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tpD&ifcHpm
(2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D)
(1)
ArmjynfawmfvSefa&; vuf&Sdtqifh&J@ vwfwavmwm0efrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;
'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifzdk@ jzpfonf? ygwD. aemufqHk;&nfrSef;csufodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef Ttqifhudk jzwfausmfzdk@ vdkonf?
Ttqifhudk jzwfausmf&mwGif ygwDu twufuqHk;/ tjywfom;qHk; tiftm;tjzpf yg0if&ayrnf?
qENwlnDaom
tiftm;pkrSefor#ESifh
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;
csDwuf&ayrnf?
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk.
vuf0JawmifyHtcef;udk xrf;aqmif&ayrnf?
,ckwavmwGif 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk twGif;Y tawG;tac:_yfaxG;aeonf? wcsdK@u rludkpGef@+yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tav#mhay;aphpyfvdkaom oabmxm;tjrifrsm;udk xkwfv$ifhae=uonf? 'gudk ygwDu
jywfjywfom;om; qef@usif&rnf? 'DwcsD tav#mhay;vdkufv#if ppftm%m&Sifpepfu tajccHOya'eJ@
tajcusoGm;vdrfhrnf? rqv ppftkyfpkwkef;uvnf; 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya' ESifh tajcusoGm;cJhzl;xm;+yD;
jzpfonf? xdkodk@ tajcusoGm;ojzifh jynfolrsm; aoG;ajruswdkufyGJ0ifcJh&+yD;+yD?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD emrnfjzifh ppftkyfpku (12 ESpfwdkifwdkif) tajccHOya'wck&atmif u;yrf;cJhonf?
xdk tajccHOya' udk rdrdwdk@u (14 ESpfwdkifwdkif) aoG;ajruscHum wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&zl;+yD? Tordkif;oifcef;pmudk
b,fawmhrS rarhtyfyg?
(2)
1988 ckESpfuom rdrdwdk@twGif; nD!Gwfa&; &SdcJhv#if ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;+yD; jzpfvdrfhrnf?
wufuv_yf&Sm;ol ausmif;om;vli,frsm;u &Sdcdk;OD;wif vl}uD;awG nD!Gwfzdk@ awmif;yefcJh=uonf? odk@aomf
vl}uD;awG e,fuefae=uonf? rnD!GwfEdkif=u? nD!Gwf=uv#if e0w ay:p&m r&Sdyg?
xdkpOfu ta=umif;udk jyefajymcsifygonf? nDD!Gwfa&; rwnfaqmufEdkif/ ,m,Dtpdk;&
rzGJ@Edkifjzpfaea=umif;udk 4828 u A[dkodk@ tpD&ifcHonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifu avcsdKaoG;aewkef; ppfwyfawGu
rm&S,favmkyfodrf;+yD; ppfwef;vsm;xJ jyefa&mufaecsdefwGif ,m,Dtpdk;& tjrefqHk;zGJ@oifha=umif;udk Auy u
=um;0if azsmifhzsaphpyfay;zdk@ (Auy . A[dktcGifhtm%m&SdolwOD;) udk &efukefv$wfzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
=um;0ifaphpyfay;v#if atmifjrifEdkifygonf? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh vl}uD;awG&J@ oabmxm;udk (1985 ckESpf
ydk@puwfv_yf&Sm;r_) jzifh wD;acguf=unfhxm;+yD;jzpfvdk@ Auy u odxm;ygonf? OD;EkwGif &moufyef0ef}uD;csKyf
tpGJtvrf; &Sdaewmudk odxm;+yD; jzpfonf? TtpGJtvrf;&Sdaewm obm0usonf? ol@qDu ae0if; vkoGm;aom
tm%m udk olyJ jyef&oifhonf? vkoGm;wm 26 ESpf &Sdayr,fh jyefay;v#if olyJ&oifhygonf? rdrdwdk@u 16 ESpf
&Sd+yDjzpfaom a&G;aumufyGJ atmifjrifr_ udk tcktxd ajymqdkae&wmeJ@ Ed_if;,SOf=unfhoifhygonf? OD;Eku
a&G;aumufyGJEdkifHkru tm%mudkyg ae0if;qDu jyef&+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf (2 ESpfavmuf) vkyfcJhwm jzpfonfqdkwmudk
owdyoifhygonf?
,m,Dtpdk;& uvnf; tm%mudk 6 v wESpfyJ udkifxm;&rSm jzpfonf? ol@wm0efu
a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay; - v$wfawmfac:ay; - tm%mv$Jay;zdk@yJ jzpfonf? OD;Ekuvnf; vkyfay;rSm jzpfonf?
OD;Ekacgif;aqmifwJh ,m,Dtpdk;& xJ Adkvfatmif}uD; ygcsifrS ygvdrhfrnf? ydk@puwfv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfwkef;u
ol@ &J@wHk@jyefyHku ae0if;wHk@jyefyHkeJ@ wxyfwnf; jzpfcJhonf? Auy odk@ wdkufdkufjyef=um;wmawmh r[kwfyg?
Adkvfatmif}uD;u r*~Zif;aqmif;yg;rsm; tdwfzGifhay;pmrsm;eJ@ wHk@jyefxm;+yD; jzpfonf? ae0if;uvnf; rdef@cGef;rsm;jzifh
wHk@jyefxm;wm jzpfonf? olwdk@ 2 a,muf oabmuawmh twlwlyJ jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfokd@ tajymif;tvJudk
ppftkyfpkuyJ acgif;aqmif+yD; ajymif;vJay;rnf [lI jzpfonf? etz ajymaeonfh trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;udk
wyfrawmfu acgif;aqmifrnf pnf;urf;&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pD olwdk@yJ vkyfay;rnf qdkwmeJ@ twlwlyJ jzpfonf?

Auy udk,fpm;vS,f &efukefra&mufvdkufyg? vrf;ckvwfrSmyJ e0w tm%modrf; oGm;onf?

tcGifhtvrf;aumif;wck vufvGwfoGm;cJhonf? Tordkif;oifcef;pmudk rarhoifhyg? ppftkyfpkqDu tm%mudk
jyef+yDd;kyfodrf;csifv#if trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; &Sd&ygrnf?
(3)
1990 a&G;aumufyJG NLD Edkifawmh 'kwd,tcGifhtvrf; ay:jyefonf? 'DwcgrSmawmh NLD &J@
tawG;tac:vrf;pOf rjywfom;vdk@ vufvGwf&jcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpkudk rpdk@ryddk@vkyfv#if cH&vdrfhrnfqdkwm NLD
rodcJhvdk@ jzpfonf?
tJ'Dwkef;u Auy u 1789 jyifopfawmfvSefa&; vdkvkyfzdk@ t}uHay;cJhonf? jyifopfvkyfenf;rSm
v$wfawmfac:ay; - ray;&if udk,fbmomac:r,f qdkwJhenf; jzpfonf? NLD om jywfom;cJhv#if ausmif;om;xk/
vlxkESifh oHCmxku vkyfoGm;vdrfhrnf? NLD u odyfvkyfp&m rvdk? Auy &J@ (awmif;yGJwdkufyGJvrf;pOf) udk
acgif;aqmifrsm; b0ifrusvdk@yJ xifygonf? Adkvfapmarmif uwdwnfvdrfhrnf[k xifaeyHk &onf? tar&duef/
t*Fvdyfwdk@uvnf; (qdkAD,ufudk tvJxdk;zdk@) wkwfeJ@ =unfapat;ap jzpfaecsdefjzpfvdk@ ta&mifawmfvSefa&;
(yifeDa&mif carmufawmfvSefa&;) ray:apcsifwma=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? ,ae@vdk umvqdkv#ifum;
yifeDa&mifawmfvSefa&; vkyfapcsifvdrfhrnf?
NLD u v$wfawmfac:ay; zdk@yJ wpmpm ajymaeonf? 'DvdkeJ@ e0w txddkifusoGm;onf? oef;a&$
etz uawmh jywfonf? v$wfawmf ac:ray;Hkru zrf;onf? xdef;odrf;onf? tajccHOya' ppftkyfpku
pdwfuufa&;qGJonf? usdKuUqHnDvmcH wkef;urS (OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk NLD xJu xkwfypfzdk@
tusyfudkif+yD;) NLD udk usdKuUqH xJ qGJoGif;cJhao;onf? ,ck anmif 2 yif wGifum; awG@=uonfhtwdkif;
jzpfonf? NLD udk ra=umufawmhyg?
awmif;yGJwdkufyGJvrf;pOf udk Auy wDxGifxm;wmvnf; r[kwfyg? Auy ray:cifuwnf;u 0HomEkrsm;
ukvm;jynfu &xm;wm jzpfonf? *END}uD; qDu &wmjzpfonf? *END}uD; . t=urf;rzufa&;wGif
tm%mzDqefa&; ygonf?
(4)
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; awmif;qdkaewm rSefygonf? odk@aomf wzufu raphpyfbl;qdkv#if tusyfudkifwm
yg&vdrfhrnf? 'DtawG@tuHudkawmh zqyv (1945 - 46 zqyv) u ay;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? 1946 pufwifbm
tHkur_ a=umifh t*Fvdyfu aphpyfvm&wmjzpfa=umif; rarhoifhyg? tJ'DtHkur_om r&Sdv#if Adkvfatmifqef; (zqyv
OuUX) udk t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu vlowfr_eJ@ zrf;awmhrSm jzpfonf? tao;pdwfodvdkv#if Shelby Tucker &J@
usdefpmoifhaewJh Armjynf pmtkyf zwf=unfhapcsifonf?
Auy u ppftkyfpkudk tusyfudkifzdk@ 'Drdk 2006 vkyfcJhwm jzpfonf? ,ck 2007 up+yD; enf;opfeJ@
quf+yD;vkyfzdk@ pOf;pm;xm;ygonf? 'Drdk 2006 . &nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufatmif enf;opf&Sm+yD;vkyfzdk@ Auy u
jyifqifaeygonf? wdkifyifoifholrsm;ESifhwdkifyif/ !dEd_if;oifholrsm;eJ@ !dEd_if;ygrnf?
,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif }uHqcsuf udk wifjyxm;ygonf?
(5)
}uHqcsuft=urf; udk rwifjyrD Auy . tawG;tac:wckudk wifjyygrnf? 'Drdk 2006 tawG@tuHudk
cHiHkoHk;oyfwmvdk@ajymvnf; &ygonf?
- ArmjynfawmfvSefa&; tajctae&ihfrSnhfatmif tcsdef,l+yD; vkyf&OD;rnf[k ,lqygonf?
- ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;tajctae &ifhrSnhfr_udk pH 2 ckeJ@ wdkif;ygonf? pHwcku
tkyfpdk;cHawGudk,fwdkifu
('DpepfatmufrSmawmh
qufraecsifawmhbl;?
bmyJvkyf&vkyf&
vkyfawmhr,fqdkwJh) ydkif;jzwfcsuf&SdvmwJhtcg?
tkyfpdk;olawGbufuvnf; pepfa[mif;twdkif; quf+yD;pcef;oGm;vdk@ r&awmhwJhtcgrSm tajctae
&ifhrSnhfygonf?
2

(1962 - 1988) umvudkyJ =unfhapcsifonf?

rw&m;wmudk iHk@rcHbl;vdk@ pajym+yD; pvkyfwm ausmif;om;awGyJ jzpfonf? cgwdkif; ausmif;om;awGbufrSm
t+rJ&SdcJhwJh vl}uD;awGu ae0if; qdk&S,fvpf rd_if; rdae=uonf? ausmif;om;awGbufu vGefwmyJvdk@yif
ajym=uonf? jynfy uGefjrLepfwcsdK@uvnf; tJ'DvdkyJajymwm =um;&zl;onf?
1974/ 75/ 76 usawmh rw&m;wm iHk@rcHolawG rsm;vmonf? odk@aomf wjynfvHk; wcJeuf r[kwfao;?
1988 usawmhrS wjynfvHk; wcJeufjzpfvmonf? tkyfpdk;cHawGbufu pH wck jynfh0cJyh g+yD?
tkyfpdk;olbufu pH vnf; wjznf;jznf;csif;om jynfh0vmwm jzpfonf? ppcsif; Adkvfatmif}uD;/
Adkvfapmjrifhwdk@yJ ab;a&mufoGm;onf? aemufawmh Adkvftkef;ausmfjrifh vkyf}uHa&; ay:onf? AdkvfwifOD; (NLD)
axmifusonf? wjznf;jznf;csif;eJ@ AdkvfawG tokwfvdkuf ywfvmvdkufwm aemufqHk;rSm tdrfawmfygi,fu|ef
(ausmfxif/ at;udk/ pdefvGifwdk@wawG) yJ ae0if; tem;rSm &Sdawmhonf? 1987 ckESpfrSmusawmh rqv nDvmcHrSm
OD;armhae+yD qdkwJhpum; r=um;&awmh? vrf;pOfrSm;ae&if jyif&rSmyJqdkaompum; ae0if; ajymvmonf?
wdkif;jynfuvnf; LDC jzpfoGm;+yD? OD;rarmhbJ tdk;',fepf epfcJh+yD? 'g[m pepfa[mif;twdkif; pcef;oGm;vdk@
r&awmhbl;qdkwmudk jywmyJ jzpfonf? ae0if;udk,fwdkifu pepfajymif;oifhajymif;&r,f ajymvm&onf?
pH 2 ck jynfhvdk@yJ 1988 tHkur_ay:wm jzpfonf? ppftpdk;&&J@ &ufpufr_/ zdESdyfr_u cgwdkif;xufawmif
jyif;xefygonf? 'gayrJh vlxku a=umufroGm;bJ quf+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifygonf? 'g[m pHcsdefpHE_ef;jynfhaewmudk
azmfjywmyJ jzpfygonf? ae0if;wdk@wawG pdefvGifudk eef;tyf+yD; qif;oGm;wmvnf; pHE_ef;wck jynfh0wmudk jywmyg?
pdefvGifudk &uftcsdK@twGif; zwfcsvdkufEdkifjcif;onf vlxkwdkufyGJESifh ppftkyfpktwGif;rS tajrmftjrif&Sdolrsm;
(t,ltqt&) aygif;pnf;vdkufEdkifI jzpfygonf?
(6)
tawG;tac:jywfom;=uzdk@ vdkygonf? [dkwkef;u ukd,fu ppftpdk;&xJrSm aysmhaysmif;ol/ acgif;rmoludk
&SmcJhygonf? tckawmh udk,fhtxJrSm olwdk@ppftkyfpku &Smaeygonf? jynfya&mufawGxJu&Smwm ydk+yD;awG@ygonf?
aysmhaysmif; olawGu NLD udk vuf,mbufuae a0zefae=uyg+yD? olwdk@u wwd,vrf;a=umif;
vdkufaeovdkvkyf+yD; NLD wif;cHraeeJ@ av#mhay;vdkuf[k t}uHay;ae=uonf? NLD eJ@ SPDC =um;rSm
EdkifiHa&;pifwck xdk;ae=uonf?
'ga=umifhyJ ygwDu 2006 ckESpf 0ifuwnf;u NLD udk vuf0Jbufuae a0zefwm vkyf&ygonf? NLD
rSm tckumv. tvHudkifjzpfonf? tvHudkif ,dkifvJv#if wauG@}uD; avSmf=u&vdrfhrnf? 1988 ckESpfu tcGifhtvrf;
vufvGwfcJhvdk@ wauG@}uD; avSmfae&wm 18 ESpf &Sd+yD? aemufxyf 8 ESpfqdkv#if rqv oufwrf;udk rDawmhrnf?
vuf,mbufuae a0zefolrsm;udk etz u tm;ay;onf? tm;ay;rSmaygh - tJ'DtuGufudk etz u
(Adkvfcif!Gef@&Sduwnf;u) wrifzefwD;cJhwmyJ?
etz onf jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef zuffqpf0g'vrf;pOf vdkufaeol jzpfonf? *syefppf0g'eJ@ Armbk&ifawG&J@
aqGckESpfquf rsdK;ckESpfqufrD;avmifwdkufoGif;a&;udk aygif;pyfaeolawG jzpfonf?
88 rsdK;qufrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udk wkH@jyefwmrSmvnf; bk&m;vl}uD;awGudk +cdrf;ajcmuftusyfudkif+yD; 88
rsdK;qufeJ@ &efwdkufay;aewmudk owdy&ygrnff?
wwd,vrf;a=umif; tEW&m,fudk owdd&Sd&rnf? NLD &J@ a&S@tvm;tvmudk taumif;rjrifolrsm;u
wwd,vrf;a=umif; vdkuf=urSm jzpfonf?
Auy u - ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ jynfolawG=um;rSm wwd,vrf;r&Sd[k jywfjywfom;om;jrifonf?
jynfol@bufrSm &SdaewJh NLD udk 'ga=umifhyJ tm;ay;aewm jzpfonf? 1985 ckESpf
ydk@puwfv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyf+yD; uwnf;u b,fol@tm;ay;&rvJqdkwmudk Auy u
qHk;jzwfxm;+yD; jzpfonf? NLD emrnfeJ@ ay:vmawmhvnf; (NLD OuUXu
Adkvfatmif}uD;jzpfaeonfhwdkif) NLD udk tm;ay;cJhonf? rdrdygwDESifh eD;pyfolrsm;udkvnf;
oD;jcm;ygwDraxmifbJ NLD xJ 0ifvkyf=uzdk@ aqmf=ocJhonf? NLD eJ@ wpn pD;csif;xdk;yGJwGif
NLD udk tm;ay;cJhonf? ,ck a0zefaewmu atmifyGJ&apcsifvdk@ jzpfonf? ppftkyfpkudk0if+yD;
yl;l rdwJh yrnw awG vdk rjzpfapcsifvdk@ a0zefaewm jzpfonf?
3

ocFg&w&m;udk b,folrS rvGefqefEdkifyg? NLD tzdk;}uD;awG tdkvS+yD? olwdk@r&Sdv#if

(pdefvGifvdk)
vufr&G@Htm%mom;awGeJ@
rsdK;qufopf
xdyfwdkufawG@ =uvdrfhrnf?
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ tvm;tvm ukefqHk;oGm;awmhrnf[k jrifygonf?
(7)
vrf;jyajryHk RM udk etz u ZGwfvkyfrSmyg? rvkyfbJaevdk@ r&ygbl;? olwdk@vnf; ocFg&w&m;udk
tmcHEdkifolrsm; r[kwfyg? anmif 2 yif udk tcsdefqGJcsifwdkif; qGJvdk@r&onfhtajctae &Sdygonf?
tdrfeD;csif;rsm;uvnf;
apmifhaevdkpdwf
r&Sd=uyg?
2015
ckESpfwGif
wkwf
tmqD,Hwdk@
vGwfvyfonfhaps;uGufa'ovkyfwm atmifjrifapcsif=uonf? 2020 tmqD,H tajrmftjrifqdkwmuvnf; &Sdonf?
etz tcsdefqGJcsifwdkif; qGJr&yg?
anmiff 2 yif +yD;v#if RM tqifh 2/ 3 eJ@ 4 wdk@ vmygvdrfhrnf? 'gawGtwGuf rdrdwdk@bufu
jyifqifxm;&ygrnf? UNSC (ukvor*~vHkcHa&;aumifpD) udkcsnf; tm;udk;aev#if vSvS}uD; 'kuQawG@ygvdrfhrnf?
ArmjynfudpPu tiftm;}uD;wddk@&J@ OD;pm;ay;udpP r[kwfyg? olwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk wdkufdkufywfoufonfvnf;
r[kwfyg?
xdk@a=umifh OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifcJ=uzdk@ Auy &J@ 2007 }uHqcsuf udk wifjyygrnf? 'Drdk2006 .tquf
}uHqcsuf jzpfygonf? tm;vHk;ESifh !dEd_if;vdkygonf?
2007 }uHqcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
RM wdkufzsufa&;udk pD;csif;xdk;onfh enf;y&d,m,fjzifh vkyfr&yg? 88 rsdK;qufvnf; pDd;csif;xdk;vdk@
r&yg? NLD u qdkv#if ydk+yD;vkyfzdk@ cufygvdrfhrnf? NLD udk rw&m;oif; a=unmrnf rxifyg?
+cdrf;ajcmufaejcif;om jzpfygonf? w&m;0ifygwDtjzpfrS rSwfyHkwifkyfodrf;wmyJ vkyfygvdrfhrnf?
etz udk,fwdkif rvkyfbJ qENcH,lyGJaumfr&Sif a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif wdk@udk vkyfcdkif;rnf[k
xifygonf? txifr# jzpfonf?
88 rsdK;qufrsm;. }uHqcsufjzpfonfh jynfol@qENtppftrSef&vdkv#if ukvor*~&J@ }uD;=uyfr_eJ@
qENcH,lyGJ vkyf=unfhygqdkonfhenff;vrf; aumif;ygonf? anmiff 2 yif +yD;rSm
r[kwfao;ygbl;[kajym+yD;
a&S@vkyfief;udk
rajymbJaev#if
aemufusoGm;Edkifygonf?
tckuwnf;u (NLD u) tmabmfv$ifhxm; apcsifygonf? qENcH,lyGJ eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
*rfbm&D udk ajymvdkufwm tvGefaumif;ygonf? vlxkudk tm;&apygonf? 'DavmufeJ@
&yfraebJ vkyfEdkifoavmuf (vkyfEdkifoavmuf) vkyfzdk@ wdkufwGef;ygonf? NLD omv#if
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;wGif ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol jzpfygojzifh Todk@wdkufwGef;&jcif; jzpfygonf?
v_yf&Sm;wufuolrsm;.wyfOD; (Activists Front) wckudk jynfwGif;rSma&m jynfyrSmyg
v#dK@0Suf+yD; zGJ@pnf;zdk@ pOf;pm;oifhygonf? NLD u O/G jzpfygonf? olrvkyfEdkifwmudk (AF
U/G) u vkyfzdk@ jzpfygonf? (AF U/G) u bmawGvkyfrnfqdkwmudkawmh tpD&ifcHpmrSm
wifjyvdk@ rjzpfyg? pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;eJ@ v#dK@0SufaqG;aEG;vdkygonf? *syefacwfu vkyfenf;udk
,ckrsufarSmuftajctaeeJ@ aygif;pyf+yD;vkyfzdk@ pOf;pm;wm jzpfygonf?
t=urf;zsif; pOf;pm;xm;wmu O/G eJ@ U/G a&maxG;rypfzdk@yJ jzpfonf? *syefacwfuvnf;
O/G awG &SdwmygyJ? Oyrm BIA, BDA tm&Svli,ftpnf;tHk;/ wdk@Armqif;&Jom;tzGJ@/
0efxrf;wyf/ kyfao;tpdk;& pojzifh &Sdygonf? tpddk;&eJ@rywfoufwJh t&yfbuf bmoma&;/
vlr_a&;/ &yf&Gmqdkif&m tzGJ@uav;awGvnf; &Sdygonf?
xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&J@ w&m;0if tvkyfudk wzufuvkyf&if; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
,l*sD tvkyfudk vkyfaeolawG renf;yg? tvkyf 2 ckudk a&maxG;rypfbJ vkyfvdk@&ygonf?
a&maxG;ypfv#ifawmh tEW&m,f}uD;ygonf?
(AF U/G) u vufawG@EdkifiHa&;tvkyfawGrSm O/G awG rvkyfEdkifwmudkvkyfzdk@ jzpfonf?

 b,fawmfvSefa&;rqdk wufuv_yf&Sm;olawGu wyfOD;u yg&wm jzpfonf? wufuv_yf&Sm;ol

qdkwmuvnf; vli,fvl&G,f rsdK;qufopfawGyJ jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;&atmif olwdk@yJ vkyfcJhwm
jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD&atmifvnf; olwdk@yJ vkyf=u&vdrfhrnf? 'ga=umifh 21 &mpk rsdK;qufopf
udk tm;xm;&vdrfhrnf?
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v_yf&Sm;wufuol vli,fwdkif;. aemufuG,fwGif t}uH^m%fay;aeaom vl}uD;awG &SdcJhonf?
pdwf"mwfcGeftm;eJ@ tawG@tuHudk vl}uD;awGuyJ ay;cJhwm vrf;!efcJhwm jzpfonf? 88
rsdK;qufrsm;vnf; vl}uD;wydkif; jzpfae=uyg+yD? 88 tawG@tuHudk qifhyGm;ay;Edkif=uygonf?
tm;vHk;aygif;+yD; vkyf=urS jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tcgtcGifhaumif;udk rdrdbmom zefwD;=uzdk@ (AF
U/G) }uHqcsufudk wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf?
trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk&J@traw (AF U/G) u t&ifqHk; &SdaerS jzpfygvdrfhrnf? 'Drdk
2006 }uHqcsufudk vkyfwkef;u BBC u (xifonf?) ar;cGefwck ar;zl;onf? wyfaygif;pk
&Sdovm;[k ar;onf? ar;xdkufygonf? O/G eJ@ U/G wyfaygif;pkudk ajAmifvkyfrdv#if
txrf;xuf tqGJav;ygvdrfhrnf? rvkyf0Hhyg? wavmu owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif Auy awG
qkawmif;yGJ aemufuG,frSm &Sdonf? Auy A[dkudk tpD&ifcHpm rdxm;+yD[k ajAmifvdrfwm
=um;vdkuf&onf? wdkif;r;AdkvfcsKyfwa,mufu 'Drdk 2006 qdkwm (vdk*dk) yJ &SdwJh
pdwful;,Ofr_yJvdk@ ol@ppfwyfxJrSm csjyaecsdefrSm 0ef}uD;Adkvfr;csKyfuawmh Auy u aemufu
u;udkifaeonf[k owif;pmq&mawGudk ajAmifvdrfaeonf? owif;pmq&mwa,mufudkawmh
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ vlyHktv,frSm +cdrf;ajcmufwmvnf; awG@vdkuf&onf? olwdk@wawG
a=umuf&rf;&rf;ae=u+yD?
(8)

&Jabmfwdk@
A[dk&J@ay:vpDudk &Jabmfwdk@udk tyfvdkufyg+yD? txufrSm azmfjywJh }uHqcsufeJ@ tawG;tjrifawGudk
eD;pyf&meJ@ aqG;aEG;=uyg? txl;wvnfwifjyp&m topftqef;awG@v#if A[dkodk@ tjrefwifjy=uyg? anmif 2
yifjyyGJ +yD;awmhrnf[k =um;xm;ygonf? +yD;v#if RM 2/ 3/ 4 vmygvdrhfrnf? rdrdwdk@u EdkifiHa&;vufOD;r_ ,lxm;zdk@
vkdygonf? vufOD;r_udk etz ,laewm =umcJh+yD? olu vufOD;r_,lvdkuf udk,fu uef@uGufw,fajymvdkuf/ olu
t=urf;zuf tzrf;tqD;awGvkyfvdkuf udk,fu v$wfay;ygajymvdkuf tJ'DoHo&mudk jzwfypf=urS jzpfygvdrfhrnf?
rjzwfEdkifv#if zufqpfwydkif; tajccHOya' wck ay:vmp&m &Sdygonf?
Auy twGuf rylyg? NLD twGufyJ ylygonf? Auy u NLD tm%m&vnf; O/G
twdkuftcHygwDjzpfzdk@yJ &Sdonf? ppftpdk;& &Sdaevnf; U/G ygwDtjzpf a&&Snfaezdk@ jyifxm;+yDd; jzpfonf? Auy
twGuf ta=umif;r[kwfyg? 'Davmufo,fvm+yD;rS (1962 ckESpf ausmif;om;rsdK;qufuae 88 rsdK;quftxdd
o,fvm+yD;rS) 'Drdkua&pDtvHudkif NLD vJrusapcsifyg? 'g[m dk;om;yGifhvif;pGm ajymvdkufwm jzpfygonf?
vdktyfwJh aemufqufwJaG wGudk yl;wGJxnfhay;vdkufygonf?

aemufqufwJG (u)
Auy &J@ 18 ESpf ed*Hk;csKyf?(yxrydkif;)

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1? 1988 rS 2006 ckEpS f 18 ESpt
f wGi;f rSm ygweD J@om ywfoufwJh udpPawGudk ed*Hk;csKyfvkyfygr,f? wckvHk;cHwJh
ed*Hk;csKyfudkvnf; vkyfygr,f? wckvHk;cHwJhed*Hk;csKyfcsufu ta&;awmfyHkwckvHk;udk ed*Hk;csKyfvkyfrSm jzpfygw,f? udk,fu
t"duZmwfaumif r[kwfvdk@ odyf+yD;jynfhpHkrSm r[kwfygbl;? t"duZmwfaumifawG ed*Hk;csKyfvkyf&mrSm
uGefjrLepfwdk@&J@tjrifudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apcsifvdk@om a&;wmjzpfygw,f? rSDjirf;udk;um;&efr#om jzpfygw,f?
ygwD&J@udpPawGudkawmh ukefpifatmif oHk;oyfwifjyrSm jzpfygw,f?
2? Auy &J@ 18 ESpf ed*Hk;csKyf?
(u) wcsdK@udpPawGu &Jabmfwkd@od+yD; jzpfr,f? wcsdK@udpPawGu tckrS zGifhajymwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf
30 ausmfu udpPawGjzpfvdk@ zGifhajymwmyg? 'grS 1989 ta&;edrfhr_}uD; &J@ Zmpfjrpfudk odrSmyg?
1988 rwdkifrDu ygwD&J@tajctae
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e,fpyftajccH a'oawG ay:ygw,f? atmifoG,fay;ol&Sdvdk@ e,fpdrf; vlpdrf;awGeJ@ ygwDu qufpyfrdygw,f?
1967 ckESpf rwdkifrDu qdk&if udk,fhudk olrod/ ol@udk ukd,frodygbl;?
- 1972 ckESpfrSm tajctaeajymif;p yygw,f? armfpDwkef;/ csdKtif;vdkifwdk@eJ@ tar&dueforRw (epfqif)
EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD; (upfqif;*sm;) wdk@ aphpyfyGJatmifjrifygw,f? &JabmfarmfeJ@ &JabmfcsdKwdk@u
u|efawmfwdk@A[dkudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; t}uHay;wkdufwGef;wm vkyfygw,f? wdk@u t&ifvdk ulnDEdkifawmhrSm
r[kwfbl;? ukvor*~rSm ae&mjyef&ae+yD? ae0if;uvnf; trSm;0efcHae+yD? udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;
vkyfzdk@jyif=u vdk@ wdkufwGef;ygw,f? tusOf;csKyfajym&&if u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;vkyfzdk@
u;pm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh oEMdXmefr}uH@cdkifygbl;?
- 1976 ckESpfrSmvnf; &Jabmfwdef@a&Smifzif;u armfcsdK wdk@vdkyJ udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;vkyfzkd@ t}uHay;Hkru
tckdiftrm t}uHycsufvnf; ay;ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ rvkyfEdkfifcJhygbl;?
- 1980 ckESpfrSmusawmh tultnDukd aemufqHk;ay;wJhtaeeJ@ ay;ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t& yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
&Sif;jyygw,f? tJ'Dtcgusawmh au'gawGtm;vHk; ygwD&J@tajctaerSefudk odoGm;yg+yD? e*dku A[dkyJod+yD;
}udwf+yD;u;pm;aewmyg? &SdaewJh vufeufcJ,rf;awGudk 10 ESpf cHatmif ac|wmoHk;+yD; jynfwGif;u
twGif;ususae&mrSm tajccHa'oawG azmfxkwfzdk@ A[dku u;pm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh au'gwyfzGJ@rmS
tawG;tac:_yfaxG;ukefyg+yD? Auy &J@ a&S@tvm; tvmudk taumif;rjrif=uawmhygbl;? A[dkudk
,Hk=unfr_ pwifysufjym;ygw,f? aemfrefbufoGef; pdwf"mwfeJ@ ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;xJygvm=uolawG
wzGJzJG tdrfjyef =uygw,f? xGufcGifhawmif;+yD; jyef=uwmyg?
- 1980 rSmyJ A[dku ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD}uHqcsuf wifjyygw,f? rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;/
ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDudk xlaxmifzdk@ aqmf=ocsufyg?
- 1985 rSm wwd,uGef*&uf vkyfygw,f? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD}uHqcsufudk twnfyEdkifw,f?
ygwDpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk twnfyEdkifygw,f? ('g[m aumif;wJhudpPyg? 1989 rSm aoavmufwJh'%f&m
&ayr,fh
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rSm;,Gif;wJh tawG;tac:eJ@vkyf[ef 13 csuf azmfjyxm;wm awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? taumif;wckrS rygbl;?
yjyif&r,fh 6 csufvnf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh aq;rwdk;awmhygbl;? 1989 rSm cGJxGufwmawG
ay:vmw,f? b,folry rdrdr_yg? tcsdefawG trsm;}uD;&cJhom;eJ@ oEMdXmefrcdkifrmvdk@ udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;
rvkyfEdkifcJhwm[m udk,fnHhvdk@yg? A[dkrSmyJ wm0ef&Sdygw,f? udk,fhudk,fudk }uHzef+yD;ESpfodrfhvdkuf/
[dkvuf!dK;xdk; 'Dvuf!dK; tjypfajymvdkufeJ@ 1989 udk uH&wmyg?

wckaumif;oGm;wmu 1985 rSmyJ 1300jynfh ta&;awmfyHk &J@ a&$&wk 1988 rSm

jynfhr,fhta=umif;/ rqv ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk vlxktHkur_eJ@ qef@usif=uzdk@ aqmf=oEdkifcJhygw,f? 1988
ckESpfrSm wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyJ 88 tHkur_ ay:ygw,f? (88 tHkur_udk Auy zefwD;w,fvdk@ajymwm
r[kwfygbl;? vlxktHkur_udk b,fyk*~dKvf b,fygwDrS rzefwD;Edkifygbl;?)
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a&;xm;wmawG trsm;}uD;yg? tJ'gawG wckrS r[kwfygbl;? wpdwfwydkif;trSefawGomjzpfw,f?
1989 tjzpftysuf udk Armpum;eJ@ wcGef;wnf; ajym&&if qefqHkpm; uHukefvdk@oGm;
=uwmyg? b,fae&mrSmrS aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpf+yD; vrf;cGJ=uwm r[kwfygbl;? ocifAodef;wifudk a0geJ@xrf;+yD;
wkwfjynfbuf ydk@=uwmyg? wcsdK@ae&mrSm vufqGJE_wfquf+yD; xGufcJh=uwmyg? Adkfvfatmif}uD;/
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tus,fwifjyygr,f?
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Auy &J@ pDrHudef;awGu A[dkaumfrwDpHknDtpnf;ta0;rSm EdkifOD; tzGJ@u wifjy+yD; twnfy
xm;wmawGyg? EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;eJ@ A[dkaumfrwD pHknDtpnf;ta0;u e0w
ray:rDrSmwcg/ ay:+yD;aemufwcg vkyfwmyg?
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udk 0ef;&Hay;zdk@ jzpfw,f? ygwDu tm%modrf;zkd@ r[kwfbl;? ,m,Dtpdk;& udk 0ef;&Hzdk@yJ?
uef@uGufolr&Sdygbl;? oabmraygufol r&Sdygbl;?
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awmif}uD;bufuvlawGudk vufeufwaxmifwyfqifzdk@udk axmufcH=uw,f? b,folurS bmrS
rajymbl;? ausmif;om;wyfrawmf udk vufeufwaomif;ulnDzdk@usawmh r&Jw&J uef@uGufovdkajymol
(aZmfrdkif) wOD;&Sdw,f? oabmraygufbl;qdkwJhoabmyJ ajymwmyg? olajymwmu ygwDrSm
jynfol@wyfrawmf &Sdae+yDyJ? ausmif;om;wyfrawmfudk vufeufulzdk@ vdkao;ovm;qdk+yD; ucsifyHkjyifwck
ajymwmyg? om;udkcspfvGef;vdk@ ukyfay: cGpD;cdkif;xm;wJhom;u zcifudk ukyfydk;udkufvdkufw,fqdkwJh yHjk yifyg?
tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm ausmufeDvdkif/ ayguf,dkcsef;/ vDppflwdk@vnf; wufygw,f? bmrS
0ifrajymygbl;? }udwf+yD; aZmfrdkifudk axmufcH=urSmyg? cGJxGufa&; vkyf+yD;awmh olwdk@ajymwm=unfh&if
&Sif;ygw,f? A[dk (Armtkd}uD;awG) u (Armvli,f) ausmif;om;awGudk vufeufwyfqifay;csifwmyJ? ESpf
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qdkwmawG ajym=uw,f? tckawmh Armppftkyfpk etz udk (wcsdK@u) vufeuftyfcsifae=u+yD?
vlrsdK;a&;eJ@ rpOf;pm;awmhbl;? zdESdyfaoG;pkyfwJh vlwef;pm;tjrift& pOf;pm;ae=u+yD? wqufwnf;yJ
ajymygr,f? qdk&S,fvpfppftkyfpkjzpfjzpf/ ae0if; ppftkyfpkjzpfjzpf/ oef;a&$ppftkyfpkjzpfjzpf ppftkyfpkwdkif;rSm
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ppftm%m&Sif0g'udkrqdk wdkufzsufrSmygyJ?

(c) rSDcdkol@'kuQ?
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rwdkifrDwkef;u wkwf Arm 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;awG 2 EdkifiH acsmif;aygufatmif oGm;=uvm=uw,f? ygwDu
odawmifrodbl;? odvnf; pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? ol@udpP olvkyfwmyJ oabmxm;w,f? rSDcdkol@'kuQ
tzsm;wufawmh pdk;&drfvdkuf&wm? bmawGajym=uovJ/ bmawGvkyf=uovJeJ@ pdwfarmae&w,f?
7

udk,frSDxm;wJh eH&H}uD;Aef;ceJ ae&ma&$@vdkuf&if rSDaeolxef;yifvJovdk axmifvJwwfw,fqdkwm

odaew,f?
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ajymae=uwm &SdvsufeJ@ Auy udkawmh cif;csufeJ@ quf+yD;ulrSmyJvdk@ wcsdK@u xifcJh=uw,f? Auy u
wjcm; ta&S@awmiftm&S ygwDawGeJ@ rwlbl;wJh?
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21 ESpf udk,fydkiftawG@tuHt& ed*Hk;csKyfxm;wmyJ?
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qGJxm;&wJh tedXmHkawGudk etz cif!Gef@vnfyif; pGyfay;vdkufEdkifwm jzpfw,f?
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8

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9

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10

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11

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vufawG@rusygbl;? k&Sm;rSmvkyfcJhwJh 1917 ckESpfwkef;u atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;&J@ wkdufyJo
G mefrsdK;udk
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rif&SDApfawG/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; *dk%f;om;awG jzpfaew,f? 'gu tajctaebufu
ajymwmyg?
- ta=umif;tcsufbufuajym&if aAmf&SDApfawGrSm tvkyform;wyfeD (Red Guards)/
v,form;wyfeD/ awmfvSefwJh ppfom;wyfeDawG &Sdw,f? vufeufpufHkudk oydwfarSmufaewJh
tvkyform;or*~u tcsdefra&G; odrf;Edkifw,f? odrf;+yD; vlxkudk vufeufawG a0ay;Edkifw,f?
(ta&S@ajrmufa'o a&mufzl;wJh &JabmfawG qdkAD,ufkyf&Sif =unfhzl;wmyJ) tJ'Dvdk
ta=umif;tcsuf&Sdvdk@ aqmif;&moDeef;awmfudk odrf;rdwm jzpfw,f? 1988 wkef;u
u|efawmfwdk@rSm tJ'Dvdk ta=umif;tcsuf r&Sdygbl;?
'ga=umifh ygwDA[dku ArmjynfvufawG@eJ@ udkufnDzdk@
1 - 888 wyfr[m zGJ@w,f? (88 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSmzGJ@vdk@ 8 oHk;vHk; wyfr[mvdk@ emrnfay;wmyg) olu (r
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rEWav;/ arr@/ rdk;ukwf }wd*H jzpfw,f?)
2 - ABSDF udk vufeufwaomif; ulnDaxmufyHhzdk@eJ@ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;rS ABSDF &JabmfawGudk
(olwdk@&J@ awmif;qdkcsuft&) vufeufwaxmif ulnDzdk@ (olwdk@u xdkif;bufrqif;bJ
yefqef;wufvm&if rkcs&rSm jzpfw,f? vufeufu tqifoifh jzpfaewmyg/)
A[dku 'DpDrHudef;udk wufokwfdkuf+yD; vkyfygw,f? ajrmufydkif;XmecGJrSm vufeufawGay;zdk@ jyifxm;ygw,f?
888 wyfr[mu vm;d_; rlq,fvrf;ausmfzdk@yJ &Sdawmhw,f? [dkbufuvnf; apmifhae=u+yD? &efolu
rEWav;r@ay:rSm cHppfjzpfae+yD? acsmacsmarmarmcsDwuf+yD; tajccszdk@yJ?
'gayrJh uaumif;wkef; pifusdK;ygw,f? zkefwdk@ ,effwdk@&J@ udk;uef@u cGJxGufw,f? 888 wyfr[m
acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;w,f? vufeufzwfw,f? (1989 rwfv) 'Dae&mrSm &JabmfawGudk today;p&m
&Sdw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u
A[dkrSm t,ltq 2 ck ay:cJhw,f?
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'kwd,wcku zkefwdk@ cGJxGufwm[m olwdk@e*dkvlrsdK;a&; EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mudk jyefoGm;wm jzpfw,f?
olwdk@eJ@ aphpyftcsdefqJx
G m;&r,f? ygwDA[dku csrSwfxm;wJh txufrSmazmfjywJh 888

12

wyfr[m r 3 vHk; a&mufa&; eJ@ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;eJ@ ABSDF &JabmfawGudk

vufeufwyfqifa&;uddk tjrefqHk;vkyfzdk@ jzpfw,f? (zkefwdk@u aphpyfaqG;aEG;csifaewmyg?
olwdk@ q&m}uD; awGuvnf; aphpyfapcsifygw,f? p+yD;vnf; aqG;aEG;aeyg+yD?)
yxrt,ltqudk trsm;pk}uD;u A[dk&J@ w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfcsuftjzpf qHk;jzwf=uw,f? od=uwJhtwdkif;
tm;vHk; cGJxGufukefw,f? wefjyefawmfvSefa&;u awmfveS fa&;udk acsr_ef; wm cHvkduf&w,f? 'gayrJh
aoG;wpufrS ruscJhygbl;? A/S ygwDuae U/G ygwD jzpfcJh&w,f?
'ga=umifh aemufydkif;rSm ygwDu bmrSjzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf rvkyfEdkifygbl;? 1990 a&G;aumufyGJrmS NLD udk
yHkatm+yD; rJay;=uzdk@eJ@ rJruGJapzdk@yJ vkyfEdkifoavmuf vkyfcJhw,f?
1989 rSm ygwDu aoavmufwJh'%f&m &vdkufvdk@om e0w toufacsmifoGm;wmyJ? 'gu
jynfwGif;a&; ta=umif;tcsufyg? jynfya&;ta=umif;tcsufuvnf; e0w udk wnf+idrfoGm;apw,f?
'Djynfya&; ta=umif;tcsufudk &Sif;vif;wifjyygr,f? wdkwdkyJ tESpfcsKyf+yD; wifjyEdkifrSmyg?
ppfat;acwf[m wajzmifhwnf; jzpfcJhwm r[kwfygbl;? qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;qdkwmvnf; wcsdefvHk;&Sdaewm
r[kwfygbl;? ppfat;acwfrSm ppfyl (a'oEW&ppf) uav;awGjzpfwm tm&SrSmcsnf;yJ? udk&D;,m;ppf/
AD,uferfppf/ uarBm'D;,m;ppf/ tmz*efppf pwmawGtm;vHk; tm&SrSmyJ jzpfcJhwmyJ?
ppfrSmyg0ifywfouf wmawGuvnf; worwfwnf; r[kwfbl;? tajccHuswJh tajymif;tvJawG
&Sdw,f? udk;&D;,m;ppfeJ@ AD,uferfppf tpydkif;rSm qdkAD,uf wkwf w*dk%f;wnf;yJ? aemufawmh
wjznf;jznf; wzufpD jzpfae=uwmyJ? uarBm'D;,m;eJ@ tmz*efrSmqdk&if &Sif;&Sif;yJ? wzufpDyJ?
ppfat;yGJrSm ppf_H;wm b,folvJ? qdkAD,ufeJ@ ol@aemufvdkufawGyJ? wkwf/ AD,uferf/ usL;bm;u
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vrf;cGJxm;vdk@yJ? tar&duefeJ@ &if=um;aphxm;Edkifvdk@yJ? wHcg;zGifhw,fqdkwmu udk,fzGifhcsifwdkif;
zGifhvdk@&wm r[kwfbl;? twGif;uvl b,favmufyJ zGifhcsifzGifhcsif tjyifbufu wGef;+yD;ydwfae&if
zGifhvdk@r&ygbl;?
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=um;acsmiftzsm;cwfcHvdkuf&wmwmygyJ?
1989 rSm Auy cGJxGufawG ay:wmeJ@ rqdkif;rwG e0w atmufudk a&mufoGm;wm[mvnf;
rawmfwq jzpfwm r[kwfygbl;? ppfat;acwf ukefqHk;wm&J@ tzsm;cwfcH&wmyg? 'DudpPudk
tus,fa&;p&m rvdkbl;? &JabmfawGod+yD; jzpfw,f? ygwDudk rSDcdkol@'kuQ tpGrf;jycHvdkuf&wmyg?
aoavmufwJh'%f&m qdkwm wifpm;wm r[kwfygbl;? wu,fjzpfcJhwmyg? &JxGef;av;vdk/
pdk;EdkifvdkvlrsdK;u ygwDpifyifaxmif0Hhwmom =unhfyg? olwdk@om rubl;? pifyifaxmifzdk@ wjcm;vHk;yef;olawGvnf;
&Sdao;w,f? ae&ma'ou tcGifhray;vdk@ vlpkr&vdk@ raxmifjzpfwmyJ? yefqef;eJ@yef0g a&mufaeolawGuawmh
vlpkvdk@&vdk@ axmifjzpf=uwmyJ?
'Dvdk bmha=umifhvkyf0Hh=uovJ? vlrsdK;pk Auy cGJxGufawG ay:vdk@yJ?
bma=umifh olwdk@oufqdk;r&SnfovJ? Auy u toufjyif;vdk@yJ? awmfvSefa&;tpOftvm &Sdvdk@yJ?
tmZmenfwdk@&J@ygwD jzpfvdk@yJ? ygwDpdwf"mwf jyif;jyolawG&J@ygwD jzpfvdk@yJ?
'%f&musufatmif tcsdeftawmf,lcJh&ygw,f? ygwD&J@ pOfqufrjywfacgif;aqmifr_udk ygwD&J@
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(COC) udk pnf;rsOf;eJ@tnD a&G;aumufw,f? COC [m rsdK;qufa[mif; A[dkaumfrwDqDuae
acgif;aqmifr_wm0efudk vufv$J,lae&w,f?
t"duvkyfae&wmu vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ A/S ygwzD GJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;yHkeJ@ vHk;0uGJjym;wJh ajratmuf U/G
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EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_rSm qdkAD,ufyHkpH usqHk;wm&,f/ wkwfyHkpHudk topfprf;oyfvkyfaqmif
aewm&,fa=umifh oabmw&m;_yfaxG;r_awG &Sdygw,f? ygwDA[dku nDtpfudkuGefjrLepfawGqDu oabmw&m;a&;
tawG;tac:a&;&mawGudk pl;prf;avhvmwm vkyfygw,f? oabmw&m;jiif;cHkwmudk rvkyfao;yg?

13

jynfwGif;aZmufcsvkyfa&;udkyJ
OD;pm;ay;
vkyfygw,f?
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tawG;tac:t&
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EdkifiHa&;udk taESmifht,Sufrjzpfatmif vkyfygw,f? ygwDudk rxdyg;or# ygwDu b,fol@udkrS xdyg;wHk@jyefrSm
r[kwfygbl;? oabmw&m;a&;&mrSm vGwfvyfat;csrf;pGm uGJvJcG Gifh &Sd&rSmyg?
uGefjrLepf0g' usqHk;+yD? Auy usqHk;+yD qdkwJh ta&;tom;awGudk (oabmw&m;rygbJ)
Avef;a&;wmqdk&ifawmh ygwDu OyuQmyygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepf&J@ tm%mpufatmufrSm cdkv_H (tm;udk;) +yD;
uGefjrLepf0g'eJ@ Auy udk wzufowfxdk;ESufaewm[m ol&Jaumif;vkyf&yfvm;/ *k%f,lp&mvm;qdkwmudkawmh
udk,fhbmom pOf;pm;Edkifygvdrfhr,f?
taemufwdkif;a&muf yk*~dKvfwcsdK@uvnf; tifwmeufuae Auy udk xdk;ESufwm enf;enf;yg;yg;&dSygw,f?
pmay;vm&if tifwmeufwifvm&if ygwDu zwf=unfhygw,f? wHk@jyefp&mvdkw,fvdk@ rxifvdk@ rwHk@jyefygbl;?
t&Sdefukef&if &yfoGm;rSmyg?
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b,ftzGJ@tpnf;eJ@rqdk vufawG@ususaqG;aEG;zdk@ ygwDu
toifh&Sdygw,f?ygwD&J@oabmxm;u twdwfu
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csDwufcsifwm jzpfygw,f? twdwfu trSm;awG/ *dk%f;*%awG/ yk*~dKvfa&;awGeJ@ vHk;axG;&pfywfaewm rjzpfcsifygbl;?
ygwDwGif;udpPawGrSmvnf; aooludk &SifoluqJwJh ck&Sufvkyf[efrsdK; b,fawmhrSvkyfrSm r[kwfygbl;?
ed*Hk;csKyfvkyfw,fqdkwm[m
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qef@usifa&;/ wkwfuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;rSm Auy ryg&aumif;vm;qdk+yD; qJa&;wmudkvnf; *krpdkufygbl;?
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EdkifiHwumh0g' &Sdw,f? 'D 2 ck tcsdK;nDnDvkyfoGm;rSmyg?
ukvor*~vHkcHa&;aumifpD (UNSC) xJ Armjynfjy\em a&mufwmeJ@ywfouf+yD;vnf;
ajymp&m&Sdygw,f? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfwJh jynfwGif;rSm jynfwGif;tiftm;pkawG aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vkyfzdk@
wGef;wmqdk&if b,folvkyfvkyf vufcHrSmyJ? 'gayrJh ArmjynfzJcsyfudkif+yD; tiftm;}uD;awG tm%mvGefyGJ
qGJ=uwmqdk&ifawmh vufrcHEdkifygbl;? jynfcspf0g'eJ@ wHk@jyefrSmyg? 'g[m tjywfom;qHk; ajymwmyg?
ygwD&J@rsdK;qufa[mif;awG wzwfzwfuG,fvGef=uyg+yD? 'kwd,rsdK;qufu acgif;aqmifaeygw,f?
wwd,rsdK;qufudk jyifxm;ygw,f? oGm;&r,fhc&D;u a0;ygw,f? U/G b0eJ@ b,favmuf=um=um ae&ae&
aeEdkifatmifeJ@ Armjynf awmfvSefa&; qHk;cef;wdkif vkyfEdkifatmif jyifaerSmyg?

14

aemufqufwJ(G c)
EdkifiHwumhtajctae
(wpf)
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rywfoufEdkifwJh udpPawGudk a&Smifxm;ygw,f? vufvSrf;rrD/ vdkufrrDEdkifwJhudpPawG jzpfvdk@yg?
+yD;awmhvnf; tckacwfrSm b,foleJ@rS &efryGm;csifvdk@yg? udk,feJ@rywfoufwJh udpPawGxJ 0if_yfwmudk
tajrmftjrifr&SdwJhvkyf&yfvdk@yJ ,lqvdk@yg?
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owW0gawGyJ vdk@ ynmay;owJh? awm0ufysdKuav;awGu tJ'D ajc 2 acsmif;/ em;&Gufwdk udk jyprf;yg
vdk@ ajym=uowJ?h 'geJ@ awm0uftdk}uD;u &GmwckteD; ac:oGm;owJh? &GmxJu awmif,morm;wOD;
aygufjym;xrf;vmwmawG@awmh tJ'gvm; vkd@ ar;owJh? r[kwfbl; vdk@ ajymowJh? tJ'DvdkeJ@
a,musfm;awG/ rdef;rawG/ uav;awG xGufvmwmvnf; r[kwfbl; vdk@yJ ajymaeowJh? aemufqHk;usrS
vlwa,muf wlrD;aoewfxrf;+yD; xGufvmawmh tJ'gyJ? rSwfxm;/ wdk@ta=umuf&qHk; &efolu olyJ vdk@
ajymowJh?
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wdkif;udk a=umufaezdk@ rvdkygbl;? taewwfzdk@/ tajrmftjrif&Sdzdk@om t"duyg?
(2) ordkif;tawG@tuHt&ajym&if ya'o&mZfacwfu u|efawmfwdk@ tdrfeD;csif;awGu usL;ausmfvdk@ 'grSr[kwf
udk,fuoGm;+yD; usL;ausmfvdk@ ppfawG wdkfufcJhzl;ygw,f? wkwfjynfrSm {u&mZfjzpfaewJh rGef*dkrif;/
wkwfjynfrSm {u&mZfjzpfaewJh refcsL;rif;awG&J@ usL;ausmfr_ cH&zl;w,f? wkwfeJ@ukvm; ppfyGJrjzpfzl;vdk@
=um;!yfwm wcgrS rcH&zl;bl;? acwfopfrSm wkwf - tdENd, 1962 ppfyGJjzpfawmhawmif =um;r!yfbl;?
tdENd, - ta&S@ygupPwef ppfjzpfawmhvnf; =um;r!yfbl;? taewwf&if vGwfygw,f?
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r[kwfygbl;? ppfvrf;usvdk@ 0if+yD;cvkwfwdkuf=uwmcsnf; jzpfygw,f? t*Fvdyfu wkwfjynfcsDwufzdk@/
*syefu tdENd, csDwufzdk@ ppfxdk;vmwmyg? tJ'Dvdk aoe*FAsL[meJ@ ppfxdk;vm&ifawmh Armjynfua&Smifzdk@
cufygw,f? udk,hftwGuf tcGifhtomqHk;jzpfatmif tqdk;xJu taumif;jzpfatmif }uHpnf=u&rSmyg?
b,fvkdb,fnm }uHpnf rvJqdkwmuawmh ajymzdk@apmygao;w,f? tJ'DtEW&m,fudkvnf;
rjrif&ao;ygbl;?
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ppfa&; tompD;&atmif vkyfae=uw,f? 'Dvdk tajctae&Sdwmu tckrS r[kwfygbl;? =umyg+yD?
ESpf 60 &Sdyg+yD? a&S@udk ar#mfac:=unhfawmhvnf; 'DvdkyJ vkyfae=uOD;rSmyJvdk@ wGufygw,f?
15

- tar&duef? rlqvifurBmrSmyJ Asmrsm;aew,f? acwfopfcl;qdwfppfyGJ tvkyfeJ@ tvkyf_yf

aew,f? (bk&Sfu wcgrSm cl;qdwfppfyGJvdk@ E_wfvGwfajcvGwf ajymzl;w,f) c&pf,mefawG&J@
cl;qdwf eJ@ rlqvifawG&J@ *sD[wf awmfawmfeJ@ +yD;r,fhyHk ray:ygbl;? umwGef;ppfyGJuvnf;
cl;qdwf wrsdK;ygyJ?
- *syef? oluvnf; tckrS tm;pk&wkef;yg? ol@teD;0ef;usifrSm e,fajrodrf;ydkuf+yD;rS ta&S@awmif
tm&Sbuf ajcOD;vSnhf0HhwJh tpOftvm &Sdygw,f? aemufausmrvHk&if a&S@rwdk;0Hhygbl;? [dkwkef;u
udk;&D;,m;/ xdkif0rf (azmfrdkqm)/ refcsL;&D;,m; (wkwfjynfta&S@ajrmufa'o) rSm tajccH&+yD;rS
ta&S@awmiftmtm&Sbufudk wdk;csJ@cJhwmyg? tck tJ'Dvdkjzpfzdk@ rvG,fygbl;? udk;&D;,m;eJ@
wkwfuvnf; tiftm;csnfheJ@aecsdef r[kwfygbl;? tiftm;jynhf0ae=uw,f? k&Sm;bufudkvnf;
tckta&;xm;&csdef jzpfw,f? [dkwkef;uvdk (1905 ckESpf) k&Sm;udk *syefu ppfEdkifxm;wm
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ol@jynfwGif;rSm xdkif;ppftkyfpk[m a&&Snfjyeftm%m&vm&if ArmppftkyfpkeJ@ xdyfwkdufwdk;p&m
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16

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rajymwwfygbl;? txufu tajccHrl 2 csuf &Sdae&if u|efawmfwdk@twGuf vrf;!eftdrfajrmif
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(ESpf)
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zefwD;=uwmyg? EdkifiHi,fawGu t&dyftajc=unhf+yD; u=u&rSmyg? udk,fwGufxm;ovdk jzpfcsifrS jzpfwwfwmyg?
urBmhtajctae zefwD;wmu [dkwkef;u Oa&myudk A[dkyygw,f? tck tm&Sudk A[dkyygw,f? Armjynfu
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b,favmufawmif jzpfae+yDvJqdk&if yk*~vduydkifwyfwdk@/ yk*~vduydkifaxmifwdk@txd w&m;0if&Sdaeyg+yD?
pD;yGm;a&;cGifudkausmf+yD; EdkifiHa&;cGiftxd yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_u a&mufaeyg+yD?
yk*~vduypPnf;ydkifqkdifr_ }uD;rm;us,fjyef@avav qif;&Jcsrf;omuGm[r_ }uD;avyg? yk*~vduypPnf;ydkifqdkifr_
}uD;oGm;atmif t[ef@twm;r&Sd vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyf=uwJhacwf}uD;jzpfvdk@ qif;&JeJ@csrf;om=um;u acsmuf
(a*smuf) urBm}uD;u =umav eufavus,fav jzpfaeygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfu acsmuf&J@b,fbuftjcrf;rSmvJqdkwm b,folrS tjiif;ryGm;ygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@eJ@
wzufjcrf;u wdkif;jynfawGeJ@ b,favmuf tuGmjcm;}uD; uGmjcm;oGm;+yDvJqdkwmudkawmh r*~Zif;aqmif;yg;awGrSm
ygygw,f? wnfhwnfhawmhajymEdkifwm r[kwfygbl;? oG,f0dkufajymygw,f? olwdk@udk u|efawmfwdk@u aus;Zl;wif&
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Ed_if;,SOfp&m rvdkygbl;?
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tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHawG=um;rSm 0ifcvkwf xGufcvkwf twdkufcH&ygw,f? ta&S@Oa&my EdkifiHawGtxJrSm olu
temqHk;yg? Armjynfuvnf; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;wkef;u ta&S@awmiftm&SrSm temqHk;yg?
tck tm&SA[dkywJhacwf}uD;rSm ykdvefuH=urRmrsdK; Armjynf rwdk;rdapzdk@ owdxm;&ygr,f? rsufarG;wqHk;
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u|efawmfwkd@ udkvnf; wkwfjynfudk umuG,v
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t&Sif;qHk;ajymygr,f? Armjynfudk umuG,faewmyg? tjrifus,fus,f war#mfwac:=unfh+yD; vkyfaewmyg?
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ppfEdkifa&;vrf;pOf udk qENpGJeJ@ csrSwfcJhzl;ygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@om r[kwfygbl;? KMT ppfajy;awGvnf; aoG;uygw,f? wkwfjynf}uD;udk atmif
wyfrawmf}uD; eJ@ csDwufodrf;ydkuf&awmhrvdkvdk xifcJhygw,f?
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17

Armjynftajctae t& cs&rSmyJ? 'ga=umifhyJ wdkif;jynfu 2 jynf/ jynfou

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wkwfjynfqef@usifa&;rSm Auy u olwdk@eJ@ woHwnf; rxGuf&aumif;vm;qdk+yD; tremyajymwm cHcJh&zl;
ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@u tar&duefwD;0dkif;q&m&J@ wkwfwHuav; !ef=um;wJhtwdkif; wD;cwfaewJh oHpHkwD;0dkif;rSm
b,fawmhrS Auy rygbl;qdkwmudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf &Sif;jycJh&ygw,f? EdkifiHwumhupm;0dkif;rSm 194142
wkef;uvdk Auy u rtlrvnfeJ@ 0ifygwmrsdK; vkyf&r,fht&G,f r[kwfawmhygbl;? touf}uD;rS oli,fjyef&if yHkrSef
r[kwfawmhygbl;? war#mfwac: ar#mf=unfhwwfyg+yD? EdkifiHwumhA[kokw &Sdaeyg+yD? EdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ y&d,m,fudk
wpHkw&m wGufwwfyg+yD? vl}uD;awG&efyGJrSm =um;r!yfatmif aewwfrS Armjynfudkcspf&m usygw,f? EdkifiHwumhcGif
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&JabmfawGudk wdkufwGef;csifwmu 1933 uae 1939 txd ydkvefEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHa&;ordkif;eJ@ EdkifiH}uD;awG&J@
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ru }uD;ygw,f? vlOD;a&uawmh rwdrf;r,drf;yg? 'gayrJh ydkvef&J@'kuQeJ@ Armjynf'kuQ ,SOfvdk@ &ygw,f?
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tck tpD&ifcHpmrSm ydkjynfhpHkatmif a&;vdkufwmyg?
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pnf;rsOf;udku tiftm;}uD;oltcsif;csif; tvJxdk;aemufaumufcszdk@ pnf;rsOf; r[kwfygbl;? trSwf,l=uzdk@ wyGJ+yD;wyGJ
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jyifbufu vkyfrSmyg? tD&wfjy\em =unfhyg?
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apmifhEdkif=urvm;? apmifhoifhovm;? &JabmfawG pOf;pm;zdk@yg?

18