1.

/

(Iron and Managanese)
0.3 ./. 0.05 ./.

1








2:1 20:1

(Anaerobic)
Reduction

FeCO3
MnCO3 ()

g




FeCO3+ CO2+ H2O Fe (HCO3 )2

............(1)

MnCO3+ CO2+ H2O Mn (HCO3 )2

............(2)

oxidation

4Fe (HCO 3)2+ 2O2 + H2O 4Fe (OH)3 + 8CO2

...........(3)

2Fe (OH )3 Fe2 O3 + 3H2O

...........(4)

Mn(HCO3)2 Mn +2 +2HCO -3

...........(5)

Mn +2 +1O2+ H2O
2
MnO2 + 2H+

...........(6)

MnO2
Fe (OH)3 Fe2 O3

1./

 1 Oxygenation of Fe+2

2 Removal of Mn+2

21
(3) Fe+2 224 (4 x 56) O2 32 ( 2) O

Fe+2 7.0
(6) Mn+2 55 O2 16 O2 1
Mn+2
3.5



pH 1 2


pH

1 2
1.1 (Forced Air/Draft Aeration)
Packed Tower Packing Media
(Wood Slate)

(Forced Air)
(draft)
3

60

1 Maximun Iron and Managanese Concentration for Industrial and Commerical Uses

 Packed Tower

 Packed Tower

5 - 15 (Hydraulic Loading Rate)
5 - 24 .3/.2 . 1:15 1:30
0.02 - 0.05%

(Surface Overflow Rate) 2.4 .3/.2 .
5 -12 .3/.2 . ES
1.2 - 1.5 .. UC 1.1 - 1.3

.

10 3/. 3.5 ./. 0.7 ./.
Packed Tower

pH
Packed Tower
1.
= 12.0 3/2 .

= 10/12 = 0.83 2
= 1.03 .
.2 Packed Tower
= 10
= 10 x 1 = 0.20 ./
0.83 60
Packing media = 0.20x10 = 2.0 .
.3

= 3.5 ./. = 3.5 /3 x 10 3/ = 35 ./.
1 . = 7 .

= 35/7 = 5 ./.
= 0.7 ./. = 0.7 /3 x10 3/ = 7 ./.
1 . 3.5 .

= 7/3.5 = 2 ./.

= 7+2 = 9 ./.
2 = 9x2 = 18 ./.
21 %

=18 x 100/21 = 85.7 ./.

= 0.05%

= 85.7 x 100/0.05 = 171,400 ./.
= 1203 ./.3

= 171,400/1203 = 140 .3/.
packed tower 1.03 . packing media 2.0 .
140 .3/.
(Natural Draft Aeration)
1.2

packing media
(Tray)



coke 50

100 .. 0.1-0.15 1.20 1.90 4 (Hydraulic Loading Rate) 24 - 48 .3/.2/.

1.3 (Diffused Aeration)









(Diffuser )
1 - 2 %
(Fine Buddle Diffuser) 15 %



( 1 - 3 )

10 - 15 60

...........(7)

P =
,
W = , ./
R = gas constant , 8.314
T 1 =

, = (273+C) K
P 1 =


= 1 atmosphere = 10.33 H2O
P2 =


= P 1 + +
E =
, 70 - 80 %

(natural draft aeration)

4

 Diffused aeration

.
.

.
.1
= 10
=
60

10

x 10 = 1.67

1.5 . x = 1.05 . x 1.05 .

.2

. = 85.7 ./.
= 0.5%

= 85.7 x 100/0.05 = 17,140 ./.
= 1,203 ./3

= 17,140 / 1,203 =14.3 3/.

. 1.40
1.0
25 C

70%

.1

= 17,140 x
1,000 60 60

1 x1

= 0.00476 ./

.2 (6 - 7)

p = 0.102

2.

Oxidation - Reduction (Redox) (Precipitation)

1-2 ./.

2 (KMnO4 - )
2.1
2
(NaOCI)

-

2Fe+2 + CI2 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH )3 + 2CI + 6H+ .............(8)

71
112 (0.63:1)
-

Mn+2 + CI2 + 2H2O MnO2 + 2CI + 4H+ .............(9)

(8)
pH 7.0
(9) pH 8.5
(8) (9)
H+
Alkalinity

Alkalinity pH
7.0
(8) 1 ./

Alkalinity 2.7 ./.
(9)
1 ./

Alkalinity 3.64 ./.
2.2


3Fe+2 +KMnO4 + 7H2O 3Fe(OH )3 + MnO2 + K+ + 5H+

.............(10)

158
168 (0.94: 1)
3Mn+2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 5MnO4 + 2K+ + 4H+ ..............(11)
316
165 (1.92:1)


pH 7.0 Alkalinity



15-30

1.1

(Fe+2) 6 ./. (Mn+2) 2.0 ./.

10 3/.

= 6 x 10 3 = 60 ./.
3 .
= 2 x 10 3 = 20 ./.
3 .
.1
(8) 0.63
1

= 0.63 x 60 = 37.8 ./.

(9) 1.4
1

= 1.4 x 20 = 28.0 ./.

= 37.8+28.0 = 65.8 /.
.2
(10) 0.94
1

= 0.94 x 60 = 56.4 ./.

(11) 1.92
1

= 1.92 x 20 = 38.4 ./.

= 56.4 + 38.4 = 94.8 ./.

3.

3.1 (Manganese Zeolite Manganese Greensand)
(Green Sand) Manganous Sulfate (MnSO4 )
Manganic Oxide (Mn2O3 )






Fe (OH )3 MnO2
(H2S)

Oxidzed Sulfur
Sulfate

Fe (OH )3 MnO2



(Regeneration)

Mn2O3

(Intermittent)
(Continuous )






1- 2
./.


3.1.1
Manganese Greensand
1.36 ./.
2.4
Effective Size (ES) 0.3 - 0.35 ..
Uniformity Coefficient (UC) ~1.60
(Capacity) 1336 ./. KMnO4
3.1.2
Manganese Greensand
pH 6.2 - 8.8
Greensand 0.75 - 0.90

7.3 - 12.2 3/2 .

12 - 24 3/2 .
30 - 35 3/2 .
10 - 15
KMnO4 Regeneration 2.1 - 4.0 ./. Greensand
KMnO4 2.0 - 0.5 %
30 - 40
KMnO4

dual media Greensand 0.5 - 0.6
0.4
3.1.3 Greensand
KMnO4 = 1.0 ./. Fe + 2.0 x ./. Mn+5.0 x ./. H2S ..............(12)

3.0 ./. 1.5 ./. H2S 1.0 ./. 10 3 /.

12 Greensand KMnO4
12

.1 Greensand


= 10 x 12 = 120 3/ = 120,000 /
(12)

 KMnO4 = 1.0 x 3.0 + 2.0 x 1.5 + 5.0 x 1.0 = 11.0 ./.

Greensand = 1336 ./. KMnO4

Greensand 1 = 1336/11 = 121

Greensand
= 120,000 /121 = 992 = 0.992 3
.2
= 10 3/.
= 7.3 3/2 .

= 10/7.3 = 1.37 2
= 1.30 2

= x 1.3 2 = 1.33 2
4

Greensand = 0.992/1.33 = 0.75 . O.K.

= 10/1.33 = 7.5 3/2 . O.K.

50% Free Board 0.3

= 0.75 + 0.5 x 0.75 + 0.3 = 1.40

.3 KMnO4

regeneration
KMnO4 = 4.0 / Greensand (
)
KMnO4
= 4/1000 x 992 = 3.97 .
0.5 % ()

= 3.97 x100/0.5 = 794 ( KMnO4 3.97 . 794 )

.4
KMnO4
regeneration = 30

= 794/30 = 26.5 /
.5

= 35 3/2 .

= 35 x 1.33 = 46.5 3/.

46.5 3/.
= 15

= 46.5 x 15/60 = 11.6 3
(

= 120 - 11.6 =
108.4 3 Cycle )
1.3 1.4 Greensand 992 KMnO4
3.97 . 12
3.2 (Ion Exchange Resin)
()



Fe (HCO3 )2 Mn (HCO3 )2


Fe+2 Mn +2
Na+

Fe (HO )3 MnO2