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9-10 History Bangla
9-10 History Bangla
9-10 History Bangla
iPbvq
cdmi W. gvnv` mwjg
cdmi W. myjZvbv wbMvi Payix
cdmi c`yZ Kzgvi fwgK
mv`bv
cdmi W. mq` Avbvqvi nvmb
KwDUvi KvR
cvidg Kvjvi Mvwd (cv:) wj:
cQ`
my`kb evQvi
myRvDj Ave`xb
wWRvBb
cmM-K_v
wkv RvZxq Rxebi meZvgyLx Dbqbi c~ekZ| Avi `yZ cwieZbkxj weki Pvj gvKvejv Ki
evsjv`kK Dbqb I mgwi w`K wbq hvIqvi Rb cqvRb mywkwZ Rbkw| fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi
PZbvq `k Movi Rb wkv_xi AwbwnZ gav I mvebvi cwic~Y weKvk mvnvh Kiv gvawgK wkvi
AbZg j| GQvov cv_wgK i AwRZ wkvi gwjK vb I `Zv mcmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gvag
DPZi wkvi hvM Ki ZvjvI G ii wkvi Dk| vbvRbi GB cwqvi wfZi w`q wkv_xK
`ki A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I cwiekMZ cUf~wgi cwZ ` I hvM bvMwiK Ki ZvjvI
gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 Gi j I DkK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ nqQ gvawgK ii wkvg|
cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_
wkv_x`i eqm, gav I MnY gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GQvov wkv_xi bwZK I gvbweK
g~jeva _K iy Ki BwZnvm I HwZn PZbv, gnvb gywhyi PZbv, wk-mvwnZ-mswZeva,
`kcgeva, cKwZ-PZbv Ges ag-eY-Mv I bvix-cyiyl wbwekl mevi cwZ mgghv`veva RvMZ Kivi Pv
Kiv nqQ| GKwU wevbgb RvwZ MVbi Rb Rxebi cwZwU wevbi ^Zt~Z cqvM I wWwRUvj
evsjv`ki icK-2021 Gi j evevqb wkv_x`i mg Ki Zvjvi Pv Kiv nqQ|
gvawgK i (beg-`kg kwY) gvbweK kvLvq evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv GKwU evaZvg~jK welq|
^vaxb `ki cZK bvMwiKi Zvi `k-RvwZi BwZnvm Rvbv Riywi| BwZnvm Av_-mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK,
fMvwjK I mvswZK weeZb avivevwnKfve cwZdwjZ nq| ZvB BwZnvmPPvi gvagB GKRb bvMwiK Zvi
wbR `ki BwZnvm, RvwZmv, mswZ, HwZn I wekmfZv mK vb jvf KiZ mg ne| evsjv`ki
BwZnvm I wekmfZv cvVcyKwUZ gvbweK evamb Amvc`vwqK I gywhyi PZbvmg bvMwiK Mo
Zvjvi welqwU wekl weePbvq bIqv nqQ| cwZwU Aavqi iyZ wkLbdj hy Ki wkv_xi AwRZe
vbi BwZ c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges Abykxjbg~jK KvR, ewbevPwb ck, mRbkxj ck mshvRb Ki
g~jvqbK mRbkxj Kiv nqQ| Avkv Kwi beg-`kg kwYi evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv cvVcyK
bZzb wkvg I cvVm~wPi Dkjv h_vh_fve cwZdwjZ nqQ|
GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ nqQ|
KvRB cvVcyKwUi AviI mgwmvabi Rb h Kvbv MVbg~jK I hywmZ civgk iyZi m weewPZ
ne| cvVcyK cYqbi wecyj Kghi ga AwZ ^ mgq cyKwU iwPZ nqQ| dj wKQy fyjywU _K
hZ cvi| cieZx msiYjvZ cvVcyKwUK AviI my`i, kvfb I ywUgy Kivi Pv AevnZ
_vKe| evbvbi AbymZ nqQ evsjv GKvWgx KZK cYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvVcyKwU iPbv, mv`bv, wPvb, bgybv ckvw` cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR hviv AvwiKfve gav I kg
w`qQb Zuv`i abev` vcb KiwQ| cvVcyKwU wkv_x`i Avbw`Z cvV I cZvwkZ `Zv ARb wbwZ
Kie ej Avkv Kwi|
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv
m~wPc
Aavq
Aavqi wkivbvg
cv
c_g
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1-7
wZxq
8-13
ZZxq
14-28
PZz_
29-41
cg
42-65
66-80
mg
81-94
Ag
95-108
beg
109-132
`kg
133-143
GKv`k
144-156
v`k
157-180
qv`k
181-190
PZz`k
191-205
c`k
wekmfZv
206-220
c_g Aavq
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1971 mvj Avgv`i `k gywhy nqwQj| bq gvm cvwKvwb mbvevwnbxi weiy cvYcY jovB Ki
16 wWm^i Avgv`i `k kygy nq| gywhy Avgv`i Mei, Miei Kvwnbx| evOvwj RvwZi Ggb AbK
Miei Kvwnbx AvQ| BwZnvm mZ NUbv Dcvcb Ki| BwZnvm NUbvi avivevwnK I mZwb eYbv _vK|
hv BwZnvm fve ewYZ nqQ| BwZnvm mK Mfxi Abymvb KiZ nj BwZnvmi Dcv`vb, cKvif`
mK AewnZ nZ ne| Avgiv G Aavq Kxfve BwZnvm coe m mK Rvbe|
Zvi AvM RvbZ ne BwZnvm Kx ? RvbZ ne KZ aibi BwZnvm jLv hvq ev BwZnvm KZ aibi nq|
BwZnvm cvVi cqvRbxqZvB ev Kx ? eZgvb Aavq Gme welq wbqB AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
wP : nivWUvm
weRqMuv_v wjwce KiQb| hvZ cieZx cRb G NUbv fyj bv hvq, G weeiY hvZ Zv`i DrmvwnZ Ki
Ges `kcg Dy Ki| nivWUvmB c_g BwZnvm Ges Abymvb G `ywU aviYvK mshy Kib| dj
BwZnvm cwiYZ nq wevb, cwic~Yfve nq IV Z_ wbfi Ges MelYvi welq| Uqbwei gZ, mgvRi
RxebB BwZnvm| cKZc, gvbe mgvRi Ab NUbvcevnB njv BwZnvm|
Avevi ivcmb ejQb, BwZnvm njv NUbvi evwbK Ges avivevwnK eYbv|
AvaywbK BwZnvmi RbK Rvgvb HwZnvwmK wjIcv db& ivsK gb Kib, cKZc hv NUwQj Zvi
Abymvb I Zvi mZ weeiYB BwZnvm| Zuvi gZ BwZnvm gvbB njv bMmZ| myZivs ejv hvq, BwZnvm
nQ gvbe mfZvi weeZbi m mwKZ wewfb KgKvi avivevwnK I mZwb weeiY| myZivs, mwVK
BwZnvm memgq mZK wbfi Ki iwPZ|
BwZnvmi Dcv`vb
h me Z_ cgvYi Dci wfw Ki HwZnvwmK mZK cwZwZ Kiv me
ZvKB BwZnvmi Dcv`vb ejv nq| mwVK BwZnvm wjLZ HwZnvwmK Dcv`vbi
iyZ Acwimxg| BwZnvmi Dcv`vbK Avevi `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
wjwLZ Dcv`vb I AwjwLZ Dcv`vb|
wP : wnDqb mvs
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1. wjwLZ Dcv`vb : BwZnvm iPbvi wjwLZ Dcv`vbi ga iqQ mvwnZ, e`wkK weeiY, `wjjc BZvw`|
wewfb `wk-we`wk mvwnZKgI ZrKvjxb mgqi wKQy Z_ cvIqv hvq| hgb: e`, KwUji
A_kv, Kjnbi ivRZiwbx, wgbnvR-Dm-wmivRi ZeKvZ-B-bvwmix, Aveyj dRj- Gi AvBb-BAvKeix BZvw`|
we`kx chUK`i weeiY me mgqB BwZnvmi iyZc~Y Dcv`vb ej weewPZ| hgb cuvP _K mvZ kZK
evsjvq AvMZ PwbK cwievRK h_vg dv-wnqb,
wnDqb mvs I Brwms-`i eYbv| cieZx mgq AvwdKvb
cwievRK Beb eZzZvmn Abvb`i jLvZI G Aj
mK weeiY cvIqv MQ| Gme eYbv _K ZrKvjxb
mgvR, A_bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ag, AvPvi-Abyvb mK ek
wKQy Z_ Rvbv hvq|
mvwnwZK Dcv`vbi ga Aviv iqQ, icK_v, wKse`x,
MKvwnbx| wZeZx jLK jvgv Zvibv_i eYbvq cvj
ivReski cwZvZv Mvcvji wmsnvmb Avivnb mK
h eYbv AvQ mwU GK aibi KKvwnbx| Ze AbK
BwZnvmi Dcv`vb
Kvwnbxi Avovj AbK mZ NUbv _K hvq hv
HwZnvwmKiv wePvi- wek-lY-Abymvb Ki Avwevi Kib| ZvQvov, miKvwi bw_, wPwVc BZvw` _KI
wbfihvM Z_ msMn Kiv me|
2. AwjwLZ ev cZZvwK Dcv`vb : hme e ev Dcv`vb
_K Avgiv wekl mgq, vb ev ew mK wewfb
aibi HwZnvwmK Z_ cvB m e ev Dcv`vbB
cZZvwK wb`kb| cZZvwK wb`kbmg~n g~jZ AwjwLZ
Qwe : Dqvix-eUki cv wb`kb
Dcv`vbfy| hgb : gy`v, wkjvwjwc wjwc,
Zvgwjwc, BgviZ BZvw`| G mg cZZvwK wb`kb evwbK cixv-wbixv Ges wek-lYi dj m
mgqi Awaevmx`i ivRbwZK, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK Aev mK wKQyUv aviYv cvIqv hvq| aviYv Kiv
me cvPxb Awaevmx`i mfZv, ag, Rxebhvv, bMivqb, wbZeenvh wRwbmc, eemv-evwYRi Aev,
Kwl DcKiY BZvw` mK| D`vniY wnmve eYbv Kiv hvq wmz mfZv, evsjv`ki gnvvbMo,
cvnvocyi, gqbvgwZ BZvw` vbi cZZvwK wb`kbmg~ni K_v| bZzb bZzb cZZvwK Avwevi e`j
w`Z cvi GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm| hgb, mcwZ biwms`xi Dqvix-eUkii cZZvwK Avwevi| H
Aji cZZvwK wb`kb cgvwYZ nqQ h, evsjv`k AvovB nvRvi eQi c~eI bMi mfZvi AwZ
wQj| GB Avwevii dj evsjvi cvPxb mfZvi bew`M DbvwPZ nZ hvQ| e`j hvQ evsjvi cvPxb
mfZv mK AbK aviYv| A`~i fwelZ bZzb Ki wjLZ ne evsjvi cvPxb BwZnvm|
GKK KvR : BwZnvmi wewfb aibi Dcv`vbi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|
BwZnvmi cKvif`
gvbe mgvR mfZvi AMMwZi m m bZzb bZzb welqi BwZnvm jLv nQ| dj mcmvwiZ nQ
BwZnvmi cwimi| BwZnvm weivgnxbfve AZxZi NUbvmg~n eZgvb cRbi KvQ cuQ w`Q| m
BwZnvmK wewfb kvLvq wef Kiv KwVb| ZvQvov, BwZnvmi welqeZ gvbyl, Zvi mgvR, mfZv I
Rxebaviv cii mwbwnZ _vK|
ZviciI cVb-cvVb, AvjvPbv I MelYvKgi myweav_ BwZnvmK cavbZ `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_vfMvwjK AevbMZ I welqeMZ BwZnvm|
GK : fMvwjK AevbMZ w`K ev fMvwjK AevbMZ BwZnvm : A_vr h welqwU BwZnvm vb cqQ
Zv Kvb cvcU iwPZ vbxq, RvZxq bv AvRvwZK| Gfve fMvwjK AevbMZ w`K _K
aygv evSvi myweav_ BwZnvmK Aveviv wZbfvM fvM Kiv hvq, h_v vbxq ev AvwjK BwZnvm,
RvZxq BwZnvm I AvRvwZK BwZnvm|
`yB : welqeMZ BwZnvm : Kvb wekl welqi Dci wfw Ki h BwZnvm iwPZ nq ZvK welqeMZ
BwZnvm ejv nq| BwZnvmi welqei cwimi evcK| Zey mvaviYfve GK cuvP fvM fvM Kiv hvq,
h_v- ivRbwZK BwZnvm, mvgvwRK BwZnvm, A_bwZK BwZnvm, mvswZK BwZnvm, K~UbwZK I
mvcwZK BwZnvm|
BwZnvmi welqe
gvbyl Zvi mgvR I mfZvi avivevwnK cwieZbi cgvY I wjwLZ `wjj njv BwZnvm| BwZnvmi welqe
mK AvaywbK HwZnvwmK`i ga wfKv (Vico) gb Kib h, gvbe mgvR I gvbexq cwZvbmg~ni
Drcw I weKvkB nQ BwZnvmi welqe|
myZivs, `Lv hvQ h, gvbyli iyZc~Y ARb hv gvbe mgvR-mfZvi DbwZ I AMMwZZ Ae`vb ivLZ mg
nqQ Zv meB BwZnvmfy welq| hgb: wk, mvwnZ-mswZ, `kb, vcZ, ivRbxwZ, hy, ag, AvBb
mvgwMKfve hv wKQy mgvR-mfZv weKvk cZ ev civfve cfvweZ KiQ ZvB BwZnvmi welqe|
BwZnvmi ^ic
BwZnvm Abvb welq _K Avjv`v| vb ARbi Abvb kvLv _K Gi iPbv I Dcvcbv cwZI ^Z|
BwZnvmi ewk-cKwZ AvjvPbv Kij, aviYv cwivi ne|
c_g : BwZnvm AZxZgyLx| AZxZi NUbvcevnB G welqi wePiY| mZwb Z_i mvnvh AZxZK
cybMVb KivB BwZnvmi ewk|
wZxq : BwZnvmi welqe gvbyl, Zvi mgvR-mfZv| gvbe mgvR I mfZvi g AMMwZi avivevwnK Z_
wbfi weeiYB nQ BwZnvmi AvjvP welq|
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
ZZxq : BwZnvm AveM I AwZ K_bi Kvb VuvB bB| NU hvIqv NUbvi mwVK weeiY cieZx cRbi KvQ
Zzj aivB BwZnvmi ewk|
PZz_ : BwZnvm _g _vK bv, wbii cengvb| h KviY Kvj wefvRb Kvb mb-ZvwiL eenvi Kiv KwVb|
Avevi cwieZbi aviv me `k GK m NUwb|
cg : ewbZv I wbicZv BwZnvmi ewk| Ze cwZwU gvbyli cheY gZv, `wfw wfb wfb|
h KviY GKB BwZnvmi eYbv-evLv GK GK HwZnvwmK GK GK iKgfve w`q _vKb| NUbvi wbic
eYbv Dcvcbv bv nj mUv mwVK BwZnvm nq bv|
GKK KvR : mZwb Z_i mvnvh AZxZK cybMVb KivB BwZnvmi ewkevLv Ki|
BwZnvmi cwimi
gvbyl KZK mvw`Z mKj welq BwZnvmi cwimii AvIZvfy| gvbyli wPv-fvebv, cwiKbv, Kvhg hZv
kvLv-ckvLvq weZ, BwZnvmi mxgvI ZZ`~i ch weZ| Ze G wewZi mxgv wwZkxj bq| gvbyli
wPv-fvebv, Kgaviv cwieZbi m m BwZnvmi cwimiI mcmvwiZ nQ| hgb-cvMwZnvwmK hyMi
c_g cei gvbyli KgKv Lv` msMni ga mxgve wQj| Drcv`b Kkj ZLbI Zv`i ARvbv wQj|
dj m mgq BwZnvmi cwimiI Lv` msMng~jK KgKv ch weZ wQj| mgqi weeZb, mfZvi
AMMwZi KviY gvbyli KgKvi cwiwa eoQ| m m BwZnvm PPvq-MelYvq evwbK cwZI
AbymZ nQ| dj BwZnvm welq kvLv-ckvLvi msLvI ew cqQ, weZ nQ BwZnvmi mxgvbvI| Ewbk
kZK aygv ivRbxwZ BwZnvmi welq njI gvKmev` cPvii ci A_bxwZ, mgvR, wkKjvi BwZnvmI iwPZ
nZ _vK| Gfve GKi ci GK welq BwZnvmfy nQ Avi mcmvwiZ nQ BwZnvmi cwimi|
`vi mvnvh wkv `q : BwZnvmi eenvwiK iyZ Acwimxg| gvbyl BwZnvm cvV Ki AZxZ NUbvewji
`v _K wkv wbZ cvi| BwZnvmi wkv eZgvbi cqvRb KvR jvMvbv hZ cvi| BwZnvm `vi
gvag wkv `q ej BwZnvmK ejv nq wkYxq `kb|
mZwb BwZnvm cvV Ki h vb jvf nq, Zv eve Rxeb Pjvi Rb DrKZg wkv|
BwZnvm cvV Kij wePvi-wek-lYi gZv evo, hv `vkwbK `wfw ZwiZ mvnvh Ki| dj vb PPvi
cwZ AvMn Rb|
`jxq KvR : Zvgvi GjvKvi A_ev KvQvKvwQ Kvbv HwZnvwmK _vb/wb`kb cwi`kb Ki Zvi
HwZnvwmK Dcv`vbjv wPwZ Ki|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. KvK AvaywbK BwZnvmi RbK ejv nq?
K. nivWUvm
M. Uqbwe
N. B, GBP, Kvi
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
wjwLZ
ii. AwjwLZ
iii. cZZvwK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mvgvwRK BwZnvm
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck :
1. mRj Zvi gvgvi mv_ RvZxq MYMvMvi hvq| mLvb m wewfb eBc co| mRj wevbi Qv njI
Zvi BwZnvmi eB fvjv jvM| m wewfb Drm _K BwZnvmi eBc msMn Ki co| mRji evev
ZvK agK w`q ejjb, ay ay GB eB co Zzwg mgq b KiQ Kb?
K. wnDqb mvs Kvb& `ki cwievRK?
L. mgqi weeZb Kxfve BwZnvmi cwimi weZ nQ?
M. mRj RvZxq MYMvMvi BwZnvmi Kvb aibi Dcv`vb `LZ cvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg Kx mRji evevi gvbwmKZvi mv_ GKgZ? hyw `vI|
wZxq Aavq
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
evsjv`ki gvbwP cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`jvi eZgvb Aevb wPwZ Ki eYbv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm mK aviYv jvf Rbc`jvi iyZ RvbZ AvMnx ne|
Rbc`
PZz_ kZK nZ hyM, cieZx hyM, cvj, mb cfwZ Avgji DrKxY wkjvwjwc I mvwnZ M cvPxb
evsjvi Rbc`jvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Gme Rbc` wVK Kv_vq KZLvwb RvqMv Ryo wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| Ze
cvPxbKvji cv wewfb HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb nZ Zv`i Aevb m^ gvUvgywU AvuP cvIqv hvq| wbP
KqKwU Rbc`i eYbv `qv njv|
Mo : Mo bvgwU mycwiwPZ njI cvPxbKvj Mo ejZ wVK Kvb AjK evSvZ G wbq cPzi gZf`
AvQ| Avi h GjvKv Mo ej AwfwnZ nZv KbB ev m Aj G bvg AwfwnZ nZv AvR ch mUvI
mwVKfve Rvbv hvq wb| cvwYwbi M mec_g Moi Dj-L `Lv hvq| KwUji A_kv M Mo
`ki AbK wk I KwlRvZ `ei Dj-L cvIqv hvq| evrmvqbi MI ZZxq I PZz_ kZK Moi
bvMwiK`i wejvm-embi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| nleabi wkjvwjwc nZ cgvwYZ nq h, mgy` DcK~j nZ
Mo`k Lye ewk `~i AewZ wQj bv| l kZK jLv eivn wgwnii weeiY nZ `Lv hvq h, Mo Abvb
Rbc`, h_v cy, e, mgZU _K Avjv`v GKwU Rbc`| fwel cyivY-G GK cv b`xi `wY Ges
eagvbi Di AewZ Aj ej eYbv Kiv nqQ| G Dwi m mg kZKi jvK`i eYbvi h_
mvgm AvQ| mg kZK MoivR kkvsKi ivRavbx wQj gywk`vev`i wbKUeZx KYmyeY| Avi ay ev
kkvsKB Kb, cieZxKvj AviI AbKi ivRavbx wQj GB Mo|
cvj ivRv`i Avgj Moi bvg-WvK wQj mePq ewk| Di fviZi wexY Aj ZLb Moi Afy
wQj| mvgvRi K`j nIqvq Zvi cZvc wQj AcwZnZ| cieZxKvj cvj mvgvRi fvM cwieZbi mv_
mv_ Moi fvMI cwiewZZ nq hvq| Moi mxgv ZLb mxgve nq Avm| AvaywbK gvj`n, gywk`vev`,
exif~g I eagvbi wKQy Ask Moi mxgvbv ej gb Kiv nq| mg kZK MoivR kkvsKi ivRavbx wQj
gywk`vev` Rjvi KYmyeY| gymjgvb hyMi iyZ gvj`n Rjvi jYveZx Mo bvg AwfwnZ nZv| ci Mo
ejZ mgM evsjvK eySvZ|
e : e GKwU AwZ cvPxb Rbc`| AwZ cvPxb cyuw_Z GK gMa I Kwj Rbc`i cwZekx ejv nqQ|
gnvfviZi Dj-L nZ eySv hvq h, e, cy, Zvgwj I myi msjM `k| P`, wegvw`Z, PvjyK
ivRv I ivK~U`i wkjvwjwc Ges Kvwj`vmi M G Rbc`i eYbv cvIqv hvq| eZgvb evsjv`ki c~e I
`wY-c~e w`K e bvg GKwU Rbc` Mo DVwQj| Abygvb Kiv nq, GLvb e bvg GK RvwZ evm
KiZ| ZvB Rbc`wU cwiwPZ nq e bvg| mv cgvY _K gb nq, Mv I fvwMi_xi gvSLvbi
AjKB e ejv nZv|
cvj I mb eskxq ivRv`i Avgj ei AvqZb mzwPZ nq co| GKv`k kZK cvj eski kl chvq
e Rbc` `yfvM wef nq Di e I `wY e bvg cwiwPZ nq| cv wQj Divji Di mxgv,
`wYi exc Aj wQj `wY e| cieZxKvj Kke mb I wekic mbi AvgjI ei `ywU fvM
cwijwZ nq| Ze Gevi bvg Avjv` GKwU wegcyi I AciwU bve| cvPxb wkjvwjwcZ wegcyi I
bve bvg ei `ywU Aji bvg cvIqv hvq| eZgvb wegcyi ciMbv I Zvi mv_ AvaywbK Bw`jcyi ciMbvi
wKq`sk wbq wQj wegcyi| bve ej eZgvb Kvb RvqMvi AwZ bB| aviYv Kiv nq, dwi`cyi, ewikvj,
10
cUzqvLvjxi wbg Rjvf~wg G bve Aji Afy wQj| eni eov, cvebv, gqgbwmsn Rjvi cwgvj,
XvKv, dwi`cyi, Kzwqv, eni Kzwgj-v I bvqvLvjxi wKQy Ask wbq e MwVZ nqwQj| e _K evOvwj
RvwZi Drcw NUwQj|
cy: cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`jvi ga AbZg iyZc~Y njv cy| ejv nq h, cy ej GK RvwZ G Rbc`
Mo ZzjwQj| ew`K mvwnZ I gnvfviZ G RvwZi Dj-L AvQ| cy`i ivRi ivRavbxi bvg cybMi|
cieZxKvj Gi bvg nq gnvvbMo| meZ gh mgvU
AkvKi ivRZKvj (wLt c~: 273-232 A) cvPxb cy ivR
^vaxb mv nvivq| mgw evovi m m cg-l kZK
Zv cyeab icvwiZ nqQ| m mgqKvi cyeab AZ
eov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx Rjv Ryo weZ wQj| ivRgnjMv-fvMxi_x nZ Avi Ki KiZvqv ch gvUvgywU mg
Di eB evanq m mgq cyeabi Afy wQj| mb
Avgj cyeabi `wYZg mxgv cv cwiq GKevi Lvwo
Qwe : gnv_vbMo, eov
welq (eZgvb Pwek ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv) I XvKvewikvji mgy` Zxi ch weZ wQj| eov nZ mvZ gvBj `~i gnvvbMo cvPxb cyeab bMixi
asmvekl ej cwZiv Abygvb Kib|
cvPxb mfZvi wb`kbi w`K w`q cyB wQj cvPxb evsjvi mePq mg Rbc`| evsjv`k cv cv_ii
PvKwZZ Lv`vB Kiv meZ cvPxbZg wkjvwjwc GLvb cvIqv MQ|
nwiKj : mvZ kZKi jLKiv nwiKj bvg Aci GK Rbc`i eYbv KiQb| Pxbv gYKvix Brwms
ejQb, nwiKj wQj c~e fviZi kl mxgvq| Avevi Kviv Kviv wjwcZ nwiKji h cwiPq cvIqv hvq
ZvZ eZgvb PMvgiI Ask LyuR cvIqv hvq| mg Z_ chvjvPbv Ki ai bIqv hvq h, c~e kxn
(wmjU) _K PMvgi Ask wekl ch nwiKj Rbc` weZ wQj| hw`I gaLvb mgZU ivRi
AewwZ wQj- hv wKQyUv wevw mw KiZ cvi| Avmj ZLb Rbc`i Kv_vI Kv_vI ek wkw_j Aev
weivR KiwQj| Zv Qvov e, mgZU I nwiKj- wZbwU c_K Rbc` njI Giv Lye wbKU cwZewk nIqvq
KLbv KLbv Kvbv Kvbv GjvKvq Ab Rbc`i cfve weivR KiZ ej aviYv Kiv nq| cKZc, mg
I Ag kZK nZ `k I GMviv kZK ch nwiKj GKwU ^Z ivR wQj| wKy c~e-evsjvi P` ivReski
ivRv jvKP`i P`xc AwaKvii ci nZ nwiKjK gvUvgywU ei Ask ej aiv nq| AbK Avevi
ay wmjUi mv_ nwiKjK Awfb ej gb Kib|
mgZU : c~e I `wY-c~e evsjvq ei cwZekx Rbc` wnme wQj mgZUi Aevb| G AjwU wQj Av`
wbgf~wg| Kn Kn gb Kib mgZU eZgvb Kzwgj-vi cvPxb bvg| Avevi Kn gb Kib, Kzwgj-v I bvqvLvjx
Aj wbq mgZU MwVZ nqwQj| mvZ kZK _K eviv kZK ch eZgvb wcyiv Rjv wQj mgZUi AbZg
Ask| GK mgq G Rbc`i cwg mxgv Pwek ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv ch weZ wQj| Mv-fvMxi_xi c~e
Zxi _K iy Ki gNbvi gvnbv ch mgy`K~jeZx AjKB meZ ejv nZv mgZU| Kzwgj-v knii 12
gvBj cwg eo KvgZv bvgK vbwU mvZ kZK Gi ivRavbx wQj|
11
ei` : ei`x, ei` ev ei` f~wg bvg cvPxb evsjvq Aci GKwU Rbc`i K_v Rvbv hvq| GwUI Di
ei GKwU Rbc`| ei` cyeab Rbc`i mevcv iyZc~Y GjvKv wQj| Rbc`i cavb kni, gh I
Avgj cv`wkK kvmbKZvi K` cybMii AevbI wQj GB ei` GjvKvq| ZvB GK Rbc` ejv
hvq bv| wKy G bvg GK mgq mgM GjvKv cwiwPZ nZv| ZvB cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm GK Rbc`i ghv`v
`Iqv nq| GK_v wbtm`n ejv hvq h, Mv I KiZvqv b`xi gaeZx Aj wQj G Rbc`i Aevb|
eov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx Rjvi AbKUv Aj Ges meZ cvebv Rjv Ryo ei` Aj weZ wQj|
Zvgwj : nwiKji Di AewZ wQj Zvgwj Rbc`| eZgvb gw`bxcyi Rjvi ZgjyKB wQj
Zvgwji cvYK`| mgy` DcK~jeZx G GjvKv wQj Lye wbPz I Av`| b PjvPji Rb RvqMvwU wQj Lye
Dg| cvPxbKvj Zvgwj iyZc~Y b-evwYRi K` wnme cwiwPZ wQj| Mjx I icbvivqY b`i
mgj nZ 12 gvBj `~i icbvivqYi Zxi G e`iwU AewZ wQj| mvZ kZK nZ Bnv `fyw bvg
cwiwPZ nZ _vK| AvU kZKi ci nZB Zvgwj e`ii mgw b nq hvq|
P`xc : Dciv Rbc`jv Qvov AviI GKwU z` Rbc`i bvg cvPxb evsjvq cvIqv hvq| GUv njv
P`xc| eZgvb ewikvj RjvB wQj P`xci g~j f~-L I cvYK`| G cvPxb Rbc`wU evjki I gNbvi
gaeZx vb AewZ wQj|
GQvov eni cvPxb evsjvq `fyw, Di ivp (eZgvb gywk`vev` Rjvi cwgvsk, mgM exif~g Rjv Ges
eagvb Rjvi KvUvqv gnKzgv), `wY ivp (eZgvb eagvbi `wYvsk, Mjxi ejvsk Ges nvIov Rjv),
evsjv ev evOjv (mvaviYZ Lyjbv, ewikvj I cUzqvLvjxi my`i ebvj) BZvw` bvgI kwkvjx Rbc` wQj|
Gfve AwZ cvPxbKvj nZ Qq-mvZ kZK ch cvPxb evsjvi wewfb Ask wfb wfb bvg cwiwPZ wQj| g~jZ:,
Bnv wQj ivRbwZK I fMvwjK wefvM| mg kZKi Mvovi w`K kkvsK Moi ivRv nq gywk`vev` nZ
DrKj (Di Dwolv) ch mgM GjvKvK msNe Kib| Zvici nZ evsjv wZbwU Rbc` bvg cwiwPZ
nZ| Gjv njvcyeab, Mo I e| evKx Abvb Rbc`jv G wZbwUi ga wejxb nq hvq| wef
Rbc`jvK HKe Kivi cPv cvj I mb ivRv`i AvgjB AbKUv cwic~YZv jvf Ki| kkvsk Ges
cvj ivRviv mgM cwg ei ivRv nqI ivpvwacwZ ev Moki ejB cwiPq w`Zb| dj, Mo bvgwU
cwiwPwZ jvf Ki|
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc` nZ Avgiv ZLbKvi evsjvi fMvwjK Aeqe, mxgviLv, ivRbwZK ewk BZvw`
mK gvUvgywU aviYv jvf KiZ cvwi| cvPxb evsjvq ZLb Kvbv ivRbwZK HK wQj bv| kwkvjx
kvmKMY Zuv`i AvwacZ wevii gvag GKvwaK Rbc`i kvmb gZv jvf KiZb| Gfve Rbc`jv
cvPxb evsjvq c_g f~LMZ BDwbU ev ckvmwbK BDwbU wnmve f~wgKv cvjb Ki cieZxZ ivRbwZK HK
MVb mnvqZv KiwQj|
12
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. Kvb Rbc` _K evvj RvwZi Drcw NUwQj?
K. ei`
L. cy
M. e
N. Mo
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
L. cy
M. mgZU
N. ei`
L. i I ii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
13
mRbkxj ck:
1.
ZZxq Aavq
cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK PPvq ZrKvjxb iyZc~Y ivReskmg~ni Ae`vb mK BwZevPK aviYv cvlY
KiZ mg ne;
iyZc~Y ivR eskjv mK aviYv jvf Ki cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm avivevwnKfve RvbZ
mg_ ne;
15
(cvUwjcy)| MxK jLK`i eYbvi Dci wbfi Ki Abygvb Kiv hZ cvi h G `y RvwZ GKB ivReski
bZZ GKm AvjKRvvii weiy A aviY KiwQj| GI Abygvb Kiv hZ cvi, AvjKRvvii
AvgYi mgq evsjvi ivRv gMavw` `k Rq Ki cvve ch ^xq ivR wevi KiwQjb| wZwb wQjb
cvUwjcyi b`eskxq Kvbv ivRv| G mgq h evsjvi ivRvB mgwaK kwkvjx wQjb cvPxb MxK jLKMYi
Dw _K Zv wb:m`n cgvwYZ nq|
AvjKRvvii fviZ ZvMi gv `yB eQi ci 321 wL c~ev gh mgvU P` gh fviZi GK wekvj
Aji Dci gh eski cfyZ vcb Kib| Di evsjvq gh kvmb cwZwZ nq mgvU AkvKi
ivRZKvj (269-232 wLtc~t)| AjwU gh`i GKwU c`k cwiYZ nqwQj| cvPxb cybMi wQj G
c`ki ivRavbx| Di e QvovI gh kvmb KYmyeY (gywk`vev`), Zvgwj, (Mjx) I mgZU (`wY-c~e
evsjv) Aj cwZwZ nqwQj|
gh mvgvRi cZbi ci I ci K^ eski Avwefve NU| G hyMi BwZnvm Rvbvi gZv h_ Dcv`vb
Avgv`i KvQ bB| aviYv Kiv nq Zviv wKQy QvU Aji Dci kvmb cwZv KiwQj| Gici ek KwU we`wk
kw fviZel AvgY Ki| G`i ga MxK, kK, cne, KzlvY cfwZ Dj-LhvM| Ze G AvgYKvixiv
evsjv ch GmwQj wK-bv Zv ejv hvq bv|
hyM mK Rvbvi gZv ek wKQy Dcv`vb BwZnvmwe``i nvZ iqQ| G _K wLxq ZZxq kZKi
klfvM I PZz_ kZKi c_g fvMi BwZnvm iPbv mnR nqQ| fviZ mvgvR cwZwZ nq 320
wLv| ZLb evsjvq ek wKQy ^vaxb ivRi Dvb NU| Gjvi ga `wY-c~e evsjvi mgZU ivR I
cwg evsjvi cyiY ivR Dj-LhvM| mgvU c_g P`i ivRZKvjB Di ei wKQy Ask
mvgvRi AwaKvi Avm| mgy`i ivRZKvj mgM evsjv Rq Kiv njI mgZU GKwU Ki` ivR wQj|
mgy`i ivRZKvj nZ l kZKi gvSvgvwS ch Die mvgvRi Aaxb GKwU c`k ev
fyw wnme cwiMwYZ nZv| gh`i gZ G`k `i ivRavbx wQj gnvvbMoi cybMi|
cieZx evsjv
cuvP kZK `yal cvnvwo RvwZ b I l kZK gvjei hkvegYi AvgYi dj l kZKi c_gvaB
kvmbi cwimgvw NU| wekvj mvgvRi cZbi ci mviv Di fviZ z` z` ^vaxb ivReski De
nq| Gfve `i ci mgM Di fviZ ivRbwZK AwiZv `Lv `q| m myhvM evsjv`k `ywU ^vaxb
ivRi mw nq| Gi GKwU njv e| Gi Aevb `wY-c~e evsjv I cwg-evsjvi `wYvj| wZxq
ivRi bvg Mo| Gi Aevb wQj evsjvi cwg I Di evsjv wbq|
GKK KvR : evsjvi BwZnvm e I Mo Rbc` `yUvi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg Dj-L Ki|
^vaxb e ivR
mvgvRi `yejZvi myhvM e Rbc` GKwU ^vaxb ivRi De NU| Zvg kvmb (Zvgvi cvZ Lv`vB
Kiv ivRvi wewfb NvlYv ev wb`k) _K Rvbv hvq h, MvP`, agvw`Z I mgvPvi`e bvg wZbRb ivRv ^vaxb
eivR kvmb KiZb| Guiv mevB gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb| Zuv`i ivRZKvj wQj 525
wLv _K 600 wLvi ga|
16
Kvb& mgq Ges Kxfve ^vaxb I kwkvjx e ivRi cZb nqwQj Zv ejv hvq bv| aviYv Kiv nq,
`vwYvZi PvjyK eski ivRv KxwZegbi nvZ ^vaxb e ivRi cZb NUwQj| wfb gZ huviv cvlY Kib
Zuviv ejb, ^vaxb Mo ivRi Dvb NUj e ivRi cZb NU| Avevi ^vaxb e ivRi cZbi cQb
wKQy mvg ivRvi DvbKI `vqx Kiv nq| KviY, mvZ kZKi c~eB `wY evsjvi mgZU ivR f`, LoM,
ivp cfwZ eski ^vaxb I mvg ivRv`i Dvb NUwQj|
^vaxb Mo ivR
mvgvRi cZbi ci Qq kZK cieZx esk ej cwiwPZ Dcvwaavix ivRvMY Di evsjv,
cwg evsjvi Divsk I gMa gZv wevi KiwQjb| Qq kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq G AjB Mo Rbc`
bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| gLix I cieZx eskxq ivRv`i ga cvq cvk eQi cyiylvbywgK msNl Ges
Di _K wZeZxq I `vwYvZ _K PvjyKivRMYi gvMZ AvgYi dj evsjvq eskxq ivRvMY
`yej nq cob| G Aevi c~Y myhvM MnY Ki kkvsK bvg RbK mvg mg kZKi Mvovi w`K Mo
Aj gZv `Lb Kib Ges ^vaxb Mo ivRi cwZv Kib|
kkvsK : kkvsKi cwiPq, Zuvi Dvb I Rxeb-Kvwnbx AvRI cwZ`i wbKU cwivi bq| Kbbv Zuvi
Avgji BwZnvmi h mg Dcv`vb cvIqv MQ ZvZ e wecixZgyLx eYbv iqQ| ivRv`i Aaxb eo
Kvbv Aji kvmKK ejv nZv gnvmvg| aviYv Kiv nq kkvsK wQjb ivRv gnvmbi GKRb
gnvmvg Ges Zuvi cy A_ev vZzy|
kkvsK 606 wLvi c~eB ivR wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| Zuvi ivRavbx wQj KYmyeY| wZwb Mo Zuvi
AwaKvi vcb Ki cwZekx Aj ivR wevi iy Kib| wZwb `fyw (gw`bxcyi) ivR, Dwolvi DrKj
(Di Dwolv) I Kv` (`wY Dwolv) ivR Ges wenvii gMa ivR Rq Ki Zuvi ivRmxgv ew Kib|
cwg Zuvi ivR evivYmx ch weZ wQj| Kvgiyci (Avmvg) ivRvI kkvsKi nvZ civwRZ nb| Gici
wZwb cwg mxgvi w`K gbvhvM `b| Di fviZ G mgq `yRb kwkvjx ivRv wQjb| GKwU cylf~wZ
ivReski Aaxb _vbki Ges AbwU gLix ivReski Aaxb KvbKz| cwg w`K _K KbRi gLix
kw evsjv AwaKvii Rb evi evi Pv KiwQj| Z`ycwi mgmvgwqK mgq _vbkii ivRv cfvKieabi Kbv
ivRkxi m KbRi gLix ivRv MnegYi weq nj KbR-_vbki RvU Mo DV| G RvUi dj
evsjvi wbivcv weklfve wecb nq co| cvv eev wnme kkvsKI K~UbwZK m~ gvjeivR
`ei mv_ ezZ vcb Ki ^xq kw ew Kib|
civv _vbkiivR cfvKieabi AKvr gZz nj Zuvi RvgvZv KbRi MnegY wmsnvmb emb| gvjeivR
`e gLwiivR MnegYK civwRZ Kib| Zuvi gwnlx ivRkxK e`x Kiv nq| `e Gici _vbkii
w`K AMmi nb| _vbkii ivRv ZLb ivReab| cw_ga `e ivReabi n civwRZ I wbnZ nb| wKy
KbRi Dci wbR cfyZ wevi I fMx ivRkxK Dvi Kivi AvMB wZwb kkvsKi nvZ gZzeiY Kib|
ivReabi gZz nj nleab KbR I _vbkii wmsnvmb Avivnb Kib| wZwb Kvj wej^ bv Ki
ivRkxK Dvi I cwZkva MnYi Rb kkvsKi weiy hyhvv Kib| G mgq Kvgici fviegv Zuvi
m wgZve nb| wKy G msNli djvdj ev Av` Kvbv msNl nqwQj wK-bv m welq mwVKfve Rvbv
hvq bv| 637 wLvi wKQy AvM kkvsK gZzeiY Kib|
17
kkvsK ke agi DcvmK wQjb| wnDqb-mvs ZuvK e ag welx ej AvLvwqZ KiQb| Ze G evcvi
Zgb Kvbv Rvivjv cgvY AvRI cvIqv hvqwb| mvZ kZK evsjvi BwZnvm kkvsK GKwU wewk bvg|
cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm wZwbB c_g iyZc~Y mvefg kvmK|
KvR : h mKj kwi m kkvsKi msNl nqwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
18
Mvcvj wmsnvmb AvivnY Ki ivR wevi gbvhvM `b| wZwb evsjvi Di Ges c~e Aski cvq mgM
AjB ivRfy Kib| `wY-c~e evsjv Mvcvji kvmbi evBi _K hvq| AbKi gZ Mvcvj 27 ermi
kvmb KiwQjb| wKy AvaywbK MelKMY gb Kib, wZwb 756 _K 781 wLv ch `k kvmb Kib|
GKK KvR : gvrmvbvq Kx? mgvR Gi cKvk Kx ic?
Mvcvji gZzi ci agcvj (781-821 wLt) evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| cvj ivRv`i ga wZwbB wQjb
mek| evsjv I wenvievcx Zuvi kvmb cwZwZ wQj| Di fviZ AvwacZ wevi wbq G mgq wZbwU
ivReski ga cwZhvwMZv PjwQj| GKwU evsjvi cvj, AbwU ivRcyZbvi RicwZnvi I ZZxqwU
`vwYvZi ivK~U| BwZnvm G hy w-kwi msNl ej cwiwPZ| AvU kZKi kl w`K G hy iy nq|
c_g hy nq agcvj I cwZnvi eski ivRv ermivRvi ga| G hy agcvj civwRZ nb| ZeyI agcvj G
mgq evsjvi evBi ekwKQy Aj Rq KiwQjb| wZwb evivYmx I cqvM Rq Ki Mv-hgybvi gaeZx Aj
ch ivR wevi Kib| w-kwi msNli c_g w`K agcvj civwRZ njI Zuvi wekl Kvb wZ nqwb|
KviY, weRqi ci ivK~UivR `vwYvZ wdi hvb| G myhvM agcvj KbR AwaKvi Kib| wK A
mgqi gaB cwZnviivR wZxq bvMf KbR `Lj Kib| dj, agcvji mv_ Zuvi hy euva| G hy
agcvj civwRZ nb| G civRqI agcvji Kvbv wZ nqwb| KviY, c~ei gZv ivK~UivR ZZxq Mvwe`
Di fviZ Avmb Ges wZxq bvMfK civwRZ Kib| cwZnvi ivRi civRqi ci agcvjI ZZxq
Mvwe`i wbKU AvZmgcY Kib| AZtci ivK~UivR Zuvi `k wdi Mj agcvj cybivq Di fviZ
AvwacZ wevii myhvM jvf Kib| Kn Kn gb Kib, agcvj bcvjI Rq KiwQjb| agcvj cvq 40
ermi (781-821 wLt) ivRZ Kib|
wcZvi gZv agcvj e wQjb| cvj ivRv`i ga wZwbB mevP mvefg Dcvwa cigki, cigfviK
gnvivRvwaivR aviY KiwQjb| fvMjcyii 24 gvBj c~e wZwb GKwU
e wenvi ev gV wbgvY Kib| wegkxj Zuvi wZxq bvg ev Dcvwa
Abymvi GwU wegkxj wenvi bvg LvZ wQj| bvj`vi gZv wegkxj
wenviI fviZeli me I fviZeli evBi cwmw jvf KiwQj| beg
kZK _K v`k kZK ch GwU mgM fviZeli GKwU weLvZ e
wkvK` wnme cwiwPZ wQj| wZeZi e e wfz GLvb Aaqb
KiZ AvmZb Ges GLvbKvi AbK cwm e AvPvh wZeZ we
e ag cPvi KiwQjb| bvUvi Rjvi cvnvocyi bvgK vbI agcvj Qwe : mvgcyi wenvi, cvnvocyi, bIMuv
GK wekvj wenvi cwZv Kib| Bnv mvgcyi wenvi bvg cwiwPZ| GB vcZ KgwU RvwZmsNi BDbv
KZK wekmfZvi wb`kb wnme (Iqv nvwiUR) ^xKZ nqQ| Gi bvq cKv wenvi fviZeli Avi
Kv_vI GLb ch AvweZ nqwb| I`cyiI (wenvi) wZwb meZ GKwU wenvi wbgvY Kib| Zvibv_i
gZ, agcvj eag wkvi Rb 50wU wkvK` cwZv KiwQjb|
ivRv wnme mKj agvej^x cRvi cwZ mgvb ccvlKZv cvj hyMi GKwU ewk| ZvB wbR e njI
Abvb agi cwZ agcvji Kvbv wel wQj bv| wZwb wekvm KiZb h, ivRvi ewMZ agi mwnZ ivR
19
kvmbi Kvbv mK bB| ZvB wZwb kvi wbqg gb PjZb Ges cwZ agi jvK hvZ wbR wbR ag cvjb
KiZ cvi Zvi cwZ Lqvj ivLZb| bvivqbi GKwU wn`y gw`ii Rb wZwb Kigy f~wg `vb KiwQjb|
wZwb hv`iK f~wg `vb KiwQjb Zv`i AwaKvskB wQj evY| agcvji cavbgx MM wQjb GKRb evY|
Zuvi eskaiiv ew`b ai cvj ivRv`i cavbgx c` AwawZ wQjb|
cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm LvwZgvb mek kvmK`i ga agcvj AbZg| Aa kZvx c~e h `k AivRKZv
I AZvPvii jxjvf~wg wQj, Zuvi bZZ m `k mnmv cP kwkvjx nq Di fviZ cfyZ cwZv KiZ
mg nqwQj|
GKK KvR : agcvj LvwZgvb mek kvmK`i ga AbZg| Gi c 3wU ewk Dj-L Ki|
agcvji gZzi ci Zuvi cy `ecvj (821 wLt-861 wLt) wmsnvmb emb| wZwb wcZvi hvM Dim~wi wQjb|
wcZvi bvq wZwbI evsjvi ivRmxgv wevi mdj nb| `ecvj Di fviZ cwZnvi I ivK~U ivRv`i
weiy mdj Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiwQjb|
Di fviZi wekvj Aj Zuvi AwaKvi
GmwQj| Dwolv I Kvgici DciI wZwb
AvwacZ wevi mg nqwQjb| gvU K_v,
Zuvi mgqB cvj mvgvR mePq ewk wevi
jvf KiwQj|
`ecvj e agi GKRb eo ccvlK
wQjb| gMai e gVjvi wZwbB msvi
mvab Kib| wZwb bvj`vq KqKwU gV Ges
eyMqvq GK weivU gw`i wbgvY KiwQjb|
gyi wZwb bZzb ivRavbx vcb Kib|
Rvfv, mygvv I gvjqi kj` eski gnvivR
gvbwP : cvj mvgvR
evjcy`eK bvj`vq GKwU gV cwZvi
AbygwZ `vb Kiv nqwQj| ay ZvB bq, G gVi eq wbevni Rb cuvPwU MvgI c`vb Kiv nq| G NUbv nZ
evsjv I `wY-c~e Gwkqvi xccyi mv_ Nwb mKi cgvY cvIqv hvq|
`ecvj we`v I wevbi cwZ AwZkq kvkxj wQjb| wewfb `ki e cwZMY Zuvi ivRmfv AjsKZ
KiZb| `ecvji ccvlKZvq bvj`v wekwe`vjq ZLb mgM Gwkqvq e mswZi cavb cvYK` nq
DVwQj| B` bvgK RbK e kv cvi`kx evYK wZwb bvj`v wekwe`vjqi AvPvh ev Aa wbhy
KiwQjb| G bvj`v wekwe`vjqK K` KiB Zuvi kvmb Avgj Di-fviZ cvq nvwiq hvIqv eag
cybivq mwRe nq DV|
`ecvji gZzi ci _K cvj mvgvRi cZb iy nq| Zuvi gZzi ci KqKRb `yejPZv I AKgb
DivwaKvix wmsnvmb emb| Zuviv cvj mvgvRi Mie I kw AevnZ ivLZ cvibwb| dj cvj mvgvR
20
gB cZbi w`K avweZ nq| `ecvji cy c_g weMncvj _K wZxq weMncvji ivRZKvj 861 nZ 989
wLv ch| c_g weMncvji cy bvivqYcvj (866-920 wLv) `xNKvj ivRZ Kib| wZwb GKRb `yej
D`gnxb kvmK wQjb| dj, Zuvi ivRZKvj cvj mvgvRi mxgv QvU nZ _vK| bvivqY cvji ci GK
GK cvj wmsnvmb emb ivRcvj, wZxq Mvcvj I wZxq weMncvj| Guiv AvbygvwbK 920 nZ 995 wLv
ch ivRZ Kib| wZxq weMncvji mgq cvj ivRv`i kvmb gZv Kej Mo I Zvi AvkcvkB mxgve
wQj| Gme `yej ivRvi mgq Di fviZi P`j-I KjPzwi eski ivRv`i AvgY cvj mvgvRi evcK
wZ nq| dj, G mgq cvj mvgvRi Afi Di-cwg evsjvi Ask wekl K^vR ivReski Dvb NU|
Gfve cvj mvgvR hLb asmi gyL, ZLb Avkvi Avjv wbq GwMq Gjb wZxq weMncvji myhvM cy
c_g gnxcvj (Avt 995-1043 wLt)| Zuvi Rxebi mePq Dj-LhvM KxwZ njv K^vR RvwZi weZvob Ges
c~e e AwaKvi Ki cvj mvgvRi cybtcwZv| Gici wZwb ivR weRq gbvhvM `b| Zuvi mvgvR c~e e
nZ evivbmx Ges wgw_jv ch wevi jvf KiwQj| m mgq fviZi `yB cej ivRkw ZvwgjivR ivR`
Pvj Ges P`xivR Mvq`ei AvgY nZ wZwb ivRi AwaKvsk vb ^xq AvwacZ eRvq ivLZ mg
nqwQjb|
gnxcvj e agvej^x wQjb| gb cvY wZwb wQjb e agi D`vi ccvlK| cyivZb KxwZ ivq wZwb
hZevb wQjb| wZwb bvj`vq GK wekvj e gw`i wbgvY Kib| evivbmxZI Zuvi Avgj KqKwU e
gw`i wbgvY Kiv nq|
gwncvj RbKjvYKi Kvhi w`KI gbvhvMx wQjb| evsjvi AbK `xwN I bMix GLbI Zuvi bvgi mwnZ
RwoZ nq AvQ| wZwb AmsL kni cwZv I `xwN Lbb Kib| knijv njv iscyi Rjvi gvnxM, eov
Rjvi gnxcyi, w`bvRcyi Rjvi gvnxmvl I gywk`vev` Rjvi gnxcvj bMix| Avi `xwNjvi ga
w`bvRcyii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk`vev`i gnxcvji mvMi `xwN weLvZ| meZ RbwnZKi KvRi gvagB
gnxcvj G RbwcqZv ARb KiwQjb|
gnxcvji cvk eQii ivRZKvj cvj eski mfvM iwe Avevi Dw`Z nqwQj| G RbB BwZnvm wZwb
wPiiYxq nq _vKeb| cvj mvgvRi `yZ AebwZi hyM c_g gnxcvji Avwefve bv NUj G mvgvRi
ivRZKvji mgqKvj wbtm`n AviI mzwPZ nZv|
`jxq KvR : c_g gnxcvji cwZwZ kni I `xwNjvi bvg I Aevb Dj-L Ki GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
wKy gnxcvj Kvb hvM Dim~wi iL hZ cvibwb| ZvB Zuvi gZzi m m mvgvR fO hZ iy
Ki| c_g gnxcvji ci Zuvi cy bvqcvj (Av: 1043-1058 wLt) I c ZZxq weMncvj (Av: 10581075 wLt) cvj wmsnvmb emb| G `yej ivRv`i mgq KjPzwi ivRv, KYvUi PvjyK-ivR, Dwolv I
Kvgiyci ivRv evsjv AvgY Kib| my`xNKvj ai GKi ci GK we`wk AvgY gvKvejv KiZ wMq cvj
mvgvR hLb wech, ZLb `ki AfiI weiva I AbK `Lv `q| GiB myhvM evsjvi wewfb Ask
QvU QvU ^vaxb ivRi mw nq| evsjvi evBi wenvi cvj ivRv`i nvZQvov nZ _vK| Gfve ZZxq
weMncvji ivRZKvj evsjvi cvj mvgvR e ^vaxb L L Ask wef nq hvq|
21
Gici cvj wmsnvmb emb ZZxq weMncvji cy wZxq gnxcvj| Zuvi mgq cvj ivRZi `yhvM AviI
Nbxf~Z nq| G mgq Di ei ei` Aji mvgeM cKvk we`vn NvlYv Ki| BwZnvm G we`vn
KeZ we`vn bvg cwiwPZ| G we`vni bZv wQjb KeZ bvqK w`evK ev w`e| wZwb wZxq gnxcvjK
nZv Ki ei` `Lj Ki bb Ges wbR kvmb cwZv Kib|
ei` Aj hLb KeZ`i `Lj ZLb cvj wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib wZxq gnxcvji QvU fvB wZxq
k~icvj (Av: 1080-1082 wLt)| AZtci Zuvi Kwb vZv ivgcvj (wLt 1082-1124 wL) wmsnvmb emb|
wZwbB wQjb cvj eski mekl mdj kvmK| cvPxb evsjvi Kwe mvKi b`x iwPZ ivgPwiZ nZ
ivgcvji Rxeb K_v Rvbv hvq| ivgcvj ivRfvi MnY KiB ei` Dvi KiZ mP nb| G welq
ivgcvjK mb, A Avi A_ w`q mvnvh GwMq Avmb ivK~U, gMa, ivp `kmn PwU Aji ivRv|
hy KeZivR fxg civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Gici wZwb eZgvb gvj`ni KvQvKvwQ ivgvewZ bvg bZzb
ivRavbx vcb Kib| cieZx cvj ivRv`i kvmbvgj ivgvewZB mvgvRi ivRavbx wQj| wcZf~wg ei`
KZZ cwZvi ci mvgvRi nvivbv Mie wdwiq Avbvi Rb wZwb gMa, Dwolv I Kvgici Dci KZZ
cwZv Kib|
cvj eski `yfvM ivgcvji cieZx kvmKMY wQjb AZ `yej| dj Zuv`i c cvjeski nvj k nvZ
aiv me wQj bv| ivgcvji ci Kzgvicvj (Avt 1124-1129wLt), ZZxq Mvcvj (1129-1143 wLt) I
g`bcvj (Avt 1143-1161 wLt) GK GK cvj wmsnvmb emb| G mgq hy weMn jMB _vKZ| Aekl
v`k kZKi wZxq fvM weRq mb cvj mvgvRi wejyw NwUq evsjvq mb eski kvmb cwZv Kib|
`jxq KvR : cvj mvgvRi nvivbv Mie wdwiq AvbZ ivgcvj Kx c`c MnY KiwQjb Zv wPwZ Ki|
`wY-c~e evsjvi ^vaxb ivR
cvj hyMi ewki fvM mgqB `wY-c~e evsjv ^vaxb wQj| ZLb G AjwU wQj e Rbc`i Afy| Ag
kZKi gvSvgvwS _K ek wKQy ivReski ivRviv KLbv cvj ivRv`i weiy we`vn NvlYv Ki ^vaxbfve
Zv`i GjvKv kvmb KiZb, Avevi KLbv cvj ivRv`i AaxbZv ^xKvi Ki PjZb|
LoM esk : mg kZKi wZxqva gMa I Mo cieZx eskxq ivRvMY cfyZ vcb Kib| G mgq
LoM eski ivRviv `wY-c~e evsjvq GKwU ^vaxb ivRi mw Kib| Zuv`i ivRavbxi bvg wQj Kgv
evmK| Kzwgj-v Rjvi eo KvgZvi cvPxb bvgB meZ G Kgv evmK| LoM`i AwaKvi wcyiv I bvqvLvjx
Aji Dci weZ wQj|
`eesk : LoM eski kvmbi ci GKB Aj Ag kZKi iyZ `e eski Dvb NU| G eski
PviRb ivRvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Guiv njb kxkvw`e, kxexi`e, kxAvb``e I kxfe`e| `e ivRviv
wbR`i Lye kwai gb KiZb| ZvB Zuviv Zv`i bvgi mv_ hy KiZb eo eo Dcvwa| hgb cig
mMZ, cig fviK, cigki gnvivRvwaivR BZvw`| Zuv`i ivRavbx wQj `eceZ| Kzwgj-vi wbKU
gqbvgwZi KvQ wQj G `eceZ| `e`i ivRZ weZ wQj mgM mgZU Aj| AvbygvwbK 740 wLv
_K 800 wLv ch `e ivRviv kvmb Kib|
22
Kvw`ei ivR : `wY-c~e evsjvi nwiKj Rbc` beg kZK GKwU ^vaxb ivRi De NU| G ivRi
ivRv wQjb Kvw`e| `e ivReski m Kvw`ei Kvbv mK wQj wK-bv Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Zuvi wcZv
wQjb ab` I wcZvgn f``| eZgvb wmjU Kvw`ei ivRfy wQj| Zuvi ivRavbxi bvg wQj eagvbcyi|
eZgvb G bvg Kvbv Aji AwZ bB| G mgq `wY-c~e evsjvq P` esk ej cwiwPZ bZzb GK kwi
D`q nq| Kvw`ei Mov ivRi cZb nq G P` eski nvZ|
P`esk : `wY-c~e evsjvi mePq kwkvjx ^vaxb ivResk wQj P` esk| `kg kZKi iy nZ GKv`k
kZKi gafvM ch `okZ eQi G eski ivRviv kvmb Kib| P`eski c_g bcwZ c~YP` I Zrcy
myeYP` meZ ivwnZwMwii f~-^vgx wQjb| myeYP`i cy jvKP`B G eski mvefg gZv cwZv
Kib| Zuvi Dcvwa wQj gnvivRvwaivR| jvKP` nwiKj, P`xc (ewikvj I cvkeZx GjvKv), e I
mgZU A_vr mgM c~e I `wY-c~e evsjvq wbR eski kvmb cwZv Kib| jvjgvB cvnvo wQj P` ivRv`i
g~j K`| G cvnvo cvPxbKvj ivwnZwMwi bvg cwiwPZ wQj| AvbygvwbK wk eQiKvj (900-930 wL:) wZwb
ivRZ Kib|
jvKP`i myhvM DivwaKvix wQjb Zuvi cy kxP`| Zuvnvi kvmbvgj P` eski cwZcw DbwZi Pig
wkLi cuQvq| wZwb wbtm`n eski mek kvmK wQjb| wZwb cigki cig fviK gnvivRvwaivR
Dcvwa aviY KiwQjb| Zuvi ivR `wY-c~e evsjv QvovI Di-c~e Kvgic I Di Mo ch weZ wQj|
eZgvb gywM Rjvi wegcyi wZwb Zuvi ivRavbx Mo Zvjb| kxP` cvq 45 eQi (Av: 930-975 wL:)
khexhi mwnZ ivRZ Kib|
kxP`i cy KjvYP` (Av: 975-1000 wL:) I c jWnP` (Av: 1000-1020 wL:) P` eski Mie AzY
iLwQjb| jWnP`i cy Mvwe`P` wQjb kl P` ivRv| Zuvi ivRZKvj PvjivR ivR` Pvj I KjPzwiivR
KY e AvgY Kib| GB `yB e`wkK AvgY P` ivRvi gZv nvm Ki Zv`i kvmbi cZb NUvq|
eg ivResk : GKv`k kZKi klfvM cvj ivRkw `yej nq coj `wY-c~e evsjvq eg Dcvwaavix GK
ivReski cwZv nq| e`k whwb G eski wfw cwZv Kib wZwb njb eRegvi cy RvZegv|
KjPzwiivR KYi mv_ egiv G`k GmwQj ej gb nq| wcZvi gZv c_g w`K wZwbI wQj KjPzwiivR
Mvq`e Ges KYi mvgivR| KeZ we`vni mgq wZwb ki KjPzwiivR KYi mvnvh I mg_b
`wY-c~e evsjvq ^vaxb ivR cwZv Kib| eg`i ivRavbx wQj eZgvb gywM Rjvi wegcyi| RvZegvi
ci Zuvi Rcy nwiegv GKUvbv 46 eQi ivRZ Kib| cvj ivRv`i m wZwb ezZc~Y mK eRvq iL
PjZb| nwiegv bvMvf~wg I Avmvg ch gZv wevi KiwQjb| nwiegvi ci Zuvi GK cy ivRv
nqwQjb| wKy Zuvi ivRZKvji Kvb weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| Zuvi ci RvZegvi Aci cy mvgjegv ivRv nb|
mvgjegvi cy fvRegv wQjb eg ivReski kl ivRv| Kbbv, Zuvi ci G eski Avi Kvb weeiY cvIqv
hvq bv| meZ: v`k kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq mbeskxq weRq mb eg kvmbi Aemvb NwUq `wY-c~&e
evsjvq mb eski kvmbi m~Pbv Kib|
GKK KvR : wbgi Gjvgjv QKwU avivevwnKfve mvRvI :
23
wgK bs
ivReski bvg
cwZvi mgqKvj
P` esk
8g kZK
Kvw`ei ivR
11k kZK
LoM esk
10g kZK
eg esk
9g kZK
`e esk
7g kZK
24
25
Kke mb wKQyKvj (1203 wL: ch) c~e evsjv kvmb Kib| Zey ejv Pj jY mbi civRqi ga w`q
evsjvq mb kvmbi Aemvb NU|
`jxq KvR : cvPxb evsjvi kvmKMY Kb wewfb Dcvax aviY KiZb? Dcvaxjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
26
ivRv`i gZv evsjvi mvg ivRvMYI gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa MnY KiZb| GuivI wewfb kwYi emsLK
ivRKgPvix wbqvM KiZb|
AvU kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq cvj eski cwZvi m m ei bZzb hyMi iy nq| cvj eski Pvi
kZvxi ivRZKvj e Zv`i kvmb-eev mycwZwZ nqwQj| c~ei gZv cvj hyMI kvmb-eevi g~j
K_v njv ivRZ| K`xq miKvii kvmb wefvMi mevP wQjb ivRv ^qs| civv cvj ivRviv cvPxb
evsjvi gnvivR ev cieZxKvji gnvivRvwaivR c`exZ my _vKbwb| mgvUMYi gZv ZuvivI
cigki, cigfviK, gnvivRvwaivR cfwZ Miegq Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb| ivRvi cy ivRv nZb| G
wbqg _vKv mI vZv I ivR cwievii Abvb wbKU AvZxq`i ga wmsnvmb wbq weiva I msNl nZv| G
mgq nZ mec_g GKRb cavbgx ev cavb mwPei Dj-L cvIqv hvq| wZwb wQjb mecavb ivR KgPvix|
ivRi mKj cKvi kvmbKvhi Rb KZKjv wbw` kvmb-wefvM wQj| Gi cwZwU wefvMi Rb GKRb
Aa wbhy _vKZb| ivRv gx I AvgvZMYi mvnvh K`xq kvmb cwiPvjbv KiZb| wcZv RxweZ
_vKjI AbK mgq hyeivR kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv KiZb|
K`xq miKvii Avqi wewfb Drm wQj| Gi ga bvbv cKvi Ki wQj cavb| wewfb iKgi ivR^ Av`vqi Rb
wewfb kwYi KgPvix wbhy wQj| ivR^ Avq-eqi wnmve I `wjj wefvM `Lvbv Kivi eev wQj| f~wg
ivR^i cwigvY wVK Kivi Rb Rwg Rwici Dci wekl iyZ `qv nZv| gy`v Ges kmi AvKvi ivR^ Av`vq
nZv| cvj ivRv`i mgq kvw ivi Rb my`i wePvi I cywjk wefvM wQj| G mgq Mvcb msev` msMni
Rb Pi evwnbx wQj| c`vwZK, Akvivnx, nx I iYZix G KwU wefvM mvgwiK evwnbx wef wQj|
`i gZv cvj`i mgqI mvg ivRv`i Dj-L cvIqv hvq| Gu`i bvbv Dcvwa wQj| K`xq kvmbi kh
I exh mvg`i AaxbZvq _vKZ eva KiZ| Aek AbK K`xq kwi `yejZvi myhvM Guiv ^vaxbZv
NvlYv KiZb| cvj kvmK`i kw AbKvsk Gic mvgivR`i mvnvh I mnhvwMZvi Dci wbfi KiZ|
cvj ivR h kvmb-cwZ cPwjZ nqwQj Zv cieZx mgq z` z` ivResk I mb ivRZKvj iv kvmbi
Av`k wnme ^xKZ jvf Ki| Aek Kvbv Kvbv welq wKQy wKQy cwieZb NUwQj| mb eskxq ivRviv cvj
ivRv`i ivR-Dcvwa QvovI bvbvwea Dcvwa aviY KiZb| G mgq ivbxK ivRKxq ghv`v `qv nqQ|
kvmbKvh hyeivR`i h_ cfve wQj| R ivRKzgvi hyeivR nZb|
c~ei gZv mb`i mgqI AbK mvg kvmK wQjb| Zuv`i kw I cfve Lye cej wQj| G mKj mvgiv
cKZc wbR wbR Aj ^vaxb ivRvi gZvB PjZb|
gvUvgywUfve GB wQj cvPxb evsjvi kvmbcwZ| G kvmb eevq we`wk`i cfve wK cwigvY wQj Zv ejv
hvq bv| cwZ`i gZ, kvmb cwZi evcvi evsjv`k m mgq fviZi Abvb Aski Zzjbvq gvUB
wcwQq wQj bv|
`jxq KvR : cvPxb evsjvq miKvii Avqi Drmmg~ni GKwU ZvwjKv cZyZ Ki|
27
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. Kvb mgq fviZ mvvR cwZwZ nq?
K. 320 wLv
L. 321 wLv
M. 322 wLv
N. 323 wLv
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
L. w`e
M. wZxq gnxcvj
N. weMn cvj
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
28
mRbkxj ck :
1.
ARq Zvi cwievii mv_ cyivZb wbevm ZvM Ki bexbMi bZzbfve emevm iy Kib| Kvjg wZwb
bexbMii kvmb gZvi AwaKvix nb| GjvKvi Dbqbi Rb wZwb ewea Kvhmv`b Kib| GQvov
Zuvi cieZx eskaiivI wkv, mswZ I mvwnZ wekl Ae`vb ivLb| Zuvi GjvKvq emevmiZ wewfb
agi jvKRb elgi wkKvi nZb|
K. LoM eski ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj?
L. mb`i ewq ejv nq Kb?
M. bexbMii kvmK ARqi KgKv Kvb mb kvmKi KgKvi cwZdjb j Kiv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D kvmKi eskaiiv wkv I mvwnZ weKvk h_ Ae`vb iLQb? Zvgvi
Dii mc hyw `LvI|
2. ivgbMi cimfvi Pqvigvb mgb eoyqv Zvi GjvKvq GKwU wkv cwZvb vcb Kib| m wkv
cwZvb `k we`ki wkv_x`i wkv MnYi myhvM mw Kiv nq| Zvi GjvKvi wewfb agvej^x`i
wbR wbR ag cvjbi myweavi welq wZwb gbvhvMx nb| wZwb Zvi ci mfvq kvwkLjv vcbI mg_
nb| dj wZwb `xNw`b cikvmb Kivi myhvM jvf Kib|
K. cvj eski cwZvZv K?
L. gvrmbvq ejZ Kx eySvq?
M. AvaywbK wkv cwZvb Mo Zvjvi ivgbMi cimfvi Pqvigvbi m agcvji Kvb
KgKvi wgj iqQ? evLv Ki|
N. mgb eoyqvi `xNw`b cikvmb Kivi wcQb KvR KiQ agcvji Av`k I AbyciYv- DwwUi
h_v_Zv g~jvqb Ki|
PZz_ Aavq
cvPxb evsjvi ag, AvPvi-Abyvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZZ RbMYi c`wkZ g~jeva I wekvm evLv
KiZ cvie;
BwZnvm PPvi gvag cvPxb evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK, mvswZK Rxebi De I weKvk mK RvbZ
AvMnx ne|
30
c_v I AvPvi-AvPiYi cfve cieZx mgq wn`y mgvR j Kiv hvq| hgb- AwZw_`i cvb-mycvwi LZ `qv,
kxei MxZ MvIqv, weqZ Mvq njy` `qv, a~wZ-kvwo civ Ges gq`i Kcvj wmu`yi `qv BZvw`|
Avh mgvRi AZ cqvRbxq A wQj RvwZf` c_v| Zviv `xNw`b ai G`k emevm Kivi dj evsjvqI
G eev Pvjy nq| cvPxbKvj evsjvq evY, wq, ek I k~` G Pvi cKvi eY wQj| cieZx mgq AviI
bvbv cKvi mi A_vr wgk RvwZi mw nq| mgvR cZK RvwZiB wbw` ckv wQj| Aaqb, Aavcbv I c~Rv
cveb Kiv Gjv wQj evY`i wbw` Kg| Zviv mgvR mek ghv`v jvf KiZb| wq`i ckv wQj
hy Kiv| eemv-evwYR Kiv wQj ek`i KvR| mePq wbPz kwYi k~`iv mvaviYZ KwlKvR, gvQ wkKvi I
Abvb QvULvUv KvR KiZ| evY Qvov evKx me eYi gvbyl GK Abi mv_ gjvgkv KiZ| mvaviYZ
GK RvwZi gaB weevn nZv, Ze DP kwYi ei I wbg kwYi Kbvi ga weevnI Pvjy wQj| wKy cieZx
mgq Gme evcvi KVvi wbqg Pvjy nq|
ZLbKvi w`b we`k gYKvix evOvwj cyiyl`i Kvbv mybvg wQjbv| wKy evvwj gq`i Yvejxi Rb
myLvwZ wQj| gqiv jLvcov wkLZ| m hyM Aeiva ev c`vc_v wQjbv| Ze evsjvi gq`i Kvbv cKvi
^vaxbZv wQjbv| GKwUgv x MnYB wQj mgvRi wbqg| Ze cyiyliv e x ivLZ cviZ| weaevK wbivwgl
Avnvi Ki me aibi wejvwmZv ZvM KiZ nZv| ^vgxi gZz nj xKI gZ ^vgxi wPZvq Rxe cywoq
gviv nZv| G c_vK ejv nq mZx`vn c_v| ab-mwZ bvix`i Kvbv AvBbMZ AwaKvi wQjbv| evsjvi
cvPxb agkv evOvwji DbZ Pwii K_v Rvbv hvq| wKy ZvB ej evOvwji mvgvwRK Rxeb Kvbic `ybxwZ I
Ak-xjZv wQjbv, Ggb K_v ejv hvq bv|
evOvwji cavb Lv` eZgvb mgqi gZ ZLbI wQj fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, NZ, xi BZvw`|
PvDj nZ cZ bvbv cKvi wcVvI Rbwcq gyLivPK Lvevi wQj| evvwj evYiv Avwgl LZb| ZLb mKj
cKvi gvQ cvIqv hZ| c~ee Bwjk I uUwK gvQ Lye wcq Lvevi wQj| ZiKvwii ga eb, jvD, Kzgov,
wSsM, KvKiyj, KPz Drcb nZv| dji ga Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, Zvj, cuc, bviKj, Bz cvIqv hZ| Ze
Wvji K_v Kv_vI ejv bB| `ya, bviKji cvwb, Bzim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cKvi cvbxq mycPwjZ
wQj| fvZ, Mg, Bz, o, gay I Zvjim MuvRvBqv bvbv cKvi g` Zwi nZv| g` RvZxq bvbv cKvii cvbxq
cvb Kiv nZv| LvIqv-`vIqv kl gmjvhy cvb LvIqvi ixwZ wQj|
cvkvK-cwiQ`i evcvi ivRv-gnvivRv I abx`i K_v ev` w`j wekl Kvbv Avo^i ZLb wQjbv| evsjvi
bi-bvixiv h_vg a~wZ I kvwo cwiavb KiZ| cyiyliv gvjKvPv w`q a~wZ ciZ Ges Zv nuvUzi wbP bvgZ bv|
gq`i kvwo Mvovjx ch cuQvZ| gvS gvS cyiyliv Mvq Pv`i, Avi gqiv coZ Iobv| Drme-Abyvb
wekl cvkvKi eev wQj| cyiyl-bvix Dfqi gaB AjsKvi eenvii ixwZ cPwjZ wQj| Zviv Kvb Kzj,
Mjvq nvi, Avyj AvswU, nvZ evjv I cvq gj cwiavb KiZ| gqivB Kejgv nvZ kLi evjv ciZ Ges
AbKjv Pzwo ciZ fvjevmZ| gwY-gyv I `vgx mvbv-icvi AjsKvi abxiv eenvi KiZ| gqiv bvbvcKvi
Lvcv euvaZ| cyiyl`i evewo Pzj Kuvai Dci Szj _vKZ| Kcyi, P`b cfwZ cmvab mvgMxi mwnZ wewfb
myMwi eenvi ZLb Lye cPwjZ wQj| gq`i mvRmvq AvjZv, wmu`yi I KzgKzgi eenviI ZLb cPwjZ
wQj| cyiyliv gvS ga KvVi Log ev Pvgovi PwURyZv eenvi KiZ| ZLb QvZviI cPjb wQj|
31
ZLbKvi w`b bvbv iKg Ljva~jv I Avgv`-cgv`i eev wQj| cvkv I `vev Ljv cPwjZ wQj| Ze bvPMvb I Awfbqi cPjb wQj Lye ewk| exYv, euvwk, g`, XvK, Xvj, Lvj, KiZvj BZvw` Zv wQjB, GgbwK
gvwUi cvKI ev`hi~c eenvi Kiv nZv| Kzw, wkKvi, eqvg, bKvevBP I evwRKii Ljv cyiyl`i Lye
cQ` wQj| bvix`i ga D`vb iPbv, Rjxov BZvw` Avgv`-cgv`i cPjb wQj|
Abcvkb, weq, kv BZvw` mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY Abyvb m hyMI cPwjZ wQj| eviv gvm Ziv cveY
AbywZ nZv| G Dcj bvbv cKvi Avgv`Drmei eev wQj| cvPxbKvj evsjvq eZgvbKvji bvq
vZwZxqv (fvBduvUv), bevb, i_hvv, Agx mvb, nvwj, Rbvgx, `kniv, Aq ZZxqv, Mvmvb cfwZ
mycwiwPZ Abyvbjv mKvjI cPwjZ wQj| GmKj bvbvwea Avgv`-Drme QvovI wn`yagi AbK jwKK
AbyvbI cvPxbKvji mgvR Rxeb wewk vb AwaKvi KiwQj| wki Rbi c~e Zvi gji Rb
Mfvavb, mxgvbqb BZvw` AbywZ nZv| Rbi ci bvgKiY, Abcvkb BZvw` DcvPvi cvjb Kiv nZv|
cvPxbKvj evsjvi RbMYi `bw`b Rxeb agkvi cej cfve wQj| Kvb& wZw_Z wK wK Lv` wbwl,
Kvb& wZw_Z Dcevm KiZ ne Ges weevn, wk eqm covbv iy Kiv, we`k hvv, Zx_hvv cfwZi Rb
Kvb& Kvb& mgq f ev Af BZvw` welq wbqg KVvifve cvwjZ nZv|
cPxb evsjvi gvbyli hvZvqvZi cavb evnb wQj Miyi Mvwo I bKv| Lvj-wej PjvPji Rb fjv I Wvv
eenvi KiZ| gvbyl QvU QvU Lvj cvi nZv muvKv w`q| abx jvKiv nvZx, Nvov, Nvovi Mvwo cfwZ
hvZvqvZi Rb eenvi KiZ| Zv`i x-cwiRbiv bKv I cvjKxZ GKvb nZ Ab vb Avmv-hvIqv
KiZ| weevni ci beea~K Miyi MvwoZ ev cvjwKZ Ki ki evwo Avbv nZ| gvUi Dci gb nq h,
AvaywbK Kvji MvgxY Rxebhvv Ges mKvji Rxebhvvi ga Lye ewk cv_K wQj bv|
Kwlcavb `k wnme evsjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl Mvg evm KiZ| gvbyli Rxeb gvUi Dci myLi wQj| Ze
cvPxb evsjvi Mwie `ytLx gvbyli K_vI Rvbv hvq| mgvRi DuPz kwY A_vr evY`i nvZ wQj g~j gZv| G
mgq aygv evYivB kvvb PPv KiZ cviZ| evY`i AZvPvi mvaviY gvbyli RxebK AwZ Ki
ZzjwQj| G DrcvZ e agvej^x`i cwZ AwaK nZv| kl w`Ki mb ivRv`i AZvPvi mvaviY gvbyl
AZ Amy nq DV| mb eski kvmbvgj e mgvR I mswZZ bg Avm `y`kv| evY`i cfve
mb`i mgq mvaviY wn`y mgvR `yej nq co| cvPxb evsjvi kl chvq G wekLj Aevq gymjgvb
mgvRi wfZ Mo IVvi cwqv iy nq| gymjgvb mgvR cwZvi gaw`q evsjvq gahyMi m~Pbv nq| Avi G
hyM evsjvi mgvR-mswZi icI cv hvq|
GKK KvR : cvPxb evsjvi gvbyli cvkvK-cwiQ`, AjsKvi, ev`h I Ljvayjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
32
cavbZ: wZb cKvii f~wg wQj| Ni-evwo Zwi Ki _vKvi Rb Dchy RwgK ev, Pvl Kiv hvq Ggb Dei
RwgK Ges Dei A_P cwZZ RwgK ejv nZv wLj| G wZb cKvii f~wg QvovI Abvb cKvii f~wg
wQj| mjv njv PviY f~wg, nvU-evRvi, Abyei, ebRj Ges hvbevnb PjvPji c_| gb Kiv nq G
mgq f~wgi gvwjK wQjb ivRv wbR| ZLbKvi w`b bj w`j Rwg gvcv nZv| wewfb GjvKvq bji `N
wewfb iKgi wQj|
cvPxbKvj nZB e`k Kwli Rb cwm wQj| ZvB G`ki A_bxwZ Mo DVQ Kwli Dci wbfi Ki|
avb wQj evsjvi cavb dmj| GQvov cvU, Bz, Zyjv, bxj, ml I cvb Pvli Rb evsjvi LvwZ wQj| djevb
ei ga wQj Avg, KuvVvj, bviKj, mycvwi, Wvwjg, Kjv, jey, Wygyi, LRyi BZvw`| GjvwP, je cfwZ
gmjvI e Drcb nZv| MncvwjZ ci ga Miy, QvMj, gl, nuvm-gyiwM, KzKzi BZvw` wQj cavb| jeY I
UwK `ki Kvbv Kvbv Ask Drcb nZv|
KzwUi wk cvPxb evsjv AZ mg wQj| Mvgi jvK`i `iKvwi me wKQy MvgB Zwi nZv| gvwUi Zwi
wRwbmci ga wQj Kjm, NwU-evwU, nuvwo-cvwZj, evmbc BZvw`| jvnvi Zwi wRwbmci ga wQj `v,
Kzovj, Kv`vj, Lv, Lyiwc, jvj BZvw`| GQvov Rji cv, Zxi, ekv, Zjvqvi cfwZ hyi Ak
Zwi nZv| wejvwmZvi bvbv iKg wRwbmi Rb ^Y-wk I gwY-gvwbK wk AbK DbwZ jvf KiwQj|
KvVi wkI m mgq AZ DbZ wQj| msmvii Avmevec, Ni-evwo, gw`i, cvw, Miyi Mvwo, Nvovi Mvwo,
i_ cfwZ KvVi vivB Zwi nZv| GQvov b`xc_ PjvPji Rb bvbv cKvi bKv I mgy` PjvPji Rb
KvVi eo eo bKv ev RvnvR Zwi nZv|
evsjv`k Kwl cavb njI AwZ cvPxbKvj nZ GLvb bvbv cKvi wkRvZ `e Zwi nZv| e wki Rb
evsjv cvPxbKvjB weLvZ nq DVwQj| wekLvZ gmwjb Kvco cvPxbKvj _KB evsjvq Zwi nZv| G e
GZ m~ wQj h, 20 MR gmwjb GKwU bmi KUvq fiv hZ| Kvcvm Zyjv I ikgi Zwi DbZgvbi m~
ei RbI e cwm wQj| Kvcvm Zyjv I kbi Zwi gvUv KvcoI ZLb cZ nZv| Rvbv hvq h,
e`k m mgq wUb cvIqv hZ|
e Kwl I wk `ei cvPzh wQj| Avevi Gjvi Lye Pvwn`vI wQj fviZi wewfb Aj Ges cw_exi wewfb
`k| ZvB ei m cvPxbKvj cw_exi wewfb `ki eemv-evwYR PjZ| ei ivbx cYi ga
Dj-LhvM wQj m~wZ I ikgx Kvco, wPwb, o, jeY, ZRcvZv I Abvb gmjv, PvDj, bviKj, mycvwi, Jla
Zwii MvQcvjv, bvbv cKvi wniv, gyv, cvbv BZvw`|
wki DbwZi m m evsjvi evwYRI h_ cmvi jvf KiwQj| j I Rj Dfq c_B evwYRi
Av`vb-c`vb PjZ| `ki fZi evwYR QvovI m mgq evsjv e`wkK evwYR wekl DbZ wQj| j I
Rjc_ fviZi Abvb Aji m evsjvi cY wewbgq PjZ| G KviY evsjvi wewfb vb eo eo bMi
I evwYR e`i Mo DVwQj| Gjv njv bevewkKv, KvUxel, cyeab, Zvgwj, KYmyeY, mMvg
BZvw`| Aek kni Qvov Mvgi nvUevRviI wKQy wKQy eemv-evwYR PjZ| Gme Mvgi nvU Mvg Drcb I
wbZcqvRbxq wRwbmc ePv-Kbv nZv| mgy` c_ wmsnj, e`k, Pv, K^vR, hexc, gvjq, kvg,
mygvv, Pxb cfwZ `ki m evsjvi cY wewbgq PjZ| jc_ Pxb, bcvj, f~Uvb, wZeZ I ga Gwkqv
cfwZ `ki m evwYR PjZ|
33
wki DbwZ I eemv-evwYRi cmvii dj evsjvi ab-m` I Jkh cPzi eo wMqwQj| cvPxbKvj nqZ
q-weq Ges eemv-evwYRi Rb wewbgq c_v cPwjZ wQj| meZ wLc~e Pvi kZKi c~e evsjvq
gy`vi cPjb Avi nq| wewfb mgq e`k wewfb cKvi gy`v Pvjy _vKjI GLvb Kwo mePq Kg gvb
wnme eeZ nZv|
`jxq KvR : cvPxb evsjvq mgy` I jc_ Kvb& Kvb& `ki mv_ eemv-evwYRi mK wQj QK `LvI|
wkKjv I vcZ-fvh
evsjv`ki bvbvvb cvPxb evsjvi vcZ, fvh I wPwki
e wb`kb cvIqv MQ| bvbvwea KviY cvPxb evsjvi wkKjv
asm nq MQ| ZeyI wbtm`n ejv hvq, cvPxb hyM evsjvi
wkKjv LyeB DbZ wQj|
vcZ : cvPxb evsjvi vcZ wki wb`kb AwZ mvgvbB
Qwe : kvjeb wenvi, gqbvgwZ, Kzwgj-v
AvweZ nqQ| Pxb `ki gYKvix dv-wnqb I wnDqb-mvsGi weeiYx I cvPxb wkjvwjwc _K cvPxb hyM evsjvi KviyKvhgq e ng, (P~ov, wkLv) gw`i, ~c I
wenvii wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
fviZ Dc-gnv`ki mePq cvPxb vcZi wb`kb njv ~c| ew`K hyM `nvekl cuyZ ivLvi Rb
kkvbi Dci gvwUi ~c iv Kivi Rb G vcZ cwZK MnY Kiv nq| eag hLvbB cmvi jvf
KiQ, mLvbB QvU-eo AmsL ~c wbwgZ nqQ| cvPxb evsjvq wKQy e I Rb ~c wbwgZ nqwQj|
XvKv Rjvi Avkivdcyi Mvg ivRv `e LoMi ev ev AavZz wbwgZ GKwU ~c cvIqv MQ| GwUB meZ
evsjvi mePq cvPxb ~ci wb`kb| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges PMvgi SIqvwiZ AviI `ywU evi Zwi
~c cvIqv MQ| GQvov, ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges euvKzovi ejvovq e z` z` BUi Zwi ~c cvIqv MQ|
AwZ cvPxbKvj nZ evsjvq e I Rb wfziv wenvi I msNivg Zwi Ki ^ ^ ag cPvi KiZb| wKy GK
vcZ Kg ejv Pj bv| KviY, BU-cv_ii KvVvgvi Dci euvk I KvV w`q Gjv Zwi nZv| Kvjg e
I Rb msN hLb cPviKi msLv evoZ jvMj ZLb nZB BUi Zwi wenvi cZ iy njv| cvj hyM GmB
wenvii ici cwieZb njv| Gme wenvii Kvbv KvbwU ek eo Ges KviyKvhgq wQj| ~ci gZ GjvI
asmcv nq MQ| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi h wekvj e wenvi AvweZ nqQ Zv cvPxb evsjvi vcZ
wki k wb`kb| G ch fviZ Dcgnv`k hZ wenvi AvweZ nqQ Zviga G wenviwU mePq eo|
Rvbv hvq, Ag kZK agcvj GLvb cKv wenviwU wbgvY Kib| mvgcyi wenvi bvg GwU mgM fviZel I
fviZeli evBi LvwZ ARb Ki| mvgcyi wenvi eZxZ agcvj wegkxj wenvi I I`cyi wenvi bvg AviI
`ywU wenvi wbgvY KiwQjb| GQvov cvj Avgj Zwi QvU-eo AviI KqKwU wenvi bvg cvIqv hvq|
hgbgvj`ni RM`yj wenvi, `exKvU wenvi, PMvgi cwZ wenvi, wcyivi KbKc wenvi cfwZ|
KqK eQi c~e Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZZ KqKwU wenvii mvb cvIqv MQ| Bnv kvjej wenvi bvg cwiwPZ|
Kn Kn gb Kib h, cvnvocyii wenvi I gw`i AcvI eo gw`i I wenvi GLvb wQj|
34
fviZxq Dcgnv`ki vcZi BwZnvm cvPxb evsjvi gw`i vcbv ghv`v I ^KxqZvq GK wekl vb
`Lj Ki AvQ| KviY, cvPxbKvj GLvb AmsL gw`i wbgvY Kiv nqwQj| G mKj gw`i AvR mKjB
asmcv nqQ| Kejgv Ag kZK nZ KwU fvv I Aa-fvv gw`ii wb`kb cvIqv hvq| G mKj
e gw`i cyeab, mgZU, ivp, ei` cfwZ Aj AewZ wQj| eagvb Rjvi eivKii gw`iwU cvPxb
evsjvi mePq cvPxb gw`i ej aviYv Kiv nq| evsjv`ki vcZ wki BwZnvm cvnvocyii gw`i GK
Agi mw| G Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm cvnvocyii gw`ii iyZ Acwimxg| Kbbv, Dcgnv`ki Aewk
Aji vcZ wkK Bnv Mfxifve cfvweZ KiQ| w`bvRcyi Rjvi evYMo ci wbwgZ Ges PMvgi
KIqvwiZ evi Zwi gw`i cvIqv MQ|
AwZ mcwZ Iqvix-eUki Mvg cvq 2500 ermii
cyivZb GK bMi-Kw`K aesmvekl cvIqv MQ| Bnv
XvKv nZ 75 wKjvwgUvi `~i biwms`x Rjvi ejvev
DcRjvq AewZ| GZw`b aviYv Kiv nZv cvPxb evsjvi
mfZv Mvg-Kw`K| wKy G Avwevii dj GLb
Rvovjv fveB ejv hvq h cvPxb evsjvq bMi-K`xK
mfZvI Mo DVwQj|
fvh : wLvi iyZ A_ev Gi c~e el nZ evsjvq vcZ wki cvkvcvwk fvh wki PPvI nZv|
cvPxb evsjvq e gw`i wQj| ZvB fvh wkKjvI h DbZ wQj ZvZ m`n bB| AbK vb gw`i asm
njI Zvi gai `eg~wZ iwZ nqQ| Kejgv cyiY, ZgjyK, gnvvb cfwZ Aj -c~e hyMi
KqKwU cvovgvwUi g~wZ AvweZ nqQ|
cvnvocyii gw`i Mv Lvw`Z cv_i I cvovgvwUi djK _K
evsjvi wbR^ fvh wki ewki cwiPq cvIqv hvq| welqe
I wk Kkji w`K _K wePvi Kij cvnvocyii fvh-wkK
jvKwk, AwfRvZ wk I `yqi gvSvgvwS wk KkjG wZb
kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq| cvnvocyii fvh ivgvqY-gnvfviZi
AbK Kvwnbx Ges Kjxjvi AbK K_v Lvw`Z AvQ| GQvov,
mvaviY gvbyli `bw`b Rxebi AbK K_vI G fvh ic `qv
Qwe : cvnvocyii gw`i Mv Lvw`Z cvovgvwUi djK
nqQ| Lvw`Z fvh QvovI cvPxb evsjvq cvovgvwUi wk LyeB
DbZ wQj| Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnvo ek wKQy cvovgvwUi djK I g~wZ AvweZ nqQ| cvPxb
KvwUel bMixi asm~cI AbKjv cvovgvwUi djK AvweZ nqQ| cwZMY GjvK gh, k~,
KzlvY, I cvj hyMi ej Abygvb KiQb| Moi ivRavbx KYmyeYi asmveklI wKQy cvovgvwUi g~wZ
cvIqv MQ|
wPwk : cvj hyMi c~eKvi Kvbv wP AvR ch cvIqv hvqwb| wK cvPxbKvjB evsjvq h wP Abi PPv
wQj ZvZ Kvbv m`n bB| mvaviYZ: e wenvi I gw`ii `qvj m`hgq Kivi Rb wPvb Kivi
ixwZ cPwjZ wQj|
35
ZLbKvi w`b e jLKiv Zvjcv A_ev KvMR Zv`i cyKi cvywjwc Zwi KiZb| G mKj cyuw_
wPvwqZ Kivi Rb jLK I wkxiv QvU QvU Qwe AvuKZb|
iLvi mvnvh wPvbI cvPxb evsjvi wkxiv h_ `Zv `wLqQb| ivRv ivgcvji ivRZKvj iwPZ
AmvnwmKv cvcviwgZv cyuw_ evsjvi wP wki k wb`kb| iLvi mvnvh wPvbi Avi GKwU `v
nj my`ieb cv Wvbcvji Zvgkvmbi Aci wcV DrKxY wezi iLvwP|
cvPxb evsjvi wkKjvi cvj hyM iYxq| beg _K v`k kZK-G Pvi kZK ch G hyMi wkK
mvaviYZ; cvj hyMi wkKjv ej AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| KviY, G hyMi wkbxwZB cieZx mb hyMI AevnZ
wQj| ci I avZz wbwgZ `e-`exi g~wZ G hyMi wkKjvi k wb`kb ej weewPZ nq| GZ agfvei
cfveB wQj ewk| kvxq Abykvmb Abymvi `e-`exi g~wZjv wbwgZ nqwQj| Z_vwc wkxi wkKkj I
m`hevai cwiPq GZ j Kiv hvq| g~wZ wbgvY mvaviYZ AavZz I Kvjv Kwcv_i eenvi Kiv
nZv| G Qvov ^Y I icvi eenvii cPjb wQj|
36
wbR`i fvlv ZvM Ki m~Yfve Avh fvlv MnY Ki| myZivs, mecvPxb hyM AvhMY h fvlv eenvi KiZ
Ges h fvlvq ew`K M iwPZ nqwQj vbf` Ges mgqi cwieZb Gi AbK cwieZb NU| msZ
nZ cKZ Ges cvKZ nZ Acsk fvlvi Drcw nq| Acsk fvlv nZ Ag ev beg kZK evsjv fvlvi
mw nq| hgb- K>Kv>Kvby>KvbvB|
Qwe : Phvc`
bq I `k kZKi AvM evsjv fvlvi ic wK wQj Zv Rvbevi Kvb Dcvq bB| Ze G kZKjvZ evsjvq
msZ QvovI `yUv fvlv cPwjZ wQj Gi GKwU njv kimbx Acsk Ges AbwU gvMax Acski vbxq
Mo-exq ic hvK ejv hvq cvPxbZg evsjv fvlv| GKB jLK G `y fvlvZB c`, `vnv, I MxZ iPbv
KiZb| evsjv fvlvi Gic cvPxbZg wb`kb cvIqv hvq nicmv` kvx KZK bcvj nZ msMnxZ PviwU cvPxb
e cuyw_Z| Gjv Phvc` bvg cwiwPZ| GLb ch gvU 47wU Phvc` cvIqv MQ| G Phvc`jvi
gaB evsjv mvwnZi Rb nq| cieZx hyM evsjvq mnwRqv Mvb, evDj Mvb I ee c`vejxi Drcw nq|
myZivs, evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi BwZnvmi w`K _K G Phvc`jvi g~j Acwimxg| gvUvgywUfve ejv hvq
h, AvU kZK nZ eviv kZK ch G cuvPkZ eQiB njv evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi cvPxb hyM|
37
cvj kvmbi AvgjI ew`K agi cfve cwZcw AUzU wQj| eg I mb ivRv`i ccvlKZvi dj GKv`k
I v`k kZK ew`K ag AviI cmvi jvf Ki| G `yB eski ivRv-gnvivRviv cvq mKjB evY ag wekvmx
wQjb| ZLb e ag AbKUv -vb nq wMqwQj| ew`K hvM-h civwYK `e-`ex I wekl wekl wZw_
b mvb-`vb-avb-wqvKgi cPjb iy nq| RvZKg, wbgY, bvgKiY, Abcvkb, P~ovKiY, Dcbqb,
mgveZb, weevn, Mn cek BZvw` msvi Gfve evOvwj evY mgvR Qwoq co| Gme msvi `ki
ga Qwoq `evi Rb evYiv mivmwi ivi mnvqZv jvf KiwQj|
ew`K I evY ag evsjvi eyK Lye `yZ cmvi jvf KijI Kvjg Gi ga weeZb `Lv `q| Avgj
G`k GKwU bZzb evY agi Avwefve NU| ew`K hyMi `e-`exi cwiPq cvq wejxb nq hvq| Zvi
cwieZ bZzb bZzb `e-`exi c~Rv iy nq| G mKj `eZv`i bvgi m ew`K `eZvi bvgi wgj wQj|
wK ew`K wqvKvi m Zv`i Kvbv wgj wQj bv| G bZzb `e-`exiv wQjb g~jZ cyivY I gnvKve
ewYZ `e-`ex| ZvB G agK civwYK ag ejv nq| vbxq ag wekvmi cfvei dj Avh ag Gic
weeZb `Lv `q| cyivwnZiv ag-Kg cwiPvjbv Kivi mvweK `vwqZ jvf Kib| agxq wqvKvi RwUjZv
eo hvq| `eZvi ew`Z `ya I NZ DrmMi cwieZ cewj c_v ew cvq| wewfb cKvi Kzmsvi agi
A wnme `Lv `q|
cvj ce h civwYK ag I msvii wevi `Lv hvq, mb Avgj Zv AviI cmvwiZ nq| m~h MnY, P`
MnY, Dvb v`kx wZw_, Divqb, msvw BZvw` Dcj mvb, ZcY I c~Rv, myLivw eZ, nvjvKv ev eZgvb
Kvji nvwj Drme, Rbvgx, bxwZ cvVi Abyvb cfwZ civwYK wqv-Kjvc G hyM evcKfve `Lv hvq|
civwYK c~Rv cveYi ixwZ-bxwZ I wqvKjvc nZ h mKj ag mc`vqi De nq Zv`i ga ee
agvej^xiv mevcv Dj-LhvM| cvj-P`-K^vR hyM ee agi DbwZi cgvY cvIqv hvq wewfb
wjwcgvjvq| cvj ivRv`i AbK e agi cvcvlK njI Ab agi bvq ee agi cwZ kvkxj
wQjb| wKy mb ivRv`i Aev wfbZi| hw`I c~ecyiyliv m`vwkei c~Rv KiZb, Zey ivRv jY mb
wQjb cigee| Zuvi mgq nZB ivRKxq kvmbi iyZ wkei cwieZ wezi ei cPjb nq|
hyM ke agI cPwjZ wQj| l kZKi Muvovq gnvivR ebi mnvqZvq c~e evsjvq keag Qwoq
cowQj| mg kZK MoivR kkvsK I Kvgic ivRv fvi-egv-`yRbB wQjb cig ke| jY mb I
Zuvi eskaiMY ee gZvej^x njI Kzj`eZv m`vwkeK KLbI cwiZvM Kibwb| AvhveZ cvcZ
agvej^xiv mePq cvPxb ke mc`vq| cvj Avgj cvcZ mc`vqI Lye kwkvjx wQj|
GmKj `e-`exi c~Rv eZxZ Abvb AviI AbK civwYK `e-`exi c~Rv
evsjvq cPwjZ wQj| G`i ga m~h I kw c~RvB wQj mevcv Dj-LhvM|
wLc~e l kZK Rb agi ceZK eagvb gnvexi ivp `k AvMgb
KiwQjb| wK mLvbKvi jvKiv Zuvi agK MnY Kiwb| eis Zuvi mwnZ
`yeenvi KiwQj| ZvB ej Rb agi AMMwZ iva Kiv hvqwb| cvPxbKvj
nZ G mc`vqi jvKiv wbMn bvg cwiwPZ nZv| hyM ch G bvg
eagvb gnvexi
cPwjZ wQj| mgvU AkvKi ivRZKvj Di e Rb mc`vq
we`gvb wQj| wLxq PZz_ kZK bvUvii cvnvocyo GKwU Rb wenvi wQj| mg kZK Di, `wY I c~e
38
e wbMn Rb`i cfve wQj mePq ewk| mgZU I cyeab ZvivB wQj msLvMwi| Ziv kZKI evsjvq
Rb ev wbMn msNi ixwZgZv AwZ wQj| Ze cvj hyM iy nevi ci nZ Rb agi cfve Kg GmwQj|
cvPxb evsjvi ag RMZ e ag GKwU wewk vb AwaKvi Ki AvQ|
ey`ei gZyi ci evsjvi Kv_vI Kv_vI e ag Qwoq cowQj|
AkvKi ivRZKvjB e ag evsjvq ewk cmvi jvf Ki| I
cieZx mgq e ag cmvi jvf bv KijI Gi Lye ZvoRvo wQj| l
kZKi Muvovi w`K evsjvi c~eZg cv wcyivq gnvhvb e ag mycwZwZ
nqwQj| Kzwgj-v Aj ZLb AmsL e wenvi wQj| cvj eski AvMgbi
dj evsjvq e agi cfve Lye ew cqwQj| Ag kZK nZ GKv`k
kZK ch evsjvq e agiB RqRqKvi wQj| my`xN PvikZ eQii
ivRZKvj Zuv`i mwq ccvlKZvq evsjv-wenvi Qvwoq G ag AvRvwZK
MZg ey
ghv`v I cwZv jvf KiwQj| Zuviv AbK e-wenvi wbgvY KiwQjb|
G`i ga agcvji wegkxj gnvwenvi, mvgcyi wenvi I I`cyi wenvi mevcv Dj-LhvM| G mKj
wenvi wZeZ I Abvb Aj nZ AbK eag mK vb jvfi Rb AvMgb KiZb| mvgcyi wenvi
evm KiZb gnvcwZvPvh evwaf`| AvPvh AZxk `xciI wKQyKvj G wenvi evm KiwQjb| evsjv QvovI
ivp Aj, ei`, w`bvRcyi, wcyiv, Kzwgj-v I PMvgI QvU-eo AmsL e wenvi wQj| KqK eQi c~e
Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZZ wKQy msLK wenvii asmvekl cvIqv MQ| G`i ga AZ wekvj AvKwZi wenviwU
kvjeb wenvi bvg cwiwPZ| kxfe`i Bnv wbgvY KiwQjb| cvj hyMi ci evsjvq eag mnwRqv agic
Rbwcq nq DVwQj| mgvRi wbg i mnwRqv agi Lye cfve wQj|
cvj ivRv`i gZv P` esk I Kvw`ei eski jvKivI e wQjb| wKy mb ivRvMYi AvMgbi ci
evsjvq ke I ee ag Ges cvPxb ew`K I civwYK agvbyvb I AvPvi-eenvi cybiyxweZ Kivi Pv Kiv
nq| mb hyMB wez, wke, cveZx cfwZ `e-`exi c~Rv iy nq Ges e wn`y gw`i wbwgZ nq| dj evsjvq
e agi cZb iy nq| Zvici kl AvNvZ Avm ZzKx gymjgvb`i wbKU nZ| v`k kZKi kl w`K
ZyKx AvgYi dj hLb c_g gMa I ci Di evsjvi e wenvi I gw`ijv asm nq, ZLbB emsN
fviZi c~ecvi G mekl Avkq vb nZ weZvwoZ nq AvZivi Rb bcvj I wZeZ Mgb Ki|
emsNB wQj e agi cavb K`| KvRB e msNi m m e agI evsjv Z_v fviZel nZ
wejy nq hvq|
cvPxb evsjvq ew`K, civwYK, Rb, e I Abvb agvej^x mc`vq eZgvb _vKjI G`i ga Kjn I
wnsmv-l wQj bv| Zviv cii wgjwgk cvkvcvwk emevm KiZ| wekl Ki cvjivRMY e agi
ccvlK nqI Abvb agi cwZ kvkxj wQjb| cvPxb evsjvq GKgv kkvsKi ciag weli Kvwnbx
AvQ| Aek Gi mZZv mK h_ m`n AvQ| Pxbv Ges wZeZxq Z_ nZ Rvbv hvq h, cvPxb hyM
evsjvi ag Rxeb Lye DbZ wQj Ges ciag mwnzZv evOvwj Pwii AbZg ewk wQj|
GKK KvR : cvPxb evsjvi agxq mc`vqjvi bvg Dj-L Ki|
39
40
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. cvPxbKvj _K wekLvZ Kvbv Kvco evsjvq Zwi nZv?
K. iqb
L. ikgx
M. gmwjb
N. ckgx
L. ii
M. ii I iii
N. i I ii
L. PMvgi SIqvwii
M. bIMuvi cvnvocyii
N. euvKzovi ejvovi
e`i wbwgZ
ii. vb mvabvivb
iii. `k we`k h_ LvwZ iqQ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
41
mRbkxj ck:
1. wUbv Zvi evexi eo evb bxjvi weqZ Mvgi evwoZ eovZ GmQ| bxjvi wcZv Mvgi mgkvjx
eemvqx| wZwb we`k mywZe, wm, Jla wgwn PvDj ivwb Kib| Mvg AbK KzwUi wk Mo
DVQ| `iKvwi AbK wRwbl MvgB Zwi nq| Mvgi jvKiv GLbI gvwUi Zwi Kjm, nuvwo-cvwZj
eenvi Ki| Mvg GLbI h_ Kwl Rwg, PviYf~wg, nvU evRvi, e`i hvbevnb PjvPji c_ iqQ|
Ggb GKwU Mvg weevn Abyvb Gm wUbv gy| weqi w`b wUbv Lye my`i Ki mywZi kvwo, cvq AvjZv,
Kcvj KzgKzg I gv_vq Iobv ci my`i Ki Pzji Lvcv euaQ| weq evwoZ fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, mewR,
`wa I xi cwiekb Kiv nqQ| LvIqv-`vIqv kl gmjvhy cvb `qv nq| weevn I Lvevii kl
GKwU QvU Mvbi Rjmvi AvqvRb wQj|
K. Avh`i fvlvi bvg Kx?
L. Kxfve evsjv fvlvi Drcw nqQ?
M. DxcK ewYZ Lv` I cvkvK cwiQ`i mv_ evsjvi Kvbv Avgji wgj Lyu R cvIqv hvq| evLv Ki|
N. bxjv`i Mvgi Avw_K KvVvgv ZrKvjxb evsjvi cwZQwe Zzwg wK DwwUi m GKgZ? hyw `vI|
2.
mif evbvRx I c`xc ewYK `yB ez Ges GKB kni emevm Ki| mifi evev Kvcoi eemv
Kib| Zvi `vKvb UvvBji ZuvZ, ivRkvnxi wm I Rvg`vwb kvwo wew nq| eZgvb wZwb mywZ Kvco
I wm kvwo we`k ivwb KiQb| c`xci evev PvDj, wPwb, jeY, gmjv BZvw`i eemv Kib| wZwb
wPwb I gmjv Avg`vwb Kib| GKw`b c`xc mif`i evwoZ hvq Ges Zvi evbK `L wbR eo
fvBqi mv_ weevni cve `q| c`xciv mif`i mK bq weavq D cve evwZj Ki `b
mifi gv- evev|
K. KLb _K evsjvq gy`vi cPjb Avi nq?
L. cvPxb evsjvi gvbyli Aev Kgb wQj?
M. mifi evbi weqi evcvi Zvi gv-evevi gbvfve ZrKvjxb evsjvi Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ?
evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki, c`xci eo fvBqi weqi evcvi h euvavi mw nqQ Zv ZrKvjxb evsjvi
mgvRi AMMwZi Aivq? hyw `vI|
cg Aavq
gahyMi evsjvi gymjgvb kvmb cwZv cei Dj-LhvM w`Kmg~n eYbv KiZ cvie;
gahyM myjZvwb Avgj evsjvi eskvbywgK kvmb Ges Zuv`i ivRbwZK KwZZmg~n evLv KiZ
cvie;
gyNj kvmbvgj evsjvq mye`vi I beve`i kvmbKvji ivRbwZK w`Kmg~n wek-lY KiZ cvie;
43
mvgDxb ZvK eZgvb wgRvcyi Rjvi `wY-c~e KvY fvMeZ I wfDwj bvgK `ywU ciMbvi RvqMxi `vb
Kib| GLvb eLwZqvi Zuvi fwelr DbwZi Drm LuyR cvb| fvMeZ I wfDwj Zvi kwK` nq DV|
eLwZqvi AmsLK mb msMn Ki cvkeZx z` z` wn`y ivR AvgY I jyb KiZ iy Kib| G mgq
Zvi exiZi K_v Pviw`K Qwoq co| AbK fvMv^lx gymjgvb Zvi mb`j hvM`vb Ki| dj
eLwZqvii mbmsLv ew cvq| Gfve cvkeZx Aj AvgY Pvwjq wZwb `wY wenvi GK cvPxi Niv
`yMi gZv vb Avmb Ges AvgY Kib| cwZc Kvbv euvavB w`j bv| `~M Rqi ci wZwb `Ljb h
`~Mi Awaevmxiv mKjB gywZ gK Ges `~MwU eBc fiv| wRvmv Ki wZwb RvbZ cvijb h, wZwb
GK e wenvi Rq KiQb| GwU wQj I`` wenvi ev I`cyix wenvi| G mgq nZB gymjgvbiv G vbi
bvg w`j wenvi| AvR ch Zv wenvi bvg cwiwPZ|
wenvi weRqi ci eLwZqvi AbK abiZmn w`j-xi myjZvb KzZzeDxb AvBeKi m mvvr Kib| myjZvb
KZK mvwbZ nq wZwb wenvi wdi Avmb| AwaK mb msMn Ki wZwb cii eQi bexc ev bw`qv AvgY
Kib| G mgq evsjvi ivRv jY mb bw`qvq Aevb KiwQjb| Mo wQj Zvui ivRavbx, Avi bw`qv wQj Zuvi
wZxq ivRavbx| eLwZqvi KZK wenvi Rqi ci mb mvgvR Mfxi fxwZ we`gvb wQj| `e, cwZ I
evYMY ivRv jY mbK ivRavbx ZvM KiZ civgk `b| Zv`i kv ZzKx mbv KZK e Rqi my
BwZ AvQ| GQvov weRqxi h eYbv kv AvQ Zvi m eLwZqvii `ni eYbv GKevi wgj hvq| wKy
ZeyI ivRv jY mb bw`qv ZvM Kibwb|
wenvi nZ evsjvq cek KiZ nj
ZwjqvMo I wkKwoMo GB `yB wMwic_
w`q AvmZ nZv| G wMwic_ `yUv wQj
myiwZ| wZwb cPwjZ c_ AMmi njb
bv| wKy AiYgq Aji ga w`q
AMmi nIqvZ eLwZqvii mb`j L
Lfve AMmi nq| kyci `w
Gwoq eLwZqvi LjwR hLb b`xqvi
vicv DcwZ njb, ZLb Zuvi m
wQj gv 17 wKsev 18 Rb Akvivnx
mwbK| GZ AmsLK mb wbq
eLwZqvi LjwRi c e weRq Kx Ki
gvbwP : eLwZqvi LjwRi eweRqi c_
me njv? Kw_Z AvQ, wZwb GZ wc
MwZZ c_ AwZg KiwQjb h, gv 17/18 Rb mwbK ZuvK AbymiY KiZ ciwQj| Avi g~j
mbvevwnbxi evwK Ask Zuvi cvZB wQj |
ZLb `ycyi| ivRv jY mb gavfvR e; cvmv`-ixiv ZLb Avivg Avqm KiQ; bvMwiKMYI wbR`i
cvZwnK KvR e| eLwZqvi LjwR ewYKi Qek bMixi vicv Gm cuQvb| ivRv jY mb
Zv`iK Ak eemvqx gb Ki bMixi Afi ceki AbygwZ `b| wKy G y``j ivRcvmv`i myL
44
Gm nVvr Zievwi Dby Ki cvmv` ix`i nZv Ki| AKvr G AvgY Pviw`K n P co hvq| cvmv`
AiwZ iL mKj cvYfq cvwjq hvq| BwZga eLwZqvii wZxq `j bMii ga Ges ZZxq `j ZviYvi Gm DcwZ nq| mg bMix ZLb cvq Aeiy| bvMwiKMY fxZ I m| G Aevq ivRv jY mb
nZvk nq cob| kyi AvgY nZ AvZivi Kvbv Dcvq bvB `L wZwb wcQbi `iRv w`q mcwievi
Lvwj cvq Mvcb bKvhvM c~ee gyxM Rjvi wegcyi Avkq MnY Kib| AKvji ga eLwZqvi
LjRxi cvrMvgx Aewk mb`jI Gm DcwZ njv| webv evavq bw`qv I cvkeZx Aj gymjgvb`i
AwaKvi Avm| eLwZqvi LjwRi bw`qv Rqi mwVK ZvwiL m^ HwZnvwmK`i ga gZf` AvQ| Ze
eZgvb 1204 wLvB bw`qv Rqi ZvwiL wnme ^xKwZ cqQ|
AZtci eLwZqvi bw`qv ZvM Ki jYveZxi (Mo) w`K AMmi nb| wZwb jYveZx AwaKvi Ki mLvbB
ivRavbx vcb Kib| G jYveZxB gymjgvb Avgj jLbwZ bvg cwiwPZ nq| Mo Rqi ci eLwZqvi
AviI c~e w`K AMmi nq ei` ev Di evsjvq wbR AwaKvi wevi Kib| GLvb Dj-L h, eLwZqvi
LjwR b`xqv I Mo weRqi ci GKwU ^vaxb ivRi AwacwZ njI wZwb mgM evsjvq AvwacZ wevi KiZ
cvibwb| c~ee jY mbi AwaKvi AzY wQj| Zuvi gZzi ci Zuvi eskaiiv AviI wKQyw`b c~e e
kvmb KiwQjb|
Mo ev jLbwZ weRqi `yB eQi ci eLwZqvi LjwR wZeZ Awfhvb ei nb| G wZeZ AwfhvbB wQj Zuvi
Rxebi kl mgi Awfhvb| wKy Zuvi G Awfhvb e_ nj wZwb `eKvU wdi Avmb| GLvb wZwb Amy
nq coj 1206 wLv wZwb gZzgyL cwZZ nb| Abygvb Kiv nq Avjx g`vb bvg GKRb Avgxi ZvK
nZv KiwQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbi BwZnvm BLwZqviDxb gyn` web-eLwZqvi LjwRi bvg mec_g Dj-LhvM| Zuvi
cPvi djB G`k c_g gymjgvb`i kvmb cwZwZ nq| G kvmb cvq mvo cuvPkZ eQii AwaKKvj
vqx nqwQj (1201-1757 wL:)| ivR Rq KiB eLwZqvi LjwR v wQjb bv| wewRZ Aj Zuvi kvmb
mycwZwZ Kivi RbI wZwb h_vh_ eev MnY KiwQjb| Bmjvg ag I gymjgvb mswZ weKvki Rb
Zuvi f~wgKv wQj Dj-LhvM| Zuvi kvmbKvj e gv`vmv, ge, gmwR` BZvw` wbwgZ nqwQj|
45
Kib gyn` wkib LjwRK| wZwb wKQyUv kLjv wdwiq AvbZ mg nb| Avjx g`vb LjwRK e`x Kiv
nq| ci Avjx g`vb cvwjq hvb Ges w`wj-i myjZvb KzeyZDwbi mnhvwMZv jvf Kib| wkib LjwRi
kvmbKvj gv GKeQi vqx wQj| Gici 1208 wLv `eKvUi kvmbKZvi `vwqZ MnY Kib
mvgDwb BIqvR LjwR| w`wj-i mnhvwMZvq `yB eQi ci wdi Avmb Avjx g`vb LjwR| BIqvR LjwR
^Qvq Zuvi nvZ gZv Qo `b| Avjx g`vb LjwR 1210 wLv ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib Ges wbRi bvg
bb AvjvDwb Avjx g`vb LjRx| Lye KVvi kvmK wQjb wZwb| ZvB Zuvi weiy g wevf evoZ _vK|
LjwR gvwjKiv GK RvU nq we`vn Kib| G`i nvZ wbnZ nb Avjx g`vb LjwR| BIqvR LjwR wZxq
evi gZvq Avmb| wZwb G chvq wMqvmDwb BIqvR LjwR bvg wbq ^vaxb myjZvb wnmve evsjv kvmb
Kib| 1212 _K 1227 wLv ch cvq 15 eQi wZwb evsjvi myjZvb wQjb|
46
BIR LjwR jLbwZ wdi GmB eySZ ciwQjb h BjZzrwgk Avevi evsjv AvgY Kieb| wZwb cvq GK
eQiKvj cwZ wbq ivRavbxZ Aevb Kib Ges cvv AvgYi Rb Acv Kib| G mgq w`j-xi
ivRKxq evwnbx Ahvavi we`vn `gb e nq co| BIR LjwR gb Kijb G Aevq w`j-x evwnbxi
c evsjv AvgY Kiv me ne bv| ZvB wZwb G Aemi c~ee AvgY Kivi gb Kib| ivRavbx
jbwZ GKcKvi AiwZ Aevq wQj| Gw`K myjZvb BjZzrwgk cy bvwmiDxb gvngy`K jLbwZ
AvgYi wb`k `b| BIR LjwRi AbycwwZi myhvM wbq bvwmiDxb gvngy` ei ivRavbx jLbwZ
AvgY Kib| G msev` kvbvi m m BIR LjwR AwZ A msLK mb m wbq ivRavbxZ
ZvovZvwo wdi Avmb| kyevwnbx c~eB Zuvi embKvU `yM AwaKvi KiwQj| hy BIR LjwR civwRZ I
e`x nb| ci ZuvK nZv Kiv nq| BIR LjwRi civRq I cZbi dj e`k cyivcywifve w`j-xi
myjZvbi AwaKvi Avm| bvwmiDxb gvngy` e`i kvmbKZv wbhy njb|
BIR LjwR wk I mvwnZi GKRb ccvlK wQjb| ZuviB ccvlKZvq Moi Rygv gmwR` Ges AviI
KqKwU gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| Zuvi Avgj ga Gwkqv nZ e gymwjg mydx I mq` Zuvi `ievi Avkq
MnY KiwQjb| G mg mydx I myaxMY e`k Bmjvg cPvi h_ mnvqZv Kib| Zuv`i AvMgb I
BIR LjwRi ccvlKZvq jLbwZ gymwjg wkv I mswZi K` cwiYZ nq|
BIR LjwRi gZzi ci _K 1287 wLv ch lvU eQi evsjv w`j-xi gymjgvb kvmK`i GKwU c`k
cwiMwYZ nq| G mgq cbi Rb kvmbKZv evsjv kvmb Kib| Gu`i `k Rb wQjb `vm| `vm`i gvgjyK
ejv nq| G KviY lvU eQii evsjvi kvmbK AbK `vm kvmb ev gvgjyK kvmb ej AwfwnZ Ki| wKy G
hyMi cbi Rb kvmKi mKjB ZzKx eski wQjb| G KviY G mgqKvjK ZzKx hyM ejv mePq h_v_
nZ cvi| ZzKx kvmK`i mgq w`j-xZ AfixY MvjhvM PjwQj| myZivs, evsjvi gZv `~ieZx c`ki
w`K myjZvb`i gbvhvM `Iqvi myhvM wQjbv| cwiYvg evsjvi ZzKx kvmKiv AbKUv ^vaxbfve `k
cwiPvjbv KiZb| c_g ZzKx kvmbKZv wQjb bvwmiDxb gvngy`| wZwb wQjb w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwgki
cy| 1229 wLv bvwmiDxb gvngy` gZzeiY Kij A mgqi Rb evsjvq gZvq Avmb `IjZ kvnweb-gI`y`| 1236 wLv myjZvb BjZzrwgki gZz nj w`j-xZ MvjhvM `Lv hvq| G myhvM AvIi Lvb
AvBeK jLbwZi gZv `Lj Ki bb| wKy AKvj ciB wenvii kvmbKZv ZzNij ZzNvb Lvbi nvZ Zuvi
civRq NU| ZzNvb Lvb 1245 wLv ch 9 eQi evsjvi kvmbKZv wQjb| Gici gv 2 eQi jLbwZi
gZvq wQjb Igi Lvb|
1247 _K 1251 wLv ch evsjv kvmb Kib RvjvjDwb gvmy` Rvwb| wZwb jLbwZZ kvw wdwiq
AvbZ mg nb| cieZx kvmK wQjb Ahvavi kvmbKZv gvwjK BLwZqvi Dwb BDReK| mxgv Aj
wZwb ivRmxgvi wevi NUvb| h_ kw mq Kivi ci gvmy` Rvwb 1255 wLv gywNmDwb Dcvwa
aviY Ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| wZwb 1257 wLv wbnZ nb| cieZx `yB eQi jLbwZ ^vaxbfve kvmb
Kib gvwjK DDwb BDReK| ci 1269 wLv Kviv c`ki kvmbKZv ZvRDwb Avimvjvb Lvb
jLbwZi wmsnvmb emb| Avimvjvb Lvbi ci evsjvi kvmbKZv nb ZvZvi Lvb| wZwb w`j-xi cwZ AvbyMZ
cKvk KijI KqK eQii ga w`j-xi mv_ evsjvi mK wQb nq hvq| ZvZvi Lvbi ci Aw`bi Rb
evsjvi gZvi emwQjb ki Lvb|
47
cieZx kvmbKZv ZzNwij wQjb gvgjyK ZzKx`i ga mek| Di Ges cwg evsjv QvovI XvKv Ges
dwi`cyii ek wKQy Aj wZwb AwaKvi Avbb| mvbviMuvIqi wbKU wZwb bviwKj-v bvg GK `yM Zwi
KiwQjb| mvaviY gvbyli KvQ `yMwU ZzNwiji wKj-v bvg cwiwPZ wQj| ZzNwij gywNmDwb Dcvwa wbq
^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| dj w`j-xi myjZvb ejeb cP AvgY nvbb ZzNwiji Dci| 1281 wLv
ejebi nvZ civwRZ I wbnZ nb ZzNwij| evsjvi kvmbKZviv we`vn Ki ej Gevi ejeb Zuvi Qj eyNiv
LvbK evsjvi Mfbi wnmve wbqvM Kib| cieZx Qq eQi evsjv w`j-xi Aaxb wQj| 1287 wLv
ejebi gZzi ci eyNiv Lvb bvwmiDxb gvngy` kvn bvg wbq ^vaxb myjZvb wnmve evsjv kvmb KiZ
_vKb| G mgq w`j-xi myjZvb wQjb eyNiv Lvbi Qj KvqKvev`|
KvqKvev`i gZy msev` eyNiv Lvbi gb f hvq| wZwb Zuvi Ab cy iyKbDwb KvqKvDmK evsjvi
wmsnvmb ewmq wbR mi hvb| KvqKvDm (1291-1300 wLt) `k eQi evsjvi kvmK wQjb| Zuvi Kvbv
Qj bv _vKvq cieZx kvmbKZv nb gvwjK wdiyR BZMxb| wZwb myjZvb wnme bZzb bvg aviY Kib
myjZvb kvgmywb wdiyR kvn| wdiyR kvni gZy nj cy wMqvmDwb evnv`yi kvn evsjvi wmsnvmb emb|
AKvj ciB w`j-xi myjZvb wMqvmDwb ZzNjKi nvZ wZwb civwRZ I e`x nb| ci 1325 wLv
evnv`yi kvnK gyw w`q mvbviMuvIq cvVvb nq| mLvb wZwb evnivg Lvbi mv_ hyMfve kvmbKZv wbhy
nb| jLbwZi Mfbi nb bvwmiDwb Bevwng I K`i Lvb| BDwbK wbqvM Kiv nq mvZMuvIqi Mfbii
c`| 1328 wLv wMqvmDwb evnv`yi we`vn Kij wZwb evnivg Lvbi nvZ wbnZ nb| Gici _K
1338 wLv ch evsjv w`j-xi Aaxb wQj|
evsjvq ^vaxb myjZvbx kvmbi BwZnvm
w`j-xi myjZvbMY 1338 _K 1538 wLv ch `yBkZ eQi evsjvK Zvu`i AwaKvi ivLZ cvibwb|
c_gw`K w`j-xi myjZvbi mbevwnbx AvgY PvwjqQ| Pv KiQ evsjvK wbRi AwaKvi Avbvi Rb|
Aekl mdj nZ bv ci nvj Qo w`qQ| G mgq evBii Ab Kvbv AvgYiI Zgb mvebv
wQjbv| ZvB evsjvi myjZvbMY ^vaxbfve Ges wbw G`k kvmb KiZ ciQb| dLiywb gyeviK kvni
gvag ^vaxbZvi m~Pbv njI Bwjqvm kvnx eski myjZvb`i nvZ evsjv c_g wwZkxjZv jvf Ki|
48
GKRb ^vaxb myjZvb wnmve dLiywb wbR bvg gy`v Rvwi KiwQjb| Zuvi gy`vq Lvw`Z ZvwiL `L aviYv
Kiv hvq, wZwb 1338 wLv _K 1349 wLv ch mvbviMuvI ivRZ Kib| dLiywb gyeviK kvn Zuvi
ivRmxgv `wY-c~e w`K wKQyUv ew KiwQjb| wZwbB mec_g PMvg Rq Kib| Puv`cyi _K PMvg ch
GKwU ivRc_ dLiywb gyeviK kvn Zwi KiwQjb ej Rvbv hvq| 1349 wLv mvbviMvuI UvKkvj _K
BLwZqvi Dwb MvRx kvn bvgvwZ gy`v Rvwi Kiv nq| MvRx kvni bvgvwZ gy`vq 1352 wLv ch
ZvwiL cvIqv hvq| myZivs evSv hvq, dLiywb cy MvRx kvn wcZvi gZzi ci mvbviMvuIqi ^vaxb myjZvb
wnmve wmsnvmb emb Ges 1352 wLv ch wZb eQi ivRZ Kib|
GKK KvR
1. wMqvm Dxb BIR LjRxi m w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwgki weivai KviY wPwZ Ki|
2. K, KLb Ges Kxfve evsjvi ^vaxb mvjZvbvZ cwZv Kib?
3. myjZvb kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvnK evOvwj RvZxqZvev`i mv wnmve g~jvqb Ki|
49
c_g w`K w`j-xi myjZvb evsjvi G ^vaxbZv gb bbwb| myjZvb wdiyR kvn ZzNjK 1353 wLv _K
1354 wLv ch Bwjqvm kvni weiy hy Kib| Zuvi Pv wQj evsjvK w`j-xi AwaKvi wbq Avmv|
wK wZwb mdj nbwb| Bwjqvm kvn `yf` GKWvjv `yM Avkq MnY Kib| Gw`K elv Gj Rqi Kvbv
mvebv bB| ZvB wdivR kvn mwi gvag evsjvi ^vaxbZvK gb wbq Bwjqvm kvni mv_ ezZ vcb
Ki w`j-x wdi hvb|
kvmK wnme Bwjqvm kvn wQjb wePY I Rbwcq| Zuvi kvmbvgj ivR kvw I kLjv weivwRZ wQj| wn`y
I gymjgvbi ga cxwZi mK Mo DVwQj| nvwRcyi bvgK GKwU kni wZwb wbgvY KiwQjb|
wdiyRvev`i weivU nv^vgLvbv wZwbB wbgvY Kib| G Avgj vcZ wk I mswZ h_ ccvlKZv jvf
KiwQj| wZwb GKRb wbvevb gymjgvb wQjb| wZwb dwKi-`iek`i Lye kv KiZb|
Bwjqvm kvn jLbwZi kvmK wnme e AwaKvi KijI wZwb `yB f~LK GKwZ Ki eni evsjvi mw
KiwQjb| G mgq nZB evsjvi mKj Aji Awaevmx evOvwj ej cwiwPZ nq| Bwjqvm kvn kvn-B
evvjv I kvn-B-evOvwj Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb|
kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy wmKv`vi kvn (1358-1393 wLt) evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| wcZvi
gZv wZwbI ` Ges kwkvjx kvmK wQjb| w`j-xi myjZvb wdivR kvn ZzNjK 1358 _K 1360 wLv
ch cybivq evsjv AvgY Kib| wKy GeviI wdivR kvn ZzNjKK e_ nZ nq| wcZvi gZv wmKv`vi
kvnI GKWvjv `yM Avkq MnY Kib| Dfq ci ga mwi gvag i Aemvb NU| mwi kZ Abyhvqx
Rvdi LvbK mvbviMuvIqi kvmb gZv MnYi wb`k `qv nq| wKy Rvdi Lvb G c` MnY ivwR njb bv|
wdivR kvn ZzNjKi m wZwbI w`j-xZ wdi Mjb| mvbviMuvI Ges jLbwZZ Avevi AvMi gZvB
wmKv`vi kvni KZZ AzY iBj| Bwjqvm kvn h ^vaxb myjZvwb cwZv KiwQjb wmKv`vi kvn mfveB
GK AviI k wfwi Dci `uvo KiZ mg nb|
myjZvb wmKv`vi kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy wMqvmDwb AvRg kvn (1393-1411 wL:) Dcvwa MnY Ki
evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| Bwjqvm kvn I wmKv`vi kvn hy weMn I ^vaxbZv ivq wbR`i `Zvi cwiPq
w`qQb| wKy wMqvmDwb Avhg kvni KwZZ wQj Ab| wZwb Zuvi cRviK ewZi Rb LvwZ ARb
KiQb| wZwb Zuvi ivRZKvj Avmvg wedj Awfhvb ciY Kib| Rbcyii ivRv Lvb Rvnvbi mwnZ wZwb
ezZ vcb Kib| Pxbv mgvU Bqvsjv Zuvi `ievi cwZwbwa `j ciY Kib| wZwbI fQvi wb`kb
wnme Pxbv mgvUi wbKU g~jevb DcXKb ciY Kib| gvUK_v, Avhg kvn Kvb hy bv RovjI wcZv
Ges wcZvgni Mov wekvj ivRZK AUzU ivLZ ciwQjb| myjZvb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn GKRb
bvqwePviK wQjb| wiqvR-Dm-mvjvZxb M Zuvi bvq wePvii GK AwZ Dj Kvwnbx ewYZ AvQ|
mycwZ wnme myjZvb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvni h_ myLvwZ wQj| Kwe-mvwnwZKMYK wZwb mgv`i I kv
KiZb| wZwb Kve iwmK wQjb Ges wbRI dvmx fvlvq KweZv iPbv KiZb| cvimi cLvZ Kwe nvwdRi
m Zuvi cvjvc nZv|
50
gymjgvb wkv I mswZi weKvk Ges evsjv mvwnZi ccvlKZvi Rb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn ei
BwZnvm GK wewk vb AwaKvi Ki iqQb| Zuvi ivRZvKvjB c_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn& gyn`
mMxi BDQyd-RyjLv Kve iPbv Kib| Avhg kvni ivRZKvjB weLvZ mydx mvaK b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjg
cvyqvq Avvbv Mvob| G vb nZB wZwb evsjvi wewfb RvqMvq Bmjvg agi cPvi Ki eovZb| dj
cvyqv Bmjvg wkv I mswZi K` wnme fviZel myLvwZ ARb KiwQj| agwb myjZvbi wbKU nZ
wZwb mecKvi mvnvh jvf KiwQjb| myjZvb gv I gw`bvZI gmwR` I gv`vmv wbgvYi Rb A_ eq
KiZb| Kvbv Kvbv ywU-wePzwZ I e_Zv mI wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn wQjb ei k
myjZvb`i AbZg Ges Bwjqvm kvnx eski kl myjZvb| Zuvi gZyi ci nZB G eski cZb iy nq|
51
RvjvjDwb gvngy` kvni gZzi ci Zuvi R cy kvgmywb Avng` kvn evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| 1433
wLv Avng` kvn AvgvZeMi loh mvw` Lvb I bvwmi Lvb bvgK xZ`vmi nvZ wbnZ nb| Gfve
ivRv MYk I Zuvi eskai`i cvq wk eQii ivRZi Aemvb NU|
GKK KvR
1. myjZvb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn wkv-mswZi ccvlK wQjb cgvY Ki|
2. ivRv MYki Dvbi KviY wek-lY Ki|
52
myjZvb iyKbDxb eieK kvn GKRb gnvcwZ wQjb| Zuvi wewfb wkjvwjwcZ wbR bvg Ges wewfb ivRKxq
Dcvwai m Avj-dvwRj I Avj-Kvwgj G `ywU Dcvwai Dj-L `LZ cvIqv hvq| G nZ cgvwYZ nq h,
eieK kvn wkv mevP Dcvwa jvf KiwQjb| wZwb ay cwZB wQjb bv, wZwb we`v I mvwnZi
ccvlKI wQjb| wn`y I gymjgvb Dfq agiB wevb I cwZ ew Zuvi ccvlKZv jvf KiwQjb|
enwZ wgk wQjb MxZMvwe`UxKv, KzgvimeUxKv, iNyeskUxKv cfwZ Mi jLK| kxK weRq bvgK
weLvZ evsjv Kvei iPwqZv gvjvai emy G mgqi GKRb k cwZ wQjb| evsjv ivgvqYi iPwqZv
Kwevm eieK kvni AbyMn jvf KiwQjb| evmy`eI meZ eieK kvni ccvlKZv jvf Kib| G
mgqi gymjgvb Kwe-mvwnwZK`i ga Bevwng KvBqyg dviyKx, Avgxi RqbDxb nvivfx, Avgxi wknveDxb
wKigvbx I gbmyi wkivRxi bvg weklfve Dj-LhvM| eieK kvn wewfbfve Kwe I mvwnwZK`i mvnvh
KiwQjb| wZwb h GKRb D`vi I Amvc`vwqK gbi bicwZ wQjb Zv wn`y Kwe-cwZ`i ccvlKZv I
e wn`yK DP ivRc` wbqvM nZ eySv hvq| G w`K w`q eieK kvni bvq D`vi gbvfvevcb kvmK ay
evsjvi BwZnvm bn, fviZeli BwZnvmI `yjf|
eieK kvn GKRb cKZ m`hiwmK wQjb| Moi `vwLj `iIqvRv bvg cwiwPZ weivU I my`i ZviYwU
eieK kvn&B wbgvY KiwQjb| G Avgj PMvg Ges cUzqvLvjx Rjvi gxRvM `ywU gmwR` wbwgZ
nqwQj| G mg Kvhvejx weePbv Kij ei myjZvb`i ga eieK kvn&K AbZg k ejv hvq|
1474 wLv eieK kvn cijvK Mgb Kib| ci Zuvi cy mvgmywb Avey gyRvddi BDmyd kvn (14741481 wLt) evsjvi myjZvb nb| wcZv I wcZvgni Mov wekvj mvgvR Zuvi mgq AzY wQj| Zuvi ivR cwg
Dwolv Ges c~e wmjU ch weZ wQj|
BDmyd kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy wmKv`vi kvn wmsnvmb emb| wK wZwb Amy nq coj ZuvK AcmviY
Kiv nq| eieK kvni QvU fvB mvBb RvjvjDxb dZn kvn Dcvwa aviY Ki wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib
(1481-1487 wLt)| wZwb wbR bvg gy`v Rvwi Kib| wKy G mgq ivR`ievi `yhvM `Lv `q| nvemx
xZ`vmiv G mgq Lye gZvkvjx nq DV| G`i cZvc Kgvbvi Rb RvjvjDxb dZn kvn Pv Kib|
GZ mg nvemx xZ`vm GKRvU nq myjZvbi weiy loh iy Ki| myjZvb kvnRv`v wQjb cvmv`
ix`ji cavb| xZ`vmMY cjvfb viv myjZvb kvnRv`v I Zvi Aaxb cvBK`i wbR `jfy Ki|
kvnRv`v ivRcvmv`i Afi dZn kvn&K nZv Ki| dZn kvn wbnZ nj evsjvi wmsnvmb Bwjqvm kvnx
eski kvmbKvji cwimgvw NU| evsjvq nvewk`i ivRZi m~Pbv nq|
GKK KvR : myjZvb iyKbDxb eieK kvni Kvb& c`c ivRi Rb wnZKi wQj Zv Abymvb Ki|
nvemx kvmb
evsjvi nvemx kvmb gv Qq eQi (1487-1493 wLt) vqx wQj| G mgq G`ki BwZnvm wQj Abvq,
AwePvi, we`vn, loh Avi nZvkvq cwic~Y| G mgq PviRb nvemx myjZvbi ga wZbRb nvemx myjZvbKB
nZv Kiv nq|
53
nvemx bZv myjZvb kvnRv`v eieK kvn Dcvwa wbq c_g evsjvi gZvq emb| wK KqK gvmi gaB
wZwb nvemx mbvcwZ gvwjK Avw`ji nvZ wbnZ nb| gvwjK Avw`j mvBdzwb wdiyR kvn Dcvwa wbq
wmsnvmb emb| GKgv Zuvi wZb eQii ivRZKvji (1487-1490 wLt) BwZnvmB wKQyUv Miegq wQj|
Zuvi gZzi ci gZvq Avmb wZxq bvwmiDwb kvngy` kvn| wKy wKQyKvj (1490-1491 wLt) ivRZ Kivi
ciB wZwb wbnZ nb| GK nvemx m`vi ZuvK nZv Ki kvgmywb gyRvddi kvn bvg wbq wmsnvmb emb
(1491-1493 wL:)| AZvPvix I nZvKvix wnme Zvi KzLvwZ wQj| dj Moi mv jvKiv gyRvddi
kvni weiy we`vn Ki| we`vnx`i mv_ hvM `b gyRvddi kvni DwRi mq` nvmb| Aekl
gyRvddi kvn wbnZ nb| Zuvi gZzi m mB evsjvq nvewk kvmbi Aemvb NU|
54
wZwb AvivKvbx`i PMvg _K weZvwoZ Kib| G mgq w`j-xi myjZvb wmKv`vi jv`x evsjv AvgY Kij
wZwb Zv cwZnZ Kib| GKgv Avmvg Awfhvb wZwb mdj nZ cvibwb| Zuvi wekvj ivR me iKg
wbivcv weavb mb kvn mdj nqwQjb| wZwb `xN Qvwek eQi (1493-1519 wLt) ivRZ Kib| G my`xN
mgq mvdji mv_ ivR cwiPvjbv Ki G gnvb myjZvb 1519 wLv gZyeiY Kib|
AvjvDxb mb kvn& mykvmK I `~i`kx ivRbxwZwe` wQjb| kvmb
eevi cybMVb Ges RbKjvY mvabi Dk wZwb h_
D`g, wbv I wePYZvi cwiPq w`qQb| ivRvi Rb ivR RqB
kl K_v bq hyMvchvMx I bvqwfwK kvmbeevI h
Acwinvh, Zv wZwb Dcjw KiwQjb| kvmbKvh cwiPvjbvq I
cRvcvjbi wZwb RvwZ I agi Kvbv cv_K mw Kibwb|
wn`y I gymjgvb-Dfq mc`vqi ga mnv` I mcxwZ vcbi
viv GKwU myz, my`i I KjvYgyLx kvmbeevi cwZv Zuvi j
wQj| GRb GKRb Muvov mybx gymjgvb nIqv mI wZwb wewfb
wn`yK hvMZv Abymvi kvmbKvh wbqvM KiwQjb| wn`yw`MK
DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb wZwb Zv`iK wewfb DcvwaI c`vb KiZb|
wn`y`i cwZ mvBb kvni G D`viZv myzfve kvmbKvh wbevni
wP : kxPZb
wekl djcm~ nqwQj Ges evOvwj`i wbR^ HwZn mwZ
mnvqZv KiwQj| Bnv Zuvi ivRbwZK `~i`wkZviI cwiPq enb Ki| mb kvni G agxq D`viZv Zuvi
DivwaKvix`iI DrmvwnZ KiwQj| Zuvi kvwc~Y ivRZKvj cRviv myL-kvwZ evm KiZ|
mb kvni wn`y-gymjvgb mcxwZ vcbi cPv ZrKvjxb mgvR-RxebKI cfvweZ KiwQj| Zuvi
kvmbKvjB Avwefve NU ee agi ceZK kxPZbi| mb kvn Zuvi cwZ D`vi gbvfve cvlY KiZb
Ges ZuvK ag cPvi me iKgi mnvqZv Kivi Rb KgPvix`i cwZ wb`k `b| mZcxii Avivabv mb
kvni kvmbKvji Avi GKwU Dj-LhvM NUbv| mZcxii Avivabv wn`y-gymjgvb mxwZ cwZvi
GKwU Dj cPv|
evsjv mvwnZi DbwZ I weKvk mb kvni kvmbKvjK BwZnvm Agi Ki iLQ| Zuvi D`vi ccvlKZv
wbtm`n evsjv mvwnZi kxew mvab KiQ| mb kvn hvM Kwe I mvwnwZKMYK DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb
cyivi c`vb KiZb| G hyMi cLvZ Kwe I jLK`i ga ic Mv^vgx, mbvZb Mv^vgx, gvjvai emy,
weRq, wec`vm, civMj Lvb I hkvivR Lvb Dj-LhvM wQjb| mb kvni ccvlKZvq Zuviv AmsL
M iPbv Kib| Zuv`i wbijm mvwnZ-KxwZ evsjvi BwZnvmK mg KiQ| G mgq gvjvai emy
kxgvMer I cyivY Ges cigki gnvfviZ evsjv fvlvq Abyev` Kib| AvjvDxb mb kvn Aviex I
dvmx fvlviI D`vi ccvlK wQjb|
mb kvn GKRb wbvevb gymjgvb wQjb| wbR ag I mydx mvaK`i cwZ Zuvi Acwimxg wbv I fw wQj|
Zuvi ivRZKvj `ki wewfb vb AmsL gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| G mg gmwR`i ga Moi QvU
mvbv gmwR` mePq Dj-LhvM| ivR Bmjvgx mswZi weKvki Rb AbK LvbKvn& I gv`vmv wbwgZ
55
56
AvdMvb kvmb
gyNj mgvU evei I Zuvi cy gvqyb mbkvnx hyMi klw`K _KB Pv KiwQjb evsjvK gyNj AwaKvi
wbq AvmZ| wK AvdMvb`i KviY gyNj`i G Dk c_g w`K mdj nqwb| AvdMvb bZv ki Lvb
k~ii mv_ hy Rwoq cob mgvU gvqyb| ki Lvbi wcZv nvmvb Lvb k~i wenvi AewZ mvmvivg
Aji RvqwMi`vi wQjb| wcZvi gZzi ci wZwb RvqwMi`vi wnme wbqvM jvf Kib| G mgq wenvii
RvqwMi`vi Rvjvj Lvb bvevjK ej Zuvi AwffveKi `vwqZ MnY Kib ki Lvb|
mgM fviZi AwacwZ nIqvi ^c wQj ki Lvbi| ZvB Mvcb wZwb wbRi kw ew KiZ _vKb| G j
A mgqi ga ki Lvb kwkvjx Pzbvi `yM I wenvi AwaKvi Kib| wZwb 1537 wLv `yevi evsjvi
ivRavbx Mo AvgY Kib| Gevi mZK nb w`j-xi gyNj mgvU gvqyb| wZwb ki Lvbi wcQy avIqv Ki
evsjvi ivRavbx Mo AwaKvi Ki bb| Moi PgrKvi cvmv` I cvKwZK m`h gy nq gvqyb Gi
bvgKiY Kib RvbvZev`| mgvU Mo 6 gvm Avgv` d~wZZ Mv fvwmq `b| G myhvM wbRi kw
evovZ _vKb ki Lvb| w`j-x _K Lei Avm gvqybi mrfvB wn`vj wmsnvmb `Lj Kivi loh KiQb|
G Lei cq gvqyb w`j-xi w`K hvv Kib| G myhvM KvR jvMvb ki Lvb| wZwb IuZ cZ _vKb evii
wbKU Pmv bvg vb| Mv b`xi Zxi G vb gvqyb cuQvj ki Lvb Zuvi Ici Suvwcq cob| AcZ
gvqyb civwRZ nb (1539 wLt)|
gyNj mgvU gvqybK civwRZ Ki ki Lvb ki kvn Dcvwa bb| wZwb wbRK wenvii ^vaxb myjZvb
wnme NvlYv Kib| Gevi evsjvi w`K `w `b wZwb| 1540 wLv gyNj kvmbKZv Avjx KzwjK
civwRZ Ki wZwb evsjv `Lj Kib| G eQiB wZwb gvqybK KbRi wbKU wejMvgi hy P~ovfve
57
civwRZ Ki w`wj-i wmsnvmb AwaKvi Kib| Gfve `xNw`b ci evsjv Avevi w`j-xi kvmb Pj Avm| PMvg
I wmjU ch mgM evsjv`k ki kvni mvgvRfy wQj| ki kvn k~i eski ej G mgqi evsjvi kvmb
wQj k~i AvdMvb eski kvmb|
ki kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy Rvjvj Lvb Bmjvg Lvb bvg aviY Ki w`j-xi wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wZwb
AvU eQi (1545-1553 wLt) ivRZ Kib| wK Bmjvg Lvbi gZzi ci Zuvi bvevjK cy wdiyR Lvbi
wmsnvmb AvivnYi m m m~i eski ga `jv`wj iy nq| ki Lvbi fvM gyevwiR Lvb wdiyR LvbK
nZv Ki gyn` Avw`j bvg aviY Ki w`j-xi wmsnvmb emb|
fviZeli ivRbwZK NUbvejx nZ G mgq evsjv wewQb wQj bv| ZvB Bmjvg Lvbi gZzi m mB
evsjvi AvdMvb kvmK gyn` Lvb m~i ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| Dcvwa aviY Kib gyn` kvn k~i| G mgq
nZ cieZx Kzwo eQi ch evsjv ^vaxb wQj| gyn` kvn m~i Di fviZ mvgvR wevii Dk gyn`
Avw`j kvn m~ii mwnZ cwZwZvq AeZxY nb| wZwb Rbcyi Rq Ki AvMvi w`K AMmi nb| wK P~ov
chvq wZwb civwRZ I wbnZ nb|
gyn` kvn m~i wbnZ nj w`j-xi ev`kvn Avw`j kvn kvnevR LvbK evsjvi kvmbKZv wbhy Kib| gyn`
kvni cy wLwRi Lvb ZLb Gjvnvev` Aevb KiwQjb| wcZvi gZz msev` cq m m wZwb
wMqvmDxb evnv`yi kvn Dcvwa MnY Ki wbRK evsjvi ^vaxb myjZvb ej NvlYv Kib| wKQyw`b ci wZwb
kvnevR LvbK civwRZ Ki evsjvi wmsnvmb AwaKvi Kib|
G mgq w`j-xi ivRbwZK cwiwwZ h_ NvjvU nq DV| ki kvni eskai`i `yejZvi myhvM gyNj
ev`kvn qvq~b ^xq ivR cybiyvi Kib| wK w`j-xZ Zuvi KZZ cwZwZ njI evsjvq wZwb gyNj AvwacZ
wevi Kivi myhvM cjb bv| gvqybi gZzi ci Zuvi cy AvKei w`j-xi wmsnvmb AvivnY Ki k~i eskxq
AvdMvb bZe`K GK GK `gb Kivi Rb AMmi njb| cvwbc_i wZxq hy (1556 wLt) Avw`j
kvni mbvcwZ wngy gyNj mb`i wbKU civwRZ I wbnZ nb| GZ Avw`j kvn AZ `yej nq cob|
AZtci wZwb evsjvi w`K cjvqb Kijb| cw_ga myiRMoi wbKUeZx dZncyi myjZvb wMqvmDxb
evnv`yi kvn KZK GK hy civwRZ I wbnZ nb (1557 wLt)|
evsjv weRqx AvdMvb myjZvb wMqvmDxb evnv`yi kvn Rbcyii w`K AMmi nj gyNj mbvcwZ Lvb-B-Rvgvb
Zuvi MwZiva Kib| K~UKzkjx evnv`yi kvn Lvb-B-Rvgvbi m wgZv vcb Ki evsjvq cZveZb Kib|
Gici wZwb evsjvi evwni Avi Kvbv Awfhvb ciY Kibwb| 1560 wLv Zuvi gZz nq|
wMqvmDxb evnv`yi kvni gZzi ci Zuvi vZv RvjvjDxb k~i wZxq wMqvmDxb Dcvwa MnY Ki evsjvi
wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wZwbI Zuvi vZvi bvq gyNj`i m ezZ iv Ki PjZb| 1563 wLv
wZwb kl wbtkvm ZvM Kij Zuvi GKgv cy evsjvi wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wK Zuvi bvg Rvbv hvqwb|
gv mvZ gvm ivRZ Kivi ci ZZxq wMqvmDxb bvg RbK AvdMvb `jbZv ZuvK nZv Ki evsjvi
wmsnvmb AwaKvi Kib| wK wZwbI ewk w`b ivRZ KiZ cvibwb| KiivYx eski ivRv ZvR Lvb KiivYx
wMqvmDxbK nZv Ki evsjvi wmsnvmb wbRK cwZwZ Kib|
58
ZvR Lvb KiivYx I myjvqgvb Lvb KiivYx ki kvni mbvcwZ wQjb| KbRi hy KwZZc~Y Ae`vbi Rb
ki kvn Zv`iK `wY wenvi RvqMxi c`vb Kib| Bmjvg kvni ivRZKvj ZvR Lvb KiivYx mbvcwZ I
K~UbwZK civgk`vZv wnme wekl KwZZi cwiPq `b| Bmjvg kvni evjKcy I DivwaKvix wdiyhi mgq
ZvR Lvb DwRi wbhy nb| wdiyhK nZv Ki Zuvi gvZzj gyn` Avw`j m~i wmsnvmb emb| G mgq ZvR Lvb
KiivYx cvwjq wMq vZv`i mnvqZvq `wY wenvi cvavb vcb Kib| 1557 wLv ZvR Lvb KiivYx
bvggv evsjvi myjZvb evnv`yi kvn k~ii ekZv ^xKvi Kib| wKQyw`b ci wZwb m~Yic ^vaxb nq cob|
evsjvi wmsnvmbi cwZI Zvi `w wQj| wZwb myhvMi A^lY wQjb| AvZbvgv wMqvmDxb hLb k~i
eski wmsnvmb `Lj Kib ZLb myhvM eyS ZvR Lvb I Zuvi vZviv wMqvmDxbK civwRZ I wbnZ Ki
Mo `Lj Kib| Gfve ZvR Lvb KiivYx evsjvq KiivYx eski ivRZ cwZv Kib|
ZvR Lvb KiivYxi gZyi ci 1565 wLv Zuvi fvB myjvqgvb Lvb KiivYx evsjvi myjZvb nb| G ` kvmK
AvdMvb bZv`i Zuvi `jfy Kib| Gfve evsjv I wenvii AwaKvsk GjvKv Zuvi Awafy nq| DwolvZI
Zuvi AwaKvi cwZwZ nq| myjvqgvb KiivYxi we DwRi jv`x Lvbi civgk wZwb gyNj mgvU AvKeii mv_
mymK iv Ki PjwQjb| wZwb mec_g Mo nZ gvj`ni 15 gvBj `wY-cwg AewZ Zvvq
ivRavbx vbvi Kib| 1572 wLv myjvqgvb KiivYxi gZy nj cy evqwR` wmsnvmb emb| wKy
AKvj ciB G AZvPvix myjZvbK nZv Kib AvdMvb m`viiv| Gevi wmsnvmb emb myjvqgvb KiivYxi
wZxq cy `vD` KiivYx| wZwbB wQjb evsjvq kl AvdMvb kvmK| `vD` KiivYx Lye A`~i`kx kvmK wQjb|
wekvj ivR I ab Hkh `L wZwb wbRK mgvU AvKeii mgK fveZ _vKb| GZw`b evsjv I wenvii
AvdMvb kvmKMY cKvk gyNj mgvUi cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk KiZb| wK `vD` ^vaxb mgvUi gZ ev`kvn
Dcvwa MnY Kib Ges wbR bvg Lyrev cvV Kib I gy`v Rvwi Kib|
AvdMvbiv GgwbZB gyNj`i ky wQj| Zvi Ici evsjv-wenvi gyNj`i AwaKvi bv _vKvq mgvU AvKeii
^w wQjbv| `vD` KiivYxi AvPiY AvKeiK evsjv AvgYi myhvM Ki w`j| c_g AvKei Rbcyii
kvmbKZv gywbg LvbK wb`k `b KiivYx ivR AvgY KiZ| c_gw`K mivmwi AvgY Kibwb gywbg
Lvb| DwRi jv`x Lvbi civgk gywbg Lvbi mv_ Zuvi ezZ wQj| `vD` Lvb DwRi jv`xi civgk gywbg
Lvbi mv_ abiZ w`q Avcvm Kib| wKy AwPiB G Aevi cwieZb nq| `vD` wKQy lohKvixi
civgk fyj evSb DwRi jv`xK| `vD`i wb`k nZv Kiv nq ZuvK| jv`xi eywi YB GZw`b gyNj
AvgYi nvZ _K iv cqwQj evsjv I wenvi| gywbg Lvbi Avi euvav iBj bv| gywbg Lvb jv`xi gZzi ci
1573 wLv wenvi _K AvdMvb`i nwUq `b| AvdMvbiv BZvga wbR`i fZi weev` Ki `yej
nq cowQj| G myhvM gywbg Lvb evsjvi w`K AMmi nb| KiivYx`i evsjvi ivRavbx wQj Zvvq|
AvdMvbiv Zvv Qo wcQy nU| Avkq bq Mjx Rjvi mMvg| ivRavbx AwaKvi Ki gyNj mbivI AMmi
nq mMvg-G| `vD` Lvb cvwjq hvb Dwolvq| gywbg Lvb Zvvq gyNj ivRavbx cwZv Kib| G mgq
Zvvq c-M ivM `Lv w`j gywbg Lvbmn AbK gyNj mb G ivM gviv hvb| dj wekLjv `Lv `q| G
Aevi myhvM `vD` KiivYx cwg I Di evsjv cybivq AwaKvi Ki bb| Abw`K fvwU Aji Rwg`vi
Cmv Lvb c~e evsjv _K gyNj mb`i nwUq `b| gyNj mbiv Gevi evsjv Qo Avkq bq wenvi|
59
gywbg Lvbi gZz msev` AvMvq cuQvj mgvU AvKei evsjvi kvmbKZv Ki cvVvb Lvb Rvnvb mb Kzjx
LvbK| Zuvi mnKvix wbhy nb ivRv UvWigj| evsjvq cek c_ ivRgnj gyNj mb`i euvav `b `vD`
KiivYx| gyNj`i mvnvh GwMq Avmb wenvii kvmbKZv gyRvddi Lvb ZzievwZ| 1576 wLv
ivRgnji wbKU gyNj I AvdMvb`i ga GK Zzgyj hy nq| ivRgnji hy `vD` KiivYxi P~ov civRq
NU| ci ZuvK gZz` `Iqv nq| Gfve evsjvq KiivYx AvdMvb kvmbi Aemvb NwUq gyNj kvmbi
m~cvZ nq| Aek evi f~uBqv`i euvavi gyL gyNj kvmb ewk `~i weZ nZ cviwb|
GKK KvR : evsjvq AvdMvb kvmb Kxfve cwZwZ nqwQj Zv evLv Ki|
GjvKvi bvg
XvKv Rjvi Aavsk, cvq mgM gqgbwmsn Rjv Ges cvebv,
eov I iscyi Rjvi wKQy Ask|
kxcyi (wegcyi, gyxM)
fvIqvj
mivBj (wcyivi Di mxgvq)
evKvBbMi (wmjU)
wezcyi (evKzov)
fyjyqv (bvqvLvjx)
P`xc (ewikvj)
Pv`cZvc (gvwbKM)
f~lYv (dwi`cyi)
ewikvj Rjvi Ask wekl
c_g w`K evi f~uBqv`i bZv wQjb Cmv Lvb| mb kvnx eski Aemvb nj Cmv Lvbi wcZv myjvqgvb Lvb
mvbviMuvI Aj Rwg`vix cwZv Kib| wLwRicyi `yM wQj Zuvi kwi cavb K`| mvbviMuvI I wLwRicyii
wbKUeZx KvZ&ivey Zuvi ivRavbx wQj| `vD` KiivYxi cZbi ci wZwb mvbviMuvI-G ivRavbx vcb Kib|
evi f~uBqv`i `gb Kivi Rb mgvU AvKei wekl gbvhvM `b| GRb wZwb 1583 wLv kvnevR Lvb,
1585 wLv mvw`K Lvb, 1586 wLv DwRi Lvb I 1594 wLv ivRv gvbwmsnK evsjvi myev`vi Ki
60
cvVvb| Zuviv Cmv Luvb I Abvb Rwg`vii mv_ eevi hy Kib| wKy evi f~uBqv`i bZv Cmv LvbK m~Y
civwRZ Kiv me nqwb| wZwb mgvU AvKeii AvbyMZ ^xKvii wewbgq wbRi AvwacZ eRvq ivLb|
Abw`K wZwb gyNj`i weiy ^vaxbZv NvlYv Ki gmb`-B-Avjv Dcvwa aviY KiwQjb|
1599 wLv Ckv Lvbi gZz nj evi f~uBqv`i bZv nb Zuvi cy g~mv Lvb| Gw`K 1601 wLv
gvbwmsnK wZxqevii gZ evsjvq cvVvbv nq| Gevi gvbwmsn wKQyUv mdj nb| 1603 wLv g~mv Lvb GK
b-hy gvbwmsni nvZ civwRZ nb| wKy P~ov mvdj ARb Kivi AvM mgvU AvKeii AmyZvi Lei
Avm| mgvUi WvK gvbwmsn AvMvq wdi hvb|
mgvU AvKeii gZzi ci Zuvi cy mwjb Rvnvxi bvg aviY Ki 1605 wLv w`j-xi wmsnvmb AvivnY
Kib| wZwb gvbwmsnK Avevi evsjvq ciY Kib| GK eQi ci 1606 wLv KzZzeyxb KvKvK evsjvi
myev`vi wbqvM Kiv nq| KzZzeyxb ki AvdKzbi nvZ cvY nvivb| Zuvi cieZx myev`vi Rvnvxi KzjxLvb GK
eQi ci gviv hvb| Gi ci Bmjvg Lvb 1608 wLv ei myev`vi wbhy nb|
evsjvi evi f~uBqv`i `gb Ki G`k gyNj kvmb cwZv mgvU Rvnvxii ivRZKvji KwZZc~Y Kvh| Avi
G KwZZi `vwe`vi myev`i Bmjvg Lvb (1608-1613 wL:)| kvmbfvi MnY KiB wZwb eySZ cvib h, evi
fu~Bqv`i bZv g~mv LvbK `gb KiZ cvijB Zuvi c Abvb Rwg`vi`iK ekxf~Z Kiv mnRmva ne|
mRb wZwb ivRgnj nZ XvKvq ivRavbx vbvi Kivi wmv MnY Kib| KviY, g~mv Lvbi NuvwU
mvbviMuvI XvKvi A`~i wQj| evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj _K XvKvq Avmvi c_ Bmjvg Lvb ek KRb
Rwg`vii AvbyMZ jvf KiwQjb|
evi f~uBqv`i gvKvejv Kivi Rb Bmjvg Lvb kwkvjx b-eni Mo Zvjb| g~mv Lvbi mv_ c_g msNl
euva 1609 wLv KiZvqv b`xi c~eZxi hvvcyi| GLvb g~mv Lvbi `yM wQj| hy g~mv Lvb I Abvb
Rwg`vi kl ch wcQy nUb| Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLv XvKvq cek Kib| G mgq _K XvKv nq evsjvi
ivRavbx| mgvUi bvg Abymvi XvKvi bvg ivLv nq Rvnvxi bMi|
Gici cybivq g~mv Lvbi bZZ gyNj`i euvav `evi Rb Rwg`vi`i b-eni GKwZ nq kxZjv b`xZ|
Bmjvg Lvb Gi cwg Zxii wewfb vb mb`j I b-eni ciY Kib| 1611 wLv Bmjvg Lvbi
m Rwg`vi`i hy iy nq| b`xi c~e cvo AewZ g~mv Lvbi K`g imyj `yMmn Abvb `yM gyNj`i
AwaKvi Avm| Aevi wechq g~mv Lvb mvbviMuvI Pj Avmb| ivRavbx wbivc` bq gb Ki wZwb gNbv
b`xZ AewZ Bevwngcyi xc Avkq bb| gyNj mbiv mvbviMuvI AwaKvi Ki bb| Gi dj Rwg`viMY
eva nb AvZmgcY KiZ| Kvb Dcvq bv `L g~mv LvbI kl ch gyNj`i wbKU AvZmgcY eva nb|
Bmjvg Lvb g~mv LvbK Abvb Rwg`vi`i gZv ZuvKI Zuvi Rwg`vwiZ gyNj`i Aaxb RvqwMii `vwqZ
w`jb| Gici g~mv Lvb mgvUi AbyMZ RvqwMi`vi wnme evwK Rxeb AwZevwnZ Kib| g~mv Lvbi
AvZmgcY Abvb Rvwg`viMY wbivk nq gyNj mgvUi ekZv ^xKvi Kib| Gfve evsjvi evi f~uBqv`i
kvmbi Aemvb NU|
`jxq KvR : cieZx cvq Dj-wLZ QK evi f~uBqv`i bvg I mwVK Aj wgj Ki (5wU) :
bvg
61
Aj
62
63
mgvU AvIRei gZzi ci `yej gyNj mgvUMY `~ieZx myevjvi w`K Zgb `w w`Z cvibwb| dj
Gme Aji myev`viMY AbKUv ^vaxbfve wbR`i Aj kvmb KiZ _vKb| gywk` Kzjx LvbI AbKUv
^vaxb nq cob| wZwb bvggv mgvUi AvbyMZ cKvk KiZb Ges evwlK 1 KvwU 3 j UvKv ivR^
cvVvZb| gywk` Kzjx Lvbi ci Zuvi RvgvZv myRvDwb Lvb evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| Gfve evsjvi mye`vwi
eskMZ nq co| Avi GiB c_ ai cybivq cwZwZ nq evsjvi ^vaxb kvmb|
beve gywk` Kzjx Lvbi mgq _KB evsjv myev cvq ^vaxb nq co| G mgq myevK ejv nZv wbRvgZ Avi
myev`vii e`j c`ex nq bvwRg| bvwRg c`wU nq co eskMZ| myev`vi ev bvwRgMY evsjvi wmsnvmb
em gyNj mgvUi KvQ _K ay GKwU Abygv`b wbq wbZb| ZvB AvVviv kZKi evsjvq gyNj kvmbi
BwZnvm wbRvgZ ev bevwe Avgjic cwiwPZ| Avi cvq ^vaxb kvmKMY cwiwPZ nb beve wnme|
ivR^ msvi gywk` Kzjx Lvbi mevwaK iYxq KxwZ| wZwb f~wg Rwic Ki ivqZ`i mvg_ Abyhvqx ivR^
wbaviY KiwQjb| ivR^ Av`vqK wbwZ I wbqwgZ Kivi Rb wZwb Dchy eev MnY KiwQjb| wZwb
KgPvix`i mvnvh f~wgi cKZ Drcvw`Kv kw I evwYR Kii mwVK Z_ msMn KiZb| G cwZZ ga
ew`i viv cRv`i nqivwbi Kvbv myhvM wQj bv|
gywk` Kzjx Lvb `ki A_bwZK mgwi Rb eemv-evwYR cmvii iyZ weklfve Dcjw KiwQjb|
RvwZ-ag wbwekl BsiR, divmx I cviwmK eemvqx`iK wZwb Drmvn c`vb KiZb| eemvqxiv hvZ
wbw` cPwjZ Ki c`vb Ki Ges Zv`i cwZ hvZ Kvbv AwePvi Kiv bv nq mw`K `w ivLvi Rb mswk-
KgPvix`i wb`k w`qwQjb| Zuvi ccvlKZvi KviYB evsjvi eemv-evwYR mcmvwiZ nqwQj|
KjKvZv, PzuPzov I P`bbMi wewfb we`kx ewYK`i eemvi K` wnme Mo DV|
gywk` Kzjx Lvbi Kvbv cy mvb wQjbv| ZvB Zuvi Kbv wRbvZ-Db-wbmvi ^vgx myRvDwb LvbK (17271739 wLt) mgvU diiyL wkqvi evsjvi myev`vi wbqvM Kib| myRvDwb GKRb ^vaxb bevei ghv`v wbq
wmsnvmb emb| wZwb wQjb GKRb ` kvmK| evsjv, wenvi, Dwolv wZb c`kiB beve nqwQjb wZwb|
wZwb Zuvi AvZxq^Rb I wekvmfvRb`i DPc` `vb Kib| Rwg`vi`i mv_I GKwU mymK Mo Zvjb|
wKy myRvDwbi kl Rxeb myL KvUwb| cvmv`i AbK KgKZv Zuvi weiy loh KiZ _vKb| wKy `
nvZ wZwb msKU gvKvwejv Kib| myRvDwbi gZzi ci Zuvi cy midivR Lvb evsjv-wenvi-Dwolvi beve
nb| Zuvi AhvMZvi KviY `kRyo wekLjv `Lv `q| G myhvM wenvii bvqe-B-bvwRg Avjxe`x Lvb
midivRK AvgY Kib| midivR civwRZ I wbnZ nb| gyNj mgvUi Abygv`b bq, evej evsjvi gZv
`Lj Kib Avjxe`x Lvb| Avjxe`xi kvmbKvj (1740-1756 wL:) evsjvq kvw cwZwZ nq|
AbKw`b _KB eMx bvg cwiwPZ gvivwV `myiv evsjvi wewfb Aj AvgY Ki RbRxeb AwZ Ki
ZzjwQj| Avjxe`x Lvb 1742 _K 1751 wLv ch 10 eQi cwZiva Ki eMx`i `k Qvov KiZ
mg nb| Zuvi kvmbKvj AvdMvb mbiv we`vn Kij wZwb k nvZ Zv `gb Kib| Avjxe`xi mgq
BsiRmn AbK BDivcxq ewYKi evwYwRK ZrciZv evsjvi wewfb Ask Qwoq co| GKB mv_ Giv
mvgwiK kwI mq KiZ _vK| Avjxe`x Lvb k nvZ ewYK`i ZrciZv iva Kib|
Avjxe`x Lvb Zuvi Kwb Kbv Avgbv eMgi cy wmivRDjvK Zuvi DivwaKvix gbvbxZ Kib| Avjxe`xi
c_g Kbv NlwU eMgi BQ wQj Zuvi wZxq fwMi cy kIKZ R beve neb| dj wZwb wmivRDjvi
weiy loh KiZ _vKb| KqKRb AwfRvZi mg_b jvf Kib NlwU eMg| G`i ga ivq `yjf,
64
RMrkV, gxiRvdi, DwgPuv`, ivRej-f cgyLi bvg Kiv hvq| cvmv`i fZi G lohK KvR jvMvq evsjvq
evwYR KiZ Avmv B Bwqv Kvvwbi myPZzi BsiR ewYKiv| lohKvix`i mv_ Zviv nvZ gjvq|
Aekl BsiR`i mv_ hy eva bevei| 1757 mvji 23 Ryb cjvkxi hy bevei mbvcwZ gxiRvdi
wekvmNvZKZv Ki hy AskMnY weiZ _vKb| Amnvqfve civRq NU wmivRDjvi| GfveB cjvkxi
hyi ga w`q evsjvq BsiR kvmbi wfw vwcZ nq| Avi GKB mv_ evsjvi ga hyMiI Aemvb NU|
KvR :
1.
2.
3.
4.
kvmKi bvg
Bmjvg Lvb
BIR LjRx
kvqv Lvb
AvjvDxb mb kvn
kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvn
avivevwnK bvg
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. Moi bvg RvbvZvev` K ivLb?
K. kikvn
L. gvqyb
M. Rvnvxi
N. AvKei
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
65
L. i I ii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1.
Uwjwfkb cvPxb ivgvb hvv`i hyi Qwe `LwQj mvnj| m `Lj hyi Kkj wnme GKwU
`ji mbvcwZ Zvi hvv`i wewfb Dc`j wef Ki AvgYi cwiKbv KiQ| mbvcwZ G mKj
hvv`i Rjc_ AwZ msMvcb wbR`i Avovj Ki wec `ji cvmv` AvgY Pvwjq cvmv` `Lj
Ki bq|
K. ivRv MYk w`bvRcyii Kvb Aji ivRv wQjb?
L. Bwjqvm kvnK gahyMi gymjgvb evsjvi BwZnvm c_g evOvwj RvZxqZvev`i cev ejv nq Kb?
M. DxcK weRqx mbvcwZi hy Kkji cwZdjb cvV eB Gi Kvb ewi Kg cwZdwjZ nqQ?
evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D ew c_gRxeb wewfb e_ njI fvM I Kgkwi mswgkY ZvK
mdjZv Gb `q? hyw `vI|
2.
cvnvwo Aji cZ GjvKv nvBQwo| hvMvhvM eev mnRmva bv nIqvq mLvbKvi Drcvw`Z cY
mgqgZ evRviRvZ Kiv Kmva| cvnvoi Xvjy RwgZ cPzi Kjv Drcvw`Z nIqvq mjv mgqgZ
evRviRvZ Kiv me nqwb| GKeviB ^g~j Kjv wew nIqv `L zj coyqv `yRq eoyqv Zvi gvK
ejj G Zv `wL BwZnvmi cybivew|
K. evsjvq gymjgvb kvmK`i ga K b evwnbxi Mvovcb Kib?
L. evsjvK eyjMvKcyi ejv nqwQj Kb?
M. `yRqi evsjvi BwZnvmi Kvb kvmKi K_v gb co hvq? evLv Ki|
N. D kvmKi kvmbKvjK vcZ wki ^YhyM ejvK hwK gb Ki wK?
l Aavq
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gahyM evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK I mvswZK cwieZb myjZvb I gyNj kvmKMYi Ae`vb evLv
KiZ cvie|
gahyM evsjvi eemv-evwYR, vcZ I wPKjvi weKvk myjZvb I gyNj kvmKMYi Ae`vb
g~jvqb KiZ cvie|
gahyM myjZvwb I gyNj kvmbvgj evsjvi agxq Aev eYbv KiZ cvie|
gahyM evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi De I weKvk myjZvb I gyNj kvmKMYi Ae`vb wPwZ KiZ
cvie|
myjZvwb I gyNj Avgji Ae`vb I vcZ wb`kbi HwZnvwmK iyZ Abyaveb Ki cwi`kb AvMnx
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gymjgvb mgvR
gahyM evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbKvj ivi megq KZv wnme kvmK wQjb mgvR Rxeb mevP ghv`vi
AwaKvix| wn`yivI kvmKi G AcwZx mvgvwRK ghv`v I cvavb gb wbqwQj| kvmK, weklZ gymjgvb
mgvR Rxebi bZv wnme myjZvbK KZKjv wekl `vwqZ cvjb KiZ nZv| Rygv Ges C`i bvgvR
LyZev cvV gymjgvb kvmKi GKwU wekl KZe wQj| ZuvK gymjgvb mgvRi bZv wnme wewfb agxq I
mvgvwRK Abyvb hvM w`Z nZv| gymjgvb`i HK I agxq PZbvi cmvii Rb kvmKMY wbR wbR ivR
gmwR`, gv`vmv, LvbKvn BZvw` wbgvY KiZb|
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gymjgvb kvmKMY RgKvjv ivRcvmv` evm KiZb| Zuv`i ivRavbxI bvbv iKg gbvgyKi AvwjKvq
mymwZ wQj| Hkh I AvbyvwbKZv QvovI ivR`ievii wekl ewk wQj vbx I Yx ew`i mgvek|
kvmKMY vb-wevb I wk-mswZi D`vi ccvlK wQjb|
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Djgv cgyL eweM mgvR h_ cfvekvjx wQjb| agcivqY I wkwZ eww`MK RbMY h_ kv
KiZ| RbmvaviY Qvov gymjgvb kvmKMY Zuv`iK wekl kv KiZb| Zuv`i cwZ kvi wb`kb wnme
fvZv Ges Rwg eiv Kiv nZv|
DjgvMY Bmjvgx wkvq Awf wQjb| Zuv`i ga nZ KvRx, m`i Ges Abvb ag welqK KgPvix wbqvM
Kiv nZv| kLMY agxq I AvavwZK welq RbMYK wkv w`Zb| gahyM evsjvq gymjgvb mgvRi
AMMwZi Zuv`i Dj-LhvM f~wgKv wQj|
gahyM evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR GKwU AwfRvZ mc`vq Mo DVwQj| hvMZv, cwZfv I vbi viv Zviv
wbR`i mvaviY gvbyli Zzjbvq GKwU Avjv`v kwY wnme Mo ZzjwQjb| vb-wevb I wki mvabvi
viv Zviv Zv`i RxweKv wbevn KiZb| h Kvbv ew Zvi hvMZv I cwZfv viv ivi ghv`vc~Y c` emZ
cviZb| G myjZvb wMqvmDxb BIR wLjRx I mye`vi gykx` Kyjx Lvbi `v Dj-LhvM| Aek
cieZx mgq G wbqgi ewZg NU| DivwaKvim~ ghv`vc~Y miKvwi c` jvfi bxwZ cPwjZ nq| G hyM
mvgwiK I wePvi wefvMi DPc` KgPvix`i wbq miKvwi AwfRvZ kwY Mo DVwQj| wbg kwYi miKvwi
KgPvix`i wbq gawe kwYi mw nq| KlK, ZuvZx Ges wewfb kwgK`i wbq ZZxq kwY MwVZ wQj|
KlK`i AwaKvskB wQj wn`y| KZKjv ckv gymjgvb`i Rb GKPwUqv wQj| gymjgvb mgvR KZKjv
mvgvwRK Drme cvjb Kiv nZv| Gjv GLbI gymjgvbMY cvjb Ki| mvb Rbjvf GKwU Avb``vqK
evcvi wQj| gymjgvbMY beRvZ wki bvgKiYK K` Ki AvwKKv bvgK wekl Abyvb cvjb KiZb|
LvZ&bv gymjgvb mgvRi GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ mvgvwRK c_v wQj| weevn gymjgvb mgvRi GKwU wekl
DrmegyLi Abyvb| gjfxiv gymjgvb ixwZ- bxwZ Abyhvqx weevnKvh mb KiZb| be`wZi Rb evmikhvi eev Kiv nZv| evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR evj I weaev weevniI cPjb wQj| gZ`n mrKvi Ges
gZi Dk wewfb mgq gymjgvbMY KZKjv agxq I mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb Ki| Zviv gZ`nK
Kei `q Ges Zvi AvZvi kvwi Rb KviAvb cvV Ki Ges wgjv` covq|
MvgxY Rxeb agxq Drmevw` Ges weq-kv`xi gZv mvgvwRK Abyvb gvj-v mc`vqi DcwwZ wQj
Acwinvh| gymjgvb mgvR mydx I `iek bvg cwiwPZ cxi ev dwKi mc`vqi h_ cfve wQj| wewfb
mgmv nZ gyw jvfi Rb mvaviY gvbyl Zv`i `qv ZvweR-KeR eenvi KiZ|
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agi Kvbv Kvbv wekvm I msvi ZvM KiZ cviwb| Gfve wn`y mgvRi iyev` gymjgvb mgvR
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AwfRvZ gymjvgMY fvRb-wejvmx wQjb| Zv`i Lv` ZvwjKvq wewfb gvQ-gvsmi m AvPvii bvgI cvIqv
hvq| Gme Lvevii cvkvcvwk Kveve, iRvjv, Kvgv Avi wNq ivbv Kiv hveZxq gyLivPK Lvevi RvqMv Ki
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bq| fvZ, gvQ, kvK-mewR evOvMvwj gymjgvb`i cwZw`bi Lv` wQj| Lv` wnme iywUi eenvii K_vI
Rvbv hvq| wLPzwi ZLbKvi mgvR GKwU wcq Lv` wQj|
AwfRvZ gymjgvbMY cvqRvgv I Mvj Mjvemn Rvgv ciZb| Zv`i gv_vq _vKZ cvMox, cvq _vKZ ikg
I mvbvi myZvi KvR Kiv Pvgovi RyZv| Zviv Zv`i Avyj AbKjv gwY-gyv emvbv AvswU eenvi
KiZb| gvj-v I gjfxivI cvqRvgv, Rvgv Ges Uzwc eenvi KiZb| Uzwc Qvov gymjgvbMY mgvR mgv`i
jvf KiZ bv| Mwie ev wbg kwYi gymjgvbMY jyw I Uzwc ciZ| AwfRvZ gwnjviv KvwgR I mvjvqvi
eenvi KiZb| Zviv cmvabx eenvi Af wQj bv| Zviv ev I KwZ mvbvi AjsKvi Ges Avyj
mvbvi AvswU ciZb|
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fvjvevmZ| muvZvi, bKvevBP cfwZ Rbwcq Ljv wQj| Kzw Ljv, evwRaiv, RyqvLjv cfwZ mgvR cPwjZ
wQj| evNi Ljv `LI RbMY wekl Avb` jvf KiZ|
e Bmjvg wewZi mv_ mv_ gymjgvb mgvRI weZ nZ _vK| ei gymjgvb mgvR `ywU c_K kwY
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gymjgvbMYi ga Kw I ixwZ-bxwZi cv_K _vKv mI Dfqi ga Kvbv weiva `Lv `qwb| gymjgvb
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AbmjvwgK Kvhvejxi Abycek NU| mvgvwRK Rxeb gymjgvb`i bwZK AatcZb kvmb eevKI cfvweZ
KiwQj| evsjvi bevex kvmbi Aemvbi cQb kvmKeMi bwZK AebwZ h_ cwigvY `vqx wQj|
GKK KvR
1. gahyM evsjvi gymjgvb`i mvgvwRK Drme I ixwZbxwZi Dj-L Ki|
2. gahyM evsjvi gymjgvb`i cvkvK-cwiQ` Kxic wQj?
wn`y mgvR
gahyM evsjvi gymjgvb`i cfve, ixwZbxwZ I fveaviv wn`y mgvR Abycek KiwQj| Z_vwc wn`y mgvRi
g~j bxwZjv Ges mvaviY mgvR eevq Zgb Kvb cwieZb Avmwb| G hyMI wn`y mgvR RvwZf` c_v
cPwjZ wQj| wewfb ckvK wfw KiB G c_vi mw| evY, Kvq, ek I k~` mgvR G PviwU
Dj-LhvM eY wQj| G PviwU eYi ga mvgvwRK gjvgkv wQj bv| eYc_v KVvifve cvwjZ nZv| dj
GK eYi mwnZ Ab eYi weevn ev Av`vb-c`vb wbwl wQj|
ag-Kgi evY`i GKK KZK wQj| Rxeb I RxweKvi ZvwM` Zviv wewfb ckvq wbqvwRZ nZb|
evY`i ga hviv wPwKrmv we`vK ckv wnme MnY KiwQj mgvR Zviv e` ev KweivR bvg cwiwPZ
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wQj| Kvqiv wQj wn`y mgvRi gag kwYi AMZ| wkv I PvKwii Zviv wQj Dj-LhvM| gymjgvb
kvmbi mgq Kvqiv mvgvwRK Rxeb wekl cwZcw jvf KiwQj| KwlKvR wQj ek`i cavb ckv|
Zv`i ga AbK eemvI KiZ| mgvRi wbgZg vb wQj k~`iv| GKB ckvq wbqvwRZ ewiv GK
GKwU wbw` vb emevm KiZ| mgvR `vm-eev cPwjZ|
gahyMi evsjvq Rb, weevn I gZz Dcj wn`yiv wewfb mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb KiZ| ZLbKvi hyMi
cPwjZ Abyvbjv eZgvbKvjI iYkxj wn`y mgvR j Kiv hvq| mvb Rbi ci ZvK MvRj w`q
aZ Kiv nZv| h w`b lw c~Rvi AvqvRb Kiv nZv| evY wki Kvw MYbv KiZb| GKgvm ci evjK
Dvb ce cvjb Kiv nZv| Qq gvmi mgq Kiv nZv Abcvkbi eev| AwaKvsk wn`y igYx wbqwgZ Dcevm
I GKv`kx cvjb KiZb|
wn`y mgvR weevn GKwU Dj-LhvM mvgvwRK Abyvb| eY-c_vi Dci wfw Ki wn`y mgvR weevn-ixwZ
cPwjZ wQj| G hyM cY I evjweevn c_vI cPwjZ wQj| mgvR cyiyliv GKvwaK x ivLZ| Ni-RvgvB
_vKvi ixwZI cPwjZ wQj| evsjvq wn`y mgvR GKvbeZx cwieviB wQj AwaK| wcZvi gZzi ci R cyB
msmvii `vwqZ MnY KiZ| ^vgxfw wn`y mgvRi GKwU Dj-LhvM ewk wQj|
G mgq evsjvi wn`y mgvR bvix`i Zgb Kvbv AwaKvi wQj bv| ^vgx xK Zvi mw wnme MY
KiZ| Kbv gvZv-wcZv, x ^vgx I weaev mvb`i Dci wbfikxj wQj| MnKZvi AbygwZ Pvov gqiv Mni
evwni hZ cviZ bv| AwaKvsk mwi Dci x`i Kvbv AwaKvi wQj bv| mgvR mZx`vn c_v
cPwjZ wQj| Ze evsjvq me G c_v evaZvg~jK mvgvwRK ixwZ wQj bv| Z_vwc G hyM AbK bvix wbR
hvMZv I eywgv viv wbR`i ^vaxb mvK weKwkZ KiZ mg_ nqwQj| mvswZK I G hyMi
bvix`i KwZZ Kg wQj bv| wekvjx cwievi wbqwgZ wk I mswZi PPv nZv| exbv, Zvbcyiv I Abvb
ev`h G hyMi gwnjviv cvi`kx wQj|
cvkvK I Ajvi wnme gqiv cvU I Zyjvi Kvco, AvswU, nvi, bvKcvkv, `yj, mvbvi emjU, mvbvi
kvLv, Kvbevjv, b_, Ab, evRy cfwZ eenvi KiZ| Ajvi weevb gwnjviv eenvi KiZ| G mKj
Ajvi mvbv, icv, nvZxi `uvZ viv wbwgZ nZv Ges gwYgvwYK LwPZ _vKZ| weevwnZ xjvKiv cmvabx
wnme wmu`yi, KvRj, P`b wgwkZ Kix cfwZ eenvi KiZ| AbK cvq b~cyi ciZ| Kejgv wekl
AbyvbjvZB G mKj AjsKvi I cmvabx eenvi Kiv nZ| mvaviY gqiv wbR`i Mn mvaviY ekf~lvq
mwZ _vKZ| kvwo Zv`i wbZw`bi cvkvK wQj| abx gwnjviv eebx I Iobv eenvi KiZ| cyiyl`i
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eemvqxiv Mjvq nvi, Kvb `yj Ges Avyj AvswU ciZb|
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70
Kjv, Zvj, cuc, bviKj, Bz cvIqv hZ| `ya, bviKji cvwb, Bzim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cKvi
cvbxq mycPwjZ wQj| fvZ, Mg, Bz, o, gay I Zvjim MuvwRq bvbv cKvi g` Zwi nZv| Dj-L, ZLbKvi
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Pig Aag wnme weewPZ nZv|
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ga G c_vi evcK cPjb wQj| Kwjb c_vi dj mgvR e weevn c_v cPwjZ nq| gahyM evsjvq wn`y
I gymjgvb mgvR Rxeb KZKjv mvgvwRK wekvm Rbjvf KiwQj| RvwZlxiv cuvwR-cyuw_ NU fY
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GKK KvR : gahyM wn`yiv Kx aibi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi-Abyvb cvjb KiZv Dj-L Ki|
71
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Jla BZvw` fviZeli wewfb vb Ges wewfb `k cwiZ nZv| ZLb evsjvq `vm eemvI cPwjZ wQj|
eemv-evwYRi wmsnfvMB wQj ivwb| Lye A cwigvY `e Avg`vwb Kiv nZv| evsjvi Kvcoi Pvwn`v ew
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gymjgvb kvmbi mgq evsjvq ek wKQy mgy` e`i I b`x e`i Mo DVwQj| PMvg wQj ZLbKvi weLvZ
mgy` e`i| Ewolv, mvbviMuvI, Mo, evKjv (ewikvj), gywk`vev`, Kvwkg evRvi, Mwj, wenvii cvUbv I
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eemvi AvwacZ wevi KiZ _vK|
GKK KvR : gahyM evsjvq Drcvw`Z Kwl I wkRvZ `ei ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
vcZ I wPKjv
gymjgvb kvmKMY Bmjvgi MieK mycwZwZ KiZ Ges
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gyNj hyMi `vjvb- KvVvi AvKwZ wQj wekvj| G hyM weLvZ BgviZjv Zwi nq XvKvq|
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agxq Drme cvjb KiZ|
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ga G mgq ee agi cfveI Dj-LhvM wQj| G mgq wn`y mgvRi Dj-LhvM ewk wQj agxq
AmwnzZv| wn`y mgvRi wewfb agxq mc`vqi ga Kvb mnv` I mcxwZ wQj bv| GK mc`vqi mwnZ
Ab mc`vqi weiva I wel AwZ cwiwPZ NUbv wQj|
gymjgvbivI eZgvb mgqi gZv wewfb agxq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi Abyvb cvjb KiZ| C`yj wdZi I C`yj
AvRnv gymjgvb mgvRi cavb agxq Drme wnme cvwjZ nZv| agcvY gymjgvb gvB cwe igRvb gvm
ivRv ivL Ges ke-B-eivZi w`b Gev`Z e`MxZ ivx hvcb Ki| Drme Abyvb gymjgvbMY Zv`i
mvagZ bZzb Ges cwiQb cvkvK mwZ KiZ; GK Abi Mn wMq Kzkj I `vIqvZ wewbgqi gvag
Zv`i mnv` I vZZfveK my`p KiZ|
myjZvb, mye`vi I beveMY agxq Drme Dcj RbMYi mvwba AvmZb| wekl Avo^ii m
gymjgvbMY bexi (`t) Rbw`b cvjb KiZb| eZgvb mgqi bvq gahyMI gniig Drme cvwjZ nZv| Bnv
wkqv mc`vqi GKwU cavb agxq Abyvb ej cwiwPZ| G Dk wkqviv ZvwRqv Zwi KiZ| gymjgvb`i
elcx Abymvi gniigi c_g w`bK beel wnme cvjb Kiv nq| gniigi P` D`qK gymjgvbMY
Avb` I Drmvni m eiY KiZ|
G hyM agcxwZ gymjgvb mgvRi GKwU Dj-LhvM ewk wQj| agcvY gymjgvbMY `wbK cuvP Iqv bvgvR
coZb| GQvov, Zviv wbqwgZ KviAvb I nv`xm cvV KiZb| mgvR agxq wkvi cwZ wekl iyZ `qv
nZv| Qj-gq DfqKB agxq wkv MnYi Rb ge ciY Kiv nZv| mgvR agxq vbi Rb Ges
agxq Abyvbvw` cwiPvjbvi Rb gvj-v mc`vqK wekl iyZ `qv nZv| wewfb evcvi Ges AbK mgmv
mgvavb gvj-vMY nv`xm-Kvivbi wb`k Abyhvqx Kvh mv`b KiZ Dc`k c`vb KiZb| MvgxY Rxeb
agxq Drmevw`Z Ges weq-kvw`i gZv mvgvwRK AbyvbjvZ gvj-v mc`vqi DcwwZ wQj Acwinvh|
77
gymjgvb mgvR mydx I `iek bvg cwiwPZ cxi ev dwKi mc`vqi h_ cfve wQj| Zuviv agkv
mycwZ wQjb Ges me`v AvavwZK mvabvq wbgM _vKZb| `ki wewfb vb Zuviv ag mvabvi Rb `iMv
cwZv Kib| kvmKeM I RbMY mKji KvQB Zuviv kvi cv wQjb|
evsjvq Bmjvgi wewZi mv_ mv_ gymjgvb mgvRI weZ nZ _vK| evsjvq gymjgvb mgvR `ywU c_K
kwY weklfve jYxq| GKwU we`k nZ AvMZ gymjgvb, AbwU vbxq agvwiZ gymjgvb| we`kx I
vbxq gymjgvb`i ga Kw I ixwZ-bxwZi cv_K _vKv mI Dfq mc`vqi ga Kvbv weiva `Lv
`qwb| gymjgvb kvmK`i D`viZv Ges vbxq Kw-mswZi cwZ Zuv`i ccvlKZvB Gi KviY wQj|
GKK KvR
1. gahyM gymjgvb`i agxq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi Abyvbjv Kxic wQj?
78
ee Kwe wnme e`veb `vmi bvg mwekl Dj-LhvM| evsjv fvlvq wZwbB mec_g kxPZb`ei
RxebPwiZ M PZb-fMeZ iPbv Kib| P`veZx gbmv gj Kve iPbv KiwQjb|
msZ mvwnZI gymjgvb myjZvbMYi h_ Ae`vb wQj| msZ fvlvi mwnZ evsjv fvlvi mK AZ
Nwb| GRb AbK gymjgvb kvmK Gi cwZ AvMnx wQjb| Zuv`i AbK ewMZfve msZ fvlvi PPvI
KiZb| gymjgvb kvmbKvj evsjvi msZ mvwnZi GK weivU K` wQj| ay evsjv I msZB bq, Aviex
I dvmx Kvei PPvI myjZvbx hyM wQj|
gyNj hyM evsjvi mvwnZ I mswZi I h_ DbwZ j Kiv hvq| Ze gyNj kvmKMY myjZvbx hyMi
kvmK`i bvq fvlv I mvwnZi cZ Kvbv mnhvwMZv Kibwb| evsjvi Rwg`viMY ^xq cPvq m
HwZn AzY iLwQjb|
gymjgvb hyM cwZewk AvivKvbi m evsjvi ivRbwZK mK wQj| dj AvivKvb evsjv mvwnZi cmvi
NUZ iy Ki| AvivKvb ivRmfvi AbZg k Kwe wQjb `jZ KvRx| AvjvIj wQjb ivRmfvi Avi
GKRb Kwe| Zuvi QqwU KveMi ga cveZx mek| wZwb KqKwU dvmx KveM evsjvq Abyev`
Kib| GQvov, ivMbvgv bvg GKwU mxZkv welqK MI wZwb iPbv KiwQjb|
evnivg Lvb iPbv Kib jvBjx-gRby KveM| Rbvgv I wnZvb evYx Mjv Kwe KvRx nvqvr gvngy`
iwPZ| Kwe kvn Mixeyjv-n wQjb GKRb cwm cuyw_ mvwnwZK|
wkv
evsjvi gymjvgb kvmb Kej ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK B bn, wkvi I iyZc~Y Ae`vb iLwQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbKvj wkvi vi wn`y-gymjgvb mKji Rb Dby wQj| kL`i LvbKvn I Djgv`i
Mn wkvi K` wnme Mo DVwQj| gymjgvb kvmbi mgq evsjvi me AmsL gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| G
mKj gmwR`i mB ge I gv`vmv wQj| ge I gv`vmvi wkv_xiv DPwkv MnY KiZ| evjK-evwjKviv
GK ge I cvVkvjvq jLvcov KiZ| cv_wgK wkv mKj gymjgvb evjK-evwjKvi Rb evaZvg~jK wQj|
x wkvi wekl cPjb wQjbv| gvawgK wkv MnYI gq`i Rb evaZvg~jK wQjbv| dj mvaviY
gymjgvb gqiv DPwkv MnY nZ ewZ wQj| kvmKeMi fvlv wQj dvmx| dj G fvlv cvq ivxq ghv`v
jvf KiwQj| beve I gymjgvb AwfRvZeM dvmx fvlv I mvwnZi Drmvn`vZv wQjb| miKvwi PvKwi jvfi
Avkvq AbK wn`y dvmx fvlvq wkv MnY KiZb| gymjgvb wkKMY dvmx I Aviex fvlvq wekl Awf
wQjb| G hyM evsjv fvlv wekl mgw jvf KiwQj| Aviex I dvmx fvlvq A mvaviY gymjgvbiv hb
Bmjvgi avb-aviYv eySZ cvi mRb AbKB evsjv fvlvq cyKvw` iPbv Kib| Zuv`i iPbvejx evsjv
fvlv I mvwnZi fvviK mg KiQ|
gymjgvb kvmbi c~e evsjvi wn`y mgvR vb-wevb I wkvi evY`i GKPwUqv AwaKvi wQj|
gymjgvb`i kvmb-eevq wn`y mgvRi mKj kwYi Rb wkvi vi Dby nq| cvVkvjvq wn`y evjKevwjKviv cv_wgK wkv MnY KiZ| iyi Avevmj wKsev weevb`i Mn cvVkvjv emZ| KLbI KLbI
GKB Nii Pvjvi wbP ge I cvVkvjv emZ| mKvj gyx gei wkv_x`i Ges weKvj iy Zvi Qv`i
79
cvVkvjvq wkv `vb KiZb| weevb jvKiv cvVkvjvi eqfvi MnY KiZb| wn`y evjK-evwjKviv GK
cvVkvjvq wkv MnY KiZ| 6 eQi ch cvVkvjvq wkv MnY KiZ nZv| DP wkv MnYi Rb Uvj
wQj| msZ fvlvi gvag wkv_xK DP wkv MnY KiZ nZv| msZ mvwnZ PPvi Rb bexc, eagvb
cfwZ vbi bvg Dj-LhvM wQj| AbK gwnjv G hyM wkv I msZ PPvi wbR`i KwZZ c`kb
KiQb| evY`i ga GKwU wekl kwY me`v wbR`i RvwZlkv I RvwZwevb PPvq wbqvwRZ
_vKZb| wewfb wkv cwZvb QvovI G hyM mgvR RbMYi ga vb I eyw ewi weKvki Rb
KZKjv mvaviY cwZ cPwjZ wQj, hgb agxq mxZ, Rbwcq jvK-Kvwnbx I bvUK- Muv_v|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1.
L. ivMgvjv
M. BDmyd RvjLv
N. mvZbvgv
L. ii
M. i I ii
N. i, ii I iii
80
mRbkxj ck:
1. iRv mvne PMvgi GKRb eo eemvqx| Zuvi Avg`vwb ivwbi eemv| wZwb RvnvRi gvagB we`k
_K mvbv, icv, `vgx cv_ii Mqbv, ikgx myZv, wewfb `vgx gmjv Avg`vwb Kib| cvkvcvwk wZwb Pv I
cvURvZ `e ivwb Kib| MZ mvn wZwb Zvi gqi Rbw`b cvjvI, Kveve, iRvjv I wgwi
AvqvRb Kib| mevB Lvevi Lq LyeB Lywk|
K. gnvfviZ evsjvq Abyev` Kib K?
L. KwlK evsjvi A_bwZK mgwi g~j Drm ejv nq Kb?
M. iRv mvnei evwoi LvIqv-`vIqvi m Kvb Avgji wgj iqQ? evLv Ki|
N. iRv mvnei A_bwZK Aev D Avgji Pq wK mg wQj ej Zzwg gb Ki? hyw `vI|
2. Mvgi zj wkK myaxb ivqi gq Abbv ivq mg kwYZ co| Zvi evex iveqv myjZvbvK Zvi
evev Avi zj cvVveb bv| wZwb ejb h gq`i Gi _K ewk cov jLvi `iKvi bB| wkK myaxb
ivq iveqvi evevi wkv mK GB Dw b ejjb h, eZgvb mgq wkvi iyZ Acwimxg Ges
wkv Qvov h Kvbv gvbylB Am~Y| me hyMB wkvi iyZ wQj Ges AvQ|
K. nvmbx `vjvb K wbgvY Kib?
L. Kb gahyMK gyNj`i ^YhyM ejv nq? eYbv `vI|
M. iveqvi evevi wkv welqK GB gvbwmKZvi m gahyMi gymwjg wkvi Kx wgj iqQ? evLv Ki|
N. wkK myaxb ivqi gZv jvK`i KviYB Kx ga hyM wn`y Qjgqiv wkvq GwMq wQj?
cvVcyKi AvjvK Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
mg Aavq
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
BDivcxq`i AvMgb
mvZ kZK _K G Aji m Avie ewYK`i eemv-evwYR wQj GKPwUqv| Zviv evwYR KiZ g~jZ
mgy`c_| 1453 wLv KvwUbcvj AUvgvb ZzKxiv `Lj Ki bq| dj Dcgnv`ki mv_ Rjc_
eemv-evwYR e nq hvq| myZivs cvPi mv_ cvvZi eemv-evwYRi Rb wfb Rjc_ Avwevii
cqvRb nq co| g~jZ G KviYB BDivcxq kwjv mgy`c_ Dcgnv`k Avmvi Awfhvb iy Ki|
cZzMxR
cZzMxR`i ga h `ytmvnmx bvweK c_g mgy`c_
G`k Avmb Zuvi bvg fvv-Wv-Mvgv| wZwb 1498
wLv 27 g fviZi cwg-DcK~ji KvwjKU e`i
Gm DcwZ nb| Zuvi G Dcgnv`k AvMgb eemvevwYR Ges hvMvhvM GK bZzb hyMi m~Pbv Ki|
fvv-Wv-Mvgvi fviZel AvMgbi c_
82
cZzMxRiv eemv-evwYRK g~jab Ki G`k Avmj g g Zviv mvgvR wevii w`K SuyK co| ^
mgqi ga GB BDivcxq ewYKiv Dcgnv`ki cwg DcK~ji KvwjKU, Pj, ev^vB, mvjmwU, ewmb,
KvwPb, Mvqv, `gb, w`D cfwZ e`i KzwV vcb KiZ mg nq| 1538 wLv Zviv PMvg I mvZMuvIq
NuvwU wbgvYi AbygwZ jvf Ki| 1579 wLv Mjx bvgK vb Zviv Dcwbek Mo Zvj| Gici Zviv
Dwolv Ges evsjvi wKQy Aj emwZ mcmvwiZ KiZ mg nq| evsjvmn Dcgnv`ki wewfb Aj evwYR
KzwV wbgvYi evcvi AMYx f~wgKv _vKjI cZyMxR`i wewfb AcKg I `myZvi KviY evsjvi mye`vi
kvqv Lvb Zv`i PMvg I mxci NuvwU `Lj Ki evsjv _K weZvob Kib| ZvQvov cZzMxRiv G`k
AvMZ Abvb BDivcxq kwi mI cwZxZvq civwRZ nq| dj Giv G `k ZvM KiZ eva nq|
Ij`vR ev WvP
njvi Awaevmx Ij`vR ev WvPiv WvP B Bwqv Kvvwb MVb Ki evwYwRi Dk 1602 wLv GB
Dcgnv`k Avm| fviZel Zviv Kvvwbi mb` Abyhvqx KvwjKU, bvMvcg evsjvi PuzPzov I evKzovq evwYR
KzwV vcb Ki| ZvQvov ejvmvi KvwkgevRvi Ges eivbMiI Zviv KzwV vcb Ki| Ij`vR I Aci
BDivcxq kw BsiR`i ga eemv-evwYR wbq weiva iy nq Ges GKB m evsjvi kvmK`i m
Zviv weiva Rwoq co| 1759 wLv msMwVZ we`vivi hy Zviv BsiR`i KvQ kvPbxqfve civwRZ
nq| dj 1805 wLv Zviv mKj evwYR K` wUq fviZel ZvM KiZ eva nq| c_g cZzMxR ci
Ij`vR kwi cZb, fviZ BsiR kwi Dvbi c_ myMg Ki|
w`bgvi
w`bgvi ev WbgvKi Awaevmx GK`j ewYK evwYR Kivi Dk Wwbk B Bwqv Kvvwb MVb Kib|
1620 wLv Zviv `wY fviZi Zvvi Rjvq wevzi Ges 1676 wLv evsjvi kxivgcyi evwYR
KzwV vcb Kib| wKy G`k Zviv jvfRbK eemv KiZ e_ nq| 1845 wLv BsiR`i KvQ evwYR
KzwV wew Ki Kvbv iKg evwYwRK mdjZv QvovB w`bgviiv G`k ZvM Ki|
`jxq KvR : cZzMxR, Ij`vR I w`bgvi`i Dcgnv`k vwcZ evwYR KzwVjvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
BsiR
mgy`c_ BDivcxq ewYK`i mvdj, cvPi ab-m`i cvPzh, BsiR ewYK`iKI G Aj eemv
evwYR DrmvwnZ Ki| GB Dk Bsjvi GK`j ewYK B Bwqv Kvvwb bvg GKwU ewYK msN Mo
Zvj| ewYK msNwU 1600 wLv ivYx GwjRve_i KvQ _K 15 eQi gqvw` cvP GKPwUqv evwYR
Kivi mb`c jvf Ki| GB mb`c wbq Kvvwbi cwZwbwa evwYwRK myweav jvfi Avkvq AvKeii
`ievi nvwRi nb| Gici Kvb nwK 1608 wLv Rgmi mycvwikc wbq evwYR mcmviYi j
mgvU Rvnvxii m mvvr Kib| Zuvi AbygwZ wbq 1612 wLv myivU evwYR KzwV vwcZ nq|
cieZxKvj 1615 wLv c_g Rgmi `~Z nq Rvnvxii `ievi Avmb mvi Ugvm iv| mgvUi KvQ
_K wZwb BsiR`i Rb evwYwRK myweav Av`vq Ki bb| 1619 wLt wZwb fviZel ZvM Kib| BZvga
Kvvwb myivU AvMv, Avng`vev` cfwZ vb evwYR KzwV vcb Ki Zv`i wfw gReyZ Ki dj|
83
Kvvwb Zvi wZxq evwYR KzwV vcb Ki gmwjgcg| Gici evsjvi evjvmvi AviKwU evwYR KzwV
vcb Ki| G`i kw gk ew cZ _vKj Giv Kigj (gv`vmv kni) DcK~j GKwU `yM wbgvY KiZ
mg nq| evsjvi mye`vi kvn myRvi Abygv`b jvf Ki Zviv 1658 wLv MwjZ evwYR KzwV vcb
Ki| Gfve Kvvwb KvwkgevRvi, XvKv, gvj`nI evwYR KzwV wbgvY Ki|
1668 wLv Bsjvi ivRv wZxq Pvjm cZzMxR ivRKbv Kv_wibi m weqi hZzK wnme jvf
Kib ev^vB kni| A_vfve Pvjm B Bwqv Kvvwbi KvQ cvk nvRvi cvDi wewbgq kniwU wew
Ki `b| cieZxKvj GB ev^vB kniB Kvvwbi cavb evwYR K` cwiYZ nq|
Re PvYK bvg AviKRb BsiR 1690 wLv 1200 UvKvi wewbgq KvjKvZv, myZvbwU I Mvwe`cyi bvg
wZbwU Mvgi Rwg`vix ^ jvf Kib| fvMxi_x b`xi Zxii GB wZbwU MvgK K` KiB cieZxKvj
KvjKvZv bMixi Rb nq| GLvbB Kvvwb 1700 wLv Bsjvi ivRv ZZxq DBwjqvgi bvg Abymvi
dvU DBwjqvg `yM wbgvY Ki| axi axi GwU BsiR`i evwYwRK ^v_ iv Ges ivRbwZK ^v_ wevii
kwkvjx K` cwiYZ nq|
BsiR Kvvwbi gZv Aviv ew cvq hLb w`j-xi mgvU dviyLwkqvi Zv`i evsjv, ev^vB I gv`vR webv
evwYRi AwaKvi c`vb Kib| GKB m wbR^ gy`v cPjbi AwaKviI Kvvwb jvf Ki| mgvUi
GB digvbK BsiR HwZnvwmK Iig B Bwqv Kvvwbi gnvmb` ev gvMbv KvUv ej Dj-L Kib| GB
AwaKvi jvf Ki BsiR B Bwqv Kvvwb AcwZiy MwZZ AMmi nZ _vK|
GKK KvR :
1 . h wZbwU MvgK K` Ki KvjKvZv bMixi Rb nq Zvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| GLb KvjKvZvi eqm KZ?
2. mgvU dviyKwkqvi KZK BsiR`i `qv mb`c c`vbi dj cv AwaKvijvK gnvmb` ev
gvMbv KvUv ej Kb? KviY wjwce Ki|
divmx
Dcgnv`k mekl AvMZ BDivcxq ewYK Kvvwb nQ divmx B Bwqv Kvvwb| 1664 wLv GB
evwYwRK Kvvwb MwVZ nq| 1668 wLv Kvvwb mec_g myivU Ges cii eQi gymwjgcg evwYR
KzwV vcb Kib| 1673 wLv cwPixZ divmx Dcwbek Mo IV|
1674 wLt ci _K Zviv Zv`i evwYwRK Kvhg evsjvq mcmvwiZ Ki| Kvvwbi evsjvi myev`vi kvqv
Lvbi KvQ _K Mv b`xi Zxi AewZ P`bbMi bvgK vbwU wKb bq| 1690 _K 1692 wLvi
ga P`bbMi GKwU kwkvjx myiwZ divmx evwYR KzwVZ cwiYZ nq| 1696 wLt Kvvwb GLvb GKwU
kwkvjx `yM vcb KiZ mg nq| wbw` nvi c`vbi kZ 1693 wL: divmxi evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi
evwYR Kivi AwaKvi jvf Ki| cieZxKvj Zviv KvwkgevRvi evjvmvi KzwV vcb KiZ mg nq|
BsiR ewYKiv hLb eemv evwYR `p Aevb ZLb divmxiv G`k Avm| G Aevq BsiR`i m
cwZhvwMZvq wUK _vKv Zv`i Rb KwVb nq `uvovq| KviY Abvb BDivcxq kwi gZv divmxivI G`k
mgvR vcbi ^c `LZ _vK| dj `yB BDivcxq kw- BsiR I divmx`i ga msNl Awbevh nq `uvovq|
84
BsiR`i loh, K~UKkj, DbZ iY Kkji KvQ divmxiv civwRZ nq| evsjvi bevei c Aej^b
Kivq 1757 wLt cjvkxi hy BsiR`i mvdj Zv`iK AviI chy` Ki dj| dj evsjvi divmx
KzwVjv BsiR`i `Lj Pj hvq| `vwYvZi KYvUKi hymg~n divmx Kvvwb civwRZ nj Zviv
G`k ZvM Ki| dj BsiRiv fviZel AcwZx kwZ cwiYZ nq|
GKK KvR : cjvkxi hy bevei civRqi m divmx B Bwqv Kvvwbi e_Zvi mK wbYq Ki|
cjvkx hy
1740 _K 1756 wLv ch Avjxe`x Lvb evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi beve wQjb| cwZK~j cwiwwZZI wZwb
mdjfve ivR kvmb KiQb| wZwb Zuvi mgq gvivVv I eMx`i `gb Ki ivLZ mdj nb| myKkj BsiR
ewYK KvvwbKI wbqY iLwQjb| wKy Zuvi gZzi ci evsjvi ivRbxwZZ Pig wekLjv `Lv `q|
beve gZzi AvM Zuvi Kwb Kbv Avgbv eMgi cy wmivRDjvK evsjvi wmsnvmbi DivwaKvi gbvbxZ
Ki hvb| 1756 wLt Avjxe`x Lvbi gZz nj Zuvi wcq `wn wmivRDjv 22 eQi eqm bevei gZv
MnY Kib| wmsnvmb emvi ci _K ZvK bvbvgyLx loh I mgmvi gvKvejv KiZ nq| Zuvi c_g mgmv
wQj Zuvi cwievi NwbRb`i loh| wekl Ki Avjxe`x Lvbi wZb Kbvi ga R Kbv NlwU eMg
wmivRi beve nIqvq AvkvnZ nq bevei weiy loh wj nb| G`i m hvM `b NvlwU eMgi
`Iqvb ivRv ivRej-f, c~wYqvi kvmbKZv wmivRi LvjvZv fvB kIKZ R Ges Abvbiv| Kkj beve
NlwU eMgK bRie`x Kib| c~wYqvi kvmbKZv kIKZ R we`vnx nq DVj wmivRDjv GK hy
ZvK civwRZ I wbnZ Ki c~wYqv `Lj Ki bb|
beve cvwievwiK loh Kkj `gb KijI Zuvi weiy evBi lohi AviK Rvj weZ nZ _vK| Gi
m RwoZ nq `wk-we`wk ewYK kwY, bevei `ievii cfvekvjx ivRbeM I AwfRvZ kwY, bevei
mbvcwZ gxi Rvdimn Aviv AbK| cZK hvi hvi ^v_ Dvii Rb bevei weiy loh iy Ki|
GB lohKvixiv cjvkx hyi cUf~wg Zwi KiZ _vK|
85
BsiR Kvvwb `Ki Aceenvi Kij `kxq ewYKiv wZMZ nZ _vK| beve `Ki Aceenvi
KiZ wbla Kib Ges evwYwRK kZ gb Pjvi Av`k `b| Kvvwb bevei m Av`kI AMvn Ki|
Avjxe`x Lvbi m Pzwi kZ f Ki BsiRiv beveK Ki w`Z A^xKwZ Rvbvq| ZvQvov RbMYK
wbhvZb Kivi gZv aZvI Zviv `LvZ _vK|
ivRv ivRej-fi cy K`vm Zvi cwievii m`m`imn cPzi abm` wbq KvjKvZvq BsiR`i KvQ
Avkq bq| ZvK diZ `qvi Rb beve BsiR`i wbKU `~Z cvVvb| BsiR Mfbi bevei `~ZK
Acgvb Ki Zvwoq `q| Gi AvM kIKZ Ri we`vni mgqI BsiRiv bevei weiy we`vnx`i
mg_b `q|
BsiR`i GKi ci GK JZc~Y AvPiY, AevaZv beveK z Ki Zvj| Zv`i Dchy wkv `Iqvi
Rb 1756 wLt Ryb gvmi iyZ beve KvjKvZv `Lj Ki bb| hvv c_ wZwb Kvwkg evRvi KzwVI `Lj
Kib| bevei AZwKZ AvgY BsiRiv dvU DBwjqvg `yM ZvM Ki cvwjq hvq| njIqjmn ekwKQy
BsiR AvZmgcY KiZ eva nb| ew``kv _K gyw cq beveK nq Kivi Rb njIqj GK wg_v
Kvwnbxi cPviYv Pvjvq hv BwZnvm AK~c nZv bvg cwiwPZ| GZ ejv nq h, 18 dzU `N 14.10 dzU
c QvU GKwU Ni 146 Rb BsiRK ew` Ki ivLv nq| GZ cP Mig kvmiy nq 123 Rbi gZz
nq| GB wg_v cPvi gv`vR ch cuQ hvq| dj DwRZ nq KvjKvZv `Lj Kivi Rb IqvUmb I KvBf
gv`vR _K KvjKvZvq Pj Avm| Zviv bevei mbvcwZ gvwbKPuv`K civwRZ Ki KvjKvZv `Lj Ki
bq| beve Zuvi Pviw`K loh I ky cwiewZ Ui cq BsiR`i m bZRvby I AcgvbRbK mw
KiZ eva nb| Bnv BwZnvm AvjxbMi mw bvg LvZ|
AvjxbMi mwZ meaibi myhvM-myweav cvIqvi ci KvBfi DPvKvLv Aviv ew cvq| bevei `yejZvi
myhvM wbq BDivc msNwUZ melevcx hyi ARynvZ BsiRiv divmx`i P`bMi KzwV `Lj Ki bq|
beve G Aevq divmx`i m gx vcb Ki BsiR`i kvqv Kivi eev bb| GZ KvBf z
nq beveK gZvPyZ Kivi loh wj nq|
GB loh KvBfi m hy nq eemvqx abKzei RMrkV, ivq`yjf, DwgPuv`, ivRv ivRej-f mbvcwZi
gxiRvdi cgyL|
86
bevei mbvcwZ _K mfvm` ch mevB `ki ^v_ wemRb w`q, ew ^v_K eo Ki `LQ|
ZiyY bevei AwfZv, `~i`wkZv, wePYZv I `pZvi Afve wQj| wZwb hy `yZ mwVK wmv
MnY e_Zvi cwiPq `b|
mbvcwZ gxidvRii lohi K_v Rvbv mI wZwb evi evi Zvi DciB wbfi KiQb|
BsiR`i mK mZKZv, divmx Ges BsiR`i loh Gme welq Avjxe`x Lvbi Dc`k
wmivRDjvi KvQ iyZ cvqwb|
hyi dj gxiRvdiK evsjvi wmsnvmb AvivnY emvjI wZwb wQjb bvggv beve, cKZ gZv
wQj ievU KvBfi nvZ|
cjvkx hyi dj BsiRiv evsjvq GKPwUqv eemv evwYRi AwaKvi jvf Ki| divmxiv G`k _K
we`vq wbZ eva nq|
G hyi ci BsiR kwi ^v_ G`ki Av_-mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK cwieZb msNwUZ nZ _vK|
cjvkx hyi my`~icmvix cwiYwZ wQj mgM Dcgnv`k Kvvwbi kvmb cwZv| GfveB G hyi dj
evsjvi Z_v fviZi ^vaxbZv f~jywZ nq|
myZivs, `Lv hvQ h, cjvkxi hy GKwU Lhy njI evsjv Z_v Dcgnv`ki ivRbxwZZ Gi iyZ
Acwimxg|
`jxq KvR : cjvkx cvi beve I BsiR mbvevwnbxi Aevb `wLq GKwU wP AsKb Ki|
87
evii hy (1764)
BsiR ewYK Kvvwb gxi RvdiK h Dk wmsnvmb ewmqwQj Zv`i m Dk mdj nqwb| bZzb beve
Kvvwbi cvc A_ c`vb e_ nq `Dwjqv nq co| wbRi gZv iv KiZI ZvK evi evi KvBfi
Dci wbfi KiZ nq| Avevi KvBfi ivRKvh Nb Nb nc bevei cQ` wQj bv| BsiR`i weZvobi
Rb gxi Rvdi AviK we`wk Kvvwb Ijv`vR`i mv_ AuvZvZ Ki| welqwU BsiR`i `w Govqwb|
gxi Rvdii weiy AhvMZv, AwZwi A_ c`vb AgZv Ges Ij`vR`i m AuvZvZi AwfhvM ZvK
gZvPyZ Kiv nq| 1760 wLt BsiR Mfbi fvwUvU gxiRvdiK gZv _K mwiq gxi KvwkgK kZ
mvc wmsnvmb emvb| gxi Kvwkgi ^vaxb beve wnme wUK _vKvi BQvi KviY g~jZ evii hy
msNwUZ nq|
gxi Kvkg c_g BsiR`i ivRbwZK nce Ges ckvmbK cfvegy Kivi c`c MnY
Kib| G Dk wZwb ivRavbx gywk`vev` _K gyi vbvwiZ Kib| wbivcvi Rb `yM wbgvY I
ivRavbxi Pviw`K cwiLv Lbb Kib|
BsiR`i mve AvgY cwZnZ Kiv Ges mwbK`i BDivcxq mvgwiK cwZ wkv`vbi Rb `yRb
BDivcxq mwbKK cwkK wnme ivLb|
A-Mvjveviy`i Rb hvZ Kviv gyLvcx nZ bv nq mRb ivRavbxZ Kvgvb, e`yK BZvw` Zwii
eev bb|
wenvii kvmbKZv ivgbvivqY BsiR`i cwZ ewk AvMn `Lvj ZvK c`PzZ I Zvi mw evRqv
Kiv nq|
1717 wLt gyNj mgvUi digvb BsiR`i eemv Kivi h myhvM-myweav `Iqv nqwQj Zviv Zvi
Aceenvi Kiv iy Ki| `K bvgi Qvoci Aceenvii dj `wk eemvqxiv wZM nZ
_vK| dj, beve mevi Rb GK eev MnY Ki AvtevwYR mKj DwVq `b| dj BsiR
Kvvwbi KgPvix`i GKPwUqv jvfRbK eemvq Amyweav nq| G welq beve KvbviKg Avcvl
KiZ bv PvBj BsiR`i m msNvZ Awbevh nq co|
bevei mKj c`c wQj `k I RbMYi ^v_, wKy BsiR ^v_weivax| dj z BsiRiv Gi
cwZKvii Rb cZ nwQj|
1763 wLt z nq cvUbv KzwVi Aa Gwjm cvUbv AvgY Ki `Lj Ki bq| dj BsiR`i weiy
AaviY Kiv Qvov bevei Avi Kvbv Dcvq _vK bv| gxi Kvwkg mdj cwZivai gvag GwjmK
cvUbv _K weZvwoZ Kib| 1763 wLt KvjKvZv KvDwj bevei weiy hy NvlYv Ki| gRi
GWvgmi bZZ cwiZ BsiR evwnbxi KvQ wMwiqv, KvUvqv I D`qbvjvi hy beve kvPbxqfve
civwRZ nb|
88
BZvga BsiRiv gxi RvdiK cybivq evsjvi wmsnvmb emvq| gxi Kvwkg civwRZ nqI nZvk nbwb| beve
BsiR`i gvKvejvi Rb cwZ MnY KiZ _vKb| wZwb Ahvavi beve myRvDjv Ges gyNj mgvU kvn
Avjgi m GKwZ nq 1764 wL: wenvii evi bvgK vb BsiR`i weiy Pig kw cixvq
AeZxY nb| `yfvMg mwwjZ evwnbx gRi gbivi KvQ Pigfve civwRZ nq|
gxi Kvwkgi civRqi KviY evsjvi mvefgZ Dvii kl Pv e_ nq hvq| BsiR kw AcwZiva
MwZZ evsjv Z_v Dcgnv`ki me gZvi wevi NUvZ _vK| G KviY Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm cjvkxi
hyi Pq evii hyi iyZ AbK ewk|
GKK KvR : QKwU mwVK Ki mvRvI
evii hy AskMnYKvix`i bvg I `ki bvg
bvg
gxi Kvwkg
mgvU kvn Avjg
gRi gbiv
myRvDjv
`k
Bsjv
evsjv
Ahvav
w`jx
89
90
Z kvmb
ievU KvBf `Iqvbx mb`i bvg evsjvi m` jybi
GKPwUqv gZv jvf Ki| w`j-x KZK we`wk ewYK
KvvwbK GB AfvweZ gZv c`vb mw nq Z kvmbi|
A_vr hvZ Ki Kvvwb jvf Ki `vwqZnxb gZv, beve
cwiYZ nb gZvnxb kvmK| A_P bevei `vwqZ _K hvq
lvjAvbv| dj evsjvq GK Af~Zc~e ckvmwbK RwUjZvi mw
Qwe : ievU KvBf
nq| hvi Pig gvmyj w`Z nq G`ki mvaviY RbMvxK|
1770 wLv (1176 ev) MxKvj `Lv `q fqven `ywf, hv iYKvji BwZnvm wQqvii g^i
bvg cwiwPZ| Kvvwbi gywk`vev`i cwZwbwa wiPvW ePvii fvlvq `ki KqKwU Ask h RxweZ gvbyl
gZ gvbylK fY KwiZQ Zvnv Re bq, AwZ mZ| GB `ywf evsjvi RbmsLvi GK-ZZxqvsk gZzgyL
cwZZ nq|
1765-70 wLt evrmwiK ivR^ Av`vqi cwigvY hv wQj, `ywfi eQiI Av`vq cvq Zvi KvQvKvwQ wQj| dj
Pig kvlY wbhvZb evsjvi gvbyl nZ`wi` I Amnvq nq co| Zkvmb eevq bevei nvZ chv A_
bv _vKvq ckvmb cwiPvjbvq wZwb m~Yi~c e_ nb| mviv`k iy nq wekLjv| GB cwiwwZZ 1772 wLt
Iqvib nwsm Z kvmb eevi Aemvb NUvb|
wPivqx e`ve
jW KYIqvwjmK Kvvwbi kvmb `ybxwZgy I mymsMwVZ KiZ 1786 wLv fviZi Mfbi Rbvij I
mbv cavbi `vwqZ w`q cvVvbv nq| wZwb 1793 wLt wPivqx e`ve ev vqx f~wg eev ceZb Kib|
H eQi 22 gvP wbw` ivR^ cwikvai wewbgq evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi Rwg`viMYK wbR wbR Rwgi Dci
vqx gvwjKvbv `vb Ki h e`ve Pvjy Kiv nq ZvKB wPivqx e`ve ejv nq|
cUf~wg t 1772 wLt Iqvib nwsm ivR^ Av`vqi Rb cuvPmvjv e`ve Pvjy Kib| GB eevq DPnvi
WvK wbq Rwgi e`ve wbjI m AbycvZ ivR^ Av`vq nZv bv| wbw` mgqmxgv _vKvq Rwg`viiv
KlK`i KvQ _K cqvRb wbhvZb Ki A_ Av`vq KiZ| A_P KlK`i Dbqb ev Rwgi Dbqbi cwZ
Zv`i Kvb j wQj bv| dj wbhvZbi fq KlKiv Rwg Qo cvwjq hZ| eQii ci eQi Rwg Abvev`x
_vKvq Rwgi `vg Kg hZ| G Aevq nwsm Rwg`vi`i m GKmvjv e`ve Pvjy Kib| wKy G
eevqI miKvi, Rwg`vi, cRv Kviv Kvbv aibi DcKvi nqwb| cieZxKvj evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi
ivR^ mgmv mgvavbi Rb Bsjvi cvjvgU bZzb eev Dvebi cqvRbxqZv Dcjw Ki| 1784 wLt
wcUi Bwqv Gv cvjvgU MnxZ nq| evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvq vqx wbqg-Kvbyb ceZbi gvag w`Ngqvw`
ivR^ eev Pvjyi Rb KvvwbK wb`k `qv nq| 1789 wLt KYIqvwjm Rwg`vi`i `kkvjv e`ve
w`Z cwZ bb| Bsjvi KZc Rwg`vi`i m e`vei AbygwZ c`vb Kij KYIqvwjm GB
Abygv`bi cwicwZ 1789 wLt `kmvjv e`ve Pvjy Kib| Ze Gi m GB cwZkywZI wZwb `b h,
Kvvwbi WvBii mfvi Abygv`b cj `kmvjv e`veB wPivqx e`ve cwiYZ ne|
91
1792 wLt m^i gvm evW Ae WvBiim KZK Abygv`b jvf Ki| 1793 wLt KYIqvwjm 22 gvP
`kmvjv e`veK wPivqx ej NvlYv Kib|
ewk
wPivqx e`ve Rwg`vi`iK Rwgi vqx gvwjK cwiYZ Ki Ges Rwg`viMY Rwgi gvwjKvbv ^Z
jvf Ki|
ivR^i cwigvY wbw` Ki `Iqvi dj wbqwgZ ivR^ c`vbi wewbgq Rwg`vi Rwg`vix fvMi
wPivqx AwaKvi jvf Ki|
G c_v Pvjy nIqvi dj Rwg`vi`i ckvmwbK gZv wejy nq| miKvi ^qs kvw iv I wbivcvi
`vwqZ MnY Ki|
LvRbv evwK coj Rwg`vi`i f~wgi wKQy Ask wew Ki ivR^ Av`vq Kivi eev wQj|
djvdj
wPivqx e`ve evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK KvVvgvZ my`~icmvix cfve dj| KYIqvwjm Rwg`vi wQjb|
wZwb Bsjvi gZv G`kI GKwU Rwg`vi kwY Mo ZzjZ PqwQjb| wKy BDivc Avi
Dcgnv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK KvVvgv I Zvi weKvki aib GK wQj bv| dj evBi _K Pvwcq `Iqv
G eevq myweavi Pq AmyweavB AwaK cwijwZ nq|
myweav :
G eevi cavb myweav nQ miKvii ivR^ Avq mywbw` nIqvi dj miKvi Zvi Avqi cwigvY mK
wbwZ nq| h KviY evRU cYqb, wewfb cwiKbv evevqb Kiv miKvii c mnR nq|
wPivqx e`vei dj m Rwg`vi kwY Kvvwbi GKwb mg_K nq DV| dj wewUk kvmb
`pKiY Ges `xNvwqZKiY Rwg`viiv iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ mg nq|
Rwgi Dci Rwg`vii vqx gvwjKvbv ^xKZ nIqvi KviY AbKB wbR wbR GjvKvq bvbv aibi
RbKjvYg~jK KvR eZx nb| Zviv wbR wbR GjvKvq wkv cwZvb, wPwKrmvjq, Dcvmbvjq cfwZ
cwZv Kib| ZvQvov cRv`i KjvYi Rb ivvNvU, cyj Zwi, cyKzi Lbbi gZv KvR QvovI AbK
mvgvwRK KgKvi m Zuviv RwoZ nb|
Rwg`viiv Rwgi gvwjK nIqvi KviY DrmvwnZ nq cwZZ Rwg, RjvKxY Rwg Pvli eev Kib|
dj Drcv`b ewi m m `ki Avw_K Aevi DbwZ nq|
wPivqx e`ve miKviK Rbwcq Ki Zvj, Avevi Rwg`vi kwY KZK mvgvwRK wkv-mvswZK
Dbqb wekl f~wgKv ivLvi KviY cwiewZZ nZ _vK MvgxY mgvR|
`vl :
wPivqx e`vei dj Rwg`vii ^v_ myiwZ nq| Zviv axi axi abxK kwYZ cwiYZ nq| wKy Aci
92
w`K RwgZ cRv`i cyivbv ^Z m~Y wejy nq| dj Rwg`vi BQ KijB hKvbv mgq Zv`i Rwg
_K DQ` KiZ cviZ| c_g w`K cRv^Z AvBb bv _vKvq Zv`i fvMi Rb Zviv m~YfveB Rwg`vii
`qvi Dci wbfi KiZv|
wPivqx e`ve Rwgi mwVK Rwici eev bv _vKvq AbK mgq wbi Rwgi Dci ewk ivR^ avh
Kiv nZv| Rwgi mxgv wbavwiZ bv _vKvq cieZxKvj gvgjv weev` `Lv w`Z|
m~hv AvBb wbw` ZvwiL m~hvi ga LvRbv cwikva weavbi KVviZvi KviY AbK eo eo
Rwg`vix wbw nq hvq| GKgv eagvbi Rwg`vix Qvov wPivqx e`vei mvZ eQii ga Abvb
me Rwg`vix asm nq hvq|
Rwg`vix Avq I ^Z mK wbwZ nq Rwg`viiv bvqe-Mvgvi Dci `vwqZ w`q kni emevm iy
Kib| GBme AbycwZ Rwg`vi`i bvqe-Mvgv`i AZvPvi cRviv AwZ nq IV| dj Rwgi
Drcv`b Kg hZ _vK, Mvgi A_bwZK AevI Lvivc nZ _vK|
Dcgnv`k Rwg wQj AvwfRvZi cZxK| dj wbgeYi AbK ew, mvaviY gvbyl hviv Kvvwbi m
eemv-evwYR Ki cPzi A_i gvwjK nb, Zviv Rwg`vix wKb AvwfRvZi ghv`vjvf e nq IVb|
dj `kxq cyuwR, `kxq wk Mo IVvi mvebv asm nq hvq| Aci w`K KvvwbI mve G`kxq
cwZxi nvZ _K euP hvq|
wPivqx e`vei dj KlKiv mivmwi Rwg`vi KZK kvwlZ nZ _vK| Avevi GB Rwg`vi kwYi
ccvlKZv cq MvgxY mgvR GKwU wkwZ kwY Mo DVwQj, hviv cieZx mgq `k-RvwZ mK mPZb
nq IV| GKB m wewUk KZK m Rwg`vi kwY hviv c_gw`K wewUk mgvRi k wfZ wQj, Zv`iB
cieZx cRb cvvZ wkvq wkwZ nq wewUk-ivR DrLvZi Rb ^vaxbZv Av`vjb Suvwcq co|
GKK KvR : wPivqx e`vei dj evsjvi A_bxwZ wKfve wZM nq?
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. Kvb cZzMxR bvweK c_g mgy`c_ fviZxq Dcgnv`k Avmb?
K. fvv-Wv-Mvgv
L. Kvb nwK
M. mvi Ugvmiv
N. Re PvbK
2. beve wmivRDjv cjvkxi cvi BsiR`i weiy AaviY KiZ eva nqwQjb KviYi.
93
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
L. Ij`vR
M. w`bgvi
N. BsiR
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1. gvgyb I Kvgvj `yB fvB| wcZvi gZzi ci Zv`i vi MvgUm Gi gvwjKvbv wbq `yB fvBqi ga
evaj eo fvB gvgyb MvgUm cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ MnY Kib Ges QvU fvB Kvgvj msmvi `Lvkvbvi
`vwqZ bq| MvgUm Gi Avq _K KvgvjK msmvi cwiPvjbvi cqvRbxq A_ c`vb bv Kivq
msmvi wekLjv `Lv `q|
K. fvv-Wv-Mvgv Kvb `ki bvweK wQjb?
L. cvPxbKvj AbKB evsjv Aj evwYR KiZ GmwQj Kb?
M. DxcKi gZv fvMvfvwMi mv_ Zvgvi cvV eBqi Kvb NUbvi wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D NUbv evsjvi A_bwZK giy` f w`qwQj? Dii mc hyw `vI|
94
2. ek wKQzw`b ai cjvkcyi Pv evMvbi evwlK Avq DVv-bvgv KiwQj| G Rb evMvb KZc evMvbi Avq
wbw` Kivi j Drcv`b eev KqK eQii Rb KwZcq ewi wbKU eiv `b| G eevq bZzb
BRviv`viiv ewk gybvdv jvfi Avkvq Pv kwgK`iK AwZwi mgq KvR KivZ eva Ki AwZwi
cvwikwgK QvovB| G eevi dj Pv evMvb I Pv kwgK`i Aevi Dbqbi cwZ Kvbv `w wQj bv
BRviv`vi`i| evMvb KZc G `yievi nvZ _K gyw cvevi j Ges evMvbi Avq mywb` KiZ
BRviv`vi`i mv_ vqxfve eiv mv`b Ki|
K. Kvb b`xi Zxi cjvkxi hy msNwUZ nqwQj?
L. AK~c nZv ejZ Kx evSvq?
M. DxcKi bZzb eevi mv_ Zvgvi cvV eBqi Kvb NUbvi wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D e`ve A_bwZK kLjv ivi mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb KiwQj? hyw `vI|
Ag Aavq
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
BsiR kvmbvgj evsjvq cwZiva Av`vjbi cwZ Ges Gi Zvrch wek-lY KiZ cvie;
96
cwZiva Av`vjb
dwKi-mbvmx Av`vjb
evsjvi dwKi-mbvmx Av`vjb wQj GKwU wewUkweivax Av`vjb| AvVviv kZKi klva GB Av`vjbi
iy| Gi AvM beve gxi Kvwkg BsiR`i m hy dwKi-mbvmx`i mvnvh Pvb| GB WvK mvov w`q
dwKi-mbvmxiv bevei c hy Ki| hy civwRZ nq gxi Kvwkg cvwjq MjI dwKi-mbvmxiv Zv`i
wewUkweivax Av`vjb Pvwjq hZ _vK| beveK mvnvh Kivi KviY BsiRiv Zv`i MwZwewai cwZ Kov
bRi ivLZ _vK|
wPivPwiZ ixwZ Abyhvqx, dwKi-mbvmxiv wfvew ev gyw msMni gvag RxweKv wbevn KiZ| agxq Drme,
Zx_vb `kb Dcj mviv eQi Zviv GK vb _K AviK vb Nyi eovZ| Zv`i m wbivcvi Rb
bvbv aibi nvjKv A _vKZ| evsjvq wewUk kvmb cwZvi c~e ch Zviv wQj ^vaxb Ges gy| wKy BsiR
miKvi Zv`i Aeva Pjvdivq evavi mw KiZ _vK| Zx_vb `kbi Dci Kivivc Ki, wfv I gyw
msMnK eAvBwb NvlYv Ki| ZvQvov Zv`iK WvKvZ-`my ej AvLvwqZ KiZ _vK| dj z nq
dwKi-mbvmxiv BsiR`i weiy `xN Av`vjb AeZxY nq| we`vnx dwKi `ji bZvi bvg wQj gRby
kvn| Avi mbvmx`i bZvi bvg wQj fevbx cvVK| Zv`i AvgYi g~j j wQj miKvwi KzwV, Rwg`vi`i
KvQvwi I bvqe-Mvgvi evwo| 1760 wLv cwgei eagvb Rjvq mbvmxiv BsiR`i weiy c_g
we`vn iy Ki|
1771 wLv gRby kvn mviv Di evsjvq BsiRweivax ZrciZv iy Kib| 1777 wLv -1786 wLv
ch iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi I gqgbwmsn Rjvq BsiR`i m gRby kvn e msNl wj nb| Zvi hy
Kkj wQj Mwijv cwZ A_vr AZwKZ AvgY Ki wbivc` mi hvIqv| BsiR`i c ZvK P~ovfve
civwRZ Kiv KLbB me nqwb| wZwb 1787 wLv gZzeiY Kij we`vni bZZ MnY Kib gymv kvn,
mvevb kvn, PivM Avjx kvn, Kwig kvn, gv`vi eK&mmn cgyL dwKi| GB bZviv KqK eQi BsiR ckvmbK
ewZe Ki ivL| 1800 wLv Zviv P~ovfve civwRZ nq| Aciw`K mbvmx we`vni bZv fevbx
cvVK 1787 wLv jdUbvU ebvbi bZZ GK`j ewUk mbi AvgY `yB mnKvixmn wbnZ nb|
mbvmx Av`vjbi cavb bZv wQjb wZwb| Zvi gZzi m m mbvmx Av`vjbiI Aemvb NU|
GKK KvR : gxi Kvwkgi civRqi m dwKi-mbvmx`i cwZ BsiR`i Kov bRii mK Kx?
Gi cwiYwZ Kx njv?
wZZzgxii msMvg :
gxi wbmvi Avjx Iid wZZzgxi Pwek ciMbv Rjvi evivmvZ gnKzgvi
Puv`cyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| Di fviZ I Di-cwg mxgv c`k
hLb Iqvnvwe Av`vjbi Rvqvi PjQ, ZLb cwge evivmvZ Aj
GB Av`vjb wZZzgxii bZZ cej AvKvi aviY Ki| Dwbk
wZZzgxi
97
kZK fviZel gymjgvb mgvR GK agxq msvi Av`vjbi m~cvZ nqwQj| evsjvq Zvi `ywU aviv
cengvb wQj| hvi GKwU Iqvnvwe ev gynv`xqv Av`vjb, AciwU diqwR Av`vjb bvg LvZ| Dfq
Av`vjbi g~j Dk wQj agxq mvgvwRK Kzmsvi `~i Ki gymwjg mc`vqK agxq Abykvmb cvjbi
mwVK c_ wb`k Kiv| evsjvi Iqvnvweiv wZZzgxii bZZ msMwVZ nqwQj| wZZzgxii bZZ cwiPvwjZ
ZwiKvq gynv`xqv Av`vjb wQj Di fviZi mq` Avng` knx`i fveavivq AbycvwYZ|
wZZzgxi nR Kivi Rb gv kwid hvb| 1827 wLv wZwb `k wdi Avmb Ges ag msvi KvR
AvZwbqvM Kib| Zuvi GB agxq msvi Av`vjb e gymjgvb wekl Ki Pwek ciMbv Ges b`xqv Rjvi
e KlK, ZuvZx GB Av`vjb mvov `q| dj Rwg`viiv gymjgvb cRv`i Dci bvbv aibi wblavv Rvwi
Ki Ges Zv`i cwZ bvbv wbhvZbg~jK AvPiY iy Ki| wZZzgxi G AZvPvii weiy KZci KvQ
kvwc~Yfve mywePvi Pq e_ nb| kl ch wZwb I Zuvi Abymvixiv mk cwZivai c_ Aej^b Kib|
1831 wLt bvwiKjevwoqv Mvg wZZzgxi Zuvi cavb NuvwU vcb Kib| wbgvY Kib kwkvjx GK euvki
Kj-v| Mvjvg gvmygi bZZ Mo Zvjb my` kwkvjx jvwVqvj evwnbx|
BsiR, Rwg`vi, bxjKi`i viv wbhvwZZ KlKiv `j `j wZZzgxii evwnbxZ hvM w`j ag msvii
Av`vjb GKwU evcK KlK Av`vjb ic bq| dj kvmK-kvlK Rwg`vikwY ev KlK`i msNeZv
Ges wZZzgxii kw ewZ kwZ nq DV| kl ch 1831 wLt wZZzgxii weiy BsiR miKvi GK
wekvj mywkwZ mbvevwnbx ciY Ki| gRi Ui bZZ GB evwnbx wZZzgxii bvwiKj evwoqv euvki
Kj-v AvgY Ki| BsiR`i Kvgvb e`yKi mvgb exii gZv jovB Ki civwRZ nq wZZzgxii evwnbx|
wZwb hy wbnZ nb| Mvjvi AvNvZ euvki Kj-v Do hvq| GfveB cwimgvw NU GKwU mymsNwUZ KlK
Av`vjbi| wZZzgxi agxq msvi Av`vjbi ga w`q evcK KlK Av`vjb Mo ZzjZ mg
nqwQjb| BsiR`i Mvjveviy`, bxjKi, Rwg`vi`i HKe cwZivai gyL Zuvi euvki Kj-v wQj
`ytmvnm Avi `kcgi cZxK, hv hyM hyM evOvwjK Abvq-AZvPvii weiy mvnm hywMqQ| ciYv
hywMqQ ^vaxbZvi c_ GwMq hZ|
GKK KvR
1| wZZzgxii Kvb Kvb KgKv `ytmvnm Avi `kcgi cZxK|
2| agxq msvi Av`vjb Kxfve KlK Av`vjb cwiYZ njv? Gi cQbi KviY Abymvb Ki|
bxj we`vn
BsiRiv G`k GmwQj eemv-evwYR KiZ| Dcgnv`ki kvmK`i `yejZvi myhvM Zviv G`ki
kvmK nq DV| Ze me mgq Zv`i eemvqx eyw wQj mRvM| GB mRvM eemvqx eywi KviYB evsjvi
Dei dmji Z Zv`i `w co| Zviv GB Dei ZjvZ Lv` dmji (Lvevi dmj) cwieZ evwYR
dmj (evwYRi Rb h dmj) Drcv`bi AvMnx nq DV| bxj wQj Zv`i mB evwYwRK dmj|
98
H mgq bxj eemv wQj LyeB jvfRbK| eZ wki DbwZi m m Kvco is Kivi Rb weUb bxji
Pvwn`v Lye eo hvq| ZvQvov AvgwiKvi wewUk Dcwbekjv ^vaxb nq hvIqvi KviY BsiR ewYK`i
mLvbKvi bxj Pvl e nq hvq| dj evsjv nq DV bxj mieivni c`vb K`| 1770 _K 1780 wLt
ga BsiR Avgj evsjv`k bxjPvl iy nq|
bxjPvli Rb bxjKiMY KlKi mevrK Rwg eQ wbZ| KlK`i bxjPvli Rb AMxg A_ MnY (`v`b)
eva Kiv nZv| Avi GKevi GB `v`b MnY Kij my`-Avmj hZB KlKiv FY cwikva KiyK bv Kb, esk
ciivq Kvbv w`bB FY kva nZv bv| bxjPvl KlKiv ivwR bv nj Zv`i Dci Pig AZvPvi Pvjvbv
nZv| evsjv`k bxji eemv wQj GKPwUqv BsiR ewYK`i| dwi`cyi, hkvi, XvKv, cvebv, ivRkvnx,
b`xqv, gywk`vev` evcK bxj Pvl nZv|
wRwbm ci g~j ewi m m bxj Pvli LiPI ew cvq| bxjKiiv welqwU weePbvq ivLZ bv| ZvQvov
c_g w`K Zviv Pvwl`i webvg~j bxj exR mieivn KijI cii w`K ZvI e nq hvq| dj gvMZ
bxjPvl Pvwl`i Rb Ame nq `uvovq|
Dchy ebvi nvZ _K Pvwl`i euvPvi Kvbv Dcvq wQj bv| AvBb wQj Zv`i bvMvji evBi| AvBb hviv
cqvM Kieb, mme wePviK`i ewki fvM wQj bxjKi`i ^`kx ev ez| Avevi bxjKiivI AbK mgq
wbRivB AeZwbK (Abvivwi) gvwRU c` wbqvM cZb| dj AvBbi Avkq ev mywePvi cvIqv Pvwli Rb
wQj Ame| GgZvevq bxjKi mvneiv evsjvi Mvgvj ay eemvqx ic bq `v` cZvckvjx GK Awfbe
AZvPvix Rwg`vi icI AvZcKvk Ki| Giv GZUvB wbzi Avi ecivqv nq DVwQj h Aeva bxjPvwlK
nZv KiZI wav Kiwb|
kl ch `qvj wcV VK hvIqv bxj Pvwliv 1859 wLt cP we`vn dU co| Mvg-Mvg KlKiv msMwVZ
Ges HKe nZ _vK| GB me we`vni bZZ `q bxjPvwlivB| hkvii bxj we`vni bZv wQjb bexb
gvae I ebx gvae bvg `yB fvB| MjxZ bZZ `b e`bv_ I wekbv_ m`vi| b`xqvq wQjb gNbv m`vi
Ges b`xqvi PMvQvq we`vni bZZ `b wezPiY wekvm I w`M^i wekvm bvg `yB fvB| vbxq chvqi GB
bZZ evsjvq KlK we`vni Avb Rj DV| KlKiv bxj Pvl bv Kivi c `p Aevb bq| GgbwK Zviv
BsiR gvwRUi Dc`kI AMvn Ki| wkwZ gawe kwY bxjPvwl`i cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj gbvfve cKvk
KiZ _vK| wewfb cwKvq bxjKi`i AZvPvii Kvwnbx Qvcv nZ _vK| `xbez wgi jLv bxj`cY
bvUKi Kvwnbx Pviw`K Qwoq co|
kl ch evsjvi msMvgx KlK`i Rq nq| 1861 wLt wewUk miKvi BwMv Kwgkb ev bxj Kwgkb MVb
Ki| GB Kwgkbi mycvwiki Dci wfw Ki bxj PvlK KlK`i BQvaxb ej NvlYv Kiv nq| ZvQvov
BwMv KUv evwZj nq| Gi cwicwZ bxj we`vni Aemvb nq| cieZxKvj bxji weK Kwg bxj
AvweZ nIqvq 1892 wLv G`k bxjPvl wPiZi e nq hvq|
GKK KvR : 1 Kvb Aevi cwZ bxj we`vn NU-Zvi Dci Km vwW cZ Ki|
GKK KvR : 2 evsjvq wPiZi bxj Pvl e nIqvi cvcU Zzj aiv|
99
divqwR Av`vjb
divqwR Av`vjbi cwZvbv nvRx kixqZDj-vn eni dwi`cyii gv`vixcyi Rjvi kvmkvBj Mvg 1782 wLt
RbMnY Kib| wZwb `xN wek eQi gvq Aevb Kib| mLvb wZwb Bmjvg agi Dci jLvcov Ki
AMva cvwZ ARb Kib|
`k wdi wZwb eySZ cvib h evsjvi gymjgvbiv Bmjvgi cKZ wkv _K AbK `~i mi MQ| Zv`i
ga AbmjvwgK ixwZbxwZ, Kzmsvi, AbvPvi cek KiQ| Bmjvg agK Kzmsvi Avi Gme AbmjvwgK
AbvPvigy KiZ wZwb `pcwZ nb| GB cwZvi ekeZx nq wZwb Dwbk kZKi c_gva evsjvi
gymjgvb`i ga GK agxq-mvgvwRK msvi Av`vjbi m~cvZ Kib| nvRx kixqZDj-vni GB agxq
msvi Av`vjbi bvgB divqwR Av`vjb|
divqwR kwU Aviwe diR (Aek KZe) k _K GmQ| hviv diR cvjb Ki ZvivB divqwR| Avi
evsjvq huviv nvRx kixqZDj-vni Abymvix wQjb, BwZnvm ay Zv`iKB divqwR ejv nq _vK| kixqZDj-vn
h diRi Dci wekl iyZ Avivc KiQb, Zv wQj cwe KziAvb ewYZ cuvPwU Aekcvjbxq (diR)
gjbxwZ| GB gjbxwZjv nQ Cgvb ev Avj-vni GKZ I imvjvZ wekvm, bvgvR, ivRv, nR, RvKvZ|
Bmjvg Abbygvw`Z me wekvm, AvPvi-AvPiY I Abyvb ZvM Ki Bmjvg ag hv AekKiYxq, Zv cvjb Kivi
Rb wZwb gymjgvb mgvRK Avnvb Rvbvb| wZwb evsjv Z_v fviZel wewUk kvmb gb wbZ cviwb| wZwb
BsiR ivRZK NYvi PvL `LZb| wZwb fviZelK `viyj nvie A_vr, hyiZ `k ej NvlYv Kib|
wZwb weagx-weRvZxq kvwmZ `k Rygv Ges `yB C`i bvgvR eRbi Rb gymjgvb`i wb`k w`qQb|
evsjvi kvwlZ, wbhvwZZ `wi` ivqZ, KlK, ZuvZx, Zwj mc`vq ^Zt~Zfve GB Av`vjb hvM`vb Ki|
kixqZDj-vni Dci `wi` RbMvxi Avv, wekvm, Zuvi AmvaviY mvdj wbgkwYi RbMYi ga `p HK
Mo Zvj| gymjgvb`i agxq AvPvi-Abyvb Rwg`viiv evav c`vb KiZ _vK| wZwb cRv`i Aea Ki
`qv _K weiZ _vKvi Dc`k `b Ges Rwg`vi`i me AZvPvii weiy cwZiva Mo Zvjvi Rb cwZ
bb| `kRyo Afve `Lv w`j wZwb byb-fvZi `vweI Dvcb Kib|
Rwg`vikwY bvbv ARynvZ divqwR cRv`i Dci AZvPvi iy Kij cRv`i ivi Rb wZwb jvwVqvj evwnbx
MVbi wmv bb| 1839 wLt Zvi Dci cywjwk wblavv Rvwi Kiv nq| 1840 mvj wZwb gZzeiY Kib|
Zuvi gZzi ci divqwR Av`vjbi `vwqZ MnY Kib Zuvi hvMcy gyn` gynwmbDxb Avng` Iid `y`y
wgqv| wZwb 1819 wLt RbMnY Kib| wcZvi gZv cwZ bv njI Zuvi mvsMVwbK gZv wQj AmvaviY|
GKK KvR : nvRx kixqZDj-vn h diRi Dci iyZ Avivc Kib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
`y`y wgqvi bZZ divqwR Av`vjb GKvavi GKwU agxq msvi Av`vjbi cvkvcvwk KlKkwYi kvlY
gywi mk msMvg cwiYZ nq| hvi dj GB Av`vjbi Pwi kl ch ay agxq msvi Av`vjbi
ga mxgve iBj bv| BsiR kvmK`i Pig A_bwZK kvlY wech evsjvi KlK GB Av`vjbi gvag
kvlYweivax cZ f~wgKvq AeZxY njv| nvRvi nvRvi KlK I Rwg`vi, bxjKi mvne`i wbhvZb _K
euvPvi Rb divqwR Av`vjb hvM`vb Ki|
100
`y`ywgqv wQjb divqwR`i iy ev Iv`| wcZvi gZzi ci wZwb kvwwcq bxwZ cwinvi Ki mk msMvg
wj nb| divqwR`i cwZiva msMvgK `p Ges kwkvjx Kivi j wZwb wbR jvwV Pvjbv wkv jvf
Kib| Zuvi wcZvi Avgji jvwVqvj RvjvjDwb gvj-vK mbvcwZ wbqvM Ki GK my` jvwVqvj evwnbx Mo
Zvjb| Gi Dk wQj Rwg`vi`i Aea Ki Avivc Ges bxjKi`i AZvPvii weiy cwZivai eev
Kiv| GLvb Dj-L, dwi`cyi, cvebv, ivRkvnx, hkvi, gywk`vev`, b`xqv cfwZ gymjgvbcavb Ajjv bxj
Pvli Rb wQj DrK| myZivs G Aj bxjKiMYi AZvPvii gvvI wQj `ytmn| Zuvi bZZ Mvgvj
^vaxb miKvi MVb Kiv nqwQj| KlK cRvmvaviYK wbq ^vaxb miKvii GKUv mbvevwnbxI (jvwVqvj
evwnbx) MVb Kiv nqwQj|
divqwR`i miKvieevq c~e evsjvK KZjv njKv ev GjvKvq wef Kiv nq| `y`y wgqv Zuvi Abymvix`i
wbq `xNKvjevcx Rwg`vi, bxjKi miKvii weiy GB msMvg Pvwjq hvb| `kxq Rwg`viiv we`wk BsiR
miKvi I bxjKi mvne`i m nvZ wgwjq Zuvi weiy GKi ci GK dR`vwi gvgjv `vqi KiZ
_vK| wKy `y`y wgqvi weiy mvx bv cq evievi ZvK gyw w`Z nq| kl ch 1857 mvj fviZi c_g
^vaxbZv hyi Avb Rj DVj BsiR miKvi fxZ-m nq DV| fxZ BsiR miKvi `y`y wgqvK
ivRbwZK e`x wnme KjKvZvi KvivMvi AvUK ivL| 1860 wLt wZwb gyw cvb Ges 1862 wLt GB
`kcwgK wec-exi gZz NU| Zuvi gZzi ci hvM bZZi Afve divqwR Av`vjb `yej nq co|
GKK KvR : 1857 mvji fviZi ^vaxbZv hyi mgq BsiR miKvi fxZ nq `y`y wgqvK Kviviy
Ki| Gi cQbi KviYjv avivevwnKfve mvRvI|
101
evnK| evOvwj eywRxex`i AbKB gahyMxq wPv-PZbv cZvLvb Ki hywev`, ew^vaxbZv, evwbK
`wfwK MnY Ki AvaywbK gvbyl cwiYZ nb| GB be fveaviv cmvi B Bwqv Kvvwbi wKQymsLK
D`viPZv ckvmKiI Ae`vb iqQ| Giv `wk fvlv-mvwnZi DbwZi Rb cej Drmvn `wLqQb| nwsm,
Gvjwdbvb, gvjKg gbiv, gUKvd cgyL BsiR ckvmKi AbK fviZevmxK cvvZ fveaviv, vbwevb-`kb DxweZ KivK Zv`i bwZK I gvbweK `vwqZ KZe ej gb KiZb| ZvQvov wLvb
wgkbvwi`i cwZwZ QvcvLvbvI AvaywbK wkvi fveaviv cmvi Dj-LhvM f~wgKv cvjb mg nq|
102
103
CkiP` we`vmvMi
cvwZ, wkv wevi, mgvR msvi, `qv`Zv I ZRw^Zvq CkiP` we`vmvMi wQjb Dwbk kZKi evsjvq
GKK ewZ| Zuvi cv wQj cvPxb fviZxq Fwli gZv, kh wQj BsiR`i gZv, Avi `q wQj evsjvi
KvgjgwZ gvq`i gZv|
GB AmvaviY hyM ceZK gnvcyiyli Rb nqwQj 1820 wLt g`bxcyi
Rjvi exiwmsn Mvg| wZwb Zuvi ZRw^Zv, mZwbv ARb KiwQjb Zuvi
`wi` evY wcZv VvKzi`vm e`vcvavqi KvQ _K| Avi `qi
ggZeva Zuvi gv fvMeZx`exi KvQ _K| `vwi`i KviY ivZ evwZ
Rvwjq covi gZv wQj bv| dj wk CkiP` mvi ci _K Mfxi
ivZ ch ivvi Mvm evwZi wbP `vwoq covkvbv KiZb| wZwb
BsiwR msLv MYbv wkLwQjb Zuvi evevi m Mvgi evwo _K cvq
nuU KjKvZvq Avmvi mgq, ivvi cvki gvBj djKi msLvi wnme
YZ YZ|
Qwe : we`vmvMi
AmvaviY gav Avi Aaemvqi Y wZwb gv GKzk eQi eqm msZ mvwnZ, evKiY, bvq, e`v, wZ,
Ajvi BZvw` welq AMva cvwZ ARb KiwQjb| H eqm wZwb dvU DBwjqvg KjRi cwZi
`vwqZ jvf Kib| GKBm wZwb we`vjq cwi`kKi `vwqZI cvjb Kib|
KgRxeb ceki m m wZwb mvwnZ PPvqI gbvhvMx nb| evsjv fvlvq DbZgvbi cvVcyKi Afve
`L wZwb M`mvwnZ iPbv iy Kib| wZwb evsjv M`mvwnZK beRxeb `vb Kib| G Rb ZuvK evsjv
M`mvwnZi RbK ejv nq| wk`i jLvcov mnR Kivi Rb wZwb iPbv Kib eY cwiPqi c_g I wZxq
fvM| msZ fvlv wkvK mnR Kivi Rb wZwb evKiYi DcgwYKv iPbv Kib| ZvQvov wZwb AbK
Mi Abyev`I KiQb|
ay mvwnZ bq, wkv wevi Zuvi KwZZ AmvaviY| msZ wkvi msvi, evsjv wkvi wfwvcb Ges
bvixwkv cmvi AMYx f~wgKv Zuvi Aq KxwZ| ZvQvov zj cwi`kK _vKvKvj Mvg-M 20wU gWj zj,
35wU evwjKv we`vjq vcb Kib| Zuvi cwZwZ we`vjqjvi ga Dj-LhvM njv gUvcwjUb
BbwwUDkb| GLb GwU we`vmvMi KjR bvg LvZ|
wZwb GKRb mdj mgvR-msviKI wQjb| `k cPwjZ bvbv aibi Kzmsvii weiy wZwb iyL `uvovb|
wZwb Kbvwk nZv, eweevn c_vi weiy msMvg wj nb| wZwb wn`y mgvR weaev weevni c KVvi
Aevb bb| Zuvi wbijm cPvi KviY 1856 wLt Mfbi Rbviji mwZg weaev weevn AvBb cvk nq|
we`vmvMi `vb-`vwYi Rb LvZ wQjb| G KviY ZuvK `qvi mvMiI ejv nZv| wZwb h_ mQj bv
njI e Abv_ Qv Zuvi evmvq _K jLvcov KiZv| Kwe gvBKj gaym~`b `i Pig A_Ki mgq
we`vmvMi ZuvK cPzi A_ mvnvh KiQb| Kwe bexbP` mb ZiyY eqm we`vmvMii A_ jLvcov
KiQb|
104
Zuvi gvZfw wQj AmvaviY| gvqi BQvq wZwb Mvg `vZe wPwKrmvjq I we`vjq cwZv Kib| gvqi WvK
mvov w`q Zvi KvQ hvIqvi Rb wZwb GKevi fiv elvq Mfxi ivZ `vgv`i b` cvi nq evwo hvb|
GB mgvR meK gnvvbx 1891 wLt 71 eQi eqm cijvK Mgb Kib|
GKK KvR : we`vmvMiK evsjv M`mvwnZi RbK ejvi KviY Abymvb Ki|
nvRx gyn` gnmxb
nvRx gyn` gnmxb 1732 wLt cwgei MjxZ RbMnY Kib| Zuvi
wcZvi bvg wQj gyn` dqRyj-vn| gvqi bvg wQj Rqbve Lvbg| Zv`i
Avw` wbevm wQj cvim| nvwR gyn` gnmxbi c~ecyiyl fvM A^lY
Gm Mjx kni emevm iy Ki|
gnmxbi wkvRxeb iy MjxZ| Zuvi MnwkK AvMv wmivRx wQjb
GKRb cwZ ew| wZwb Zvui KvQ Aviwe-dviwm fvlv wkv jvf Kib|
Qwe : nvRx gyn` gnmxb
105
106
wZwb wewfb c-cwKvq wkv I wewfb gymjgvb`i wcwQq covi welqwU wbq jLvjwL Kib| dj
1885 wLt miKvi gymjgvb`i wkvi AMMwZi Rb KZjv eev MnY Kib| G KviY wZwb 1884 wLt
KjKvZv gv`vmvq KjR chvq BsiwR wkv Ges KivwPZ GKwU KjR cwZvq DrmvwnZ Kib|
Zuvi weLvZ `ywU M The Spirit of Islam Ges A Short History of the Saracens-G Bmjvg agi
wevbmZ evLv I Bmjvgi AZxZ Miei K_v Zzj aiv nqQ| wZwb wekvm KiZb, AvaywbK fviZi
DbwZi Rb wn`y-gymjvgvb Dfq mc`vqi GKhvM KvR Kiv cqvRb| wZwb 1906 wLt gymwjg jxM
cwZvK ^vMZ Rvbvb| 1912 wLt wZwb gymwjg jxMi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb| mq` Avgxi Avjx bvix
AwaKvii welqI mPZb wQjb|
GKK KvR : mq` Avgxi Avjx gymjgvb`i AMMwZi Rb Kx Kx KvR KiQb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
eMg ivKqv
wek kZKi iyZ hLb Ni Ni wkvi Avjv RjQ, evOvwj gymjgvb
gqiv ZLbI wcwQq wQj| gymjgvb mgvRi gqiv me AwaKvi _K
ewZ wQj| jLvcov kLv Zv`i Rb GKiKg wbwlB wQj| mgvR
agi bvg Zv`i ivLv nZv c`vi Avovj Mne`x Ki|
gymjgvb gq`i GB ew``kv _K whwb gywi WvK w`jb, Zuvi bvg,
eMg ivKqv| 1880 wLt iscyi Rjvi wgVvcyKzi DcRjvi cvqive`
Qwe : eMg ivKqv
Mvg Zuvi Rb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Rwniyxb gvnv` Avey Avjx mvei|
gvqi bvg gvmvr evnvZb&bmv mveiv PayivwY| H Aj mvei cwievi wQj AZ mv Ges iYkxj|
gqiv wQj LyeB c`vbwkb| eMg ivKqv Zuvi eo fvB Bevwng mvei Ges eo evb Kwigybmvi KvQ wkv
jvf Kib| ZuvK covkvbv KiZ nZv Mfxi ivZ, hvZ evwoi jvK Ui bv cvq| eo fvBqi GKv
Drmvn wZwb D`y, Aviwe, dviwm, evsjv I BsiwR fvlv wkv jvf Kib| zj wMq wkv MnY Kiv me bv
njI wZwb evsjv fvlvq h_ `Zv ARb Kib| wKkvi eqm _KB wZwb mvwnZPPvq gbvwbek Kib|
mvwnZPPvi welqeI wQj bvix mgvRK wbq| wZwb mgvRi Kzmsvi, bvix mgvRi Aenjv-ebvi KiyY
wP wbR PvL `LQb| hv Dcjw KiQb, Zv-B wZwb Zuvi jLvi ga Zzj aiQb| mgvRK PvL
Avyj w`q `LvZ PqQb bvix`i KiyY `kv, Zv`i cwZ elgg~jK AvPiYi bgybv| Zuvi Aeiva
evwmbx, civM, gwZPzi, myjZvbvi ^c cfwZ M m wP dzU DVQ|
weevwnZ Rxeb wZwb Zuvi ^vgxi KvQ _K vbPPvi Drmvn jvf KiwQjb| ^vgxi gZzi ci wZwb Zuvi
Rxebi evwK mgqwU bvix wkv Avi mgvRmevq eq Kib| wZwb ^vgxi bvg fvMjcyi GKwU cv_wgK evwjKv
we`vjq vcb Kib| 1911 wLt wZwb KjKvZvq mvLvIqvZ ggvwiqvj D`y cvBgvwi zj vcb Kib|
1931 mvj GwU DP BsiwR Mvjm zj DbxZ nq| Zuvi gZz ch wZwb GB zji cavb wkwKv Ges
mycvwibUbWUi `vwqZ cvjb KiQb|
107
bvixi AwaKvi cwZvi Rb 1916 wLt KjKvZvq Avygvb LvIqvwZb Bmjvg (gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZ) cwZv
Kib| bvixi wkv, Kgmsvb I AvBbMZ AwaKvi cwZvq Zuvi bZZ mwgwZ ewj f~wgKv ivLZ mg nq|
gymjgvb bvixgyw Av`vjbi cw_Kr eMg ivKqvi gb bvixi cwZ mgvRi bvbv AZvPvi I AmwnzZvi
weiy wQj Zxe we`vni myi| wZwb Zuvi Kgi ga Zvi cKvk NwUqQb| 1932 wLt GB gnxqmx bvix
KjKvZvq gZzeiY Kib|
GKK KvR : mgvR bvix`i KiyY`kv Dj-L Ki eMg ivKqv h eBjv wjLwQjb Zvi GKwU
ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
DcwZ eZv : beRvMiY Av`vjbi msviK`i mK DcwZ ee (jUvwii gvag wbevPb)|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. m^v` Kgy`x cwKvi cKvkK K wQjb?
K. gvBKj gaymy`b `
L. CkiP` we`vmvMi
N. nvRx kixqZDj-vn
2. dwKi mbvmxiv BsiR`i weiy `xN Av`vjb AeZxb nq, KviY BsiRivi.
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
108
3. Kvb ewi Rxebi wkv KvR jvwMq Avyjv-n Kzmsvigy mgvR MVb GwMq Avmb?
K. nvRx kixqZDj-vn
L. `y`y wgqv
M. wZZzgxi
N. Mvjvg gvmyg
mvgvwRK
ii. agxq
iii. ivRbwZK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1.
iccyi Aj `wi` KlK`i Rxebaviv mQj wQj bv| wewfb wmMviU Kvvwbi jvKRb Zv`i GB
AmQj Rxebavivi myhvM wbq Zv`iK Pov my` A_ c`vb Ki Amg Pzwi gvag ZvgvK Pvl AvMnx
Ki Zvj| KlK`i cv g~j Drcv`b LiPi Zzjbvq Kg nIqvq ZvgvK Pvwliv Kvvwbi ivMvm
_K ei nZ bv ci cwZev`x nq IV| Dci Uwjwfkb ZvgvKi ^v SuzwKi K_v Rb H Aji
ZvgvK Pvwliv Kwig I Rwjji bZZ HKe nq Ges Kvvwbi G aibi KgKvi cwZev` Rvbvq|
K. fviZi c_g AvaywbK cyiyl ejv nq KvK?
L. divqRx Av`vjbi g~j Dk Kx wQj?
M. DxcK mswk Z_jv Zvgvi cvVcyK cwVZ Kvb NUbvi K_v iY Kwiq `q? evLv Ki|
N. D NUbvwU KlK`i ^v_ivq KZUzKz hywhy wQj ej Zzwg gb Ki? gZvgZ `vI|
2. myjZvbcyi AjwU cZ Mvgvj| mLvb GLbv bvbv aibi mvgvwRK Kzmsvi weivRgvb| G Mvgi
gq`i evwoi evBi hvIqv wbwl wQj| Mvgi eqvR Rvwgjv eMg gq`i covjLv KiZ euvav
`b| gq`i evwoi evBi ei nIqvK wZwb agxq Abykvmbi cwicx Ges MwnZ KvR gb KiZb|
K. 'The Spirit of Islam' eBwUi jLK K?
L. mUvj bvkbvj gvnvgWvb Gmvwmqkb MVbi Dk Kx wQj?
M. DxcK Rvwgjv eMgi Pwii wecixZ wP cvVcyK cwVZ Kvb gnxqmxi Rxeb cwZdwjZ
nqQ? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki eZgvb bvix-wkvi AMMwZZ D gnxqmxi Ae`vb Ab^xKvh? hyw `vI|
beg Aavq
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvi ^vwaKvi I ivRbwZK Av`vjb Ges Gi djvdj g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
110
GKK KvR : ^Zwejvc bxwZ Ki Kvb Kvb ivR `Lj Kiv nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
A_bwZK : B Bwqv Kvvwbi kvmb cwZvi m m iy nq Pig A_bwZK kvlY ebv| Kvvwb
ivRbwZK gZv `Lji AvMB G`ki wk asm KiwQj| gZv `Lji ci f~wg ivR^ bxwZi bvg asm
Kiv nq `wi` KlKi A_bwZK giy`| AvBb cqvMi dj AbK ebw` Rwg`vi A_bwZKfve wZM
nb Ges mvgvwRKfve nq nb|
`wi` KlK`i Dci AwZwi Ki avh Kivi dj Ges Rwg`vi I ivR^ Av`vqKvix`i Zxe kvlYi wkKvi
KlK gnvRb`i KvQ FYM nq me^v nq co| Gici wQj KlK`i Dci bvbv AZvPvi|
GKw`K evRvi `Lji bvg vbxq wk asm, Aci w`K AwZwi A_ jvfi Avkvq Rwg e`vei bvg
Kwl asm nq| dj evsjvi A_bwZK KvVvgv m~Yi~c asm nq hvq| G Aevi wkKvi mvaviY gvbyl
Kvvwb kvmb-kvlYi weiy we`vnx nq DV|
mvgvwRK I agxq : Dcgnv`ki RbMYi vfi GKwU iyZc~Y KviY wQj mvgvwRK I agxq| AvVviv
kZKi kl fvM Ges Dwbk kZKi c_gva cvvZi cfve, Kvvwbi mgvR msvi RbKjvYg~jK njI
MvUv iYkxj wn`y-gymjgvb Gme gb wbZ cviwb| BsiwR wkv, mZx`vn c_v DQ`, wn`y weaev`i
cybivq weevn, wLvb aghvRK`i ag cPvi BZvw`i dj wn`y-gymjgvb mc`vqi Muvovcxiv kwZ nq
DV| ag I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ wewfbfve msvii KviY y nq Dfq mc`vqi gvbyl|
mvgwiK : mvgwiK evwnbxZ BsiR I fviZxq mb`i gaKvi elg we`vni AbZg KviY| BsiR mb I
fviZxq wmcvwn`i ga c`we, eZb-fvZvi ga weivU elg wQj| fviZxq`i myhvM-myweavI Kg wQj|
ZvQvov c`vbwZi myhvM _KI Zviv ewZ wQj| Zvi Dci wewUk Awdmvi`i ccvwZZ, JZc~Y AvPiY
wmcvwn`i ga we`vni Avb Rvwjq `q|
we`vni cZ KviY wQj agxq Abyf~wZZ AvNvZ| wn`y mc`vqi ga eg~j aviYv wQj, mgy` cvwo w`j
ag b nq| m wn`y wmcvwn`iK mgy` cvwo w`q fviZi evBi hy hZ eva Kiv nqwQj| ZvQvov
wn`y-gymjgvb Dfq mc`vqi wmcvwn`i eenvii Rb Gbwd ivBdji cPjb Kiv nq| GB ivBdji
UvUv `uvZ w`q KU e`yK cek KivZ nZv| mb`i ga evcKfve G Re Qwoq coj h GB UvUvq
Miy I k~Kii Pwe wgwkZ AvQ| dj DfqB agbvki K_v fe we`vnx nq DVj|
^vaxbZv msMvg : we`vni Avb c_g Rj DV cwg ei evivKcyi| 1857 mvji 29 gvP e`yKi
wj Qyo we`vni m~Pbv Kib gjcv bvg GK wmcvwn| `yZ GB we`vn wgivU, Kvbcyi, cvve, Di
c`k, ga c`k, wenvi, evsjvmn fviZi cvq me Qwoq co| evsjv`k XvKv, PMvg, hkvi, wmjU,
Kzwgj-v, cvebv, iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx GB we`vn kvwgj nq|
KvR : evsjv`ki Kv_vq Kv_vq G msMvg Qwoq cowQj evsjv`ki gvbwP GuK m Ajjv
`LvI|
111
ef (1905 wLt-1911wLt)
evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm efi cfve wQj my`~icmvix| 1905 mvj efK K` Ki wn`y-gymwjg
mc`qi mcxwZ wPiZi b nq hvq| cii ciiK ky fveZ iy Ki| Dfqi ga Awekvm ew
cZ _vK| bZv`i D`vi cPv, wewfb h_ ivRbwZK Kgm~wPi dj gvS gvS HKi mvebv Dj
njI kl ch wewUk wef` bxwZiB Rq nq| Dfq mc`qi ciii cwZ Awekvm I kyZvi Aemvb
NU| cwiYwZZ 1947 mvj Dcgnv`k fvM nq|
112
ef cUf~wg : fviZi eojvU jW KvRb 1905 mvji 16 Avei evsjv fvM Kib| GB wefw BwZnvm
ef bvg cwiwPZ| fvM nevi c~e evsjv, wenvi, Dwolv, ga c`k I Avmvgi wKQy Ask w`q MwVZ wQj
evsjv c`k ev evsjv cwmWw| efi GB cwiKbv AbK AvM _KB iy nq wQj| evsjv cwmWwi
AvqZb AbK eo nIqvi KviY 1853 _K 1903 wLt ch Gi mxgvbv cybwebvmi AbK cve wewUk
miKvwi gnj Dcvcb Kiv nq| cKZc 1903 mvj efi cwiKbv MnxZ nq| 1904 mvj fviZ
mwPe GwU Abygv`b Kib Ges 1905 mvji RyjvB gvm efi cwiKbv cKvwkZ nq| GB eQi Avei
cwiKbv evevqb Kiv nq| GB cwiKbvq evsjv`ki XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx, Avmvg, RjcvBwo, cveZ
wcyiv I gvj`n wbq MwVZ nq c~e evsjv I Avmvg bvg bZzb c`k| c`ki ivRavbx nq XvKv| Acic
cwg evsjv, wenvi, Dwolv wbq MwVZ nq cwg evsjv c`k, hvi ivRavbx nq KjKvZv|
efi KviY : efi cQb ek wKQy KviY wQj, hv wbP Dj-L Kiv njv
ckvmwbK KviY : jW KvRbi kvmbvgj ef wQj GKwU ckvmwbK msvi| Dcgnv`ki GK-ZZxqvsk
jvKi emevm wQj evsjv cwmWwZ| KjKvZv _K c~evji AvBbkLjv iv I kvmbKvh myzfve
cwiPvjbv Kiv wQj KwVb KvR| h KviY jW KvRb GZ eo AjK GKwUgv ckvmwbK BDwbU ivLv
hywmsMZ gb Kibwb| ZvB 1903 mvj evsjv c`kK `yfvM Kivi cwiKbv Kib Ges 1905 mvj Zv
KvhKi nq|
Av_-mvgvwRK KviY : evsjv fvMi cQb Aviv KviY wQj hvi GKwU A_bwZK, AciwU mvgvwRK| ZrKvjxb
mgq KjKvZv nq DVwQj Av_-mvgvwRK KgKvi cvYK`| wk, KviLvbv, eemv-evwYR, Awdm-Av`vjZ,
wkvcwZvb mewKQyB cwZwZ nqwQj KjKvZvK wNi| hv wKQy DbwZ AMMwZ, mewKQyB wQj KjKvZvi ga
mxgve| dj c~e evsjvi DbwZ evnZ nq| A_P GLvb _K h KuvPvgvj mieivn Kiv nZv Zvi RbI myz
hvMvhvMeev wQj bv| dj c~e evsjvi A_bwZK Aev g g Lvivc nZ _vK| Dchy
wkvcwZvbi Afve wkv, DP wkv MnY KiZ bv cvivi KviY G Aji jvKRb AwkwZ _K hvq|
Kgnxb`i msLv w`b w`b eo hZ _vK| G Aevi K_v weePbv Ki efi cqvRb wQj|
ivRbwZK KviY: jW KvRb ay kvmb-myweavi Rb ev c~e evsjvi RbMYi KjvYi K_v weePbv Ki
ef Kibwb| Gi cQb wewUk ckvmbi my`~icmvix ivRbwZK ^v_I RwoZ wQj| jW KvRb evsjvi
ivRbwZK mPZbZv mK mZK wQjb| evOvwj gawe eywRxex kwY gk RvZxqZvev` I ivRbxwZ
mPZb nq DVwQj| welqwU Zuvi `w Govqwb| KsMm bZviv KjKvZv _KB mviv fviZi Av`vjbi
bZZ w`Zb| myZivs KjKvZvK K` Ki wewUkweivax Av`vjb _vwgq `Iqv wQj Gi g~j Dk| wn`y
I gymjgvb mwwjZ kw, HKe evsjv wQj ewUk ckvmbi Rb wec`RbK| dj evsjv fvM Ki GKw`K
evOvwji kwK `yej Kiv njv, Aciw`K c~e evsjvi Dbqbi bvg gymjgvb mc`vqK Lywk Kiv njv|
GfveB KvRb wef` I kvmb bxwZ cqvM Ki hZUv bv c~e evsjvi KjvY, Zvi Pq ewk wewUk gZv
wUwKq ivLvi ^v_ evsjv fvM Kib| Gfve Kkj fviZxq RvZxq HKK `yej Kivi eev Kiv njv|
efi cwZwqv: ef NvlYvi dj evsjvi gvbyli ga wgk cwZwqv `Lv `q| c~e evsjvi
gymjgvbiv beve mwjgyjvni bZZ efK ^vMZ Rvbvq| gymwjg c-cwKvjvI e wefvM mvl
113
cKvk Ki| bZzb c`ki RbmsLvi msLvMwi Ask wQj gymjgvb| myZivs c~e evsjvi wcwQq cov gymjgvb
mc`vq wkv-`xv Ges ckvmwbK I A_bwZKfve wewfb aibi myhvM-myweav cve G Avkvq Zviv
efi cwZ AKz mg_b c`vb Ki|
Aci w`K efi weiy Zxe cwZwqv j Kiv hvq wn`y mc`vqi ga| fviZxq RvZxq KsMmi
bZZ Zviv efi weiy my`p HKe Av`vjb Mo Zvj| Gi cQb KviY mK Kvbv Kvbv
HwZnvwmK ejQb DuPzZjvi gvbyl A_vr cyuwRcwZ, wkwZ gawe, Rwg`vi, AvBbRxex, msev`ci gvwjK,
ivRbxwZwe` G`i ^v_ AvNvZ jvMvi KviY Giv efi Nvi weivwaZv iy Ki| Ze ewMZ ^v_
ivi KviY nvK ev RvZxq HKi gnr Av`k AbycvwYZ nq nvK, efweivax Av`vjb AcwZiva
nq DV| GB Av`vjb myi`bv_ evbvwR, wewcbP` cvj, Aiwe` Nvl, AwkbxKzgvi `, evjMvai
wZjKmn MvLji gZv D`vicx bZvI Ask bb| myL`bv_ evbvwR efK RvZxq `yhvM ej
AvLvwqZ Kib| ef weivax Av`vjb g ^`kx Av`vjb ic bq| Pigcx bZv`i KviY GB
Av`vjbi m mk KvhKjvcI hy nq| wewUk miKvi Av`vjbKvix`i `gb KiZ bv ci kl ch
1911 mvj ef iwnZ Ki| ivRv cg RR fviZ mdi Gm 1911 mvj w`wj-i `ievi ef i`i
NvlYv `b|
ef i`i dj wn`y mc`vq Lywk nq, Avi KsMm gb Ki GwU Zv`i bxwZi Rq| wKy gymjgvb
mc`vq ef i` cP ggvnZ nq| Zv`i wewUk miKvi I KsMmi cwZ Avv b nq hvq| Zviv
`pfve wekvm KiZ iy Ki KsMm gymjgvb`i ^v_ ivi Rb bq| gymwjg bZe` GK wewUk miKvii
wekvmNvZKZvi RNb D`vniY ej ge Kib|
efi ci _K wn`y-gymjgvbi gaKvi mK dvUj ai| Gici _KB mvc`vwqK `vvi m~cvZ|
1906 mvj gymwjg jxM MwVZ nj wn`y-gymjgvbi ivRbwZK c_ Avjv`v nq hvq| gymjgvb`i Rb gk
^Z RvwZ-wPv Zxe nZ _vK|
GKK KvR : efi wcQb wewUk miKvii ivRbwZK Dk wPwZ Ki|
^`kx Av`vjb
wewUk miKvii efi weiy wbqgZvwK Av`vjb e_ nj KsMmi DMcx Aski bZZ h
Av`vjb Mo DV, ZvKB ^`kx Av`vjb ejv nq| G Av`vjbi g~j Kgm~wP wQj `ywUeqKU I ^`kx|
eqKU Av`vjbi cavb Dk wQj wejwZ cY eRb| g g eqKU kwU evcK A_ eenvi nZ
_vK| eqKU ay wejwZ cYi ga mxgve _vK bv, wejwZ wkv eRbI Kgm~wPZ hy nq| dj ^`kx
Av`vjb wkv RvZxq wkv Av`vjb ic bq| efweivax Av`vjb Kivi Aciva miKvwi zjKjR _K e wkv_xK ei Ki `Iqv nq, h KviY RvZxq wkvcwZvb Mo Zvjvi cqvRb `Lv
`q| RvZxq wkv Av`vjbi dj evsjvi wewfb Aj ek wKQy RvZxq we`vjq vwcZ nq Ges KqKwU
KvwiMwi wkv K`I Mo DV|
^`kx Av`vjb gk evsjvi wewfb Aj Qwoq co| wejwZ wkv eRbi gZv cY eRbi RbI wewfb
Kgm~wP MnY Kiv nq| vb vb mwgwZi gvag wejwZ cY eRb Ges `kxq cY eenvi kc_ bIqv
114
nq| KsMm bZviv Mvg-M-kni cKvk mfvq wejwZ cY cywoq djv Ges `kxq cY eenvii Rb
RbMYK DrmvwnZ KiZ _vKb| dj wejwZ cYi Pvwn`v Kg hZ _vK| GKB m evsjvi wewfb
Aj G mgq `wk ZuvZe, mvevb, jeY, wPwb I Pvgovi `e Zwii KviLvbv Mo DV|
^`kx Av`vjbi m evsjvi wewfb kwYi gvbyl hy nZ _vK| Av`vjbi c Rbmg_b evovevi Rb
evsjvi Rjvq Rjvq wewfb msMVb cwZv Kiv nq, hgb XvKvq Abykxjb, KjKvZvq hyMvi mwgwZ, ewikvj
^`kx eve, dwi`cyi eZx, gqgbwmsn mvabv BZvw` msMVbi bvg G Dj-L Kivi gZv| RbMYK
`kcg Dy Kivi Rb Kwe-mvwnwZKiv `kvZevaK wewfb iPbvc cwKvq wjLZ _vKb| Gme
Dj-LhvM f~wgKv ivLb iex`bv_ VvKyi, wR`jvj ivq I iRbxKv mb cgyL| ewikvji PviY Kwe gyKz`
`vm Mvg Mvg Mvb Mq Av`vjbi c gvbyli gb `kcg RvMvZI mg nb| wewfb c-cwKvjvI
ef weivax I ^`kx Av`vjb iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivL| G ejx, mxebx, hyMvi, AgZevRvi,
mv, wnZev`xmn Ab evsjv-BsiwR cwKvjv ^`k cg I evOvwj RvwZ PZbvq mg jLv QvcvZ _vK|
evsjvi bvix mgvR ^`kx Av`vjbi gvag ivRbxwZZ cZ Ask wbZ iy Ki|
ef Av`vjb c~e ei msLvMwi gymwjg mc`vqi ^v_weivax njI wKQy gymjgvb bZv cv_wgK
chvq mg_b KijI cieZxZ ^`kx eqKU Av`vjb hvM `bwb| ZvQvov ^`kx Av`vjbi m
wn`yagi Av`k-AvPvi Abyvbi cfve _vKvi KviY gymjgvb mgvR G _K `~i _vK| ^`kx Av`vjbi
`p mg_K wQj evsjvi Rwg`vi kwY| KviY evsjvi msLvMwi KlK wQj gymjgvb| Zviv f~wgeevi KviY
Pigfve kvwlZ nwQj| AZvPvwiZ nwQj Rwg`vi I Zv`i bvqe-Mvgv`i viv| h KviY Rwg`vi`i
cwZ KlKiv z wQj| Avevi GB Rwg`vi`i ewki fvM wQj wn`y| Rwg`vii AZvPvi AwZ AbK `wi`
wn`y KlKI efi mg_K wQj|
`jxq KvR : hme ccwKv efi weivax wQj, mjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki| ^`kx
Av`vjbi dj Mo DVv wec-ex mwgwZjvi bvgi cvk Aji bvg cvkvcvwk mvRvI|
gymjgvb mgvR `~i _vKvi KviY ^`kx Av`vjb RvZxq icjvf e_ nq| G Av`vjbi gvag wejwZ
`e eRb Av`vjbI mdj nqwb| KviY KjKvZvi gvoIqvwi AevOvwj eemvqx Ges evsjvi MvgMi
eemvqxiv GB Av`vjbi m hy nqwb| mevcwi GB Av`vjb Mvcb mk msMvgi c_ AMmi nj G
Av`vjb _K RbMY `~i mi hvq| dj MYwewQb Av`vjb mdjZvi vi cuQZ e_ nq|
gymwjg mgvR GB Av`vjb _K `~i _vKvi KviY ^vfvweKfve Av`vjb kwkvjx nZ cviwb| mvaviY
gvbyl, GgbwK wbgeYi wn`y mc`vq, `wi` mgvRI GB Av`vjbi gg evSvi Pv Kiwb| dj Av`vjb
meRbxb Ges RvZxq ic jvf KiZ e_ nq| Gi Dci Pj BsiR miKvii Pig `gbbxwZ, cywjwk
AZvPvi| mewKQy wgj kl ch Av`vjb e_ nq|
^`kx Av`vjb ZvrwYK mdjZv bv GjI Gi djvdj wQj my`~icmvix| GB Av`vjbi ga w`q
MYmPZbZvi Rb nq| G Av`vjbB Dcgnv`k wewUkweivax Ges ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi m~Pbv Ki|
Av`vjbi m QvmgvR hy nIqvi KviY Qv`i iyZ hgb ew cvq, ZgbB QvmgvR ivRbxwZ
115
mPZb nq DV| fviZi cieZx Av`vjbjvZ Zv`i DcwwZi iy GLvb _KB| GB Av`vjbi
AviKwU BwZevPK w`K nQ A_bwZK| Gi dj `kx wk-cwZvb I KjKviLvbv vcbi cwZ AvMn ew
cvq| G`kxq abx ewiv Kj-KviLvbv vcb KiZ _vKb| hgb: ^`kx ZuvZ e, mvevb, jeY, wPwb,
KvMR, PvgovRvZ `e BZvw`i Drcv`bi Rb wewfb vb AbK Kj-KviLvbv vwcZ nq| H mgq AvaywbK
wkcwZvb hgb ej KvwgKj cwZwZ nq, weLvZ UvUv Kvvwb 1910 mvj UvUv KviLvbv vcb
Kib| ZvQvov Aviv QvULvUv AbK `wk wk KviLvbv GB mgq cwZwZ nq| cvkvcvwk wevb, wkv, fvlvmvwnZ, mswZ PPvi cwZ AvMn Drmvn ew cvq| iex`bv_, wR`jvj ivq, iRbxKv, gyK` `vmi evOvwj
RvwZ PZbvq mg Ges `kvZevaK Mvbjv H mgq iwPZ| iex`bv_ Avgvi mvbvi evsjv Avwg Zvgvq
fvjvevwm Avgv`i RvZxq msMxZwU H mgq iPbv Kib|
^`kx Av`vjbi nZvkvi w`K nQ, GB Av`vjbi cwicwZ wn`y-gymjgvbi mcxwZc~Y mK dvUj
ai| bvbv NUbvcevni gvag GB wZZv gk evoZ _vK| ef Av`vjbi ga w`q h fvbi
m~cvZ, ^`kx Av`vjbi gvag Zv Aviv wZ nq| dj mKi GB fvb G`ki ivRbxwZ, mgvR I
RvZxq KgKvi mKj mevZK bwZevPK cfve djZ _vK, hv kl nq 1947 mvj `k wefvMi
ga w`q|
GKK KvR : ^`kx Av`vjbi dj hme `kxq wk vwcZ nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
116
AmnhvM Av`vjb : wewUk miKvii weiy KsMmi AmnhvM Av`vjbi cQb wewfb KviY wQj|
1920 wLt gnvZv Mvx AmnhvM Av`vjbi WvK `b| 1919 wLt msvi AvBb fviZevmxi AvkvAvKvv c~iY e_ nq| ZvQvov wewUk miKvii `gbbxwZi KviY wewUkweivax Av`vjbi bZzb avivi Rb
`q| 1919 mvj miKvi ivIjvU AvBb cvm Ki| GB AvBb hKvbv ewK civqvbv QvovB MdZvi
Ges mv cgvY QvovB Av`vjZ ` `qvi gZv cywjkK `Iqv nq| GB AvBb fviZi meii
gvbylK wez Ki Zvj| Awnsm Av`vjb wekvmx fviZi ivRbxwZZ bevMZ (1917 wLt hvM`vb)
gnvZv Mvxi WvK GB wbcxobg~jK AvBbi weiy 1919 wLt 6 Gwcj niZvj cvwjZ nq| ivIjvU
AvBbi weiy Abvb vbi gZv cvveI Av`vjb Mo IV| 13 Gwcj cvvei AgZmi GK mfvq
Rbvij Wvqvii wb`k e wbi gvbylK wbzifve nZv Kiv nq| BwZnvm GB biKxq nZvhi
NUbv RvwjqvbIqvjvevMi nZvKv bvg cwiwPZ| GB nZvKvi Z`i Rb KsMm wewk bZe`K
wbq GK Z` KwgwU MVb Ki| iex`bv_ VvKzi GB bksm nZvKvi cwZev` bvBU Dcvwa eRb Kib|
miKvii `gbbxwZi cvkvcvwk Pj msev`c nc| ZvQvov gnvhyi m A_bwZK gnvg`vi KviY
wbZcqvRbxq wRwbmci g~jew cj mvaviY gvbyli ga evcK Amvl `Lv `q| G Aevi
cwicwZ MvxwR wn`y-gymjgvb Dfq mc`vqK HKe Ki 1923 wLt Awnsm AmnhvM Av`vjbi
Avnvb Rvbvb| 1920 wLt wLjvdZ Av`vjb I AmnhvM Av`vjbi bZe` HKe Kgm~wPi gvag
`yevi Av`vjb Mo Zvjb| 1921-22 mvj ch GB Av`vjb mefviZxq MY-Av`vjb ic bq|
evsjvq wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb : wLjvdZ KwgwU MVbi Rb 1919 mvji 18 wWm^i XvKvq GK
mfv AbywZ nq| mfvq KwgwU MVbmn wLjvdZ Av`vjbi bZv gvIjvbv gyn` Avjx I gvIjvbv kIKZ
Avjxi gyw `vwe Kiv nq| AgZmii wLjvdZ KwgwU KZK AvnZ wbwLj fviZ wLjvdZ KwgwUi Awaekb
6 Rb cwZwbwa ciYi wmv MnxZ nq| 1920 wLt wLjvdZ BkZnvi cKvk Kiv nq Ges miKvii
weiy AmnhvM Av`vjbi Avnvb Rvbvbv nq| evsjvi wn`y-gymjgvb HKefve wLjvdZ I AmnhvM
Av`vjb Ask bq| wLjvdZ Av`vjbi bZv gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx I gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`
1920 wLt gvP gvm XvKvq Avmb| XvKvi RbMY Zv`i Avj-vny AvKevi I e` gvZig awb w`q ^vMZ
Rvbvq| ZvQvov 19 gvP niZvji w`b gymjgvb mc`vq ivRv Ges wn`y mc`vqi jvKRb Dcvm _vK|
Gw`b XvKvq GK Rbmfv AbywZ nq| mfvq wmv ejv nq h wLjvdZ AzY bv _vKj gymjgvb`i
wewUk miKvii cwZ AbyMZ _vKv Ame| 1920 mvji 13 Gwcj RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZvKv iY GK
mfv nq| cvkvcvwk wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb MnxZ Abvb Kgm~wPI cvwjZ nq| mfvq ivIjvU
AvBbi weiy cwZev` Rvbvbv nq| Av`vjbi Kgm~wP Abyhvqx zj-KjR eRbmn 1919 mvji
AvBbi Aaxbi evsjvi eevcK mfvi wbevPb eRb Kivi K_vI ejv nq| evsjv`ki wewfb vb, hgb
: gqgbwmsn, iscyi, ivRkvnx, bvqvLvjx cfwZ Rjvq PwK`vwi Uv w`Z A^xKwZ Rvbvbv nq| miKvii
Ges cywjki bvbv aibi wbhvZb,
117
118
w`wj-Z wec-ex ivmwenvix emyi cwiKbvq jW nvwWsK nZvi Rb evgv nvgjv Pvjvbv nq| nvwWs euP hvb|
wKy wec-ex ivmwenvix emyK aivi Rb BsiR miKvi GK j UvKvi cyivi NvlYv Ki|
c_g wekhyi myhvM evsjvi AbK wec-ex we`k _K Mvcb A
msMni gZv `ytmvnmx PvI KiQb| Gu`i Dk wQj BsiR
kwi m jovB Ki `k ^vaxb Kiv| Gu`i ga wQjb evNv hZxb
(hZx`bv_ gyLvcavq) Wv. h`yMvcvj gyLvcvavq, bi`bv_ fvPvh
cgyL| Guiv c_g wekhy BsiR kwi cwZc Rvgvwb _K A
mvnvhi Avkvm cvb| Ze miKvi Mvcb G Lei RvbZ ci Kkj
evNv hZxbmn Zvi mx`i MdZvii eev Ki| MdZvii mgq
cywjki m e`yK hy wPwcq bvgi, GK wec-ex kwn` nb| evNv
hZxb wZb wec-exmn AvnZ Aevq e`x nb| e`x _vKvKvj Zuvi gZz
nq| e`x Aci `yB wec-exi duvwm nq, Avi GKRbK hvexeb Kviv`
`qv nq|
Qwe : m~hmb
1916 wLt 30 Rvbyqvwi fevbxcyi nZv Kiv nq cywjki WcywU mycvi em PvcavqK| Gfve nZv, L
hyi msLv eo Mj 1916-17 wLt cwZiv AvBb miKvi e jvKK MdZvi Ki| 1922 mvj
MvxwRi AmnhvM Av`vjb cZvnvii m m MdZvi I cywjwk wbhvZb ew cvq| cvkvcvwk ew cvq
wec-ex`i KgKv| wec-exiv AZvPvix cywjk m`m`i nZvi Avnvb Rvwbq jvjevsjv kxlK cPvic cKvk
Ki| 1924 wLt Mvcxbv_ mvnv bvg GKRb wec-ex KjKvZvi cywjk KwgkbviK nZv KiZ wMq fyj Ki
Aci GKRb BsiRK nZv Ki| GB nZvKvi Rb Mvcxbv_K duvwm `Iqv nq| Avwjcyi Rvbi mycvi
e`x wec-ex`i cwi`kb KiZ Mj cgv` Payix bvg GKRb wec-exi iWi AvNvZ wZwb gZzeiY Kib|
1924 wLt Avei gvm BsiR miKvi ej AwWbv Rvwi Ki| GB AwWbvi ej e wec-ex Kviviy
nj wec-ex Kvhg AbKUv wwgZ nq Avm|
gnvZv Mvx 1930 mvj iy Kib AvBb Agvb Av`vjb| GB Av`vjbi m m evsjvq wec-ex KgKv
Avevi ew cvq| Dj-L, m mgq wec-ex Av`vjb evsjvq mePq ewk kwkvjx wQj Ges evOvwjiv BsiR
ckvmbK ewZe iLQ| evOvwj ZiyYiv gZzfqK ZzQ Ki evievi mk A`vjb Suvwcq coQ|
Ggb GKRb `ytmvnmx wec-ex wQjb PMvgi gvvi`v, huvi Avmj bvg m~h mb (1894-1934)| KjR
Rxeb wZwb wec-ex`i msk Avmb| mvZK wWwM jvfi ci wZwb DgvZviv DP BsiwR we`vjqi wkK
wnme hvM`vb Kib| Gi gaB wZwb gvvi`v bvg cwiwPZ nq DVb| G mgq wZwb Aw^Kv PeZx,
119
Abyic mb, bMb mbi mnvqZvq GKwU wec-ex msMVb Mo Zvjb| Zuvi msMVb Ges wZwb wbR GKi ci
GK mk Kvhgi m hy nq evievi MdZvi njI cgvYi Afve gyw cq hvb| PMvgK wewUk
kvmbgy Kivi Rb MVb Kib PMvg wec-ex evwnbx| ci GB AvZNvZx evwnbxi bvg nq wPUvMvO wicvewjKvb
Avwg| GB evwnbx GKi ci GK miKvwi cwZvbjv `Lj KiZ _vK| kl ch miKvwi AvMvi jyb
Ki| ^vaxb wPUvMvO miKvi -Gi NvlYv `Iqv nq Ges GKB m wewUk miKvii weiy hy NvlYv Kiv
nq| GB hy wQj Amg kwi hy| m~h mbi wec-ex`i weiy BsiR miKvi wecyj evwnbx wbqvM Ki|
P~ov hy msNwUZ nq Rvjvjvev` cvnvo| Mvjveviy` dzwiq Mj wec-exiv wcQy nUZ eva nq| ek wKQy
ZiyY wec-ex GB Lhy Ges Abvb Awfhvb wbnZ nb| wec-exiv Mvgi KlK`i evwoZ evwoZ Avkq bb|
1933 wLt m~h mb MdZvi nb| 1934 wLt msw UvBeybvji wePvi ZvK duvwmi Av`k `Iqv nq| Pig
wbhvZbi ci 12 Rvbyqvwi ZvK duvwm `Iqv Ges Zvi gZ`n evcmvMi fvwmq `Iqv nq|
m~h mbi wec-ex evwnbxZ bvix hvvI wQjb| Zvi ga Dj-LhvM wQjb Kbv ` I cxwZjZv
Iqv`vi| AmvaviY gavex Qvx cxwZjZv 1900 wLt BUviwgwWqU cixvq c_g vb AwaKvi Kib Ges
wWmwUskb wbq we.G cvm Kib| BZvga wZwb wec-ex KgKvi m Rwoq cob Ges m~h mbi `ji
m hy nb| Ame mvnmx bvix cxwZjZvK Zuvi hvMZvi Rb PMvg cvnvoZjx BDivwcqvb Kve
AvgYi bZZ `Iqv nq| mdj Awfhvb kl wZwb Zvi mx wec-ex`i wbivc` vb ZvM KiZ mnvqZv
Kib| wKy aiv covi AvM welcvb AvZnZv Kib| cxwZjZv evsjvi mg wec-ex Av`vjbi BwZnvm
GK wKse`w nq AvQb|
PMvgi wec-ex`i cvkvcvwk KjKvZvq hyMvi `jI h_ mwq wQj| 1930 wLt Wvjnwm vqvi Pvjm
UMvUK nZvi cPv e_ nq| IB eQi wWm^i GK Awfhvb wbnZ nb KjKvZv ivBUvm wewsq Kviv
wefvMi Bci Rbvij wmmb| Gi AvM webq emyi nvZ wbnZ nb AZvPvix cywjk Awdmvi jvgv| GB
wec-ex Awfhvbi m RwoZ webq I ev`j AvZnZv Ki Ges `xbki duvwm nq| H eQiB evsjvi Mfbi
RvKmbK nZvi cPv e_ nq| GB cPvi m RwoZ exbv `vmi hvexeb Kviv` nq| 1931 _K
1933 wLt ch mgqi ga g`bxcyi cici wZbRb BsiR gvwRU wec-ex`i nvZ wbnZ nq|
wec-ex`i evcK ZrciZv 1930 mvji ga Kg MjI PMvgi wec-exiv Gi ciI GKi ci GK Awfhvb
PvwjqQ| 1934 wLt 7 Rvbyqvwi PMvgi cb gq`vb BsiR`i wKU Ljvi AvqvRb mk AvgY
Pvwjq wec-exiv wbR`i AwZ Rvbvb w`Z mg nb| Hw`bI `yRb wec-ex wbnZ nb Ges `yRb aiv coj
Zv`iK ci nZv Kiv nq|
mk Av`vjb e_Zvi KviY
mk wec-ex Av`vjbi e_Zvi cQb hme KviY iqQ Zvi GKwU nQ MYwewQbZv| GB Av`vjb
cwiPvwjZ nZv mwgwZjvi viv| Gi m hy wQj wKQy msLK wkwZ mPZb hyeK| wbivcvi KviY
mg wec-ex KgKv Mvcb cwiPvwjZ nZv| mvaviY RbMYi Gi mK aviYv wQjbv| mvaviY gvbyli
KvQ mk AvgY, evgvevwR, nZvKv G meB wQj AvZ Avi fqi KviY| dj mvaviY gvbyl wQj G`i
KvQ _K AbK `~i|
120
evsjvi eni RbMvx gymwjg mc`vq GB Av`vjb _K `~i wQj| wec-ex`i wn`y agxq AvPvi-Abyvbi
cwZ evaevaKZv _vKvq A_vr MxZv k, Kvjxi myL msZ agxq k-vK DPviY Ki kc_ MnY BZvw`i
KviY gymwjg mc`vq G Av`vjb hy nIqvK evav ej gb Ki|
msMVbjvK wbivcv I MvcbxqZv ivi Rb QvU QvU `j wef nq KvR KiZ nZv| me `j me
welq RvbZ cviZ bv| dj ciii ga `~iZ mw nq| G KviY AbK mgq mevi m hvMvhvM iv
Ki Kvbv Awfhvb mdj Kiv Ame nq co| mg^qi Afve mvsMVwbK `yejZv `Lv `q| ZvQvov,
mwgwZjv hvi hvi gZv Ki KvR KiZ| GK mwgwZi m Ab mwgwZi Kvbv hvMvhvM wQj bv| dj
mk wec-e Kvbv GKK bZZ bv _vKvq Av`vjb Pj mviv `k wewQbfve| GB wewQbZv Av`vjbi
e_Zvi KviY nq `uvovq|
ZvQvov miKvii KVvi `gbbxwZ I RbwewQbZvi KviY wec-exiv wbivkq Ges KvYVvmv nq co| wewfb
msMVb I bZv`i gaKvi Av`ki weiva-ewiZv hgb mk wec-eK `yej KiwQj, Zgb Gu`i ga Zxe
wef`i Rb w`qwQj| G Aevq evsjvi KwgDwb cvwU msMwVZ nj AbK wec-ex GZ hvM`vb Ki|
mk wec-e mdj bv njI wec-ex`i AvZvwZ, `kcg, mvnm civaxb evsjv Z_v fviZevmxK ^vaxbZvi c_
`wLqwQj| G Av`vjb cZfve mdj bv njI wec-ex`i Av`k cieZx Av`vjbmg~n ciYv hywMqwQj|
GKK KvR 1 : evsjvi mk wecex Av`vjbi bZv`i GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
2 : cwZjZv Kvb mk Awfhvb bZZ `b? Zuvi kl cwiYwZ Kx nqwQj?
^ivR I ej cv
1922 wLt gnvZv Mvx AmnhvM Av`vjb cZvnvi Ki wbj KsMmi AbK bZv KvivMvi _K gyw jvf
Kib| G mgq gywcv bZv wPib `vm (wm.Avi. `vm) I gwZjvj bniyi m KsMmi fwelr
Av`vjbi Kgcv wbq gZweiva `Lv `q| wm. Avi. `vm I Zvui mg_Kiv wbevPbi gvag eevcK
cwil`jvZ hvM`vbi c wQjb| KviY H mgq AmnhvM Av`vjbi e_Zvi KviY AvBb Agvb
Av`vjbi cwiek bv _vKvq Zuviv G aibi wmv MnY Kib| ZvQvov Zuv`i Dk wQj AvBbmfvq hvM
w`q wbqgZvwK Av`vjbi gvag 1919 wLt msvi AvBb APj Ki `Iqv| wKy KsMmi Mvqv mjb
Zuv`i GB cPv e_ nq| GB Aevi cwicwZ 1922 wLv KsMmi GKvski mg_b wm.Avi. `vmi
bZZ MwVZ nq ^ivR cvwU| wm.Avi. `vm nb G `ji mfvcwZ| gwZjvj bniy nb AbZg mv`K|
KsMmi Afi hviv ^ivR jvfi Rb ^ivR cvwUi mg_K wQjb, Zv`iK cwieZbcx Ges hviv ^ivR
cvwUi wec Ask bq Zv`i ejv nq cwieZbweivax| GB `yB ci m ay Av`vjbi cv wbaviYi
aib Qvov Avi Kvbv welq Kvbv weiva wQj bv|
^ivR `ji weivaxiv AmnhvM Av`vjbi aviv eRvq iL AvBb eqKU Kivi wmv `pcwZ _vK|
Aci w`K ^ivR `j MVbi cici evsjvi AbK wec-ex myfvlP` emy, nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`xmn AbK
hyebZv GZ hvM`vb Kib|
121
122
ej cvi Aemvb
evsjv`ki ivRbxwZ Ges mgvR wn`y-gymjgvbi ga mvc`vwqK mcxwZ vcbi `wjj wQj ej cv
ev evsjv Pzw| GB Pzwi KviYB gymjgvbi Avv ARb Ki ^ivR cvwU wbevPb msLvMwiZv jvf mg
nq| Aciw`K nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x KjKvZvi WcywU gqi wbevwPZ nb Ges gymjgvbiv Kcvikb
PvKwi jvf mg nq| evsjv Z_v fviZxq Dcgnv`ki wn`y-gymjgvb mgmv mgvavbi Dk wm.Avi
`vmi GB c`c hgb eveagx wQj, Zgb wQj, cmskbxq| wKy `yfvMg wZwb euP _vKZB wn`y
cwKvjv, iYkxj wn`y-mgvR, MvxwRi mg_K KsMm `j I ^ivR `jweivax wn`yiv ej cv- Gi
Zxe weivwaZv Ki| Aciw`K, wn`y gnvmfvi w I msMVb bvgK Av`vjb Ges gymjgvb`i ZvewjM
I ZvbwRg bvgK Av`vjb mc`vwqK mcxwZ web Ki| 1925 wLt 16 Ryb wPib `vmi AKvjgZzZ
wn`y-gymwjg HKi c_ wPiw`bi Rb e nq hvq| GQvov KsMm Ges Abvb bZe` ej cv-Gi
welq D`vmxb _vK| cii eQi A_vr 1926 wLt KjKvZv Ges ci XvKvq wn`y-gymwjg `vvi KviY Dfq
mc`vqi gaKvi mcxwZ b nj GB Pzw evevqbi mKj c_ iy nq hvq|
GKK KvR : Kvi gZzZ wn`y-gymwjg HKi c_ wPiw`bi Rb e nq hvq| GB HKi Rb Zvi
KvRi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
123
wewfb mc`vq I `ji ga Zxe weic cwZwqvi mw Ki| Ze gymjgvbiv cwZev` mI mvc`vwqK
ivqv`v` MnYi wmv MnY Ki| Gici hyivxq miKvi cwZ Ges cv`wkK ^vqkvmb ceZbi ewk
msewjZ fviZ kvmb AvBb 1935 wLt wewUk cvjvgU MnxZ nq| GB AvBb fviZeli kvmbZvwK BwZnvm
GK iyZc~Y `wjj njI GB AvBb Abyhvqx hyivxq eev ceZb Kiv me nqwb| KviY wRbvn GB AvBb
cvweZ hyivxq eevi mgvjvPbv Kib| Aciw`K KsMm mfvcwZ ivR`cmv` Gi Zxe mgvjvPbv Ki
ejb, GB AvBb ^vqkvmbi ^vfvweK AMMwZi Kvbv jY bB| Dfq `jB fviZi Rb AwaKZi
kvmbZvwK I ivRbwZK msvi `vwe Ki| Aciw`K wn`y gnvmfv GB AvBbi weivwaZv Ki| `jjvi
weic cwZwqv mI 1937 wLt GB AvBbi Aaxb cvweZ cv`wkK ^vqkvmb eev KvhKi Kiv nq|
Aciw`K cv`wkK wbevPb ewkifvM c`k KsMm msLvMwi Avmb Rqjvf Ki| G Aevq gymwjg
msLvMwi c`kjvZ gymwjg jxMi m Kvbv iKg AvjvPbv QvovB KsMm gwmfv MVb Ki| ZvQvov
KsMm mfvcwZ RInijvj bniy wbevPb cieZxKvj ge Kib h fviZ `ywU kwi AwZ jYxqGKwU
miKvi, AciwU KsMm| Zuvi G aibi ge gymwjg bZv`i ga Zxe weic cwZwqvi mw nq| wg: wRbvn
whwb `xN mgq ai wn`y-gymwjg HKi cPv PvwjqwQjb| wZwb KsMm mfvcwZi eei KviY ivRbxwZi
wfb c_ AMmi nb| 1938 wLt wZwb wmzZ cv`wkK gymwjg jxM mfvq wn`y I gymjgvb `ywU wfb RvwZ ej
Dj-L Kib| Gfve jvnvi cvei AvMB wn`y-gymjgvb Avjv`v RvwZ; GB wPv Kivi dj Zv`i Rb
Avjv`v ivi wPviI cKvk NUZ _vK| GB cKvki eve D`vniY nQ 1940 wLt jvnvi cve|
jvnvi cve :
jvnvi cvei AbK AvMB 1930 wLt Kwe Avj-vgv BKevj gymjgvb`i Rb Avjv`v ivi K_v Dj-L
KiQb| 1933 wLt Kw^R wekwe`vjqi Qv Payix ingZ Avjx fviZi Di-cwg Aji msLvMwi
gymwjg GjvKvjv wbq cvwKvb bvgK GKwU ivi iciLv Ab Kib| 1937-38 wLt ch gvnv`
Avjx wRbvn gymjgvb`i Rb c_K ivi K_v fvebwb| wKy 1937 wLt wbevPbi wZ AwfZv Ges
wbevPbi ci weRqx KsMm mfvcwZi ee wZwb eySZ cvib h msLvjNy gymwjg mc`vq Avkv-AvKvv
wn`y bZe`i kvmbvaxb eve ic jvf Kie bv| mvweK ivRbwZK cwiwwZ, AZxZi wZ AwfZv Ges
gymjgvb`i ^v_i K_v weePbv Ki 1939 wLt wRbvn Zuvi e AvjvwPZ-mgvjvwPZ w-RvwZ Zi NvlYv
`b| 1940 wLt jvnvi cve g~jZ Zvi GB NvlYvi eve ic `Iqvi c_wb`k Ki|
1940 wLt 23 gvP gymwjg jxMi jvnvi Awaekb GB cvewU
MnxZ nq ej GwU BwZnvm jvnvi cve bvg LvZ|
Dcgnv`ki gymjgvb`i ivRbwZK BwZnvm jvnvi cve
AZ iyZc~Y NUbv| gynv` Avjx wRbvn wQjb GB Awaekbi
mfvcwZ| G K dRjyj nK 23 gvPi Awaekb Zuvi iwPZ
cvewU Dvcb Kib| jvnvi cve ejv nq, Kvbv
kvmbZvwK cwiKbv G`k KvhKi ne bv, hw` GwU jvnvi
cve DvwcZ g~jbxwZi Dci cwZwZ bv nq|
Qwe : ki evsjv G K dRjyj nK
124
jvnvi cvei cavb avivmg~nK. fviZi Di-cwg Ges c~e f~-fvMi gymjgvb msLvMwi AjjvK wbq ^vaxb ivmg~n MVb KiZ
ne|
L.
M. msLvjNy mc`vqjvi mv_ civgk Ki Zv`i me AwaKvi Ges ^v_ivi Rb msweavb chv eev
ivLZ ne|
N.
cwZiv, ciiv, hvMvhvM BZvw` welq gZv mswk- A ivRjvi nvZ b _vKe|
Dj-wLZ cvei avivmg~ni Kv_vI cvwKvb kwUi Dj-L bB| wKy ZrKvjxb wewfb ccwKvq
GwUK cvwKvb cve ej cPvi nZ _vK| dj, `yZ G cve cvwKvb cve wnme cwiwPwZ
jvf KiZ _vK|
jvnvi cve msLvMwi gymwjg Ajjv wbq ivmg~n MVb Kivi K_v ejv nqwQj| hvi dj evOvwj
gymjgvb c~evsk wbq GKwU ^vaxb evsjv iv cwZvi ^c `LwQj| wKy 1946 wLt 9 Gwcj w`wj-Z gymwjg
jxMi `jxq AvBbmfvi m`m`i GK Kbfbkb bxwZewnf~Zfve wRbvn jvnvi cve mskvabi bvg
wfb GKwU cve Dvcb Kib| GZ gymwjg msLvMwi Ajmg~n wbq GKwU iv MVbi K_v ejv nq|
myZivs, ejv hZ cvi h 1940 wLt jvnvi cvei wfwZ bq, 1946 wLt Gwcj gvm DvwcZ w`wjcvei wfwZ cvwKvbi Rb nq|
jvnvi cvei iyZ
jvnvi cvei cwZ KsMm bZv`i ga Zxe cwZwqv mw nq| cwZ RInijvj bniy GB cvei Zxe
wb`v Kib Ges gymjgvb`i Rb ^vaxb ^Z Avevmf~wg Ame ej Dj-L Kib| Ze HwZnvwmK mZ GB
h jvnvi cvei ci _K gymjgvb mc`vq wbR^ Avjv`v ivi ^c `LZ _vK| GB cvei
cwicwZ fviZi ivRbwZK-kvmbZvwK Av`vjb GK bZzb avivi Rb nq| w-RvwZ Zi gvag
gvnv` Avjx wRbvn gymjgvb`i Avjv`v RvwZ wnme wPwZ KiZ _vKb| m Abyhvqx gymjgvb`i Rb
wfb iv cwZv ay mgqi evcvi nq `uvovq| Gici _K gymwjg jxM Ges wRbvni ivRbxwZ ^Z iv
MVb cwqvi w`K avweZ nZ _vK; hvi kl cwiYwZ wQj 1947 mvji AvM gvmi `k wefvM| w-RvwZ
Zi eve cwiYwZZ 14 AvM cvwKvb Ges 15 AvM fviZ bvg `ywU ivi Rb nq|
125
cieZx eQi Gi bZzb bvgKiY nq KlK cRv cvwU| KlK cRv cvwU wQj m~Yfve c_K Ges c`k chvq
MwVZ evsjvi ivRbwZK msMVb| 1937 mvj gvP AbywZ wbevPb Zxe cwZwZv nq KlK cRv cvwU I
gymwjg jxMi ga| Ze Kvbv `j GKKfve miKvi MVb Kivi hvMZv ARb e_ nq| dj gymwjg jxM
dRjyj nKi bZZ miKvi MVbi cve MnY Kib| dRjyj nK gyLgx wbhy nb Ges wkvgwi `vwqZ
MnY Kib| G mwwjZ gwmfv wQj `yej| dj KlK cRv cvwU `yej nq co|
wRbvni mv_ dRjyj nKi gZweivai KviY 1941 mvj dRjyj nK gymwjg jxM _K c`ZvM Kib|
dRjyj nKi cwZ msLvMwi m`m`i mg_b _vKvq H mvji wWm^i gvmB wZwb wZxq gwmfv MVb
Kib| G bZzb gwmfv wQj e`ji mgvek| Gic GKwU gwmfv MVbi gvag dRjyj nK evsjvi
ivRbxwZZ GK bZzb avivi m~Pbv Kib| GB bZzb aviv wQj evsjvi wn`y-gymjgvbi ga mvc`vwqK mcxwZ
cwZv Ki ivRbwZK mgmv mgvavb Kiv| dRjyj nKi wZxq gwmfv 1941 mvj _K 1943 mvj ch
gZvmxb wQj| 1943 mvj fqven `ywf cwZivai Rb cqvRbxq mg_b bv cq dRjyj nK c`ZvM
KiZ eva nb|
1943 mvji 13 Gwcj `kevcx `ywfi cUf~wgZ LvRv bvwRgywb gwmfv MVb Kib| mebvkv G `ywf
evsjvi 30 jvwaK jvK gZzeiY Ki ej aviYv Kiv nq| 1945 mvj bvwRgywb gwmfvi cZb NU|
1946 mvji cv`wkK wbevPb I bZZK K` Ki evsjvi gymwjg jxM `ywU Dc`j wef nq| kl ch
mvnivIqv`x evsjvi gymwjg jxMi bZv wbevwPZ nb| wbevPb gymwjg jxM 114 Avmb Rqjvf Ki| hv
cKvivi cvwKvb `vwei cwZ evsjvi gymjgvb`i my mg_bi cwZdjb NUvq|
evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm G wbevPb I wbevPbi dj wQj AZ Zvrchc~Y| 1946 mvj 24 Gwcj
mvnivIqv`x GKwU gwmfv MVb Kib| cKZ c mvnivIqv`x gwmfvi mgqKvj wQj evsjv I fviZi
ivRbwZK BwZnvmi vwjM| wewUk kvmbi Aemvb I `k wefvMi ivRbwZK cwiek KjKvZvi `vv I
^vaxb AL evsjv iv cwZvi cPv I fviZ wefvM wQj G mgqi iyZc~Y NUbv|
AL evsjvi D`vM
1947 wLt wn`y-gymjgvb mK GK iqx `vvq ic bq| GiKg Pig RwUj cwiwwZ gvKvejvq e_
wewUk miKvi fviZxq`i nvZ gZv nvii BQv NvlYv Ki| wVK GB iKg cwiwwZZ evsjvi
ZrKvjxb gyLgx nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x hy evsjvi cve Dvcb Kib| G cvei c `p Aevb
bb kirP` emy| cvewU Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm emy-mvnivIqv`x cve bvg LvZ|
1947 wLt 27 Gwcj w`wj-Z AbywZ GK mvsevw`K mjb knx`
mvnivIqv`x Zuvi ee ^vaxb mvefg AL evsjv iv MVbi
welqwU Dvcb Kib Ges Gi c Rvivjv hyw Dcvcb Kib|
gymwjg jxM bZv Aveyj nvwkg eni evsjv ivi GKwU iciLv
cYqb Kib| cieZxKvj kirP` emy Zuvi GK cve AL evsjvK
GKwU mvmvwj wicvewjK wnme Mo Zvjvi Avnvb Rvbvb|
126
127
ZvQvov wewfb ccwKv hy evsjvi weiy gvMZ cPviYv PvjvZ _vK| cwg evsjvKw`K evOvwj AevOvwj,
eemvqx, ewYK, cuywRcwZkwY Gi weiy `p Aevb MnY Ki| GgbwK XvKvi wn`y mc`vqi eywRxex
kwYI hy evsjvi wec mvPvi wQjb| GB iKg cwiwwZZ KsMmi K`xq bZZ ^vaxb evsjv cwiKbv
cZvLvb Ki| Aevi cwicwZ evsjv KsMmi KvhKix KwgwUI msLvMwi fvU evsjv fvMi c
cve MnY Ki| Aciw`K Ryb gvmi 3 ZvwiL jW gvDUevUb fviZ wefwi NvlYvq evsjv I cvve
fvMi cwiKbv Kib| Ryb gvmi 20 ZvwiL weavb mfvi msLvMwi m`m evsjv fvMi c ivq w`j
evsjv wefvM Awbevh nq co| 1947 mvji fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb cvve I evsjv fvMi K_v ejv nq|
1947 wLt AvBb Abymvi fviZ fvM nq| 14 AvM Rb bq cvwKvb bvg GK Kwg gymwjg ivi; Avi
15 AvM Rb bq AviKwU ivi, hvi bvg nq fviZ| c~e evsjv cvwKvbi Ask cwiYZ nq
cieZxKvj hv c~e cvwKvb bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| Aciw`K cwg evsjv hy nq fviZi m| GfveB
cvweZ AL ^vaxb evsjv iv MVbi ^c e_ nq hvq|
GKK KvR : hy evsjvi weivax`i weivwaZvi KviY Abymvb Ki|
128
GB Av`vjbi ci ci 1943 mvj m Kwg `ywf gvbylK w`knviv Ki Zvj| ZvQvov `kevcx
gvivZK gy`vxwZ, `ybxwZ, `eg~ji EaMwZ me wgj gvbyli A_bwZK Aev wech nq co| dj
nZvk RbMYi ga wewUkweivax gbvfve Zxe nZ _vK|
GKK KvR : gnvZv Mvxi fviZ Qvo Av`vjbi KviY Abymvb Ki|
hLb `ki Afi ivRbxwZZ Pig nZvkv weivR KiQ, e_ nqQ BsiR Zvovbvi cvYcY cPv, ZLb
hy Ki BsiR weZvobi Rb evOvwj`i bZZ `ki evBi MwVZ nq AvRv` wn` dR ev Indian
National Army (INA)| GB mbvevwnbxi bZZ wQjb bZvwR myfvlP` emy| GB evwnbx MoZ mvnvh Kib
AviK evOvwj wec--ex ivmwenvix emy| KsMmi cvb mfvcwZ diIqvW e--Ki cwZvZv myfvl emy KsMm
AvcmKvgx ivRbxwZi wec wQjb| c_g _KB ^vaxbZv ARbi cwZi ck MvxwRi m gZvbK wQj|
wKkvi eqm _K wec--ex gbvfvevcb myfvl emy wQjb Mvxi Awnsm bxwZi weivax| 1937 wLt Mvxi
Abygv`b KsMmi mfvcwZ njI MvxB Avevi wZxq `dvq ZuvK mfvcwZ c` gbvbqb `bwb| wZwb myfvl
emyK G c` wbevPb KiZ wbla Kib| myfvl emy GB wblavv AMvn Kib Ges Mvxi gbvbxZ cv_xK
nvwiq Avevi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb| Mvxi cwZ GB aibi Pvj Rqx myfvl cieZxZ KsMmi ivRbxwZZ
Mvxi mnhvwMZv cZ e_ nb| nZvk nq myfvl emy KsMm Qo diIqvW e-K `j MVb Kib| Zuvi ivRbxwZ
Avcmnxb c_ AMmi nZ _vK| myfvl emyi ivRbwZK KgKv fxZ BsiR miKvi evievi ZuvK Kviviy
Ki| kl ch Kvivgyw jvf Ki 1941 wLt mevi Aj myfvl emy `k ZvM Kib| ZLb wZxq wekhy
PjQ| wZwb c_g BsiR`i ky f~wg RvgvwbZ Mgb Kib| mLvb fviZi ^vaxbZvi Rb Rvgvb miKvii
m hvMvhvM Ges mbvevwnbx MVbi Pv Kib| wZwbB c_g fviZxq ivRbxwZwe`, whwb we`wk kwi mvnvh
wbq jovB Ki gvZf~wg ^vaxb KiZ PqwQjb| cwiwwZ AbyK~j bv _vKvq WyevRvnvR Ki GK `ytmvnwmK
Awfhvbi gvag AvUjvwUK I fviZ gnvmvMi cvwo w`q wZwb Rvcvb Avmb| mLvb AevbiZ wec--ex
ivmwenvix emyi mnhvwMZvq Mo Zvjb Rvcvb e`x fviZxq mbv`i wbq AvRv` wn`y dR| 1943 wLt wZwb
GB evwnbxi bZZ MnY Kib Ges H eQiB fviZxq f~Li Av`vgvb xc MVb Kib AvRv` wn` miKvi ev
^vaxb fviZ miKvi| 1945 wLt ch GB miKvii mbvevwnbx wewfb iYvb BsiR`i weiy weiZi m
jovB Ki| AvRv` wn`y dR Ges myfvl emy ZLb wQj BsiR`i KvQ AvZ| myfvl emyi BsiR`i weiy
mk msMvg fviZ BsiR miKvii wfZ Kuvwcq `q| GB `ytmvnmx evOvwj bZvi bZZ AvRv` wn` dR
1944 wLt evgv nq fviZ f~wgZ c`vcY Ki| Kvwngv-Bji iYvb exiZ I mvdji m jovB Ki
AvRv` wn`y dR Gme Aj `Lj Ki bq| `yfvMg GB iYvb Rvcvbx evwnbx BsiR evwnbxi Zxe
AvgY gvKvejv KiZ e_ nq wcQy nUj AvRv` wn` dRKI wcQy nUZ nq| 1945 wLt Rvcvbi iyb
ZvM, wgevwnbxi weRq AvRv` wn` dRi AMhvv evnZ nq| e_ nq GK `ytmvnmx evOvwj `kcwgKi
jovB Ki gvZf~wgi ^vaxbZv Dvii cPv| bZvwR myfvl emy mdj nj wfbfve wjLZ nZv fviZi
^vaxbZv msMvgi BwZnvm| ZLwb iwPZ nZv evOvwji `kcg Avi weiZi AviK Miei BwZnvm|
myfvl emy cwZwZ AvRv` wn` miKvi wQj Amvc`vwqK| GB miKvi I mbvevwnbxZ AbK hvM Awdmvi
Ges mbvm`m wQj, hviv wQjb gymjgvb| Zuvi AZ wek mbvcavb kvnbvIqvR wQjb gymjgvb| GB
Amv`vwqK PZbvmg cMwZkxj evOvwj bZv bZvwR myfvl emy wZxq wekhyi ci wbiyk nq hvb| Zuvi
Aavb mK bvbv Kvwnbx cPwjZ _vKjI cKZ mZ GLbI MelYvi welq| bZvwRi Awfhvb e_ njI
Zuvi Awfhvb fviZxq ^vaxbZvKvgx RbMYi ga AvZwekvm I mvnmi mvi KiwQj| wZwb wewUk fviZ
129
`kxq mbvm`m`i ga AvbyMZi dvUj aivZ hgb mg nqwQjb, Zgwb Zv`i we`wk kvmbi
weiy we`vn ciYv hywMqwQjb|
`jxq KvR : `k ^vaxbi Rb bZvwRK Kvb Kvb `k hZ nq avivevwnKfve Zvi f~wgKv Zwi Ki|
AvRv` wn` dRi e_Zvi ci 1946 wLt ev^vBq b-we`vn `Lv `q| Gme AvjvgZ cgvY Ki h wewUk
miKvii c fviZxq`i Avq ivLv gk Ame nq coQ| GB cwiwwZ gvKvejvi Rb wewUk
miKvi GKi ci GK D`vM MnY KiZ _vK| BZvc~e hy PjvKvjxb mgmv mgvavbi cPv bqv
nqwQj| GB Dk 1945 wLt wmgjvq fviZxq bZe`i DcwwZZ fviZi Mfbi Rbvij jW Iqvfj
GK cwiKbv ck Kib, hv Iqvfj cwiKbv bvg cwiwPZ| KsMm-gymwjg jxMi ga AeZx miKvii
mvc`vqwfwK cwZwbwai msLv wbq Zxe gZweivai KviY Iqvfj cwiKbv e_ nq|
wZxq wekhy Aemvbi ci Bsjvi mvaviY wbevPb kwgK `j Rqjvf Ki| GB cwieZbi aviv fviZi
ivRbxwZZI cfve dj| kwgK `j fviZi ^vaxbZv `vbi Ges fviZxq`i AvZwbqY AwaKvii cwZ
mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| G DkK mvgb iL Bsjvi bZzb cavbgx AvUwj 1946 wLt fviZ mvaviY
wbevPbi K_v NvlYv Kib| mvaviY wbevPb mvgb iL bZZ i dj cv`wkK gymwjg jxM `ywU
Dc`j wef nq hvq| LvRv bvwRgywb wQjb AevOvwj eemvqx I iYkxj`i bZv| Aciw`K Aveyj
nvwkg Ges nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x wQjb cMwZkxj evOvwj`i bZZ| kl ch mvnivIqv`xB evsjvi
gymwjg jxMi bZv wbevwPZ nb| GB wbevPb gymjgvb ZiyY QvmgvR gymwjg jxMK mg_b `q| cvwKvb
cwZvi `vweK cavb wbevPbx Kgm~wP Ki gymwjg jxM cv`wkK AvBb mfvq Af~Zc~e weRq ARb Ki| GB
wbevPb G`ki ivRbwZK BwZnvm AZ iyZc~Y| KviY G wbevPbi gvag evsjvi gymjgvb`i cvwKvb
cwZvi c my ivq NvwlZ nq Ges gymwjg jxM wbRK evsjvi gymjgvb`i cwZwbwaZKvix GKgv `j
wnme cgvY KiZ mg nq| Dj-L, eZgvb cvwKvb Ask GB wbevPb gymwjg jxM Mwi fvU cvqwb|
A_vr evOvwj gymjgvbi fvU cvwKvb cve Rqx nqwQj| GB Rqi cQb cavb f~wgKv iLwQjb
nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x I eez kL gywReyi ingvb|
wbevPb-Di Dcgnv`ki ivRbxwZZ wfb cwiwwZi Dei mvebv `Lv `q| wePY AvUwj miKvi
eySZ cvib h mvbRbKfve Lye ewk w`b weUbi c fviZ kvmb Kiv me ne bv| dj 1946 wLt
fviZ mwPe cvw_K jii bZZ GK cwZwbwa`j fviZ Avm| hvK ejv nq KvwebU wgkb| G mgq
w`wj-Z AbywZ gymwjg jxMi Kbfbkb cvwKvb `vwe gb wbq ivRbwZK msKU mgvavbi Rb KvwebU
wgkbi cwZ Avnvb Rvbvq| KsMm I gymwjg jxM bZe`i m Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag KvwebU wgkb
g gvm fviZi fwelr msweavb mwKZ mywbw` cve ck Ki|
gxwgkb ev KvwebU wgkb cvweZ cwiKbvq wZb iwewk hyiv MVbi welq Dj-L Kiv nq| h_vK. K` GKwU AeZxKvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv|
L. wewUk fviZ I `kxq ivRjvK wbq GKwU ^vqkvwmZ fviZ BDwbqb MVb Kiv|
M. wn`ycavb Myc, gymjgvbcavb Myc Ges evsjv I Avmvg Myc- G wZb fvM c`kjvK fvM Kiv Ges cZK
Myci Rb GKwU MYcwil` MVb Kiv| Ze kZ `Iqv nq h G cwiKbv MnY Kij mvweKfve KiZ ne|
Gi Askwekl MnY Kiv hve bv|
130
gx wgkb cwiKbvq cvwKvb `vwe AMvn njI gymwjg jxM cwiKbvwU MnY Ki| KviY gymwjg jxM gb
Ki h cwiKbvi ga cvwKvb cwZvi mvebv wbwnZ AvQ| KsMm G cwiKbvq GKKw`K miKvi
MVbi ga AL fviZ MVb `vwei cwZdjb `LZ cvq| KsMm wbR^ evLv Abyhvqx cvewU MnY ivwR
wQj| wKy kl ch KsMm gwwgkb cwiKbv cZvLvb Kij gymwjg jxMI Zv cZvLvb Ki| dj
ivRbwZK msKU mgvavb gx wgkb cwiKbvi cvejv AKRv nq hvq|
eojvU Iqfj gymwjg jxM I KsMm `jK AeZxKvjxb miKvi hvM`vbi Avnvb Rvbvb| KsMmi
bewbevwPZ mfvcwZ bniyi gymwjg jxMi ^v_weivax eei cwicwZ gymwjg jxM miKvi hvM`vbi c~e
wmv evwZj Ki| wKy eojvUi Avnvb bniy miKvi MVb D`vM MnY Ki| Gi cwZev` gymwjg jxM
16 AvM cZ msMvg w`em NvlYv Ki| GB w`b fqven `vvq nvRvi nvRvi wbixn gvbyl wbnZ nq|
mvc`vwqK `vv Ges wn`y-gymjgvb mKi gvivZK AebwZ NUj wewUk miKvi fviZx`i KvQ gZv
nvii K_v NvlYv Kib|
wewUk cavbgx AvUwj 1947 wLt deyqvwi gvm NvlYv Kib h 1948 wLt Ryb gvmi c~e fviZxq`i KvQ
gZv nvi Kiv ne| gZv nvii `vwqZ cvjbi Rb jW Iqvfj j jW gvDUevUbK
fviZi eojvU wnme cvVvbv nq|
jW gvDUevUb KsMm I gymwjg jxM bZv`i m Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag fviZ wefwi wmv MnY
Kib| mvc`vwqK `vv-nvvgv _K `kivi Rb kl ch bZe` `kwefvM mZ nZ eva nb| 3iv
Ryb gvDUevUb myfveB fviZ wefvMi cwiKbv NvlYv Kib| wZwb GI NvlYv Kib h, 1948 wLt c~eB
fviZxq`i nvZ gZv AcY Kiv ne| Aciw`K cvwKvb `vwe gb bqvq gymwjg jxM mvl cKvk Ki|
1947 wLt 15 RyjvB jb Kg mfvi GK NvlYvq fviZ-cvwKvb bvg `ywU ^vaxb Wvwgwbqb cwZvi K_v
ejv nq| `yB `ki mxgvbv wbaviYi Rb mvi ivWwKdi bZZ mxgvbv wbaviY KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| 9
AvM ivWwKd Zuvi mxgv ivq`v` mgv Ki Zv fvBmiqi KvQ Rgv `b, hv inmRbK KviY Avjvi
gyL `Lwb| 1947 wLt 18 RyjvB fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb cYqb Kiv nq, hvi wfwZ wewUk kvmbi Aemvb
NU| 1947 mvj 14 AvM cvwKvb Ges 15 AvM fviZ bvg `ywU ivi Rb nq|
`jxq KvR : fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb-Gi gvag Kb `ywU ^vaxb ivi Rb nq- Gi hwKZv Dcvcb Ki|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. 1905 mvj evsjv fvM Kib K?
K. jW KYIqvwjm
L. jW KvRb
M. jW PgmdvW
N. jW ixwWs
131
L. ii I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
L. gvvi`v m~hmb
M. gnvZv Mvx
wn`y-gymjgvbi HK `pKiY
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1. mvjncyi BDwbqbwU b`xi ZxieZx| MZ eQi ebvq dmj I ivvNvUi evcK qwZ nq| AvqZb eo
nIqvq vY ZrciZvmn wewfb Dbqb KgKvi mgmv mw nwQj| D mgmv mgvavbK GB
BDwbqbK `yBwU Avjv`v BDwbU fvM Kiv nq|
132
2. Kqv I KYv `yB evb C`i KbvKvUv KiZ evRvi hvq| Kqv Zvi cQ`i ZvwjKvq we`wk cY ivLjI
KYv we`wk cYK cwiZvM Ki `wk cY Kbvi c gZ `b| Aekl KYv Zvi evb KqvK `wk
cY Kbvi welqwU eySvZ mg nb Ges Dfq `wk cY q Ki evmvq dib|
K. w`j-xi gyNj mvUi c` wejy Kib K?
L. Gbwd ivBdj mb`i we`vnx Ki Zzjj Kb?
M. Kvb Av`vjbi wkvq AbycvwYZ nq KYv `wk cY wKbZ Drmvneva Kib? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki Kqvi gZ gvbwmKZv Avgv`i A_bwZK AMMwZi c_ Aivq? hyw `vI|
`kg Aavq
GKzk deyqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlvi ^xKwZi cvcU Ges Gi ghv`v eYbv KiZ cvie;
fvlv Av`vjbi cwZ mvb cvlYi gvag fvlvkwn``i cwZ kv c`kb AvMnx ne;
ivRbwZK Av`vjb mK fve wewbgq Drmvnx nev Ges AciKI Drmvnx Kie|
134
Zgyb gRwjki D`vM fvlv Av`vjbK ivRbwZK ic`vbi Rb 47-Gi Avei gvm MwVZ nq c_g
ivfvlv msMvg cwil`, hvi AvnvqK gbvbxZ nb XvKv wekwe`vjqi AavcK b~iyj nK fyTv| ivfvlv
msMvg cwil`i cvkvcvwk cvwKvb MYZvwK hyejxM, c~e e eywRxex mgvR, mvsevw`K msN wewfb mfvmwgwZZ evsjvK ivfvlv Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| Gme wKQzK Dc Ki wWm^i gvm KivwPZ AbywZ wkv
mjb D`yK wjsqv dvv wnme ^xKwZ `qvi Rb msweavb mfvi KvQ mycvwik Ki|
1948 mvji c_g _KB wkwZ evOvwj mgvR evsjv fvlvi `vwe wbq mvPvi nq IV| G mgq ivfvlv
msMvg cwil`i GK mfvq wbgkYx _K DPgvawgK ch wkvi gvag wnme evsjvK MnYi cve
`Iqv nq| 23 deyqvwi 1948 cvwKvb MYcwil`i c_g Awaekb BsiwRi cvkvcvwk D`yZ Kvhg iy
nj c~e evsjv KsMm cvwUi m`m Kzwgj-vi axi`bv_ ` Gi cwZev` Kib Ges evsjvKI Awaekbi
AbZg fvlv wnme Afy Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| wKy gymwjg jxMi mKj m`m G `vwe cZvLvb Ki| G
NUbvq c~e evsjvi QvmgvR evcKfve cwZev` KiZ _vK| 26 I 29 deyqvwi 1948 XvKvi mKj wkv
cwZvb agNU cvwjZ nq| 2 gvP `ki QvmgvR eywRxex`i DcwwZZ wZxq evii gZ ivfvlv
msMvg cwil` MVb Ki| Gevi AvnvqK gbvbxZ nb kvgmyj Avjg|
ivfvlv msMvg cwil`i bZzb KwgwUi Avnvb 11 gvP agNU cvwjZ nq| Av`vjbKvix`i `vwe wQj
evsjvK cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv Ges c~e cvwKvbi miKvwi fvlv wnme NvlYv Kiv| agNUi c
ivfvlv evsjv PvB m-vMvbmn wgwQj Kivi mgq cywjki jvwVPvR AbK AvnZ nq| eez kL gywReyi
ingvb, kvgmyj nK, Awj Avnv`, KvRx Mvjvg gvneyemn AbKB MdZvi nb| GB NUbvi cwicwZ 13-15
gvP Avevi agNU cvwjZ nq| Gevi ay XvKv bq, `ki me agNU cvwjZ nq| Zxe Av`vjbi gyL 15 gvP
gyLgx LvRv bvwRgyxb Av`vjbKvix`i mv_ AvjvPbvq em GKwU Pzw ^vi Kib| G PzwZ
MdZviKZ`i gyw, Z` KwgwU MVb, wkvi gvag evsjv, evsjvK ivfvlv Kivi cve AvBb cwil`
Dvcb cfwZ Afy wQj|
1948 mvji 19 gvP cvwKvbi Mfbi Rbvij gvnv` Avjx wRbvn XvKvq Avmb| 21 gvP igbvi
ZrKvjxb imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb mvnivIqv`x D`vb) Ges 24 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi mgveZb Abyvb
wZwb ee `b| `ywU eeB wZwb evsjv fvlvi `vwe AMvn Ki D`yK cvwKvbi ivfvlv wnme NvlYv
`b| mgveZb eei mgq wZwb ej DVjb, D`y Ges GKgv D`yB ne cvwKvbi ivfvlv| DcwZ
Qviv Zxe cwZev` bv bv awb w`q IV| G mgq mviv c~e cvwKvbB fvlv Av`vjb Qwoq co| 1948
mvji 18 bf^i cavbgx wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb XvKvq Gm eZvKvj Avevi D`yK ivfvlv wnme NvlYv
`b| Qviv bv bv ej cwZev` Ki DV|
1948 mvj KivwPZ AbywZ wbwLj cvwKvb wkv mjb evsjv fvlv Aviwe nid jLvi cve `Iqv
nq| W. gyn` knx`yjv-n Gi cwZev` Kib| Aviwe nid evsjv jLvi lohi cPv wnme evsjv fvlv
msvii bvg 1949 mvji gvP gvm c~e evsjv fvlv KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| XvKv wekwe`vjq Gi cwZev`
Rvbvq| 1950 mvji 11 gvP Ave`yj gwZbK AvnvqK Ki XvKv wekwe`vq ivfvlv msMvg cwil` MwVZ
nq| 1950 mvji m^i gvm MYcwil` KZK MwVZ g~jbxwZ KwgwUi mycvwik ejv nq, D`yB cvwKvbi
ivfvlv ne| `kRyo cwZev` mfv-mgvek PjZ _vK| 1951 mvj cvwKvbi cavbgx wjqvKZ Avjx
135
Lvb AvZZvqxi nvZ wbnZ nj cavbgx nb LvRv bvwRgyxb| 1952 mvj XvKvq LvRv bvwRgyxbi GK
DwK K` Ki fvlv Av`vjb bZzb gvv I mevZK ic jvf Ki| Gfve P~ov chvqi m~Pbv nq|
136
GKwU wZ ev kwn` wgbvi wbgvY Ki| ci cywjk kwn` wgbviwU fO `q| 1963 mvj Avqx kwn`
wgbvii j wkx nvwg`yi ingvbi bKkv I cwiKbvq kwn` wgbvi wbgvY Kiv nq| 1971 mvj gywhyi
mgq cvK nvbv`vi evwnbx kwn` wgbviwU fO w`j 1972 mvj m bKkv Abyhvqx eZgvb kwn` wgbviwU wbgvY
Kiv nq|
ZviciI fvlv Av`vjb AevnZ wQj| cej Av`vjbi gyL cvwKvbi RvZxq cwil` evsjvK
cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv wnme ^xKwZ `q| RvZxq cwil` evsjv fvlv welqwU wbq weZKi GKchvq
Gi m`m Av`jDwb Avng`i `Iqv mskvabx cve Abyhvqx D`yi cvkvcvwk evsjvKI AbZg ivfvlv
wnme ^xKwZ w`q wej cvm Kiv nq| 1956 mvji msweavb evsjvK ivfvlv wnme ghv`v `Iqv nq|
fvlv Av`vjbi Zvrch
1952 mvji fvlv Av`vjb evsjv`ki BwZnvm GK AbbmvaviY NUbv| cvwKvb ivi elgg~jK
AvPiYi weiy GwU wQj evOvwj RvwZi c_g cwZev` I we`vn, evOvwj RvZxqZvev`i c_g ciYv| 1947
mvj cvwKvb mwi ci _KB evOvwj RvwZ cwg cvwKvwb miKvii Aenjv, ebv, kvlYi RuvZvKj
wc nwQj| gvZfvlv evsjvi cwZ Aegvbbv evOvwji gbK cej bvov w`qwQj| Zviv eySZ ciwQj
cvwKvwb`i nvZ Zv`i fvlv, mswZ, A_bxwZ wKQzB wbivc` bq| GfveB evOvwji gvS evOvwj
RvZxqZvev`i exR ewcZ nq| hvi dj me nq lvUi `kKi ^vwaKvi Av`vqi RvZxqZvev`x ivRbwZK
Av`vjb| hvi nvZ ai ^vqkvmbi `vwe _K ^vaxbZvi `vwe Ges ZviB dj exi evOvwj gywhy Rqjvf
Ki ^vaxb evsjv`ki Afy`q NUvq|
kwn` w`em I AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`emi iyZ
1952 mvji fvlv Av`vjbi cii eQi _K cwZeQi 21 deyqvwi w`bwU evOvwji knx` w`em wnme
D`&hvwcZ nq AvmQ| evsjv`k mwi ci _K 21 deyqvwi ivZ 12Uv GK wgwbU ivcwZ, cavbgxmn
meii RbMY K`xq kwn` wgbvi fvlv knx``i cwZ cyvN wbe`b Kib| 21-Gi cfvZdwi I
cfvZdwii Mvb evOvwj mswZi AweQ` A cwiYZ nqQ| evsjv`k ^vaxb nIqvi ci GKzk deyqvwi
miKvwi QzwUi w`b NvwlZ nq| Gw`b knx` w`emi Zvrch Zzj ai wewfb Abyvb AvqvRbi ga w`q
evOvwj PZbvK jvjb Kivi cwqv AevnZ ivLv nq|
1952 mvji 21 deyqvwi evOvwj RvwZ ii wewbgq gvZfvlvi ghv`v iv KiwQj| weki BwZnvm Abb
mvaviY NUbv wnme Avgv`i fvlv I kwn` w`em AvR AvRvwZK mc`vqi ^xKwZ jvf KiQ| 1999
mvji 17 bf^i cvwim BDbvi Awaekb GKzk deyqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em wnme
NvlvYv Kiv nq| 2000 mvji 21 deyqvwi _K GB w`em AvRvwZK Ab h_vh_fve cvwjZ nQ|
Gfve evsjv`ki fvlv Av`vjb AvRvwZK ghv`vq f~wlZ nq| Avgv`i `k z` bMvxi iqQ wfb wfb
fvlv I mswZ| GB z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZi cwZ kv cvlY Ges msiY wewfb c`c MnY Kiv
nqQ|
137
GKK KvR :
1| fvlv Av`vjbi ivRbwZK iyZ wPwZ Ki|
2| kwn` w`emK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em ejvi KviYmg~n wPwZ Ki|
ivRbwZK ZrciZv
1947 mvj evsjvi we`gvb ivRbwZK fvev`k
1947 mvj cvwKvb mwi mgq c~e evsjvq cavbZ wZbwU ivRbwZK `j ev aviv we`gvb wQj| 1. agxq
Av`kwfwK ivRbwZK avivi cwZwbwaZKvix gymwjg jxM, 2. Amvc`vwqK PZbv I MYZvwK avivi `j
RvZxq KsMm, 3. wec-ex mvgev`x avivi KwgDwb cvwU|
138
AvRv`x jxM, cvwKvb MYZvwK hyejxM, bRvg Bmjvg, wLjvdZ-B-ivevbx cvwU, KlK-kwgK cvwU BZvw`
msMVb Mo DV| Ze mePq eo cUcwieZb wQj Lv` gymwjg jxMi ga fvOb| evsjvi gymwjg jxMi
msvicx bZviv gymwjg jxM ZvM Ki Mo Zvjb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| G iKg GKwU cvcU c~e
cvwKvb Z_v evsjvq gymwjg jxMweivax GK ev GKvwaK ivRbwZK msMVb Mo DV|
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM _K AvIqvgx jxM
`xNw`b ai gymwjg jxMi GK Ask hviv MYZ wekvmx, msvicx wQj, Zv`i cwZ cwg cvwKvwb
g``cy cwZwqvkxj Aci Ask bvbvfve `gb, wbcxob PvjvZ _vK| `k kvmb Pig e_Zvi cwiPq w`q
GB cwZwqvkxj Ask RbMY _K gB `~i mi hZ _vK| Abw`K gymwjg jxMi ewZ bZv`i cwZ
Rbmg_b evo| RvZxq bZe`i ga mvnivIqv`x, Aveyj nvwkg, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx gymwjg
jxMi cPwjZ bxwZi weiy cwZev` KiZ _vKb Ges bZzb GKwU ivRbwZK `j MVbi cqvRbxqZv
Dcjw Kib| 1948 mvji g gvm XvKvq mvnivIqv`x GKwU weivax `j MVbi Rb AvjvPbvq emb|
GiB avivevwnKZvq cwg cvwKvbi gymwjg jxMweivax bZe`i mv_I bZzb `j MVb wbq AvjvPbv
PjZ _vK| bZzb `j MVbi ZrciZv I cwZi ci 1949 mvji 23-24 Ryb XvKvi ivR MvWb Kgx
mjb nq| 300 Rb kxl chvqi cwZwbwa GZ Ask bb| mfvq memZfve c~e cvwKvb AvIqvgx
gymwjg jxM bvg GKwU ivRbwZK `j MVbi wmv MnY Kiv nq| gIjvbv fvmvbxK mfvcwZ, kvgmyj
nKK mv`K, eez kL gywReyi ingvbK hyM mv`K Ki 40 m`mwewk KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| 24
Ryb m` MwVZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi c_g Rbmfv AbywZ nq XvKvi AvigvwbUvjvq|
RbjM _KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM `jwU cv`wkK ^vqkvmbi Ici wekl iyZ w`q 42 `dv Kgm~wP
MnY Ki| G mgq Zv`i cavb `vwei ga wQj ivfvlv wnme evsjvi ^xKwZ, GKRbi GK fvU,
MYZ, GKwU msweavb cYqb, msm`xq cwZi miKvi, AvwjK ^vqkvmb Ges c~e I cwgi ga elg
`~ixKiY| evsjvi BwZnvm AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM c_g mdj weivax `j| G `jwU MVbi gvag weivax
ivRbxwZZ h k~bZv wQj Zv c~iY nq| gymwjg jxM I cwg cvwKvwb kvmK`i Kzkvmbi weiy ewj
K^i wnme AwPiB `jwU RbMYi Avv ARb mg_ nq| `jwU cieZx 1954 mvji wbevPb hydU
MVb I gymwjg jxMi weiy hydUi wbizk Rq evcK f~wgKv ivL| Gici gymwjg jxM GKwU bvgme^
`j cwiYZ nq|
Rb _KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Amc`vwqK, agwbic ivRbwZK PZbvq wekvmx wQj| dj 1955 mvj
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM _K gymwjg kwU ev` w`q AvIqvgx jxM bvg aviY Ki Ges Abvb agvej^x`i
Rb Gi vi Lyj `Iqv nq| 1966 mvj Qq `dv `vwe Dvcbi gvag AvIqvgx jxM cKZB AvIqvgx ev
RbMYi `j cwiYZ nq| Gi ci c~e cvwKvbi ivRbwZK wbqY cyivUvB AvIqvgx jxMi nvZ Pj
Avm| 1970 mvji wbevPb `jwUi msLvMwi Avmb jvf RbMYi evcK Avvi cwiPq `q| AvIqvgx
jxMi bZZB 1971 mvj gywhy Rq jvf Ki evsjv`k ^vaxbZv jvf Ki|
139
140
wbevPbi djvdj
1954 mvji 8 gvPi wbevPb wQj c~e evsjvq c_g Aeva I meRbxb fvUvwaKvii gvag mvaviY wbevPb|
wbevPb kZKiv 37.19 fvM fvUvi fvU `q| 2 Gwcj miKvwifve wbevPbi djvdj cKvwkZ nq| gvU
309wU Avmbi ga hydU 223wU Avmb jvf Ki| gZvmxb gymwjg jxM cvq gv 9wU Avmb, cvwKvb
RvZxq KsMm 24wU, Zdwmwj dWvikb 27wU, LjvdZ ievbx 2wU, wLvb 1wU, e 1wU, Kgywb cvwU
4wU Avmb jvf Ki|
wbevPbi Zvrch
1954 mvji wbevPb wQj gymwjg jxMi Abvq, elgg~jK, e_ kvmbi weiy evOvwji HKe cwZev`|
evOvwj RvwZ G wbevPbi gvag gymwjg jxMK eywSq `q h Zviv c~e evsjvq gymwjg jxMK Avi Pvq bv|
hydUi bZe`i RbwcqZv, wekl Ki ZiyY bZZi RbwcqZv c~e evsjvi fwelZ bZZ Zwii c_ myMg
Ki| KviY AbK ZiyY bZvi KvQ gymwjg jxMi eo eo bZZi civRq NU| GQvov hydUi ga
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi mevP Avmb jvf fwelZ Zv`i c~e evsjvq ewj bZZ cwZvi BwZ enb Ki|
G wbevPbi gvag c~e evsjvi ivRbxwZZ agwbic avivi mw nq| mevcwi G wbevPbi gvag gymwjg
jxM I AevOvwj bZZi cwZ evOvwji gb evcK Abvv Rbvq| Zviv eySZ cvi cwg cvwKvwb I Zv`i
G `kxq `vmi`i viv evOvwji cKZ gyw me bq| dj evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x Av`ki wfwZ c~e
evsjvevmx ^vqkvmbi cwZ Zv`i c~Y mg_b e Ki|
141
142
Kiv nq| G g~jbxwZ KwgwUZ c~e evsjvi cwZwbwawQj bMY| bvbv KvjcY Ki g~jbxwZ KwgwU 18 gvm ci
Zvi mycvwik I cwZe`b ck Ki| G KwgwUi mycvwik c~e evsjvi RbMYK mew`K _K ewZ Kiv nq|
dj 1950 mvji m^i gvm cwZe`bwU cKvwkZ nj c~e evsjvq evcK cwZev` DV Ges Zviv KwgwUi
mycvwikK cZvLvb Ki| Gici g~jbxwZ KwgwU 1952 mvj wZxq Ges 1953 mvj ZZxq cwZe`b cKvk
Ki| wKy msweavb cYqbi welqwU AgxgvswmZ iq hvq| Aekl 1955 mvji gvP gvm Mfbi Rbvij
cvwKvbi msweavb cYqbi D`vM bb| cwg I c~e Aski bZviv GKwU mgSvZvq AvmZ mg nb|
ZviB wfwZ 1956 mvji msweavb iwPZ nq| 1956 mvji msweavb cYxZ nIqvi ci Pvjy wQj gv `y eQi|
1958 mvj AvBqye Lvb mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Kij msweavb wMZ Kiv nq Ges mB m cvwKvb
mvsweavwbK kvmbi Aemvb NU|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. Kvi bZZ fvlv Av`vjbi c_g msMVb Zgyb gRwjk MwVZ nq?
K. W. KvRx gvZvnvi nvmb
N. W. gyn` knx`yjv-n&
L. ii
M. i I iii
N. ii I iii
143
L. wLjvdZ Av`vjb
M. fvlv Av`vjb
N. ^vwaKvi Av`vjb
`kcwgK
ii. RvZxqZvev`x
iii. cwZev`x
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1. meyRbMi Aji wbevPb gZvmxb cfvekvjx `ji bZvK gvKvejv I civwRZ Kivi Rb QvU QvU
`jjv GKZve nq| Zviv RbMbi Avkv-AvKvLv evevqbi Rb GK my`xN wbevPbx BkZnvi cKvk
Ki| RbMY D RvUi Dci mvweK Avv iL Zv`i c~Y mg_b e Kib| Gi Aekvex dj
wnme wbevPb RvUi bZe` wecyj fvU Rqx nb Ges gZvmxb `ji bZv Pigfve civwRZ nb|
K. AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi c_g mfvcwZ K wQjb?
L. AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Mo Zvjv nq Kb?
M. meyRbMi Aji QvU `jjv ^vaxbZvc~e Kvb wbevPb _K wkv MnY Ki GKZve nq? evLv Ki|
N. gZvmxb I cfvekvjx njB wbevPb Rqx nIqv hvq bv cvVcyKi AvjvK DwwUi h_v_Zv
g~jvqb Ki|
2.
cjvk Zvi ez WwfWi Rbw`b gvevBj dvb gmR BsiwR Ai SHUVO JONMODIN
K_vwU wjL cvVvq| cvvZ fveavivq eo IVv WwfW Zvi ezi KvRwUK mg_b Kiwb| m BsiwRZ
Rbw`bi cPwjZ gmR HAPPY BIRTHDAY Avkv KiwQj|
K. 1948 mvji 24 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi mgveZb Abyvb K D`yK cvwKvbi ivfvlv wnme
NvlYv `b?
L. 1949 mvji c~eevsjv fvlv KwgwU Kb MwVZ nq?
M. cjvki gvbwmKZvq Kvb Av`vjbi cfve j Kiv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki WwfWi wPv-PZbv evsjv fvlv weKvki Aivq? hyw `vI|
GKv`k Aavq
1965 mvji fviZ-cvwKvb hyi cvcU Ges Gi djvdj eYbv KiZ cvie;
145
ceZb Kib| Zvui GB wbevPbi g~jwfw wQj gwjK MYZ| gwjK MYZ nQ GKaibi mxwgZ
MYZ, hvZ Kej wbw`msLK jvKi cwmWU wbevPbi AwaKvi wQj| 1959 mvj gwjK MYZ
ceZbi Av`k Rvwi Kiv nq| cv_wgK Aevq gwjK MYZ wQj GKwU Pvi iwewk eev| wbg _K
DP ch ijv wQj: (1) BDwbqb cwil` (Mvg) Ges UvDb I BDwbqb KwgwU (kni), (2) _vbv cwil`
(c~e evsjvq), Znwkj cwil` (cwg cvwKvb), (3) Rjv cwil`, (4) wefvMxq cwil`| GB cwil`jvZ
wbevwPZ I gbvbxZ Dfq aibi m`m _vKZ|
gwjK MYZi AvIZvq cvwKvbi Dfq Ask 40000 Ki gvU 80000 wbevPbx BDwbU wbq `ki
wbevPKgjx MwVZ nq| wbevPKgjxi m`miv gwjK MYZx ev wewW g^vi wQj| RbMYi gwjK MYZx
wbevPb Kiv Qvov Kvb `vwqZ wQj bv| wewW g^vi wQj cKZ wbevPK| ZvivB cwmWU, RvZxq I cv`wkK
cwil`i m`m wbevPb KiZb| GB gwjK MYZx`i Avv fvU AvBqye Lvb 1960 mvj cieZx cvuP
eQii Rb cwmWU wbevwPZ nb| GQvov wZwb msweavb cYqbi gZvI jvf Kib| 1962 mvji 1 gvP
bZzb msweavb NvlYv Kiv nq Ges 8 Ryb mvgwiK AvBb cZvnvi Kiv nq|
GKK KvR : AvBqye Lvbi gwjK MYZi cKwZ Kgb wQj?
146
MwVZ nq| G dUi Dk wQj MYZ cybiyvi I 1956 mvji msweavb wdi hvIqv| Lye ZvovZvwo G
dU RbwcqZv ARb Ki|
1963 mvji wWm^i mvnivIqv`x BKvj Kib| 1964 mvji iyZB AvIqvgx jxM GbwWGd _K
ewiq Avm| eez kL gywReyi ingvb AvIqvgx jxMi mvaviY mv`K gbvbxZ nb| Zvui bZZ AvIqvgx
jxMi bZzb hvv iy nq| Gi dj GbwWGd wbwq nq co| 1965 mvji 2 Rvbyqvwi cwmWU wbevPb
AvBqye Lvbweivax GKK cv_x `Iqvi Rb Avevi AvIqvgx jxM, bvc, KvDwj gymwjg jxM, bRvg Bmjvg
cfwZ `j wgj GKwU RvU ev COP (Combined Opposition Party) MVb Ki| gynv` Avjx wRbvni
evb dvZgv wRbvnK Kc-Gi c cwmWU cv_x Kiv nq| wbevPb gwjK MYZx`i c~e _KB AvBqye
Lvb wbRi AbyK~j wbq Avmb| RbMY dvZgv wRbvni c evcK Drmvn Dxcbv cKvk Ki| wKy
wbevPb AvBqye Lvb Rqx nb| cwmWU wbevPbi ci RvZxq I cv`wkK cwil`i wbevPb nq| mLvbI
AvBqye Lvbi Kbfbkb gymwjg jxM msLvMwiZv jvf Ki|
147
nqQ| Gmgq cwg cvwKvwb kvmKiv ivRbwZK, ckvmwbK, mvgwiK, A_bwZK, wkv I mvswZK
c~e cvwKvbi cwZ elg I wbcxobg~jK bxwZ AbymiY Ki| GiB cwZev` c~e cvwKvb A_vr c~e evsjvq
^vwaKvi I ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi m~cvZ NU|
ivRbwZK elg
1947 mvj cvwKvbi Rbi ci _KB msLvMwi c~e cvwKvbK ivRbwZKfve cy Ki cwg
cvwKvbi gyLvcx ivLv nq| jvnvi cve c~Y cv`wkK ^vqkvmbi K_v ejv njI cvwKvwb kvmKiv
c_g _KB G welq Abxnv cKvk Ki| MYZK Dcv Ki ^iZ, GKbvqKZ I mvgwiKZi gvag
Zviv `k kvmb KiZ _vK| Zviv c~e cvwKvbi Ici DcwbewkK kvmb cwZv Ki mgvR, ivRbxwZ,
A_bxwZ cwZwU mevP kvlY Pvwjq cwg cvwKvbi mgw NUvq| evOvwj ivRbwZK bZe`i
Dci `gb, wbcxob Pvwjq c~e cvwKvbi ivRbwZK cwiek APj Ki ivL| evievi eez kL gywReyi
ingvbmn evsjvi RvZxq bZv`i Abvqfve Rj e`x Ki ivL| msLvMwi RbMY evOvwj nIqv mI
cvwKvbi gwmfvq evOvwj cwZwbwai msLv wQj LyeB Kg| MYZvwK cwqv evavM Kivi Rb cvwKvwb
kvmKiv RvZxq I cv`wkK cwil`i wbevPb w`Z Abxnv cKvk Ki| 1954 mvj hydUi wbevwPZ
miKviK Abvqfve DQ` Ki| cieZx gwmfvjvK evievi fO w`q c~e cvwKvbi kvmbKvh APj
Ki ivL| Aekl cvwKvb miKvi 1958 mvj mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Ki RbMYi MYZvwK AwaKvi Ko
bq|
ckvmwbK elg
cvwKvbi ckvmwbK g~j PvwjKvkw wQj wmwfj mvwfm KgKZvMY| 1962 mvj cvwKvbi
gYvjqjvZ kxlvbxq KgKZvi 954 Rbi ga evOvwj wQj gv 119 Rb| 1956 mvj cvwKvbi
K`xq miKvii 42000 KgKZvi ga evOvwji msLv wQj gv 2900| 1947 mvj KivwPZ ivRavbx
nIqvq mKj miKvwi Awdm-Av`vjZ cwg cvwKvwbiv evcK nvi PvKwi jvf Ki| ejvi Acv ivL bv
cvwKvb K`xq miKvii cvq mKj DPc` cwg cvwKvwb`i GKPwUqv AwaKvi wQj| miKvii me
`ii m`i `i wQj cwg cvwKvb| fMvwjK `~iZi KviY evOvwji c mLvb wMq PvKwi jvf
Kiv me wQj bv| 1956 mvj ch evsjv fvlvK ivfvlvi ghv`v bv `Iqvq cwZhvwMZvg~jK cixvq
evOvwj Qv`i mvdj mnR wQj bv| 1966 mvj c~e I cwg cwg cvwKvb MRUW KgKZv wQj
h_vg 1338 I 3708 Rb Ges bb-MRUW KgKZv wQj h_vg 26310 I 82944 Rb| 1962 mvj
dib mvwfm c~e cvwKvbi cwZwbwaZ wQj gv 20.8%| we`k 69 Rb iv`~Zi ga 60 RbB wQjb
cwg cvwKvbi|
mvgwiK elg
c~e cvwKvbi Ici cwg cvwKvwb`i elgg~jK kvmbi AviKwU wQj mvgwiK elg| mvgwiK
evwnbxZ evOvwj`i cwZwbwaZ wQj AwZ bMY| c_g _KB mvgwiK evwnbxi kxl c` cvvweiv `Lj Ki
iLwQj| Zviv evOvwj`i mvgwiK evwnbx _K `~i ivLvi bxwZ bq| mvgwiK evwnbxi wbqvMi h
KvUv cwZ AbymiY Kiv nq ZvZ 60% cvvwe, 35% cvVvb Ges gv 5% cwg cvwKvbi Abvb Ask
148
I c~e cvwKvbi Rb wbaviY Kiv nq| evOvwji `vwei gyL msLv wKQzUv evojI Zv wQj bMY| 1955
mvji GK wnmve `Lv hvq, mvgvwiK evwnbxi gvU 2211 Rb KgKZvi ga evOvwj wQj gv 82 Rb| 1966
mvj mvgwiK evwnbxi 17 Rb kxl chvqi KgKZvi ga gv 1 Rb wQj evOvwj| G mgq mvgwiK
Awdmvi`i ga 5% wQj evOvwj| cvwKvbi gvU 5 j Rb mbvm`mi ga evOvwj wQj gv 20 nvRvi
Rb A_vr gv 4%| mvgwiK evRUi I c~e cvwKvbK Mvn Kiv nZv bv| AvBqye Lvbi kvmbvgj
gvU evRUi 60% mvgwiK evRU wQj| hvi wmsnfvM `vqfvi enb KiZ nZv c~e cvwKvbK, A_P c~e
cvwKvbi cwZivi cwZ Aenjv `Lvbv nZv|
A_bwZK elg
c~e cvwKvb cwg cvwKvb KZK mevP elgi wkKvi nq A_bwZK | Zv`i kvlYi gvv wQj
fqven| dj c~e cvwKvb KLbI A_bwZKfve ^qsm~Y nZ cviwb| cv`wkK miKvii nvZ
gy`veev I A_bwZK Kvbv wbqY wQj bv| K`i mivmwi wbqY c~e cvwKvbi mKj Avq cwg
cvwKvb Pj hvq| K`xq evsKmn mKj evsK, exgv, evwYwRK cwZvbi m`i `i wQj cwg
cvwKvb| dj mnRB mKj A_ cwg cvwKvb cvPvi nq hZ| c~e cvwKvbi cqvRbxq A_ eiv
wQj cwg cvwKvbi Ici wbfikxj| D Avw_K mq cwg cvwKvb Rgv _vKZ weavq c~e cvwKvb
KLbI g~jab Mo IVwb|
cvwKvb ivi mKj cwiKbv cYxZ nZv K`xq miKvii m`i `i cwg cvwKvb| mLvb c~e
cvwKvbi cwZwbwa bv _vKvq cwg cvwKvbi kvmKiv c~e cvwKvbK bvh AwaKvi _K ewZ KiZ|
RbjM _K cvwKvb wZbwU cevwlKx cwiKbv MnxZ nq| c_gwUZ c~e I cwg cvwKvbi Rb
eivKZ eq wQj h_vg 113 KvwU I 500 KvwU iywc, wZxqwUZ wQj eiv wQj 950 KvwU iywc c~e
cvwKvbi Rb, 1350 KvwU iywc cwg cvwKvbi Rb| ZZxqwUZ c~e I cwgi Rb eiv h_vg
36% I 63%| ivRavbx Dbqbi Rb eivKZ eq ewkifvM wQj cwg cvwKvbi Rb| 1956 mvj
KivwPi Dbqbi Rb eq Kiv nq 570 KvwU UvKv, hv wQj miKvwi gvU eqi 56.4%| m mgq c~e
cvwKvbi gvU miKvwi eqi nvi wQj 5.10%| 1967 mvj ch Bmjvgvev` wbgvYi Rb eq Kiv nq
300 KvwU UvKv, Avi XvKvi Rb eq Kiv nq 25 KvwU UvKv| e`wkK mvnvh eivi c~e cvwKvb
cvq gv 26.6%| 1947-1970 ch gvU ivwb Avq c~e cvwKvbi Ask wQj 54.7%| A_P ivwb Avq
ewk KijI c~e cvwKvbi Rb Avg`vwb eq wQj Kg A_vr gv 31.1%| ivwbi D A_ cwg
cvwKvbi Avg`vwbi Rb eq Kiv nZv| wk-KviLvbv cwZvi c~e cvwKvbi KuvPvgvj mv njI
wk-KviLvbv ewkifvM Mo DVwQj cwg cvwKvb| c~e cvwKvbi wKQz wk Mo DVjI mjvi
ewkifvMi gvwjK wQj cwg cvwKvwb| dj wk c~e cvwKvbK wbfikxj _vKZ nZv cwg
cvwKvbi Dci| c~e cvwKvb _K ^Y I Kvb cwigvb UvKv-cqmv wbq cwg cvwKvb hZ Kvbv euvav
wQj bv| wKy cwg cvwKvb _K ^Y I UvKv-cqmv c~e cvwKvb Avbvi Dci miKvii wewawbla wQj|
149
wkv elg
wkv I evOvwjiv elg wkKvi nqwQj| cwg cvwKvwbiv evOvwj`i wbii ivLvi Pv AevnZ
ivL| cvi cwg cvwKvb wkv wevi evcK cwiKbv MnY Ki| dj c~e cvwKvb wkvi
Dbqbi Kvb Pvq Zviv Kiwb| GQvov evsjvi cwieZ D`yK wkvi gvag Kiv ev Aviwe fvlvq evsjv
jLvi lohi gvag c~e cvwKvbi wkveevq AvNvZ nvbZ PqwQj| wkv LvZ eivi c~e
cvwKvbi cwZ Pig elg `Lvbv nq| 1955 _K 1967 mvji ga wkv LvZ gvU eivi ga cwg
cvwKvbi Rb eiv wQj 2084 wgwjqb iywc Ges c~e cvwKvbi Rb wQj 797 wgwjqb iywc| cvwKvbi
megvU 35wU ewi 30wU cqwQj cwg cvwKvb Ges gv 5wU eiv wQj c~e cvwKvbi Rb|
mvgvwRK elg
ivvNvU, zj-KjR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, nvmcvZvj, WvKNi, Uwjdvb, UwjMvd, we`yr cfwZ
evOvwj`i Zzjbvq cwg cvwKvwbiv ewk myweav fvM KiZ| mgvRKjvY I mevg~jK myweav ewkifvM cwg
cvwKvwbiv cZ| dj mvweKfve cwg cvwKvwb`i Rxebhvvi gvb AbK DbZ wQj|
mvswZK elg
`yB Aji fvlv, mvwnZ I mswZ wQj m~Y Avjv`v| c~e cvwKvbi Awaevmx wQj gvU RbmsLvi cvq
56%| evsjv fvlv I mswZ wQj nvRvi eQii cyibv| Aci w`K 45% RbmsLvi cwg cvwKvb
wewfb fvlv, RvwZ I mswZ we`gvb wQj| D`yfvlx wQj gv 3.27%| A_P Zv mI msLvMwi evsjv
fvlv I mymg evOvwj mswZK gyQ djvi Pv wj nq cwg cvwKvwb kvmKiv| c_gB Zviv
evsjv fvlvK DQ` Kivi Pv Ki Ges evsjv fvlvK Aviwe eY jLvi loh iy Ki| evOvwj
mswZK mg KiQ iex`bv_i mxZ, bvUK, mvwnZ| evOvwj mswZZ AvNvZ nvbvi Rb iex`
mxZ I iPbvewj wbwl Kivi Pv Ki| cnjv ekvL cvjbK wn`y cfve ej Dj-L Ki mLvbI
evav `vbi Pv Ki|
`jxq KvR : mvgwiK, A_bwZK I wkv c~e cvwKvbi cwZ cvwKvbi K`xq miKvii elg
jLwP cKvk Ki|
150
eezi bvg Avgv`i euvPvi `vwe: Qq-`dv Kgm~wP kxlK GKwU cywKv cKvk Kiv nq| `dvjv wQj
wbgic:
1. jvnvi cvei wfwZ msweavb iPbv Ki cvwKvbK GKwU dWvij iv wnme MVb KiZ
ne| GwU msm`xq cwZi hyiv eev ne| cveq`i meRbxb fvUvwaKvii gvag
wbevwPZ cwZwbwa`i wbq MwVZ K`xq I cv`wkK AvBbmfv ne mvefg|
2.
3.
L. `yB Aji Rb GKB gy`v _vKe, Ze msweavb Ggb eev ivLZ ne, hvZ GK Aj _K
Ab Aj gy`v I g~jab cvPvi nZ bv cvi| GKwU dWvij wiRvf evsK _vKe Ges `ywU
AvwjK wiRvf evsK _vKe|
4.
mKj cKvi Ki I avh I Av`vqi gZv _vKe cv`wkK miKvii nvZ| Av`vqKZ A_i
GKwU wbw` Ask dWvij Znwej Rgv ne| G viv dWvij miKvi eq wbevn Kie|
5. e`wkK gy`v I e`wkK evwYRi c`kjvi nvZ c~Y wbqY _vKe| e`wkK evwYR I
mvnvhi evcvi c`kjv hywhy nvi dWvij miKvii Rb cqvRbxq e`wkK gy`vi Pvwn`v
wgUve|
6.
AvwjK msnwZ I RvZxq wbivcv ivi Rb c`kjv wbR^ wgwjwkqv ev Avav mvgwiK evwnbx
MVb I cwiPvjbv KiZ cvie|
13 gvP, 1966 AvIqvgx jxMi IqvwKs KwgwUZ Qq `dv MnxZ nevi ci eez Qq `dvi c RbgZ Mo
Zvjvi Rb wewfb vb ee `b| wZwb Qq `dvK Avgv`i euvPvi `vwe AvLvwqZ Kib| dj Qq `dvi
c `yZ evcK RbgZ Mo DV| AvBqye miKvi ZvZ AvZwZ nq AvIqvgx jxMi bZv-Kgx`i aicvKo
iy Ki| AvBqye Lvb G mgq c~e cvwKvb Gm wewfb Rbmfvq Qq `dvK iv`vnx I cvwKvbi
ALZvi cwZ gwK ej AvLv `b| w`b w`b Qq `dvi RbwcqZv ew cj AvBqye miKvi eezK
MdZvii wb`k `b| eezK MdZvii cwZev` 1966 mvji 7 Ryb `kevcx niZvj cvwjZ nq|
niZvji mgq wgwQj cywjki wjZ AbK jvK cvY nvivq| G NUbvi cwZev` 8 Ryb cv`wkK cwil`
weivax `j IqvKAvDU Ki| 10 g, 1966 mvji ga 3500 Rb AvIqvgx jxMi bZv-KgxK MdZvi Kiv
nq| 1968 mvj eezK HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvq Awfhy Ki UvBeybvj wePvi iy Ki| wKy Gi
151
weiy 1969 mvji MY-Afyvbi gyL eez kL gywReyi ingvbK gyw w`Z miKvi eva nq| 1970
mvji mvaviY wbevPb Qq `dv Kgm~wP wQj wbevPbi g~j Bnvi| G wbevPb Qq `dvi c wbizk weRq
AwRZ nq| Z_vwc Qq `dv Kgm~wP evevqb Kiv me nqwb| 1971 mvji 25 gvP cvwKvwb nvbv`vi
evwnbxi nZvhi ci gywhy iy nj Qq `dv Kgm~wPi Aemvb nq| AZtci `xN bq gvm gywhyi gvag
evsjv`k ^vaxbZv jvf Ki|
Qq `dv Kgm~wP wQj evOvwj RvZxqZvev`i P~ov cKvk| GwU wQj evOvwji Avkv-AvKvvi cZxK| evOvwji
gywi mb`| dj Gi cwZ ag, eY wbwekl mKj RbMYi ^Zt~Z mg_b wQj| Qq `dv Av`vjb
KVvifve `gbi dj evOvwj RvwZi ga HKi PZbv `pfve RvMZ nq| evOvwj Zvi ^vwaKvi Av`vqi
Rb mvPvi nq DV|
HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (iv ebvg kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Abvb), 1968
cvwKvb ivi Rbi ci _KB c~e cvwKvbi cwZ cwg cvwKvwb`i elg gB evowQj| eez
kL gywReyi ingvbi Rbgvbyli mv_ AwaK mZv ZvuK c~e cvwKvbi RbbZvq cwiYZ KiwQj| Zuvi
ivRbwZK KgKv iy Kivi Rb cwg cvwKvb miKvi evievi ZuvK MdZvi Ki Rj cvwVqQ|
ZviciI eezK G f~LK ^vaxb Kivi cPv _K wieZ ivLv hvqwb| wewfb mgq eezi mv_ bvbv
ckvi, wekl Ki mvgwiK evwnbxi ZiyY evOvwj m`m`i hvMvhvM nq| GKchvq wZwb mk wec-ei w`K
AvK nb| 1962 mvj cvwKvb bevwnbxi jdUbvU Kgvvi gvqvg nvmb GK`j mbvm`m wbq
eezi mv_ `Lv Kib| Zuv`i mv_ eezi mk Av`vjb wbq gZwewbgq nq| 1963 mvj eez
Mvcb wcyiv Mgb Kib| mLvb wcyivi ivRavbx AvMiZjvq ZrKvjxb KsMm bZv I cieZxKvj wcyivi
gyLgx kPx`jvj wmsni mv_ Zuvi eVK nq| mLvb wZwb kPx`jvji gvag fviZi cavbgx RInijvj
bniyK evZv cvwVq mk Av`vjb mnhvwMZv Kvgbv Kib| Dj-L, 1966 mvj eezi Qq `dv
Kgm~wP c~e cvwKvb evcK RbwcqZv jvf Ki| c~e cvwKvbi ^vqkvmb Rbgvbyli `vweZ cwiYZ nq|
Gw`K mvgvwiK evwnbxZ we`gvb elgi KviY KqKRb evOvwj Awdmvi I mbvm`m Mvcb mk
wec-ei Rb msMwVZ nZ _vKb| wKy cvwKvb miKvii Mvq`v msvi KvQ welqwU cKvk nq co|
mviv cvwKvb `o nvRvi evOvwjK MdZvi Kiv nq| G lohi Rb eezK cavb Avmvwg wnme
Awfhy Kiv nq| ZLb eez Rj e`x wQjb| G gvgjvwU `vqi Kiv nq 1968 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm|
Awfhy`i weiy ivci AwfhvM wQj eezi bZZ fviZi wcyiv ivRi ivRavbx AvMiZjvZ
fviZxq miKvwi KgKZv`i Mvcb eVK nq| mLvb fviZi mnvqZvq mk Av`vjbi gvag c~e
cvwKvbK ^vaxb Kivi cwiKbv Kiv nq| G Rb gvgjvwUi bvg nq AvMiZjv gvgjv| miKvwi bw_Z
gvgjvi bvg njv iv ebvg kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Abvb|
1966 mvji 9 g Rj e`x eez kL gywReyi ingvbK gyw w`q mvgwiK AvBb RjMU _K Avevi
MdZvi Ki XvKv KvUbgU wbq hvIqv nq| G gvgjvq 35 Rb Awfhy wQjb| eez kL gywReyi
ingvbi mv_ Ab 34 Rb Awfhy wQjb j. Kgvvi gvqvg nvmb, zqvW gywReyi ingvb, Gj.Gm.
myjZvb Dwb Avn`, b~i gvnv`, Avng` dRjyi ingvb wmGmwc, dvBU mvRU gwdRyjv-n, G.we.Gg. Ave`ym
mvgv`, nvwej`vi `wjj Dwb nvIjv`vi, iyj Kzym wmGmwc, dvBU mvRU dRjyj nK, f~cwZ f~lY Payix
(gvwbK Payix), weavb K mb, mye`vi Ave`yi ivvK, nvwej`vi gywReyi ingvb, dvBU mvRU Ave`yi ivvK,
mvRU Riyj nK, G.we.Gg. Lyikx`, Lvb kvgmyi ingvb wmGmwc, wimvj`vi G.K.Gg. kvmmyj nK, nvwej`vi
AvwRRyj nK, gvndzRyj evix, mvRU mvgmyj nK, gRi Wv. kvgmyj Avjg, Kvb gv. Ave`yj gvZvje,
152
Kvb kIKZ Avjx, Kvb L`Kvi bvRgyj `v, Kvb G.Gm.Gg. byiyvgvb, dvBU mvRU Ave`yj
Rwjj, gvneye Dwb Payix, jdUbvU Gg.Gg.Gg. ingvb, mye`vi G.K.Gg. ZvRyj Bmjvg, gv. Avjx
iRv, Kvb Wv. Lyikx` Dwb Avn` I jdUbvU Ave`yi iDd|
AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePviKvh cwiPvjbvi Rb wekl UvBeybvj MVb Kiv nq| 1968 mvji 19 Ryb ejv
GMvivUvq KzwgUvjv KvUbgUi GKwU wekl K gvgjvi bvwb iy nq| mvxi msLv wQj miKvi c
11 Rb ivRmvxmn gvU 227 Rb| cLvZ AvBbRxex Ave`ym mvjvg Lvbi bZZ Awfhy`i AvBbRxex`i
wbq GKwU wWd wUg MVb Kiv nq| Abw`K hyivR cevmx evOvwjiv weUbi cLvZ AvBbRxex mvi
Ugvm DBwjqvg GgwcK eez kL gywReyi ingvbi AvBbRxex wnme ciY Ki| cvwKvb miKvii
c cavb Kumywj wQjb mveK ciivgx gbRyi Kv`i I AvWfvKU Rbvij wU. GBP. Lvb|
UvBeybvji cavb wePvicwZ wQjb Gm G ingvb| Aci `yB wePvicwZ wQjb Gg Avi Lvb I gyKmygyj nvwKg|
29 RyjvB 1968 gvgjvi bvwb cybivq iy nq| mvi Ugvm DBwjqvg 5 AvM eezi c wekl
UvBeybvji eaZv Pvj Ki nvBKvU wiU Ave`b `vwLj Kib|
wePviKvh Pjvi mgq cvwKvbi Dfq Ask AvBqyeweivax Av`vjb `vbv euvaZ _vK| c~e cvwKvb
eez kL gywReyi ingvbi gyw I AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvii `vwe Rvi`vi nq| axi axi c~e cvwKvbi
MY-wevf 1969 mvj Gm MY-Afyvb icvwiZ nq| AvIqvgx jxM, bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUmn KqKwU
ivRbwZK `j wbq WgvwUK AvKkb KwgwU (DAC) MVb Kiv nq| GiB ga 1969 mvji 15 deyqvwi
AvMiZjv gvgjvi AbZg Awfhy mvRU Riyj nKK wj Ki nZv Kiv nq| Zuvi gZzi Lei cKvk nq
coj 16 deyqvwi 1969 XvKvevmx cP va MR DV| Zuvi gZ`n wbq RbZv ivRc_ c`wY Ki|
69Gi MY-Afyvb mviv c~e cvwKvb Dvj nq DV| cwiwwZ kv KiZ cwmWU AvBqye Lvb 19
deyqvwi 1969 ivIqvjwcwZ GKwU MvjUwej eVKi Avnvb Kib| mLvb gIjvbv fvmvbx I eez kL
gywReyi ingvb eVK hvM`vbi Rb AvgwZ wQjb| AvBqye miKvi eezi hvM`vbi Rb ZuvK cvij
gyw`vbi cve `q| wKy gIjvbv fvmvbxmn c~e cvwKvbi RbMY miKvwi cve cZvLvb Ki `vwe Ki
cyiv AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi Kivi| Aekl AvBqye miKvi c~e cvwKvbi RbMYi KvQ bwZ^xKvi Ki
AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi Ki bq| eezmn gvgjvi mKj Awfhy 22 deyqvwi 1969 gyw jvf Kib|
eezi gyw Dcj 23 deyqvwi 1969 imKvm gq`vb GKwU mseabvi AvqvRb Kiv nq| mB wekvj
Rbmfvq kL gywReyi ingvbK eez DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kiv nq|
AvMiZjv gvgjvi iyZ :
evOvwj`i ga RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi yiY GB gvgjv iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiwQj| h Dk AvBqye
miKvi AvMiZjv gvgjv `vqi KiwQj Zv Av` mdj nqwb, eis GwU AvBqye miKvii Rb eygivs nq `Lv
`q| G mgq ivRbwZK bZZ gRjyg RbbZv gvIjvbv fvmvbx GwMq Avmb Ges evOvwj ^v_i gyLcv I
AvZwbqb AwaKvi cwZvi ck eez kL gywReyi ingvb Awemsevw`Z bZv wnmve ^xKZ nq|
153
11 `dv Av`vjb
1968-69 mvj c~e cvwKvb AvBqyeweivax MY-Av`vjb P~ov chvq DcbxZ nq| G evcK MY-Av`vjb
AvIqvgx bZe` Kviviy nj Av`vjbi MwZ wKQzUv wwgZ nq co| G Aevq Qviv Av`vjbi
bZZ MnY Ki, hv MY-Afyvb ic bq| 1969 mvji 5 Rvbyqvwi WvKmy (XvKv wekwe`vjq K`xq Qvmsm`) Kvhvjq QvjxM I Qv BDwbqb (gwZqv I gbb Myc) Ges WvKmyi h_ D`vM WvKmyi ZrKvjxb
mnmfvcwZ Zvdvqj Avng`i bZZ me`jxq Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Ki nq|
G Qv msMvg cwil` 11 `dv `vwe wbq MY-Afyvbi WvK `q| G Kgm~wP AwPiB ay Qv`i bq, eis
Avcvgi RbMYi Av`vjb AbyciYv mw Ki| 11 `dv `vwei ga eezi Qq `dv Afy wQj| Gi
Abvb Dj-LhvM `vwei ga wQj, XvKv wekwe`vjq KzLvZ AwWbv evwZjmn wkvi myhvM-myweav ew,
evK-^vaxbZv, ew-^vaxbZv I msev`ci ^vaxbZv, enr wki RvZxqKiY, kwgK`i bvh gRywi c`vb, UW
BDwbqb MVb, ebv wbqY I Rj m`i myz eenvi, Riywi AvBb, wbivcv AvBb I Abvb wbhvZbg~jK
AvBb cZvnvi, wbic ciivbxwZ MnY, Awej^ MdZviKZ bZv-Kgx`i gyw|
1969 mvji MY-Afyvb
1968 mvji bf^i gvm Qv AmvlK K` Ki h Av`vjb `vbv evua Zv GKmgq QvmgvRi ga
mxgve bv _K Qwoq co kni I Mvgi kwgK-KlK I mvaviY gvbyli gvS| cvwKvbi cwmWU
AvBqye Lvbi ^ikvmbi weiy Mo DV GK `yevi Av`vjb, hv 1969 mvj MY-Afyvb ic bq| AvBqye
Lvbi cZbK K` Ki cvwKvbi `yB Aski gvbyl c_gevii gZv GKmv_ Av`vjb bvg Ges AvBqye
Lvbi cZbi gvag Av`vjbi mgvw NU| cvwKvb Rbi ci _KB c~e cvwKvbi cwZ RvwZMZ
wbcxob, ebv I elgi weiy fvlv Av`vjb _K iy Ki 1960-Gi `kKi wewfb RvZxqZvev`x
Av`vjb Mo DV| Ebmii MY-Afyvb mwZ mjv cZ cfve iLwQj| Ebmii MY-Afyvb
wQj cvwKvb cwZvi cieZxKvji mePq eo Av`vjb|
1968 mvji bf^i gvmi Qv Amvl gIjvbv fvmvbxi bZZ MY-Av`vjb cwiYZ nq| 6 wWm^i
Ryjyg cwZiva w`em cvjbi Rb bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU, c~e cvwKvb kwgK dWvikb I c~e cvwKvb
KlK mwgwZ h_ Kgm~wP wnmve cb gq`vb GKwU Rbmfvi AvqvRb Ki| Rbmfvi ci GKwU weivU
wgwQj Mfbi nvDm NivI Ki| mLvb wgwQjKvix`i mv_ cywjki evcK msNl nj gIjvbv fvmvbx XvKv
kni niZvj Avnvb Kib| 8 wWm^i cavb weivax `jjvi WvK MvUv c~e cvwKvb niZvj cvwjZ nq|
10 wWm^i AvIqvgx jxM wbhvZb cwZiva w`em cvjb Ki| 29 wWm^i NivI Av`vjbi m~Pbv nq|
1969 mvji 4 Rvbyqwi c~e cvwKvb Qv BDwbqb (gwZqv I gbb Myc), c~e cvwKvb QvjxM I WvKmyi
bZe`iv wgj me`jxq Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Kib| Qv msMvg cwil` eezi Qq `dvi mv_ wgwjq
AviI KqKwU `vwe wbq 11 `dv `vwe ck Ki| AwPiB 11 `dv `vweK Avcvgi evOvwj mg_b c`vb Ki|
Ebmii Dvj mgq Qv msMvgi GB 11 `dv `vwe wQj LyeB mgqvchvMx| dj `yZ G Kgm~wPK K`
Ki weivax `jjvi HK cwZwZ nq| 8 Rvbyqvwi cvwKvbi 8wU ivRbwZK `j wgj MYZvwK msMvg
cwil` (WvK) bvgK gvPv MVb Ki Ges 8 `dv `vwe ck Ki|
154
155
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. K cvwKvb Bmjvgx cRvZi c_g cwmWU gbvbxZ nb?
K. gyn` Avjx wRbvn
L. Bv`vi wgRv
M. AvBqye Lvb
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
156
mRbkxj ck:
1.
welq
gYvjqi KgKZv
K`xq miKvii KgKZv
MRUW KgKZv
bb MRUW KgKZv
c~e cvwKvb
119 Rb
2900 Rb
1338 Rb
26310 Rb
cwg cvwKvb
954 Rb
42000 Rb
3708 Rb
82944 Rb
2. iwdK GKwU PjwP `LwQj| QweZ GKwU Aji RbMYi msMvgi NUbv `LvwQj| H Aji
RbMYi mvnm, eyw I m` _vKv mI miKvii GKck bxwZi KviY msm` Zv`i Kvb cwZwbwa
bB| Zviv PvKzwi, wkv I A_bxwZ wewfb ewZ| Zv`i ebv I kvlYi nvZ _K ivi Rb
GwMq Avmb GK Avcvlnxb bZv| wZwb RYMYi mv_ivi j eemv-evwYR, evsK, cwiPvjbvi
gZv cwZiv I Abvb `ki mv_ mK, meRbxb fvUi gvag Kw`q I AvwjK AvBb mfv
MVb, ivR^ Av`vqi gZv BZvw` D Aji nvZ `Iqvi `vwe Rvbvb|
K. Kvi gaZvq ZvmL` kni fviZ cvwKvb hy-weiwZ mvwiZ nq|
L. gwZDi nZvi cvcU Kx wQj?
M. DxcK ewYZ bZvi `vwebvgvq eezi Kvb Kgm~wPi cwZdjb NUQ- evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg Kx gb Ki D `vwebvgv evsjv`ki ^vaxKvi Av`vjbi cZ KiwQj? hyw `vI|
v`k Aavq
158
cv`wkK cwil`i wbevPbi ZvwiL NvlYv Kiv njI kl ch Zv wcwQq 7 wWm^i Ges 17 wWm^i
AbywZ nq| Ze 12 bf^i c~e cvwKvbi wKQz Aj fqven N~wYSo I RjvQvm nIqvq H me Aj
1971 mvji 17 Rvbyqvwi wbevPb AbywZ nq|
159
160
kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb AvIqvgx jxMi nvZ gZv nvi Mwogwm Avi Ki| wZwb 3 gvP AbywZe RvZxq
cwil`i Awaekb RyjwdKvi Avjx fyvi civPbvq 1 gvP wMZ NvlYv Kib| G NvlYvi m m c~e
cvwKvbi Qv, kwgK, miKvwi-emiKvwi KgKZv-KgPvix Z_v mvaviY gvbyl wevf dU co| wewfb
vb RbZv cvwKvwb mbv`i AvgY Ki| msNl ejvK wbnZ I AvnZ nq| Hw`b QvjxMi bZviv
^vaxb evsjv Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Kib| G msMVbi D`vM 2 gvP `kevcx agNU Avnvb Kiv nq|
Gw`bB XvKv wekwe`vjq AvqvwRZ GK Qv mgvek evsjv`ki cZvKv Dvjb Kiv nq| 3 gvP QvjxM
cb gq`vb wevf mgvek Ki| mLvb cavb AwZw_i fvlY `b eez| mgvek QvjxM 5 `dv
cve MnY Ki hv ^vaxbZvi BkZnvi bvg wPwZ Kiv nq| GZ ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`k NvlYv Kiv nq|
GQvov 4 I 6 gvP ch cwZw`b Aaejv niZvj cvjbi NvlYv `qv nq|
Qv`i G BkZnvii cwZ mg_b Rvwbq kwgK, KgKZv-KgPvix Z_v Avcvgi RbmvaviY mwqfve niZvj
cvjb Ki| XvKv eZvi I Uwjwfkb wkxiv Abyvb eRb Ki| Qv-wkK, AvBbRxexMY Zv`i Kgj
ZvM Ki Av`vjb GKvZZv NvlYv Kib| G wZb w`bi niZvj XvKvmn mgM `ki Av`vjb Zz
DV| wewfb vb msNl cywjki wjZ e jvK AvnZ I wbnZ nq| Bqvwnqv Lvb G cwiwwZZ fxZm nq AMZv 6 gvP eZvi fvlY XvKvq 25 gvP cybivq RvZxq cwil`i Awaekb Avnvb Kib| Ze
Zvi NvlYv evsjv`ki wez gvbylK Avk KiZ cviwb| evOvwji Awemsevw`Z bZv eez kL gywReyi
ingvbI m NvlYvq Avv ivLZ cvibwb| dj AvIqvgx jxMi c _K 7 gvP imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb
mvnivIqv`x D`vb) mvgwiK kvmbweivax eni Av`vjb Mo Zvjvi j Rbmfvi AvqvRb Kiv nq|
wbevPbi iyZ
evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`ki Afy`qi cQb 1970 mvji wbevPbi iyZ AbK|
1954 mvji wbevPbi ci GwUB wQj mePq ewk Aeva I wbic wbevPb| 1947 mvji ci _K evOvwj
RvwZ fvlv, mvwnZ, mswZ me h ^vZ `vwe Ki AvmwQj, 1970 mvji wbevPb evOvwji m
^vZev`i weRq NU| GQvov c~evji RbMY ^vqkvmbi h `vwe Ki AvmwQ,j Zv cwgvji miKvi
Aea ej NvlYv Ki| G wbevPbi djvdj Qq `dvwfwK ^vqkvmbi `vwei eaZv cgvwYZ nq| mevcwi
Bqvwnqv Lvbi NvlYv Abyhvqx wbevwPZ miKvii nvZ gZv nvii mgq Avmj wZwb Zv bv Ki wbixn
evOvwji Dci mbvevwnbxK jwjq `b| iy nq evsjvi gvbyli gywi mk msMvg, hvi cwiYwZZ 1971
mvji 16 wWm^i cw_exi eyK evsjv`k bvg GKwU ^vaxb iv Rb bq|
GKK KvR : ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`ki Afy`q 1970 mvji wbevPb iyZc~Y Kb?
eezi 7 gvPi fvlY
1970 mvji wbevPb wbevwPZ cwZwbwa`i nvZ cvwKvbi mvgwiK miKvi gZv nvi bv Kivq,
cvwKvbi ivRbwZK Ab GK AwiZvi mw nq| mviv `kevcx bvbviKg DM, DRbvi ga
eezi 7 gvPi fvlY wQj RvwZi Rb my w`K wb`kbv| c~e NvlYv Abyhvqx 1971 mvji 7 gvP
imKvm gq`vbi mgvek j j RbZvi Xj bvg| eez G mgvek h fvlY `b Zv weki BwZnvm
LvZ nq AvQ| Zuvi eei g~j welq wQj 4wU| h_v:
161
162
cfve gywRe-Bqvwnqv AvjvPbvK cfvweZ Ki| g~jZ Gmgq AvjvPbv e_ nq hvq| 23 gvP cvwKvbi
cRvZ w`em G`ki Ni Ni cvwKvbi cZvKvi e`j ^vaxb evsjvi cZvKv Dvjb Kiv nq| 24 gvP
AvIqvgx jxMi bZe` msKU mgvavbi kl Pv Kib| wKy AvjvPbv Amgv iL 25 gvP Bqvwnqv Lvb
Mvcb XvKv ZvM Kib| Zvi AvM wZwb mvgwiK evwnbxK wbi evOvwji Ici AvgY Pvjvbvi wb`k w`q
hvb| dj 25 gvP gaivZ evOvwji Ici bg Avm Pig AvNvZ| mw`b ivZ cvwKvwb mbviv e
evOvwjK wbwePvi nZv Ki|
25 gvPi MYnZv
1971 mvji 25 gvP gaivZ evOvwj Z_v cw_exi BwZnvm GKwU KjRbK Aavqi m~Pbv nq| m mgq
cvwKvb mbvevwnbx c~e cvwKvbi wbi, wbixn, ^vaxbZvKvgx mvaviY RbMYi Dci nvgjv Ki Ges
wbevPvi nZvh Pvjvq| cvwKvb Zv`i G Awfhvbi bvg `q Acvikb mvP jvBU| 25 gvP G Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv KijI g~jZ gvPi c_g _KB Zviv Gi cwiKbv Ki| GKw`K 16 gvP _K eezi mv_
mgSvZv eVK iy nq Avi Abw`K Rbvij wUv Lvb, g. R. Lvw`g nvmb Ges ivI digvb Avjx
Acvikb mvPjvBU P~ov Kib| 19 gvP _K c~e evsjvq B ej iwRgUi evOvwj mb`i
wbixKiY iy nq| G KviY Rq`ecyi msNl eva| 20 gvP miKvi A Rgv `qvi wb`k Rvwi Ki| H
163
w`b Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvb Zvi mvgwiK Dc`v nvwg` Lvb, Rbvij wUv Lvb, Rbvij cxiRv`v, Rbvij
Igi cgyLK wbq XvKv KvUbgU mvgwiK cwZK c~Yv ic `b| G mgq cwZw`b 6wU _K 17wU ch
wc.AvB.G dvBU evwqs 707 wegvb mb I im` wbq XvKv Avm Ges AmsL mb I Ak evSvB nq
Avmv RvnvR PMvg e`i Acv Ki| 24 gvP PMvg e`i Gg.wf mvqvZ _K A I im` Lvjvm iy
nq| me cwZ kl 25 gvP MYnZvi Rb eQ bqv nq| gRi Rbvij ivI digvb AvjxK XvKv knii
g~j `vwqZ `qv nq|
XvKv wekwe`vjqi njjvZ AvgY iy nq Mfxi ivZ| Riyj nK nj, RMbv_ nj, ivKqv nj Pvjvq
nZv I cvkweK wbhvZb| 25 gvP ivZ GKBfve MYnZv PjwQj cyibv XvKvq, KPzZ, ZRMuvI, Bw`iv
ivW, wgicyi, gvnv`cyi, XvKv wegvbe`ii Afi, ivqi evRvi, MYKUzjx, avbgw, KjvevMvb,
KuvVvjevMvb cfwZ vb| GKBfve `ki Abvb RvqMvq MYnZv iy Ki|
25 gvP ivZ XvKvq MYnZv iy nj eez evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib Ges Zv IqvijmhvM
cvwVq `b| eezi NvlYvevYx kvbvgvB PMvgmn `ki wewfb Rjvq cwZiva Mo Zvjv nq| iy nq
cvwKvwb mbv`i m evOvwj cywjk, Avbmvi I mvaviY gvbyli GK Amg jovB hv evsjv`ki BwZnvm
gnvb gywhy bvg cwiwPZ|
^vaxbZvi NvlYv
MdZvi nIqvi c~egynZ 26 gvP c_g cni (25 gvP ivZ 12 Uvi ci) eez kL gywReyi ingvb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv `b| GRbB 26 gvP Avgv`i gnvb ^vaxbZv w`em| NvlYvwU wQj BsiwRZ,
hvZ wekevmx NvlYvwU eySZ cvib| ^vaxbZv NvlYvi evsjv Abyev`:
BnvB nqZ Avgvi kl evZv, AvR nBZ evsjv`k ^vaxb| Avwg evsjv`ki RbMYK
Avnvb RvbvBZwQ h, h hLvb AvQ, hvnvi hv wKQz AvQ, ZvB wbq iyL `uvovI, mekw
w`q nvbv`vi evwnbxK cwZiva Kiv| cvwKvwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi kl mbwUK evsjvi
gvwU nBZ weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch Ges P~ov weRq ARb bv Kiv ch jovB Pvwjq hvI
(evsjv`k MRU, msweavbi c`k mskvabx, 3 RyjvB 2011)|
^vaxbZvi G NvlYv evsjv`ki mKj vb Z`vbxb BwcAvi Gi UvwgUvi, UwjMvg I UwjwcUvii gvag
cPvi Kiv nq| eezi ^vaxbZvi NvlYv 26 gvP `ycyi PMvgi AvIqvgx jxM bZv Gg. G. nvbvb PMvgi
eZvi K` _K GKevi Ges mvq KvjyiNvU eZvi K` _K wZxqevi cPvi Kib| eez kL gywReyi
ingvbi ^vaxbZv NvlYv Ges Gi cwZ evOvwj mvgwiK, AvavmvgwiK I emvgwiK evwnbxi mg_b I AskMnYi
Lei ^vaxbZvKvgx RbMY DxweZ nq|
`jxq KvR
1| ^vaxbZv NvlYvi welqey Zwi Kiv|
2| evOvwjiv Kb ^vaxbZv hy iy Ki, Zv eYbv Kiv|
164
gywRebMi Ges Avqx miKviI cwiwPZ nq gywRebMi miKvi bvg| G miKvi MVbi gv `yB Nv ci
cvwKvwb evwnbxi wegvb gywRebMi evgvelY Ki Ges gnicyi `Lj Ki bq| dj gywRebMi miKvii
m`i `i KjKvZvi 8 bs w_qUvi ivW vbvwiZ nq|
gywRebMi miKvi
ivcwZ
DcivcwZ
:
:
cavbgx
A_gx
^iv, vY I cybevmb, Kwlgx
ciiv, AvBbgx I msm`welqK
cavb mbvcwZ
wPd Ae vd
WcywU wPd Ae vd
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
evsjv`ki Avqx miKvii 12wU gYvjq ev wefvM wQj| Gme wefvMi gvagB hyKvj mvgwiK I
emvgwiK hveZxq ckvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|
Aeiy evsjv`k
26 gvP _K 16 wWm^i evsjv`k Ryo cvwKvb mvgwiK evwnbx wbhvZb, MYnZv Avi aesmjxjvq gZ
DVwQj| Acvikb mvP jvBU bvg XvKvq h MYnZvi iy Ki, Gi cavb j wQj XvKv wekwe`vjqmn
G`ki QvmgvR, wkwZ gawe kwY hviv Amvc`vwqK ivRbxwZZ wekvmx Avi msLvjNy wn`y mc`vq|
KviY cvwKvwb kvmKMvx wekvm KiZ, c~e cvwKvb Av`vjb-msMvgi cQb wn`y`i nvZ iqQ, Avi
G`i Bb hvMvq fviZ|
165
hw`I 25 gvP wRiv AvIqvi cvwKvb mbvevwnbxi Awfhvb iy Kivi K_v, Z_vwc ivZ mvo GMviUvi w`K
mbvevwnbx KvUbgU _K ewiq hvq c~e wbavwiZ Me| XvKvmn mviv `k `Lj`vi cvwKvwb evwnbx
evcK Awfhvb iy Ki| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Riyj nK nj, mwjgyjvn gymwjg nj, RMbv_ nj Ges e
wkKi AvevwmK feb AvgY Ki Ges AbKK nZv Ki| ivRvievM cywjk jvBb, wcjLvbvi BwcAvi nW
KvqvUvimn ivRavbx XvKvi wewfb GjvKvq UvsK, Kvgvb, gwkbMvb w`q nvgjv Ki| iy nq BwZnvmi
wbKZg MYnZvi| eezi 7 gvPi fvlY Dy nq mvaviY RbZv XvKvi ivRc_ evwiKW `Iqvi Pv
Ki| Amxg mvnm wbq BwcAvi I cywjk evwnbx cwZiva Mo Zvj| wKy AvaywbK A mwZ cvwKvwb
evwnbx Abvqvm fO dj GB cwZiva|
cyibv XvKvi bIqvecyi, ZuvwZ evRvi, kvLvix evRvi GjvKvq emevmKvix wn`y RbMvxi Ici cvwKvb
mbvevwnbxi vf h ewk wQj Zv GLvbvKvi wbzi MYnZv, wbhvZb Avi aesmh _K evSv hvq| cwg
cvwKvwb kvmKMvxi `wZ wn`ygvB AvIqvgx jxMi mg_K Ges wn`yiv nQ cwe cvwKvbi
ALZvi cwZ gwK^ic| Avi G`i cQb iqQ fviZi AvbyK~j I mg_b| Ggwb Awekvm _K
MYnZv Avi bvix wbhvZbi wfZi w`q cvKevwnbxi Zxe wn`y wel, Avvk Avi fqsKi NYvi cKvk NU|
AvKwK AvgY wbixn, Amnvq bMievmx AvZivi Kvbv myhvMB cvqwb|
miKviweivax Av`vjbi KviY cvKevwnbxi ivlvbj co XvKv wekwe`vjq| AavcK W. Mvwe` P` `e,
W. gybxiyvgvbmn kZ kZ Qv nZv Kiv nq| wjwe Aevq W. RvwZgq n VvKziZv `yw`b ci XvKv
gwWKvj KjR gviv hvb| cyibv XvKvq wekl Ki kvLvixevRvi, ZuvwZ evRvii wn`y AaywlZ GjvKvi
Aev wQj fqven| XvKvevmx `yt^cI fveZ cviwb Zv`i Rb Kx eei, bksm, ckvwPK AvgY Acv
KiQ| XvKv kni cwiYZ nq gZzcyixZ| Pviw`K Kej AvZbv`, Amnvq gvbyli nvnvKvi|
Kej ivRavbx XvKv kni bq, evsjv`ki cZ Mvg ch cuQ hvq cvKevwnbx| gywhyi bq gvm
`Lj`vi cvwKvwb evwnbx I Zv`i G`kxq `vmiiv 30 jvL evOvwjK nZv KiwQj| AvovB jvLi AwaK
gv-evb cvwKvwb`i cvkweK wbhvZbi wkKvi nqwQj| cwiKwZfve G`kK gavk~b Kivi Rb
cvKevwnbx eiY mvwnwZK, wkx, Kwe, wkK, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, cKkjxK wbggfve nZv Ki|
wbhvZb, nZv, AwMmshvM, jyb BZvw` Aciva Kg cvwKvb mbvevwnbxK mnhvwMZv KiQ ivRvKvi,
Avje`i, Avjkvgm I kvw KwgwU| cvwKvwb mvgwiK Rvvi mnhvMx G`kxq eweM GKK_vq
^vaxbZvweivax kw wnme cwiwPZ| cavbZ RvgvZ Bmjvgx, gymwjg jxM, bRvg Bmjvgx, c~e cvwKvb
KvDwj gymwjg jxM cfwZ `ji mg_Kiv gywhyi mwq weivwaZv Ki| GB `jjv gvbeZvweivax
AcivaI AskMnY I mnhvwMZv KiQ|
^vaxbZvweivax`i AcZrciZv
ivRvKvi (iRvKvi) evwnbx Mo ZzjwQj cvwKvb miKvi| 1971 mvji Ryb gvm j: Rbvij wUv Lvb
c~e cvwKvb ivRvKvi AwWbv Rvwi Kib| iyZ Avbmvi, gyRvwn``i wbq GB evwnbx MwVZ nq| ci
cvwKvbcx AbK GB evwnbxZ hvM `q| GB evwnbx MVb Rbvij wbqvRxi iyZc~Y f~wgKv wQj|
166
ivRvKvi`i cwkYi gqv` wQj GK mvn| ivRvKvi`i Uwbs w`Zv cvwKvb mbvevwnbx| `Lj`vi
evwnbxi `vmi wnme Zviv gywhvv`i weiy hy KiQ| ivRvKvi evwnbx QvovI Avje`i bvg AviI
GKwU fqi evwnbx wQj| RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxi Qv msMVb Bmjvgx QvmNi m`m`i wbq Avj-e`i
evwnbx Mo Zvjv nq| Abvb Bmjvgx QvmsMVbi bZv-Kgx`i wbq Avj-kvgm evwnbx MwVZ nq| evOvwj
eywRxex nZvi cavb `vwqZ wQj Avj-e`i evwnbxi Ici| ZvB GB evwnbx wQj AZ wbzi I wnsm cKwZi|
Avj-e`i evwnbxi cavb wQjb eZgvb RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxi Avgxi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx| gywhyi weivwaZvq
c_g h msMVbi Rb nq Zv njv kvw KwgwU| ivRavbx XvKvmn mviv `k kvw KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| c~e
cvwKvbi Mfbi Rbvij wUv Lvbi ccvlKZvq Ges RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx, KvDwj gymwjg jxM, RvgvqvZ
Ijvgvq Bmjvg, gymwjg jxM cfwZ `ji Drmvn I AskMnYi ga w`q kvw KwgwU wevi jvf Ki|
AZvPvi, wbhvZb I MYnZvq GB msMVb `Lj`vi evwnbxi wek mnPi wQj| KvDwj gymwjg jxMi
mfvcwZ LvRv LqiywbK AvnvqK Ki XvKv bvMwiK kvw KwgwU MwVZ nq| GB KwgwUZ RvgvqvZ
Bmjvgxi bZv Mvjvg Avhg, gjfx dwi` Avn`, GGmGg mvjvqgvb cgyL wQjb|
cvwKvb mbvevwnbx cvov gvwU bxwZ Abyhvqx evsjv`ki me m`-cwZvb asm Ki w`Z PqQ| h
KviY wkvcwZvb, `vKvb-cvU, Ni-evwo, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`, gw`i Kvbv wKQyB Zv`i nvZ _K invB
cvq wb| Zv`i j wQj GB f~Li gvbyl`i nZv Ki Kej f~wgi `Lj bIqv| cvK evwnbxK G mg
gvbeZvweivax AcKg mnvqZv KiQ G`kxq wKQy `vjvj P|
GKK KvR : cvwKvbevwnbxi `vmi wQj Kviv? Zviv cvwKvbevwnbxi mv_ msMwVZ nq MYnZv I
wbhvZb Kx f~wgKv iLwQj Zv Dj-L Ki|
gywRebMi miKvii Aaxb ckvmb I hy :
1970-71 mvji wbevPb weRqx RvZxq I cv`wkK cwil`i m`m viv gywRebMi miKvi MVb Kiv nq|
gywhy cwiPvjbv Ges evsjv`ki c wek RbgZ mw Kiv wQj G miKvii cavb Dk|
evOvwj KgKZv`i wbq miKvi ckvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbv Kib| GZ gvU 12wU gYvjq ev wefvM wQj|
Gjv nQ cwZiv, ciiv, A_-wk I evwYR gYvjq, gwcwil` mwPevjq, mvaviY ckvmb, ^v I
KjvY wefvM, vY I cybevmb wefvM, cKkj wefvM, cwiKbv Kwgkb, hye I Af_bv wkweii wbqY evW
BZvw`| gywRebMi miKvi weki wewfb `ki iyZc~Y kni (KjKvZv, w`wj, jb, IqvwksUb, wbDBqK,
Knvg) evsjv`k miKvii wgkb vcb Ki| Gme wgkb evsjv`k miKvii c cPviYv I mg_b
Av`vqi Pv Ki| miKvi wePvicwZ Avey mvC` PayixK wekl `~Z wbqvM `q| wZwb gywhyi c wek
bZZ I RbgZi mg_b Av`vqi Rb KvR Kib| 10 Gwcj gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nIqvi ci gywhy
cwiPvjbvi Rb mvgwiK, emvgwiK RbMYK wbq GKwU gywhvv evwnbx Mo Zvjvi D`vM MnY Kiv nq|
10 Gwcj miKvi 4wU mvgwiK Rvb evsjv`kK fvM Ki 4 Rb mi Kgvvi wbhy Ki| 11 Gwcj Zv
cybwbavwiZ Ki 11wU mi wef Kiv nq| G Qvov ek wKQz mve-mi Ges wZbwU weMW dvm MwVZ nq|
Gme evwnbxZ cvwKvb mbvevwnbxZ KgiZ evOvwj mbv KgKZv, mbvm`m, cywjk, BwcAvi, b I
wegvbevwnbxi m`mMY hvM`vb Kib| cwZwU miB wbqwgZ mbv, Mwijv I mvaviY hvv wQj| Giv
gywhvv ev gywdR bvg cwiwPZ wQj| Gme evwnbxZ `ki Qv, hyeK, bvix, KlK, ivRbwZK `ji
167
Kgx -mg_K, kwgKmn wewfb ckvi gvbyl Ask wbqwQj| wewfb cwkY Kvc cwkY kl hvvMY `ki
Afi cek Ki cvwKvwb mvgwiK QvDwb ev Avvbvq nvgjv Pvjvq| gywhy miKvii Aaxb wewfb
evwnbx QvovI ek KqKwU evwnbx `ki Afi ^Zt~Zfve Mo DVwQj| G me msMVb vbxqfve
cvwKvwb evwnbx Ges ivRvKvi evwnbxi weiy hy iyZc~Y Ae`vb iLwQj| hgb: UvvBj Kv`wiqv
evwnbxi K_v iYxq nq AvQ| 1971 mvj gywhvvMY gywRebMi miKvii bZZ `kK cvwKvwb`i
`Ljgy Kivi Rb iY hy KiQb, AbKB `ki Rb cvY w`qQb, AbK AvnZ nqQb|
`jxq KvR : gywRebMi Avqx miKvii Kvhg wPwZ Kiv|
gywhy I wewfb msMVb
`xNw`bi ivRbwZK Av`vjb-msMvgi dmj gnvb gywhy| ^vfvweK KviYB gywhyK K` Ki
ivRbwZK `jjvi ga bvbv gZf` j Kiv hvq| evg ivRbwZK `jjvi eo Ask gywhyi c
_vKjI GKwU Ask weiy wQj| Ab w`K cvwKvwb Av`k wekvmx Bmjvwg ivRbwZK `jjv Kej
gywhyi weivwaZv KiQ ZvB bq, Zviv cvwKvb mbvevwnbxK AZvPvi, wbhvZb I MYnZvq mnhvwMZv
KiQ Ges cZ AskMnY KiQ| gywhy bZZ`vbKvix ivRbwZK `j njv AvIqvgx jxM| eezK
ivcwZ I ZvRDxbK cavbgx Ki MwVZ c_g evsjv`k miKvi h_ hvMZv, `Zv I `~i`wi m
gywhy cwiPvjbv Ki| 1971 mvji m^i gvmi c_g mvn mggbv evg ivRbwZK `jmg~n wbq
AvIqvgx jxM GKwU Dc`v cwil` MVb Ki| GB KwgwUZ Afy nqwQjb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb
fvmvbx (bvc-fvmvbx), gwY wms (evsjv`ki KwgDwb cvwU), gbvib ai (evsjv`k bvkbvj KsMm),
AavcK gyRvddi Avng` (bvc-gyRvddi) Ges AvIqvgx jxM _K cavbgx ZvRDxb Avng` I
ciivgx L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`| Ze wcwKs cx wnme cwiwPZ gvnv` Zvqvnvi bZZvaxb c~e
cvwKvb KwgDwb cvwU Ges c~e evsjvi KwgDwb cvwU (gwZb-AvjvDxb) gywhyi weivwaZv Ki|
cvKevwnbx I Zv`i G`kxq `vmi`i AZvPvi, wbhvZb, nZv G`ki RbMYK AviI ewk HKe
KiQ| ^Zt~Zfve Qv, KlK, kwgK, bvix, wkK, Kwe, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, wkxmn wewfb ckvi
gvbyl gywi msMvg kvwgj nq|
168
Qv
gywhvv`i ga msLvq mePq ewk wQj Qv| `ki wewfb Aj cvwKvb evwnbxi weiy cv_wgK cwZiva
Mo Zvjvq AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki Qviv| KjR, wekwe`vjqi Qv`i cvkvcvwk zjcoqv wKkviI gywhy
AskMnY KiQ| Zviv hyi cwkYi Rb mxgv cvwo w`q fviZ hvq| gyywhy cwiPvjbvKvix evsjv`k
miKvi Qv-hyeK`i Rb cwkY I Ai msvb Ki| AwaKvsk gv wZb mvni cwkY Avi nvjKv
A wbq Amxg mvnm, gbvej Avi `kcg Dy nq ky`i Ici Suvwcq coQ gywmbvi `j|
KlK
gywhy KlK`i Ae`vb wQj AZ Miegq| ^vaxbZv jvfi Rb hKvbv ZvM ^xKvi cZ wQjb
Zviv| kyi weiy cwiPvwjZ cwZwU AvgY Zviv wQjb wbew`ZcvY| ewMZ jvf-wZi wnmve Zuv`i
KvQ iyZ cvqwb| GKUvB jhKvbv g~j ^vaxbZv ARb KiZ ne|
bvix
gywhy bvix`i f~wgKv wQj Mievj| 1971 mvji gvPi c_g _KB `ki cwZwU Aj h msMvg
cwil` MwVZ nq, ZvZ bvix`i wekl Ki Qvx`i AskMnY wQj ^ZtZ| `kK ^vaxb KiZ cyiyli
cvkvcvwk bvixiI iyZc~Y Ae`vb wQj| hyi bq
gvm KqK j gv-evb cvK evwnbxi AZvPvii
wkKvi nq| Zuv`i eez Kbvi bvq ggZvq
m^vab KiQb exivbv ej| Gi evBi
weivUmsLK bvix gywhvv`i Avkq w`q, Lvevi
w`q, Rxebi SzuwK wbq A jywKq iL, mev
w`q, bvbvfve mnvqZv KiQb| Ggb Kx cZ
hy bvixi AskMnYi `vI Kg bq| gywhy
exiZi ^xKwZ^ic `yRb bvix exi cZxK LZve
ARb Kib| GKRb Zvivgb wewe, AbRb Wvvi
wmZviv eMg| mviv `k AviI AbK bvix gywhvv
wewfb iYvb cvwKvbevwnbxi gvKvejv KiQb|
MYgvag
evsjv`ki gywhy MYgvagi f~wgKv Acwimxg| msev`c I ^vaxbevsjv eZvi K` G evcvi AMYx
f~wgKv cvjb Ki| 26 gvP PMvg eZvii wkx I mswZKgxiv ^vaxbevsjv eZvi K` Pvjy Kib| ci
GwU gywRebMi miKvii Zveavb cwiPvwjZ nq| ^vaxbevsjv eZvi K` msev`, `kvZevaK Mvb,
gywhvv`i exiZMv_v iYvbi bvbv NUbv BZvw` `k I RvwZi mvgb Zzj ai mvaviY gvbylK hy
AskMnYi j AbycvwYZ Ki; gywhvv`i mvnm hywMq weRqi c_ myMg Ki| GQvov gywRebMi
miKvii cPvi mji Zveavb cKvwkZ cwKv gywhy wewk f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
169
cevmx evOvwj
cevmx evOvwjiv gywhy bvbvfve mvnvh-mnhvwMZv Kib| wewfb `k Zviv gywhyi Rb A_ msMn
KiQb| evsjv`ki c mg_b Av`vq cvjvgU m`m`i wbKU QyU wMqQb, wewfb AvRvwZK msvq
cwZwbwa`j ciY KiQb, cvwKvbK A Mvjveviy` mieivn bv KiZ miKvii wbKU Ave`b KiQb|
G weUbi cevmx evOvwj`i f~wgKv weklfve DjL| gywhyi c RbgZ MVb Zviv KvR
KiQb|
wkx-mvwnwZK-eywRxex
gywhyi g~j wbqvgK kw wQj RbMY| Z_vwc hy gvbylK Dy Kivi wkx-mvwnwZK- eywRxex,
wewfb mswZ Kgxi Ae`vb wQj LyeB cksmbxq| GgbKx wbRi I cwievii m`m`i Rxebi SzuwK wbqI
bvbvfve gywhvv`i AbycvwYZ KiQb| ccwKvq jLv, ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` Lei cvV,
`kvZevaK Mvb, gywhywfwK Mvb, KweZv cvV, bvUK, Kw_Kv, Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKzji AZ Rbwcq
Pigc Abyvb Ges Rj-v`i `ievi BZvw` gywhyK GMwq wbZ mnvqZv Ki| Gme iY
gywhvv`i gvbwmK I bwZK ej ai ivLZ mnvqZv KiQ, mvnm RywMqQ, RbMYK kyi weiy
`y`gbxq KiQ| myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`, mvsevw`K wmivRyxb nvmb, mwjbv cvifxb, wPwKrmK Wv. dRj
ivwe, XvKv wekwe`vjqi wkK wMqvm Dwb Avng`mn Ggwb AMwYZ YxRbK nZv KiQ
cvwKvbevwnbx| Zuv`i Ag~j Rxebi wewbgq G`k kgy nqQ|
RbmvaviY
mvaviY RbMYi mvnvh-mnhvwMZv I ^vaxbZvi cwZ HKvwK AvKvvi djB gv bq gvmi hy evOvwji
^vaxbZv ARb me nqQ| cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi gywgq wKQy msLK `vmi eZxZ mevB Kvbv bv
Kvbvfve gywhy AskMnY Ki| mvaviY gvbyl gywhvv`i Avkq w`qQ, kyi Aevb I PjvPji
Z_ w`qQ, Lvevi I Ilya mieivn KiQ, mev w`qQ I LeivLei mieivn KiQ| evsjv`ki gywhy
mvaviY RbMYi cvkvcvwk z` bMvxi RbMYI GZ AskMnY Ki| AbK gywhy kwn` nb| Avgv`i
gywhyi wk jvL kwn`i ga mvaviY gvbyli msLv wQj AwaK| G`i ii wewbgq Avgv`i GB ^vaxb
gvbwP, jvj-meyR cZvKv|
^vaxbZv ARb ivRbwZK ewZi Ae`vb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv ARb ivRbwZK ewZi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wewfb ivRbwZK `ji bZeM
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv ARb AbK ZvM^xKvi KiQb| bvbv AZvPvi-wbcxob mn KiQb| ivRbxwZwe`MY
^vaxbZv msMvgi iy _K kl ch RxebevwR iL ivRbwZK ZrciZv Pvwjq MQb|
eez kL gywReyi ingvb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi g~j bZZ wQjb eez kL gywReyi ingvb| Zuvi mviv Rxebi KgKv,
Av`vjb-msMvg wb`wkZ nqQ evOvwji RvZxq gywi j| GB j wbq wZwb 1948 mvj QvjxM Ges
1949 mvj AvIqvgx jxM cwZvq D`vMx nb| 48 I 52-i fvlv Av`vjb wZwb ewj f~wgKv cvjb Kib|
170
cwiPvjbvq wZwb mdjfve bZZ c`vb Kib| gywhy cwiPvjbvi Rb MwVZ Dc`v KwgwUi wZwb AvnvqK
wQjb| evsjv`ki gywhyi BwZnvmi m Zuvi bvg Avxfve hy|
mq` bRiyj Bmjvg
mq` bRiyj Bmjvg wQjb AvIqvgx jxMi AbZg kxl bZv| wZwb
gywhy PjvKvjxb gywRebMi miKvii DcivcwZ wQjb| eezi
AbycwwZZ mq` bRiyj Bmjvg fvicv ivcwZi `vwqZ cvjb
Kib| 1971 mvj gywhyK eMevb I mdj Kivi Rb wZwb
mKji cwZ Avnvb Rvbvb| mq` bRiyj Bmjvg gywhyi GKRb
AbZg msMVK I cwiPvjK wQjb|
171
Abvb bZe`
Abvb bZe`i ga ^vaxbZv ARb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi
f~wgKv wQj Dj-LhvM| wZwb HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (1968-69)
_K eez kL gywReyi ingvbi gywi evcvi Mo IVv Av`vjb I
69-Gi MY-Afyvb iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Kib| gywhyi mgq fviZ
Aevb Ki wewfb `ki cwZ evsjv`ki gywhyi mg_b `vb I cvk
`uvovbvi Avnvb Rvbvb| GQvov AavcK gvRvddvi Avng` (bvcgvRvddvi) I KwgDwb cvwUi KgiW gwb wmsn gywhy iyZc~Y
f~wgKv cvjb Kib| gywhy mwVKfve cwiPvjbvi Rb MwVZ Dc`v
Qwe : gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
KwgwUZ G wZb bZv m`m wQjb|
gywhy wekRbgZ I wewfb `ki f~wgKv
1971 mvj evsjv`ki gywhy cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi bviKxq Zve wek weeKK bvov `q|
cvwKvbevwnbx I ^vaxbZvweivax G`kxq `vmi`i viv msNwUZ jyUZivR, AwMmshvM, alY, nZvhi
weiy wek weeK RvMZ nq| wewfb `k wb`v I cwZev` Rvbvq Ges gywhyi cwZ mg_b e Ki| 25
gvPi KvjivZ Ges cieZx mgqi bviKxq nZvh mK wekRbgZ mvPvi nq IV| MvUv weki RbMY
cZ I civfve evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyK mg_b Rvbvq|
fviZi f~wgKv : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hy mivmwi mg_b Rvbvq cwZekx iv fviZ| 1971 mvji 25
gvPi KvjivZi exfrm nZvKv I cieZx bgvm ai cvwKvwb `Lj`vi evwnbx h bviKxq MYnZv, jyb I
172
asmh Pvjvq fviZ Zv wekevmxi wbKU mv_Kfve Zzj ai| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi BwZnvmi m
fviZi ArKvjxb cavbgw Bw`ivMvxi bvg IZcvZfve RwoZ| wZwbB c_g evsjv`ki gywhyK
AvRvwZK cwimi cwiwPwZ Ki Zvjb Zuvi wbijm Kg ZrciZvi fZi w`q|
fviZi RbMY I miKvi cvq GK KvwU kiYv_xK Avkq, Lv`, e, wPwKrmv, gywhvv`i Ak Ges
cwkY w`q mvnvh Ki| evsjv`ki gywhyi kl chvq 1971 mvji 3 wWm^i cvwKvb fviZ wegvb
nvgjv Pvjvq| cvwKvbi AvgYi cwicwZ evsjv`k Ges fviZ miKvi gywevwnbx I fviZxq
mbvevwnbxi mg^q h_ Kgv MVb Ki| fviZ 6 wWm^i ^vaxb iv wnmve evsjv`kK c_g ^xKwZ
c`vb Ki| fviZi e mb evsjv`ki gywhy cvY nvivq|
mvwfqZ BDwbqb I mgvRZvwK ivi f~wgKv : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hy fviZi ci mevwaK Ae`vb ivL
Aaybv wejy mvwfqZ BDwbqb (eZgvb ivwkqv)| cvwKvb evwnbx KZK evsjv`k MYnZv, AwMmshvM,
bvix-wbhvZb e Kivi Rb mvwfqZ ivcavb cvwKvbi cwmWU Bqvwnqv LvbK Avnvb Rvbvb| wZwb
BqvwnqvK evsjv`ki RbcwZwbwa`i nvZ gZv nvii RbI ejb| mvwfqZ ccwKv,
cPvigvagjv evsjv`k cvwKvb evwnbxi wbhvZbi Kvwnbx I gywhyi AMMwZ cPvi Ki wek RbgZ
mwZ mnvqZv Ki| RvwZmsN gvwKb hyivi cvwKvbi c hyei cve mvwfqZ BDwbqb
fUv (weivwaZv Kiv) c`vb Ki evwZj Ki `q| wKDev, hyMvk-vwfqv, cvjv, nvwi, eyjMwiqv,
PKvk-vfvwKqv, c~e-Rvgvwb cfwZ ZrKvjxb mgvRZvwK ivjv evsjv`ki gywmsMvgK mg_b Rvbvq|
MU weUbi f~wgKv : 1970 mvji wbevPbi ci _K iy Ki 1971 mvji gywhyi w`bjvZ weUbi
cPvi gvag wekl Ki wewewm Ges jb _K cKvwkZ c-cwKv evOvwj`i Dci cvwKvb nvbv`vi evwnbxi
wbgg wbhvZb, cwZiva, evOvwj`i msMvg, fviZ Avkq bIqv kiYv_x`i KiyY Aev, cvwKvb evwnbxi
MYnZv Ges gywhyi AMMwZ mK wek RbgZK RvMZ Ki Zvj| wewUk miKviI Avgv`i gywhyi
evcvi LyeB mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| Dj-L, jb wQj ewnwek gywhyi c cPvii cavbK`| ZvQvov
jb RbMnYKvix weLvZ msMxZwkx RR nvwimb gywhyi mg_b wekRbgZ mw I `vbmnvqZv Kvhg
cwiPvjbvi j hyivi wbDBqK kni 40,000 jvKi mgvMg evsjv`ki gywhy gvbeZvweivax
KgKvwfwK Mvb cwiekb Kib| weUb QvovI Awjqv, cwg Rvgvwb, dv, BZvwj, Rvcvb I KvbvWvi
cPvigvagjv cvwKvbnvbv`vi evwnbxi weiy wekRbgZ mwZ mvnvh Ki|| BivK evsjv`ki
gywhyi c mg_b Rvbvq| gvwKb hyivi RbMY, cPvigvag, KsMmi AbK m`m G `ki
gywhyi c mvPvi wQj| Ze weki Kvbv Kvbv `k evsjv`ki gywhyi wec Aevb wbqwQj|
RvwZmsNi f~wgKv : wekkvw I wbivcv iv Kiv RvwZmsNi g~j j I Dk| evsjv`ki wbevwPZ
MYcwZwbwa`i nvZ gZv bv w`q mvgwiK kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb hLb evOvwj wbab Zrci, ZLb RvwZmsN
ejZ Mj bxie `kKi f~wgKv cvjb Ki| bviKxq nZvh, gwjK gvbevwaKvi jNbi weiy RvwZmsN
Kvbv KvhKi eev MnY KiZ cviwb| cKZc fUv gZvmb cuvPwU enr kwai ivi evBi
RvwZmsNi wbR^ D`vM Kvb eev MnY Kivi gZvI wQj mxwgZ|
173
h_ evwnbxi mycwiKwZ cej AvgY AvbyvwbK AvZmgcYi c~eB nvbv`vi cvwKvwb evwnbxi bwZK
civRq NU| Aekl 1971 mvji 16 wWm^i weKj PviUv GKzk wgwbU XvKvi imKvm gq`vb
(mvnivIqv`x D`vb) cvwKvbi Bvb Kgvi AwabvqK jt Rbvij Avgxi Ave`yjv-n Lvb wbqvRx cvq 93
nvRvi mbmn evsjv`k I fviZi h_ evwnbxi c~evjxq cavb j: Rbvij RMwRr wms Aivivi KvQ
wbtkZ AvZmgcY Kib| evsjv`k miKvii cwZwbwaZ Kib Myc Kvb G.K. L`Kvi| wk j knx`,
KqK j gv-evbi mxgvnxb K, wbcxob Avi ZvMi wewbgq GB gnvb ^vaxbZv ARb me nqQ|
weki gvbwP mMie vb Ki wbqQ ^vaxb, mvefg iv MYcRvZx evsjv`k|
^vaxb evsjv`ki Af~`q
wek BwZnvm evsjv`ki gywhy LyeB Zvrchc~Y NUbv| evsjv`k nQ ZZxq weki ga c_g `k, h `k
mk gywhyi gvag ^vaxbZv ARb KiQ| 1947 mvj _KB cvwKvwb kvmKMvx viv c~e evsjvi
RbMY mecKvi AZvPvi, kvlY, elg, RvwZ wbcxobi wkKvi nqQ| wKy G f~Li msMvgx gvbyl
Abvqi weiy iyL `uvovq| 1971 mvji 16 wWm^i weRq ARbi ga w`q Gi cwimgvw NU| 1971
mvji 7 gvP HwZnvwmK fvlY evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi cavb bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb
^vaxbZvi h WvK `b Ges 26 gvP AvbyvwbKfve ^vaxbZvi h NvlYv c`vb Kib, 16 wWm^i Zv eve
c~YZv cvq| gywhyi bq gvm evsjv`ki mvaviY gvbyl gywhvv`i mecKvi mnhvwMZv Ki| dj
gywhy nq `uvovq evOvwji kwkvjx RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi ewntcKvk| gywhy G Aji evOvwj Ges G
f~L emevmKvix Abvb bMvxi RbMYi ga bZzb h `kcgi Rb `q, Zv _K AbycvwYZ nq hy
kl RbMY wea `k cybMVb Ges mg evsjv`k cwZvq AvZwbqvM Ki| gywhyi gvag evOvwji
nvRvi eQii ^cc~iY njv| evsjv`ki gywhy weki wbcxwoZ, ^vaxbZvKvgx RbMYK AbycvwYZ Ki|
174
wKy 1971 mvj gywhyi mgq eeZ cZvKvq jvj e evsjv`ki gvbwP AwZ wQj| gvbwP LwPZ
cZvKvi gvag mviv wekK Rvwbq `Iqv nqwQj h Kvb f~L ^vaxb evsjv`k iv cwZv Kiv ne|
gvbwP LwPZ GB cZvKv Avgv`i msMwVZ, GKwZ I HKe KiQ| evsjv`ki c_g RvZxq cZvKv
wWRvBb KiQb wkebvivqY `vm| wZwb wQjb ZrKvjxb Kzwgj-v QvjxMi mUvwi| m mgqi cfvekvjx
QvbZv`i wbq MwVZ ^vaxb evsjv wec-ex cwil` wkebvivqY `vmK cZvKv Zwii `vwqZ `q| 1970
mvji 6 Ryb Mfxi ivZ AZ Mvcbfve XvKv wekwe`vjqi Riyj nK nji 118 b^i K cZvKv
Zwii KvR mb Kib wkebvivqY `vm|
175
1971 mvji AwMSiv gvP hLb Dvj mviv `k, m mgq XvKv
wekwe`vjqi Kjv febi cwg w`Ki MU wkebvivqY `vmi
wWRvBbKZ evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKv 2 gvP, 1971 c_gevii
gZv Dvjb Kib QvbZv Av.m.g. Avyi ie| G hb
evsjv`ki AvbyvwbK ^vaxbZv NvlYvi c~eB cvwKvb ivK
cZvLvbi kvwgj| eezi WvK BZvga mviv `k iy nqQ
AmnhvM Av`vjb| 23 gvP cvwKvbi cRvZ w`em NU Mj
wP : eZgvb RvZxq cZvKv
Afvebxq NUbv| XvKvmn `ki wewfb kni cvwKvbi cZvKv
cvovbv njv| e evwo-Ni Dovbv njv evsjv`ki cZvKv| cvwKvbi cZvLvZ cZvKv Avi wdi
AvmZ cvi wb| wk j knx` Rxeb w`qQb evsjv`ki cZvKvi ghv`v ivi Rb| ^vaxbZvi ci eez
1972 mvj cUzqv Kvgiyj nvmvbK `vwqZ `b RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBb P~ov Kivi| cUzqv Kvgiyj nvmvbi
nvZB Avgv`i RvZxq cZvKv eZgvb ic jvf KiQ|
RvZxq cZvKv GKwU RvwZi Avkv-AvKvvi cZxK| RvZxq cZvKvi mvbi m ivi mvb-ghv`v
Avwfve hy| evsjv`ki GKRb bvMwiK wnme GB cZvKvi mvb iv Kiv Avgv`i cwe KZe|
GKK KvR : RvZxq cZvKv evsjv`ki mvefgZi cZxK-Gi cQbi hywhyjv wPwZ Ki|
RvZxq msMxZi BwZnvm
Avgvi mvbvi evsjv, Avwg Zvgvq fvjvevwmmsMxZwU Avgv`i RvZxq
msMxZ| 1905 mvj wewUk miKvi evsjvK wef Ki c~ee I Avmvg
bvg GKwU bZzb c`k mw Ki| Gi cwicwZ 1906 mvj iex`bv_
VvKzi G msMxZ iPbv Kib| wek kZKi c_g `yB `kK ^`kx
Av`vjbi mgq GwU AZ Rbwcq wQj| ef (1905) weivax
ivRbxwZwe`, ^`kx Kgx I wec-exiv evOvwj RbMYK `kcg Dy Kivi
gvag wnme MvbwU cPvi Ki| wKy wek kZKi weki `kK AvwjK
RvZxqev` wwgZ nq coj G MvbwUi cPjb Kg hvq| 1971 mvji
gywhyi mgq MvbwUi cybiyxeb NU| MvbwU 1971 mvji 3 Rvbyqvwi
XvKvq GK wekvj Rbmfvq Ges ci 3 gvP QvjxM I kwgK jxM AvqvwRZ
wP : iex`bv_ VvKzi
Rbmfvq cybivq MvIqv nq| XvKvi imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb
mvnivIqv`x D`vb) eez kL gywReyi ingvbi HwZnvwmK mvZB gvPi fvlYi cvvj MvbwU MvIqv nq|
gywRebMi evsjv`ki cevmx miKvi GB MvbwUK evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ wnme ^xKwZ `q Ges
gywhy PjvKvj MvbwU ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` _K wbqwgZ cwiewkZ nq| ^vaxbZvi ci mvsweavwbKfve
(AbyQ` 4.1) Avgvi mvbvi evsjv MYcRvZx evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZic NvwlZ nq| Mvbi c_g 10
jvBb K msMxZ Ges c_g 4 jvBb h msMxZ wnme cwiekbi weavb ivLv nq|
176
RvZxq wZ
RvZxq wZma
gywhy j j bvg bv-Rvbv knx``i Agi wZi
Dk wbwgZ RvZxq wZma| GwU XvKv kni _K 35
wK:wg: Di-cwg mvfvi AewZ| cwZ gCbyj
nvmbi bKkv Abyhvqx RvZxq wZma wbgvY Kiv nq|
mvZwU Rvov wfyRvKvi `qvji gvag QvU _K eo nq
avc avc mawU 150 dzU DPZvq cuQQ| mgM wZma
177
cvYi m`h I Mvxh ewi Rb cqvRb Abyhvqx wewfb Dcv`vb eenvi Kiv nqQ| wZi g~j
e`xZ hZ nj ek `xN DuPz-wbPz c_, cfgU I GKwU Kwg jKi Dci wbwgZ mZz cvi nZ nq| GB
mewKQy&B Avmj Avgv`i `xN ^vaxbZv msMvg wewfb Av`vjb-msMvgi cZxK| cvkB iqQ MYKei,
huv`i Ag~j Rxebi wewbgq G`k kygy nqQ| g~j wZma mvZ Rvov `qvj, g~jZ evOvwji Miegq
msMvgi cZxK| GB ivRbwZK NUbvjv njv 1952, 1954, 1956, 1962, 1966, 1969 Ges 1971|
ejvi Acv ivL bv, GB mvZwU iyZc~Y mvji gaB Avgv`i gyw msMvgi BwZnvm wbwnZ| 1952 fvlv
Av`vjb _K 1971 Gi gnvb gywhy ch NUbvi djB civaxbZvi ksLj fO evOvwj ^vaxbZv ARb
mg nqQ| Avi RvZxq wZma evievi Avgv`i mB gnvb knx``i K_vB gb Kwiq `q| 1972 mvj
RvZxq wZmai wbgvYKvR iy nq| 1982 mvj wZbwU chvq Zv mb nq| evOvwji AnsKvi, Mie Avi
ghv`vi cZxK GB wZma|
AcivRq evsjv
evOvwji cwZev`x gbvfve I gywhvv`i jovKz PZbvi
g~Z cZxK AcivRq evsjv| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kjvfeb
PZi 6 dzU DuPz ew`i Ici wbwgZ| g~j fvhi DPZv 12
dzU, c 8 dzU I evm 6 dzU| evsjv`ki cwZwU
MYZvwK Av`vjb-msMvg QvmgvRi iyZc~Y Ae`vb
iqQ| evnvbi fvlv Av`vjb _K GKvii gywhy
cwZwU msMvg Qv`i Miegq ZvMK iYxq Kivi Rb
AcivRq evsjv wbgvY Kiv nq| gywhvv fvi mq`
Qwe : AcivRq evsjv
Ave`yj-vn Lvwj` GwU wbgvY Kib| 1973-1979 mvj
ch GB fvvhi wbgvYKvR Pj| GB fvh Amgmvnmx wZbRb ZiyY gywhvvi Aeqe Ac~e `Zvq
dzwUq Zvjv nqQ| `yBRb ZiyY ivBdj nvZ kyi gvKvejvq `pcwZ Avi Jlai evM Kuva ZiyYx
gywhvv`i mevq wbew`ZcvY| AcivRq evsjv evsjv`ki QvmgvRi ciYvi Drm nq _vKe|
gywRebMi wZma
gnvb gywhy bZZKvix gywRebMi miKvii wZi cwZ
mvb Rvwbq Kzwqv Rjvi gnicyi GB wZma wbgvY
Kiv nq| wZma 24wU c_K wfyRvKwZi `qvj evKvi
avivevwnKfve ew cq mekl DPZvq wi nqQ| 24wU
wfyRvKwZi `qvj njv 24 eQii cvwKvwb JcwbewkK
kvlYi cZxK| 1947 mvj _K G`ki RbMY Zv`i
bvh AwaKvi Av`vq g msMwVZ nqQ| GKchvq `p
gbvej Avi msK wbq gywhyi ga w`q `kK ^vaxb
KiQ| KviY GLvbB kc_ wbqwQj ^vaxb evsjv`ki
c_g miKvi| cwZ njb Zvbfxi Kwig|
178
eywRxex wZma
evOvwj RvwZK gavk~b Kivi lohi Ask wnme
gywhyi mgq AMwYZ eywRxexK nZv Kiv nq| cvwKvb
mbvevwnbxK gvbeZvweivax GB eei KvR mnvqZv KiQ
ivRvKvi I Avje`i evwnbx| cvK evwnbx P~ov civRqi
`yw`b c~e 14 wWm^i AmsL eywRxex`i nZv Ki|
Zuv`i wZK Agi Ki ivLvi Rb XvKvi wgicyi kwn`
eywRxwe wZma wbgvY Kiv nq| Gi cwZ wQjb gvdv
Avjx Kzym| 1972 mvj GB wZmai wbgvYKvR kl nq|
wkLv wPib
gywhy AvZ`vbKvix exi knx``i Agi wZ wPi RvMiyK
ivLvi Rb HwZnvwmK mvnivIqv`x D`vb 1997 mvji 26
gvP wkLv wPib vwcZ nq|
1971 mvji 7 gvP eez Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlY GB vb
_KB gywi msMvg I ^vaxbZv msMvgi WvK w`qwQjb|
iyZc~Y welq njv, bq gvmi iqx hyi ci 16
wWm^i cvwKvb `Lj`vi evwnbx AvZmgcY KiwQj GB
mvnivIqv`x D`vb| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi iRZRqx
Dcj mvnivIqv`x D`vb wkLv wPib vcb Kiv nq|
ivqievRvi eaf~wg
gywhyi mgq nvbv`vi cvwKvb evwnbx I Zv`i G`kxq
`vmiiv j j gvbyl nZv KiQ| mviv `kB Qwoq
AvQ AMwYZ eaf~wg I MYKei| 1971 mvj ivqievRvi
GjvKvwU wQj ek wbwiwewj| RbemwZ Lye GKUv PvL coZ
bv| Kvjykvn cyKzicvo _K Mvj gmwR` ch `N cvq wZb
wKjvwgUvi ne| gvP gvm _KB ivqievRvi eaf~wgZ
cwiYZ nq| GLvb gvbylK ay nZv Kiv nqQ Zv bq,
AMwYZ jvk Gb djv nqQ GB eaf~wgZ| gywhyi bq
Qwe : ivqievRvi eaf~wg
gvm GLvbKvi BULvjvi ivv w`q jvKRb nuvUvPjvi mvnm
KiZ bv| 1971 mvji 18 wWm^i ivqievRvi eaf~wgi mvb cvIqv hvq| mw`b GB eaf~wgi wewfb MZ
_K cPzi MwjZ I weKZ jvk Dvi Kiv nq| GLvb `ki k mvb`i wbggfve nZv Kiv nqQ|
Gu`i ga AavcK, mvsevw`K, mvwnwZK, wPwKrmKi jvkB AwaK wQj| eywRxex`i nZvKv Avje`i I
ivRvKviiv cavb f~wgKv cvjb Ki| ivqievRvi DviKZ jvki AwaKvsk GZUvB weKZ nq co h cwiPq
Rvbv me nqwb| Ze h KqKRbi cwiPq Rvbv me nqQ, Zuviv njb- AavcK gybxi Payix, mvsevw`K
mwjbv cvifxb, Wv: dRj ivwe cgyL|
179
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. 1970 mvji wbevPb c~e cvwKvbi cv`wkK wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM KZwU Avmb cqwQj?
K. 167
L. 198
M. 267
N. 298
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
L. fviZ
M. bcvj
N. gvqvbgvi
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
180
mRbkxj ck:
1.
AvaywbK MYZvwK weki cw_Kr Aevnvg wjb MYZi BwZnvm GKwU iYxh bvg| `qv, mijZv,
DcwZ eyw, evwMZv I wgw eenvi ZuvK weki Av`k Pwi cwZwZ KiQ| ivRbxwZ wZwb
Abb cwZfvi ^vi iL wMqQb| GBfve GKRb gnbZx gvbyl wbRi cwZfvq AvgwiKvi cwmWU
c` jvf mg_ nqwQjb| wZwb ^v_v gvbyli cvkweKZvi nvZ _K gvbylK gyw w`qwQjb| cw_exi
MYZ I gywKvgx gvbyli Rb Zvi HwZnvwmK fvlY 'Government of the people, by the people
and for the people' AvRI ZuvK Agi Ki iLQ|
K. gywRebMi miKvii cavbgwi bvg Kx wQj?
L. Acvikb mvP jvBU ejZ Kx evSvq?
M. DxcK ewYZ Avevnvg wjbi Pwi I KgKv Kvi cwZQwe j Kiv hvq evLv Ki|
N. D bZvi ewj I Avcvlnxb bZZ Avgiv ^vaxbZv cqwQ g~jvqb Ki|
qv`k Aavq
182
183
`jxq KvR : gywhyi mgq cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbx KZK G`k Kx Kx wZmvab nqwQj Zvi Dci
GKwU msw cwZe`b Zwi Ki|
wkvi Dbqb
wkv eez Riywi wfwZ wKQy c`c MnY Kib| wZwb 900 KjR feb I 400 nvBzj
cybwbgvY Kib| c_gevii gZv mKj cv_wgK we`vjqK miKvixKiY Kib| Gi dj Gme zj KgiZ
1 j 65 nvRvi wkKKi PvKwiI miKvwi Kiv nq| gywhyi mgq wkK`i cvIbv 9 gvmi eKqv
eZb cwikva Kib| miKvwi wekwe`vjqmg~n ^vqkvmb c`vbi Rb RvZxq msm` 1973 mvji
wekwe`vjq AvBb cvm Kib|
184
KvR : hywea `k cybMVb Kx Kvhg MnY Kiv nqwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
msweavbi ewk
1972-Gi msweavb wQj GKwU wjwLZ `wjj| evsjv I BsiwR Dfq fvlvq msweavb iwPZ nq| Ze evsjvK g~j
fvlv wnme MnY Kiv nq| GB msweavb GKwU cvebv, 11wU fvM, 153wU AbyQ` Ges 4wU Zdwmj wQj|
msweavbi c_g fvM cRvZi ewkmg~n, wZxq fvM iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~n, ZZxq fvM gwjK
AwaKvimg~n, PZz_ fvM wbevnx wefvM, cg fvM RvZxq msm`, l fvM wePvi wefvM, mg fvM wbevPb,
Ag fvM gnvwnmve wbixY I wbqK, beg fvM Kg Kwgkb, `kg fvM msweavb mskvab I GKv`k fvM
wewea welqvewj AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
185
mevP AvBb : MYcRvZx evsjv`ki mevP AvBb njv evsjv`ki msweavb| ZvB msweavbi m
mvgmnxb Kvbv AvBb cYqb Kiv hve bv| msweavb NvlYv Kiv nqQ cRvZi mKj gZvi
gvwjK RbMY| Kej msweavbi Aaxb _K RbMYi c m gZv cqvM Kiv hve|
2. iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ : msweavbi cvebvq PviwU Av`kK MnY Kiv nq iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
wnme| G cm msweavb Dj-L Kiv nq ... h mKj gnvb Av`k Avgv`i exi RbMYK RvZxq
gywmsMvg AvZwbqvM I exi kwn`w`MK cvYvrmM KwiZ Dy KwiqvwQj RvZxqev`, MYZ,
mgvRZ I agwbicZv mB mKj Av`k GB msweavbi g~jbxwZ nBe|
K. RvZxqZvev` : cvwKvb Avgji agwfwK RvZxqZvev` gywhyi ga w`q evwZj nq hvq| Gi
wecixZ fvlv I mswZK K` Ki evOvwj RvZxqZvev`i Rb| Amvc`vwqK PZbv njv evOvwj
RvZxqZvev`i wfw|
L. mgvRZ : eez Zuvi ivRbwZK Rxeb me mgq mvaviY gvbyli A_bwZK gywi K_v ejQb| `ytLx
gvbyli gyL nvwm dvUvbvi Rb msMvg KiQb| gywhvv`i GKUv eo Ask wQj wbgwe cwievii
mvb| ^vaxbZvi ci `ki gvbyli ^c wQj mvgvwRK-A_bwZK gwjK Pvwn`v c~iY iv
cqvRbxq eev be| ZvB msweavb mgvRZK iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wnme MnY Kiv nq| g~jZ
gvbyli Ici gvbyli kvlYnxb mgvR MVbi Rb mgvRZvwK A_bwZK eev Pvjy KivB wQj Gi
j|
M.
MYZ : cvwKvb ivi bvMwiK wnme GB Aji RbMY 1947 _KB Kvbv MYZvwK AwaKvi
cvqwb| msweavbi Dj-L Kiv nq, evsjv`k ivwU ne GKwU MYZvwK cRvZ| iv cwZwU
bvMwiKi gwjK gvbevwaKvi I ^vaxbZvi wbqZv _vKe| wbevwPZ RbcwZwbwai gvag ckvmb
cwiPvwjZ ne|
N. agwbicZv : msweavb agwbicZvi A_ wQj mvc`vwqKZv cwinvi Kiv| Kvbv agK ivRbwZK
ghv`v `vb bv Kiv| ivRbwZK Dk agK eenvi Kiv hve bv| iv Kvbv agK ccvlKZv c`vb
Kie bv| cwZwU bvMwiKi agxq AwaKvi I AvPvi-Abyvb cvjbi ^vaxbZvi wbqZv `e iv|
3. gwjK AwaKvi : bvMwiKi ewZ weKvki Rb wKQy AwaKvii wbqZv _vKv Riywi| hvZ Ki ew
^vaxbZvq KD nc KiZ bv cvi| ZvB msweavb gwjK AwaKvimg~nK AjNbxq I cwe ej
NvlYv Kiv nqQ|
4. GKKw`K miKvi : GB msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv`k GKKw`K kvmbeev ceZb Kiv nq| evsjv`k
Kvbv c`k ev AivR bB| K`xq miKvii Aaxb mviv `ki ckvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|
5. gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvi : msweavb gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvieev MnY Kiv nq| GB eevq
gwcwil`K msm`i wbKU `vqx _vKZ nq| ivcwZ kvmbZvwK cavb| Ze ivi mKj wbevnx
gZv cavbgx I gwmfvi Ici b wQj| ivcwZ bvggv cavb|
6. GK Kwewk AvBb cwil` : msweavb GK Kwewk AvBb cwil`i eev Kiv nq| mivmwi
wbevPbi gvag 300 Rb m`m I msiwZ gwnjv Avmb 15 Rb m`m wbq AvBb cwil` MwVZ ne|
AvBb cwil` RvZxq msm` ej AwfwnZ ne|
7. `ywieZbxq : GB msweavb mskvabi GK wekl cwZ Aej^b Kiv nq hv mvaviY AvBb cYqb cwZi
186
8.
^vaxb wePvi wefvM : msweavb GKwU ^vaxb wbic wePvi wefvM cwZvi Dj-L AvQ| wbevnx wefvM
_K wePvi wefvMK c_Ki gvag wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv wbwZ Kie iv| msweavbi weavbvewj
Abyhvqx cavb wePvicwZ Ges Abvb wePvicwZ ^vaxbfve wePviKvR cwiPvjbv Kieb|
9. mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZ wbwl : msweavbi g~jbxwZi m wgj iL agwfwK ivRbxwZ wbwl Kiv nq|
agi bvg KD hvZ wef` Zwi KiZ bv cvi|
eez miKvii Rb mePq iyZc~Y mvdj njv ^Zg mgqi ga evsjv`ki Rb GKwU msweavb
cYqb Kiv| weki Abvb `ki Zzjbvq DbZgvbi Ges mywjwLZ `wjj GB msweavb| m` ^vaxb `ki
RbMYi Avkv-AvKvvi cwZdjb NUQ msweavbi weavbvewji ga| bexb ivi c_Pjvi
g~jbxwZmg~n AvjvKewZKv wnme KvR KiQ|
GKK KvR : 1972 mvji msweavbi cavb ewkjv DjL Ki|
e`wkK mK
ZZxq weki m` ^vaxb GKwU iv wnme evsjv`ki AwZ I Dbqb wbwZ KiZ ciivbxwZi f~wgKv
wQj AZ iyZc~Y| eezi 10 Rvbyqvwi 1972 `k wdi Avmvi c~e fviZ I fyUvb Qvov Avi Kvbv
ivi ^xKwZ cvqwb evsjv`k| cvwKvb I Zvi wg`i evsjv`kweivax cPviYvq weki AwaKvsk iv
ZLbI wev| Abw`K hywea `k cybMVb AvRvwZK mc`vqi mvnvh-mnhvwMZv jvf Riywi nq
co| eez Zuvi `xN ivRbwZK AwfZv I gav w`q Dcjw KiQb h evsjv`ki ciivbxwZZ `ywU
welqK iyZ w`Z ne|
c_gZ : ^xKwZ Av`vqi gvag AvRvwZK cwigj evsjv`ki MnYhvMZv ew Kiv|
wZxqZ : `k cybMVb we`wk mvnvh-mnhvwMZv wbwZ Kiv|
bexb ivwUi ciivbxwZ wbaviKi f~wgKvq wQjb ^qs eez| wZwb me mgq ^vaxb I RvUwbic
ciivbxwZi K_v ejQb| wZwb ciivbxwZi w`K-wb`kbv w`Z wMq ejb, Avgiv evsjv`kK `wY
Gwkqvi myBRvijv wnme Mo ZzjZ PvB| 1972 mvji msweavb ciivbxwZi iciLvq eezi wPvfvebvi cwZdjb j Kiv hvq| ciivbxwZi g~j K_v njv, kvwc~Y mnvevb Ges mevi m ezZ, KviI
m kyZv bq| mvgvRev`, Dcwbekev` I eYev`i weiy weki wbcxwoZ RbMYi c _vKe
evsjv`k|
evsjv`ki Rb ^xKwZ Av`vqi KvRwU Lye GKUv mnRmva wQj bv| KviY, cvwKvbi eix cPviYvq gymwjg
wekmn Pxb evsjv`k mK bwZevPK gbvfve cvlY KiZ| eezi mdj bZZ 1974 mvji gaB
evsjv`k weki AwaKvsk iv I RvwZmsNmn cvq mKj AvRvwZK msvi ^xKwZ jvf Ki| mvaviY
cwil`i memZ wmv Abyhvqx 17 m^i, 1974 RvwZmsNi 136Zg m`m wnme evsjv`k hvM`vb
187
188
gywhy bZZ`vbKvix `j AvIqvgx jxMi RbwcqZv Ges gywhy bZZ`vbKvix `j AvIqvgx jxMi wbevPbx
djvdj ^vfvweK ejB RbMY MnY Ki| eezi bZZ 1973-Gi 16 gvP bZzb gwmfv MwVZ nq|
189
wPrKvi, nMvj Avi wji k Nyg fvO eez cwievii| GK GK nZv Ki cwZwU m`mK| wk
ivmjI invB cvqwb| GKRb NvZK kL ivmjK Ni DciZjv _K wbP wbq Avm| fq KvZi, wenej
nq co 8 eQii wk ivmj| gvqi KvQ hvevi Rb Kuv`Z iy Ki| wbzi NvZK ivmjK Dci wbq
wj Ki nZv Ki| bMvb _K eezi eyK j Ki wj Ki NvZKi `j| Zuvi eyK 18wU wji
AvNvZ cvIqv hvq| nZv Kiv nq eezi mnawgYx eMg dwRjvZzbmv gywRe, cy kL Kvgvj, kL Rvgvj,
wkcy kL ivmj| cyea~ myjZvbv Kvgvj I ivRx Rvgvj, mnv`i kL bvmi, KlKbZv Ave`yi ie
miwbqvevZ, hyebZv kL dRjyj nK gwb I Zuvi Atmv x AviRy gwb, eex miwbqvevZ, myKv evey,
Avwid, Avyj bCg Lvb wiUzmn cwievii 18 Rb m`mK| eezi `yB Kbv kL nvwmbv I kL invbv
`ki evBi _vKvq cvY euP hvb|
gv mvo wZb eQii kvmbvgj eez ^vaxb iv wnme evsjv`ki AMhvvi wfw wbgvY KwZZi
cwiPq `b| ZviciI evsjv`ki icKvi, G`ki me gvbyli AwZ wcq bZvK Gfve Rxeb w`Z njv|
Ggwb KiyY, wbgg, `qwe`viK nZvi bwRi wek BwZnvm bB ejj Pj| eezi nZvi loh `wkwe`wk P Ges mvgwiK I ivRbwZK eweM RwoZ wQjb| Lywb Pi bZZ wQjb L`Kvi gvkZvK
Avng`| eezi ggvwK nZvKvi KviY weki PvL Avgiv KZN RvwZZ cwiYZ nqwQ| gZv
`LjKvixiv evsjv`ki BwZnvm _K eez I Zuvi KxwZ gyQ djvi Pv Ki| Zv`i Pv mdj nqwb|
KviY evsjv`k _K eezK wewQb Ki evsjv`ki BwZnvm iPbv me bq| Kwe Ab`vki ivq KwU
cOwZi ga w`q m K_vB ejQb,
hZKvj ie cv hgybv
Mix gNbv engvb,
ZZKvj ie KxwZ Zvgvi
kL gywReyi ingvb|
GKK KvR : eezi wbgg nZvKv evOvwj RvwZi Rb wbKZg KjwZ AavqDwZi h_v_Zv
wbicY Ki|
190
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. eez 1971 mvji KZ ZvwiL MdZvi nb?
K. 25 gvP
L. 26 gvP
M. 27 gvP
N. 28 gvP
L. `k cyYMVbi Rb
L. agwbicZv
M. RvZxqZvev`
N. mgvRZ
4. ewk gvbylK `q
K. agxq ^vaxbZv
L. A_bwZK ^vaxbZv
M. mvgvwRK ^vaxbZv
N. mvswZK ^vaxbZv
mRbkxj ck:
1.
ivmji ez ievU evsjv`k Gm gy| G`ki meyR cKwZ Zvi Lye cQ`| Ze ievUi Lye K
jMQ eo eo `vjvbi cvk bvsiv ew `L| Zv`i `k gvbyli Lv`, e, wkv, evmvb
BZvw`i Pvwn`v c~iY iv cqvRbxq eev bq| Zv`i msweavbi g~j j kvlYnxb mgvR MVb|
ivmj ej, Avgv`i msweavb gvbevwaKvi I ^vaxbZvi wbqZv AvQ Ges wbevwPZ cwZwbwai gvag
miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| RbMYi mivmwi fvUi gvag RvZxq msm` MwVZ nq| ivi mKj wbevnx gZv
cavbgxi nvZ| Ze ivcwZ mevP mvbi AwaKvix
K. eez Ke ^`k cZveZb Kib ?
L. eez Kb msm`xq cwZi miKvi eev ceZb Kib?
M. ievU Gi `k 72 Gi msweavbi Kvb ewkwU j Kiv hvq evLv Ki|
N. ivmji K_vq 72 Gi msweavbi AvswkK ewk dzU DVQ- g~jvqb Ki|
PZz`k Aavq
mvgwiK kvmbi m~cvZ Ges cieZx ivRbwZK NUbvcevni eYbv KiZ cvie;
cwmWU wRqvDi ingvbi kvmb Avgji Dj-LhvM w`Kjv eYbv KiZ cvie;
1982 mvji mvgwiK kvmb Ges ZrcieZx NUbvcevni m cwiwwZ mK g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
gvkZvKi ^Kvjxb kvmbKvj evsjv`ki ivRbxwZZ fqven wechq eq Avb| gywhyi gvag
evsjv`ki mg ARb gyQ djvi Pv Kiv nq Ges cvwKvbi fveavivi cybtcwZv iy nq| gZv `Lj
Ki cuvP w`bi gv_vq gvkZvK ^vaxb evsjv`k c_g mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kib| 15 AvM RvwZi Dk
fvlY wZwb iy Kijb, wemwgj-vwni ivngvbi ivwng w`q Avi kl Kijb, evsjv`k wR`vev` ej|
fvlY eezi nZvKvK HwZnvwmK cqvRb AvLvwqZ Ki ejb, ... `kevmx GK kvmiyKi
cwiwwZZ Ae e`bvq wZj wZj wbtkl nq hvwQj| `ki kvmbeev cwieZb mKj gnji Kvg
nIqv mI weavb Abyhvqx Zv me bv nIqvq miKvi cwieZbi Rb mvgwiK evwnbxK GwMq AvmZ
nqQ| mk evwnbx cig wbvi m Zv`i `vwqZ mb Ki mvgb mvebvi GK ^Yvi DbvPb
KiQb|
mvgwiK evwnbxi wKQzmsLK Aemicv I eiLvKZ wbg I ga chvqi Awdmvii lohK gvkZvK cyiv
mvgwiK evwnbxi Afzvb wnme eYbvi Pv Kib| Avi GB wbzi eei nZvKvK wZwb mvebvi ^Yvi
ej AwfwnZ Kib| gvkZvK bvbviKg fqfxwZ `wLq AvIqvgx jxM bZv`i wbq gwmfv MVb Kib|
KD KD Drmvnx wQjb bv Ggb bq| Ze Rxebi fq `wLqI gvkZvK RvZxq Pvi bZvmn AbKK
ekxf~Z KiZ cvibwb| 17 AvM MdZvi nb cavbgx gbmyi Avjx| 22 AvM MdZvi nb ZvRDxb
Avng` I mq` bRiyj Bmjvg| Kvgiyvgvb, Avym mvgv` AvRv`, Kvievb Avjxmn cvq 20 Rb bZvK 23
AvM MdZvi Kiv nq| AviI AmsL bZv-KgxK MdZvi Kiv nq, hviv gvkZvKi bZZ gvbZ ivwR
192
nbwb| gywhy bZZ`vbKvix RvZxq Pvi bZvK Pig g~j w`Z nqQ| K`xq KvivMvi e`x Aevq
mq` bRiyj Bmjvg, ZvRDxb Avng`, Kvgiyvgvb I gbmyi AvjxK 3 bf^i bksmfve nZv Kiv nq|
KvivMvii fZi XzK wbggfve RvZxq Pvi bZvK hviv nZv Kij Zv`i MdZvi Kiv njv bv; Kvbv
wePvi njv bv| evsjv`ki BwZnvm AviKwU KjRbK Aavq hy njv|
gvkZvK G mgq bvbv cwZwqvkxj D`vM bq, hv gywhyi PZbvi m Kvbvfve gj bv| hgbgywhyi iYawb Rq evsjv evwZj Ki `b| cvwKvb wR`vev` Gi AbyKiY evsjv`k wR`vev`
m-vMvb Pvjy Kib| iwWI cvwKvbi bvq Kijb iwWI evsjv`k|
gvkZvKi mePq wb`bxq RNb KvR njv 1975-Gi 20 AvM GKwU Av`k Rvwi| GB Av`k Abyhvqx
eez I Zuvi cwievii m`m`i nZvKvix`i wePvi Kiv hve bv| Kvbv mf mgvR GB aibi AvBb
nZ cvi bv h nZvKvix`i wePvi Kiv hve bv|
gvbeZvweivax GB Kvjv AvBb BbWgwbwU Aav`k, 1975 bvg 1975-Gi 26 m^i evsjv`k MRU
G cKvwkZ nq| BbWgwbwU Aav`k ejv nq, 1975-Gi 15 AvM miKvi cwieZbi Rb hme cwiKbv
ev Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kiv nqQ Ges hviv Gi mv_ RwoZ, Zv`i weiy kvw weavbi Rb Kvbvic
AvBbi Avkq bIqv hve bv| ay ZvB bq, Lv`Kvi gvkZvK 15 AvMi LywbPK `k-we`k DPc` I
wewfb myhvM-myweav w`q cyiZI Kib|
AvM nZvKvi ci gvkZvK I Zvi mnhvwMiv gZvK vqx I wbivc` Kivi Rb mbvevwnbxi Ici
wbqY cwZvi Pv Ki| GiB Ask wnme mbvevwnbxi cavb Rbvij K Gg kwdDj-vni PvKwi ciiv
gYvjq b Kiv nq| 25 AvM gRi Rbvij wRqvDi ingvbK mbvcavb wnme wbqvM `b
gvkZvK| fviZ cwkYiZ weMwWqvi GBP Gg Gikv`K gRi Rbvij c` c`vbwZ w`q mbvevwnbxi
Dccavb wnme wbqvM `qv nq|
gvkZvK miKviK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g iv cvwKvb| eezi wbgg nZvKv RyjwdKvi Avjx fzvi
Avb`i mxgv wQj bv| fzv LywbPK Awfb`b RvwbqQb, KviY GUv wQj Zvi KvQ cvwKvbi weRq, hv
1971 mvj nvivbv fzL wdi cvIqvi kvwgj| Pxb I mw` Avie evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `q h_vg 16 I 31
AvM, 1975| Rbmg_bnxb gvkZvKi mvgwiK miKvii cZb nq 1975 mvji 3 bf^i|
193
KiQb| myZivs Zv`i weiy k Aevb bIqv wRqvi c me wQj bv| Ggwb cwiwwZZ wRqvi
wbwqZv mbvevwnbxi ga Amvl AviI evwoq `q|
mbvevwnbxi wPd Ae Rbvij vd weMwWqvi Lvj` gvkviid mbvevwnbxi ga bZZi msKU wbimb
D`vMx nb| wZwb DPc` mvgwiK KgKZv`i m Avjvc-AvjvPbv Kijb| kl ch wmv wbjb
mvgwiK Afyvb Qvov PBb Ae Kgv cwZv me bq| Kbj mvdvqvZ Rvwgj GB Afzvb iyZc~Y f~wgKv
cvjb Kib|
cwiKbv Abyhvqx 1 bf^i Lvj` gvkviid wek KqKRb Awdmvii m Mvcb eVK wgwjZ nb| cvv
Afzvbi P~ov wmv Abyhvqx 2 bf^i ivZ efeb _K c_g B ej iwRgUi mbiv
mbvwbevm wdi hvevi ga w`q Afzvb iy nq| 3 bf^i fvi ivZ wRqvDi ingvbK Mne`x Kiv nq|
Lvj` gvkviidi m ivxq gZv `Lj wbq L`Kvi gvkZvKi `b `ievi PjZ _vK| GKchvq
Rbvij Imgvbxi civgk 15 AvM nZvKvi Lywb P cwievi cwiRbmn evsKKi Dk XvKv Qo
hvq| 4 bf^i mKvj Lvj` gvkviid eei, bksm RjnZvi K_v RvbZ cvib|
1975 mvji 3 bf^i Mfxi ivZ `kZvMi c~e NvZKi `j cwmWU gvkZvKi AbygwZ wbq
eAvBwbfve XvKvi K`xq KvivMvi Afi cek Ki mLvb e`x Aevq _vKv gywhy bZZ`vbKvix
RvZxq Pvi bZv mq` bRiyj Bmjvg, ZvRDxb Avng`, Kvb Gg. gbmyi Avjx I G. GBP. Gg.
KvgiyvgvbK bksmfve nZv Ki| gvkZvK bvbv iKg fqfxwZ `wLqI RvZxq Pvi bZvK Zvi miKvii
gx c` MnY mZ KivZ cvibwb| h KviY Lywb P KvivMvii fZi GiKg bviKxq nZvh NUvj| G
nZvKv wQj 71-Gi gywhy civwRZ, ^vaxbZvweivax `kxq I AvRvwZK Mvxi mwwjZ loh I
bxjbKkvi evevqb| Dfq nZvKvi g~j Dk wQj evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv Ges mk gywhyi ARbmg~n
asm, `kK bZZk~b Ges cvwKvwb fvev`k cwZv Kiv| 15 AvM I 3 bf^ii nZvKv GKB Mvx
msNwUZ Ki|
4 bf^i Lvj` gvkviid GK NvlYvq Rvbvjb h wRqvDi ingvb mbvcavbi c` _K c`ZvM
KiQb| gvkZvKi Ici Pvc mw Kib ZuvK c`vbwZmn mbvcavb wbqvMi Rb| gZvi cvjve`j
gvkZvKK mZ KivZ h_ eM cZ nq| kl ch 5 bf^i gvS ivZ gvkZvK gZv ZvM KiZ
eva nb| GB cwiwwZZ Lvj` gvkviid I AfyvbKvix Awdmviiv ZrKvjxb cavb wePvicwZ Avey mv`vZ
gvnv` mvqgK ivcwZi `vwqZ MnY Abyiva Kib| 6 bf^i wePvicwZ mvqg efebi `ievi
K ivcwZ wnme kc_ MnY Kib| gvkZvK I wRqvK gZv _K mwiq Ges efebK Lywb
P`i Kej _K gy Ki Lvj` gvkviid ivgZvq Zuvi KZZ cwZv KiZ mg nb| mvnmx, exi
gywhvv wnme mbvevwnbxZ Lvj` gvkviidi RbwcqZv I MnYhvMZv wQj| gywhy K dvmi
Kgvvi wnme eevi myL hy Ask bb| wKy mvgwiK Afzvbi bZZ wZwb e_ nqQb| 3-4
bf^i, gv Pviw`bi Rb wZwb ivgZvq Zuvi wbqY cwZv KiZ ciwQjb| 7 bf^i Kbj (Aet)
Avey Zvnii cvv Afzvb gZvPzZ nb Lvj` gvkviid| ci Lvj` gvkviid I Zuvi Nwb
mnhvMx`i nZv Kiv nq|
194
195
nvq`vi efeb Rbvij wRqvi m `Lv KiZb| AbK mgq ai `yRb kjvcivk KiZb| GZ Ki
Zvnii kvw neB fvejI duvwm ne Zv KD fveZ cviwb| Zvnii duvwmi ci Kbj BDmyd c`vbwZ
cq weMwWqvi nb| gvgjvi wPd cwmwKDUi G wU Gg AvdRvjK cieZxKvj nvBKvUi wePvicwZ c`
wbqvM `b| 7 bf^i Afyvbi Aciva ZvniK duvwm `Iqv njv| A_P GB Afyvbi mePq eo
myweavfvMx wQjb wRqv wbR| Zvni huvi Rxeb euvwPq wQjb, Z_vKw_Z wePvii bvg Zuvi nvZB Zvnii
Rxebvemvb nq|
msweavb mskvab
wePvicwZ mvqgi KvR _K ejc~eK ivcwZi c` `Lji wZb w`bi gv_vq 23 Gwcj, 1977 mvgwiK
digvb Rvwi Ki gywhyi PZbvq cYxZ evnvii msweavbi Avg~j cwieZb Kib|
K. evsjv`ki bvMwiK`i cwiPq wQj evOvwj wnme| wRqv G`ki bvMwiK`i bZzb cwiPq w`jb
evsjv`wk|
L.
M. ivxq g~jbxwZ agwbicZv wejy Ki ejv njv, mekwgvb Avj-vni Dci c~Y Avv I wekvmB ne
hveZxq Kvhvewji wfw|
N.
O.
e`wkK mK welq ejv njv, iv Bmjvwg msnwZi wfwZ gymwjg `kmg~ni ga vZZ mK
msnZ, msiY Ges Rv`vi KiZ mP neb|
196
mvgwMKfve evsjv`k iv I RbMYi cwiPqi Ici agxq Qvc cKU Ki Zvjv| gywhyi PZbvi
wecixZ cvwKvwb PZbvK wdwiq Gb wRqv Zuvi gZvK vqx KiZ PqQb|
MYfvU :
ZZxq weki AbK `kB mvgwiK kvmKiv Aea gZv `Lji ci MYfvUi AvqvRb Ki| Dk gZv
`LjK GKcKvi eaZv c`vb Kiv| wePvicwZ mvqgi KvQ _K gZv `Lji cii w`b 1977 mvji 22
Gwcj RvwZi Dk `Iqv fvlY cwmWU Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb 30 g MYfvU AvqvRbi NvlYv `b|
hv nuv/bv fvU bvgI cwiwPZ| 30 g 1977 AbywZ MYfvU Rbvij wRqv Ges Zuvi bxwZ I Kgm~wPi cwZ
RbMYi evcK mg_b `Lvbvi Pv Kiv nq| wbevPb evbvqvUfve kZKiv 88.5 fvU`vZv fvU c`vb
KiQb ej miKvwi wewZ Dj-L Kiv nq|
197
agwfwK ivRbxwZ wbwl NvlYv Kiv nq| wRqv `vjvj AvBb evwZj Ges agwfwK ivRbwZK `j MVbi
mvsweavwbK Aivq `~i Ki ^vaxbZv weivax`i ivRbxwZ Kivi myhvM Ki `b| wRqv 1978 mvji 1
m^i evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `j, (weGbwc) bvg GKwU bZzb ivRbwZK `j MVb Kib| wZwb wbRB GB
`ji Pqvigvbi `vwqZ wbjb| ^vaxbZvweivax, evgcx, Wvbcx wewfb `j I ew weGbwcZ hvM `q|
g~jZ wewfb myhvM-myweavi Avkvq wRqvi Avkcvk AbK ivRbxwZwe` wfo KiwQjb| wRqv Zuv`iK c`c`we w`q bvbvfve cyiZ KiQb| wRqvi Avgj Dc`v/gxi GKUv eo Ask AvBqye I Bqvwnqvi Nwb
mnhvMx wQjb| Avevi AbK ^vaxbZvi weivax f~wgKvq wQjb| wRqv ^vaxbZvweivax kvn AvwRRK
cavbgx wbqvM Kib|
BbWgwbwU AvBb
BbWgwbwUi AvwfavwbK A_ `uvovq KvDK wbivc` Kiv ev wbivcv weavb Kiv| mvgwiK miKvi Kv`iK
wbivcv w`Z PqQ? hviv RvwZi wcZv I Zuvi cwievieM, RvZxq Pvi bZvK nZv Ki Aeafve Ai
Rvi gZv `Lj KiwQj? evsjv`ki Kvbv Av`vjZ GB me Acivaxi weiy AvBbMZ eev bIqv
hve bv GB gg BbWgwbwU ev wbivcv weavb Kiv nqwQj| ejvi Acv ivL bv| nZvKvi wePvi Kiv
hve bv gg mvsweavwbK wbqZv `Iqvq weki KvQ evsjv`kK nq Kiv nqQ| GwU GKwU gvbeZvweivax
AvBb| Rbvij wRqv Gi ceZK| cieZxZ kL nvwmbvi miKvi 1996 mvji 12 bf^i RvZxq msm`
BbWgwbwU AvBb evwZj Kib|
Dbqb Kgm~wP
me mvgwiK miKviB c~eeZx miKvii weiy bvbv AwfhvM Zvj wbRi gZv `Lji eaZv `Iqvi Pv
Ki| wRqv Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv mvdji m cPvi-cPviYv Pvjvb h eezi Avgj `ki Kvbv Dbqb
nqwb; G `ki DbwZ, myL-mgw mewKQyB KiQb wRqv| wZwb 1977 mvji 30 Gwcj 19 `dv bxwZ I
Kgm~wP NvlYv Kib|
198
wRqvi Kgm~wPZ mevP AMvwaKvii wfwZ Kwl Dbqbmn Lv` ^qsm~YZv, bvixi ghv`v, mKji Rb
wPwKrmv, kwgK`i DbwZ, `ybxwZgy mgvR, ag, eY, Mv wbwekl mKj bvMwiKi AwaKvimn ek wKQy
Rbwcq Kgm~wP wQj| Zuvi mgq AviI wKQz miKvwi wKQy Dbqb Kgm~wP evcK cPvi jvf Ki| Gi ga Lvj
Lbb, Mvg miKvi, hye mgevq K`, MYwkv Dj-LhvM|
Lvj Lbb
wRqvi Avgj mePq ewk AvjvPbv nqQ Lvj Lbb Kgm~wP ev Lvj KvUv wec-e| 1979 mvji 1 wWm^i
hkvii Djkx h`ybv_cyi Lvj KvUv Kgm~wPi m~Pbv nq| Ze Lvj Lbb Kgm~wP Kwli Dbqb my`yicmvix cfve
djZ e_ nq|
Mvg miKvi
cwZwU Mvg _vKe GKwU Mvg miKvi| vbxq mgmv, AvBb-kLjv cwiwwZ chvjvPbv, MYwkvmn Mvgi
Dbqb mnvqZv Kie Mvg miKvi| 1980 mvji 30 Gwcj mvfvii wRivevZ c_g Mvg miKvi cwZv Kiv
nq| mwZKvi A_ Mvg miKvi ^vaxbfve Mvgi Dbqb Ae`vb ivLZ cviwb| KviY Mvg miKvii Kvbv
Avw_K gZv wQj bv|
MYwkv
MYwkvi cqvRbxqZv wbq Kvbv weZK bB| 57 j wkv_xK cVb-cvVbi DchvMx Kivi j wbq
wRqvi miKvi 1980 mvji 21 deyqvwi MYwkv Kgm~wP MnY Ki| h_vh_ cwiKbv I mg^qi Afve
MYwkv Kvhg m~Y mdj nZ cviwb|
wRqv wkLvZi Dbqb emiKvwi LvZK DrmvwnZ Kib| AbK mgq ivi gvwjKvbvaxb wk bvggv g~j
ewgvwjKvbvq Qo `b| ZviciI we`wk wewbqvM Lye GKUv ew cvqwb| wRqvi Avgj MZvbyMwZKfve
RvZxq Avq, ivR^ Avq I gv_vwcQy Avq wKQyUv evojI mgvR abx-`wi`i eeavb ew cvq eY|
cvi wRqvi Avgj we`wk mvnvh I Avg`vwbwbfi A_bxwZ ccvlKZv jvf Ki| h KviY Ki duvwK,
Kvjv UvKv, Kwgkb GRU, we`k A_ cvPvi NUbv evoZ _vK| bvbv iKg Avw_K myhvM-myweav c`vb Ki
wRqv kni I Mvg GK bZzb gawe kwY Mo Zvjb| GB be awbK Mvx wQj wRqvi mvgwiK kvmbi
myweavfvMx| eemv I wki bvg evsK _K wekvj AsKi UvKvi FYi A_ AbK KvwUcwZ eb hvq
ivZvivwZ| GKmgq GB KvwUcwZivB FYLjvwcZ cwiYZ nq| `ybxwZ Ges gZvi Aceenvii Rb RvZxq
m`i weivU Ask b nqQ| mxgvnxb mvgwiK eq ew RvZxq DbqbK evavM KiQ| 1975-76
mvji Zzjbvq 1976-77 mvj Lv` Drcv`b nvm cvq cvq 8 jvL Ub| 1979 mvj `k f~wgnxb KlKi
msLv ew cq 51 fvM `uvovq| Rvjvwb, we`yrmn ikbi Pvji `vg ew cvIqvq mvaviY gvbyli
Rxebhvcb ek KwVb nq co| mvgwiK kvmbi Aaxb `ki mvaviY RbMYi Av_-mvgvwRK Aevi Zgb
Kvbv DbwZ nqwb|
199
e`wkK mK
AfixY bxwZi m wgj iLB cwmWU Rbvij wRqv ciivbxwZ cYqb Kib| wZwb gymwjg `kmg~ni
m mK Dbqb Rvi `Iqvi welqwU msweavb Afy Kib| ciivbxwZ cwieZbi hwKZv wnme
evsjv`k ivi gymwjg cwiPqK eo Ki Zvjv nq| h KviY Rbvij wRqv iy _KB iyk-fviZweivax
Aevb MnY Kib|
fviZi m evsjv`ki mK ek kxZj, eix I wZ nq co| cviwiK m`n, Awekvm Avi
AvvnxbZvi KviY `y`ki mKi AebwZ nq| weklfve dvivv euva I mxgv msNl evsjv`ki
ivRbxwZK D Ki Zvj| dvivv euva wbq `k-we`k fviZweivax cPviYv evcK AvKvi aviY Ki|
Rbvij wRqv RvwZmsNmn wewfb AvRvwZK msvq dvivv euvai welq Dvcb Kib| fviZ Bw`iv
Mvxi miKvii cwieZbi ci gveviRx `kvB gZvq Gj wRqvi m mKi Dbqb nq|
wRqvi mgq evsjv`k-Pxb mK h_ DbwZ nq| hw`I cwqvwU iy nqwQj eezi AvgjB| 1975
mvji g gvm Pxbi m evwYR PzwI mvw`Z nq| gvkZvK gZvq _vKvKvjxb 31 AvM, 1975 Pxb
evsjv`kK ^xKwZ c`vb Ki| wRqvi Pxb mdii ga w`q `y`ki mK AviI ezZc~Y nq DV|
cvwKvbi m mK Dbqb wRqv wekl D`vM MnY Kib| iv`~Z wewbgqi ga w`q 1976 mvji
Rvbyqvwi gvm `y`ki ga K~UbwZK mK vwcZ nq| eezi Avgj cvwKvbi KvQ `vweKZ
m`i wnmv I AevOvwj cvwKvwb bvMwiK`i diZ bevi welq AgxgvswmZ _K hvq| wRqvi AwZgvvq
cvwKvbcxwZi KviY ^ mgq `y `ki ga UwjhvMvhvM, wegvb I b hvMvhvM, evwYR Pzw I
DPchvqi fQv mdi mb nq| cvwKvb miKvi I evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvweivax ivRbwZK `jjv
evievi cvwKvbi m KbdWvikbi `vwe Zvj| Zviv RvZxq msMxZ, RvZxq cZvKv cwieZbmn Bmjvwg
kvmbeev ceZbi c cPviYv Pvjvq| wKy msLvMwi ^vaxbZv wcq evOvwji `p gbvfvei KviY
Rbvij wRqv G mKj welq AMmi nbwb|
wRqv mw` Aviemn gacvP, `~icvP Ges cwgv `kjvi m mK Dbqb Pv Kib| `wY Gwkqvi
`kjvi ga AvwjK mnhvwMZv ewi Rb wRqv 1980 mvj mnhvwMZv msvi cve Kib| hw`I
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi ci ci eez c_g AvwjK mnhvwMZv dvivgi cqvRbxqZvi K_v ejb| kl
ch 1985 mvj mvK MVbi ga w`q evsjv`ki cve `wY Gwkqvi Abvb ivi KvQ ^xKwZ cvq|
wRqv nZvKv
cvq mvo cuvP eQi evsjv`ki ivgZv wRqvDi ingvbK K` Ki AvewZZ nqQ| `kj ivRbxwZZ
mvgwiK kvmbi weiy Amvl _vKjI eo Kvbv Av`vjb ZuvK gvKvejv KiZ nqwb| `gb-cxob Avi
fqfxwZi KviY weivax `j Zuvi weiy Av`vjb Mo ZzjZ cviwb| ZvB ivRbwZK Av`vjb wbq wRqvi
fvebvi wKQy wQj bv| Ze mvgwiK evwnbxi ga wRqvK gZvPzZ Kivi Dk cvq mZivwU Afyvb nq|
cwZevi wZwb we`vnx Awdmvi`i weiy KVvi kvwg~jK eev wbqQb| Afyvbi m hy kZ kZ
mbvm`mK gZz` Ges PvKwiPzZ Kiv nq| ZviciI mbvevwnbxi fZi _KB Zuvi Rxebi Ici AvgY
200
GmQ| ivRavbx _KB cvq 170 gvBj `~i e`i bMix PMvg 1981 mvji 30 g mvwKU nvDm GK
Afyvb ZuvK nZv Ki KwZcq mbvm`m|
201
ckvmwbK msvi
Gikv` gZvq Gm emvgwiK ckvmbi Ici wbqY cwZvi D`vM bb| wZwb 1982 mvji 28 Gwcj
ckvmwbK cybMVb KwgwU MVb Kib| GB KwgwUi mycvwiki wfwZ wZwb ckvmwbK KvVvgvZ wKQy cwieZb
Kib|
K.
DcRjv eev : _vbv ckvmbK cqvRbxq msvi Ki DcRjv eev ceZb Kiv nq| DcRjvq
wbevwPZ RbcwZwbwai Aaxb miKvwi Avgjv`i gvag ckvmb cwiPvwjZ ne| 1982 mvj 7 bf^i
45wU _vbvK DcRjv Kivi ga w`q GB eevi hvv iy| chvqg 460wU _vbv DcRjvq cwiYZ
nq| 1983 mvj 14 gvP _vbvi cwieZ DcRjv bvgKiY Kiv nq|
L. gnKzgvK Rjv NvlYv : ckvmbi weK`xKiYi Rb gnKzgvK Rjvq DbxZ Kivi wmv bIqv nq|
GB cwicwZ evsjv`kK gvU 64wU Rjvq fvM Kiv nq|
M.
wePvieevi msvi : wePvieevq wKQy iyZc~Y c`c bIqv nq| DcRjvq c_K gvwRU I
gyd Av`vjZ cwZv Kiv nq| GQvov iscyi, hkvi ewikvj, Kzwgj-v, PMvg Ges wmjU nvBKvUi
vqx e cwZv Kiv nq| wKy mywcg KvUi ivqi KviY XvKvi evBii ejv evwZj Kiv nq|
Gikv` wkv, Kwl, f~wg, JlabxwZ cfwZ wKQy c`c wbqwQjb| wKy bxwZjvi Rbweivax avivi
KviY mvgwMKfve mvaviY gvbyli mg_b cvqwb| KviY cKZ mydj RbMY cvqwb| Gikv` ckvmbi wewfb
i mvgwiK evwnbxi KgKZv`i evcKfve wbqvM w`Z iy Kib| Dk miKvwi AvjgvZi Ici
mvgwiK wbqY cwZv Kiv|
Dbqb KgKv
Gikv` bvbvfve wbRK GKRb Rb`iw` bZv wnme Dcvcbi Pv KiQb| mfv-mgvek I miKvwi
cPvigvag ejv nqQ Gikv`i Dbqb Kgm~wPi j MvgxY RbMvxi fvMi cwieZb| 1983 mvji 17
gvP wZwb RbMYi mvweK KjvY 18 `dv Kgm~wP NvlYv Kib| RvZxq msnwZ _K iy Ki Ab, e,
evmvb, Kgmsvbmn ciivbxwZ ch mewKQyB Gi Afy wQj|
miKvwi Uwjwfkb, iwWI, msev`c Dbqb KgKvi evcK cPviYv Pvjvbv njI mvgwMKfve Zuvi Avgj
`ki A_bwZK Aev gvUB mvlRbK wQj bv| cKZ Dbqb bv nIqvi cavb KviY `ybxwZ Avi mxgvnxb
jyUcvU| Gikv`i mgq e`wkK mvnvh wbfiZv nZvkvRbKfve ew cqQ| 1980-81 mvj Dbqb
evRUi 65 kZvsk wQj we`wk mvnvhwbfi, 1988-89 mvj ew cq `uvovq 126.3 kZvsk| FYLjvwc
mswZZ mvgwiK-emvgwiK Avgjv I `jQyU ivRbxwZwe`iv jvfevb nqQb| Lv` Drcv`b, wRwWwc, Mo
cew me wQj wbgMvgx| Ze mvgwiK LvZ eq ew cqQ| KviY wbRi gZvi wfZ kwkvjx Kivi Rb
evcKfve mvgwiK evwnbxi myhvM-myweav ew KiwQjb|
e`wkK mK
e`wkK mKi Rbvij Gikv` bZzb wKQy Kibwb| wZwb Rbvij wRqvi c_B AbymiY Kib|
fviZi wecixZ Pxbi m mymK AviI `p Kivi D`vM bb| weklfve mvgwiK evwnbxi cwkY,
Aki Rb Pxbi Ici wbfikxjZv ew cvq|
202
cvwKvb, mw` Avie, BivKmn gymwjg weki m mnv`c~Y mK AevnZ _vK| Ze wZwb AwZgvvq
gvwKbcx wQjb| gvwKb miKviK my Kivi Rb XvKv _K mvwfqZ K~UbxwZKK ewnvi Kib|
fviZi m mKi Gikv` DRbv cwinvii Pv Kib| wZwb fviZi m we`gvb mgmvi
mgvavb Kvbv D`vM bbwb|
e`wkK mKi Gikv`i GKwU eo mvdj njv mvK MVb| `wY Gwkqvi mvZwU cwZekx iv
GKwZ nq cwZv Ki `wY Gkxq AvwjK mnhvwMZv msv (mvK)| GB msvi c_g kxl mjb
1985 mvji wWm^i XvKvq AbywZ nq|
MYfvU
mvgwiK kvmK`i MZvbyMwZK c_v Abyhvqx Gikv`I ejc~eK gZv `LjK eaZv `Iqvi Rb MYfvUi
AvqvRb Kib| Gikv` ivRbwZK `jjvi weivwaZvi KviY ivcwZ I RvZxq msm` wbevPb KiZ e_
nb| Aekl 1985 mvji 21 gvP MYfvU AbywZ nq| ^vfvweK KviYB mvaviY RbMY GB wbevPb Kvbv
AvMn `Lvq wb| ZviciI Rbvij Gikv` c` fvUi kZKiv 94.14 fvM fvU jvf Kib| mvgwiK I
emvgwiK Avgjv`i KvimvwRi KviY Zuvi c wecyj fvU cvIqv me nq|
ivRbwZK `j MVb
gZv `LjK cvKvcv Kivi Rb Gikv` GKwU ivRbwZK `ji cqvRbxqZv Abyfe Kib| 1984 mvji
RyjvB gvm Rb`j bvg GKwU bZzb ivRbwZK `j MVb Kib| GB `ji AmsMVb wnme Mo DV
bZzb evsjv QvmgvR, bZzb evsjv hye msnwZ, bZzb evsjv kwgK dWvikb BZvw`| myweavev`x, `jQyU wewfb
bZvKgx wbq Rb`j MwVZ nq| Gici wZwb 1985 mvji 16 AvM cwZv Kib RvZxq dU|
Rbmg_bnxb wKQy ivRbwZK `j I bZv dU hvM `b| Aekl 1986 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi Rbvij
Gikv`i ivRbwZK `j RvZxq cvwUi hvv iy nq|
wbevPb
1986 mvji 7 g ZZxq RvZxq msm` wbevPb AbywZ nq| GZ Gikv`i RvZxq cvwU, AvIqvgx jxMi
bZZ 8 `jxq RvU Ges RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxmn gvU 28wU `j AskMnY Ki| weGbwci bZZvaxb 7 `jxq
RvU wbevPb eRb Ki| wbevPb RvZxq cvwU gvU 300 Avmbi ga 153wU Avmb cq Rqjvf Ki|
AvIqvgx jxM GKKfve 76wU Avmb jvf Ki wZxq eng `j wnme RvZxq msm` weivax`jxq Avmb
MnY Ki| wbevPbi ci AvIqvgx jxMmn Abvb `j Gikv`i weiy wgwWqv Kzi gvag weRq wQwbq
bqvi AwfhvM Dvcb Ki| cheKMYI G AwfhvMi h_v_ZvK mg_b Kib| 1986 mvji 15
Avei ivcwZ wbevPb AbywZ nq| cavb weivax `jjv wbevPb eqKU Ki| cnmbg~jK G wbevPb
Gikv`K ivcwZ NvlYv Kiv nq|
ivag Bmjvg
Rbvij Gikv` msweavbi 8g mskvabxi gvag BmjvgK ivag ej NvlYv Kib| GB mskvabxi
gvag wZwb Bmjvgcx `jjvi mg_b jvfi Pv Kib| g~jZ ivRbwZK Dk Gikv` GB mskvabx
Avbb| ejvi Acv ivL bv BmjvgK ivag Kiv wQj gnvb gywhyi PZbvi cwicx|
203
^ivPviweivax Av`vjb
^vaxbZvi ci evsjv`ki kvmK`i ga mePq ewk Qv-RbZvi cwZiva, Av`vjb, msMvg, niZvj gvKvejv
KiQb Rbvij Gikv`| 1982 _K 1990 ch Gikv`-weivax Av`vjb Qviv iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
G XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qviv mvgwiK kvmbi weiy hKvbv Kgm~wPZ iyZc~Y Ae`vb ivLb| h KviY
Gikv` wewfb mgq XvKv wekwe`vjqmn Abvb wekwe`vjq Awbw`Kvji Rb e NvlYv Kib|
Gikv`weivax Av`vjb ivRbwZK `jjv wewfb RvU Mo Zvj| AvIqvgx jxM cavb kL nvwmbvi bZZ
8 `jxq RvU I ivk` Lvb gbbi bZZ evg msMVbi 5 `jxq RvU Mo DV (hv cieZxZ 15 `jxq
RvU icvwiZ nq)| Abw`K weGbwc bx eMg Lvj`v wRqvi bZZ 7 `jxq RvU Mo DV|
Av`vjb `gb Rbvij Gikv` `gb, cxob, AZvPvi I nZvi c_ eQ bb| Qv-RbZvi wgwQj cywjki
UvK Zzj `Iqv, mivmwi wj Kivi NUbvI Kg nqwb| 1983 mvji 15 deyqvwi cywjki wjZ Rvdi,
Rqbvj, gvRvj wbnZ nb; e bZvKgx AvUK nq| Qv Av`vjb `gb Gikv`i bZzb evsjv QvmgvR
mvmi c_ Aej^b Ki| 1985 mvji 13 deyqvwi Gikv`i Qv msMVbi nvZ XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv
ivDdzb emywbqv wbnZ nb| Gikv`weivax Av`vjbK eMevb Kivi Rb 22wU Qv msMVb wgj MwVZ nq
me`jxq Qv msMvg cwil`|
1987 mvj gvSvgvwS mgq cavb ivRbwZK`jjv Dcjw Ki h Gikv`i weiy Awfb Kgm~wP Qvov
Av`vjb mdj ne bv| Dj-L, 1986 mvj AbywZ RvZxq msm` wbevPb Ges ivcwZ wbevPbi ci _KB
Gikv` miKvii weiy mKj ivRbwZK `j, mvaviY RbMY Ges bvMwiK mgvR wevf dU co|
Gikv`i c`ZvM I GKwU A_en wbevPbi `vweZ weivax `j `yevi MY-Av`vjb iy Ki| 1987 mvj
msm` _K GKhvM weivax `j c`ZvM Kij wWm^i RvZxq msm` fO `Iqv nq| 1988 mvji 3 gvP
PZz_ RvZxq msm` wbevPbi AvqvRb Kiv nq| AvIqvgx jxM, weGbwcmn `ki cavb `jjv wbevPb eRb
Ki| fvUviwenxb, `jwenxb G wbevPb RvZxq cvwU 251wU Avmb cq weRqx nq| miKvi AbyMZ Av.m.g.
iei bZZvaxb mwwjZ weivax RvU (Kc) cvq 19wU Avmb| evwK Avmbi 3wU Rvm` (wmivR), 2wU wdWg
cvwU Ges 25wU ^Z cv_xiv cvb|
204
Dci wj Pvjvq, Ai Rb kL nvwmbv iv cvb| Gi weiy mgM `k cwZev`gyLi nq IV| 1990 mvji
10 Avei weivax RvU I `jjvi mwPevjq NivI Kgm~wP ivRbwZK AbK D Ki Zvj| Gw`b
wgwQj wj elY 5 Rb wbnZ Ges wZb kZvwaK AvnZ nq| avivevwnK Av`vjbi c_ ai 1990 mvji 27
bf^i XvKv wekwe`vjqi wUGmwmi cvk cywjki wjZ Wv: kvgmyj Avjg Lvb wgjb wbnZ nj
Gikv`weivax Av`vjb MY-Afyvb ic aviY Ki| 27 bf^i miKvi Riywi Aev I KviwdD Rvwi Ki|
27 bf^i mvsevw`Kiv msev`c e Ki `b| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv-wkKMY wgwQj ei Ki KviwdD
I Riywi AvBb Agvb Kib| ivRc_ Pj hvq RbZvi `Lj| XvKv cwiYZ nq wgwQji kni| GgZvevq
weivax ivRbwZK 3 RvUi iciLv Abyhvqx nvBKvUi cavb wePvicwZ kvnveyxb Avng`K cavb Ki
AeZxKvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv nq| 1990 mvji 6 wWm^i Zuvi KvQ Gikv` gZv nvi eva nb|
Qv-RbZvi GB MY-Afyvbi ga w`q Gikv`i cZbi dj `xN ^ikvmbi Aemvb NU|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. K BbWgwbwU Aav`k, 1975 Rvwi Kib?
K. Lv`vKvi gvkZvK Avng`
N. wePvicwZ mvqg
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
205
L. wZxq
M. PZz_
N. cg
4. GB mskvabxi gvag
i.
AvBbi kvmb iy nq
L. i I ii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1.
GKwU PjwP mvgwiK kvmbweivax GK MY-Afyvb gvbyli Rvqvi `L Gwjb wewZ nqwQj|
mvgwiK kvmbi wbcxob gvbyl wQj wbhvwZZ I Aeiy| dj wewfb ivRbwZK `j, mvaviY RbMY,
KlK, kwgK, AvBbRxwe, Wvvi, mvswZK RvU wevf dU co| Zv`i gyL wQj MYZi gywi
-vMvb| cywjki euvav-wj Kvb wKQyB Zv`iK `gvZ cviwQj bv| Dci Gme euvav -wecw RbMYK
AviI w Ki Zvj, Pvwiw`K ay wgwQj Avi wgwQj|
K. DcRjv eev Kvi mgq cewZZ nq ?
L. BbWgwbwU AvBb ejZ Kx eySvq ?
M. DxcK ^vaxbZv cieZx Kvb Afyvbi ewk dzU DVQ evLv Ki|
N. GB Av`vjbi gvag G`k MYZ gyw cvq g~jvqb Ki|
c`k Aavq
wekmfZv
Avw`g hyMi gvbyl KwlKvR RvbZ bv| eb eb Nyi Nyi djg~j msMn KiZ| GB wQj Zv`i Lv`| Gici
gvbyl cv_i fO Nm Nm avivjv A Zwi KiZ kL| m mgq cv_iB wQj Zv`i GKgv nvwZqvi| m
KviY G hyMK cv_ii hyM ejv nZv| cv_i hyMi c_g chvqK ejv nZv cyibv cv_ii hyM ev cyivcjxq
hyM| G hyM gvbyl cv_ii A w`q `jefve c wkKvi KiZ| Giv Avbi eenviI RvbZ|
cyibv cv_ii hyM kl nq gvbyl hLb KwlKvR kL, GKB m kl nq Zv`i hvhvei Rxeb| G hyMK ejv
nq bZzb cv_ii hyM ev bevcjxq hyM| Kwli cqvRb GhyM gvbyl b`xi Zxi emevm iy Ki|
Ni-evwo wbgvY KiZ kL| GfveB gvbemfZvi iy| GB Aavq Kxfve gvbyl avc avc mfZvK GwMq
wbq MQ ZviB mZ Kvwnbx, hvK Avgiv ewj BwZnvm m welq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
bxj b`i Ae`vb DjLc~eK cvPxb wgkii iv I mgvRi eYbv KiZ cvie;
wek mfZv weKvk cvPxb wgkixq mfZvi iyZc~Y Ae`vbmg~n g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
mfZvi weKvk wmz mfZvi bMi cwiKbv, wkKjv I fvhi eYbv KiZ cvie;
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvji eYbvc~eK wMK mfZvi Dei cUf~wg eYbv KiZ cvie;
wekmfZvi AMMwZZ wMK mfZvi wkv, mswZ, ag, `kb I wevbi Ae`vb eYbv KiZ cvie;
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvj DjLc~eK cvPxb ivgvb mfZv eYbv KiZ cvie;
wkv, mvwnZ I wjLb cwZi weKvk cvPxb ivgvb mfZvi Ae`vb wek-lY KiZ cvie;
mfZvi weKvk cvPxb ivgvb mfZvi vcZ, fvh I wevbi Ae`vb eYbv KiZ cvie;
wek mfZvq cvPxb ivgvb mfZvi ag, `kb I AvBbi cfve AvjvPbv KiZ cvie;
wek mfZv mK vb jvfi gvag cvPxb BwZnvm I HwZni cwZ kvkxj ne|
wekmfZv
207
wgkixq mfZv
cUf~wg : AvwdKv gnv`ki Dic~e Ask eZgvb h `kwUi bvg
BwR, mB `kiB cvPxb bvg
wgki| wL: c~e 4000 A wgki
c_g mvgvRi De NU| hvi
GKwU wQj Di wgki (wbg wgki)
AciwU wQj `wY wgki (DP
wgki)| wL:c~e 5000 _K 3200
mvsKwZK wP
wgkixq mfZv
gm cUwbqv mfZv
A ch bxj b`i AeevwnKvq
GKwU ivi De nq| m
gvbwP : cvPxb wgkixq mfZv
mgqUvK cvPxb wgkii BwZnvm
cvK-ivReskxq hyM ej| G mgq _K wgki cvPxb mfZvq wewfb iyZc~Y Ae`vb ivLZ iy Ki|
Gici wL:c~e 3200 A _K c_g ivReski kvmb Avgj iy nq| H mgq _K wgkii HwZnvwmK hyMi
m~Pbv nq| GKB mgq wbg I DP wgkiK GKwZ Ki bvigvi ev gbm nb GKvavi wgkii c_g bicwZ
Ges cyivwnZ| wZwb c_g dvivI-Gi ghv`vI jvf Kib| Gici _K dvivI`i Aaxb wgki cvPxb
wekmfZvi AMMwZZ GKi ci GK Dj-hvM Ae`vb ivLZ mg nq|
fMvwjK Aevb: wZbwU gnv`k viv wNi _vKv wgkii fMvwjK Aevb AZ iyZc~Y| `kwU Gwkqv,
AvwdKv I BDivc gnv`k viv cwiewZ f~gamvMii DcK~j AewZ| Gi Di f~gamvMi, c~e jvwnZ
mvMi, cwg mvnviv giyf~wg, `wY my`vb I Abvb AvwdKvi `k| Gi gvU AvqZb cvq Pvi j eMgvBj|
mgqKvj : wgkixq mfZv 2500 eQiiI ewk mgqKvj ai vqx nqwQj| cvPxb wgkii wbiewQb I `xN
BwZnvmi m~Pbv nq wL:c~e 5000 A| wekl Ki bevcjxq hyM|
Ze wgkixq mfZvi Mvovcb nq gbmi bZZ, hv cvq wZb nvRvi eQi ai ^gwngvq Dj wQj| wL:c~e
`kg kZK wjweqvi GK eei RvwZ dvivI`i wmsnvmb `Lj Ki bq| 670-662 wL: c~ev Avwmixqv
wgki AvwacZ wevi Ki| 525 wL: c~ev cvim wgki `Lj Ki wbj cvPxb wgkii mfZvi m~h
AwgZ nq|
iv I mgvR : cvK-ivReskxq hyM wgki KZjv QvU QvU bMi iv wef wQj| GjvK bvg ejv nZv|
wgkii c_g ivRv ev dvivI (gbm ev bvigvi) mgM wgkiK wL: c~: 3200 A HKe Ki GKwU iv Mo
Zvjb| hvi ivRavbx wQj `wY wgkii gwm| ZLb _K wgki HKe iv I ivReski De| wgkixq
ci-I k _K dvivI ki Rb| dvivIiv wQj AZ gZvkvjx| Zviv wbR`iK m~h `eZvi eskai gb
KiZb| dvivI c`wU wQj eskvbywgK| A_vr dvivIqi Qj nZv DivwaKvi m~ dvivI|
GKK KvR : wgkixq mfZvi Dvb-cZbi GKwU avivevwnK PvU Zwi Ki|
208
ckvi Dci wfw Ki wgkii mgvRi gvbylK KqKwU kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq| hgb- ivRcwievi, cyivwnZ,
AwfRvZ, wjwcKvi, eemvqx, wkx Ges KlK I f~wg`vm kwY|
wgkii A_bxwZ g~jZ wQj Kwlwbfi| Drcvw`Z dmji ga Dj-LhvM wQj Mg, he, Zzjv, cuqvR, wcP
BZvw`| eemv-evwYRI wgki wQj AMMvgx| wgki Drcvw`Z Mg, wjjb Kvco I gvwUi cv wU xc,
wdwbwkqv, wdwjwb I wmwiqvq ivwb nZv| wewfb `k _K wgkixqiv ^Y, ic, nvwZi `uvZ, KvV BZvw`
Avg`vwb KiZ|
bxj b` : wgkii bxj b`i Drcw AvwdKvi jK wfvwiqv _K| mLvb _K b`wU bvbv `k nq wgkii
ga w`q f~-gamvMi Gm coQ| BwZnvmi RbK nivWvUvm h_v_B ejQb wgki bxj b`i `vb| bxj
b` bv _vKj wgki giyf~wgZ cwiYZ nZv| cvPxbKvj cwZeQi bxj b` ebv nZv| ebvi ci cvwb mi
Mj `yB Zxi cwjgvwU co Rwg Dei nq hZ| Rg _vKv cwjgvwUZ RbvZv bvbv aibi dmj|
mfZvq wgkixq`i Ae`vb : cvPxb mfZvq wgkixq`i Ae`vb A^xKvi Kivi Dcvq bB| Zv`i agxq wPv,
wk, fvh, wjLb cwZ KvMRi Avwevi vb wevbPPv-mewKQyB Zv`i Ae`vb mg| wgkixq`i
ewk nQ h Zv`i Rxeb Ggb Kvbv w`K bB hv agxq wPv I wekvm viv cfvweZ bv|
wgkixq`i agwekvm : meZ cvPxb wgkixq`i gZv Ab Kvbv RvwZ Rxebi mKj GZUv agxq
wbqg-Kvbyb Abykvmb viv cfvweZ wQj bv| m KviY gvbemfZvi AbK avbaviYv, ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPviAbyvbi Rb cvPxb wgki| Zviv Roei c~Rv KiZ, g~wZ c~Rv KiZ, Avevi RxeRyi c~RvI KiZ| wewfb
mgq Zv`i agwekvmi cwieZb NUQ| wgkixq`i aviYv wQj, m~h`eZv i ev Avgb i Ges cvKwZK
kw, km bxjb`i `eZv Iwmwim wgwjZfve mgM cw_ex cwiPvwjZ Kib| Ze Zv`i Rxeb m~h`eZv
i Gi iyZ wQj AbK ewk|
GKK KvR : wgkii A_Kix ivwbhvM dmj I wki Avg`vwbKZ cYi QK Zwi Ki|
wgkixqiv gb KiZ gZ ew Avevi GKw`b euP DVe| m
KviY `nK ZvRv ivLvi Rb Zviv gwg Ki ivLZ| GB wPv
_K gwgK ivi Rb Zviv wcivwgW Zwi KiwQj| dvivIiv
Ckii cwZwbwa wnme `k kvmb KiZb| Zuviv wQjb cavb
cyivwnZ Ges Abvb cyivwnZ`iI Zuviv wbqvM KiZb|
wk : wgkixq`i wPKjv weklfve ewPc~Y I HwZnvwmK
Qwe : wcivwgW
w`K _K iyZc~Y| Abvb `ki gZv wPwkI Mo DVwQj
agxq wekvm _K| Zviv mgvwa Avi gw`ii `qvj mvRvZ wMq wPwki m~Pbv Ki| Zv`i wcq is wQj
mv`v-Kvjv| mgvwa, wcivwgW, gw`i, cvmv`, cgv` Kvbb, mvaviY Ni-evwoi `qvj wgkixq wPwkxiv
AmvaviY Qwe GuKQb| Gme Qwei ga wgki ivRbwZK, agxq, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Rxebi Kvwnbx dzU
DVQ|
wekmfZv
209
Kviy wkI cvPxb wgkixq wkxiv AmvaviY `Zv ARb KiwQjb| Avmevec, grcv, mvbv, iycv, g~jevb
cv_i LwPZ ZRmc, Ajvi, gwgi gyLvk, `bw`b eenvh wRwbmc, nvwZi `uvZ I avZzi `evw` wgkixq
Kviy wki AmvaviY `Zvi cgvb enb Ki|
GKK KvR : wgkixq wkxiv hme vcbvi `qvj Qwe GuKQ Zvi GKwU PvU Zwi Ki|
fvh : cvPxb wekmfZvq wgkixq`i gZv fvh wk
AmvaviY cwZfvi Qvc Avi KD ivLZ mg nqwb|
evcKZv, ewP Ges agxq fveavivq cfvweZ wekvj
AvKvii cv_ii g~wZjv fvh wk Zv`i kZi cgvY
enb Ki| cwZwU fvh gvbyl A_ev RxeRyi meB agxq
fveaviv, AvPvi Abyvb, gZ`kv viv cfvweZ wQj| cwZwU
wkB wQj Avmj agxq wkKjv| mek fvh nQ wMRvi
AZzjbxq wsK&m| wsK&m nQ Ggb GKwU g~wZ, hvi
`nUv wmsni gZv wKy gyL gvbyli| wgkii mePq eo
wcivwgWwU nQ dvivI Lydzi wcivwgW| gw`ijvZ wgkixq
fvh vcZi Ac~e wb`kb cwZdwjZ nqQ|
Qwe : wsK&m
wjLbcwZ I KvMR Avwevi : wgkixq mfZvi AbZg cavb ewk wQj wjwc ev Ai Avwevi| bMi
mfZv weKvki m m wgkixq wjLbcwZi De NU| cuvP nvRvi eQi c~e Zviv mec_g 24wU
ebeYi eYgvjv Avwevi Ki| c_g w`K Qwe GuK Zviv gbi fve cKvk KiZ| GB wjLb cwZi bvg
wQj wPwjwc|
GB wPwjwcK ejv nq nvqviwM-wdK ev cwe Ai|
wgkixqiv bvj LvMov RvZxq MvQi L _K Zviv KvMR
evbvZ kL| mB KvMRi Dci Zviv wjLZ| wMKiv GB
KvMRi bvg `q cvwcivm| h k _K BsiwRZ ccvi
ki Drcw| GLvb Dj-L, bcvwjqvb evbvcvUi wgki
Rqi mgq GKwU cv_i AvweKZ nq, hv imUv vb bvg
cwiwPZ| hvZ wMK Ges nvqviwM-wdK fvlvq AbK jLv
wQj, hv _K cvPxb wgkii AbK Z_ Rvbv hvq|
wevb : wgkixq mfZv wQj Kwlwbfi| m KviY bxj b`i c-veb, beZv, cvwbcevni gvc RvqvifvUv BZvw`
QvovI Rwgi gvc Zv`i KvQ iyZc~Y welq wQj| Gmei m RvwZlkv I A kvi wQj Mfxi
hvMvhvM| dj G `ywU we`v Zviv Avq Ki wQj cqvRbi ZvwM`| Zviv AsK kvi `ywU kvLv RvwgwZ
Ges cvwUMwYZiI cPjb Ki| wgkixq mfZvi gvbyl hvM, weqvM I fvMi eenvi RvbZ| wL:c~e 4200
A Zviv cw_exZ c_g mi cwKv Avwevi Ki| 365 w`b eQi G wnmvei AvweviKI Zviv| cvPxb
wgkii Awaevmxiv mgq wbaviYi Rb m~h Nwo, QvqvNwo, RjNwo Avwevi Ki|
210
agi KviY wgkixqiv wevbPPvq AvMnx wQj| Zviv cijvK wekvm KiZ Ges dvivIiv cieZx RbI ivRv
neb GB wekvm Zv`i wQj| ZvB Zviv dvivI`i `n ZvRv ivLvi cwZ Avwevi Kib| G KviYB gwg
Zwi iy nq| wgkixq wevbxiv ivmvqwbK cwqvq wewfb cwZZ gZ`n cPb _K iv KiZ mg nq|
wPwKrmvkvI cvPxb wgkixqiv wekl AMMwZ jvf KiwQj| Zviv PvL, `uvZ, cUi ivM wbYq KiZ
RvbZ| AvcPvii gvag wPwKrmv Kivi we`vI Zv`i Rvbv wQj| Zviv nvo Rvov jvMvbv, rwci MwZ
Ges bvwoi `b wbYq KiZ cviZ|
wgkixqiv `kb, mvwnZPPvI KiZ| Zv`i iPbvq `ytL nZvkvi Kvbv cKvk wQj bv| Zviv Avkvev`x wQj|
Zv`i jLvq me mgqB Avb`i cKvk `Lv MQ|
GKK KvR : wgkixq Kwleevi m RvwZlkv Ges A kvi Kx mK?
wmz mfZv
cUf~wg : wmzb`i AeevwnKv Aj Mo DVwQj ej GB mfZvi bvg ivLv nq wmz mfZv| wmy mfZvi
mswZK AbK mgq niv mswZ ev niv mfZv ejv nq _vK| GB mfZvi Avwevi Kvwnbx
PgKc`| eZgvb cvwKvbi wmz c`ki jviKvbv Rjvq gnv`viv kni DuPz DuPz gvwUi wXwe wQj|
vbxq jvKiv ejZ gov gvbyli wXwe (gnv`viv
K_vwU gvbI ZvB)| evOvwj cZZwe` ivLvj`vm
e`vcavqi bZZ cyivZ wefvMi jvKiv H
vb e ci aesmvekl AvQ fe gvwU
LuyoZ _vK| AcZvwkZfve ewiq Avm Zvg-ev
hyMi wb`kb| GKB mgq 1922-23 wLv
`qvivg mvnvbxi cPvq cvvei cwg w`K
gUvMvgvix Rjvi niv bvgK vbI cPxb
mfZvi wb`kb AvweKZ nq| Rb gvkvji bZZ
cyivZ wefvM Abymvb Pvwjq Aviv e wb`kb
Avwevi Kib| gnv`viv I nivq Dfq Aj
GKB mfZvi Dblj Ges wmz mfZv
Dcgnv`ki cvPxbZg mfZv|
wby mfZv
iyZc~Y cZAj
fMvwjK Aevb : Dcgnv`ki cvPxbZg mfZvi bvg wmz mfZv njI Gi wewZ wQj wekvj GjvKv
Ryo| gnv`viv I nivZ GB mfZvi wb`kb mePq ewk AvweZ nqQ| Zv mI H mfZv ay
wmz b`xi AeevwnKv ev H `ywU knii ga mxgve wQj bv| cvwKvbi cvve, wmz c`k, fviZi
cvve, ivRvb, RivUi wewfb Ask GB mfZvi wb`kb cvIqv MQ| HwZnvwmKiv gb Kib h cvve
_K Avie mvMi ch wexY fMvwjK GjvKv Ryo wmz mfZv Mo DVwQj|
GKK KvR : fviZ I cvwKvbi Kvb Kvb Aj wmz mfZvi wb`kb cvIqv MQ? Ajjvi
Avjv`v Avjv`v ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
wekmfZv
211
mgqKvj : wmz mfZvi mgqKvj mK HwZnvwmK`i ga wewfb gZf` iqQ| cwZMYi gZ,
wLc~e 3500 A _K wLc~e 1500 A ch G mfZvi Dvb-cZbi Kvj| HwZnvwmKiv gb Kib,
Avh RvwZi AvgYi dj wL:c~e 1500 A_ev 1400 A wmz mfZvi Aemvb NU| Ze wmz mfZv
asmi mKI wfb gZI iqQ| gwUgvi Bjvi gb Kib, GB mfZvi mgqKvj nQ wLc~e 2500
_K wL c~e 1500 A ch|
ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK Aev : wmz mfZvi RbMYi ivRbwZK Rxeb I kvmbcYvwj mK wKQyB Rvbv
hvq bv| gnv`viv nivi bMi webvm cvq GKB iKg wQj| Gjvi asmvekl `L wbwZfve evSv
hvq h c~e cwiKbv Abyhvqx DuPz wfZi Dci knijv wbgvY Kiv nqwQj| knijvi GK cvk DuPz wfwi
Dci GKwU Ki bMi`yM wbgvY Kiv nZv| Pviw`K _vKZ cvPxi viv myiwZ| bMii kvmbKZviv bMi `yM
emevm KiZb| ckvmwbK evwoNiI `yMi ga wQj| bMii wQj cekvi| `yM ev weivU AvwjKv `L gb
nq GKB aibi K`xf~Z kvmbeev hyM hyM ai bMi `ywUZ cPwjZ wQj| GB ckvmb RbMYi Rxebhvv
wbqY KiZ|
wmz mfZvi hyM gvbyl mgvRe cwiek emevm KiZ| mLvb GKK cwievi cwZ Pvjy wQj| wmz
mfZvi hyM mgvR kYxwefvM wQj| me jvK mgvb myhvM-myweav cZ bv| mgvR abx I `wi` `yB kwYZ
wef wQj| KlKiv Mvg emevm KiZ| kni abx Ges kwgK`i Rb Avjv`v-Avjv`v evmvbi wb`kb
cvIqv MQ|
cvkvK-cwiQ`i Rb Zviv g~jZ myZv I ckg eenvi KiZ| wmz mfZvi mgvReev wQj gvZZvwK|
gwnjviv LyeB kwLb wQj| Zv`i wcq AjsKvii ga wQj nvi, evjv, AvswU, `yj, weQv, evRye Pzwo, evjv,
cvqi gj BZvw`| Zviv bKkv Kiv `xN cvkvK ciZ| mgvRi cyiylivI AjsKvi eenvi KiZ|
A_bwZK Aev : wmz mfZvi A_bxwZ wQj g~jZ Kwl Ges Drcb dmji Dci wbfikxj| ZvQvov
A_bxwZi Avi GKwU eo w`K wQj ccvjb| Kwl I ccvjbi cvkvcvwk grcv wbgvY avZzwk, eqbwk,
AjsKvi wbgvY, cv_ii KvR BZvw`ZI Zviv h_ DbwZ jvf KiwQj| GB DbZgvbi wk cY weqi
Dk wmz mfZvi ewYKiv we`ki m evwYwRK hvMvhvM iv Ki PjZ| ewYK`i mv_
AvdMvwbvb, ejywPvb, ga Gwkqv, cvim, gmvcUwgqv, `wY fviZ, ivRcyZbv, RivU cfwZ `ki
m evwYwRK hvMvhvM wQj|
agxq Aev : wmz mfZvq Kvbv gw`i ev gVi wP cvIqv hvqwb| h KviY Zv`i agwekvm mK
my aviYv Kiv me bq| Ze Zv`i ga h agwekvm wQj, m welq m`n bB| gw`i Dcvmbv Mni
AwZ bv _vKjI vb vb AmsL cvovgvwUi bvixg~wZ cvIqv MQ| aviYv Kiv nq, Zviv H aibi
`exg~wZi c~Rv KiZ| wmzevmx`i ga gvZc~Rv Lye Rbwcq wQj| ZvQvov Zviv `e-`ex gb Ki e,
cv_i, mvc Ges ccvwLi DcvmbvI KiZ| wmzevmxiv cijvK wekvm KiZ| h KviY gZi Kei Zvi
eenvi Kiv wRwbmc I AjsKvi iL w`Z|
GKK KvR :
1| wmz mfZvi gwnjv`i wcq AjsKvii GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
2| wmz mfZvi wewfb wki mgwi m eemv-evwYRi mgwi Kx mK?
212
wmz mfZvi Ae`vb : cw_exi cvPxbZg mfZvjvi ga GKwU nQ wmz mfZv| wbg GB mfZvi
Ae`vb AvjvPbv Kiv njv |
bMi cwiKbv : wmz mfZvi GjvKvq hme kni AvweKZ nqQ Zvi ga niv I gnv`viv mePq
eo kni| Nievwo meB cvov gvwUi ev iv` cvovbv BU w`q Zwi| knijvi evwoNii bKkv _K mnRB
evSv hvq h wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv DbZ aibi bvMwiK mfZvq Af wQj| niv I gnv`vivi bMi
cwiKbv GKB iKg wQj| bMixi fZi w`q Pj MQ cvKv ivv| ivvjv wQj mvRv| cZKwU evwoZ
Lvjv RvqMv, K~c I mvbvMvi wQj| Rj wbvkbi Rb QvU QvU b`gv mshy Kiv nZv g~j b`gv ev
cqtcYvwji mv_ ivvNvU cwivi cwiQb ivLv nZv| c_i avi wQj mvwie jvcv|
cwigvc cwZ : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv `ei IRb cwigvc cwZi DveK wQj| Zv`i GB cwigvc
cwZi Avwevi mfZvi Rb iyZc~Y Ae`vb ej weewPZ| Zviv wewfb `e IRbi Rb bvbv gvci wfb
wfb AvKwZi evULviv eenvi KiZ| `vM KvUv j w`q `N gvcvi cwZI Zv`i Rvbv wQj|
wk : wmz mfZvi Awaevmx`i wk mK AvjvPbv KiZ Mj c_gB grwki K_v ejZ nq| Zviv
Kzgvii PvKvi eenvi RvbZ Ges Zvi mvnvh my`i gvwUi cv evbvZ cviZ| cvjvi Mvq AbK mgq
my`i my`i bKkv AuvKv _vKZ| ZuvwZiv eqbwk cvi`kx wQjb| avZzi mvnvh Avmevec, A Ges
AjsKvi Zwii Kiv nZv| Zviv Zvgv I wUbi wgkY ev Zwi KiZ wkLwQj| KvwiMiiv iycv, Zvgv, ev
cfwZi ZRmc Zwi KiZ| ZvQvov mvbv, iycv, Zvgv Bjvg I ev BZvw` avZzi AjsKvi ZwiZ Zviv
cvi`kx wQj| AjsKvii ga AvswU, evjv, bvKdzj, Mjvi nvi, Kvbi `yj, evRye` BZvw` wQj Dj-LhvM|
wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv jvnvi eenvi RvbZ bv| avZz Qvov `vwg cv_ii mvnvh AjsKvi wbgvY wkiI
weKvk NU| nvwZi `uvZmn Abvb nwkiI ` KvwiMi wQj|
`jxq KvR : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv h h wk cvi`kx wQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
vcZ I fvh : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv iyZc~Y Ges
PgrKvi vcZ kjxi wb`kb iL MQ| mLvb `yB K
_K cuwPk Ki evwoi mvbI cvIqv MQ| Avevi Kv_vI
`yB wZb Zjv Nii AwZ AvweZ nqQ| gnv`vivi
vcZi Dj-LhvM D`vniY njv enr wgjbvqZb h
wgjbvqZbwUi 80 dzU RvqMv Ryo Zwi nqwQj| ZvQvov
weivU GK cvmv`i mvb cvIqv MQ| nivZ weivU
Qwe : enr mvbvMvi
AvKvii kmvMviI cvIqv MQ| gnv`vivZ GKwU
enr mvbvMvi-Gi wb`kb cvIqv MQ hvi gvSLvb wekvj PevPvwU wQj muvZvi KvUvi DchvMx|
fvhwkI wmz mfZvi Awaevmx`i `Zv wQj| cv_i Lvw`Z fvhi msLv Kg njI mjvi kwK
I KvwiMwi `Zv wQj Dj-L Kivi gZv| G hyM gvU 13wU fvh g~wZ cvIqv MQ| Pzbvcv_i Zwi GKwU
wekmfZv
213
cvwvb
Qwe : mxjgvni
wMK mfZv
cUf~wg : wMmi gnvKwe nvgvii BwjqW I IwWwm gnvKve `ywUZ ewYZ PgKc` Kvwnbx ga jywKq _vKv
mZK LuyR ei Kivi A`g BQv DrmvwnZ Ki Zvj cZZwe``i | Dwbk kZKi kl nvgvii Kvwnbx
Avi KweZvqB Zv mxgve _vK bv, ewiq Avm Gi wfZii mZ BwZnvm| CwRqvb mvMii xccy Ges
Gwkqv gvBbii cwg DcK~j AvweZ nq GK DbZZi cvPxb bMi mfZv| mvb gj gnvKvei Uq
bMixmn GKkZ bMixi asm ci| hvK ejv nq CwRqvb mfZv ev cvK KvwmKvj wMK mfZv|
wU xc, wMm Dcxci g~j f~L, Gwkqv gvBbii cwg DcK~j Ges CwRqvb mvMii z` z` xc wbq
Mo DV GB mfZv| GB mfZvi Awaevmxiv wQj mgkvjx GK mswZ-HwZni AwaKvix| GB mfZvK
`ywU fvM fvM Kiv nqQ| h_vGK. wgwbqb mfZv; wU xc h mfZvi De| Gi vqxKvj aiv nqQ wLc~e 3000 _K wLc~e
1400 A ch|
`yB : wZxqwU nQ gvBwmwbq ev GwPqvb mfZv; wMmi g~j f~L `wY Aj AewZ gvBwmwb bMii bvg
Abymvi Gi bvgKiY nq| GB mfZvi vwqZ wQj wLc~e 1600 _K wLc~e 1100 A ch| aviYv Kiv
nq ebv A_ev we`wk AvgYi dj GB mfZvi Aemvb NU|
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvj: wMm `kwU AvwWqvwUK mvMi, f~gamvMi I CwRqvb mvMi viv cwiewZ|
wMK mfZvi m `yBwU mswZi bvg RwoZ| GKwU njwbK AciwU njwbwK| wMK Dcxci cavb
kni G_K K` Ki Mo DVQ njwbK mswZ| Aciw`K wMK exi AvjKRvvii bZZ wgkii
AvjRvw`qvK K` Ki wMK I AwMK mswZi wgkY Rb nq bZzb GK mswZi| BwZnvm G mswZ
njwbwK mswZ bvg cwiwPZ|
mvgwiK bMi iv vUv : cvPxb wMm h AmsL bMiiv Mo DVwQj Zvi GKwU wQj vUv| G bMi ivi
Aevb wQj `wY wMmi cjvcbmvm bvgK Aj| Abvb bMi iv _K vUv wQj Avjv`v| vUvb`i
cKwZ wek-lY Kij `Lv hvq, mgiZ viv Zviv cfvw^Z wQj| gvbyli gvbweK DbwZi w`K bRi bv w`q
mvgwiK kw mqi w`K Zv`i `w wQj ewk| wL:c~e 800 A `xN hyi ci Wvixq hvviv vUv `Lj
KiZ mg nqwQj| GB civwRZ vbxq Awaevmx`iK f~wg `vm ev njU ejv nZv| Giv myhvM
214
cjB we`vn KiZ| civwRZ Awaevmx hviv f~wg`vm nZ eva nqwQj Zv`i msLv wQj AbK ewk| dj
gZv wUwKq ivLv Avi we`vn `gb Qvov vUvi ivRv`i gv_vq Avi Kvbv wPv wQj bv|
vUvb`i Rxeb vUv ivi RbB wbqvwRZ wQj| vUvi mgvR Zwi nqwQj hyi cqvRbK wNi|
miKvii g~j Dk wQj hyi Rb bvMwiK`i cZ Kiv I hy cwiPvjbv Kiv| mvgwiK w`K AZwaK
gbvhvM `Iqvi KviY mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK, A_bwZK Ges mvswZK Zviv wQj AbMmi|
MYZvwK bMi iv G_ : cvPxb wMm c_g MYZi m~Pbv nq G_| Ze c_g w`K G_ wQj
ivRZ| wL: c~e mvZ kZK ivRZi cwieZ GK aibi AwfRvZZ cwZwZ nq| gZvjv Pj Avm
AwfRvZ`i nvZ| `k kvmbi bvg Zviv ay wbRi ^v_B `LZv| dj mvaviY gvbyli gb vfi mw
nq| hw`I Zv`i c gZv `Lj Kiv me nqwb| wKy Zv`i bvg wKQy jvK gZv nvZ wbq bq|
Zv`i ejv nZv UvBivU| RbMYi ga Amvl Ges ewZ KlK`i ga we`vni mvebv `Lv `q|
dj mvZ wLc~evi gvSvgvwS mgq iveevq GK cwieZb Avm| AvM AwfRvZ cwievii mvbMYB
AwfRvZ ej MY nZv| GLb A_i gvb` AwfRvZ wnme ^xKwZ `Iqv njv|
`k gvivZK msKUi mgq me kwY memZfve
KqKRbK msvii Rb Avnvb Rvbvq| Zvi ga mePq
LwZgvb wQjb AwfRvZ eski Rb bqv mvjb| wZwb wKQy
bZzb AvBb cYqb Kib Ges wMK AvBbi KVviZv nvm
Kib| wZwb FY _K KlK`i gy Kivi Rb AvBb cvm
Kib| Zvui mgq AbK A_bwZK msviI Kiv nq|
mvjbi ci RbMYi KjvY Zv`i AwaKvi `Iqvi Rb
GwMq Avmb wcwmm&UUvm Ges wKm_wbm| Zviv RbMYi
KjvYi Rb AbK AvBb cvm Kib| Ze P~ov MYZ
cwZv nq cwiwKmi mgq| Zvi mgqK wMK mfZvi ^YhyM
ejv nq _vK| 460 wL: c~ev gZvq Gm wZwb 30 eQi
ai ivRZ Kib| wZwb bvMwiK`i me ivRbwZK AwaKvii
`vwe gb bb| wZwb G mgq ckvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefvM
bvMwiK`i Aeva AskMnYi AwaKvi cwZv Kib|
bvMwiK`i ga _K wbhy Rywi wePvii `vwqZ cvjb KiZ|
Qwe : cwiwKm
cwiwKmi hyM G_ me DbwZi Pig wkLi AvivnY Ki| 430 wL:c~e A G_i fqven
gnvgvwiZ GK PZz_vsk jvK gZzeiY Ki| GB gnvgvwiZ cwiwKmiI gZy NU| Zuvi gZzi ci ciB
G_i `yfvM iy nq|
vb-wevb, `kb, mvwnZ I ivRbxwZ me wek mfZvq AweiYxq Ae`vb ivLv bMiiv G_i cZb
nq mvgwiK bMiiv vUvi KvQ| Dfq ivi ga `xNgqvw` h hy msNwUZ nq Zv BwZnvm
cjvcbwmqvi hy bvg cwiwPZ| wL:c~e 460 _K 404 ch gvU wZbevi GB hy msNwVZ nq| GB hy
`yB iv ciii wg`i wbq RvU MVb Ki| G_i wg iv wbq MwVZ RvUi bvg wQj Wwjqvb
jxM| Aciw`K vUv Zvi wg`i wbq h RvU MVb Ki Zvi bvg wQj cjvcbmxq jxM| GB giYcY
hy G_i gvb-ghv`v I ^vaxbZv wejxb nq hvq| wL:c~e 369 A G_ Pj hvq vUvi Aaxb| Gici
bMiiv w_e&m& AwaKvi Ki bq G_| wL: c~e 338 A gwmWvbi (wMm) ivRv wdwjc w_e&m& `Lj Ki
wbj G_ gwmWvbi Aaxb Pj hvq|
wekmfZv
215
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bvgi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
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mswZ wQj Awfb| ivRbwZK AbK _vKv mI Zviv GKB mvswZK HwZni DivwaKvix ej gb
KiZ| Zv`i fvlv, ag, mvwnZ, Ljvayjv-mewKQy Zv`i GK mswZi eb Ave Ki iLwQj| GB
mswZi wewfb g~j Ae`vb wQj G_i| Avi GB mswZi bvg nQ njbxq mswZ|
wkv : wkv mK wMK vbx-Yxiv wewfb aviYv cvlY KiZb| Zviv bwZK I agxq wkvi cwZ iyZ
w`qQb| Zv`i KD KD gb KiZb mywkwZ bvMwiKi nvZB kvmbfvi `Iqv DwPZ| miKvii Pvwn`v
I j Abyhvqx wkveev _vKv DwPZ| wkvi g~j Dk wQj AvbyMZ I kLjv wkv `qv| ^vaxb
Mxmevmxi Qjiv mvZ eQi eqm _K cvVkvjvq hvIqv Avmv KiZ| abx ew`i Qj`i 18 eQi ch
jLvcov KiZ nZv| KvwiMi Avi KlKi Qjiv cv_wgK wkv cZ| `vm`i mvbi Rb we`vjq hvIqv
wbwl wQj| gqivI Kvbv cwZvb hq jLvcov KiZ cviZ bv|
`jxq KvR :
QK c~iY Ki
G_i bvMwiK`i KjvY K Kx Kib
mvjb
cwiwKm
mvwnZ : mvwnZi cvPxb wMmi mw AvRI gvbemgvR g~jevb m`| nvgvii gnvKve BwjqvW I
IwWwm gnvKvei Ac~e wb`kb| mvwnZ P~ov weKvk NUwQj bvUK iPbvq| weqvMvK bvUK iPbvq
wMKiv wekl cvi`kx wQjb| GmKvBjvmK GB aibi bvUKi RbK ejv nq| Zuvi iwPZ bvUKi bvg
cwgw_Dm evD| wMmi k bvUKvi wQjb mvdvwKm| wZwb GKkwUiI ewk bvUK iPbv Kib| Zuvi
weLvZ bvUKi ga ivRv Aqw`cvDm, AvwMvb I BjKUv AbZg| Avi GKRb weLvZ bvUKvii bvg
BDwiwcw`m| Gwivdbmi wgjbvK I e iPbvq wekl LvwZ wQj| BwZnvm iPbvqI wMKiv KwZZ
`wLqwQj| BwZnvm iPbv G mgq _K iy| nivWUvm BwZnvmi RbK bvg cwiwPZ wQjb| nivWUvm
iwPZ BwZnvm-msv c_g eBwU wQj wMm I cvimi ga hy wbq| _ywKWvBWm wQjb wevbmZ
BwZnvmi RbK| Zuvi eBwUi wkivbvg wQj ` cjvcbwmqvb Iqi|
ag : wMK`i eviwU `e-`ex wQj| wewfb cvKwZK kw c~Rv QvovI Zviv exi hvv`i c~Rv KiZ| wRDm
wQj `eZv`i ivRv| Avcvjv wQjb m~h `eZv, cvwmWb wQjb mvMii `eZv| G_bv wQjb vbi
`ex| eviRbi ga GB PviRb wQjb k| ivi wb`k cyivwnZiv agxq `vwqZ cvjb KiZb| Wjvm
xc AewZ Wjwdi gw`i wewfb bMi ivi gvbyl mgeZ nq GK m Avcvjv `eZvi c~Rv KiZ|
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cwieZb NUQGme fveZ wMq wMm `kbPPvi m~cvZ| _vjm wQjb c_g w`KKvi `vkwbK| wZwbB c_g
m~hMnYi cvKwZK KviY evLv Kib| Gici wMmi hywev`x `vkwbKi Avwefve NU| G`i ejv nZv
216
Qwe : mwUm
vcZ I fvh : wMK wki wekl Ki vcZ I fvh wekl DbwZ nqwQj| wMK wPwki wb`kb
grcv AvuKv wPi ga `Lv hvq| vcZi my`i my`i wb`kb wMmi wewfb vb Qwoq AvQ| eo eo
i Dci Zviv cvmv` Zwi KiZ| Avi cvmv`i jv Ac~e KviyKvhLwPZ _vKZ| cv_bb gw`i ev
`ex G_bvi gw`i vcZ KxwZi AbZg k wb`kb| G_i Avvcwjm vcZi my`i wb`kbi
fMvekl GLbI PvL co|
wMK fvh cw_exi wkKjvi BwZnvm GK ^YhyMi Rb w`qwQj| m hyMi cLvZ fv wkx wQjb gvBib,
wdw`qvm I cvKwmUjm|
Ljvayjv : wk`i Ljvayjvi cwZ wekl bRi `qv nZv| we`vjq Zv`i Ljvayjvi nvZLwo nZv| kixiPPv
Ljvayjvi cwZ wMK`i h_ AvMn wQj| Drmei w`b wMm bvbv aibi xov cwZhvwMZv nZv| Gi ga
mePq weLvZ wQj `eZv wRDmi mvb AbywZ cwZhvwMZv|
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Qvov, gywhy BZvw` welq cwZhvwMZvi eev _vKZ| weRqx`i RjcvB MvQi Wvj-cvZvq Zwi gvjv w`q
cyiZ Kiv nZv| cwZ Pvi eQi cici GB Ljv AbywZ nZ| G Ljvq wewfb bMiivi Ljvqvoiv Ask
wbZ| GB LjvK wNi wMK bMiivjvi ga kyZvi e`j mnv`c~Y gbvfve Mo DV|
GKK KvR : wMK mfZvi weLvZ gYxlx`i bvgi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
ivgvb mfZv
cUf~wg : wMmi mfZvi Aemvbi AvMB BZvwjZ UvBevi b`xi Zxi GKwU wekvj mgvR I mfZv Mo
DV| ivgK K` Ki Mo DVv GB mfZv ivgxq mfZv bvg cwiwPZ| c_g w`K ivg GKRb ivRvi
kvmbvaxb wQj| G mgq GKwU mfv I wmbUI wQj| ivRv ^ivPvix nq DVj ZvK gZv _K mwiq wL:
c~e 510 A ivg GKwU cRvZ cwZwZ nq| ivgvb mfZv cvq QqkZ eQi vqx nqwQj|
wekmfZv
217
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvj : BZvwji gvSvgvwS cwgvsk ivg bMi AewZ| BDivc gnv`ki `k
BZvwji `wY f~ g amvMi _K Di w`K Avm& ce Z gvjv ch weZ Z |
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DVwQj cvPxb mgy`e`i GwWqv| BZvwji cwgvskI f~gamvMi AewZ| mvMii G AskK cvPxbKvj ejv
nZv GUzvb mvMi| Kwl weKvki myhvM wQj ej cvPxb ivg wQj Kwlwbfi `k| dj ivgi Avw`
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ivgvbiv hvv RvwZZ cwiYZ nZ _vK|
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bMix cwZwZ| 476 wL: Rvgvb eei RvwZjvi nvZ kl ch ivgvb mgvRi P~ov cZb nq|
ivg bMix I ivgvb kvmbi cwiPq : iyZc~Y UvBevi b`xi DrmgyL _K cvq eviv-Ziv gvBj `~i mvZwU ceZ
kwYi Dci ivg AewZ| G Rb GK mvZwU ceZi bMixI ejv nq| wL:c~e 2000 A h B`v-BDivcxq
Mvwi GK`j gvbyl BZvwjZ emevm iy Ki| Zv`iKB jvwZb ejv nZv| G`i bvg Abymvi fvlvi bvgI nq
jvwZb fvlv| jvwZb ivRv ivwgDjvm ivg bMixi cwZv Kib| Zuvi bvg Abyhvqx bMii bvg nq ivg|
ivgi MYZ GKw`b cwZwZ nqwb| avc avc bvbv msvi msMvgi ga w`q ivg MYZ cwZwZ nq|
HwZnvwmKiv ivgxq BwZnvmK KqKwU fvM fvM KiQb| h_v: wL: c~e 753-510 A ch wQj ivRZi
hyM| G hyM mvZRb mgvU `k kvmb Kib| G hyMi mekl mgvU UviwKDwbqvm mycviKvmK gZvPzZ
Kivi ci ivg cRvZi m~cvZ| GB cRvZvwK kvmb eev Pj wL:c~e 500 _K wL: c~e 60 A
ch| ivg cRvZvwK kvmb cwZwZ nj RbMY we`vnx bZv eyUvm Ges Aci GK ewK RbcwZwbwa
wnme kvmbi myhvM c`vb Ki| ivRZi cZbi ci ivgi RbMY `yfvM wef nq ci| cvwUwmqvb
A_vr AwfRvZ kwY| Avi wc-weqvb hviv mvaviY bvMwiK| z` KlK, KvwiMi, ewYKiv wc-weqvb kwYfy|
GKK KvR :
ivgxq mfZvi eYbv KiZ hme b`x-mvMi-cvnvoi Dj-L AvQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki gvci
Kvb vb Gjvi Aevb Zv wb`k Ki|
cRvZi c_g 200 eQi wQj cvwUwmqvb I wc-weqvb`i ga msNvZi BwZnvm| mgvR wc-weqvbiv ewZ
kwY wQj| AwaKvi ewZ wc-weqvbiv gvMZ msMvg KiZ _vK| kl ch wc-weqvbiv wKQy AwaKvi Av`vq
KiZ mg nq| wc-weqvb`i `vwei gyL ivgvb AvBb msKwjZ nZ _vK| wL:c~e 450 A wc-weqvbiv
evcvZ 12wU AvBb wjwLZfve cYqb Ki| Av`vjbi P~ov weRq wnme `yRb Kbmvji ga GKRb
wc-weqvb`i c _K wbevPbi wmv MnxZ nq| Gfve ivgvb cRvZ MYZi w`K AMmi nq|
ivg cRvZ cwZwZ njI g `kwU mgvRev`x kwic AvZcKvk KiZ _vK| ^ mgqi ga ivg
mgM BZvwji Dci cfve wevi Zrci nq| 146 wL: c~e A _K 46 wL:c~e A ch ivgvb mfZvi
AKvi hyM| abx-`wi` msNvZ, `vm we`vn, gZvi i KviY Pig wekLjv, nvbvnvwb, mwnsmZvq Db
nq DV ivg|
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we`vni Aemvb nq| Pig wbhvZb bg Avm `vm`i Dci|
218
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_vK Ges ivg Mnhy& Qwoq co| gZvi i GKchvq mgSvZvi wfwZ wZbRb bZv GKhvM
gZvq Avmb, hv BwZnvm qx kvmb bvg cwiwPZ| wekvj ivg mgvRK wZb fvM Ki kvmbi `vwqZ bb
Avwfqvm wmRvi, gvK GUwb I jwcWvm| jwcWvmi `vwqZ wQj AvwdKvi c`kmg~n, Avwfqvm wmRvii
`vwqZ wQj BZvwjmn mgvRi cwg Ask, GUwbi `vwqZ wQj c~evj| Ze wZbRbi kvmb ewk w`b
vqx nqwb| KviY cZKiB AvKvv wQj ivgi GKQ AwacwZ ev mgvU nIqvi| dj Lye kxNB Avevi
gZvi jovB iy nq hvq| Avwfqvm wmRvi civwRZ Ki jwcWvmK, Gw`K gvK GUwb wgkii
ivRKbv wKIcUvK weq Ki Zuvi kw ew Ki| wKy Avwfqvm wmRvii m gZvi civwRZ
nb| gZv `Lj Ki Avwfqvm wmRvi AMvvm wmRvi bvg aviY Ki wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| BwZnvm
wZwb GB bvgB ewk cwiwPZ| 14 wLv AMvvm wmRvii gZz nq| Zuvi mgq mePq Dj-LhvM
NUbv whwLi Rb| AMvvm wmRvii gZzi ci ci ivg Avevi wekLjv `Lv `q| we`wk AvgY, wekl
Ki Rvgvb eei Mvjvi AvgY Zxe nZ _vK| ZvQvov AfixY gZvi Kv`ji KviY ivgvb`i
kw q nq hZ _vK| ivgi kl mgvU ivwgDjvm AMvzjvm Rvgvb eei Mvi Zxe AvgY cwZnZ
KiZ e_ njb 476 wLv ivgvb mgvR P~ov cvZb NU| BZvga wLvb agi AMhvv iy nq Ges
Rvgvb`i Dvb NU|
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welq wMK`i AbymiY I AbyKiY KiQ| Ze mvgwiK msMVb, kvmb cwiPvjbv, AvBb I cKkj we`vq
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wecyjfve FYx|
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Abyev` Kivi `Zv ARb Ki| ivgi AwfRvZ hyeKiv wMmi wewfb weLvZ we`vcxV wkvjvf KiZ hZ|
`jxq KvR : ivgi qx kvmb Avgj K Kvb Aji kvmK wQjb Zv QK Dj-L Ki|
kvmKi bvg
kvwmZ Ajmg~n
1|
2|
3|
m hyMi Dj-LhvM mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb weklfve bvg Kiv hvq c-yUvm I Uii| Giv `yRb wgjbvZK
bvUK iPbvi KwZZ ARb KiwQjb| mvwnZ mePq DbwZ `Lv hvq AMvvm wmRvii mgq|
G hyMi Kwe nvivm I fvwRj h_ LvwZ ARb KiwQjb| fvwRji gnvKve BwbW e fvlvq Abyev` Kiv
nqQ| Iwf` I wjwf G hyMi LvZbvgv Kwe| wjwf BwZnvmwe` wnmeI weLvZ wQjb| weLvZ HwZnvwmK
UvwmUvmI G hyM RbMnY KiwQjb|
vcZ, fvh I wevb : ivgvb vcZi AbZg ewk wQj Gi wekvjZv| mgvU nvwWqvbi Zwi
aggw`i cvbw_qb ivgvb`i vcZi GK AmvaviY wb`kb| 80 wL: ivgvb mgvU wUUvm KZK wbwgZ
wekmfZv
219
220
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. wgkixqiv mec_g KqwU ebeY Avwevi Ki?
K. 23 wU
L. 24 wU
M. 25 wU
N. 26 wU
L. MxK
N. wmz
L. ii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
KlK iwng wmjU wUjvi Xvji AvMvQv I Rj cwivi Ki mLvb Pvlvev` iy Kib| c_g w`K
mdjZv bv cjI wZwb AviI D`gi mv_ Ab KlK`i wbq KvR Pvwjq hZ _vKb| KqK eQii
gaB KlK iwng fvjv dmj cvb Ges Zuvi Aevi ek DbwZ nq| KlK iwngmn Abvb KlKiv wUjv
KU mgZj Ki Pvlvev` iy Kib| mLvb cvKvevwo, KviLvbv gmwR`, we`vjq BZvw` vcb Kib|
K. Kvb ivRv ivg bMix cwZv Kib?
L. ivg wZb Rbi kvmb wUKwb Kb? eYbv Ki|
M. KlK iwng I Zvi mnhvwM`i ga wgkixq`i Kvb ewki cwZdjb NUQ? evLv Ki|
N. KlK iwngi GjvKvi vcZmg~n Kx cvPxb wgkixq vcZi Abyic? gZvgZ `vI|
mgv