CHNG III NN NH, VIDEO, AUDIO NG B D LIU A PHNG TIN

Vn nn d liu a phng tin

Yu cu dung lng thng tin cn lu tr v truyn: + Mt trang vn bn (text): 2Kbytes + Mt nh mu (800 x 600 x 24bits): 1.4Mbytes + 30 pht m thanh thoi s (8 kHz, 8 bits): 14Mbytes

+ 30 pht Audio CD (44.1kHz, 16bits, stereo): 432Mbytes

+ 30 pht audio (48kHz, 20bits, stereo): 432Mbytes + 30 pht video (800x600x24bits, 25 nh/s): 64.8 Gbytes + Tc dng video (800x600x24bits, 25 nh/s): 275Mbits/s

Cc tham s cht lng nn

T s nn: + T s nn tnh: CR= Kch thc d liu ban u/Kch thc d liu sau khi nn - T s bit/pixel i vi nh: Nb = S bit sau khi nn/Tng s im nh (bpp) - T s nn tc dng bit video

Cht lng nn:

- Nn khng mt mt thng tin (lossless) - Nn c mt mt thng tin (lossy)

Cc tham s cht lng nn

phc tp: - phc tp v thi gian: Nn thi gian thc, nn thi gian khng thc - phc tp v khng gian, b nh

Nn nh tnh
Nn d liu nh: Bin i dng thng tin thnh t m nhm gim d tha thng tin theo khng gian v thi gian - Cc d tha thng tin: D tha thng tin v khng gian, v thi gian, d tha v ph v d tha do cm nhn Phn loi nh theo thi gian: - nh tnh: l nh t nhin thu nhn (chp), nh ha (v), c d tha khng gian v d tha v cm th - nh ng: nh video, nh ng chuyn dng, hot hnh, nh ng bin thin theo thi gian, c c 4 loi d tha

Khi qut v phng php nn nh tnh

Phn loi phng php nn nh: + Nn khng mt mt thng tin: cc phng php m ha d liu + Nn c mt mt thng tin: cc phng php nn da trn php bin i nh:
nh u vo X l M ha

Dng d liu
00110101 Gii m X l nh u ra

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

1.M lot di (Run length Encoding -RLE):
2.Dng s m thay th cc im ging nhau lp li. tng ca phng php nn ny nh sau: RLE thay th cc chui k t lp li nhiu ln bng mt chui ngn hn. Chui k t c gi l run v thng c m ha (encoded) thnh 2 bytes: byte u tin biu din s lng cc k t trong run v c gi l run count.

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression Run count c th chy t 1 n 128 hoc 256, thng thng run count = s lng k t - 1 + Byte th hai l k t trong run (t 0 n 255) v c gi l run value + V d: Nu khng nn ta cn 15 bytes biu din chui AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA (15 k t A), nu s dng RLE ta s c kt qu 15A, do ch cn 2 bytes biu din. 15A c gi l RLE packet Mt vi bin th (variants) ca RLE:

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

2. M ha di thay i (Variable-Length

Coding VLC): Dng cc cm bit c di thay i m ha, bao gm m Shannon-Fano v m Huffman. a, M Shannon-Fano + tng ca m Shannon-Fano: 1. Sp xp cc k hiu theo tn sut xut hin 2. Lp li vic chia cc k hiu thnh 2 phn, mi mt phn bng s ln xut hin (xc sut xut hin) ca k hiu , cho n khi mi mt phn ch cn li mt k hiu

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression V d: M ha t HELLO

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cy m ha ca t HELLO bng m Shannon-Fano

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Kt qu ca m ha t HELLO bng m Shannon-Fano

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Mt cy m ha khc ca t HELLO bng m Shannon-Fano

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression Kt qu

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

b, M Huffman:
+ tng ca m Huffman: 1. to mt danh sch (list) gm cc k t c sp xp theo th t gim dn ca tn sut xut hin. 2. Lp li cho n khi danh sch ch cn li mt k t:

(1) T danh sch sp xp ly ra 2 k t c xc sut nh nht to thnh mt cy Huffman con (subtree), cy ny gm 2 node l 2 k t va c ly ra v to ra mt node cha (parent node)

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression (2) Gn tng xc sut ca hai node con cho node cha v chn node cha ny vo danh sch sao cho khng lm thay i th t sp xp trong danh sch. (3) Xa 2 node con khi danh sch

3. Gn mt t m (codeword) cho mi nt l d trn ng i t gc

V d m ha t HELLO s dng m Huffman:

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cy m ha t HELLO s dng m Huffman

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression + Trong s trn cc k hiu P1, P2, P3 c to ra v c gi l cc node cha (parent node) v danh sch s bao gm: Sau khi sp xp: LHEO Sau ln lp th nht: LP1H

Sau ln lp th 2: LP2
Sau ln lp th 3: P3

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cc thuc tnh ca m Huffman: 1. Thuc tnh tin t (prefix) duy nht: Khng mt m Huffman no li l tin t ca mt m Huffman khc ngn khng cho gii m nhp nhng 2. Ti u ha: M ha d tha ti thiu, l: - Hai k hiu xut hin t nht s c di t m l nh nhau ch khc nhau bit cui cng - Cc k hiu xut hin nhiu hn s c di m Huffman ngn hn so vi cc k hiu xut hin t hn

- di trung bnh ca cc t m nh hn l

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression Ngoi ra ta cn c m Huffman m rng (Extended Huffman) v m Huffman thch nghi (Adaptive Huffman) 3.M ha da trn t in Dictionary-based Coding

Ph bin nht l m Lemple-Ziv, tng ca phng php ny l:

+ S dng cc t m c di c nh biu din cc cc chui c di thay i

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression + LZW encoder v LZW decoder cng xy dng nn mt t in ng (dictionary) khi nhn c d liu. + LZW t cc u vo (entries) di hn, lp li nhiu ln vo trong t in v sinh ra m cho mi phn t nu nh phn t ny c trong t in

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Gii thut LZW nn d liu

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

V d: S dng LZW nn xu ABABBABCABABBA + Bt u bng mt t in n gin c gi l string table, ban u t in ny ch gm 3 k t vi cc m nh sau:

Gii thut LZW thc hin nh sau:

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

: + Bng cc m s l 1 2 4 5 2 3 4 6 1. Thay v phi gi i xu ABABBABCABABBA (14 k t) ta ch phi gi i 9 k t, do t l nn l 14/9=1.56 Gii thut LZW gii nn nh sau

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression V d: Gii nn m 1 2 4 5 2 3 4 6 1

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression 4. M d on (Prediction Coding) Cc cch tip cn ca m ha vi sai cc nh (differential coding) Cho mt nh gc I(x,y), s dng mt php tnh vi phn n gin ta c th nh ngha mt nh vi sai d(x,y) nh sau: d(x,y)= I(x,y) I(x-1,y) Hoc s dng mt php tnh vi phn Laplician ta c th nh ngha mt nh sai phn nh sau

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression Do c s d tha v khng gian trong nh I nn nh vi sai d s c mt biu tn xut hp hn v do s c mt entropy nh hn c s dng trong phng php nn nh

V d sau s minh ha vic s dng cc php tnh vi phn to ra mt nh sai phn t nh ban u:

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression Lossless JPEG l mt trng hp c bit ca phng php nn nh JPEG Phng php d on: 1. to ra mt d on vi sai: Mt b d on s kt hp gi tr t 1 n 3 pixels cnh nh l cc gi tr c on trc cho pixel hin ti (im X) c minh ha nh sau:

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

B d on c th s dng 1 trong 7 kiu sau y:

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression 2. M ha: B m ha s so snh gi tr ca d on (prediction) vi gi tr thc s ca im X v m ha s vi sai bng cch s dng mt trong cc k thut nn khng mt mt thng tin (chng hn nh Huffman) Lu : cc gi tr A, B,C c gii m trc bn pha gii m ca mt chu trnh m ha-gii m khi c s dng bi b d on

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

nh ca Lena Sderberg c s dng trong nhiu th nghim v x l nh

Cc phng php m ha khng mt mt thng tin Lossless Compression

Bng so snh t l nn gia cc phng php nn khng mt mt thng tin

Cc phng php m ha mt mt thng tin Lossy Compression

Cc phng php nn khng mt mt thng tin khng c c mt t l nn cao cn thit, do hu ht cc gii thut nn PT l nn c mt mt thng tin (lossy) 1. Khi nim nn c mt mt thng tin: - D liu c nn khng ging vi d liu gc nhng gn ging d liu gc - C t l nn cao hn nhiu so vi cc phng php nn khng mt mt thng tin

2. nh gi s bin dng ca d liu sau khi nn:

C 3 i lng dng nh gi s bin dng ca d liu trong nn nh

a, Bnh phng trung bnh sai s (Sai s qun phng) Mean Square Error-MSE

Trong : + xn l dy d liu vo

+ yn l dy d liu c xy dng t xn
+ N s lng d liu

b, T l gia tn hiu v tp nhiu Signal to Noise Ratio NRS (dB): Trong : l trung bnh bnh phng ca dy d liu ban u v l MSE

C, nh ca t l gia tn hiu v tp nhiu Peak Signal to Noise Ratio PNRS (dB):

3. Lng ha Quantization Gim bt cc gi tr u ra sai khc C 3 phng php lng ha: + Uniform: Bao gm midrise quantizer v midtreat quantizer

+ Nonuniform: companded quantizer

+ Vector Quantization

Lng t ha v hng ging nhau Uniform Scalar Quantization: + Phn chia vng d liu vo (input) thnh cc khong u nhau, ngoi tr hai khong or hai bin.

+ Gi tr ca d liu ra (output) c ly ti im gia ca mi khong

+ di ca mi khong c gi l step size v c k hiu l

+ Midrise quantizer c mt s l cc mc ra (output levels) + Midtreat quantizer c mt s chn cc mc ra bao gm c s 0 nh l mt mc ra Trong trng hp =1 ta c th tnh c cc gi tr ra nh sau:

Uniform Scalar Quantizers: (a) Midrise (b) Midtreat

Lng t ha v hng khc nhau Nonuniform Quantization Phn chia vng d liu vo (input) thnh cc khong khng u nhau. Cc khong cch c th c la chn ti u ha SNR cho mt kiu c th ca tn hiu Mt trong s cc phng php lng t ha ca Nonuniform Quantization l Companded Quantization

 Companded Quantization l kt hp ca hai bc: Compressed (bn pha gi) v Expanded (bn pha nhn) + Compressed s lm cho tn hiu u vo c phn phi u (uniform distribution) do c th s dng uniform quantization + Bn nhn khi nhn c tn hiu (compressed) s tin hnh gii nn d liu (expanded)

Lng t ha vector Vector Quantization Cc h thng nn d liu s lm vic tt hn nu n hot ng trn cc vector hoc cc nhm ca cc mu hn l lm vic vi cc k hiu hay cc mu ring l Cc vector c thnh lp bng cch t cc mu u vo lin tip vo trong mt vector. Trong Vector Quantization cc vector m (code vector) vi n thnh phn c s dng, cc cc vector m ny s to thnh mt codebook

Th tc lng t ha vector c bn

M ha bin i Transform
Nu Y l kt qu ca mt php bin i tuyn tnh T ca mt vector u vo X sao cho cc thnh phn ca Y t tng quan n nhau khi Y c th c m ha hiu qu hn X. Nu hu ht cc thng tin c m t mt cch chnh xc bi mt vi thnh phn u tin ca mt vector c bin i th cc thnh phn cn li c th c lng t ha th hoc c t bng 0 vi mt cht bin dng v tn hiu

M ha bin i Transform
Trong m ha bin i php bin i Cosine ri rc Discrete Cosine Transform (DTC) v php bin i Wavelet ri rc l cc php bin i quan trng c p ng nhiu trong nn nh (tnh v ng)
Tn s khng gian (Spatial Frequency) v DTC

Tn s khng gian s ch ra s ln gi tr ca pixel thay i qua mt block nh

DTC ch ra cc ni dung ca bc nh thay i bao nhiu tng ng vi s vng ca mt sng hnh cosine trn mt khi nh

M ha bin i Transform
Vai tr ca DTC l phn ly tn hiu ban u thnh cc thnh phn DC v AC ca n. Vai tr ca IDTC l ti to li tn hiu (reconstruct) nh ngha DTC:cho mt hm vo f(i,j) i,j l cc s nguyn nhn gi tr trn mt phn ca nh, php bin i 2D DTC s bin i f vo mt hm F(u,v) mi vi u,v c cng min gi tr nh i,j. Php bin i c nh ngha nh sau

M ha bin i Transform
Trong : Cc hng s C(u), C(v) c nh ngha nh sau: 2D Discrete Cosine Transform (2D DTC) c nh ngha nh sau: +Trong i, j, u, v =0,1,..,7, C(u), C(v) c nh ngha nh trn

M ha bin i Transform
2D Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (2D IDTC) c nh ngha nh sau: Trong i, j, u, v =0,1,..,7 DTC l php bin i tuyn tnh (linear). Mt php bin i T c gi l tuyn tnh nu v ch nu T(p+q)= T(p)+T(q)

Trong , l cc hng s, p,q l cc bin

M ha bin i Transform

M ha bin i Transform
Wavelet Transform Mc tiu ca php bin i Wavelet l phn r tn hiu vo thnh cc thnh phn c th x l c cc thnh phn ny c th biu din c th hay cc thnh phn c th loi b c t c hiu qu trong qu trnh nn d liu Vi nhng thnh phn ny chng ta c th ti to li tn hiu ban u (xp x)

Nn nh tnh theo chun JPEG

Chun JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group L phng php nn c mt mt thng tin (lossy) Trnh t cng ngh nn nh JPEG: Php bin i cosine ri rc (DCT) Sp xp zigzag Lng t haM ha d liu Phng thc thc hin m ha: - M ha tun t (Sequential DTC)
- M ha ly tin (Progressive DTC)

- M ha khng mt mt thng tin (Sequential lossless

- M ha phn cp (Hierarchical progressive)

Nn nh tnh theo chun JPEG

Cc bc trong nn nh JPEG: 1. Bin i t b mu RGB thnh b mu YUV 2. Thc hin bin i DCT trn cc khi nh 3. Lng t ha 4. Sp xp zigzag v thc hin m ha RLE 5. M ha entropy

Nn nh tnh theo chun JPEG

S nn nh tnh theo chun JPEG

Nn Video
1. nh video: l chui cc nh tnh xut hin lin tip to cm th chuyn ng theo thi gian, gi l chui cc frame nh (khung hnh). Tc xut hin cc khung hnh v phn gii nh l cc yu t quan trng ca cht lng video V d: 25 khung hnh/s phi hin th 1 frame trong 40ms Khng gian mu: - H mu RGB - H mu YUV:

Nn Video
Y=0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B U=0.439(B-Y) v V=0.877(R-Y) -H mu YCbCr Cb=U/2 + 0.5 Cr=V/1.6 + 0.5 2. Cu trc ly mu v s ha tn hiu video: + i vi truyn hnh s NTSC v PAL, chui video gm cc khung hnh c phn gii 576 x 720, cc dng video cha 720 im nh c ly mu v s ha theo cc cu trc sau:

Nn Video
720

RGB

576

R
360

G Y U
288

B V

YUV 4:4:2 YUV 4:2:0 YUV 4:1:1

Y
180

U V

Nn Video
3. Khi qut v phng php nn video + Nn video khng dng k thut pht hin v b chuyn ng (MJPEG) + Nn video da trn k thut pht hin v b chuyn ng (MPEG, H26X), bao gm: - K thut nn nh tnh gim d tha khng gian (m ha intraframe) - K thut nh gi c lng chuyn ng v m ha gim d tha gia cc frame (m ha interframe)

Nn Video
nh u vo

Bin i

Lng t ha

M ha

nh nn

nh gi chuyn ng

S tng qut nn video

Nn Video
4. Cc gii php nn video a, Gim tc dng bit + Da trn cm th ca mt ngi
+ Cu trc ly mu v s ha + Da trn ngha cc bit lng t ha im nh

b, Gim d tha theo khng gian: nn nh tnh + Da vo s tng quan theo v tr gia cc im
nh ln cn trong mt khung hnh

c, Gim d tha theo thi gian:

+ Da vo s tng quan theo thi gian gia cc im nh ca cc frame nh lin tip

d, Phng php hn hp s dng cc gii php trn: + Nn nh theo chun MPEG 5. Nn nh theo chun MPEG MPEG l chun m ha v nn tn hiu videoaudio, gm MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPRG-7 a, MPEG-1 (1992): Dng ghi CD-ROM, VCD, 352x240, 25-30 nh/s, tc t 1.2Mbps n 1.5Mbps

b, MPEG-2 (1994): Dng cho DVD, TV s, HDTV, 720x 486, 30 nh/s, tc t 10Mbps n 15Mbps c, MPEG-4 (1998): D liu DPT trong truyn thng v cc ng dng tng tc PT, ng b d liu d, MPEG-7 (2001): Chun giao din m t ni dung d liu PT, h tr tm kim, x l, qun l d liu PT.

6. Mt s quy nh trong chun nn MPEG Phn loi cc frame: - Frame I (Intraframe): l frame u tin ca chui
video, m ha JPEG - Frame P (Predicted frame): l frame c d on tip theo - Frame P c kch thc nh hn frame I do c gim d tha theo thi gian gia cc frame - Frame B (Bi-directional interpolated prediction): l frame c d on ni suy 2 chiu - frame B c kch thc nh hn frame P do u im ca ni suy 2 chiu v do frame B c mc u tin thp nht.

Hiu sut nn cc frame theo chun MPEG-1