PLANT DISEASES

Common pathogenic infection methods

Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside. Toxins: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant. Effector proteins: These can be secreted into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the Type three secretion system. Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes. This can include: reducing the plants internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production. [1] Bacteria, fungus and oomycetes are known for this function.

Plant pathogens FungiBacteriaAscomycetes (Fusarium), Basidiomycetes (Rhizoctonia) and Oomycetes (Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp.). do no harm to the plant however, a small number, around 100 known species, are able to cause disease (Xanthomonas spp. Pseudomonas spp.)

VirusesNematodesParasitic plantsPhysiological plant disorders Natural Drought Frost damage, and breakage by snow and hail Flooding and poor drainage Nutrient deficiency Salt deposition and other soluble mineral excesses (e.g., gypsum) Wind (windburn, and breakage by hurricanes and tornadoes) Lightning and wildfire (also often man-made) Man-made (arguably not abiotic, but usually regarded as such) Soil compaction Pollution of air, soil, or both Salt from winter road salt application or irrigation Herbicide over-application Management Quarantine Cultural, Plant resistance, Chemical, Biological, Integrated