CHNG III CHN MY BM, NG C V MY BIN P

3.1. Nhng vn h!ng chn c loi my bm ph hp vi iu kin c th, trc h t ph!i "c #nh khi my bm l$m vic %& bm ch't l(n) c* li+n ,u-n nh th n$o tron) iu kin m.i tr/n) 0 c "c #nh1 2 3y c4n ph!i "c #nh c th nhim v c5- my bm th6o cc th.n) %7 %-u8 a) Lu lng yu cu: y l lu lng yu cu phi bm, th d nh l/ ! "i#c $p dng l%&i m$y bm c' i(u ch)nh *+,-) bm, c' th. /i h0i t1 2 gi3a +ma4 5 +min! b) 67ng c8t n9c bm ln *-t:) m m$y bm phi t&% ;a :hi bm 59i lu lng yu cu *+yc)! <8t n9c t7ng c8ng l t7ng c=a c$c :h%ng c$ch th>% phng ?ng m @ua ' chAt l0ng c bm ln cBng 59i c$c t7n thAt d% ma $t t;%ng h# th2ng Cng 2ng! 6hDng thCng :hi 4$c Enh c8t n9c t7ng c8ng ch% m8t h# c$c t7 m$y bm, . 4F lG tHnh t;&ng cFa 5% h%Ic 59i J phn b7 c=a c$c $p lJc Cng 2ng bn c&nh thH t7ng c=a Kc$c c8t n9c :i.u nyL chnh l c8t n9c t7ng c8ng d% bm t&% ;a t;%ng @u$ t;Hnh cDng t$c! Tnh ton ct nc c trng (thng gp trong xy dng nh cao tng): -Hnh M!N: -%&t 8ng c=a bm 59i 8 ca% hOt n9c Ea hHnh! <a% t;Hnh mJc n9c b. hOt thAp hn ca% t;Hnh It m$y! 6;E 2 % Pc Q mRp 2ng hOt S chn khng! -Hnh M!T: -%&t 8ng c=a bm 59i c8t n9c hOt! <a% t;Hnh mJc n9c b. hOt ca% hn ca% t;Hnh It m$y! 6;E 2 % Pc Q mRp 2ng hOt S p lc. U2i 59i hHnh M!N S V$y bm d9i 8 ca% hOt n9c Ea hHnh: - W hd X h X Yd X Y X 5T/Tg U2i 59i hHnh M!T S V$y bm d9i c8t n9c hOt: - W hd S h X Yd X Y X 5T/Tg! *M,T) *M,N)

Yd hd

Y
Hnh !": #$ % ho&t ng c'a (y )$( *+ ct nc ,a hnh

Yd Y hd h
Hnh !-: #$ % ho&t ng c'a (y )$( d+ ct nc h.t 6;%ng ': -, <8t n9c t7ng c8ng tnh bZng m, l c8t n9c c=a bm t&% ;a :hi bm 59i lu lng yu cu[ hd, <8t n9c 2ng \y tnh bZng m: :h%ng c$ch th]ng ?ng gi3a ca% t;Hnh It m$y 5 mJc n9c t&i b. 4! <a% t;Hnh It m$y l ca% t;Hnh tm c=a m$y bm li tm 5 m$y bm h9ng t;c t;c ?ng[ h , U8 ca% hOt n9c Ea hHnh h%Ic c8t n9c hOt tnh bZng m: :h%ng c$ch th]ng ?ng gi3a ca% t;Hnh It m$y 5 mJc n9c t&i b. hOt[
9

Yd, <8t n9c t7n thAt d% ma $t t&i 2ng \y tnh bZng m: <8t n9c yu cu . th^ng ?c cn d% ma $t t;n Cng 2ng \y, @ua c$c 5an, cOt c%ng, !!! t;n t%n b8 Cng 2ng \y[ Y , <8t n9c t7n thAt d% ma $t t&i 2ng hOt tnh bZng m: <8t n9c yu cu . th^ng ?c cn d% ma $t t;n Cng 2ng hOt, @ua c$c 5an, cOt c%ng, !!! t;n t%n b8 Cng 2ng hOt[ 5T/Tg , <8t n9c lu t2c tnh bZng m ngay t&i cFa ;a c=a 2ng \y m$y bm! _hHn chung c8t n9c ny thCng `Nm! 6;%ng nh3ng m$y bm c8t n9c ca% thCng ch) chiam m8t phn ;At nh0! 6uy nhin, t;%ng c$c m$y bm c8t n9c thAp thH ch) chiam m8t phn $ng :. % 59i t7ng c8t n9c d% bm t&% ;a! LG d% cn phi tnh t%$n nh3ng thnh phn c8t n9c ;ing Q t;n l . b% m ch^c ch^n ;Zng 8 ca% hOt n9c luDn nZm t;%ng ph&m 5i ch% phRp c=a l%&i m$y bm b c chPn, nh b c t;Hnh by t;%ng phn 2ng hOt *c)! <8t n9c thCng c bi.u thE n 5E l mt ct nc! 6;%ng :hi n' c' th. c bi.u thE bZng n 5E $p uAt, th d nh :ca, Vpa, c$c nh nghin c?u 5( bm thCng phi 7i $p uAt ang mt ct nc, b9i 5H m$y bm l m8t m$y 8ng lJc, n' t&% ;a c8t n9c bm ln :hi h%&t 8ng *t?c l mt ct nc) m :hDng @uan tm an mdt 8 c=a chAt l0ng! e% ', t;%ng thJc ta $p lJc Q cFa ;a c=a m$y bm f ;At :h$c nhau 59i chAt l0ng c' mdt 8 :h$c nhau! "H 5dy, nau t7ng c8t n9c tnh bZng n 5E $p uAt thH mdt 8 chAt l0ng phi c @uan tm 5 chuy.n 7i ang c8t chAt l0ng tng ng . tnh t%$n! c) g>m 4Rt t;Cng hp m$y bm c It bn d9i b( mIt c=a chAt l0ng bm ln hh ning hOt n9c ch% phRp c=a m$y bm *4>m t;%ng bi.u j Cng Ic tnh c=a m$y bm) phi c 4>m 4Rt :k . m b% a% ch% m$y bm c It Q 5E t; thch hp % 59i mJc n9c b. hOt 5 f lm 5i#c an t%n t;%ng mPi t;Cng hp! hh ning hOt n9c ch% phRp c=a m$y bm c bi.u thE t;n Cng c%ng Ic tnh c=a m$y bm, thCng th>% d&ng _cl-[ _cl- l nh3ng ch3 c$i u tin c=a tm _n6 colp6"n lq<6po_ -nre 5 c bi.u thE bZng c8t n9c tuy#t 2i tnh bZng m! h. tm y thudt ng3 _cl- cn c hi.u m8t c$ch chnh 4$c 5 n' c' th. c dBng ch% mPi l%&i chAt l0ng! d) U. c' c J thiat ldp 5( lu lng *l/ ), t7ng c8t n9c *mRt) d% m$y bm t&% ;a 5 8 ca% hOt n9c h%Ic 8 ca% hOt n9c ch% phRp *mRt), b9c tiap th>% cn tham :h% Cng c%ng Ic tnh c=a m$y bm . chPn ;a l%&i m$y bm thch hp ch% c ba yu cu b nu t;n!

>) U8 ca% hOt n9c ch% phRp *_cl-) ; c-o h<t l$ th.n) %7 c b!n ,u-n trn) c5- bm1 =)/i tph3n bit ; c-o h<t ch3n kh.n) Hck >?c trn) cho ; ch3n kh.n) ti ch@ v$o bmA v$ ; c-o h<t trBc ln) hz >"c #nh bCn) ; c-o tD trc bm n mEc ch't l(n) tron) b h<tA1 Fron) ,u trGnh h<t ch't l(n), ; ch+nh lch p %u't )iHmin) h<t c5- bm v$ m?t thon) c5- b h<t )i l$ c;t p h<t c5- bm >HhA 1 = u p %u't tr+n m?t thon) c5- b h<t l$ P1 = Pa thG c;t p h<t chInh bCn) ; c-o h<t ch3n kh.n) ti ch@ v$o bm8
H h = H ck = Pa Pv

>:J:A FD phn) trGnh K6cnuli vi t cho h-i ti t Lin MJM v$ 9J9, tc*8
Hh = P N PT VTT + hwNT Tg

= hz +

>:JNA F- nhOn th'y c;t p h<t c5- bm Ln) khBc phc ; c-o h<t trBc ln) (hz), tPn th't tr+n 7n) h<t (hw1-2) v$ to n+n ;n) nQn) c4n thi t cho LRn) ch!y S min) v$o c5- bm1 T?t khc, c;t p h<t c5- bm ph thu;c v$o tr# %7 p %u't tr+n m?t thon) c5- b h<t m$ p %u't * li c* )ii hn nh't #nh1 Fron) tr/n) hp P1 = Pa, th6o >:J:A thG kh! nQn) h<t t7i c5- bm Un) vi khi P2 = 0 l$
P H hma4 = H ckma4 = a = Ns 9

mVt c;t nc1

hX M

WM 9

Hnh 3-3 Fuy nhi+n c;t p h<t ln nh't c5- bm khi (P1 = P2) kh.n) b-o )i/ t c MYm c;t nc, vG p %u't S min) v$o c5- bm khi )i!m n ; bCn) p %u't hi b0o ho$ c5- ch't l(n) thG bm %& hot ;n) Ut ,u0n) kh.n) bGnh th/n)1 trnh hin tn) n$y 7i vi tDn) loi bm c %!n "u't r-, tron) cc t$i liu kZ thuOt u c* )hi c;t p ch3n kh.n) cho phVp [Hck] >tron) iu kin Pa = 1at v$ t0 = 200CA1 iu kin !m b!o cho bm l$m vic l$8
H h = hz + VTT + hwNT u H ck t Tg

>:J

NA FD * %uy r- ; c-o h<t #- hGnh cho phVp >=W[\A c5- bm8

uhz t = H ck VTT hwNT Tg

>:J]A

= u nhit ; c5- nc t0 > 20 0C, thG bm ph!i ?t S ; c-o l$^

u hz t = H ck VTT hwNT hh Tg

>:J

_A Fron) *8
hh = Pbh

8 p lEc hi b0o ho$

7i vi nc khi t0 = 1000C thG hh = 10,33 mH2O, vG vOy ; c-o [hz] c* th c* tr# %7 3m, n)h`- l$ b h<t ph!i ?t S v# trI c-o hn my bm1 U8 ca% hOt n9c ch% phRp *_cl-) l hi#u 2 gi3a c8t n9c t7ng c8ng t&i cFa 5% m$y bm *tuy#t 2i) 5 c8t n9c tng ?ng 59i $p lJc h%$ hi *tuy#t 2i) c=a chAt l0ng! cao ht nc y ! c"! *_cl-v): l m8t hm 2 c=a 5i#c thiat :a m$y bm *thu c :at @u tm nh m$y cha t&% bm)! cao ht nc c# th$ *_cl-r): l m8t hm 2 c=a h# th2ng, Q ' m$y bm h%&t 8ng! 6;E 2 ny c' th. c tnh ch% bAt :w j l^p It n%! %h& '( )*n g+,n l- mt b.nh th!/ t+nh )ng nc 0 nh+1t ) 23 45 th. t67 89 ln nh:t c;a <P=H> ? @
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b

h$n %&! %&'ng (h)*( +*

,-

.#/ 01. v2 34

Ph*!g 5h'5 0a# +6a m;i $c mCt +,i c* >#a! thi%t k% '5 -O!g? P4! 7 Lt <a ", !Q! # tiQ! chJ! 5h*!g 5h'5 !,.R FhEc t cho th'y, kh.n) n+n chn %7 my bm th6o lu ln) )i- c/n)1 =)o$i r- c4n ph!i "Vt m;t v$i phn) n vi %7 my bm khc nh-u, tE chn nQn) %u't khc nh-u c5- cc my bm "u't pht tD iu kin 0 thD- nhOn cun) c'p c lu ln) ln nh't, c* m;t my bm LE trH !m b!o lu ln) )ic/n)1 ac phn) n khc nh-u v %7 ln) my bm %& c %o %nh th6o cn) n)uy+n tBc kinh t , kZ thuOt, chn r- my bm c* li nh't1 Si!h !ghi2m thi%t k% c'c t<=m )*m t;i 9 3'c !h $c 01 m'( )*m h$5 "H )1 t<G T t<=m )*m ", (U V) m'(, 01 m'( Gt !h4t ", (2 3) m'(, +, 01 m'( !hi7# !h4t ", W? Chn s my bm:
M1 aca Fde fegh ai Kj=

K!n k n thi t k k

my bm cn) vi cc c.n) trGnh 4u

m7i c5- trm bm ph!i c phc ho L tr+n nhim v thi t kZ thuOt c5- h th7n) ti ti+u ho?c cun) c'p nc cho L3n Ln) v$ c.n) n)hip, kn) th/i LE- v$o iu kin thi+n nhi+n l#ch %l S vn) trm bm c "3y LEn)1 mhi thi t k kZ thuOt trm bm ph!i c* cc t$i liu v$ %7 liu c b!n %-u 3y (g:m X t,i "i2# +, 01 "i2#)8 , Kiu k cun) c'p nc bGnh th/n) th6o th/i )i-n^ , =)ukn nc, n u n)ukn nc l$ k+nh h-y b chU- 0 thi t k thG ph!i c* cc c-o trGnh tron) %u7t ,u trGnh trm bm l$m vic, lOp th6o th/i )i-n MY n)$y m;t ho?c th6o ,u-n h vi lu ln) c5- trm bm1 mhi n)ukn nc l$ %.n) ph!i c* 5 t$i liu lu ln), mEc nc, ln) ht l lln) tron) nc th6o mtron) nQm^

, ac iu kin ,u!n lo, kh-i thc nh8 c* ph!i cun) c'p ln) nc tQn) c/n) kh.n), trm bm c* b# n)Dn) hot ;n) tron) th/i kp n$o kh.n) v$ cc y+u c4u ?c bit c5- 7i tn) Ln) ncq^ , ac kIch thc c b!n v$ c'u to c5- cc k+nh ho?c c.n) trGnh li+n ,u-n vi trm bm >k+nh Lrn, k+nh tho, cc c.n) trGnh b!o v b/, no vVt lRn) %.n)qA^ , F$i liu #- hGnh khu vEc ?t trm vi ts l thIch hp^ , F$i liu #- ch't v$ #- ch't thus vQn vi 4y 5 cc cht ti+u c lo c5- 't^ , F$i liu v n)ukn nQn) ln), Ln) nQn) ln) v$ v# trI c* n)ukn nQn) ln)^ =)o$i r- c4n tGm hiu tGnh hGnh vOt liu "3y LEn) #phn), tP chUc kZ thuOt thi c.n), tGnh hGnh )i-o th.n) vOn t!i S vn) "3y LEn) trm bm1 3.3. C# h h$n .#/ 01. h5nh [-u khi 0 #nh c c;t nc v$ lu ln) thi t k , %& ti n h$nh chn my bm chInh1 Ty bm chInh ph!i tho! m0n cc y+u c4u %-u 3y8 MA K!o !m cun) c'p lu ln) thi t k u Fm v$ c;t nc thi t k \Fm m;t cch chInh "c nh't1 9A a* hiu %u't c-o nh't1 :A ah7n) c khI thEc t7t nh't vi chiu c-o h<t nc cho phVp Lo nh$ my %!n "u't b!o !m1 NA a* phvm ch't t7t nh't v m?t ,u!n lo > lBp rp thuOn li, P bi, vRn) m ch7n) rR, thi t b# ch7n) ph!n lEc Lc trc ho$n h!o, vvA ]A a* %7 vRn) ,u-y ln, nh vOy %& )i!m c trn) ln) c5- my v$ c5- ;n) c v$ Lo * %& )i!m c )i th$nh thi t b#1
w

_A c ch to h$n) lot, )i th$nh )i!m1 Ty bm chInh %& chn th6o uFm v$ \Fm LE- v$o %7 tr- cUu thi t b# my bm1 ahn lu ln) thi t k trm bm, %7 my bm v$ lu ln) thi t k m;t my bm xc #nh lu ln) thi t k c5- trm bm v$ chn %7 my

bm "u't pht tD iu kin tho! m0n biu k y+u c4u cun) c'p nc c5- trm bm vi hiu ,u! kinh t c-o nh't1 Tu7n vOy ph!i %o %nh kinh t J kZ thuOt cc phn) n %7 my bm v v7n 4u t c b!n cn) nh tin chi phI ,u!n lo h$n) nQm m$ tGm r- %7 my bm c* li nh't c* o n ch't ln) kZ thuOt c5- my bm1 Fron) thEc t thi t k cc trm bm khi c;t nc th-y Pi It n)/i t- LE- v$o biu k lu ln) y+u c4u "c #nh cc phn) n, cch l$m nh %-u8

+NW4N!@ +TW4T!@

+MW4M!@

Hinh 3.6. J [Bp " p li biu k lu ln) th6o thU tE tD ln n nh( >hGnh :J_A^

MY

J f'y lu ln) nh( nh't , c5- biu k l$m lu ln) c b!n c5- trm^ J f'y lu ln) cc th/i kp u M, u9, u:q chi- cho lu ln) c b!n , t- c* ts %7 "M, "9, ":qtn) Un) th/i )i-n l$ tM, t9, t:q = u "M, "9, ":q l$ nhHn) %7 n)uy+n thG , l$ lu ln) c5m;t my bm c4n chn, khi , ln ,u t- c* th l'y lu ln) m;t my bCn)
@ @ ho?c q Fron) thEc t T M

th/n) cc ts %7 " M, "9, ":q

kh.n) ph!i l$ %7 n)uy+n, vG th c* th l'y " M LE- v$o biu k lu ln) m$ "Vt "6m ,uy chyn l$ %7 my bm c4n chn rki LE- v$o biu k lu ln) m$ "Vt "6m c* !m b!o lu ln) cc th/i kp h-y kh.n) ?t th+m my LE trH ho?c iu chtnh my bm l$m vic %-u n$y1 Y/m "=i khi chJ! 01 m'( )*m ch. c'c 5h*!g '! c/ thK chZ cE! 3Bt %! +i2c 8m )8. "# "$!g ";! !h4t +, "# "$!g !h[ !h4t +, kh1!g ch% 01 m'( )*m Lt t<.!g t<=m )*m t6 2 %! W m'(, t1t !h4t ", t6 U %! V m'(? mhi trm bm thi t k c;t nc th-y Pi ln %& !nh hSn)

ti lu ln) c5- my bm, Lo * mu7n chn %7 my bm c4n lOp biu k c.n) %u't #nh phn) n %7 my, cch l$m czn) )i7n) nh Ln) biu k lu ln)1 mhi c* m;t %7 phn) n %7 my bm tUc l$ c* lu ln) v$ c;t nc thi t k chn cc my bm cho tDn) phn) n, ti n h$nh thi t k cc c.n) trGnh v$ chn cc thi t b# ;n) lEc, tInh ton thus nQn) tGm nQn) ln) ti+u th, lOp % ton 4u t v$ kh-i thc c.n) trGnh ti n h$nh %o %nh kinh t J kZ thuOt1 chn v$ %o %nh c cc phn) n c4n lOp b!n % ton v7n 4u t c b!n th6o L{i cc th-n) )i hin c* tron) ,uy #nh c5- =h$ nc1
MM

mhi %o %nh cc phn) n %7 my bm, th/n) cc c.n) trGnh n)o$i nh$ my bm It th-y Pi nh8 b tho, 7n) vy, k+nh Lrnq %& kh.n) tInh n tron) b!n % ton v7n 4u t cho cc phn) n1 Fh.n) th/n) khi chn phn) n c* li nh't, n)/i t- LEv$o th/i )i-n b v7n1 Yhi gia! )\ +1! ", thi gia! m, t<.!g >#' t<]!h E# t thQm +1! c&a 5h*!g '! !,. / 0. +;i 5h*!g '! kh'c 0^ $c )\ "=i )Ti ti7! ti%t ki2m $c t<.!g chi 5hG >#8! "H t<Dc ti%5 h,!g !Im (c/ khi c_! gJi ", thi gia! h.,! +1! chQ!h "2ch, kh`!g !Q! !ham "a! +;i thi gia! h.,! "=i +1! E# t c* )8! c&a mCt 5h*!g '!)? Fh/i )i-n b v7n c "c #nh th6o c.n) thUc8
6b5 = hN h T <N <T

>:JbA

Fron) *8 mM v$ m98 l$ v7n 4u t c b!n c5- phn) n e v$ phn) n ee 6m %o %nh1

<N v$ <T 8 l$ tPn) chi phI ,u!n lo trEc ti p h$n) nQm c5-

phn) n e v$ phnh n ee 6m %o %nh b-o )km8 , Fin trIch %l- chH- c.n) trGnh v$ thi t b# h$n) nQm^ , Fin chi phI nQn) ln) h$n) nQm^ , Fin ln) cn b; c.n) nh3n vi+n ,u!n lo trm bm h$n) nQm^ , Fin chi phI v vOt liu b.i trn, l-u chi h$n) nQm^ , Fin v chi phI h$nh chInh ,u!n tr# v$ cc chi phI khc^ 7i vi c.n) trGnh thus li v$ thus in thG th/i )i-n b v7n ,uy #nh [ 6b5 ] th/n) l$ n nQm, nhn) kh.n) c ,u MY nQm1
M9

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N

cho

M:

Ty bm chn c4n ph!i kim tr- li hiu %u't my, iu kin kh.n) %inh r- khI thEc ,u- /n) ?c tInh c5- my bm * Un) vi cc c;t nc \m-" v$ \min1 G67 (8&9ng h'7 +h:ng .<n # h$n &' .#/ 01. n2; (h;<

(h:ng 34 (h)*( +* (8- = 3> .#/ 01. (h? #7 @Ang H (?. 8- .#/ 01. (h5 h ,- .#/ 01. 3-; Jn (h-/ >) vKng L!-/ .#/ 01.

Bnh %!C( Dng @Eng Fng %G h'7, nghI- %2 h; (?. &' +)Pn (h)*( +*.

M vKng L!-/ .N) (h;O .<n )!

C:ng (hQ (5nh (;#n nh& 3-!R

M _ nN +N -N N = = =M n T +T -T _T

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MN

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< tk =

!Lb !H b !K b !t6

>mA

>:J

nA Fron) *8 ub, \b l$ lu ln) v$ c;t nc c5- my bm cho c.n) %u't ln nh't tron) ch ; l$m vic^ th/n) 7i vi my bm ly t3m thG c.n) %u't ln nh't %& tn) Un) vi lu ln) ln nh't > Lb ma4 A, khi c;t nc nh( nh't >\bminA^ cRn 7i vi my bm trc Un) thG c.n) %u't ln nh't %& tn) Un) vi lu ln) nh( nh't khi c;t nc ln nh't1
b 8 hiu %u't c5- my bm^

M]

t6 8 h %7 truyn ;n), khi n7i trEc ti p trc ;n) c vi trc

bm thG t6 ~M^ m8 \ %7 LE trH v ; thi u chInh "c c5- /n) ?c tInh my bm, c* tInh n cc tPn th't ph b't th/n), trb!n)1v1v 6;Cng hp :hDng c' 8ng c i :m th>% m$y bm thH phi chPn 8ng c :R% m$y bm! eJa 5% M 2 li#u chnh . chPn 8ng c: , l2 5/ng @uay c=a m$y bm b! , <Dng uAt thJc ta l9n nhAt c=a 8ng c ?ng 59i tn uAt thiat :a _t:ma4! , -9ng It t;c c=a m$y bm *t;c ?ng, t;c ngang)! lau :hi chPn 4%ng cn :i.m t;a c$c i(u :i#n au: , hi.m t;a 2 5/ng @uay! lJ chnh l#ch 2 5/ng @uay gi3a 8ng c 5 m$y bm phi nZm t;%ng ph&m 5i ch% phRp:
n = n dc n b Nss y ! n dc

_au n y thH phi chPn 8ng c :h$c, h%Ic l^p thm thiat bE t;uy(n 8ng h%Ic 5f l&i Cng Ic tnh c=a m$y bm ?ng 59i 2 5/ng @uay c=a 8ng c 5ma chPn! , hi.m t;a cDng uAt! i2ng nh :i.m t;a 8ng c i :m th>% m$y bm! 6;n y l c Q lG ludn cn thiat . giOp ch% ngCi thiat :a tnh t%$n chPn bm m b% c yu cu 5( :k thudt! a. Chn my bin p: "H i#n $p c=a 8ng c thCng l TTs/Mzs5, Msss5 hay |sss5, nh0 hn i#n $p ngujn d% ' phi b2 t; t;&m bian $p ch% t;&m bm! hhi chPn m$y bian $p phi dJa 5% M ti li#u ch= yau: , eung lng yu cu c=a t;&m bm lyc[ , Ui#n $p c=a ngujn qng[ , Ui#n $p c=a 8ng c "dc! 6uw th>% j Au i#n m F dng cDng th?c tnh dung lng yu cu c=a t;&m bm! 6hDng thCng thH dung lng yu cu tnh th>% cDng th?c:
M_

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: N: T _ dc c%

+ : M _ td ( :5r )

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Mb

tp hn1 Fron) tr/n) hp n nh(, kh7i ln) c.n) trGnh, b-o ch6 %& nh( nhn) mUc ; -n to$n ti+u nc >c'p ncA %& kVm hn1 Fuy nhi+n, %7 my bm nhiu h-y It cRn tup th6o c;t nc, lu ln) c5- trm v$ cc iu kin lE- chn n thIch hp1 0V Ch$n %;E) .#/ 01. E- v$o biu k ?c trn) u ~ >\A c5- cc loi my bm t- ti n h$nh chn tr+n cc n)uy+n tBc %-u8 J [7 ln) my bm v$ lu ln) my bm ph!i !m b!o tho! m0n cun) c'p lu ln) thi t k v$ c;t nc thi t k 1 J !m b!o my bm l$m vic S ni c* hiu %u't c-o tr+n biu k ?c trn) tPn) hp1 J Frnh c hin tn) khI thEc "vy r- tron) phm vi chiu c-o h<t nc cho phVp Lo nh$ my %!n "u't my bm ,uy #nh1 J mIch thc )n nh, v7n 4u t It nh't1 J ahi phI ,u!n lo h$n) nQm It nh't1 J Ty bm c %!n "u't h$n) lot n+n )i th$nh mu- my %& )i!m1 Fron) thus li hin n-y -n) %l Ln) r;n) r0i b- loi my bm chInh thu;c bm cnh Lrn l$8 bm ly t3m, bm hn) trc, bm h@n lu1 =hn) th.n) Ln) nh't vrn l$ bm hn) trc v$ bm ly t3m1 Km hn) trc8 u im8 J i th$nh r} vG c* c'u to n )i!n^ J a* hiu %u't c-o^ J Fh/n) kh.n) ph!i mki bm Lo my ?t S ; c-o h<t 3m1 =hc im8 J Ty bm c* c;t nc th'p^
Mn

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Mw

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uy c ubom

uyc ~ M9,w m:% >th6o k t ,u! tInh ton tr+nA1 ubm 8 Fr- tr+n /n) ?c tInh vi c;t p tPn) \ ~ N,_m1 F- c*8 ub ~ n]YY m:h ~ 9,:_ m:% \iu %u't t b_^ \iu %u't ln nh't n9^ Oy %7 my bm8 n~
NT,~ = y,y T,M|

>myA, chn _ my1

J FInh ton my bi n p8 un) ln) my bi n p1 [~

| I Tss | I Tss Tss + Ny + s,z s,z s,z

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NT,~ =NN,~ N,sz

uv c

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= M9 "b] b] + M] + = M1:nb >mA co% Y,n Y,n

9 my " b]Y m :]Y,N >mA

M my ]Y m J tE Ln) W PhXn (5 h %G- h$n 7h&1ng #n Whn) n my bm \F ]_Y1 u im8

9M

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