Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(سلسلة بيسان لتعليم اللغة الانجليزية (الجزأ الأول
(سلسلة بيسان لتعليم اللغة الانجليزية (الجزأ الأول
2006
Dedication
To our beloved father, mother, brothers, sisters, wife, sons and
daughters.
To our beloved homeland, martyrs and injuries.
To our university, doctors and students.
Those who gave us the needed support and encouraged us all the time
to complete this work.
Ahmed Ellouh
Subject
Pronouns
.1
The Verb
.2
.3
Helping Verbs
.4
Verb To Be
.5
10
Verb To Do
.6
11
Verb To Have
.7
12
Defective Verbs
.8
14
.9
14
.10
18
.11
21
Conjugation of Verbs
.12
27
.13
31
.14
34
.15
37
.16
39
.17
44
.18
47
.19
48
IF
53
54
67
86
Adjectives
91
94
Answers
.20
IF
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
Pronouns
: :Personal Pronouns1
I, You, He, She, It, They, We -: : Subject Pronouns
me, you, him , her , it , them , us -: : Object Pronouns
.
Subject
Plural
We
He
She
Singular
It
They
You
Object
Plural
me
us
him
her
Singular
them
you
you
Examples
it
You
1.
I am a doctor.
2.
3.
He is my friend.
4.
I welcomed him.
5.
6.
7.
I invited them.
8.
9.
. )(
.
.
.
-: Possessive Pronouns 2
Singular
my
mine
his
his
her
hers
its
its
your
yours
Plural
our
ours
their
theirs
your
yours
.( )( Possessive Adjectives) .1
.( ) .2
Examples
.
1.
It is my pen.
2.
It is mine.
3.
It is not yours.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.( )
.
.
.
.
.
Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns3
: ).
.( selves) ( ) self ( )
.(
Singular
Plural
myself
He
himself
She
herself
It
You
itself
yourself
We
ourselves
They
themselves
You
yourselves
( / )
( / )
/
( / )
Examples
. /
1. I blamed myself.
. /
2. He blamed himself.
. /
. /
. /
.( )
.
: DemonstrativeAdjectives4
this
these
that / those
2. This is my pen.
.( )
.
.
Examples
.
Exercise No. 1
The Verb
).(Verb
:
.
) (
) (
:
- write ........ buy ).(verb
.1 .
.2 .
.3 ).(Passive
.
) (not :
.
)( :
1. He is a doctor.
?2. Is he a doctor
Forms of Verb
The Infinitive 1
to to ( base)
: (base infinitive)
(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be
The Present 2
are I am : to be to
:
play
sing
am (are)
sings
is
The Past 4
.(Helping Verbs)
played
sang
was (were)
.(Helping Verbs)
played
sung
been
.( ing) ( -ing)
playing
singing
being
Infinitive
(base)
Present
3
Present with 3rd
person singular
(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be
play
sing
am (are)
(-s form)
plays
sings
is
4
Past
5
Past
Participle
6
Present
Participle
played
sang
was (were)
(-ed form)
played
sung
been
(-ing form)
playing
singing
being
:( to be) .1
to be
am
is
are
was
were
been
being
(s) .2
(present) : .(ing)
(base) (past participle) (past)
:(to) ( infinitive)
Past
Past participle
smile
smiled
smiled
bring
brought
brought
rose
risen
Present
rise
( Finite Verbs) .3
.
) .5
: (
1. Dina is playing.
2. He has gone home.
(finite + non-finite)
(finite + non-finite)
Finite Verb
Helping Verbs
Verb To Be
Verb To Do
Verb To Have
Defective Verbs
1- Verb To Be
be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being
Pronoun
Past
Present
was
is
was
are
were
am
He , She , It
We , They , You
be
am, is
was
been
are
were
Examples
1.
I am a teacher.
2.
He is a doctor.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Today, he is better.
9.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Verb To Be .1
.
Exercise No. 2
(n't) not
: are is am
: were was
2- Verb To Do
do, does
Pronoun
did
I , We , They , You
do
does
He , She , It
Past
did
do + play = play
does +
= s +
did +
do
Present
. .1
.( n't) not .2
do not = don't
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
( )
Exercise No. 3
*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10
: did does do
3- Verb To Have
have, has
Pronoun
had
Present
I , We , They , You
have
He , She , It
has
Past
had
. not
has not = hasn't
Examples
.
Exercise No. 4
*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
: has have
11
4- Defective Verbs
Present
shall
can
may
Past
/ should
could
/ might
Present
will
Past
must
ought to
would
( ) .1
. go went gone :
.( ) to ( s) .3
. We I shall .4
Examples
12
Exercise No. 5
-:
. be, have, do .1
13
-:
.( Tense)
Present
Simple
Past
Continuous Perfect
Simple
Future
Continuous Perfect
Simple
(s) ( )
: (he , she , it)
Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat
[
drink + s = drinks
play + s = plays
3. He eats a cake.
eat
4. I play basketball
play
+ s = eats
wash + es = washes
watch + es = watches
wish + es = wishes
teach + es = teaches
finish + es = finishes
mix + es = mixes
14
go + es = goes
fix + es = fixes
do + es = does
pass + es = passes
cross + es = crosses
match + es = matches
(y) ( y) .2
-: ( ies)
try
tries
cry
cries
study
studies
fly
flies
( s ) ( ( ) y ) .3
-: ( y )
play + s = plays
obey + s = obeys
buy + s = buys
enjoy + s = enjoys
say + s = says
stay + s = stays
( a, e, i , o, u )vowels
2) Usage:
:
-: (fact) .1
.
-: (habit) .2
.
never
often
generally
usually
frequently
sometimes
rarely
(... )
seldom
every.
15
always
.1 ) (every .
.2
) (fact ) (habit
-:
.3 ) (to .
4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:
) + don't +(.
.1 ) (s
.2 ) (s
)?... + .(Do +
.3 ) (s ) (es
) + doesn't + (.
.4 ) (s ) (es
)?... + .(Does +
Interrogative
Negative
Examples
I speak English.
I don't speak English.
?Do you speak English
.
.
1.
2.
3.
Examples
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16
Exercise No. 6
-:
-:
17
1) Formation:-
.
1. I watched TV yesterday.
|
(irregular)(regular) 1
( ed) (Regular Verbs)
-: ( d)
) ( ed) .1
: (
travel + ed = travelled
stop + ed = stopped
( y) ( y ) ( ed) .2
-: (ied)
study + ed = studied
deny + ed = denied
carry + ed = carried
cry
+ ed = cried
( ed) ( y) .3
-: (ied) ( y)
enjoy + ed = enjoyed
play + ed = played
: (ed) ( d) ( e) ( e) .4
invite + d = invited
prove + d = proved
18
smile + d = smiled
exercise + d = exercised
:(Irregular Verbs)
2) Usage:-
-:
. .1
. .2
-: .3
.
-: .4
When I was on holiday, I swam everyday.
3) Key words
.
yesterday
once
in olden times
one day
just now
in the past
ago
last...
last night
last month
Negative
Interrogative
Did they go to school?
Did the wolf run away?
Examples
.
.
.
Exercise No. 7
*) Correct the verbs in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20
Conjugation of Verbs
Ordinary or Regular or Weak Verbs
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
prove
proved
proved
help
helped
helped
burn
burnt
burnt
.(d) ( e) .1
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
arrive
arrived
arrived
change
changed
changed
invite
invited
invited
( i) ( y) ( y) .2
.( ed)
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
cry
cried
cried
marry
married
married
study
studied
studied
( y) (( )y) .3
.( ed)
Present or infinitive
21
Meaning
Past
Past participle
enjoy
enjoyed
enjoyed
obey
obeyed
obeyed
play
played
played
stay
stayed
stayed
( ed) .4
.(
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
stop
stopped
stopped
travel
travelled
travelled
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
act
damage
ask
believe
attack
blink
arrive
belong to
boil
call
borrow
carry
change
chase
check
clean
close
climb
compare
collect
compute
condense
correct
cook
control
copy
correct
count
crawl
cross
dance
22
Past
Past
participle
acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived
acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived
belonged to
belonged to
boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced
boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced
Present or
infinitive
describe
die
disappear
dive
dream
drop
earn
end
enjoy
erupt
evaporate
exercise
explain
explode
finish
float
fold
follow
form
guess
happen
hate
heat
hope
hurry up
introduce
join
jump
kick
kill
land
Past
Past
participle
described
died
disappeared
/ dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
( )erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
/ folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed
described
died
disappeared
dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed
Meaning
Present or
Past
infinitive
Meaning
Past
participle
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
lift
like
listen
live
load
look after
look at
look for
look good
lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good
lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good
remember
replay
report
rest
revise
sail
scream
shop
shout
look up
looked up
looked up
love
marry
match
measure
mend
milk
loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked
remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted
remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted
slope
sloped
sloped
loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked
sow
start
stay
stop
support
store
sowed
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored
sowed (sown)
switched on
switched on
talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated
talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated
travelled
travelled
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored
miss
missed
missed
switch on
move
need
open
order
own
paint
pass
moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed
moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed
talk
taste
tie
thank
touch
train
translate
phone
phoned
phoned
travel
pick
plant
picked
planted
picked
planted
try
turn
tried
turned
tried
turned
play
played
played
type
typed
typed
plough
point to
post
pour
practice
prefer
ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred
ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred
use
visit
wait
want
wash
watch
used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched
used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched
pretend
pretended
pretended
water
watered
watered
pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received
pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received
weigh
welcome
work
worry
pronounce
pull
push
rain
receive
23
/
/
weighed
welcomed
/ worked
worried
weighed
welcomed
worked
worried
:The Irregular Verbs
Present or
infinitive
abide
agree
am
are
arise
awake
be
bear
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bet
bid
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blend
blend
blow
break
breed
bring
bring up
broadcast
build
burn
burst
buy
can
cast
catch
choose
cling
24
Meaning
/
/
/
/
/
Past
abode
agreed
was
were
arose
awoke
was / were
bore
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
betted
bade
bid
bound
bit
bled
blent
blended
blew
broke
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
could
cast
caught
chose
clang
Past
participle
abode
agreed
been
been
arose
awoken
been
born
borne
beat (en)
become
begun
bent
bet
bet
bidden
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blent
blended
blown
broken
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
---cast
caught
chosen
clung
Present
or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
clothe
come
cost
creep
cut
dare
deal
dig
do/does
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
Past
participle
clothed
came
cost
crept
cut
clothed
come
cost
crept
cut
dared (durst)
dared (durst)
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt (ed)
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
/ / flung
flew
forbade
/
forecast
foretold
forgot
/ forgave
/ forsook
froze
got
/
gave
went
ground
/ / grew
hung
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
/
/
/
/
Present or
infinitive
hang
have / has
have to
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
is
Meaning
Past
Past participle
Present
or
infinitive
Meaning
hanged
had
had to
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
was
hanged
had
had to
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
been
say
see
seek
sell
send
set out
set aside
sew
shake
Past
Past
participle
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewed
shook
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewn
shaken
keep
kept
kept
shed
shed
shed
kneel
knelt
knelt
shine
shone
shone
knit (knitted)
knit
shoe
shod
shod
shot
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sat
sank
slew
slept
slid
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
sunk
slain
slept
slid
slung
slung
smelt (ed)
smelt (ed)
sowed
sped
sown
sped
spent
spent
spilt
span
spat
split
ran
rose
sawed
sold
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
spilled
spun
spat
split
run
risen
sawn
sold
knit
know
knew
known
shoot
lade
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
laded
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt
laden
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt
lie
learned (learnt)
learned (learnt)
left
lent
let
left
lent
let
show
shrink
shut
sing
sit
sink
slay
sleep
slide
lay
lain
sling
lied
lit (lighted)
lost
lied
lit (lighted)
lost
smell
sow
speed
lie
light
lose
make
made
made
spend
may
mean
meet
mistake
mow
overcome
pay
put
quit
read
rid
ride
ring
/
/
/
might
meant
met
mistook
mowed
overcame
paid
put
quit
read
rid
rode
rang
---meant
met
mistaken
mown
overcome
paid
put
quit
read
rid
ridden
rung
spill
spin
spit
split
run
rise
saw
sell
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
25
/
/
spoilt (ed)
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past
participle
stick
sting
stink
stride
strike
string
strive
swear
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tell
think
throw
thrust
tread
undergo
understand
undertake
upset
wake
wear
weave
wed
weep
win
wind
wring
write
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
//
/ /
stuck
stung
stank
strode
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swang
took
taught
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
underwent
understood
undertook
upset
woke (ed)
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
wrote
stuck
stung
stunk
stridden
struck
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
undergone
understood
undertaken
upset
woken (ed)
worn
woven
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
written
26
1) Formation:-
-:
am
is
are
I
He, She , It
They, You, We
+ + ing
1. I am watching TV now.
2) Usage:
-: .1
I am writing now.
.
-: .2
: .3
.
:
now
still
while
as
at this moment
Look!
at the present
Listen!
! /!
Smell!
! / !
as long as
27
.1
-:
) (
.2
) (e ) (ing-:
ing = giving
give +
ing = inviting
invite +
.3
) (ee ) (ing:
.4
) (ing:
travel + ing
dig + ing
= travelling
= digging
= swimming
swim + ing
) (t .
) (r .
.5
) (ie ) (y ) (ing:
.6
) :
( ) ( -:
(Verbs of Sense) :
notice
see
taste
hear
observe
smell
touch
(Verbs of Thinking) :
mean
believe
think
understand
suppose
feel
know
28
: (Verbs of Emotion)
love
like
desire
hate
want
refuse
forgive
dislike
care
wish
: ( Verbs of Possessing )
own
belong
possess
appear
disobey
seem
suit
fit
contain
obey
matter
consist of
(Emphasis) ( ).
( Threat) ( )
Examples
1. The train is travelling now.
2. We are having a test at this moment.
.
.
.!
.!
29
4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:
.(Verb To Be) ( not) 1
am, is, are + not + + ing
( Verb To Be) .2
. )(
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Negative
Exercise No. 8
I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Interrogative
1) Formation:
-:
I, He, She , It
was + + ing
They, You, We
were + + ing
.
2) Usage :
. .1
.
. drive sit 2
: .2
While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.
.
. stop .1
. drive .2
3) Key words:
:
while
still
31
as
when
.1 while as
:
While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.
.
.2 when
:
.3 )
(......:
.4 as while .
.
.2
) (Verb To Be
)( .
Interrogative
Negative
Examples
I was working.
I was not working.
?Were you working
.
.
They were working. They were not working.
?Were they working
2.
.
.
1.
.
.
Examples
1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy.
2. While we were having supper, all lights went out.
The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked
into the room.
.
.
.
3.
Exercise No. 9
I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still
sleeping - still slept).
He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying
- studies).
She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).
33
have + P.P
has + P.P
Examples
.
: ( ) .1
.( ) .
: .2
.( ) .
: .3
We have already written the letter.
Or: We have written the letter already.
.( ) .
: .4
She has changed some words in the contract.
) .
.(
3Key words :
:
already
34
just
ever
( )
since
yet
for
never
recently
lately
.1 )( )(.
.
.3 ) yet ( -:
)(.
.4 ) ever ( .
.5 ) never( ever.
.6 ever
-:
)(
)(
)(
.7 ) recently( ) (P.P -:
.8 ) since(
.
since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last etc
1995.
.9 ) for(
.
for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years ..etc
.10 since .
.
( has have : )
. )(
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
Have you finished work?
1.
2.
Exercise No. 10
36
1) Formation:
:
had + past participle (P.P)
1. She had bought a paper.
2) Usage:
.
:
before
until
after
by the time
as soon as
till
.( ( ) before Before) before .1
(past perfect
before
(had + P.P)
(past simple)
after
37
(Past perfect
(had + P.P)
. : .3
.(had) not
)( ( had)
.
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
Exercise No. 11
38
7.The Future Simple Tense
1) Formation:
:
: We I ( shall ).1
(I , We
shall + Infinitive)
-: ( will ).2
will + infinitive)
.
2) Usage:
. .1
.
. .2
.
3) Key words:
:
tomorrow
next .....
... / tonight
39
in the future
soon
Examples
1. The match will begin soon.
.
.
. )(
.( ) won't
shall not
will not
: .2
am / is / are + going to
1. He is going to read a new story.
2. Shadi is going to weekend in London.
Examples
()
(Planning) ()
Negative
.
Interrogative
1.
I shall go to school.
I shan't go to school.
Will you go to school?
.
.
2.
3.
40
Exercise No.12
41
Exercise No. 13
I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980.
Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.
After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
43
Tense
Formation
:
:
I, You, We, They
s +
Examples
1) I play football.
.
doesn't +
He, She, It :
The Present
Continuous
44
:
am, is, are + + ing
Do + . ?
Does + +. ?
He, She, It :
He, She, It
don't +
Interrogative
:
:
Negative
didn't +
Did +...?
1) I am writing now.
Am, Is, Are + + + ing ?
am, is, are + not + ing
.
1) I am not writing now
1) Are you writing now?
2) He is reading a story.
.
.
2) Is he reading a story?
2) He is not reading a story.
3) They are walking.
.
.
3) Are they walking?
3) They are not walking
Tense
The Past
Continuous
Formation
:
was, were + + ing
The Present
Perfect
45
Examples
1) I was running.
.
Negative
was, were + not + + ing
Interrogative
Was, Were + + + ing.. ?
:
had + P.P
The Past
Perfect
Tense
The Future
Simple
Formation
Examples
Negative
46
Interrogative
Key Words
Tense
47
The Present
Simple
The Present
Continuous
The Past
Continuous
always
yesterday
now
while
often
once
at the present
when
usually
sometimes
just now
Look!
! still
just /
never
/
already
The Past
Perfect
after
before
The Future
Simple
tomorrow
soon
one day
at this moment
ever
as soon as
in the future
as /
( )
Listen!
generally
The Present
Perfect
ago
until
till
tonight
since
in the past
frequently
/
while
never
last .
.... as
/( last month, year, day.)
still
rarely
48
recently
lately
as long as
for
day)
(..
Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)
. ( if)
.( if)
. ( if)
.
:
if + Present Simple
Present Simple
2) Usage:
100
( if) ( , ) ( if) u
.
Examples
1.
( ).
2.
( ).
3.
( ).
1) Form:
if + Present Simple
Future Simple
shall / will +
.will shall can may
49
2) Usage:
.(Probable) ( )
50
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
1) Form:
should / would +
if + Past Simple
2) Usage:
.would should could might
-:
Improbable
10
1.
.
.( : ). ( I ) ( was) ( were)
2.
3.
Examples
.( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
1) Form:
if + Past Perfect
2) Usage:
( Impossible)
0 .
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
51
If
( if )
. ( should) ( if ) ( 1
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2.
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.
1.
()
()
. ( were) ( if ) ( 2
1.
2.
.
.
.if were. to
. ( Had) ( if ) ( 3
1.
2.
3.
. had
. had
()
()
()
.unless ( 4
unless = if..not
.
. ( unless)
1.
2.
52
.
.
If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
.
3.
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4.
.
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.
Exercise No. 14
If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
If he played well, he (win) the match.
53
If
The Zero
Conditional
If
Probability
percentage
%100
The First
Conditional
If
If
if + Present Simple
Present Simple
%50
if + Present Simple
%10
if + Past Simple
should, would +
if + Past Perfect
The Second
conditional
Form
Future Simple
(will, shall + )
Usage
.()
Time
any time
future
future
The Third
Conditional
If
54
%0
*
.
*
.
past
Examples
Active Voice and Passive Voice
.( subject) ( Active Voice) .1
Verb To Be
by
*
.
.
.
(Statement)
55
(Order)
(Question)
1. Statement
7
:Passive Active
.1 ) (.
.2 ) ( Verb To Be ) (.
.3 ) .( Verb To Be
.4 by
.
Verb To Be
by
|
1
( .
( .
( ) . (.
.2 by
active -:passive
you
they
we
it
she
he
you
them
us
it
her
him
me
To Be
Tenses
Verb To Be
am, is, are
Present Simple
was, were
Past Simple
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
had been
Past Perfect
Future Simple
56
be
:
will, would, shall, should can,
could, must, had to, ought to
was, were
been
being
Examples
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Passive Voice
9.
12.
He drives a car.
.
.
14.
15.
57
|
: ( Defective Verb) .1
The Defective Verb + be + P.P
be
will would shall should can could may might must - ought to (had to).
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
2.
3.
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
. orders
They are going to carry out the new The new project is going to be carried out.
.
2. project.
.
( project is are
I am going to prepare the new lessons. The new lessons are going to be prepared.
3.
.
.
.(Passive) Verb To Be .4
Active Voice
1.
2.
58
Passive Voice
3.
4.
I have a car.
2.
I had a car.
Passive Voice
( Adverb of Manner) .6
.
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.
( Preposition) .7
.
Active Voice
59
Passive Voice
1.
2.
3.
( )
.8 )
(.
to }
)( to ) ({.
.
)(1
) ( .
Active Voice
Passive Voice
2.
.9
:
.10 ) (to +
) (to + -:
send
advise
tell
offer
expect
ask
Passive Voice
Active Voice
60
-:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
somebody
people
someone
the police
nobody
the government
Active Voice
Passive Voice
2.
People say
Doctors believe
Scientists know
People think
-:
Active Voice
People say.
People said .
It is said....
It was said .
Doctors believe....
It is believed .
People knew.
/ It was known .
61
Passive Voice
It is alleged.
....
....
....
....
....
Examples
Active Voice
Passive Voice
. /
People say that peace will prevail soon.
It is said that peace will prevail soon.
2.
. Or: The peace is said to be prevailed soon.
.
The police allege that the thief escaped.
It is alleged that the thief escaped.
3.
. Or: The thief is said to be escaped.
.
People think that the Earth is not exactly round. It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.
. Or: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round.
4.
.
( Reflexive Pronoun) ( / )Let .13
-:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
62
2.Order
.
-:
Passive Voice
Let the window be opened.
.
Let this medicine be kept away from heat.
Keep this medicine away from heat.
2.
.
.
Clean the room.
Let the room be cleaned.
3.
.
.
Give me your book.
4.
63
3. Question
Question
(Yes, NO question)
.( ) .1
.( Passive ) .2
.3
. )(
(Wh- question)
( ( ) By whom) ( ( ) Who) .1
(By whom
Who) .
( ( )Who) ( ( )Whom) .2
(Who
Active Voice
Did she help him?
1.
2.
Whom) .
Passive Voice
Can anyone answer this question?
1. Anyone can answer this question.
2. This question can be answered.
3. Can this question be answered?
3.
4.
64
5.
6.
7.
8.
65
Exercise No. 15
:
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
. ) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
67
Direct and Indirect Speech
Reported Speech
-:
.( )
Sentences
(Statement)
(Question)
(Command)
begin with
a question word
begin with
a helping verb
(Request)
(Exclamation)
(Yes / No - questions)
1. Statement
indirect(direct)
: ( : )1
Direct Speech
say
say - declare
says
says - declares
say to
tell - declare
says to
tells - declares
said - declared
told - declared
said
said to
shall say
68
Indirect Speech
.2 )( ) (that ) ( .
.3 .
.4 ) (
.
.5 ) (
-:
Indirect Speech
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Direct Speech
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct Speech
should /
shall
would /
will
could
can
might /
may
) had to (must /
must
to ought
ought to
should +
would +
could +
might +
.6 )( )
(
-:
69
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
/ that
this
these
those
here
there
so
thus
now
then / at once
today
tonight
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday afternoon
tomorrow
tomorrow morning
the day after tomorrow
last ....
last night
ago
a year ago
that day
/ /
that night
the previous ..
the .....before
the previous night
the night before
before / previous
a year before
the previous year
...
come here
go there
bring this
take that
He said," No".
." " :
. /
.
.
. ) (
70
Examples
Direct Speech
1.
3.
Indirect Speech
2.
." " :
.
.(
4.
5.
." " :
.
.( said to)
6.
He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my He told me that he had gone to Rafah with
his father the day before.
father yesterday".
.
." " :
7.
Maged says to his sister, "I remember my Maged tells his sister that he remembers his
father's advice to me".
father's advice to him.
." " :
.
8.
9.
10.
. .1
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
71
." "
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
2.
I shall say to him, "There is no room for you I shall say to him that there is no room for
in the house".
him in the house.
." " :
.
3.
Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car
tomorrow".
tomorrow.
." " :
.
-: ) ( .3
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
2.
Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves Our teacher told us that the earth moves round
the sun.
round the sun".
.
." " :
. .4
Direct Speech
I said," I want to speak to you, Ali".
." " :
Indirect Speech
I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.
.
.5
1.
Indirect Speech
She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she
I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it".
had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that
chair and then she did not find it.
. . " :
. .
2.
72
.
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ".
the day before and that (and added that) the
" . " " next day she would travel abroad.
."
.
3.
Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
and that he had been about to leave when he
late. I was about to leave when I saw you".
had
seen him.
. " :
."
.
.( and) .6
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
73
Exercise No. 16
''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he "
said to them.
."
2.
3.
4.
." " :
5.
." " :
6.
7.
8.
9.
15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year".
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " ." " :
." " :
." " :
." ":
She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless . ":
you pay 300.000 dollars for me now".
." 300.000
." " :
. " :
He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all
papers. I hope to reach an agreement".
." .
14. She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'".
16.
." " :
." " :
She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some . ":
books. I have many useful books on this subject".
." .
." " :
74
2.Questions
begin with
a question word
begin with
a helping verb
Examples
1.
2.
(Direct)
(Indirect)
." " :
.
(Direct)
." " :
(Indirect)
Indirect Direct
. .1
-: .2
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
ask
saysay to
enquire
want to know
question
asks
sayssays to
/ enquires
wants to know
asked
said / said to
/ enquired (inquired)
wanted to know
shall say
shall say
shall enquire
.( ) .3
75
.5 :
When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much etc
) (.
.6 ) : ( ) (.
.7 )( ) (.
.8 )?( ).(.) (Full stop
.9 :
( ) ( .
( ) (
.
Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
Ameera said, "Did you watch the film Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the
yesterday, Azza?".
film the day before.
. " : ".
She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?".
She asks Ali if he is happy today.
": ".
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
I said to the boys "Were you busy I asked the boys if they had been busy the
yesterday?".
day before.
.
" : ".
5.
Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the
problem?".
problem.
. " : ".
6.
Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve Nora asked her friend if she could have solved
"?the question
the question.
" : "
.
7.
He said to his father, "Will you buy a car He asked his father if he would buy a car the
"?tomorrow
next day.
" : "
.
8.
I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story?" I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.
" : "
.
9.
10.
76
I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to
London.
11. London?"
" " :
.
12.
13.
|
told said asked .1
.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you He told me that it was too late and asked
going now?"
where I was going then.
" . " : .
.and asked .2
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea
and asked how I should go there.
there?" said Ramy.
. : " " " "
.
: .1
Direct
What about..?
Why don't you ..?
Could I have... ?
Would you like.?
Indirect
... suggest
..... advise
..... ask
....
offered
offered to +
......
( ... ) Will you...? / (.... ) Would you? / (.... ) Could you ...? .2
.
77
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
2.
"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me". She advised me to ask him.
." " :
.
3.
"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me. She asked me for a cup of tea.
." " :
.
4.
"Could you sign the book, please?" he said. He asked me to sign the book.
" " :
.
"Would you mind opening the door?" he He asked me to open the door.
said.
.
." " : Or: He asked me if I would mind opening the
5.
door.
.
6.
''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you He offered to wait for me.
.
7. like?" he said.
:" "
78
Exercise No. 17
Change Into Indirect Speech:1.
2.
:
." " :
." " :
." " :
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He said to her, "How did you come here?" " " " :
"Did you come here on foot?".
."
8.
9.
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
11.
." " :
." " :
." " :
16.
17.
79
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." ":
." ": :
3. Command (Order)
4. Request
.1-:
" : ."
)(Direct
)(Indirect
.2-:
" : ".
)(Direct
)(Indirect
-:
" : ".
.
| ) (.
.1 :
( said to advised ... not to ... ordered ... not to begged ... not to
.2 ) ( )( ) (to + )(
) ( Don't ) (not to + ) .(....
.3 ) ( ) (.
.4 ) (.
80
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other
chance to prove his honesty and ability.
1. chance to improve my honesty and ability".
." " : .
The manager said to him, "Give her an other The manager ordered him to give her an
dress".
other dress.
2.
." " :
.
Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle
for half an hour.
3. for half an hour".
." " :
.
The pupil said to the teacher, "Please, explain The pupil begged the teacher to explain that
point again.
4. this point again".
." " :
.
The teacher said to the boys, "Write your The teacher advised the boys to write their
names clearly.
5. names clearly".
.
." " :
She said to her husband, "Dont trouble She advised her husband not to trouble
troubles till troubles trouble him.
6. troubles till troubles trouble you".
." " :
.
The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid. The mother told the child not to be afraid.
7.
." " :
.
|
that ( ) .1
.asked ( )
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take The doctor advised me to stay in bed and
this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow".
take that medicine and said that he would
visit me the next day.
1. . " :
."
.
The poor man said to me, "Please, give me
some food to eat, will you help me cross the
road?"
2.
" :
"
81
suggested thatshould
Or:suggested gerund + .....
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
.asked said (
.Please (
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
82
Exercise No. 18
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." / " :
." " :
9.
10.
." " :
83
5. Exclamation
.
how , what :
: (!)
Ugh!
Alas!
! Oh!
! Hurrah!
. that .1
-: .2
.... / /
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.... / /
6.
.... / /
7.
.... / /
8.
.... / /
.... / /
.... / /
.... / /
.( ) .3
( Tense) .4
. ( )
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said, "Alas! My shop is completely He said with sorrow that his shop was
completely damaged.
1. damaged".
." " ! :
. ( )
He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize".
He cried with joy that he had won the first
prize.
."! ":
2.
.
84
3.
He thanked me.
6.
He said, "Congratulation".
." ":
He congratulated me.
7.
He said, "Liar".
." ":
He called me a liar.
.
.
Exercise No. 19
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
." " ! :
." ":
." " ! :
." "! :
." . "! :
."! " :
." . "! :
." " ! :
." "! :
85
." " ! :
Exercise No. 20
-:
1.
2.
86
Adjectives
.1 ..... .
.2 .
.3 )
) : (.
Examples
1. He is clever.
2. She is clever.
.1 .
an old woman / .
a new house .
a clever boy
a red book
-
.2 Verb to Be-:
Examples
.
1. Fadi is polite.
2. She is tall.
3. I am happy.
.1 the -:
the poor
poor
the rich
rich
the brave
brave
.2 -:
...
...
? Which ...
? How much ...
? What sort
?How many
87
Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
.
Comparison of adjectives
-: )(
(Positive Degree) .1
-:
1. He is a tall man.
(Comparative Degree) .2
.
(Superlative Degree ) .3
.
) .1
-: (
88
expensive
dangerous
beautiful
/ important
wonderful
valuable
/ /
( ) .2
-:
short
big
quick
fat
cold
old
tall
hot
thin
-:
. than more (
more + + than
. )( the most ( ( )
the most +
-:
1. Water is the most important thing in our life
. )(
. than ( er) ( ) (
89
er than
er
-:
.( est) the ( )(
the + est
.
. )(
.
|
(er) : )
-: (( est)
fat
fatter than
the fatter
big
bigger than
the bigger
hot
hotter than
the hotter
thin
thinner than
the thinner
( er) ( r) ( e)
( est) ( st) ( + r + than)
-: (the + + st)
90
.1
.2
large
( )
larger than
the largest
nice
nicer than
the nicest
simple
simpler than
the simplest
fine
finer than
the finest
(er) ( i) ( y) ( y)
-: ( est)
easy
easier than
the easiest
happy
happier than
the happiest
Funny
funnier than
the funniest
heavy
heavier than
the heaviest
noisy
noisier than
the noisiest
pretty
prettier than
the prettiest
) (
-:
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
ill
worse than
the worst
far
further than
the furthest
little
less than
the least
less
lesser than
the least
many
more than
the most
much
more than
the most
old
older than
the eldest
Examples
1. Nabil is better than Usama.
2. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class.
91
.3
.
.
more ++ than
the most +
Huda is more beautiful than Nadia. Samira is the most beautiful in the class.
.
.
er (r)than
|
-: .1
as ++ as
.
-: .2
not ( as / so) + + as
1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah.
.
.
( ) .3
:
polite
politer than
the politest
polite
more politer
in ( ) ( ) .4
: of
92
1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class.
narrow
narrower than
the narrowest
93
Exercise No. 21
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
3.
4.
5.
This is the (interesting more interesting most interesting) book I have read.
94
Answers
Exercise No. 1
13. ourselves
17. Those
10. it
14. myself
18. These
7. Your
11. them
15. themselves
19. This
8. mine
12. yourself
16. themselves
1. It
5. We
9.
2. He
6. You
3. They / It
4. I
my
Exercise No. 2
I
II
1. is
2. am
3. are
4. is
5. are
1. was
2. were
3. were
4. were
5. was
Exercise No. 3
1. Did
2. does
3. do
2. have
3. has
4. have
2. get
3. write
4.
Exercise No. 6
I 1. takes
II
95
2. speak
1. drinks
6. enjoys
3. watches
2. reaches
7. studies
5. hhas
6. has
Exercise No. 5
1. help
5. Does
Exercise No. 4
1. have
4. do
3. visits
8. gets
buy
5. study
6. help
4. meet
5. gives
4. answers
9. shines
6. drives
5. goes / catches
10. visits
Exercise No. 7
1. bought
2.
made
3.
had
4. climbed
Exercise No. 8
II 1. is waiting
1. are shouting
Are you listening /
2.
am saying
3. is typing
4. is making
5. are welcoming
2. is having
3. driving
are standing
7.
is building
is raining 5. hear
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
met
were playing / wrote
found / was digging
arrived / was still sleeping
was sitting / saw
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Exercise No. 11
1. had drunk / finished
2. had cooked / came
3. had left / reached
6. think / know
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise No. 10
96
6.
8. am answering
9. is doing / does
10. am not wearing
Exercise No. 9
finished
5.
3.
4.
4. went / had taken
5. thanked / had saved
6. arrested / had stolen
Exercise No. 12
I 1. are going 2. will study
II
3. shall start
will clean
shall see
will visit
will be
shall take (am going to take)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
II
97
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
visits
make / makes
has lived
shall finish
move
will travel
will see
examined / gave
had worked / heard
shall wait
waited
will come
became
borrowed
has lived
is watching
had had
was making / opened
since
see
done
hasn't finished
think
went / had left
slept / received
shall move
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4. shall swim
5. will build
will arrive
will study
shall meet
will you meet / shall meet
will leave (is going to leave)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
will visit
ever
never
goes
was walking / saw
is jumping
rang / had finished
had finished / rang
writes
were they doing
have lived / was
Exercise No. 14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
has
would / had
comes / shall
Were / would
had stayed
II
Exercise No. 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
98
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
29. Is English spoken all over the world?
Shall we be allowed five minutes break?
30.
Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?
31. Were any spare parts bought by you?
32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?
By whom was he shown the way?
33.
Or: By whom was the way shown to him?
34. By whom has the food been cooked?
35. By whom was this story told?
36. When was the ring found?
37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?
38. Has your question been answered?
39. Is much money gained by them?
Why was not I told the truth by them?
40.
Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?
Exercise No. 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
99
He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
I her that I had something to show her.
She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
He told us that the sun shines every morning.
He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
He hoped to go there.
He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
She said that iron is heavier than gold.
He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped
to reach an agreement.
She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.
The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.
She did not agree telling him that she couldnt sign that contract unless he paid 300,000
dollars for her at once.
She told him that her bag had been full of money.
She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had
many useful books on that subject.
He told me that he had phoned me twice.
He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus
and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.
Exercise No. 17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
100
Exercise No. 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
He wished me a happy Christmas.
The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
She exclaimed with disgust ( )that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
Khalil said with joy that he hadnt seen me sine we had been in Paris.
He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
He said with sorrow that he wouldnt recover ( ) his money.
Exercise No. 20
1.
2.
She told him that she hadnt found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.
She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would
come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means
to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not
to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.
Exercise No. 21
oldest or eldest
faster
thinner
most popular
best
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II 1. old 2. easiest
3.
most useful
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
less
most difficult
cleverest
higher
hottest
best
5.
101
most interesting