrunvelsayofad) 6. erovnuli xasiaTi (kulturuli Rirebulebebis Skala, mosaxleobis simpatiebi da anti patiebi: unari, didxans da Supovrad iswrafodes dasaxuli miznisaken, da iTminos gaWirveba da droebiTi warumateblobani an piriqiT, pirvelive seriozuli barieris SexvedrisTanave Caiqnios xeli, omSi mobilizebis unari) 7. `nacionaluri morali~ (uWers Tu ara xalxi Tavis mTavrobas mxars, gansakuTrebiT omis dros) 8. di plomatiis xar isxi (imgvarad warmarTon saxelmxarisxi wifos urTierToba sxva qveynebTan, rom uzrunvelyon misTvis sakuTari nacionaluri Zalis Sesabamisi adgili msoflioSi) 9. marTvis xarisxi (gulisxmobs mTavrobis, xelisuflebis mier sazogadoebrivi azris imgvar xelmZRvanelobas, warmarTvas, rogoric am xelisuflebas gatarebuli politikuri kursisadmi xalxis srul mxardaWeras moutanda). am 9 parametridan pirvelis garda (geografiuli adgilsamyofeli), 8 parametris centrSi arsebiTad adamiani dgas, adamianis moqmedebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, Cveni nacionaluri interesebis damakmayofilebeli nacionaluri Zala isev Cvenze yofila damokidebuli. ar arsebobs am rvidan romelime parametri, romlis gaumjobesebac ar SeiZlebodes, Tu ki saamisod sakmarisi saerTo neba gagvaCnia. am saerTo nebis CamoyalibebaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis xelisuflebas, romelic Rrmad erovnuli unda iyos iyos.

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politikur sityvaTa a

leqsikoni

anti politika _ oficialuri politikiTa da politikuri meqanizmebiT gamowveuli imedgacrueba, gamoxatuli sistemis opoziciuri partiebis mxardaWeriT an politikur procesebSi monawileobis uaris TqmiT. anTropocentrizmi _ Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebasa da survilebs, rogorc zneobrivi, aseve filosofiuri TvalsazrisiTac umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ekocentrizmis sapirispiro pozicia. anarqia _ sityva-sityviT mmarTvelobis gareSe. igi xSirad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT konteqstSi destabilizaciisa da qaosis aRsaniSnavad. avTarkia _ sityva-sityviT TviTmmarTveloba. ekonomikuri TviTmmarTveloba, romelic koloniuri dapyrobiT an saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze uaris TqmiT miiRweva. asimilacia _ procesi, romlis drosac imigranti sazogadoeba faseulobebTan da cxovrebis wesTan SewyobiTa da misdami loialobiT, sakuTar kulturul TviTmyofadobas kargavs. altruizmi _ sxvaTa keTildReobaze zrunva, rac saerTo sikeTis gaazrebazea damokidebuli. arCevnebi _ arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakavebis saSualeba mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis _ amomrCevlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad. asociacia _ nebayoflobiTi, wevrTa saerTo interesebisa Tu miznebis gamomxatveli organizacia. adamianis uflebebi (ing.: human rights) _ politikuri uflebebi da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier, romlebic gansazRvrulia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebasa da deklaraciaSi. arasaxelmwifo aqtori (ing.: nonstate actor) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTqmedebis monawile. am kuTxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen transnacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regionebi da sxva.

biheviorizmi _ rwmena, rom socialuri Teoriebi unda aigos im xelmisawvdom qcevebze, rac kvlevisaTvis aRnusxvad monacemebs iZleva. bonapartizmi _ mmarTvelobis stili, rodesac pirovnuli lideroba konservatiul nacionalizmTanaa Serwymuli. balkanizacia _ ama Tu im politikuri organizmis urTierTdsapirispirebul nawilebad daxleCa, risi magaliTebic xSirad gvxvdeba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze. birTvuli gauvrcelebloba (ing.: nuclear nonproliferation) _ birTvuli iaraRis an misi warmoebis teqnologiis Seuqmneloba, agreTve, am iaraRis miuwodebloba saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebsac is ar gaaCniaT. bi polaruli sistema (ing.: bipolar system) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema Zalis ori centriT. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi bi polaruli sistemis magaliTi iyo civi omi. blokebi (ing.: blocs) _ saxelmwifoebis jgufebi, romlebic erTiandebian da qmnian asociaciebs ama Tu im miznebisaTvis. magaliTisaTvis samxedro-politikuri bloki _ nato, varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia da sxv.B breton-vudsis sistema (ing.: Bretton Woods System, BWS) _ sistema moicavs politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebs. Seiqmna breton-vudsSi niu-hempSiris StatSi 1944 w. ivlisSi. Sexvedris monawileebi gamodiodnen aucileblobidan moexdinaT valutis gacvliTi kursebis stabilizeba, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis aqtivizireba, aRmoeCinaT daxmareba im qveynebisaTvis, romelTa ekonomikac sagrZnoblad dazaralda meore msoflio omis Sedegad. maSin Seiqmna iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (ing.: United National, UN), _ universaluri samTavroboTaSorisi organo, Seqmnili 1945 w. mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis mizniT, agreTve ekonomikur da socialur sferoebSi TanamSromlobisaTvis.

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genocidi _ masobrivi mkvlelobebis, iZulebiTi gadasaxlebebis, xelovnurad Tu sterilizaciis gziT xalxis ganadgureba erovnuli, rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT. genderi _ socialur da politikur TeoriebSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris arsebuli socio-kulturul sxvaobebi. genderuli uTanasworoba (ing.: gender inequality) _ uTanasworoba mamakacTa da qalTa Soris ekonomikur, socialur da politikur sferoebSi, rac gamoixateba araTabari anazRaurebiT erTnair samuSaoze, ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi SesaZleblobebiT, politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SezRudviT da a.S. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis sakiTxebze, iunesko (ing.: United National Edication, Scihtific and Cultural Organization, Unesco) _ gaeros specializirebuli dawesebuleba, Seqmnilia naklebganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis wera-kiTxvis donis amaRlebisTvis xelSewyobis, samecniero da kulturuli gacvlebis intensifikaciisa da informaciis gavrcelebis mizniT. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ing.: Economic and Social Council, Ecosoc) _ gaeros organo, romelic amzadebs rekomendaciebs, moxsenebebs saerTaSoriso sakiTxebze ekonomikis, socialuri urTierTobebis, jandacvisa da sxva sferoebSi. gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asamblea (ing.: General Assembly) _ gaeros mTavari saTaTbiro organo, gaeros yvela wevriT warmodgenili da wesdebiT uflebamosili _ gadawyvitos politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis farTo wre. geopolitika (ing.: Geopolitic) _ ganaTleba rogorc erTerTi mimarTuleba realizmis ZiriTadi debulebebidan gamomdinare. geopolitikaSi saxelmwifos Zliereba ganixileba misi teritoriebidan, geografiuli mdebareobidan, klimatidan, tipografiidan, demografiidan, resursebidan, zRvaze gasasvlelidan gamomdinare. geopolitikosTa azriT, saxelmwifos mTavari amocana swored am resursebis gafarToebaSi mdgomare306

obs. TviTon termini `geopolitika~ aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda germaniaSi mesame raixis agresiuli miznebisaTvis. globalizacia _ (ing.: Globalization) _ procesi, ris Sedegadac nacionalur saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi, sxvadasxva sferoebSi _ ekonomikaSi, socialur urTierTqmedebebSi da a.S. sul ufro gamWvirvalea.

determinizmi _ rwmena imisa, rom adamianis qmedeba Tu arCevani gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli da, amdenad, Tavisufali neba-fiqciaa. demagogi _ politikuri lideri, romelic xalxis garkveul masas isteriuli enTuziazmis agorebis meSveobiT akontrolebs. diaspora _ ebrauli sityvaa da gabnevas niSnavs. xalxis ZaliT gadasaxleba, gafantva. diqtatura _ mmarTvelobis imgvari forma, rodesac absoluturi Zalaufleba erTi pirovnebis xelSia Tavmoyrili da am gagebiT diqtatura avtokratiis sinonimia. dabali donis politika (ing.: dependency theory) _ neomarqsizmis TeoriebSi saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da politikis modeli, damyarebuli im mtkicebulebaze, rom naklebganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis ekonomika eqsploatirdeba ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis mier. am pirobebSi naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi damokidebuli xdebian ganviTarebuli qveynebis kapitalze, teqnologiebsa da saqonelze. di plomatia (ing.: diplomacy) _ meTodebi da praqtika, romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwifo atarebs sagareo politikas.

eTnocentrizmi _ sakuTar kulturaSi arsebuli mza Rirebulebebisa da Teoriebis morgeba sxva sazogadoebriv jgufebsa da eTnosebze. eTnosi _ saerTo istoriuli da kulturuli meobis
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mqone adamianTa jgufi, rasac saerTo warmomavlobis rwmena udevs safuZvlad. eqspansionizmi _ teritoriuli gafarToebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli samxedro agresia. evrocentrizmi _ kulturis TvalsazrisiT mikerZoebuli midgoma, romlis Tanaxmadac evropuli, Tu zogadad, dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi da imTaviTve `WeSmaritad~ miiCneva. evroskepticizmi _ evropasTan Semdgomi integraciis winaaRmdegoba _ ZiriTadad, damoukideblobasa da erovnul TviTmyofadobaze aqcentirebiT. evropuli koncerni (ing.: Concert of Europe) _ napoleonis omebis Semdeg 1815 w. venaSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistema ruseTis, didi britaneTis, prusiisa da sxvaTa evropuli qveynebis mier, romelic mimarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso problemebis gadaWrisaken da davebis omSi gadazrdis SeCerebisken. evropis kavSiri (ing.: European Union, Eu) _ evrogaerTianebis memkvidre organizacia, rogorc mastrixtis 1992 w. xelmoweril SeTanxmebaSia naTqvami. evropuli gaerTaineba (ing.: uropean community, ec) _ Seqmnilia dasavleT evropis qveynebis mier romis 1957 w. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. warmoadgens integraciuli procesebis etapebs. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia (ing.: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, DECD) _ ekonomikis dargSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis gaerTianeba. ZiriTadi mizani _ ekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. ekonomikur i liberalizmi (ing.: economic liberalism) ekonomikuri _ midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad qveynebi ukeT viTardebian ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos mxridan minimaluri Carevis pirobebSi. embargo (ing.: embargo) _ saxelmwifos gadawyvetileba garkveul saxelmwifosTan komerciuli kavSiris akrZalvaze. eTnikuri wmenda (ing.: ethnic cleansing) _ eTnikur da rasobriv niadagze moqalaqeTa devna, gadasaxleba an mkvleloba. 308

vestministeris modeli _ marTvis sistema, sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisufali sakanonmdeblo organos mieraa damtkicebuli da (Teoriulad mainc) angariSvaldebulia mis winaSe. vestfaliis mSvidoba (ing.: Peace of Westpfalia) _ SeTanxmeba xelmowerili 1648 w. evropaSi 30-wliani omis damTavrebis Semdeg. man sawyisi daudo nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis sistemasa da msoflio saxelmwifo-centristuli modelis formirebas.

Teokratia _ sityva-sityviT `RvTis mmarTveloba~. principi, romlis mixedviTac sasuliero xelisufleba saeroze maRla unda idges. reJimi, sadac saxelisuflebo Tanamdeboba imisda mixedviT nawildeba, Tu ra adgili ukavia pirovnebas sasuliero ierarqiaSi. Torizmi _ konservatizmis doqtrina, romlisTvisac ierarqiis rwmena, tradiciis mniSvneloba, movaleobisa da organicizmis mxardaWeraa damaxasiaTebeli. Tofosnoba _ (uorlordizmi); mdgomareoba, romlis drosac suverenuli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, adgilobrivi SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi gauTaveblad ibrZvian ZalauflebisaTvis.

indigenizacia _ SeTviseba; procesi, romlis Sedegadac ucxouri nawarmi Tu cxovrebis wesi gaTavisdeba adgilobriv moTxovnilebebsa Tu garemoebebze morgebis mizniT. inicireba _ referendumis erT-erTi saxeoba, rodesac sazogadoebas SeuZlia sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT gamosvla. interesi _ pirovnebisa Tu jgufis sargebeli, romelsac ubralo survilisagan gansxvavebiT obieqturi anu `realuri~ safuZveli gaaCnia. intervencionizmi _ xelisuflebis politika, mima309

rTuli ekonomikis maqsimaluri kontrolirebisa da marTvisaTvis; ufro zogadad ki `sxvis saqmeSi~ Carevis politika. impiCmenti _ Tanamdebobis piris gadayenebis oficialuri procedura pirovnuli Tu profesiuli gadacdomis motiviT. inkrementalizmi _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebebi miiReba ara winaswar gamokveTili miznis Sesabamisad, aramed cvalebadi viTarebis kvaldakval. idealizmi _ (ing.: idedalism) -skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelmac gavrceleba hpova me-20 s. pirvel naxevarSi. saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi mTavar rols aniWebs saerTaSoriso samarTals, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, agreTve morals. izolacionizmi _ (ing.: isolationism) _ saxelmwifo politika, romelic orientirebulia sxva qveynebTan urTierTobebis (politikur, ekonomikur da sxv.) SezRudvaze. integracia (ing.: integration) _ daaxloebisa da gaerTianebis procesi saxelmwifoTa doneze. intervencia (ing.: intervention) _ erTi qveynis mier meore qveynis Sida saqmeebSi samxedro, ekonomikuri da diplomatiuri Careva, agreTve, mis teritoriaze SeWra. integraciis Teoriebi (ing.: integration theory) _ gvixsnian, Tu rogor erTiandebian qveynebi da gadascemen Tavisi suverenitetis nawils zenacionalur warmonaqmnebs.

ciativebi muSavdeba maT oficialur procesualur ganxilvamde. koalicia _ politikur konkurentTa imgvari dajgufeba, rasac an saerTo safrTxis gancda an cal-calke moqmedebis uperspeqtivoba iwvevs. konvencia _ oficialuri politikuri Tavyriloba an kamaTisa da molaparakebebis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmeba. sakonstitucio konvencia _ esaa qmedebebisa da qcevis wesebi, romlebic ara kanons, aramed Cveulebasa da precedents emyareba. kanonmdebloba _ saxelmwifos mTel politikur sivrceSi gamoyenebul sajaro da savaldebulo wesTa erToblioba. koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba (ing.: collective security) _ msoflio wyobis sistema, romlis drosac msoflio Tanamegobroba koleqtiurad gamodis agresori saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. krizisi (ing.: crisis) _ mwvave politikuri situacia, romelic saSiSroebis qveS ayenebs mTavar interesebs. krizisisTvis damaxasiaTebelia movlenebis zvaviseburi ganviTareba, rac qmnis pirobebs politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.

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konsensusi _ gansakuTrebuli yaidis Tanxmoba. igi gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelobiT: proceduruli konsensusi _ konsultaciebisa da garigebis gziT gadawyvetilebis miRebis survili politikur partiebs an mTavrobasa da ZiriTad interes-jgufebs Soris; da arsebiTi konsensusi _ ori an meti partiis ideologiuri poziciebis Tanxvdoma politikur miznebTan dakavSirebiT. konfederacia _ saxelmwifoTa garkveuli ti pis kavSiri, roca yoveli subieqti sakuTari damoukideblobis xarisxs inarCunebs winaswari urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze. kokusi _ daxuruli, Sidapartiuli Tavyrilobebi, sadac saarCevno kandidaturebi dgindeba an sakanonmdeblo ini310

liberalizacia _ saxelmwifo Zalauflebis Sida da gare kontroli da kerZo mewarmeobisa da Tavisufali bazrisaken aRebuli kursi. lobi, lobir eba _ niSnavs sakuTari warmomadgenlis lobireba meSveobiT miawodon politikoss sakuTari mosazrebebi Tu moTxovnebi. Tavad cneba `lobi~ igive interes-jgufia, ramdenadac isic sajaro politikaze zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznad. libertarianizmi _ rwmena, rom pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sfero maqsimalurad unda gafarTovdes, rac, Tavis mxriv, xSirad sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Semcirebis mcdelobebTanac asocirdeba. liberalizmi (ing.: liberalism) _ erT-erTii ZiriTadi skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevebSi. gamomdinareobs adamianis miswrafebebidan TanamSromlobisaken, mSvidobisak311

en, samarTlianobasa da moralze orientaciisaken, XX saukunis I naxevarSi cnobili iyo, rogorc `idealizmi~. liberaluri institucionalizmi (ing.: liberal institutionalism) _ saerTaSoriso kvlevebSi neoliberaluri midgoma. aqcenti gakeTebulia Tanamedrove msoflioSi globaluri institutebis formirebis Seswavlaze.

metaideologia _ zeideologia, safuZveli msjelobisaTvis ufro kerZo ideologiuri problemebis garSemo. mer itokratia _ unarianTa mmarTveloba; princi pi, meritokratia romlis Tanaxmad, jildoca da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobac adamians pirovnuli Rirsebis mixedviT ergeba. multilateralizmi _ mravalmxrivoba; SeTanxmebul urTierTobaTa sistema sam an met saxelmwifos Soris, rac xelSekrulebebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wesdebebiT ganmsazRvreli qcevis normebs emyareba. merkantilizmi _ ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs saxelmwifos rols saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da qveynis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. mas-media _ sazogadoebrivi institutebis erToblioba, romlebic dakavebulni arian faqtebis, informaciebisa da movlenebis Sekreba-gavrcelebiT. manifesti _ dokumenti, sadac detaluradaa Camoyalibebuli, ra politikas gaatarebs esa Tu is partia xelisuflebaSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi. mandati _ zemdgomi miTiTeba an davaleba, romlis Sesrulebac savaldebuloa. makkartizmi _ `kudianebze nadiroba~. es termini 1950ian wlebSi amerikaSi senator makkartis mier komunistebis devnis periodidan iRebs saTaves. militarizmi _ miznis miRweva SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyenebiT da zogadad problemaTa samxedro ZaliT gadawyveta. farTo gagebiT ki imgvari kulturuli Tu ideologiuri movlena, roca samxedro prioritetebi, idealebi da Rirebulebebi sazogadoebis farTo fenebs moicavs. maastrixtis SeTanxmeba (ing.: Maastricht Treaty) xelmowerilia 1992 w. 12 evropuli saxelmwifos mier (belgia,
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didi britaneTi, germania, saberZneTi, dania, irlandia, espaneTi, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, portugalia, safrangeTi) q. maastrixtSi (niderlandebi), rac gaxda evrokavSiris Seqmnis safuZveli. SeTanxmeba ratificirebulia 1993 w. maRali donis politika (ing.: high politics) _ miekuTvneba nacionalur usafrTxoebas. modernistebi (ing.: modernists) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mkvlevarebi, romlebic analizs afuZneben sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa princi pebze agebul meTodebze. mravalpolaruli sistema (ing.: bipolar system) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema, romelic xasiaTdeba Zalis centrebis simravliT. msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli modeli (ing.: state-centric model) _ msoflio politikuri sistema, romelic Seiqmna vestfaliis mSvidobis Sedegad (aqedanaa misi meore saxelwodeba _ msoflios vestfaliis modeli) da romlis centraluri rgolia saxelmwifo. msoflio-sistemuri Teoria (ing.: world-system theory) _ neomarqsizmis yvelaze cnobili varianti, gamomdinareobs warmodgenidan, rom msoflio iyofa ara mxolod saxelmwifoebad, aramed ufro mniSvnelovan struqturul erTeulebad _ klasebad: kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad moxda qveynebis dayofa sam nawilad ekonomikuri maCveneblebidan gamomdinare. esenia: centri (birTvi), periferia da naxevrad periferia. qveynebi, romlebic aRmoCndnen centrSi, gaaCniaT cxovrebis maRali done da dominireben danarCenebs Soris. birTvis ganviTareba xorcieldeba sxva qveynebis xarjze, rasac mivyavarT konfliqtamde. mSvidobis SenarCuneba (ing.: peacekeeping) _ sxvadasxva qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seyvana dapirispirebuli mxareebis gaTiSvis mizniT. xorcieldeba mxolod im qveynis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, romlis teritoriazec SehyavT Zalebi. mSvidobis aRdgena (ing.: peacebuilding) _ mSvidobis ganmtkicebisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis, maT Soris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebis Seqmna. mSvidobis iZuleba (ing.: peace enforcement) _ samxedro moqmedebebi mimarTuli mSvidobiani daregulirebisaken an meomari mxareebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb winadadebebis miRebisaken adre dawyebuli omis Sesawyvetad. 313

normativi _ faseulobaTa da qcevis wesebis ganmsazRvreli kategoria _ `is, rac sasurvelia iyos~ da ara `is, rac aris~. neokorporativizmi _ tendencia, romelic dasavlur poliarqiebSi SeiniSneba: gulisxmobs organizebul interesjgufTaTvis privilegiebis miniWebasa da politikur cxovrebaSi instituciur monawileobas. neo-idealizmi _ saerTaSoriso politikis imgvari xedva, romelic gansakuTrebulad zneobriv faseulobebze, kerZod, adamianis uflebebisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis pativiscemaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. nacionalizmi (ing.: nationalism) _ ideologia, romelic erovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc politikuri identifikaciis safuZvels. xSirad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove msoflioSi politikuri brZolis dros, maT Soris, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. nacionaluri interesebi (ing.: national interest) _ neorealizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba. interesebi ganisazRvreba saxelmwifos mier da maT misaRwevad gamoiyeneba sagareo politika. cneba, Cveulebriv, moicavs usafrTxoebis, damoukideblobis, da agreTve, ekonomikuri keTildReobis dacvas. nacionaluri suvereniteti (ing.: national sovereignty) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriasa da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba. is gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo flobs Zalauflebriv uflebamosilebebs mis kuTvnil teritoriaze da rom is damoukidebelia saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi. amasTan suvereniteti ar aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisagan ganxorcielebul moqmedebebze. neitraliteti (ing.: neitralitet) _ saxelmwifos oficialuri pozicia, romelic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos uarTan gaerTiandes sxvadasxva samxedro-politikur kavSirebsa da organizaciebSi. neokolonializmi (ing.: neocolonialism) _ Teoriuli midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad ganviTarebuli qveynebi agrZeleben ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqspluatacias ekonomikuri saSualebebiT. neomarqsizmi (ing.: neomarxism) _ erT-erTi wamyvani skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. xazs usvams ekonomikur uTanasworobas Tanamedrove msoflioSi da mosaxleobis
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ekonomikuri parametrebiT fenebad daSlas, romelic mimdinareobs ara nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis sazvrebis gaswvriv, aramed ZiriTadad RerZze `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~. neorealizmi (ing.: neorealism) _ realizmis Tanamedrove mimdinareoba, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi rCebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa analizis erTaderT erTeulad. Tumca, gaTvaliswinebulia is struqturebic, romelTac qmnian kavSirebisa da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis saxiT. neofunqcionalizmi (ing.: neofunctionalism) _ efuZneba funqcionalizmis ZiriTad gzavnilebs. prioriteti eZelva im dargebs, romlebic xels uwyoben saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas: janmrTelobis dacvas, axal teqnologiebs da sxv., amasTanave xazi esmeva politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mniSvnelobas.

poliarqia _ sityva-sityviT _ `bevris mmarTveloba~, rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis institutebTan da politikur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. paternalizmi _ urTierToba, an marTvis imgvari wesi, romlis princi pic maTze zrunvaa, visac damoukideblad sakuTari Tavis gatana uWirs. pluralizmi _ farTo gagebiT mravalferovnebisa da sxvadasxvagvarobis aRiareba (mravlis arseboba). rogorc termini ixmareba partiebs Soris arsebuli konkurenciis (politikur pluralizmi), zneobriv faseulobaTa sxvadasxvaobis (zneobrivi pluralizmi) da kulturul normaTa gansxvavebulobis (kulturuli pluralizmi) aRsaniSnavad. pan-nacionalizmi _ nacionalizmis ukiduresi gamoxatuleba, romelSic yvelaferi erT mizans emsaxureba SeakavSiros monaTesave xalxebi eqspansiis an politikuri gamTlianebisaken mowodebebis gziT. proteqcionizmi _ adgilobriv mewarmeTa dacvis mizniT importis SezRudva qvotebisa Tu tarifebis dawesebis meSveobiT. partikularizmi _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, meoba kerZo da ara zogad maxasiaTebelSia fesvgadgmuli. aRniSnul
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TeoriaSi iseT faqtorebs esmeba xazi, rogorebicaa warmomavloba, kultura, eTnikuroba. populizmi _ laTinuri sityvaa, niSnavs xalxs. es termini ixmareba, rogorc garkveuli politikuri mimarTuleba, aseve politikuri azrovnebis garkveuli wyobis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac moZraobebi da partiebi sakuTar Tavs xalxis nebis gamomxatvelebad saxaven. privatizacia _ saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sazogadobrividan kerZo seqtorisaTvis gadacema, rac saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobaTa Semcirebis gamoxatulebaa. pacifizmi (ing.: pacifism) _ msoflmxedveloba, romelic uaryofs sicocxlis xelyofis uflebas da mimarTulia konfliqtebis usisxlod mogvarebis gzebis Ziebisaken. periferia (ing.: periphery) _ terini, romelic neomarqsizmSi aRniSnavs ganviTarebad qveynebs. periferiuli qveynebi damokidebulni arian `centrze~ da nakleb ganviTarebulni arian uTanasworo damokidebulebis gamo. postmodernizmi (ing.: postmodernism) _ midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi formirebuli 1980 wlebSi, erTis mxriv, rogorc reaqcia klasikur Teoriaze (neoliberalizmsa da, upirveles yovlisa, neorealizmze), meores mxriv, neomarqsizmis gavleniT sxva Teoriuli alternativebis Ziebis procesi.

realpolitika (ing.: realpolitic) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Teoriuli midgoma. eyrdnoba winapirobas, rom qveynebi emzadebodnen omisaTvis mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. ufro rbil variantSi gulisxmobs politikuri moRvaweobis princi ps, romlis Tanaxmadac umTavresi yuradReba unda daeTmos mowinaaRmdegis realur interesebze orientirebas da ara imas, rasac is deklarirebs; aseve mzadyofnas Zalis gamoyenebisaTvis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoqmedebis yvela sxva saSualeba amowurulia.

revizionizmi _ fuZemdebluri ideebis gadasinjva; termini adrindeli princi pebisa da mosazrebebis uaryofasac gulisxmobs. revolucia _ sityva-sityviT brunva-triali. igi ciklur cvlilebebs niSnavs, arsebuli wesrigis msxvrevisa da axliT Secvlas gulisxmobs. relativizmi _ filosofiuri Sexeduleba, romelic obieqturi _ `absoluturi~ sazomis arsebobas uaryofs da amtkicebs, rom `yvelaferi SefardebiTia~ da nebismieri msjeloba azrs iZens mxolod sakuTar konteqstTan mimarTebaSi. realizmi (ing.: realism) _saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi skola. saxelmwifoebi gamodian, rogorc anarqiuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erTaderTi aqtorebi.
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sekularizmi _ Tvalsazrisi, rom religia saero saqmianobaSi ar unda ereodes; rogorc wesi, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis mcdeloba. stetizmi _ franguli sityvaa da niSnavs saxelmwifoebriobas. igi emyareba mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifo Careva yvelaze upriani gzaa politikuri problemebis gadasawyvetad da ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad. separatizmi _ arsebuli politikuri wesrigidan gamoyofis survili damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT. sionizmi _ `ebrauli samSoblos~ dafuZnebisaken mimarTuli moZraoba. dResdReobiT israelis saxelmwifo interesebisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. sagareo politika (ing.: foreign policy) _ prioritetebis, princi pebisa da moqmedebebis sistema, romelTa realizacias axdens saxelmwifo msofliosTan urTierTobebSi _ saxelmwifo sazRvrebs miRma. sagareo politikis SedarebiTi analizi (ing.: comparative foreign policy analysis) _ gamokvlevis erT-erTi mimarTuleba, romelic Seiswavlis saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikuri qcevis models. saerTaSoriso da Sida politika (ing.: intermestic politicy) _ termini SemoRebulia samecniero brunvaSi im saxelmwifos politikis gansazRvris mizniT, romelsac imavdroulad gaaCnia rogorc Sida, aseve saerTaSoriso aspeqti. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia (ing.: international political economy) _ kvlevebis dargi, romelic swavlobs
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saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTobas. saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (ing.: international nongovermental organizations, INGOs) _ dafuZnebulni ar arian saxelmwifoTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze da moqmedeben ara mxolod erTi qveynis sazRvrebSi (amitom maT zogjer uwodeben transnacionalurs). amasTan, maTi moRvaweoba ar aris mimarTuli mogebis miRebaze. saerTaSoriso reJimebi (ing.: international regimes) _ gadawyvetilebebis miRebis princi pebi, normebi, wesebi da procedurebi. samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebi (ing.: intergovernmental organizations, IGOs) _ institutebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia maTi wevri saxelmwifoebis mier saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze. samxedro intervencia (ing.: military intervention) _ erTi qveynis SeiaraRebuli jarebis gamoyeneba sxva qveynis, anu intervenciis obieqtis, xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. `samSvidobo dividendi~ (ing.: peace dividend) _ danazogi SeiaraRebis Semcirebidan, romelic SesaZlebeli gaxda civi omis damTavrebis wyalobiT. samSvidobo operaciebi (ing.: peace operations) _ farTo cneba, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva qmedebebs, maT Soris samxedroebis monawileobas konfliqtis daregulirebaSi. saxelmwifo (ing.: state) _ politikuri warmonaqmni, romelic moicavs xalxiT dasaxlebul teritorias da sxva saxelmwifoebis mier aRiarebul legitimur xelisuflebas.

utopia, utopizmi _ berZnuli sityvaa, `outopia~ niSnavs `arsad~, xolo `eutopia~ _ karg adgils. sityvasityviT igi idealur an srulyofil sazogadoebas niSnavs. utopizmi Teoriuli politikuri azrovnebis formaa, romelic arsebul wyobas akritikebs da idealuri da srulyofili alternativis mxolod warmosaxviT models gvTavazobs. utilitaruloba _ gamarTlebuli xarji, raime materialuri moxmarebiT gamowveuli dakmayofileba. universalizmi _ Teoria, romlis mixedviT arsebobs adamianTa meobis ganmsazRvruli zogadi sawyisi, romelic yvelasaTvis erTia. utilitarizmi _ eTikuri mimarTuleba, romlis mixedviTac adamianebs siamovnebis miRebis bunebrivi survili amoZravebT. siamovneba `sikeTea~, xolo tanjva `boroteba~. amis mixedviT siamovneba SeiZleba sasargeblomde daviyvanoT. politikur sferoSi utilitarizmi mWidrod ukavSirdeba klasikur liberalizmisa da Tavisufali bazris ideologias.

qsenofobia _ SiSi an siZulvili ucxotomelTa mimarT; paTologiuri saxiT gamovlenili eTnocentrizmi.

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traibalizmi _ jgufuri cxovrebis wesi, romelic karCaketilobiTa da gaucxoebiT xasiaTdeba. igi Cveulebriv mtruladaa ganwyobili sxva jgufebis mimarT. terorizmi (ing.: terorism) _ Zaladobis gamoyeneba; muqara mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT politikuri gamomZalvelobis, iZulebis an propagandis mizniT. transnacionaluri korporacia (ing.: multinational corporation TNC) _ mravalnacionaluri korporacia, romelsac aqvs sawarmoebi erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT msoflio arenaze.
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SariaTi _ RvTaebriv gamocxadebaze dafuZnebuli islamuri kanoni, romlis ZiriTadi wyaroebic yurani da hadiTia (e.w. `muhamedis Segonebani~). Suamavloba (ing.: mediation) _ konfliqtis daregulirebis procedura, romlis farglebSi mesame mxare agvarebs molaparakebis process da monawileobs problemis mSvidobianad daregulirebaSi.

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xunta _ sityva-sityviT _ sabWo. rogorc wesi, xuntas warmoadgens samxedroTa jgufi, romelic Zalauflebas revoluciis an SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebis gziT igdebs xelSi.

jihadi _ `wminda omi~, ufro zustad, `saRvTo brZola~ an `Zalisxmeva~, rac niSnavs islamuri idealebisadmi usazRvro, yovlismomcvel erTgulebas. jingoizmi _ ukiduresi enTuziazmis gamoxatuleba, romelic samxedro gamarjvebebsa da axali teritoriebis SemoerTebas mosdevs.

homogenizacia _ gaerTgvarovneba; yvela mxarisa Tu Semadgeneli nawilis (qveynebis) tendencia daemgvanon an gaigivdnen erTmaneTTan. hegemonia _ berZnuli sityvaa da winamZRols niSnavs. rogorc politikuri termini gulisxmobs ama Tu im sistemis erT-erTi elementis upiratesobas yvela danarCenTan SedarebiT. hibriduloba _ socialuri da kulturuli, aRrevis mdgomareoba~. hegemonialuri stabilurobis Teoria (ing.: theory of hegemonic stability) _ ris Tanaxmad hegemoni saxelmwifos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi myardeba stabiluri ekonomikuri reJimi (wyobileba), vinaidan igi SeimuSavebs qcevis im wesebsa da normebs, romlebic misaRebia sxva monawileTaTvis.

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gadaeca

warmoebas

28.05.2009.

xelmowerilia

dasabeWdad

24.07.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 20. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77