1.

1.1

1.1.1 (Reproduction)
2
(Asexual Reproduction)

(Binary
Fission) (Budding) (Sporulation)
(Sexual Reproduction)

1.1.2 (Specific Organization)

1.1.3 (Metabolism)
(Metabolism) 2

2009 _________________________

(81)

 (Catabolism)

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
(Anabolism)

1.1.4

1.1.5 (Irritability)



1.1.6 (Movement)


1.1.7 (Adaptation)



1.1.8

(Contractile Vacuole)

1.2

1.2.1

(82) _________________________ 2009

1.2.2
(Transgenic Plant) (Genetically
Modified Plant)

ACC Deaminase
(Direct Gene
Transfer) (Electroporation) (Microinjection)
(Particle Gun) (Agrobacterium)

1.3

2.
2.1 (Biology) 2 Bios Logos

2.2 2
2.2.1 (Process)
(Scientific Method)

(Observation)

(Problem)


(Hypothesis)

(Testing The Hypothesis)

(Experiment)

2009 _________________________

(83)

 (Variable) 3
(Independent Variable)

(Dependent Variable)
(Controlled Variable)

2
- (Experimental Group) (Treated Group)

- (Controlled Group)

(Analysis And Conclusion)

2.2.2 (Knowledge)

(Fact)

(Data)

(Theory)

(Law)

2.3

(Zoology)
(Botany) (Microbiology)

2.4

(Microscope)
0.1
(Light Microscope ; LM)
-
- 2000
-
(84) _________________________ 2009

 (Ocular Len)
( 5x, 10x 15x)
(Objective Len) ( 4x, 10x, 60x
100x)
(Coarse Adjustment) 4x, 10x
(Fine Adjustment)
40x, 60x, 100x
(Condenser)
(Diaphragm)

-
-
-

-
-
-

-

1. =
2.
=

(Electron Microscope)
- 0.0005 2
1. (Transmission Electron Microscope; TEM)

2. (Scanning Electron Microscope; SEM)

3

3.

(Mineral)

65.40% 25.60% 7.50% 1.25%
2009 _________________________

(85)

60%
18% 4% 1%

-
2500

(Carbohydrate)

C, H O H : O = 2 : 1 3
1. (Monosaccharide)
-
-
-

(Glucose)
(Fructose)
(Galactose)

-

-

-

-
-

- C6H12O6

(86) _________________________ 2009

2. (Disaccharide)
- 2
Glycosidic Bond Dehydration
- C12H22O11

(Sucrose)

-
-
- (Invert Sugar)

(Lactose)
-
-
-
(Maltose)
- -1,
4-Glycosidic Bond
-
(Cellobiose) - -1,
4-Glycosidic Bond
-

, , ,

2009 _________________________

(87)

3. (Polysaccharide)
-
- 10
-

(Starch)
- (Amylose) - -1,
4-Glycosidic Bond
-
- -1,
-
(Amylopectin)
4-Glycosidic Bond
-
(Glycogen) -

-
(Cellulose) -

-

, , , ,
(Hemicelluiose)

(88) _________________________ 2009

2009 _________________________

(89)

 (Protein)

(Amino Acid)
(Peptide Bond)
C, H, O, N S, P Fe

20 2
1. (Essential Amino Acid)
8-10

2. (Nonessential Amino Acid)
(Glutamic Acid) (Glutamine) (Proline)


(Polypeptide)
1. (Primary Structure)

2. (Secondary Structure)
(-Keratin)
(Myosin) (Collagen) (Silk Fibroin)
3. (Tertiary Structure) (Globular Protein)
Side Chain Disulfide Bond
(Myoglobin)
4. (Quarternary Structure)

4

(90) _________________________ 2009

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2009 _________________________

(91)

 (Lipid)

C, H O H : O

1. (Simple Lipid)
(Oil) (Fat)
2. (Compound Lipid)

- (Phospholipid)

- (Glycolipid)
Cerebroside Ganglioside
- (Lipoprotrin)

3. (Miscellaneous Lipid)
(Steroid)
(Testosterone) (Progesterone), (Cholesterol),
(Ergosterol)
(Fatty Acid) 70 2
1. (Saturated Fatty Acid)
(Lauric Acid)
(Myristic Acid) (Palmitic Acid) (Stearic Acid)
2. (Unsaturated Fatty Acid)

(Linoleic Acid) (Linolenic Acid)
(Palmitoleic Acid) (Oleic Acid)

(Vitamin)

(92) _________________________ 2009

B1 (Thiamine)

-
-
-

-
- NAD NADP
- ()

B2 (Riboflavin)
B5 (Niacin)
B6 (Pyridoxin)
B12
(Cyanocobalamin)
C (Ascorbic Acid)

A (Retinol)

-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-

D (Calciferol)

-
-

E (-Tocopherol)

-
-
-
-

K (Phylloquinone)

2009 _________________________

(93)

 (Nucleic Acid)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
DNA
(Genome) DNA
DNA RNA DNA RNA (Single Strand)
(Double Helix) (Linear) (Circular)
(Fragment) DNA

DNA

DNA 3
1. (Nitrogenous Base) 2
1.1 (Purine) (Adenine : A) (Guanine : G)
1.2 (Pyrimidine) (Thymine : T) (Cytosine : C)
2. (Pentose Sugar) 5
DNA (Deoxyribose)

(94) _________________________ 2009

3. (Phosphate Group)

RNA DNA
1. RNA
(Uracil : U)
2. (Ribose)
3.

(Nucleotide)
5
1

DNA

. (James D. Watson)
.. (Francis H.C. Crick) DNA
1. 2 3
5
2. (Double Helix)

3.
4. G C 3 A T
2
5. DNA
DNA
(Metabolism)
(Catabolism)

()
(Exergonic Reaction)
(Anabolism)

()
(Endergonic Reaction)

2009 _________________________

(95)

(Enzyme) (Biological Catalyst)

(Globular Protein)

pH (Denature)

(Specificity)

(96) _________________________ 2009

(Substrate)
1. (Lock And Key Theory)

2. (Induced Fit Theory)

- 25-40C
- - pH 6.7-7
-
+
+
(Cofactor) Zn 2 , Fe 2 ,
K+, Na+, Cu +

(Coenzyme)

(Isozyme)

(Reversible Inhibition)

1. (Competitive Inhibition) (Inhibitor)

2. (Noncompetitive Inhibition)

(Irreversible Inhibition)
, , (Nerve Gas)

-
x C B A

2009 _________________________

(97)

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

(Adenine) (Ribose) (Phosphate)
ATP 7.3
Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP), Uridine Triphosphate
(UTP), Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP), NADH+ H+, NADPH+ H+
ATP Phosphorylation

4.
(Cell)

(Mycoplasma) PPLO (Pleuropneumonia Like Organism) 0.1-0.25 m

2
(Prokaryote)
(Eukaryote)
3


1. (Cell Wall)
-
-
-
- (Microfibril)
(Pectin)
2. (Cell Membrane)
-
- (Semipermeable Membrane)
- Fluid Mosaic Model
2 (Hydrophilic)
(Hydrophobic)
(Globular)
(98) _________________________ 2009

 (Cytoplasm)
(Organelle)

1. (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
-

- ()
- 2
(Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ; RER)
-
-
(Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ; SER)
-
-
SER
2. (Golgi Complex)
- 5-8
(Vesicle)
-
-
-
-
3. (Mitochondria)
-
(Cristae) (Matrix)
- ( ATP)
- Symbiosis

4. (Plastid)
- ( )
-
- 3
(Leucoplast)

(Chromoplast) (Corotene)
(Xanthophyll)
2009 _________________________

(99)

 (Chloroplast) (Chlorophyll)

5. (Vacuole)
- (Tonoplast)
- 3
(Food Vacuole)

(Contractile Vacuole)

(Sap Vacuole)

6. (Lysosome)
-
-
-
(Autolysis)

(Ribosome)
- 20 nm rRNA
- 80 S 2 40 S 60 S
70 S 2 30 S 50 S
-
-
(Centriole)
- 9 3 9 + 0
()
- (Spindle Fiber)
- (Cilia) (Flagellum) 9
2 2 9 + 2
(Microtubule)
-
- ()
(Cyclosis)

(100) ________________________ 2009

 (Nucleus) 1
2

1. (Nuclear Membrane)
- 2
-
- (Annulus)

2. (Nucleolus)
-
- RNA
- 86 DNA 10
RNA 4
3. (Chromosome)
- (Chromatin) DNA

(Chromosome)
- 2 (Chromatid) (Centromere)

2009 ________________________

(101)

(102) ________________________ 2009

1. (Cell Wall)
- ()
-
2. (Cell Membrane)
- 2
- (Mesosome) DNA

3. (Chromosome)
- DNA
- DNA (Plasmid)

4. (Flagellum)
- (Flagellin) ()
-

2009 ________________________

(103)

(Diffusion)



(Brownian
Movement)
(Dynamic Equilibrium)

1.
2.
3.
4.

(Osmosis) (
) ()


Differentially Permeable Membrane Semipermeable Membrane
(104) ________________________ 2009


3
1. Hypotonic Solution

Hemolysis
2. Hypertonic Solution
0.85
Plasmolysis
3. Isotonic Solution

0.85

(Facilitated Diffusion)
(Carier)

2
2009 ________________________

(105)





(Active Transport)

ATP
SodiumPotassium Pump

(Vesicle)

2
1. (Endocytosis)
3
1.1 (Pinocytosis Cell Drinking)

Pinosome


1.2 (Phagocytosis Cell Eating)
(Pseudopodium)
Phagosome


1.3 (Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis)
(Receptor)

2. (Exocytosis)

(106) ________________________ 2009

(Mitosis)

(Somatic Cell)
(Diploid) 2n
2
1. (Interphase)
- DNA, RNA

- (Chromatin)

2009 ________________________

(107)

- 3
1. G1 phase DNA
- DNA
- RNA
-
- 40%
2. S phase DNA (DNA Synthetic Phase)
- DNA, RNA
- DNA DNA
(DNA Replication)
- 30%
3. G2 phase DNA
- RNA
- DNA, RNA

- 20%
2. (Cell Division)
- (Chromosome)
- 5-10% 2

(Karyokinesis)

1. (Prophase)
- (Chromosome) 2
(Chromatid) Kinetochore
-
- (Centriole) (Microtubule)
(Aster)
- (Spindle Fiber)

2. (Metaphase)
- 2

-
-
(108) ________________________ 2009

3. (Anaphase)
1.

- (I-Shane)
- (J-Shape)
- (V-Shape)
2.
4. (Telophase)
-

-
- 2

(Cytokinesis)

(cleavage furrow)
2
(Cell Plate)

2

(Meiosis)

(Sex Cell)
(Diploid)

2n

(Haploid) n
2
1. (Interphase)
- DNA RNA
- 2
-
2. (Cell Division) 2
2.1 I (Meiosis I) 4

2.1.1 I (Prophase I)
5

2009 ________________________

(109)

 (Leptotene)

-
(Chromonema) (Chromomere)
-
(Zygotene)
- Homologous Chromosome
(Synapse)
- (Allele)
(Pachytene)
-
(Chromosome) Homologous Chromosome (Bivalent)
- 4
(Tetrad)
- (Sister Chromatid)
(Non-Sister Chromatid)
(Diplotene)
- Homologous Chromosome
Homologous Chromosome
(Chiasma)
-
(Crossing Over) (Gene) (Variation)
(Diakinesis)
-

-
2.1.2 I (Metaphase I)

2.1.3 I (Anaphase I)

2
Crossing Over

(110) ________________________ 2009

2.1.4 I (Telophase I)
2
(n)
2
II
I II
2.2 II (Meiosis II) (
) 4
2.2.1 II (Prophase II)


2.2.2 II (Metaphase II)


2.2.3 II (Anaphase II)

2.2.4 II (Telophase II)

(n)

I 2

II 4
II 4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1 2

1 4

2009 ________________________

(111)

(112) ________________________ 2009



1.
.
.
.
.
1) ., . .
2) ., . .
3) ., . .
4)
2. 2 1
2 2 1

1) 2
2) 2
3) 2
4)
3.
1) Evolution
2) Morphology
3) Genetic Engineering
4) Bacteriology
4.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) ., . .
4) ., . .
5.
1)
2)
3)
4)
6.

1)
2)
3)
4)
7. ATP
.
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) . .
2009 ________________________

(113)

8.

1)
2)
3)
4)
9.
.
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) . .
10.
1) Mitochondria
2) Endoplasmic Reticulum
3) Golgi Apparatus
4) Ribosome
11.
. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
. Golgi Complex
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) . .
12.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
13.

1)
2)
3)
4)
14.
1)
2)
3)
4)
15. 10 4
4 10 10

1) 1.6
2) 1.0
3) 4.0
4) 2.5
16. (Cellulose) (Amylopectin)
1)
2)
3)
4)

(114) ________________________ 2009

17.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
18.
1)
2)
3)
4)
19. (Acetylcholine)

1) (Simple Diffusion)
2) (Facilitated Diffusion)
3) (Exocytosis)
4) (Active Transport)
20.
1) non-sister chromatid non-homologous chromosome
2) (centriole)
3) (centromere) non - sister chromatid homologous
chromosome
4) chromatid
21.

1) anaphase , 2n = 2
2) anaphase , 2n = 4
3) anaphase I , 2n = 2
4) anaphase I , 2n = 4
22. (Compound light microscope)

1) A
2) B
3) C
4) D
23.
.
.
.
.
1) .
2) . .
3) ., . .
4) ., ., . .
2009 ________________________

(115)

24.
.
.
.
.
1) ., . .
2) ., . .
3) ., . .
4) ., . .
25. X Y A

A
A X

++++
++

X
++
++

Y
X Y
-

++++
+++
++
+

1) X A
2) Y A X
3) X Y A
4) X A
26. ATP H+
ATP synthase H+

1) Osmosis
2) Diffusion
3) Active transport 4) Facilitated diffusion
27. A B

1)
2)
3)
4)

. Metaphase
. Metaphase
.
.
A . . , B . .
A . . , B . .
A . . , B . .
A . . , B . .

(116) ________________________ 2009


1.
(Heterotroph)

(Ingestion)
- Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis
-
-
-
-
-
-

(Digestion)

2
1. (Intracellular Digestion)
(Choanocyte)

2. (Extracellular Digestion)

2
1. (Mechanical Digestion)

2. (Chemical Digestion)

2009 ________________________

(117)

(Mouth)
1. (Teeth)
- 2 20 32
-
2. (Tongue)
-
- (Taste Bud) 4

3. (Salivary Gland)
- 3 (Parotid Gland)
(Parotitis) (Submaxillary Gland) (Sublingual
Gland)

(118) ________________________ 2009

- (Mucin)
(Ptyalin) (Amylase)
- pH 6.2-7.4

(Pharynx)
-
(Epiglottis)
- 3
(Esophagus)
-

- (Peristalsis)

(Stomach)
-
(Sphincter) (Rugae)
- 50 10-40
-
1. Mucous Cell 1-1.5

2. Parietal Cell pH 2-3
3. Chief Cell Pepsinogen Pepsin

-
2000-3000 cc. Gastric Juice ,
Pepsinogen Prorennin Lipase
- 0.5-3
30-40%
(Small Intestine)
- 6 3
1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum
3. Ileum B12

2009 ________________________

(119)

- (Villi)

-
3 Intestinal Juice pH 7.0-7.5

(Pancreas)
1. Pancreatic Juice
800
2. 2
2.1 (Secretin)

2.2 (Pancreozymin)

(Liver)
1. (1300-1600 )
2. (Bile) 600-800 cc.
(Gall Bladder)
3. pH 7.5 (Bile Salt)
(Bile Pigment) (Biliverdin)
( )
(Large Intestine)
1. 1.50
2. (Caecum) (Appendix) (Colon),
(Rectum) (Feces) (Anus)
3. Globet Cell

4. 500

(Collar Cell Choanocyte)

(Gastrovascular
Cavity)

(120) ________________________ 2009

 (Pharynx)

(Sucker)
(Scolex)
(Gizzard)

(Food Vacuole)
(Pseudopodium)

2
1. (Aerobic Respiration)

4

2009 ________________________

(121)

1.1 (Glycolysis)
-
- 1 2
- 4 ATP 2 ATP 2 ATP
- 4 H+ NAD+
- CO2
1.2 (Acetyl Coenzyme A)
- Matrix
-
-
- CO2 2
- 4 H+ NAD+
- ATP
1.3 (Krebs Cycle)
- Matrix
- Citric Acid Cycle TCA Cycle
- Acetyl Coenzyme A (C = 2) Oxaloacetate (C = 4) Citrate
(C = 6) Isocitrate (C = 6), - Ketoglutarate (C = 5), Succinyl Co A (C = 4),
Succinate (C = 4), Fumarate (C = 4), Malate (C = 4) Oxaloacetate
- 1 4 CO2, 2 GTP 16 H+
NAD+ FAD
1.4 (Electorn Transport System)
- Cristae
- Oxidation-Reduction Redox
ATP
- NAD+, FAD Cytochrome O2

- NAD+ 3 ATP H2 1 FAD

2ATP H2 1
- H2 1 1 1
- 1 34 ATP
12 H2O
- ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation

(122) ________________________ 2009


2. (Anaerobic Respiration)
O2 2
2.1 (Alcoholic Fermentation)
- (
)
- 1 2 ATP, 2 CO2 2 Ethyl Alcohol
-

2009 ________________________

(123)


2.2 (Lactic Acid Fermentation)
- ()
- 1 2 ATP 2 Lactic Acid CO2
-

-
-

(124) ________________________ 2009

1. 4
2. 36-38 ATP 1
3. CO2, H2O, ATP
4.

1.
2. 2 ATP 1
3. , CO2, ATP , ATP
4.

1. (PGAL)
2. -Oxidation

Protease
Oxidative Deamination
1. (NH3) (
) (, )
2.

2009 ________________________

(125)

2.

(Respiration)

1. (External Respiration)

2. (Internal Respiration)

2
1. (Air Passage)
(Nose) (Nostril) 2
Globlet Gland (Epistaxis)
(Pharynx) 13
(Larynx) (Epiglottis)
(Adams Apple)
(Trachea)
16-20

(126) ________________________ 2009

 (Bronchus) 2

(Bronchiole)

2. (Air Exchange)
(Alveolus) 0.25 300
1 90 40

Medulla Oblongata 2

CO2

(Phrenic Nerve) (Intercostal Nerve)

(Vagus Nerve)

2009 ________________________

(127)

 2
1. O2 CO2 O2
Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)
CO2
2. O2 CO2
O2 CO2

- (Internal Gill)
- (External Gill)
-
(Parapodium)
- Respiratory Tree

(Trachea)
(Spiracle) (Tracheole)
(Air Sac)
(Book Lung)

(Lung)
(Protopterus sp. Lepidosiren sp. )

-
-
- (Airsac)

(128) ________________________ 2009

3.
(Excretion)



(Contractile Vacuole)

(Gastrovascular Cavity)
(Flame Cell)
(Cilia)
(Nephridium) 1

(Malpighian Tubule)



-
-

-

Isotonic Solution
- Rectal Gland
-

(Nasal Gland)
(Nostril)

2009 ________________________

(129)

(Kidney) 1
2 (Cortex) (Medulla)
(Papilla) (Pelvis) (Ureter) (Urinary Bladder)
(Urethra) (Nephron) 1

1. (Bowmans Capsule)

2. (Glomerulus)
3.
- (Proximal Convoluted Tubule)
- (Loop Of Henle)

(130) ________________________ 2009

- (Distal Convoluted Tubule)

pH

(Renal Artery)

(Aldosterone)

180 dm3
1.5 dm3 178.5 dm3

4.

2
1. (Open Circulatory System)

2009 ________________________

(131)

2. (Closed Circulatory System)

(Pseudoheart) 7-11

2 Systemic Heart
Branchial Heart

(Haemocoel) 9
14-160 (Plasma)
(Hemocyte)

(132) ________________________ 2009

2 (Atrium 1 Ventricle 1) 1

(Atrium)

(Ventricle)

O 2

3 (Atrium 2 Ventricle 1)
- CO2
- O2
- O2 CO2
3 (Atrium 2 Ventricle 1)
4
4 (Atrium 2 Ventricle 2)
O2 O2
4 2
O2 CO2

2009 ________________________

(133)

1. (Pericardium) 2 (Pericardial Fluid)

2. (Coronary Artery)
3. 4 (Atrium) 2 (Ventricle) 2 (Valve)

3.1 (Bicuspid Valve Mitral Valve)
3.2 (Tricuspid Valve Atrioventricular Valve)
3.3 (Aortic Semilunar Valve)
(Aorta)
3.4 (Pulmonary Semilunar Valve)

(Blood Pressure) 2
1. (Systolic Pressure)
120
2. (Diastolic Pressure)
80
2.1 120/80

2.2 Sphygmomanometer
(Heart Rate)
72
(Blood Vessel) 3
1. (Artery)
Pulmonary Artery
(Aorta)
2. (Vein)
Pulmonary Vein
(Vena Cava)
3. (Capillary)
7-8%

3.1 (Plasma) 55%

- 90-93%
(134) ________________________ 2009

(Fibrinogen)

- 7-10% (Albumin) (Globulin)

-
-
-
-

(Serum)
3.2 (Blood Corpuscle) 45%
(Red Blood Cell Erythrocyte)
- ( )
7-8
-
100-120
- 5 1
4.5-5 1
- (Anemia)
Polycythema
- (Hemoglobin)
4 1 O2 4
(Oxyhemoglobin)
(White Blood Cell Leucocyte)
- 6-15
Wrights Stain
- 2-3
5000-10000 1 2
(Granule Leucocyte) (Lobe)
70%
(Neutrophil) 3-5
Phagocytosis
(Eosinophil) 2

(Basophil) 2
(Heparin)

2009 ________________________

(135)

(Nongranule Leucocyte)
(Monocyte)
Phagocytosis
(Lymphocyte) (Antibody)
T-Lymphocyte
T-cell
B-Lymphocyte B-Cell
(Platelet Thrombocyte)
-

- 1-2 10
- 250000-500000 1
K
(Antigen) (Antibody)

ABO

2 2 A B
(Multiple Allele) 4

A
B
AB
O

22%
33%
8%
37%

A
B
A, B

B
A

A, B

A
B
+
+
+
+
-

A
A, AB
B
B, AB
AB
AB
O
A, B, AB, O

AB (Universal Recipient) O
(Universal Donor)
(136) ________________________ 2009

 Rh

Rh
Rh Rh+
Rh Rh- Rh- Rh+ Rh
Rh- Rh

(Lymphatic System)

(Lymph)
()
(Lymph Vessel)
(Subclavian Vein) O2
1.5
(Lymphatic Organ)
1. (Lymph Node)
-
- 5 (Tonsil)

2009 ________________________

(137)

2. (Spleen)
-
- ()

3. (Thymus Gland)
-
-

1. (Innate Immunity)

-
-
-
- (Lysozyme)
2. (Acquired Immunity)
2
2.1 (Active Immunization)
- (Vaccine)

- (Toxoid)

-
-
- 4-7
2.2 (Passive Immunization)
-

-
-

-
-
(Allergy)


(138) ________________________ 2009



1.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4)
2.
.
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) . .
3.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
4.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
5.
. CO2
. NADH
. FADH2
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) . .
6.
.
. ATP
.
. ATP
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
7.
1)
2)
3)
4)
8.
. Erythrocyte
. Plasma
. Platelets
. Hemoglobin
1) . .
2) . .
3) ., . .
4) ., . .
2009 ________________________

(139)

9.
.
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) ., . .
4) ., . .
10. Glomerulus BowmanCapsule Nephron

1)
2)
3)
4)
11. (Flame Cell)
.
. 2
. 3
1) .
2) . .
3) . .
4)
12.
1)
2)
3)
4)
13.
1)
2)
3)
4)
14.
1)
2) NAD+ FAD
3) NADH NAD+

4)
15.
1)
2)
3)
4)
16.
1)
2)
3)
4)
17.
1)
2)
3)
4)
18.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
(140) ________________________ 2009

19. Microfilament
Anaphase
1)
2)
3)
4)
20. (Lipase)
.
. pH
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
21.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) ., . .
22.
1)
2)
3)
4) ATP ATP synthase
23. (
Hb )
. Hb(O2)4 Hb + 4O2
. Hb + 4O2 Hb(O2)4
. CO2 + H2O H2CO3
. Hb + CO2 HbCO2
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
24.
1)
2)
3)
4)
25.
1)
2)
3)
4)

2009 ________________________

(141)

26.
.
.
.
. 2
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
27.
1)
2)
3)
4)

(142) ________________________ 2009

1.
(Amoeboid Movement)

(Ectoplasm)
(Endoplasm) (Microfilament) (Actin) (Myosin)
(Pseudopodium) Amoeba, Arcella, Difflugia, Foraminifera
(Slime Mold) (Amoebocyte)

(Flagellum)

(Euglena), Ceratium, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Trypanosoma

(Microtubule) 9 + 2 (
2 9 )

(Cilia)

(Paramecium), Vorticella, Didinium

9 + 2

(Jelly Fish)

(Planaria)
(Circular Muscle) (Longitudinal Muscle)
(Dorsoventral Muscle)
(Earth Worm)
(Antagonism)
(Setae)

2009 ________________________

(143)

 (Gastropods) (Foot)
(Bivalves)

(Squid) (Siphon)

206
1. (Axial Skeleton) 80
(Skull) 29
(Vertebrae) 26
- (Cervical Vertebrae) 7
- (Thoracic Vertebrae) 12
- (Lumbar Vertebrae) 5
- (Sacrum) 1
- (Coccyx) 1
2. (Appendicular Skeleton) 126
(2 60 )
- (Humerus)
- (Radius)
- (Ulna)
- (Carpals)
- (Metacarpals)
- (Phalanges)
(2 60 )
- (Femur)
- (Patella)
- (Tibia)
- (Fibula)
- (Tarsals)
- (Metatarsals)
- (Phalanges)
(Clavicle) 2
(Scapula) 2
(Pelvic Girdle) 2

(144) ________________________ 2009

 500 3
1. (Smooth Muscle)
1
(Involuntary Muscle)


2. (Cardiac Muscle)
2

3. (Striated Muscle)

(Voluntary Muscle)

2.
(Coordinating Fiber)

(Nerve Net)


(Nerve Ring) (Radial
Nerve) ()
(Nerve Ganglion)
2
() () (Cerebral
Ganglia) (Ventral Nerve Cord)

(Brain)
(Spinal Cord) (Nerve Cell Neuron)

2009 ________________________

(145)

1. (Cell Body) 4-25

(Neuroplasm)
2. (Nerve Fiber) 2
2.1 (Dendrite)

2.2 (Axon)

(Myelin Sheath)
(Schwann Cell) (Node of Ranvier)
120
12
3
1. (Sensory Neuron Afferent Neuron)


2. (Motor Neuron Efferent Neuron)


(146) ________________________ 2009

3. (Association Neuron Interneuron)

(brain)

90% ()
3

1. (Forebrain Prosencepalon)
1.1 (Cerebrum)

-
-

1.2 (Olfactory Bulb)

-
- ,

2009 ________________________

(147)

1.3 (Thalamus)
-
-

1.4 (Hypothalamus)
-
-

-
2. (Midbrain Mesencephalon)
-
-
Optic Lobe
3. (Hind Brain Rhombencephalon)

3.1 (Cerebellum)

-
- (
3 )
3.2 (Pons)
-

-
-
3.3 (Medulla Oblongata)
-
-
-

(148) ________________________ 2009

 (Sense Organ)

(Eyeball)
-
-
- (
)
2.5 3

1. (Sclera)
-
- (Cornea)
()
2. (Choroid)
-

- (Iris)
(Melanin) (Guanine)

2009 ________________________

(149)

- (Pupil)

3. (Retina) 2
3.1 (Rod Cell)
-

- (Rhodopsin)
Lumirhodopsin
Lumirhodopsin Metarhodopsin (Opsin)
(Retinine)
3.2 (Cone Cell)
-
- (Iodopsin Photopsin)
- 7

- 3

+
+
-
(Fovea)
- (Blind Spot)
2

(150) ________________________ 2009

1. (Outer Ear)
- (Pinna)

- (External Auditary Canal)

(Ceruminous Gland)

- (Tympanic Membrane)

2. (Middle Ear)
- (Malleus) (Incus) (Stapes)
22
- (Eustachian Tube)

2009 ________________________

(151)

3. (Inner Ear)
- (Cochlea)
Endolymph Organ Of Corti
8
- (Semicircular Canal) 3
Ampulla
Crista Otolith

(Olfactory Membrane) (Olfactory Cell)
Olfactory Bulb Cerebrum

(Papilla)
(Taste Bud)
4
-
-
-
-
7 9

3.
1. (Endocrine System) (Hormone)
(Target Organ)
2. (Endocrine Gland)

(152) ________________________ 2009

, ,
, ,
, ,

2
1.

2.

2009 ________________________

(153)


1. (Pituitary Gland Hypophysis)
3

1.1
Master Gland
(Growth Hormone : GH Somatotrophin Hormone : STH)

(Dwarfism)
(Simmons Disease) (Gigantism)
(Acromegaly)
(154) ________________________ 2009

 (Gonadotrophin) 2
1. (Follicle Stimulating Homone : FSH)
LH
(Estrogen)

2. (Luteinizing Hormone : LH)
(Ovulation)
(Progesterone) (Endometrium)

(Interstitial Cell)
(Testosterone) LH Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
ICSH
1.2
(Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone : MSH)
(Melanin) (Melanocyte)

MSH

1.3
(Neurosecretory Cell) (Oxytocin)

(Vasopressin) (Antidiuretic Hormone :

ADH)
ADH

2. (Islets Of Langerhans)
2.1 (Insulin)

400 mg
3
100 cm (Diabetes Millitus)

2009 ________________________

(155)

2.2 (Glucagon) (Gluconeogenesis)

3. (Adrenal Gland)
2
2
3.1 (Adrenal Cortex)
Mesoderm
50 3
(Glucocorticoid Hormone)


(Cortisol) (Cortisone)
(Corticosterone)
(Mineralocorticoid Hormone)

+
Na K+
(Sex Hormone)



3.2 (Adrenal Medulla)
Ectoderm 2

(Adrenalin Hormone) (Epinephrine

Hormone)

(Noradrenalin Hormone)
(Norepinephrine Hormone)

(156) ________________________ 2009

4. (Thyroid Gland)
2
Isthmus 2
2
4.1 (Thyroxin)


(
)
4.2 (Calcitonin)

5. (Parathyroid Gland)
(Parathormone : PTH)
2+
Ca PO43- Ca2+

6. (Gonad)
6.1 (Testis)
(Leydigs Cell)
(Androgen)
(Testosterone) (Androstenedione) (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
(Secondary Sexual
Characteristic)

6.2 (Ovary)
(Follicular Cell)
(Estrogen)




(Corpus Luteum)
(Progesterone)

(Progestin)

2009 ________________________

(157)

7. (Pheromone)

7.1 (Releaser Pheromone)
(Sex Attractant)

(Trail Substance)

(Alarm Substance)

7.2 (Primer Pheromone)

Queen Substance

4.
(Behavior)

(Inherited Behavior)

(Orientation)
1. (Kinesis)

- CO2
-
-
2. (Taxis)

(158) ________________________ 2009

-
-
-
3. (Reflex)

-
4. (Chain Of Reflex)

(Instinctive Behavior)

-
-
-
-
-
(Learning Behavior)

1. (Habituation)



-

2009 ________________________

(159)

-

-

2. (Imprinting Behavior)


-

-
3. (Trial And Error)

- T 200
90%
50%
4. (Conditioning)


+ ()
+ + ()
+
5. (Reasoning)




-
-


(Visual Communication)
-
-

(160) ________________________ 2009

-
70
(Waggle Dance)
70
(Sound Communication)
-
-
(Tactile Communication)


-
-
-

5.
(Reproduction)

1. (Asexual Reproduction)

2 (Binary Fission) Amoeba,

Paramecium, Euglena
(Budding) (Yeast) (Hydra)
(Sporulation) , , ,
(Regeneration)
(Stolon) , ,
2. (Sexual Reproduction)
(Sperm) (Egg)

(Hermaphrodite)
, , , 2
(Dioecious)

2009 ________________________

(161)

 2
Oviparous

1. (External Fertilization)

2. (Internal Fertilization)
- Viviparous
- Ovoviviparous
(Artificial Insemination)

(Embryo Transfer)

(Testis)
1. (Scrotum) (32-34C)
2. (Seminiferous Tubules) Primordial Germ Cell

3. (Epididymis)
4. (Interstitial Cell)
(Testosterone)
(Vas Defferens)

(162) ________________________ 2009

(Seminal Vesicle)

(Prostate Gland)

(Cowpers Gland)
(Ejaculatory Duct)

(Urethra) (Penis)

(Semen)
,
2-7 cm3 300-500 (1 cm3
70 30 )
40 2

3
- (Head)

- (Middle Piece)
- (Tail)

2009 ________________________

(163)

(164) ________________________ 2009

(Ovary) Primary Oocyte 2

400
(Estrogen) Theca Interna
Primary Follicle

2009 ________________________

(165)



(Menopause) 45-50
(Uterus) 3 (Endometrium)
(Placenta)

Secondary Oocyte Meiosis II (Egg)

(Pregnancy)
FSH, LH


(Oxytocin)
(Contraception)




(Cell Multiplication)

(166) ________________________ 2009

Assimilation

(Cell Expansion) Protoplasm

(Differentiation)
(Maintenance)

(Zygote)
(Cleavage)

Morula


1. Holoblastic Type 2
- Equal Holoblastic Type :
Isolecthal Egg ()

- Unequal Holoblastic Type : Animal Pole
Micromere Vegetal Pole
Macromere Mesolecithal Egg ()

2. Meroblastic Type 2
- Discoidal Meroblastic Type : Animal Pole
Telolecithal Egg ()
- Peripheral Meroblastic Type :
Centrolecithal Egg ()
(Blastula)
Morula
Blastocoel Blastomere
Blastulation

2009 ________________________

(167)

Blastomere Blastoderm
Blastulation Germinal Disc
Blastodisc
(Gastrula)
3 (Ectoderm) (Mesoderm)
(Endoderm) Gastrulation

Gastrocoel
Archenteron Isolecithal Egg
(Organogenesis Morphogenesis)


Ectoderm (
)
Mesoderm , , ,

Endoderm ,

(Metamorphosis) 4
1. Ametabola

,
2. Peurometabola Gradual Metamorphosis

(Nymph)

3. Hemimetabola Incomplete Metamorphosis

(Naiad)

4. Homometabola Complete Metamorphosis
4

(Zygote) Holoblastic
Type Morula Blastula

(168) ________________________ 2009

 5 Blastula Blastocyst
( Trophoblast Inner Cell Mass)
7
2
Thalidomide :
:
:
:
(Placenta) (Amnion)
(Amniotic Fluid)

(Umbilical Cord)
1 2

280 Oxytocin

(Twin) 2
1. (Identical Twin Monozygotic Twin) 1 1
2

2. (Fraternal Twin Dizygotic Twin) 2

2009 ________________________

(169)



1.
1)
2)
3)
4)

2.
.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
3.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Biceps
Triceps
Biceps
Triceps
Flexor
Extensor

4.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5. Antagonism
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) ., . .
4)
6.
.
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) . .
(170) ________________________ 2009

7.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4)
8.
1)
2)
3)
4)

9. ., . .
. (Nerve Net)
. (Nerve Cord)
. (Ventral) (Ganglion)
1)
2)
3)
4)
10. Retina Rod Cell Cone Cell

1) Rod Cell
2) Rod Cell
3) Cone Cell
4) Cone Cell
11.
.
. ADH
.
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4)
12.
1)
2)
3)
4)
13.

1)
2)
3)
4)
2009 ________________________

(171)

14.

1)
2)
3)
4)
15.
1) FSH
2) LH
3) Estrogen
4) Progesterone
16. 2-3

1)
2)
3)
4)
17.

1)
2)
3)
4)
18.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4)
19.
1)
2)
3)
4)
20. (Social Behavior)
.
.
.
.
1) ., . .
2) ., . .
3) ., . .
4) ., . .
21.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) ., . .
3) ., . .
4) ., . .

(172) ________________________ 2009

22.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4)
23.
. .
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
24.
1)
2)
3)
4)
25. (Ectoderm)
1)
2)
3)
4)
26.
1)
2)
3)
4)
27. (membrane potential)
1)
2)
3)
4) -
28.
1)
2)
3)
4)
29.
1)
2)
3)
4)
30.
,
1) Estrogen , Progesterone , LH
2) Estrogen , LH , Progesterone
3) Progesterone , Estrogen , LH
4) LH , Estrogen , Progesterone
2009 ________________________

(173)

()

31. 2 1
2

1 2

1) (innate behaviour)
2) (trial and error)
3) (reflex)
4) (orientation)
32. 5

10-50
() 5

1) (trial and error)
2) (conditioning)
3) (imprinting)
4) (habituation)
33. (mesoderm)
1)
2)
3)
4)
34. (Skeletal muscle)
1) (Muscle bundle)
2) (Muscle fiber)
3) (Myofibrils)
4) (Microfilament)
35.

+35

0
1)
2)

3)
4)
-50
-70

36.
.
.
.
.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) ., . .

(174) ________________________ 2009

37.

(Hair cell)
1)
2)
3)
4)

38.
1)
2)
3)
4)
39.
1)
2)
3)
4)
40.

1) (Habituation)
2) (Imprinting)
3) (Conditioning)
4) (Trial and error)
41. : , ,

1) 23 , 46 , 23
2) 23 , 46 , 46
3) 46 , 23 , 46
4) 46 , 23 , 23
42.
1)
2)
3)
4)
43.
A

1)
2)
3)
A
4)

2009 ________________________

(175)

1. 1)
11. 4)
21. 4)

2. 4)
12. 2)
22. 3)

3. 3)
13. 2)
23. 1)

4. 3)
14. 4)
24. 3)

5. 2)
15. 1)
25. 2)

6. 3)
16. 2)
26. 3)

7. 2)
17. 3)
27. 3)

8. 4)
18. 2)

9. 4)
19. 3)

10. 4)
20. 4)

6. 3)
16. 2)
26. 2)

7. 3)
17. 2)
27. 2)

8. 3)
18. 1)

9. 4)
19. 2)

10. 1)
20. 4)

8.
18.
28.
38.

9.
19.
29.
39.

10.
20.
30.
40.

1. 2)
11. 3)
21. 4)

2. 2)
12. 2)
22. 2)

3. 1)
13. 2)
23. 3)

4. 1)
14. 1)
24. 3)

5. 4)
15. 2)
25. 3)

1.
11.
21.
31.
41.

2)
2)
2)
1)
2)

2.
12.
22.
32.
42.

4)
2)
4)
3)
4)

3.
13.
23.
33.
43.

1)
4)
3)
2)
2)

4.
14.
24.
34.

3)
3)
3)
2)

5.
15.
25.
35.

1)
4)
4)
1)

6.
16.
26.
36.

4)
2)
3)
2)

7.
17.
27.
37.

1)
4)
4)
1)

1)
1)
4)
2)

(176) ________________________ 2009

2)
4)
4)
2)

2)
4)
2)
4)