PHNG PHP IU XUNG PWM (PULSE WIDTH MODULATION)

Phng php iu xung PWM l g? Phng php iu xung PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) l phng php iu chnh in p ra ti, hay ni cch khc, l phng php iu ch da trn s thay i rng ca chui xung vung, dn n s thay i in p ra. Cc PWM khi bin i th c cng 1 tn s v khc nhau v rng ca sn dng hay sn m.

ng dng ca PWM trong iu khin PWM c ng dng nhiu trong iu khin. in hnh nht m chng ta thng hay gp l iu khin ng c v cc b xung p, iu p... S dng PWM iu khin nhanh chm ca ng c hay cao hn na, n cn c dng iu khin s n nh tc ng c. Ngoi lnh vc iu khin hay n nh ti th PWM cn tham gia v iu ch cc mch ngun nh : boot, buck, nghch lu 1 pha v 3 pha...

PWM cn gp nhiu trong thc t cc mch in iu khin. iu c bit l PWM chuyn dng iu khin cc phn t in t cng sut c ng c tnh l tuyn tnh khi c sn 1 ngun 1 chiu c nh .Nh vy PWM c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b in- in t. PWM cng chnh l nhn t m cc i Robocon s dng iu khin ng c hay n nh tc ng c.

S nguyn tc iu khin ti dng PWM

Trn l th dng xung khi iu khin bng PWM. Vi rng xung u ra tng ng v c tnh bng %. Ty thch do chng ta iu khin.

Nguyn l hot ng ca PWM y l phng php c thc hin theo nguyn tc ng ngt ngun ca ti mt cch c chu k theo lut iu chnh thi gian ng ct. Phn t thc hin nhin v trong mch cc van bn dn.

Mch nguyn l iu khin ti bng PWM

Xt hot ng ng ct ca mt van bn dn. Dng van ng ct bng Mosfet (Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng- Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)

Gin xung ca chn iu khin v dng in p u ra khi dng PWM.

Nguyn l : Trong khong thi gian 0 - t0, ta cho van G m, ton b in p ngun Ud c a ra ti. Cn trong khong thi gian t0 - T, cho van G kha, ct ngun cung cp cho ti. V vy vi t0 thay i t 0 cho n T, ta s cung cp ton b , mt phn hay kha hon ton in p cung cp cho ti.

Cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ti : Gi t1 l thi gian xung sn dng (kha m ) cn T l thi gian ca c sn m v dng, Umax l in p ngun cung cp cho ti. Ta c: Ud = Umax.( t1/T) (V) hay Ud = Umax.D (Vi D = t1/T l h s iu chnh v c tnh bng % tc l PWM)

Nh vy ta nhn trn hnh th dng iu ch xung th ta c : in p trung bnh trn ti s l : Ud = 12.20% = 2.4V ( vi D = 20%) Ud = 12.40% = 4.8V (Vi D = 40%) Ud = 12.90% = 10.8V (Vi D = 90%)

Cc cch to ra c PWM iu khin to c ra PWM th hin nay c hai cch thng dng : Bng phn cng v bng phn mm. Trong phn cng c th to bng phng php so snh hay l t trc tip t cc IC dao ng to xung vung nh : 555, LM556... Trong phn mn c to bng cc chip c th lp trnh c. To bng phn mn th chnh xc cao hn l to bng phn cng. Nn ngi ta hay s dng phn mn to PWM. y ta tham kho 2 cch iu ch PWM ph bin: bng phng php so snh v to xung vung bng phn mm. 1- To xung vung bng phng php so snh to c bng phng php so snh ta cn 2 iu kin sau y : + Tn hiu rng ca : Xc nh tn s ca PWM + Tn hiu ta (Ref) l tn hiu xc nh mc cng sut iu ch (Tn hiu DC). Xt s mch sau :

Vi tn s xc nh c l f = 1/(ln.C1.(R1+2R2) nn ch cn iu chnh R2 l c th thay i rng xung d dng. Ngoi 555 ra cn rt nhiu cc IC to xung vung khc.

2- To xung vung bng phn mm y l cch ti u trong cc cch to c xung vung. Vic to bng phn mn cho chnh xc cao v tn s v PWM. V mch n gin hn rt nhiu. Xung ny c to da trn xung ca CPU. Ly 1 on v d to PWM trong chip 8501 :

PWM trong iu khin ng c v trong cc b bin i xung p 1-Trong ng c : iu m chng ta d nhn thy rng l PWM rt hay c s dng trong ng c iu khin ng c hot ng nhanh , chm, thun ,nghch v n nh tc cho n. Ci ny c ng dng nhiu trong iu khin ng c 1 chiu. S nguyn l ca mch iu khin ng c DC

y l mch n gin iu khin ng c. Nu mun iu khin ng c quay thun quay ngc th phi dng n cu H. 2- Trong cc b bin i xung p: Trong cc b bin i xung p th PWM c bit quan trng trong vic iu chnh dng in v in p ra ti. B bin i xung p c nhiu loi nh l bin i xung p ni tip v b bin i xung p song song. Ly v d 1 mch nguyn l n gin trong b ngun Boot n gin. S mch nguyn l ca b ngun Boot n gin

y l nguyn l ca mch ngun Boot. Dng xung iu khin to tch ly nng lng t trng , t to in p ra ti ln hn in p vo. Ngoi ra, PWM cn c s dng trong cc b chuyn i DC -AC , hay trong bin tn, nghch lu.

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