K thut chiu sng

Chng 1.
Cc khi nim c bn.

1.1. Bc x, nh sng, mu sc: 1.1.1 Bc x sng in t. Mi vt th nhit > 0oK u khng ngng bc x nng lng di dng sng in t. Cc sng in t c bc sng t 10 10 m n 3 km. Cc sng mang ht nng lng cc nh gi l Photon

Hnh 1.1

1.1.2 nh sng. Cc sng in t c bc sng t 780nm n 380nm m mt - no con ngi c th cm nhn c gi l nh sng. C th chia bc sng thnh cc phm vi sau: T 3000 m n 10 m T 10 m n 0,5 m T 500 mm n 1,0 mm T 1000 m n 0,78 m T 780 nm n 380 nm T 380 nm n 10 nm T 100 A0 n 0,01 A0 T 0,01 A0 n 0,001 A0 ( 1 m = 10-6 m; 1.1.3 Mu sc Sng radio Sng TV, FM Sng rada Sng hng ngoi nh sng Tia cc tm Tia X Tia , tia v tr

1 nm = 10-9 m; 1 A0 = 10-10 m)

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Trong di t 780 n 380nm mt ngi cm nhn t mu n tm. C.I.E - Commussion Internationnale de lEclairage (y ban quc t v chiu sng) m ha a ra cc gii hn cc i ca cc ph mu :
nm Mu max nm 380 Cc tm (t ngoi) Tm 439 498 Xanh da tri 568 Xanh l cy Vng 592 631 Da cam 780 Hng ngoi

412

470

515

577

600

673

nh sng n sc ch c mt bc sng (ch 1 mu thun khit).

Hnh 1.2

nh sng trng l 1 dy ph lin tc c bc sng t (380 780) nm Ph ca nh sng c th lin tc hoc khng lin tc (ph vch),

Hnh 1.3

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1.2 Mt ngi v s cm th nh sng, mu sc 1.2.1 Mt ngi. Hnh 1.2 Cu to ca mt ngi Gic mc (2) v nht l thy tinh th (8) c th iu tit tp trung hnh nh ln vng mc (5). 1.2.2. S gii m hnh nh.
Mt ngi c hai loi t bo :

T bo hnh nn c khong 7 triu t bo. Chng chim ch yu vng gia ca vng mc (fova) v c kch thch bng cc mc chiu sng cao (th gic ban ngy hay photopique. Chng m bo tri gic mu. T bo hnh que nhiu hn t bo hnh n (khong 120 triu), chng bao ph phn cn li ca vng mc; c ln ln mt s t t bo hnh nn v c kch thch bng mc chiu sng thp (th gic ban m hoc scotopique. Chng ch truyn cc tri gic en trng.
Tt nhin khng c ranh gii r rt i vi s vn ng ca hai loi t bo ny. Chng lm vic nhiu hay t ty theo mc chiu sng nht l trong min th gic msopique l min trung gian gia th gic ngy v th gic ban m. 1.2.3. Cc tnh nng ca mt. - Hnh nh nhn r nt khi n hi t trn vng mc.
Hnh 1.5

Hnh 1.4 Cu to mt ngi

- Kh nng phn bit ca mt gia hai im khc nhau trong khng gian tng ng vi sai lch gc vo qung 17.10-3 . - nhy cm ca mt i vi cc bc x ph thuc vo bc sng ca n.

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1.2.4 S nhn mu Theo Lomonoxov (1756) mt ngi c 3 loi t bo cm th mu sc nh sng: Loi tri vi mu , loi tri vi mu lc v loi tri vi mu xanh da tri. Ngy nay y hc khng nh l thuyt trn, ch khc loi th 3 tri vi mu lam. - Mu v sc: mu en; mu trng v xm (gia en v trng). Chng khng c trong ph nh sng mt tri. - Mu c sc: l tt c cc mu c trong ph ca nh sng. 1.2.5 nhy cm theo ph nh sng. nhy cm ca mt ngi ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng. Ban ngy mt ngi nhy cm nht vi tia sng vng lc ( = 555 nm) v gim dn v hai pha v tm. Ban m hay hong hn nhy cm vi mu xanh lc ( = 510 nm) v gim dn n tm v cam. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng Puckin (Czech). 1.2.6 Trng nhn. Trng nhn ca mt ngi: - Trng nhn ngang: khong 1800 - Trng nhn ng: khong 1300 - Trung tm: 20 1.4. Cc i lng c bn v n v 1.4.1 Gc khi - , steradian, sr Gc khi, k hiu , l gc trong khng gian.
Hnh 1.6 trng nhn ca mt ngi

S 4 R 2 = = 4 steradian R2 R2 Do steradian l gc khi tc l khai trin ca hnh nn di gc mt ngi quan st ng tm mt qu cu c bn knh 1m nhn thy din tch 1m2 trn mt cu ny m2. =
1.4.2 Quang thng- , lumen (lm)

Hnh 1.7 Gc khi

Nu bn knh l K mt, mt chn s l K2.

Nng lng bc x c tnh bng ot (W), cng mt nng lng bc x nhng bc sng khc nhau s gy hiu qu khc nhau i vi mt ngi. Nh vy cn phi hiu chnh n v o nhy cm ph ca mt ngi (ng cong ), n v hiu chnh y l quang thng, k hiu l , n v Lumen.
4

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= k W ( ) . d
1

Trong : W() l nng lng bc x; hm s nhy cm tng i;

k l h s chuyn i n v v 1 = 380nm v 2 = 780nm.

Nu nng lng bc x o bng ot, quang thng o bng lumen th k = 683 lm/W v:
= 683 W ( ). . d , lm
1 2

Ngi ta khng dng n v ot na m dng mt n v mi gi l lumen (lm) s c trnh by chng tip theo.
1.4.3 Cng sng I - candela, cd

l i lng mi nht a vo h n v S.I. hp l ha (M.K.S.A), t khi nim v quang thng.

d . d 0 d Canela l cng sng theo mt phng cho ca ngun pht mt bc x n sc c tn s 540.1012 Hz ( 555nm) v cng nng lng theo phng ny l 1/683 ot trn steraddian.

Tc l : I OA = lim

Hnh 1.8 Xc nh cng sng

thy r hn ngha ca i lng ny trong thc t, sau y l mt s i lng cng sng ca cc ngun sng thng dng : Ngn nn n si t 40W/220V n si t 300W/220V C b phn x n it kim loi 2KW C b phn x
4

: : : : : :

0,8 cd 35 cd 400 cd 1500 cd 14800 cd 250000 cd

(theo mi hng). (theo mi hng). (theo mi hng). ( gia chm tia). (theo mi hng). ( gia chm tia).

Trng hp c bit khi bc x I khng ph thuc vo phng th:

I.d
0

= 4 . I

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1.4.4 ri - E, lux, lx: l mt phn b quang thng trn b mt chiu sng

E lx =

lm Sm
2

hoc 1 lux = 1 lm/m2

Ngoi tri, bui tra tri nng: 100.000lx Phng lm vic: Tri c my: Nh : Trng trn: 50lx d dS cos = 2 r I t suy ra : d = d I cos = r2 dS 1.4.5 chi - L, cd/m2: E =
l mt phn b I trn b mt theo mt phng cho trc dI . (cd ) L (cd / m ) = dS . cos (m 2 )
2

400 n 600 lx 2000 n 10.000 lx 150 n 300 lx 0,25 lx

ng ph c n chiu sng: 20 n

Hnh 1.9 Quan h ri v khong cch

Nhn xt:

1) chi ca mt b mt bc x ph thuc vo hng quan st b mt . 2) chi khng ph thuc khong cch t mt n im quan st. Mt vi tr s chi thng gp:

Hnh 1.10 nh ngha chi

1.4.6 trng - M, lm/m2: l mt phn b trn b mt do 1 mt khc pht ra

M=

Vi b mt c chiu sng chi v trng ph thuc vo h s phn x cn ri khng ph thuc vo h s ny.

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1.5 Tin nghi nhn 1.5.1 Mt s c im sinh l ca s nhn a) Kh nng phn bit ca mt ngi: c xc nh bng gc (o bng pht) m mt ngi c th phn bit c hai im hoc 2 vch gn nhau, thng l 1 pht. c sch cn gc 3 5 pht. b) tng phn:

CIE nh ngha tng phn C nh sau:

C = L0 L f Lf

vi L0 v Lf l chi ca vt cn nhn v nn trn t vt

Mt ngi ch c th phn bit c mc chiu sng va nu : C = L0 Lf 0,01 . Lf

Hnh 1.11 Chi mt tin nghi (a), cch xc nh gc bo v ca n (b)

1.5.2 S chi la

CIE phn bit 2 loi chi la: a) Chi la nhiu: l s chi lm gim kh nng nhn do n lm tng ngng chi tng phn. b) Chi la mt tin nghi: xy ra khi c mt vt c chi cao nm trong trng nhn ca mt. Ni chung ngi ta chp nhn chi nh nht mt nhn thy l 10-5 cd/m2 v bt u gy nn lo mt 5000 cd/m2.
1.5.3 ri yu cu Eyc, lx

ri yu cu thng c xc nh bng thc nghim hoc theo cng thc thc nghim ca Weston
E yc = 1,94.10 3 ; lx . 1,5

trong : h s phn x khuch tn ca nn; gc phn bit cc chi tit c trng (pht)
1.5.4 ri tr

ri tr l ri ca mt mt ng trung bnh ca mt hnh tr nh (hnh v). T s gia ri tr Et v ri ngang En l ch s ni. N l mt ch s ng dng nhiu trong chiu sng sn khu.
7

Hnh 1.12 nh ngha ri tr

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1.5.5 Nhit mu v tin nghi mi trng sng

Nhit mu ca ngun sng khng phi l nhit ca bn thn n m l nh sng ca n c so snh vi mu ca vt en tuyt i c nung nng t 2000 n 10000 oK 2500 - 3000 oK mt tri ln, n si nung l nh sng nng (giu bc x ) 4500 5000 oK nh sng ban ngy khi tri sng 6000 1000 oK nh sng tri y my l nh sng lnh (bc x xanh da tri) Ngun sng c nhit mu thp thch hp cho chiu sng c yu cu ri thp Chiu sng yu cu ri cao cn ngun sng c nhit mu ln (nh sng lnh)
Trong thit k chiu sng nhit mu l tiu chun u tin chn ngun sng.

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

Hnh 1.13 Biu Kruithof

1.5.6 Ch s hon mu, IRC

Cht lng ca nh sng th hin cht lng nhn mu, ngha l kh nng phn bit mu sc trong nh sng . nh gi s bin i mu sc do nh sng gy ra, ngi ta dng ch s hon mu (ting Php k hiu IRC, ting Anh k hiu Ra) Ch s hon mu thay i t 0 (i vi nh sng n sc) n 100 (vi nh sng trng). Ch s hon mu cng cao c coi cht lng nh sng cng tt. Trong k thut chiu sng cht lng nh sng c phn lm 3 cp :
IRC = 60 IRC 85 IRC 95

- Cht lng km, p ng cng nghip khng cn phn bit mu sc. - Cht lng trung bnh, cho cc cng vic khng cn phn bit chnh xc mu sc - Cht lng cao, cc lnh vc c bit ca cuc sng v cng nghip

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1.5.7 My o ri (Lux meter)

V nguyn tc lux k l dng c o tt c cc i lng nh sng. Dng c gm mt t bo slen quang in (pin quang in) bin i nng lng nhn c thnh dng in v cn c ni vi mt miliampe k. nhy ca dng c tng ng vi nhy ca mt, dng c cn c b lc, ng cong p ng tn s ca n c xc nh theo hm V() (th gic ban ngy). Thang o ca dng c chia theo lux. o cng sng : Nu t bo ch c chiu sng trc tip bng mt ngun t khong cch r v ta tia c cng sng I theo phng php tuyn vi t bo, biu thc I = E.r2 cho gi tr ca cng sng. ri E c trc tip trn my o. S dng phng php ny r rng bao hm mt iu l khng c bt c ngun th cp no khc chiu sng t bo nh cc vt hay cc thnh phn x lm, v th ngi ta sn mt en ( = 0,05) ch tin hnh o cng sng. o chi : T bo quang in hnh trn din tch s v ri e t trong mt hnh tr kn chiu di d v l c bn knh r (hnh v). Dng c c hng vung gc vo mt tng c ri E gi thit l u, khong cch D. Cn phi chn t s d/r nh th no thang o ca miliampe k 300 lx ch chi ca tng vi thang o 3000 cd/m2.
Tr li : T t bo quang in, gc khi d chn trn tng mt din tch S l :

Hnh 1.14

D + d S = r . d
2

Din tch ny pht v pha t bo mt quang thng d trong gc d. s d = I.d = LS.d v d = ; (D + d )2 d r ri ca t bo l : e = = L s d

2
2

thang o ca dng c tr thnh 3000 cd/m cn c : d = r 10 = 5,6r

Nhn xt : Trong trng hp s khuch tn ca tng l thng, bit ri ca tng l E. Ta xc nh c ngay chi L nh nh lut Lambert v h s phn x ca tng .
Hnh 1.15 My o ri: (1) Pin quang in; (2) ng h o; (3) tm lc nh sng

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Chng 2

CC DNG C CHIU SNG

2.1 i cng

C 3 loi bng n thng c s dng ch yu trong chiu sng: Bng n si nung; n phng in v n hunh quang. Tiu chun nh gi cc loi bng n: - Hiu sut chiu sng, (lm/W), t c 200 lm/W - Nhit mu Tm (0K), nh gi tin nghi; T 2000 0K 7000 0K - Ch s hon mu IRC, cht lng nh sng; T 0 (n sc) n 100 (a/s trng) - Tui th, thng 1000 gi (si nung) v 10000 (phng in)
2.2 n si nung 2.2.1 Cu to

n gin, gm 1 dy kim loi (thng l tungstne) t trong 1 bng thy tinh cha y kh tr (azt, argon, krypton) nhm gim s bc hi ca dy kim loi, p sut trong bng thy tinh rt thp, pha di c ui gn vo ui n. gim chi ngi ta qut 1 lp bt tr vo b mt trong ca bng thy tinh.
2.2.2 Cc c tnh ca n.

- Hiu sut thp. Thi Edinson, dy tc cacbon hiu sut 2,6 lm/W. Ngy nay dy tc tungstne hiu sut 10 20 lm/W. - Nhit mu - Ch s IRC - Tui th 2500 3000 oK 100 khng 1000 gi

* Mc d hiu qu nh sng rt thp, cc n si t c ch s mu gn 100, cho php chiu sng cc b hoc chiu sng trang tr. V nhit mu thp, cc bng n si t rt thun tin cho vic chiu sng mc thp v mc trung bnh cc khu vc dn c (biu Kruithof - hnh 3.2). Cc u im ch yu l : - Ni trc tip vo li in; Kch thc nh; Bt sng ngay; Gi r; To ra mu sc m p. Cc nhc im l tn in v pht nng. * Ngoi ra cn mt nhc im khc trong vic s dng cc n si t l tnh nng ca n thay i ng k theo bin thin in p ngun. Quan h quang thng, dng in, cng sut v tui th theo in p s dng
0
U = U 0 I ; I 0
3, 5

U = U 0

P ; P 0

0,5

U = U 0

D ; D 0

1, 5

U = 0 U

13, 5

10