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22

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23

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26

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32

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'DvdkajymEdkifovJqdkawmh jzpfpOfu'Dvdkyg/ 1946 ckESpf pufwifbm vlxktHkur_}uD;jzpfawmh t*Fvdyf
bk&ifc[
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qdkvdkw,f)
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29

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taumif;pm; pufaoewf tajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;cJhygw,f? usnfqHawGuvJ
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ygwDyg?
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jzpfayr,fh Adkvfatmifqef;wdk@udk vkyf}uHwmyJ vkyfEdkifawmh OD;apmudk tm%mtyfcsifwJh
t*Fvyd af wG tcufawG@ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;Ekukd tjrefac:+yD; tm%mtyfwmyg? t*Fvyd f
uom twGuftcsufvGJ+yD; OD;apmudk tm%mtyfcJh&if t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;[m 1942
- ckEpS u
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ae&may;xm;&wJh uGefjrLepfppfAdkvfawGudk tokwfvdkufwyfu xkwfypfaewmyg? 'g[m
ppfwyfudk wvufudkif jzpfvmatmif vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfygwDu pwifvkyfvmwmyg?
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30

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u ay;oavmufeJ@ a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfzdk@ (&oavmufyJ ,lzdk@ ) olwdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;om;
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e,fcsJ@eJ@ aemufqHk;pm&if;&Sif;yGJ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;omjzpf&if olwdk@tcef; arS;rSdef
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trSm;udk jyif&r,fh enf;emawGudk qef;ppf&SmazGygw,f?
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vkyfwmudk csufaumif;,l=uygw,f? 'Dvdk csufaumif;,lwmuvJ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk
vufeufuikd w
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31

awGjzpfwJh qdk&S,fvpfppfAdkvfawGudk ppfwyfxJu &Sif;ypfcJhygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;[m ol

wav#mufv;kH aygi;f cJw
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kd pPmazguyf ;D Adv
k af e0if;buf ygomG ;ygw,f?
1962 ckEpS f tm%modr;f yGu
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tm;vHk; zsufodrf;ygw,f? ppfwyfygwDwck axmifygw,f/ vl=um;aumif;atmif jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvdk@ emrnfay;ygw,f?
rufcD,mA,fvD0g'orm; EdkifiHa&;tm%m avmb&ruf}uD;ol/ t}uH}uD;ol/
vlrdkuf*dk%f;acgif;aqmif&J@vkyf[ef tjynfh&Sdol Adkvfae0if;&J@ Zmwdkyf tppftrSef[m
tJ'DusrS ay:vmygw,f/
Adkvfae0if;(OD;ae0if;) taeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf odrf;ydkuf
+yD;wJhaemuf tESpf 30 ausmftwGif;rSm orRwawG 0ef}uD;csKyfawG b,fESpfa,muf
wifcJh+yDvJ/ (Adkvfapmarmif-Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@udkyg xnfhwGufyg?) 0ef}uD;awG/ !efcsKyf !efr_;awG/ trwfawG b,favmufwifcJhovJ / wdkif;tqifheJ@ atmufajcydkif;rSm ppfAdkvf
awGudk a0pkb,favmuf cGJay;cJhovJ? tJ'Dpm&if;awGudk jyKpk=unfhprf;yg? b,favmuf
awmif rsm;cJhygovJ?
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awG &aeawmh ae0if;ppftkyfpkudk olwdk@opPm&Sd=uygw,f?
'g[m ae0if ; ppf t k y f p k jzpf v myH k / ppf t pd k ; &jzpf v myH k e J @ ppf A sLd k u a&pD
,E W&m;}uD;jzpfvmyHk t=urf;zsif; twdkcsHK@+yD; wifjywmyg?
ppftkyfpkjzpfw,f/ ppfAsLdkua&pD,E W&m;rSm yg0ifw,fqdkwJh t&nftcsif;
('gudkt&nftcsif;vdk@ owfrSwfcJh&if ) wckwnf;eJ@ jzpfvdkuf=uwJhorRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/
0ef}uD; pwmawG?
axmufvrS ;f a&;r; Adv
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vkyf/ usef;rma&;OuUXvnf;vkyf/ [dkaumfrwD 'DaumfrwDrSmvnf; OuUXvkyf - tJ'Dvdk
vkyfaewmudk rsuf0g;xifxif awG@ae&w,f r[kwfygvm;? tm;upm;udpPrSmvJ 0ifajym
vdkuf/ b,fudpPxJ0ifq&mvkyfvdkuf vkyfaewm[m ppftkyfpk0if jzpfw,fqdkwJh t&nf
tcsif;wckwnf;eJ@ ae&mwum0ifpGufaewmyg? tJ'Dvkyfief;awGrSm u|rf;usifatmif
oludk,fwdkif tywfwukwf avhvmqnf;yl;xm;cJhvdk@ q&m0ifvkyfaeEdkifwmawmh
r[kwfbl;qdkwm &Sif;aeygw,f? (OD;atmif}uD;a&;wJhpmapmifwckxJrSm ygovdk
Adkvfwifazu OD;b+idrfudk q&mwif+yD; jynfolydkif vkyfwmrsdK;vJ jzpfcsifjzpfygvdrfhr,f?)
ppftkyfpk - ppftpdk;& - ppfAsLdkua&pD ,E W&m;qddkwJh (ppf 3 ppf) udk
36

vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfrsm; }uD;pdk;aewJh zqyv tpdk;&&J@ acwfwkef;uqdk&if olrom

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awG;ac: }uHqcsufrsm;udk ygwDuvufcH+yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@ pmwdkpm&Snfa&;um
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tpdk;&&J@ +idrf;csrf;a&;ay:vpDudk csrSwfaeolrsm;[m zqyvxJu EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;r[kwfbJ ppfwyfwGif;u qdk&S,fvpfawG jzpfaevdk@ygyJ?
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ay:vpD [m bGifbGif;&Sif;&Sif;}uD; ay:vmygw,f? olwdk@ay:vpDu aphpyfaqG;aEG;wm
rvkyfbl;? uGefjrLepfawG _H;awmhrSmrdk@ aphpyfr,fajymaewm/ vufeufcs&ifcs rcs&if
tjyKwfacsr_ef;ypfr,f qdkwmygyJ? olwdk@&J@armufrmr_u urf;ukefygw,f?
+rdK@ay:rSm uGejf rLepf&mS ;vd@k awmxJomG ;+yD; yihcf ikd ;f aewm r[kwb
f ;l / vufeuf
rcsbl;qdk&if awmxJrSmyJ tjywf&Sif;cJh vdk@ w&m;0if trdef@xkwfjyef+yD; acsr_ef;cJhwmyg?
AdkvftmVm0u/ ocifarmif}uD;/ Adkvfodef;polrsm;[m tJ'Dvdk usqHk;&wmyg? tJ'Dvdk
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uawmh wHcg;udk t+rJwrf; ydwfxm;csifygw,f? 1963 ckESpfeJ@ 1980 rsm;u aphpyfaqG;aEG;
wm[mvJ tcuftcJ &Sdaevdk@ rwwfomvdk@ vl=um;aumif;atmif vkyfcJhwmyg?
oabmd;k eJ@ r[kwb
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vufatmufu vHkxdef; vkyfcdkif;ygw,f?
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aphpyfaqG;aEG;aewmudk uref;uwef; zsufodrf;vdkufygw,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk
wzufowf t+yD;tydkif zsufodrf;vdkufw,fvdk@ a=unmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wjcm;
tzGJ@tpnf;wckudkawmh t+rJwrf;wHcg;zGifhxm;w,fvdk@ ajymaeygw,f?
bma=umifh 'Dvdk pHESpfrsdK;xm;+yD;usifhoHk;ygovJ? &Sif;ygw,f? ppftkyfpk[m
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33

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ajymae=uygw,f?
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usifhoHk;zdk@ jzpfygw,f?
ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDpepfukd xlaxmifz@kd 1980 ckEpS u
f bma=umifh wifjycJo
h vJq&kd if
atmufygArmjynf&J@ xl;jcm;wJh vufawG@EdkifiHa&; tajctaeawGa=umifh jzpfygw,f?
yxrtm;jzifh - jynfwGif;ppf =um&SnfvmwmeJ@ tr# AsL&dku&ufppf,E W&m;
jzpfwnfvmw,f? jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;&J@ txufrSmppftkyfpkwck
jzpfwnfvmw,f? wdkif;jynf&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; w&m;
pD&ifa&;udk vHk;0csKyfudkifxm;wJh ppftpdk;&wck jzpfay:vmw,f?
tajccHOya'wck a&;qGJ+yD; olwdk@&J@ tm%m&Sifpepfudk tum
tuG,f jyKaeygw,f? ppftkyfpk/ ppftpkd;&/ ppfAsL&dkua&pD,E W&m;
jzpfay:vmwJh jzpfpOfudk cif;jy+yD;wifjyrSom &Sif;vif;rSmjzpfvdk@
jzpfpOfudk wifjyygr,f?
- 1948 ckESpfrSm Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;
jynfwGif;ppfudk zefwD;cJhw,f? Adkvfae0if;tr;jyKwJh wyfwGif;&Sd
qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifawGudk trmcHxm;+yD; tpdk;&ppfwyf}uD;wckvHk;
toHk;jyKum uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; jynfwGif;ppf wdkufapcJhygw,f?
- u&iftrsKd ;om;wyfawG ykeu
f efomG ;+yD;wJh tcsed u
f p+yD; Adv
k af e0if;
34

[m ppfwyfwckvHk;udk csKyfudkifEdkifwJh taetxm; jzpfvmw,f?

'gayrJh Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDudk rSDcdkae&qJ jzpfw,f? ol@ywf0ef;
usifrSm&SdwJh ppfAdkvf}uD;awG tm;vHk;[m ol@tay:rSm av;pm;r_
ody&f w
dS m r[kwb
f ;l ? umuG,af &;Xmeudik o
f l OD;AaqG eJ@ jynfxaJ &;
Xmeudkifol OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@udkom =unfndKav;pm;=uolawG
jzpfw,f?
tck e0w ppfAdkvfawGu Adkvfae0if;udk tr$ef;wif+yD;
ajymavh&SdwJh 1949 ckESpfwkef;u tm%modrf;zdk@ wdkufwGef;olawG
&SdaewmawmifrS tm%mudkrrufarmvdk@ tm%modrf;wm rvkyf
cJhbl;qdkwJh udpPudk &Sif;zdk@vdkygw,f?
tm%modrf;zdk@ wdkufwGef;olu eHrnfausmf vuf,m
0g'}D uD;jzpfwhJ (21 OD;) OD;bazyg? OD;baz aemufrmS u t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J
uk r ` % D bD t d k p D uk r ` % D y g? tJ ' D w k e f ; uom Ad k v f a e0if ; u
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@t}udKuf tm%modrf;cJh&if jynfolawGu 0dkif;+yD;
qef@usif=uvdk@ tdk;tom;awmif &SmawG@rSm r[kwfyg?
Adkvfae0if;rSm EdkifiHa&;&moDOwkudk tuJcwfwwfwJh tuif;yg;r_
&Sdygw,f? b,ftcsdefrSm b,fol@udk rSDcdk&r,f? b,ftcsdefrSm
cGm&r,fqdkwmudk olodygw,f/ (ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyfwdk@&J@
*dk%f;udk tcsdefrD cGmcJhEdkifwmudkvnf;aumif;/ OD;AaqG - OD;ausmf+idrf;
wdk@&J@ Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDu cGmcJhEdkifwmudkvnf;aumif;/
&S p f a v;vH k ; vl x k t H k ur_ } uD ; rwd k i f r D u av;rS m qd k & S , f v pf
ta&+cHKxm;wmudk cGmcs+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDodk@ ajymif;vJzdk@
tmabmfzefw;D cJw
h mudv
k nf;aumif;/ oH;k oyf=unf&h if ol@&@J tuif;
yg;r_udk tuJjzwfEdkifyg w,f?)
zqyvtzGJ@ uGJ+yD;aemufydkif; 1958 ckESpfrSm qdk&S,fvpfppfAdkvfawG&J@
yifhwifay;r_eJ@ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& wufvkyfawmhvJ Adkvfae0if;[m qdk&S,fvpfygwDudk
qufvufrSDcdkygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@t}udKuf vkyfygw,f? oef@&Sif;
zqyv OD;Ekwdk@udk qef@usifygw,f?
1960 ck E S p f a&G ; aumuf y G J t+yD ; rS m awmh Ad k v f a e0if ; [m tusbuf
a&mufaewm aocsmoGm;+yDjzpfwJh OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@&J@ Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@
t+yD;tydkif vrf;cGJvdkufygw,f? ol@udk yifhwifay;cJhol (OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;bufom;)
35

tckwavmrSm e0wxJu tm%mydkifwcsdK@u Auy&J@ tm%mudk jzwfvrf;

u odrf;ydkufa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm; qdk+yD; ajymae=uwm &Sdygw,f? 1980 - 81 ckESpfup+yD;
ygwDu jynfolvlxkodk@ wifjycJhwJh wifjycsufrsm;eJ@ vwfwavm awmif;qdk csufrsm;udk
=unfh&if ppftpdk;&tpm; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yfeJ@ tpm;xdk;a&;udkom wifjyxm;wm
awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? ygwDu tm%modrf;ydkufa&;udpP vHk;vHk;rygygbl;?
e0w uoufaocH taxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyaewJh Auy ay:vpfAsL&dk
tpnf;ta0; AD'D,dkacGqdkwm[m wu,fu EdkifOD; tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0; r[kwfygbl;?
ajrmufydkif;A[dkXmecGJ aumfrwD0ifrsm;odk@ A[dk&J@qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnftpD&ifcHwJh
tpnf;ta0; jzpfygw,f?
+yD;awmhvJ tJ'DrSm ygwDA[dku wifjyaewm[m ygwDutm%modrf;,lzdk@
r[kwfygbl;? vlxktHkur_}uD; ('Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk) u rqv ppftpdk;&udk +zdKzsuf+yD;
vlxk}uD;udk,fwdkif zGJ@pnf;wJh ,m,Dtpdk;&w&yf ay:aygufa&;eJ@ tJ'Dtpdk;&udk ygwDu
b,fvdktm;ay;axmufcH&rvJ qdkwmudk wifjywm jzpfygw,f?
'DudpPudk tus,fwifjyrS &Sif;vif;jynfhpHkrSmjzpfvdk@ vdktyfoavmufudk
wifjyygr,f?
1988 u tajctae[m tvGefxl;jcm;wJh tajctaejzpfygw,f? vlxk}uD;
taeeJ@ ppftpd;k &&J@ zdEydS af oG;G pkyrf a_ tmufrmS tESpEf pS t
f vv }udwrf w
dS o
f nf;cHvmcJ&h wm
awG aygufuGJvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@zmom zefwD;awmhr,fqdkwJh
oEMXd mefcsvmwJu
h mv jzpfygw,f? ta[mif;awGukd +zdKzsuyf pf+yD; topfawGukd xlaxmif
vm=uwJh tcsdefvnf; jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh jyif;jywJhpdwf"mwfom&Sd+yD; vdktyfwJh wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmt&
pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_ r&SdbJ jzpfaeygw,f? 'DvdkjzpfwmuvJ obm0usygw,f? rqv wygwD
ppftm%m&Sipf epf vufatmufrmS tESpf 30 eD;yg; aecJ&h wma=umifh t&ift
h &ifu &Scd w
hJ hJ
jynfvHk;qdkif&m tpnf;tHk; tzGJ@tpnf;awG r&Sdawmhygbl;? topfjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;=u
&rSmyg? 'g[m tvGef}uD;rm;wJh tm;enf;csufyg?
aemuf+yD;awmh ta&;wumhta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfwhJ tm;enf;csuu
f awmh vlxk
tm%m (wenf;) 'Drdkua&pDtm%mudk ausmaxmufaemufcHjyK&r,fh tm%m,E W&m;
(ppfwyf - &JtzGJ@ - w&m;Hk;pwm) r&Sdygbl;?
rqv ppftpdk;& ,E W&m;uawmh oGufcsmyg' vdkufoGm;yg+yD? rqv
ppftpd;k &tay: (txl;ojzifh OD;ae0if;tay:rSm) wu,fwrf; opPm&Sad ewJh tzG@J tpnf;u
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; tzG@J om &Sdygawmhw,f? ('Daus;Zl;a=umifhvJ e0w xJrSm AdkvfciffnGef@
40

wdu
k zf surf ypfEikd &f if jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk Edik if aH &;t& tajz&SmrSm r[kwyf g? Armjynf&@J
Edik if aH &;tajctae[m wd;k wufEikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? (ppf 3 ppf) udk wdu
k zf suyf pfz@kd q&kd ifvJ
vlwef;pm;vl@tv$m tm;vHk;ygrS jzpfygr,f? 'Dvlwef;pm; vl@tv$mawGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh
EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: trsdK;rsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh ygwDawG &Sd&ygr,f? ygwDtrsm;tjym;
&Sd&ygr,f? +rdK@ay:rSm rqv/ awmxJrSm Auy - 'DESpfckyJ &Sdaevdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
'kwd,tm;jzif-h Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf[m _yfaxG;ygw,f? &Snf=um+yD; tajymif;tvJ
vnf; rsm;ygw,f? yHkpHao/ rlaowckESpfckeJ@ jy\em&J@ tajzudk&Smvdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
tiftm;pk toD;oD;&J@ tqdjk yKr_tm;vH;k / pOf;pm;r_tm;vH;k eJ@ a&G;jc,fp&mvrf; tm;vH;k udk
vrf;zGifhay;xm;&ygr,f/ csKyf+yD;ajym&&if EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&Sm&ygr,f? EdkifiHa&;t&
tajz&SmcJhom;yJ/ uGefjrLepfawGu tcGifhaumif;,l tjrwfxkwfcJhvdk@ zsufodrf;vdkuf&wm
vdk@ e0w ua&;ae ajymaewm &Sdygw,f/ 1963 a&m 198081 rSmyg ppftpdk;&u
EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&SmcJhwm r[kwfygbl;? ppfajrjyifrSm r&Edkifwmudk aphpyfa&;pm;yGJrSm
wif+yD; awmif;aewmyg?
EdkifiHwumrSm jynfwGif;ppfjy\emudk ajz&Sif;=uwmudk =unfhyg? pdwf&Snf
vuf&n
S f aphpyf!Ed id_ ;f =uwmyg? wu,fajym&if ppftpd;k &[m aqG;aEG;bufrsm;tay:rSm
wef;wl&nfwl qufqw
H m r&Syd gb;l ? olw@kd u oabmxm;}uD;pGmeJ@ r[mtcGit
hf a&;}uD;
ay;aewm urf;rwufeJ@qdkwJh tjyKtrlawG avoHawGeJ@ qufqHwmyg?
'ga=umifh wef;wl&nfwl/ 'Drdkua&pD&Sd&Sd/ ta=umif;tusdK;qDavsmfpGm pdwf&Snf
vuf&Snf ajymqdkqufqHwJh enf;em[mvnf; ta&;}uD;ygw,f? ppfwyfxJu wyfcGJ
wyf=uyf}uD; taygufrsdK;csdK;vdk@uawmh rjzpfyg?
ppftpdk;&qDu txufygoabmxm;rsdK;/ qufqHr_rsdK;udk &vdrfhr,fvdk@
ygwDupdwful;,Ofr_ r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDomv#if Armjynf&J@
vufawG@EdkifiHa&;eJ@ udkufnDw,fqdk+yD; wifjyaewmyg?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk 198081 ckESpfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu wifjy
vdkufawmh wkH@jyefr_ trsdK;rsdK;udk ygwDwGif; ygwDyrSm uHawG@&ygw,f? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD[m
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;vufawG@udk OD;pm;ay;+yD; azmfxkwfwJhau;a=umfoH jzpfygw,f? r+yD;qHk;
EdkifwJh jynfwGif;ppfudk &yfpJvdkwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fwrf; wnfaqmufvdkwJh
apwemeJ@ wifjycJhwmyg?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J wifjycsuu
f kd wjynfv;kH od@k us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ jzef@a0cJyh gw,f?
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;/ toD;oD;xHrS a0zeft}uHay;r_rsm;udkvJ awmif;cHcJhygw,f?
OD;ausmf+idrf;u 'Dwcgawmh ocifAodef;wifajymwJh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk
37

axmufcHw,f? vdk@ ajymcJhygw,f?

Adkvfae0if; pdwful;aygufwdkif; t&rf;av#mufvkyfvdk@ wdkif;jynf qif;&JwGif;
eufaewmudk ud,
k af wG@}uHKae&wma=umifw
h a=umif;/ ol@taeeJ@ pwifcw
hJ hJ jynfwiG ;f ppf
cif;+yD; uGejf rLepfygwu
D kd tjyKwfwu
kd af &; [m vufawG@rmS ae0if;ppftyk pf u
k kd arG;ay;ovdk
jzpfcJhwma=umifhwa=umif;/ twdkuftcHb0eJ@ ae&wJh yk*~vdu usyfwnf;usOf;ajrmif;r_/
pdk;&drfxdwfvef@ae&r_wdk@udk udk,fawG@}uHKvmvdk@wa=umif;/ tJ'Dta=umif;awGa=umifh
oHa0*&vmwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
OD;ausm+f idr;f &J@ wH@k jyefrr_ sKd ;vdyk J wjcm;jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;avmuu yk*Kd~ vf}uD;awG
trsm;tjym;qDu ygwDtaeeJ@ vufcH&&SdcJhygw,f? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk axmufcHwJh
wHk@jyefr_udk tpOftvm}uD;wJh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS &&SdcJhygw,f?
OD;ausm+f idr;f u atmufarhowd&csurf sm;qdw
k hJ pmrlwck a&;aea=umif;vnf;
=um;cJh&ygw,f? oluG,fvGefawmh ol@pmrl tdrfoltdrfom;awGqDrSm usef&pfw,fvdk@
=um;&ygw,f? pmrl[m tar&duefjynfxJ a&mufaeovdkvdkvJ =um;&ygw,f?
bmawGyJ a&;xm;a&;xm; pmtkyftjzpf xGufvmwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;ygw,f?
OD;Ek&J@ paeom; pmtkyfvdk xkwfjzpfatmifxkwfEdkif&if ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;twGuf
wrsdK;rsdK;awmh tusdK;&SdEdkifygw,f?
'D w H k @ jyef r _ t m;vH k ; ud k u|ef a awmf w d k @ ygwD u v_ d u f v S J p G m }ud K qd k c J h y gw,f ?
tJ'DvdkwHk@jyefr_awG &+yD;wJhaemufrSm ygwDu vufawG@vkyfief;cGifxJudk 0ifygw,f? 1985
rwdkifrDuyg?
- q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xHodk@ vdyfrlwJh qufuyfv$mrsm; (txJrSm
wdkif;jynf&J@ta&; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;&J@ta&;udk rsufESmv$Jrxm;bJ yg0if
aqmif&Gufawmfrl=u&ef ygw,f)
- wcsdefwcgu e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ppfajrjyifrSm
wuwkwfxJrSmae+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhol vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif;rsm;odk@ vdyfrlwJh
yd@k pu'fay;pmrsm;/ (1300 jynfrh mS wdu
k yf 0JG ifc=hJ upOfu ausmif;y&0%fawGxrJ mS /
tusOf;axmifxJrSm/ uwkwfxJrSm/ aemifay:aygufvmr,fh vGwfvyfwJh
Armjynf}uD;&J@ yHkum;csyfudk pdwful;eJ@ a&;jc,fcJhyHkrsm;eJ@ tckawmh wjcm;pD
jzpfaewJh ae0if;ppftkyfpkatmufu Armjynf&J@ yHkum;csyf E_dif;,SOfcsuf/
oufwrf;aph ae&&ifawmifrS odyf=um=um rae&awmhr,fh touft&G,f
a&mufc=hJ u+yD? usew
f o
hJ ufwrf;twGi;f (5 ESpf - 10 ESpt
f wGi;f ) rSm ppftpd;k &udk
jzKwf+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtwGuf vufwGJwdkufyGJ0if=uzdk@ v_H@aqmfwJh ygwD&J@
38

wifjycsuf jzpfygw,f)
- wdkif;jynf&J@ uH=urRmudk zefwD;=ur,fh ausmif;om;eJ@vli,frsm;odk@ ydk@pu'f
ay;pmrsm; (tJ'DxJrSm or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifheJ@ taqmuftOD jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
a&; ygw,f?)
- pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm;odk@ vdyfrl+yD; pmayvGwfvyfcGifhudpPawG a&;ygw,f?
- tvkyform;twGuf v,form;twGuf vdyfrlwJh ydk@pu'frsm; pojzifh
ae&mtESH@odk@ ydk@cJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk yk*~dKvfaygif;pHk vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pHkodk@ ygwD&J@ay;pmrsm;[m 1988
ckESpf tHkur_}uD;twGuf tajccHawG jzpfvmygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw&D @J wifjycsurf sm;udk trsm;pk}uD;u aumif;rGew
f hJ wH@k jyefrr_ sm;
jyK=uygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk&J@ a&$&wkESpfywfvnfodk@ eD;uyfvmygw,f?
1988 vlxktHkur_}uD;
(odk@r[kwf)
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
1980 - 81 ckEpS rf mS ygwu
D pwifwifjycJw
h hJ ppftyk pf k wygwt
D m%m&Sipf epfukd
zsufodrf;+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifa&;qdkwJh 0g'jzef@csda&;au;a=umfoH[m
vlxk}uD;u vufcHvmwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf vufawG@aqmif&Gufr,fh au;a=umfoH jzpfvm
ygw,f?
1980 - 81 ckESpfu tajctaer&ifhrSnfhao;ayr,fh 1988 ckESpfrSmusawmh
&ifhrSnfhvm+yD; vlxktHkur_}uD; jzpfvmwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk&ifhrSnfhvmapzdk@udk rqv
ppftpdk;&udk,fwdkifu wzufwvrf;uae+yD; zefwD;cJhwmyg? wdkif;jynf[m tqif;&JqHk;
EdkifiH jzpfoGm;jcif;/ aiGpuULrsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=unmum vHk;vHk;zsufodrf;jcif;/
OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifu tajymif;tvJvkyfa&; pum;rsm;ajymvm&jcif; pwmawG[m
tajctae&ifhrSnfhvmwmudkjywJh ta=umif;tcsufrsm; jzpfygw,f?
tajctae &ifhrSnfhr_qdkwmudk (tajccHtm;jzifhqdkv#if) tkyfpdk;cH&olawGu
tkyfpdk;olrsm;&J@ zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_udk qufvufonf;cHEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmhjcif;qdkwm wckwnf;eJ@
tuJjzwf&wm r[kwfbJ/ tkyfpdk;olawGudk,fwdkifuvJ yHkpHa[mif;twdkif; qufvuf
tkyfpdk;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhjcif; qdkwmudkyg xnfhwGuf+yD; tuJjzwf&rSm jzpfygw,f?
1988 ckESpfu tajctae[m tJ'Dvdk tajctaersdK; jzpfygw,f?
39

vlwef;pm; vl@tv$mrsm; yg0ifrb

_ ufuajymajym pGe@f vw
$ pf eG @f pm;&r_ aoG;ajrus&r_bufu
=unfh=unfh trsm;}uD; }uD;rm;us,fjyef@ygw,f?
'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD; aygufuGJvmapzdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ygwD[m tapm}uD;
uwnf;u tm;xkwv
f ;kH yef;cJyh gw,f? ygw&D @J om;aumif;orD;aumif; tajrmuftjrm;udk
ay;vc&hJ ygw,f? ta&;awmfy&kH @J tp tv,f tqH;k wdu
k yf pJG Ofrsm;rSmvJ pGe@f vw
$ pf eG @f pm;+yD;
yg0ifcJhygw,f?
tajctae tcsuf t vuf r sm; r&if h r S n f h a o;wJ h u mv jzpf w J h t wG u f
apmapmydik ;f u v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;[m }uD;rm;us,jf yef@whJ v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;tjzpf ra&muf&cdS yhJ gb;l ?
(tajctae&ifhrSnfhr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD; txufrSm wifjycJh+yD;yg+yD?)
1987 ckESpfrSm aiGpuULawG w&m;r0if a=unmwJhtcsdefuawmifrS tHkur_}uD;
ay:aygufrvmcJhygbl;?
'Dvt
kd ajctaersKd ;rSmawmifrS vlxt
k kH ur_}uD; jzpfrvmawmh Armjynfta&;udk
apmif=h unfh tuJcwfae=uwJh taemufwikf ;f u ynm&Siaf wGu tH=h o=uygw,f? tckvv
kd J
oHk;oyf=uygw,f? a&S@aqmifv_yf&Sm;rnfh acgif;aqmif r&Sdvkd@ bmoma&; tvGef
udkif;_dif;wJhvlxkjzpfvdk@ onf;cHpdwfjrifhrm;vGef;vdk@
olw@kd wikd ;f jynfawGrmS vdq
k &kd if 'grsKd ;vkyw
f t
hJ pd;k & ckepf&ufrcHb;l ? jyKwfusw,f
vdk@vJ ajym=uygw,f?
ArmjynfwGif;u tajctaeudk twGif;usus rodvdk@ olwdk@'Dvdkajym=u
oHk;oyf=uwmyg?
1988 rSm tHkuaygufuGJr_}uD; jzpfvmawmhrS olwdk@ tHhtm;oifhoGm;ygw,f?
olwdk@oHk;oyfwJh acgif;aqmifr_r&Sdvdk@ qdkwmuawmh wydkif;rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh
tESpfom&usus pOf;pm;=unfh&if vlxktHkur_udk acgif;aqmifu tcsdefra&G; tajctae
ra&G; t+rJwef; zefwD;Edkifwm r[kwfygbl;? vlxktHkur_uom acgif;aqmifudk b,ftcsdef
rSmrqdk zefwD;Edkifygw,f?
1988 vlxt
k kH ur_}uD;twGi;f rSm acgi;f aqmifra_ e&mudk &,lz@kd tm;xkwo
f al wG
renf;ygbl;/ 'Drdkua&pD zcif}uD; vdk@ udk,fhudkudk,fazmf+yD; xGufvmwJh OD;atmif}uD;vdk
vlawmif&ydS gw,f? 'gayrJh vlxu
k (vli,f-vl}uD;tm;vH;k u) wnDwnf;avmuf a&G;jc,f
zefwD;vdkufolu wjcm;wa,muf jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
ab;rSm uGejf rLepfawG 0dik ;f &Haew,f/ xkwyf ,fypf&r,f pojzifh OD;atmif}uD;u
oJe@J yufwm vkyv
f mygao;w,f? tckwavmrSmvJ e0w Adv
k cf if!eG @f u uGejf rLepfawGu
0dkif;&HwJhenf;eJ@wifvdk@ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmwm - EdkifiHjcm;uom txif}uD;axmufcHwm
44

'Dae@ wGiu
f s,af eEdik w
f myg?) usew
f hJ tpd;k & XmeE &W awGuawmh - vlxt
k kH ur_tay:rSm
pmemr_ &Sd&if&Sd - r&Sd&ifvJ =um;aewJhoabm - apmifh=unfhvkdwJhoabm &Sdae=uwm
jzpfygw,f?
ESpf&Snfvrsm; Adkvfae0if;eJ@ tvGef&if;ESD;u|rf;0if&SdcJh=uwJh (ppfwyfwGif;rSmvJ
tpOftvm&SdcJh=uwJh) rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;udk,fwdkifu vlxktHkur_}uD;udk
axmufcaH e=uwm[m tawmfta&;ygygw,f? Adv
k af e0if;ta=umif; twGi;f od tpif;od
olawGuawmif rqvudk qef@usifvm=uwmjzpfvdk@ ppfwyfwckvHk;tay: tvGef=oZm
oufa&mufr_ &Sdaeygw,f?
OD ; atmif } uD ; ud k uref ; uwef ; axmif u v$ w f a y;+yD ; wyf r awmf t ay:
pdwfeJ@awmif rjypfrSm;=ueJ@ vdk@ ajymcdkif;&wmudkyJ =unfhyg/ 'g[maxmufvSrf;a&;&J@
tpDtrHyg?
tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;a[mif;u +ydKysufoGm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;topfu
ay:xGef;rvmEdkifao;wJhumv ppfwyf}uD;wckvHk;&J@ trsm;pk}uD;uvJ Za0Z0gjzpfaecsdef
- 'g[m tvGefxl;jcm;wJh tajctae jzpfygw,f?
'Dtajctaeudk rSefrSefuefuefcsOf;uyf+yD; tiftm;pktm;vHk;u wnDw!Gwf
wnf;eJ@ tajzrSefudk &SmEdkif=u&if zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; 1945 ckESpfwkef;u
ay:xGef;cJhzl;ovdk - wrsdK;om;vHk; wpnf;wvHk;wnf;&SdwJh vlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;taeeJ@
taumif;jrif0g' jynfh+zdK;aeum tm;opfrmefopfawG jynfhv#rf;aewJh wyfeJ@jynfol
wom;wnf;&SdaewJh tajctaew&yf jzpfvmrSmyg?
'Dvjkd zpfvmzd@k u|eaf awmfw@kd ygwu
D enf;vrf;rsm;udk }udK;pm;&SmazG wifjyaewm
jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tcsdef rrDvdkufygbl;? ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;oGm;ygw,f?
(18-9-88) &ufae@rSm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&J@ aqmf=or_eJ@ tm%modrf;
vdkufawmh 'Dtm%modrf;yGJ[m b,fol@qDu tm%modrf;vdkufwmygvdk@ yDyDjrnfjrnf
ajymzdk@ cufaeygw,f? rqv tpdk;&qDu odrf;wmygvdk@ ajym&atmifuvJ rqv
tpdk;&vufxJrSm tm%mr&Sdawmhbl;? +ydKysufoGm;+yD? vlxktpdk;&qDu odrf;wmygvdk@
ajym&ifvJ vlxktpdk;& qdkwm zGJ@zGJ@pnf;pnf; &Sdao;wm r[kwfbl;?
b,fo@l qu
D tm%modr;f vdu
k w
f mygv@kd ajym&cufaevd@k (Auy) u jzwfvrf;
uae+yD; tm%modrf;ydkufzdk@ }uHpnfaewmudk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u azmfxkwfawG@&Sd+yD;
vufOD;atmif vkyfvdkuf&wmygvdk@ qifajcuefae=u&wmyg?
tES p f o m&buf u aeajym&if e0w tm%mod r f ; wm[m vl x k q D u
tm%mudk (vlxq
k o
D @kd wpwp a&mufae+yDjzpfwhJ tm%mud)k odr;f vdu
k w
f mvd@k ajymvd@k
41

&ygw,f?
vlxktm%m u pkpkpnf;pnf;jzpfoGm;&if - vlxktm%mrSm }uH@cdkifwJh
ausmaxmufaemufcH tm%m,E W&m; &SdoGm;&if ppftkyfpktaeeJ@ jzwfvrf;uae
tm%modrf;vdk@ rjzpfEdkifawmhygbl;? aemufusoGm;yg+yD?
aemufqifajcwcku a'gufwmarmifarmifajymwJh twdkif;om vlxku
vufcHcJh=u&if ppfwyfu0if+yD; tm%modrf;jzpfrSm r[kwfbl;vdk@ ajymavh&dSygw,f?
wu,fu a'gufwmarmifarmif&J@ orRwoufwrf;twGif;rSm a'gufwmarmifarmifu
vlxu
k kd tcsKd owfae+yD; ppfwyfu tm%modr;f yGt
J wGuf (vlxu
k kd t=urf;zufErdS ef if;zd@k )
jyifqifaewmyg? vufeuf - &duQm - aiGa=u; -"mwfqD pojzifh kyf0wKypPnf;rsm;udk
wzufupkpnf;aeovdk wzufuvJ ppfAdkvfppfom;awGudk ppfpnf;urf;eJ@ tusyfudkif+yD;
wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyfudkifaeygw,f? vlxkqef@usifa&;vkyfzdk@ aoG;xdk;ay;ygw,f?
*dk%f;*%pdwfoGif;ay;ygw,f? &mxl;eJ@vnf; jrLqG,fygw,f?
[dkwkef;uqdk&if ,dk;',m;ppfwyfrSm AdkvfcsKyfOD;a&u wifhum;OD;a&xuf
rsm;w,fvdk@ EdkifiHwum pme,fZif;wcsdK@u &,foGrf;zGJ@cJh=uygw,f? tckawmh tJ'D
,dk;',m;ppfwyf&J@ pHcsdefudk e0w ppfwyfu csdK;vdkufyg+yD? ae0if;ppftkyfpktwGuf
tusdK;jyKcJholrsm;udk &mxl;jrifhay;+yD; qkvmbfcswmjzpfvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfpm&if;0if wavS}uD;
jzpfvmygw,f?
atmufuvlukd txufwifay;zd@k twGuf e*d&k adS ewJh vluv
kd J z,fypfz@kd raumif;
(raumif;bl;qdw
k mxuf wyfwiG ;f rSmxm;+yD; xde;f csKyfxm;wmu yd+k yD;pdwcf s&rSm jzpfv@kd yg?
wyfjyifa&mufoGm;&if rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;awGeJ@ yvJeHyoifhoGm;&if cuf&acs&J@qdk+yD;
quf+yD; wyfxJrSm xdef;xm;wmyg?)
'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD;qdkwJh &mxl;wckudk wDxGif&w,f? &Sd&if;pGJ AdkvfcsKyfawGudk
xde;f xm;&w,f? aumif;r_jyKcJo
h al wGukd Adv
k cf sKyfcef@&w,f? 'Dvekd @J Adv
k cf sKyfawG wavS}uD;
jzpfoGm;wmyg?
,dk;',m;&J@pHcsdef csdK;rScsdK;&apawmhqdkwJh apwemeJ@vkyfyHk ray:ygbl;?
1988 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
udk
+cHKiHkoHk;oyfed*Hk;csKyfvkyfum oifcef;pmxkwf,la&;
vlxek @J cs+D yD; yg0ifwhJ v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wdik ;f rSm tawG@t}uHKeJ@ oifcef;pmawG &Spd +rJyg?
42

Oyrm tjzpf 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk&J@ oifcef;pmudk wifjyygr,f?

1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk[m &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifta&muf w}udK;wnf;
rcsDwufEdkifcJhygbl;? qHk;_H;oGm;ygw,f?
'gayrJh ta&;}uD;wJh oifcef;pmESpfck &cJhygw,f?
yxr oifcef;pmu tiftm;tqrwef }uD;rm;wJh acwfopfe,fcsJ@orm;udk
tEdkifwdkufzdk@qdk&if awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m; vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh pnf;urf;
wif;usyw
f hJ awmfveS af &;ygww
D &yf&@J acgi;f aqmifr_ &S&d r,f? trsKd ;om;a&;0g' oufouf
udk vrf;!efxm;um avsmh&J&JzGJpnf;xm;wJh ygwD&J@acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ wdkufvdk@rjzpfbl;
qdkwm&,f?
'kwd, oifcef;pmu acwfrDppfwyfudk toHk;jyK+yD; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaewJh e,fcsJ@
tpd;k &udk tEdik w
f u
kd cf si&f if acwfrt
D rsKd ;om;wyfrawmfw&yf xlaxmif&r,f? vufeufrhJ
&ifqdkifvdk@uawmh tEdkifr&Edkifbl;qdkwJh oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfygw,f?
ocifatmifqef;&J@ *k%af us;Zl;[m 'DEpS cf &k v
dS matmif pwif xlaxmifco
hJ al wG
xJrSm a&S@qHk;uyg0ifcJhwJhaumif;r_ jzpfygw,f?
rSefrSefuefuef+cHKiHkoHk;oyf ed*Hk;csKyf+yD; oifcef;pmaumif;aumif;xkwfum
jyifqifoifw
h mjyifqif/ r&Sw
d m&Sad tmif vkyEf ikd &f if aemufq;kH rSm atmifjrifr_ &vmwmygy?J
'ga=umifhvJ qHk;_H;r_[m atmifjrifr_twGuf rdcifjzpfw,fvdk@ wifpm;+yD; ajym=uwmyg?
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk 10 ESpfjynfhajrmufwJh tcgrSmusawmh u|efawmfwdk@
jynfolrsm;[m t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;tay: vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ &vdkufygw,f? 1300
jynfh ta&;awmfyHkom r&SdcJh&if tJ'Dta&;awmfyHku ay;vdkufwJh oifcef;pmudkom rSefrSef
uefuef rxkwf,lEdkif&if 1948 rSm atmifyGJ&rSm r[kwfygbl;?
1988 'Dru
kd a&pD ta&;awmfyu
kH v
kd J +cHKiHo
k ;kH oyf ed*;kH csKyfvyk u
f m oifcef;pmrsm;
xkwf,l&ygr,f?
oifcef;pmudk rSefrSefuefuef xkwf,lEdkif&if ppftpdk;& - ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@
ppfAsLdkua&pD,E W&m;wdk@udk aemufwcsDrSm wdkufzsufypfEdkifygvdrfhr,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&ppfppfudkvJ xlaxmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu
D xkw,
f &l &Sw
d hJ oifcef;pmudk wifjyygr,f? 'g[m aqG;aEG;zd@k
!dE_dif;zdk@twGuf tqdkwckudk wifjywJh oabmyg? trSefw&m;udk 0dkif;0ef;&SmazG=uzdk@
tpysdK;ay;wmvJ jzpfygw,f? udk,fhudkudk,f a0zefa&;oabmeJ@ wifjywmjzpfvdk@ trSm;eJ@
csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;udkom aZmif;ay;+yD; azmfxkwfwifjyrSmyg?
1988 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;awmfy[
kH m 1300 jynft
h a&;awmfyekH @J E_id ;f pm&if vlxk
43

ygwDuod&SdEdkifygw,f/ 'gayrJh b,ftcsdefrSm bmudkta=umif;jyK+yD; b,fae&mrSm jzpfvm

rvJqdkwJh a&Smifwcifoabm (=uHK}udKufwdkufqdkifr_oabm) udkawmh rodEdkifygbl;?
1988 ckESpf rwfvrSmawmh 'g[m vlxktHkur_}uD;&J@ tpqdkwm wGufcsufvdk@
&yg+yD? tJ't
D csed af &mufonftxd acgi;f aqmifr,fh us,jf yef@whJ wyfaygi;f pktjrKaw zG@J v@kd
r+yD;ao;ygbl;?
v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk acgif;aqmifr,fhwyfaygif;pk r&Sdawmh wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom
acgi;f aqmifrr_ ay;Edik b
f J wa,mufwaygujf zpfum pnf;vH;k r_ ysujf ym;apygw,f? &efou
l
0if+yD; oyfv#dKaoG;cGJEdkifzdk@ a&cHajrcH zefwD;ay;ovdk jzpf&ygw,f?
,m,Dtpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&; au;a=umfoHudk vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfzdk@
tajctaew&yf jzpfay:vmawmh ydk+yD;uaomif;ueif; jzpfukefygw,f?
wpkwpnf;wnf;aom acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@ &Sdae+yD; wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom
a&S@aqmifr_udkom ay;aeEdkifcJh&if 'grsdK; rjzpfEdkifygbl;?
oEMdXmef jywfom;cdkifrmr_eJ@ pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;r_awGbufrSm vHk;0jynfhpHkygw,f?
wd k u f y G J 0 if ausmif ; om;vl i ,f a wG e J @ vk y f o m;jynf o l a wG [ m tH h = oav;pm;zG , f
aumif;atmif pGef@pGef@pm;pm; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhygw,f? wjynfvHk; tHk;tHk;uufuuf tHku
vmcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh uwifjyifqifr_ rvHkavmufwJhtwGuf wjynfvHk;taeeJ@ wdkufyGJ}uD;
wckvHk;[m tvdktavsmufoabm jzpfaeygw,f? wdkufyGJ0iftzJG@tpnf;awG xyfae
ygw,f?
OD;wnf&efou
l kd wzufuwdu
k &f if; wzufu acgi;f aqmifru
_ kd atmufajcxku
a&G;jc,fae&wmyg? 1990 a&G;aumufyGJusrSyJ vlxk}udKuftzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ acgif;aqmifr_
tzGJ@udk jyufjyufxifxif&SdcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
'kw,
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l wmu awG;ac:ajrmfjrifry_ ikd ;f rSm _yaf xG;
jcif;eJ@ rSm;,Gif;aompdwful; pdwfoef;rsm; xm;&Sdjcif; jzpfygw,f?
pnf;Hk;a&;tydkif;rSm _yfawG;wmudk a&S@rSmwifjycJh+yD;yg+yD? tckwifjyrSmu
awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_ tydkif;u _yfaxG;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
t&if;&Sif e,fcsJ@orm;awGu ArmjynfrSm ppftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs+yD; 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&w&yfeJ@ tpm;xdk;csifae+yDvdk@ jrifwm[m tajccHtusqHk; trSm;yg?
'DawG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_uae+yD; _yfaxG;r_awG woD}uD;udk jzpfay:vmapygw,f?
vGJrSm;wJh pdwful;,Ofr_awGudkvJ trsm;}uD;jzpfay:vmapygw,f?
e,fcsJ@orm;awG[m (26) ESpfwdkifwdkif ppftpdk;&udk usm;uefay;xm;cJhwmyg?
48

ponfponfjzifh tykyfcsygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;&J@avudkvdkuf+yD; ajymwmyg? 'Dpum;

pcJholu OD;atmif}uD;yg?
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olvdkvm;wm[m ppftpdk;& - ppftkyfpk tm%m&Sifpepf - ppfAsLdkua&pD,E W&m;udk
zsufodrf;a&; r[kwfygbl;? OD;ae0if;u eHygwfwpftjzpf orRwvkyf+yD; olu 0ef}uD;csKyf
vkyfcsifwmyg?
Adv
k w
f ifazu pdwrf ES@H ol - 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk cf =hJ uwJh - Adv
k pf ed 0f if; - OD;armifarmifc
- ol&OD;xGef;wifwdk@u t&nftcsif;r&SdolawG/ *syeftpdk;&uvJ r=unfjzLolawG/ olom
txdkufwefqHk; qdkwmvnf; ygygw,f?
wyfuxGu+f yD; zqyvOuU vkyrf ,fqakd wmh Adv
k af tmifqef;u Adv
k af e0if;udk
z,fxm;+yD; ocifA[def;udk wyf&J@OD;pD;OD;udkiftjzpf ppfOD;pD;csKyfae&may;awmh olu
rausreyfjzpf+yD; Adkvfae0if;bufu &yfcJholygqdk+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk rsuf&nfcHxdk;wmvJ
ygygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ opPm&Sdu|ef,Hkawmfqdkwmudk ,Hk=unfygvdk@ a&;xm;wmyg?
ppfwyfu vlxkudk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif ypfowfaeawmhvJ wyfrawmfudk
pdwfeJ@awmif rjypfrSm;eJ@ vdk@ ajymcJholyg?
tJ'DvdkvlrsdK;udk vlxkuacgif;aqmifae&m ray;wmvJ rqef;ygbl;?
vlxku olwdk@udk acgif;aqmif+yD; ppftpdk;& - ae0if;ppftkyfpkeJ@ ppfAsLdkua&pDD
,E W&m;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdkufzsufr,fholudkom vdkcsifwmyg? olwdk@udk ckwHk;vkyf+yD;
tm%mukvm;xdkifrSm oGm;xdkifr,fholudk rvkdcsifygbl;?
OD;atmif}uD;[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu
D kd td;k pGaJ tmif rke;f wD;aeol/ +yD;awmh
&G@H a=umuf}uD; jzpfaeolqw
kd mudk ygwu
D odygw,f? ppftpd;k &udk twdu
k t
f cH vkyo
f vdv
k ekd @J
EdkifiHa&;tvH; vkyfaewmudkvJ odygw,f? rif;rJh0g' jzpfvm+yD vdk@qdkum ppfwyf
tm%modrf;yGJvkyfzdk@ oluyJp+yD; tcsufjycJhw,f qdkwmvJ ygwDu odygw,f?
'gayrJh rqv ppftpdk;&udk z,f&Sm;ypfa&;rSm tm;vHk;wvHk;wpnf;wnf;&Sda&;/
ruGJ+yJa&;udk OD;pm;ay;+yD; ygwDuonf;cHcJhygw,f?
ausmif ; om;awG / vl i ,f a wG e J @ ajratmuf y gwD 0 if tawmf r sm;rsm;u
OD;atmif}uD;udk zGifhcscsif=uwmudkyif rvkyf=uzdk@ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyfcJhygw,f?
bma=umifh 'DvdkvkyfovJqdkawmh ygwD&J@pOf;pm;csufu *syefzufqpf qef@usif
a&;vkyfwkef;uvdk us,fjyef@whJ wyfaygif;pk jzpfcsifvdk@yg? tm;vHk;pkpkpnf;pnf; jzpfcsifvdk@yg?
tJ'Dwkef;u t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ vufa0cH csyfoif;olaX; OD;bwifwdk@vdk t*Fvdyf
tvdkawmf&dawG uy`wdefxGef;vSatmifwdk@vdk vlawGudkawmif pnf;Hk;cJhwmyg? olwdk@
45

tultnDudk &oavmuf,lcJhwmyg?
1945 rSm zqyv w&m;0ifzGJ@awmhvJ ig;yGifhqdkifawG/ rsdK;cspfawG / "m;rawG
tm;vHk;ygatmif pnf;&Hk;cJhwmyg?
jynfyu e,fcsJ@zufqpfawGudkawmfvSefzdk@ us,fjyef@wJhwyfaygif;pk zGJ@cJhovdk
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oduQmomru vlr_a&;oduQmyg tcscH&+yD;rS bJOr_eJ@ axmifoGif;cH&wmyg?
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46

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rvHkavmufcJhygbl;? 'DrSmajymwJh u|efawmfwdk@qdkwm[m ygwDoufoufudkajymwm
r[kwfygbl;? wdkufyGJudk jyifqifwJh tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkygw,f?
&efo@l ppfwyfxrJ mS ryEf x
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47

'Drkdua&pD tpdk;&odk@ +idrf;csrf;pGm jzpfay:wdk;wufoGm;rSm aocsmygw,f?

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52

ppftpdk;&uvJ ('Dt&ifu tpdk;&awGyg) uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ jynfol

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ArmjynfrSm 'Drdkua&pD&Sda&;xuf bmpepfeJ@tkyfcsKyfaeae wdk@vl wdk@aemufvdkuf
vkyfr,fh tpdk;& udk vdkcsifwmyg?
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(100) ausmfwhJ e,fcs@J qef@usifa&; ordkif;&Sdygw,f? azmufjyefwhJtpdk;&u vkyfcsifOD;awmh
jynfolawGu vufrcHygbl;?
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trsm;}uD;yg?
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oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfygw,f? 194041 ckESpfu ordkif;oifcef;pmrsm;udk owd&oifhygw,f?
tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; *syefppftkyfpk[m jAKef;pm;}uD; Armjynf&@J vGwfvyfa&;udk
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49

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pdwf0ifpm;vmwmyg?
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50

qdkif&m trSefw&m;r[kwfbl;? cif;csuf&Sdw,f? tckArmjynfrSm vlxktHkur_}uD;

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51

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56

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53

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54

aemufyikd ;f rSmvJ ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiw

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55

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60

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57

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58

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59

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64

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61

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62

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65

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66

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72

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69

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70

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71

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76

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73

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a&;wmudyk J vufcaH eygw,f? 'Dy*k Kd~ vfuav;rsm;[m ocifu,
kd af wmfrid_ ;f eJ@ ordik ;f acwf+yKd if
yk*Kd~ vfrsm; r[kwaf vawmh olw@kd u,
kd w
f ikd u
f yk*Kd~ vfa&;tmCmw&S+d yD; zsucf ikd ;f aewmawmh
r[kwfEdkifygbl;? ppftkyfpkxJrSm tJ'Dvdk tmCmwxm;Edkifol[m wOD;wnf; &Sdygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;yg?
Adkvfatmifqef;&J@ =oZmudk +zdKEdkifzdk@ ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;up+yD; =oZmcsaewm
jzpfyHk&ygw,f?
1988 ckESpfrSm rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ ay:vmwmudkvJ Adkvfae0if;
taeeJ@ awmfawmfudk tav;xm;+yD; wGufcsufyHk ay:ygw,f? tmCmwvJ xm;ygw,f?
a'govJ xGufygw,f? olwdk@udk Adkvfatmifqef;bufom;rsm;vdk@ jrifygw,f?
wyf r awmf u d k jyKjyif w nf a qmuf a &; au;a=umf o H [ m tck q d k & if
ausmif;om;vli,fawG&J@ au;a=umfoH vlxk&J@qEN jzpfvmyg+yD? ppftm%m&Sifpepf
wdkufzsufa&; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xlaxmifa&; au;a=umfoHawGeJ@twlwGJ+yD; ygvm&rSmu
wyfudkjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&; au;a=umfoH jzpfygw,f? aoewfudk trdef@ay;EdkifwJh
tm%mudk tajymif;tvJ rvkyfEdkifoa&G@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;[m a&S@odk@ajcwvSrf;wdk;EdkifrSm
r[kwfygbl;?
'Dau;a=umfoHudk e0wxJu wcsdK@u odyfa=umuf=uygw,f? emvJem=u
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh au;a=umfoHudk csufcsif;yJ wkef@jyefavh&Sdygw,f?
'Dau;a=umfoHudk kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfatmifvJ vkyf=uwm awG@&ygw,f?
wyfrawmfudk acgif;jzwf+yD; udk,f,l zdk@ vkyfaewmvdk@ olwdk@uajym=uygw,f?
'J'h ;kd (wJw
h ;kd ) yJajymygr,f? acgi;f jzwfz@kd r[kwyf gb;l ? acgi;f udjk yKjyifajymif;vJz@kd yg?
rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmfacwfuacgi;f rsKd ; jyefjzpfcsiw
f myg? tck (e0w) vkyaf eovdk ppfwyfu
Edik if aH wmf&@J txufu Edik if aH &;&J@txufu aewmrsKd ;[m rjzpfoifyh gb;l ? jzpfvJ rjzpfxu
kd f
ygb;l ? jynfov
l x
l u
k 'Dru
kd a&pDenf;us a&G;aumufwifajrmufwhJ tpd;k &&J@ vufatmuf
rSm&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk av;pm;vdkufemwJhwyfrawmf jzpf&ygr,f?
aoewfukd trde@f ay;Edik w
f hJ tm%m[m ae0if;ppftyk pf k jzpfaewmeJ@ pdev
f iG w
f @kd
75

AdkvfcifnGef@u olwdk@rSm EdkifiHa&; - pD;yGm;a&; - vlr_a&; bmtusyftwnf;rS

r&Sdygbl;vdk@ ajymygw,f? ajAmifvdrfwmyg?
- (NLD) acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;xm; - xdef;odrf;xm;&wm[m EdkifiHa&;
tusyt
f wnf;yg? a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd todtrSwrf jyK0Hw
h mvJ Edik if aH &;
tusyftwnf;yg? trsdK;om;nDvmcH udk cecea&$@qdkif;ae&wmuvJ
EdkifiHa&; tusyftwnf;yg? 'gawGrS EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;vdk@ rac:&if
bmu EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;vJ?
- ukefaps;E_ef;awG acgifcdkufatmif wufaewm/ o,HZmwawGudk aps;
aygayge@J xkwaf &mif;ae&wm/ Edik if jH cm;aiG vJv,
S af &; udprP mS obm0rus
jzpfaewmeJ@ epfemaewm/ o,HZmweJ@ jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk xdk;tyf+yD;
EdkifiHa&;axmufcHr_&atmif rsufESmcsdKaoG;ae&wmawG[m pD;yGm;a&;
tusyftwnf;r[kwf&if bmu pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;vJ?
- wuUodkvfawG c%c%ydwf - ausmif;om;awGudkjzef@cGJ wuUodkvf
e,fajrawGukd +rdK@e@J a0;&myd@k vkyaf e&wmawG/ tr_xrf; t&mxrf;awGukd
wokw+f yD;wokwf tjywfac:+yD; oifwef;ay;w,fqw
kd @J eHrnfe@J ppfwyfukd
csKyfudkifovdk csKyfudkifae&wmuaum - bmvJ - tusyftwnf;
r[kwfbl;vm;?
- tusyftwnf;awGu ajymrukefatmif rsm;ygw,f?
AdkvfcifnGef@ ajymvdkwmu ae0if;ppftkyfpku ppfwyfudk wif;wif;usyfusyf
csKyfudkifxm;Edkifao;wmudk - tusyftwnf;r&Sdbl;vdk@ ajymvdk[ef &Sdygw,f?
wzufuvJ aqG;aEG;bufrsm;udk tusyftwnf;&Sdvdk@ a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;
+idr;f csr;f a&; ac:wm r[kwb
f ;l / apwem&Sv
d @kd ac:wm - tusyu
f ikd rf ,fawmh r}uH=ueJ@v@kd
ajymcsifwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
wyfudkjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;vkyfzdk@ tckumv[m tcsdefaumif;jzpfygw,f?
- vlxku a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pku tm%m
uGuv
f yfukd 0ifjznfzh @kd tqifoifh &Sad eygw,f? (1988 wke;f u r&Scd yhJ g?)
- Edik if w
H umu e0w ppftpd;k &udk tvdrk &Syd gb;l ? a&G;aumufwifajrmuf
xm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&udkom tvdk&Sd=uygw,f?
- wyfudkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&if tcktcsdef[m emusifr_teJqHk; jzpfEdkif
ygw,f?
80

opPm&Sdwmxuf olwdk@&xm;wJh tqifhae&mtay:eJ@ a&S@wufvrf; tvm;tvmtay:

opPm&Sdae=uwm jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if;aooGm;&ifvJ 'DtcGifhtm%mawGtay: opPm&Sd
ae=uOD;rSm jzpfygw,f? ol@tvdktavsmufawmh b,fjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udkrS vdkvm;rSm
r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhvJ OD;ae0if;aooGm;&ifawmif jyKjyifa&;vkyfzdk@ rvG,fbl;vdk@ wifjy
aewmyg?
vlxktHkur_jzpfvm+yD; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_udk awmif;qdkvmw,fqdk&ifawmh
tJ'DtcgusrS olwdk@&J@ yHkrSefADZpdwfeJ@ &yfwnfr_awG ay:vmEdkifwm jzpfygw,f?
1988 ta&;awmfyu
kH tjzpftysuu
f =kd unfyh g? wcsKd @u pdev
f iG w
f @kd vkd vlxu
k kd
t=urf;zufvw
kd hJ acgi;f rmolawGjzpfomG ;+yD; wcsKd @uawmh ( awmfawmfrsm;rsm;yg ) vlxek @J
aphpyfajy+idrf;vdk=uygw,f?
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u vlxek @J aphpyfajy+idr;f vdak yr,fh olw@kd [m Edik if aH wmfay:vpD
udk csrw
S Ef ikd w
f hJ taetxm;rSm&S=d uolawG r[kwyf gb;l ? Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ eD;pyfwo
hJ al wGuom
ay:vpDcs=uwmjzpfygw,f? eD;pyfolawGwdkif;u tm%mydkifvm;qdkawmhvJ r[kwfao;
ygbl;/ Adkvfae0if;&J@ pdwftajctaeudk=unfh+yD; ol@&J@,Hk=unfv$Jtyfr_udk cH&olu ol&J@
E_wfrdef@udk emcH+yD; tvkyfvkyf=u&wmyg? pdefvGif 'DvdkeJ@ orRwjzpfvmwmyg? 'ga=umifhvJ
Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ Adkvfae0if;xHay;pmwapmifrSm Adkvfae0if;teD;rSmae+yD; tvkyfvkyf&
ol[m wynfhvdrRm q&mtmywfvGwfjzpfatmif vkyfwwf&r,f? wcsdK@udpPrSm zmzm
ax;ax; vkyfwwf&r,f? tcsdefqGJwef qGJxm;&r,f - qdkwmawGudk a&;cJhygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;&J@ vufvGwfpy,fay;avh&SdwJh E_wfrdef@udk ay:vpDw&yfvdk wcgw&HrSm rvkyfrd
=uapzdk@ a&;wJhoabmyg?
Adkvfae0if;&J@ E_wfrdef@ursm;ygw,f? ESpfaygif; (30) ausmfrSm olay;cJhwJh
E_wfrdef@awGu renf;ygbl;? wcsdK@u olpdwfaumif;0ifaecsdef ay;wmyg? wcsdK@u olpdwfu
upOfuvsm; jzpfaecsdef ay;wmawGyg?
(Oyrm) or*~taqmuftODudk AHk;cGJwJhudpP? t&rf;uma&m jynfolydkifodrf;wJh
udpP/ 1967 wkwfqef@usifa&; t"duk%f;zefwD;r_eJ@ oltjrifuyfolawGudk zrf;wm
pwmrsdK;awG jzpfygw,f?
ol@E_wfrdef@a=umifh wdkif;jynf&J@bmawG ta[moduH jzpfcJhwmawGvJ trsm;
tjym;yg?
wcsKd @Ew
_ rf ed @f awGuawmh tuGuq
f if+yD;xm;wJh aumufuspw
f hJ - pOf;pOf;pm;pm;
ay;wJh E_wfrdef@awGyg?
ol tem;,lw,fqdkwJh tpnf;ta0;rSm aemufqHk;ajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;u
77

wyfuypf&if axmifrazgufbl;/ wnfhwnfhypfw,f qdkwm[m vlowform;pdefvGif

twGuf ay;wJhE_wfrdef@ jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;&J@E_wfrdef@u ay:vpDwck jzpfyHkeJ@ ywfouf+yD; aemufxyf Oyrmav;
wck wifjyvdkygw,f?
1980 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGt
J wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd ygweD @J y%mr
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;pOfu Adkvfae0if;u udpPwckajymcJhygw,f?
EdkifiH*k%f&nfay;a&; ay:vpDjzpfvmyHkudk ajymwmyg? wae@rSm ol@taeeJ@
ocifwif (wdkif;ausmfjynfausmf yk*~dKvf}uD;/ qdk&S,fvpfocifwifyg?) udkoGm;awG@a=umif;/
tvGeftrif; qif;&Jaewm awG@&a=umif;? 0ef}uD;awG/ 'k - 0ef}uD;csKyfawG vkyfcJhwkef;u
aiGawG&vdkufwm aomufaomufvJ - b,fvdkjzKef;ypfcJhw,fawmh roda=umif;/ zJdkuf
ypfw,fawmh =um;a=umif;?
'geJ@ ol@vlawGudk wdkif;jynftwGuf vkyfcJholawG tm%mrJh+yD;oGm;awmh
(tm%mrJah tmif olvyk cf w
hJ mudk xnfrh ajymyg) pm;&rJh aomuf&rJh jzpfaew,f? 'Dtwdik ;f
wd@k u=unfah evd@k rjzpfb;l ? apmifah &Smuf=unfh &_ r,f/ tJ'g Oya'eJ@bmeJ@ =unf+h yD;vkyv
f u
kd f
vdk@ ajym&a=umif;/ - 'DvdkeJ@ EdkifiH*k%f&nf y 'k w qdkwm jzpfvma=umif; ajymygw,f?
'DudpP u|efawmfwdk@udk ajymwJh&nf&G,fcsufu - u|efawmfwdk@udk qG,fwmyg?
Adkvfae0if;[m tuif;yg;ygw,f? tck t"duwifjycsifwmu ppftpdk;&rSm ay:vpDwck
b,fvjdk zpfvmwwfw,fqw
kd mudk &Si;f vif;atmifv@kd om jzpfygw,f? olu,
kd w
f ikd af jymwm
jzpfvdk@vJ cdkifrmwJh &nf!$ef;udk;um;csuf jzpfaevdk@yg?
EdkifiH*k%f&nfay;wkef;uawmh olwdk@yJ ,lcJh=uw,f? tckusrS (rqv) udk
qef@usif=uw,f? aus;Zl;rodwwfbl;vdk@ rdkufdkif;,kwfnHhpGm e0w u &efawG@wmudk
EdkifiH*k%f&nf awG cHae&ygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;[m raoao;oa&G@ E_wfrdef@awG ay;aeOD;rSmyg? ol&J@E_wfrdef@awGu
ae+yD; ay:vpDawG jzpfaeOD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;rSm ordkif;qdkif&m tmCmwawG rsm;ygw,f? wyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,
zcif}uD;qdkwJh pum;udkvJ oludk,fwdkif r&Sufra=umuf ajym0Hholyg? Adkvfatmifqef;u
wyf&J@ yxrzcifqdkwmudk olry,f0Hhao;vdk@ 'Dvdkajymwmyg? tckawmh e0w u yxr
zcifudk wpwp z,f&Sm;aeyg+yD? ppftkyfpkrSm tazwa,mufyJ &SdcsifwJhoabmyg?
(e0w) tzdk@ rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&;tajctaet& Adkvfatmifqef;&J@ oduQmudk
csypfzdk@ tavmw}uD; vdkaeygw,f?
'kwd,zcif}uD;bGJ@udk ,lwkef;u wyfwGif;wyfjyifrSm Adkvfatmifqef;udk yxr
78

ae&mu rz,fvdkolawG rsm;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;u 'kwd,ae&mudkom

,lwmyg?
tckawmh tajctaeajymif;oGm;yg+yD? (e0w) u Adkvfatmifqef;&J@ trSwf
vuQ%mawG wyfxJrSm r&Sdapcsifygbl;? wyfjyifrSm&SdwJh rsdK;cspfwyfr;a[mif;rsm;
(t+idrf;pm;) awGeJ@vJ bDvl;pnf; - vlpnf; uGJovdk jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
tckvuf&Sd (e0w) xJrSm ppfwyfxJrSm Adkvfatmifqef;tay: oHa,mZOf
wG,fEdkifr,fh BIA / BDA / PBF wyfAdkvf wyfom;awGvJ r&Sd=uawmhygbl;?
Adv
k af tmifqef;udzk ,f+yD; Adv
k af e0if;udk ud;k uG,rf ,frh sKd ;qufopfwck wyfxrJ mS
ay:xGef;aeyg+yD? ay:atmifvJ (e0w) axmufvSrf;a&;u vkyfaeygw,f?
zqyv tpdk;&acwfwkef;u qdk&S,fvpfygwDtay: b,fvdkoabmxm;ovJ
qdw
k phJ [
H m wyfxrJ mS &mxl;+rJa&;eJ@ &mxl;wd;k a&;twGuf t"dupH jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tckawmh
Adkvfae0if;tay: oabmxm;[m pHjzpfaeygw,f? Adkvfatmifqef;tay: oHa,mZOf
&Sdoljzpf&if - oHa,mZOf&SdwJhpum;ajymrd&if &mxl;wdk;zdk@ rvG,fygbl;?
e0w vufxufrSm olrsm;awG 'Hk;ysHpD;+yD; &mxl;awGwdk;aecsdefrSm wcsdK@[m
ae+rJwdkif; ausmufcs+yD; &yfae&wmawG awG@Edkifygw,f? 'guvJ wyfuxkwfypfvdkuf&if
vlod&Sif=um;jzpf+yD; *,ufraumif;rSma=umifh wyfxJrSm quf+yD;xm;ae&wmyg?
atmufajcwyfr;awGudkawmh wyfxJu tjrefqHk; z,f&Sm;+yD;yg+yD?
wyfrawmf+zdKcGrJ ,fht}uH - wdk@vufrcH qdkwhJ au;a=umfoH[m wyfrawmf
udk jyKjyifwnfaqmufa&; au;a=umfoHudka=umuf&GH@+yD; wefjyefzdk@xkwfvmwm
jzpfygw,f?
wyfjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&; udk b,fyHkpHeJ@ ajymajym/ b,foluajymajym
ppftkyfpku (axmufvSrf;a&;u) vHk;vHk;onf;rcHygbl;? csufcsif;ta&;,lygw,f?
'Dae&m[m olwdk@&J@ taysmhnHhqHk;ae&m toufAl;ae&mjzpfvdk@ txdrcHEdkifygbl;?
'ga=umifhvJ tvGefrdkufrJ+yD; rvkyfvJrvkyftyfwJh tvkyfawGudk olwdk@
vkyfcJh=uwmyg? OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;=unfarmif/ OD;0if;wifwdk@tygt0if
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmifawG[m ppftkyfpk&J@ toufAl;ae&mudk
tom;Ekae&mudk oGm;xdcJh=uvdk@ tzrf;tqD; txdef;todrf; cH=u&wmyg?
pdwfeJ@awmif rypfrSm;ygbl; vdk@ 0efcswJhvlawGudk jyefv$wfay;aewmvJ
awG@&ygw,f?
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;vdkufawmh ppftkyfpk[m
EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;}uD;eJ@ wdk;awmhwmygyJ?
79

e,fcs@J tE &W m,f vufawG@}uHKvmvd@k trsKd ;om;umuG,af &; rvkyEf ikd &f ifawmh
wrsdK;om;vHk;'kuQawG@ygvdrfhr,f?
urBm}uD;[m yd+k yD;r+idrrf ouf jzpfaeygw,f? tajymif;tvJ jrefygw,f? e,fcs@J e@J
Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;a&;0g'&J@ tE W&m,f[m &Sdaeygw,f? zufqpfvufopf qdkwmuvJ
acgi;f axmifxaeygw,f/ tckxad wmh tm&Suzufqpf0g'vufopfuawmh tmabmfjyif
aewkef;yg? aoG;wdk;prf;aewkef;yg? 'gayrJh av#mhwGufvdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
e,f c sJ @ qef @ usif a &;/ trsd K ;om;umuG , f a &;ppf wd k u f a wmh r ,f q d k & if
t"duvdktyfwJh tcsuf}uD; 2 csufudk wifjyygr,f?
yxrtcsufu EdkifiHa&;t& vdktyfcsuf jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHwum (jynfy) u axmufcHr_ &Sd&ygr,f? w&m;&Sd&if ulolrsm;w,f?
qdkwmrsdK;jzpfzdk@ vdkygw,f? tck (e0w) vkyfaewJh - [dkw,faqmufzdk@ ajrae&m u|ef;opf/ "mwfaiG@/ oHvGifjrpfa&wdk@eJ@ e0wtay: EdkifiHa&;t& ae&may;r_udk vJ,lwJh/
ukef=urf;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mvJa&; oHcif;wrefcif; y&d,m,fuawmh e,fcsJ@
qef@usifa&;twGuf toHk;0ifvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? t"dutusqHk;u rdrdjynfwGif;u
wrsdK;om;vHk;&J@ axmufcHr_&Sdzdk@yg? w&m;wJhwdkufyGJ - wrsdK;om;vHk;twGufwdkufwJh
wdkufyGJjzpfa=umif; &Sif;ae&ygr,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolawGrSm tawG@t}uHKa&m - oifcef;pmyg&Sd+yD; jzpfygw,f?
oifcef;pmbufuajym&if wrsKd ;om;vH;k taeeJ@ b,fawmhrS rarhEikd pf &m ordik ;f oifcef;pm
&SdcJhygw,f? wrsdK;om;vHk;u|efjzpfcJhwJh oifcef;pm/ aoG;acsmif;pD;+yD; rsuf&nfyifv,f
a0atmif cHcJh&wJh oifcef;pm jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;qHk;H_;r_&J@ cg;oD;wJh t&omudk
vGwfvyfa&;qHk;&H_;zl;olrsm;om cHpm;wwf=uygw,f?
tawG@t}uHKbufuajym&if ( 1941 - 42 ) t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wdu
k yf JG
&S d c J h y gw,f ? (1945 ) zuf q pf * syef q ef @ usif a &;wd k u f y G J &S d c J h y gw,f ? txl ; ojzif h
zufqpfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk !ef;vdkygw,f?
ordkif;oifcef;pmrsm;
oifcef;pmbufuajym&if t*Fvyd f - Arm ppfyo
JG ;kH yGJ udk ajym&ygr,f? ppfyo
JG ;kH yGJ
qdak yr,fh yxrppfyo
JG mv#if ppfyeJG @J wlygw,f? usef ppfyJG (2) ck uawmh t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J u
ppfwHcGefv$ifh csDwufoGm;wJh oabmrsdK;yg?
yxr ppfyGJwkef;u jynfyta=umif;tcsufudk txl;jyK wifjyygr,f? td+ENd,u
t*FvdyfudkvdkeD jzpfaeyg+yD? ppfom;trsm;pku td+ENd,om; ukvm;ppfAm&DawGtjzpf
t*Fvyd ef @J twl ygwmyg? ,d;k ',m;tkypf ;kd olawGuvJ Armjynfe,fajrudk cGaJ 0,lcsiw
f myg?
84

aemufqHk;tcsuftaeeJ@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; - zufqpfqef@usifa&;

wdkufyGJawGrSm vufwGJcJh=uwJh wdkufazmfwdkufzuf rsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;
&Sdae=uao;wm jzpfygw,f?
1936 - 1938 eJ@ 1945 - 48 vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm yg0ifcJh=uol
tm;vHk;udk rsdK;qufa[mif; rsm;tjzpf,l+yD; wifjywm jzpfygw,f? tJ'DrsdK;qufa[mif;
rsm;[m vmr,fhq,fpkESpf twGif;rSm Armjynf&J@ EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:u wjzKwfjzKwf
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awmifrS r&Sdygbl;?
81

(NLD) [m b,folrS rjiif;Edkifatmif vlxkaxmufcHr_ &xm;wmyg? 90

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jzpfvmwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/ +cHKiHkoHk;oyfwJh oHk;oyfcsufudk (e0w) u a,mifvdk@awmif
r[ygbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk Auy uwifvdk@ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmwm/
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vkyZf mwfcif;oH;k oyfxm;wJh ppftyk pf [
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tuJa[mif;awGyg? wdkufazmfwdkufzufa[mif;awGvdk@vJ ajymEdkifygw,f? a':atmifqef;
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- olwdk@udk wdkufzsufypf&r,fh vlwef;pm;&efol (ppfAsLdku&uf t&if;&Sif)
tjzpfowfrSwfum wdkufyGJ0ifaewJh uGefjrLepfygwDtay: b,fvdk
qufqHr,f/ b,fvdkoabmxm;r,fqdkwm tvGefxif&Sm;ygw,f?
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awG@a&;ay:vpD (Auy vkyfenf;) vkyfw,fvdk@ pGyfpGJygw,f? wu,fu xdyfwdkufawG@a&;
ay:vpDudk olwdk@vkyfaewmyg?
82

olwdk@pDrH&mudk vdkufrvkyf&if xdyfwdkufawG@a&; vkyfw,fvdk@ pGyfpGJygw,f?

vdkufvkyfaer,fqdk&ifvJ ygwDawG tzGJ@awG zGJ@xm;p&mrvdkygbl;/ tm;vHk;zsufodrf;+yD;
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zsufodrf;wmudk rvkyfEdkifygbl;?
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f ;l xJawmif rxnfyh g?
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(jynfo@l 'rD u
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'kwd, ta=umif;tcsufu trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;wm0efudk wu,fwef;
xrf;aqmifEdkifwJh wyfjzpfzdk@ - wyfudkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; jzpfygw,f?
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tm;upm; urBmudkv$rf;ap&r,f qdkwJh vl&,fp&m au;a=umfoHrsdK;[m ratmifjrifvdk@
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ta&;r}uD;vSyg?
83

e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_ tE&m,fudk u|efawmfwdk@jynfolawG av#mhrwGufrdzdk@ vdkygw,f?

u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm a&&SnfjynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfaewmuvJ 0ifa&muf
pGufzufvdkolawGtwGuf a&cHajrcH&Sdaewm jzpfygw,f?
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tawG;tac: - ppfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;[m b,fwkef;urS e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ qifE$Ja&;
twGuf r[kwfcJhygbl;? e,fcsJ@udkrSDcdk+yD; uGefjrLepf qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ qifE$Ja&;twGufom
jzpfcJhygw,f?
ta&;}uD;wJh umuG,fa&;ypPnf;pufHkawG[m &cdkifdk;reJ@ {&m0wD=um; {&m
0wD taemufzufurf;rSmyJ wnfaqmufxm;cJhwmawGeJ@ tcktcsdeftxd olwdk@ t"du
xm;+yD; oHk;aewJh vufeufawGudk=unfh&if xif&Sm;ygw,f?
wu,fvdk@ e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_ qef@usifa&;ppfwdkuf=u&if jynfol@ppfyGJ
ajymufusm;ppf qif&rSmyg? omrefA[kow
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ta=umif;olwdk@ odaevdk@yg?
wcguawmh Adkvfae0if;u ol@taeeJ@ tidkufrdoGm;vdk@ wefjyeftm%modrf;
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xifygw,f? yky`g;a&muf+yD; pdwful;ay:vdk@ xHk;pHtwdkif; awmifpOfa&r& ajymwmawmh
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tm%modrf;rSmudk pdwfylaecsdef jzpfygw,f?
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u|efawmfwdk@awG;+yD; jrifaeygw,f?
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hH ,fv@kd ajymavolawG&@J
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zrf;rydk@Hk wr,fyg?
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&ygw,f? aemufawmhvJ &efukefjyefoGm;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu }uD;}uD;
88

(&Eypkd mcsKyfukd =unfyh g? ,d;k ',m;tkypf ;kd olawG[m 'Dwcgom r[kwyf g? *syefzufqpfawGukd
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ygw,f?)
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wwd,ppfyGJusawmh rdk;ukwfausmufwGif;udk tacsmiftkyfcsifwJh jyifopf
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ta&;ta=umif;&Sdawmh olubmrS taxmuftulrjyKygbl;? jyifopfe,fcsJ@[m eydkvD,H
ppfyGJawG H_;+yD;uwnf;u t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk r,SOf0HholawG jzpfaewmyg? txufArmjynf
vdk[mrsdK;twGufvJ olutemcH+yD; ppfrwdkufvdkygbl;? 0if+yD;_yfHkavmufom _yfcJholyg?
wu,fu t*FvdyfeJ@ tay;t,lvkyfcJholyg?
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rcGJbJ pnf;vHk;Edkifor#aom tiftm;rsm;eJ@ pnf;vHk;a&;&,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
85

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;rSmvJ 'DvdkyJ vkyfcJhygw,f? tus,fcsJ@+yD; wifjyp&m

rvdkawmhyg?
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b,fo@l ukd bmtwGuf wdu
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EdkifyghrvJ?
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92

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tmumo ody`HynmrSm aumhyg;eD;uyfpf - *,fvDvD,dk - e,lwefwdk@ awG@&Sd
ajymqdkcJhwJhtwdkif; &yfaewm r[kwfygbl;? ykd+yD;jrifhjrifhwuf a0;a0;jrifEdkifav ao;ao;
jrif+yD; tEkpdwf=unfhEdkifavav wdk;yGm;aeavav jzpfygw,f? ody`Hynmbmwdkufudk
topftopfeJ@ jznfhae&wmyg?
obm0ody`HynmrSmvJ 'g0ifeJ@wif &yfraeygbl;?
rmhufpf0g'[mvJ tJ'Doabmtwdkif; jzpfygw,f?
96

vdkvm;ygw,f?
uGefjrLepfrsm;[m tEkydavmr&kyf0g'orm;awG jzpfygw,f? b,fjzpfay:
ajymif;vJrr_ mS rqdk twGi;f ydik ;f ta=umif;&if;u t"du/ jyifyta=umif;u omrnvd@k ,lq
ygw,f?
tjyiftyu aphaqmfr_[m twGif;ydkif;ydyuQ &SdaerSom tpGrf;jyEdkif+yD; tusdK;
oufa&mufr_ &SdEdkifygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ e,fpyfrScGJxGufa&; ta&;tcif;udkyJ OyrmjyKygr,f?
e,fpyfrS tiftm;pkrsm; ygwrD S cGx
J u
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f
u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif;u twGif;ydkif;ta=umif;&if;a=umifhom 'DudpP}uD; jzpfvm&wmvdk@
oHk;oyfygw,f? twGif;ydkif; ta=umif;&if;omt"du jzpfygw,f?
jyifyu aphaqmfr_ rygbl;vm;qdkawmh ygygw,f/ trsm;}uD; ygygw,f? 'gayrJh
'g[mt"du r[kwfygbl;? omrnom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ u|efawmfwdk@ ed*Hk;csKyfcsuf
u axmufvSrf;a&;&J@ +zdKcGJa&;ay:vpDa=umifh/ jyifyu vlrsdK;a&;pdwf"mwfoGif;+yD;
aoG;cGaJ y;ae=uwmawGa=umifh - bma=umifn
h ma=umifq
h +kd yD; tjyifyta=umif;rsm;tay:
tjypfyHk rcsygbl;? tjypfudk udk,fhtwGif;rSmom &Smygw,f?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H +ydKuGJr_}uD;tay: oHk;oyfcsufudk a&S@ydkif;rSm wifjycJhygw,f?
twGif;ydkif; ta=umif;&if;rsm;udkom t"duxm; wifjycJhwm awG@&rSmyg? tar&duefeJ@
taemufe,fcsJ@orm;awG&J@ jyifyu aphaqmfr_awGudk t"du rxm;ygbl;?
tar&duef e,fcsJ@orm;&J@ Armjynfay:vpD[m worwfwnf;&SdcJhwm
r[kwfygbl;? tajymif;tvJawG &Sdygw,f? tJ'D tajymif;tvJawG tay:rSm rSD+yD;awmh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD qef@usifa&;t&Sdef twuftusvJ &Sdwwfygw,f?
&efukefrSm&SdwJh tpdk;&u wkwfjynfqef@usifa&;eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
qef@usifa&;udk wufwufuuvkyfae&if e,fcsJ@orm;[m tJ'Dtpdk;&udk yHkatm+yD;
axmufcHygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdk@ - vl@tcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;wdk@udk bmrSrajymygbl;?
tpdk;&&J@ jynfwGif;ppfwdkufa&;rSmvJ wufwufuu tultnDay;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
tcgrsd K ;rS m qd k & if ppf t pd k ; &ud k vuf e uf u d k i f w d k u f a ewJ h vl r sd K ;pk t if t m;awG u d k
&Sdw,fvdk@awmif oabmrxm;ygbl;? tar&duefjynfxu
J dkawmif acgif;aqmifawG 0ifcGifh
ray;ygb;l ? ,d;k ',m;ppfwyfuom yx0DEikd if aH &;oabmt& uGejf rLepf'v
D id_ ;f wm;qD;a&;
wHwdkif; uma&;twGuf qufqHygw,f?
1988 ckESpf aemufydkif;usrSom tajymif;tvJ jzpfvmwmyg? 'gvJ 'Drdkua&pD
ta&;awmfyHk&J@ aus;Zl;yg? 'Dtajymif;tvJ[m ,m,Dtajymif;tvJ jzpfygw,f? xm0&
93

tajymif;tvJvdk@ xifrSwfrSm;=u&if jy\emawG@=uygvdrfhOD;r,f?

1988 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;awmfykH txGwt
f xdyaf &mufaepOfu axmufvrS ;f a&;
&J@ xdyfydkif;eJ@ ppftkyfpkwGif;rSmajym=uwJh pum;wcGef; &Sdygw,f? b,foldkufvdkufw,f
qdkwmudk tdkufcH&oleJ@dkufvdkufoluom odvdkufw,f? wjcm;olawGu rodvdkuf=u
bl; qdkwJhpum;yg?
dkufol AuyeJ@ cH&olppftpdk;& uom odvdkufw,f/ vlxk}uD;u rodvdkuf
=ubl;qdkwJh oabmyg?
'ga=umifh axmufvSrf;a&;u oufaocHtaxmuftxm;awGudk tl;trl;
vdkufvH&SmazG+yD; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJawG t}udrf}udrfvkyfum wifjyaewmyg?
tar&duefe,fcs@J uvJ 1988 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;awmfyu
kH kd ol@pw
d }f udKuf yHo
k iG ;f zd@k
- ol@tuGufxJ 0ifvmapzdk@qdk&if ta&;awmfyHkudk e0wu uGefjrLepfeJ@ wGJzufxm;
wmudk r}udKufEdkifygbl;?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwq
D w
kd m r&Sad wmhb;l ? uGejf rLepfukd vuf!;d_ xd;k jyraeeJ@v@kd
ajymygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD r&Sdawmhbl;vdk@ EdkifiHjcm;pme,fZif;awGrSmvJ
owif;orm;wcsdK@u a&;=uygw,f? tar&duefe,fcsJ@&J@ oHa,mifvdkuf+yD; jynfwGif;rSm
wcsdK@wavuvJ ajym=uygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wnf&Sdaew,f/ rwnf&Sdawmhbl;qdkwmudk }udKufovdk
qH;k jzwfEikd yf gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u bmrS0if+yD; pGuzf ufrmS r[kwo
f vdk pGuzf ufp&mvd@k vJ
oabmrxm;ygbl;?
wckyJ tav;teuf wifjyygr,f? u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ bHk&efolppftpdk;& qef@usif
a&;tvkyfudk twlwGJvkyf&if- u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ tqifhae&mudkawmh wenf;enf;eJ@
todtrSwfjyK&ygr,f? uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;vJ rvkyfzdk@ vdkygw,f?
axmufvrS ;f a&;[m aumufuspyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfq&kd if b,fou
l owfowf
- owfapcsifygw,f?
1988 pufwifbmv&J@ [dkbufawGwkef;u ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;orm;
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;orm;wdkif;[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; vrf;
toG,foG,feJ@ qufpyfr_ &Sd=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifwJh wjynfvHk;qdkif&m
tiftm;pk[m usGefawmfwdk@ygwDom&Sdawmh te,fe,ft&yf&yfu uGsefawmfwdk@ygwDeJ@
qufpyfywfoufvm=uwm rqef;ygbl;? rqv vkyf&ifvkyf/ rvkyf&if Auy yJ vkyf
p&m &Sad ewmyg? u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J ywfoufqufpyfro
d w
l ikd ;f vJ uGejf rLepfjzpfrvm=uygb;l ?
v_yf&Sm;r_wckr[kwfwckrSm olwdk@[m tzrf;cH=u&ygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;&J@
94

ppfa=umjcif; cH=u&ygw,f?
tJ'Dppfa=umcsufawGudk tckjyefazmf+yD; olwdk@[m uGefjrLepfawGyJvdk@ vuf!_d;
xdk;jyaeygw,f? b,foluowfowf uGefjrLepf ao&if+yD;a&mqdk+yD; vkyfaewmyg?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwD[m ArmjynfrSm 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pD
awmfveS af &;udk tOD;qH;k qifEcJ$ w
hJ yhJ gwD jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J 'rD u
kd a&pD[m vlwef;pm;
4 &yf (tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;/ vlvwfwef;pm;eJ@ jynfcspt
f &if;&Si)f twGuf 'Dru
kd a&pD
jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@'Drdkua&pD jzpfygw,f? 'gudk b,fwkef;urS v#dK@0Suf
xm;wm r[kwfygbl;?
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD r[kwfbJ - tajccH'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;twGufom
wdkufwhJ wdkufyw
GJ dkif;udkvJ b,foluwdkufwdkuf wufwufuu axmufcHrSm jzpfygw,f?
bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tajccH'Drdkua&pD &Sdaewm[m ppftpdk;& &Sdaewmxuf tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;/ tvwfwef;pm;eJ@ jynfcspft&if;&Sifrsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdvdk@yg?
e,fcsJ@orm;awGuawmh uGefjrLepfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDudk ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usif
buf t&mrsm;tjzpf oabmxm;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfrS 'Drdkua&pD
tppftrSefvdk@ olwdk@,lqygw,f? e,fcsJ@orm;u 'Dvdkajymwm[m ol@ &yfwnfr_t&
ajymwmjzpfvdk@ obm0usygw,f? aoonftxd 'Dtwdkif; olwdk@&yfwnfoGm;rSmyg?
olwdk@&J@ todtrSwfyr_udkvJ u|efawmfwdk@ awmif;qdkaewm r[kwfyg?
jynfwGif;tiftm;pk (u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ tvkyfwlwGJvkyfr,fhtiftm;pk) awGudk
awmh u|efawmfwdk@udk ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&; - ppftpdk;& qef@usifa&;- ppfAsLdk
ua&pD ,E&m;qef@usifa&; - (ppf 3 ppf qef@usifa&;) vkyfaewJh 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk
tjzpf todtrSwfyzdk@ awmif;qdkygw,f?
uGefjrLepf0g'qef@usifa&;t,ltq &Sd=uwm &Sdyg/ 'gudk ruef@uGufygbl;/
uGefjrLepf0g'eJ@ ygwDwnf&SdcGifhudk todtrSwfrywmudkawmh u|efawmfwdk@ vufrcHEdkifyg?
u|ef a wmf w d k @ ay:vpD u uG e f j rLepf e J @ uG e f j rLepf q ef @ usif o l w d k @ tajccH ' D r d k u a&pD
abmiftwGi;f rSm +idr;f csr;f pGm,SOf yifz@kd jzpfygw,f? tajccH'rD u
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&; cHpm;cGiu
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cif;csufxm;wm u|efawmfwdk@ oabmrwlEdkifyg?
uGejf rLepfe@J aygi;f &if 'grrS [kwf uGejf rLepf0g'qef@usiaf &;/ wkwjf ynf qef@usif
a&;udk rvkyf&if e,fcsJ@orm;awGu ijiifwwfw,fqdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ odygw,f?
em;vnfr_vJ &Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwdk@u tvkyfwlwGJvkyfolrsm; - r[mrdwfrsm;
- wyfaygi;f pktzG@J 0ifrsm;udk axmufxm;a&;ay:vpDuykd g csrw
S u
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hf ;kH aewm jzpfygw,f?
95

rD;usKd ;armif;ysuef @J wdu

k &f awmhvJ wdu
k &f wmxuf a&Smif&wmu rsm;ygw,f?
ppfwyfudkudkif+yD; awmcdkvmwmrS r[kwfwm/ jyif+yD;qif+yD; udk,fuufwJhtcsdefrSm
wdkuf&wmrS r[kwfwm - 'DvdkyJ jzpf&rSmyg?
1988 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHku &JabmfawGudk u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fcsif;pmEdkif
wm[m u|efawmfwdk@udk,fwdkif uHzl;vdk@yg?
awmfvSefa&;orm;wdkif;[m awmfvSefwJhtawG;tac:udk kyf0wKtiftm;
tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&ygr,f? pdwfysuftm;i,fwJh tawG;tac:u tH_;ay;a&;udkom
jzpfapygw,f?
awmfvSefwJh tawG;tac:udk kyf0wKtiftm;tjzpf ajymif;Edkifygw,f? rmhufpf
uawmfvSefwJh tawG;tac:[m vlxk}uD;udk csKyfudkifrdwmeJ@wyifeuf {&mr kyf0wK
tiftm;}uD; jzpfvmw,f? vd@k qdzk ;l ygw,f? 'g[m tEkydavmrky0f g'tjrif jzpfygw,f?
awmf v S e f a &;orm;awG t aeeJ @ vuf & S d t ajctaerS m vk y f E d k i f w mawG eJ @
vkyfp&mawG trsm;tjym; &Sdygw,f? rSefuefwJhvrf;pOfudk tajccH+yD; pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;wm
vkyf=u&if tcuftcJ[lor# ausmfeif;EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
ygwD0ifopf odrf;oGif;a&; jy\em?
ygwDu csrSwfxm;wJh t0ifcuf+yD; txGufvG,fap&r,f? (0ifwJhtcgrSm
ygwD&J@zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm owfrSwfxm;wJhtwdkif; wif;wif;usyfusyf aocsmpGmpdppf+yD;rS vufcH
w,f? r,Hk=unfawmhbl;qdkwJhtcgrSm vG,fulpGmeJ@ EkwfxGufoGm;Edkifw,f?)
ygwDpnf;rsOf;Oya'twdkif; usifhoHk;&ygr,f? ygwD0if jzpfvdkolrsm;udk ynmay;r_
- pdppfr_ - prf;oyfr_udk pepfwus vkyf&ygr,f?
ygwD [ m t"d u tm;jzif h ajratmuf v k y f i ef ; ud k vk y f a qmif a e&wJ h
vuf&t
dS ajctaerSm tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwjf yefr,fh ajratmufvyk if ef;qdik &f m pnf;urf;
enf;vrf;rsm;udkvJ wif;wif;usyfusyf vdkufemap&ygr,f?
ygwD0iftm;vHk;udk oHr%dpnf;urf; vdkufemwJh/ oEMdXmefcdkifrmjywfom;wJh/
tusifhoduQm jzLpifwJh olrsm;jzpfzdk@ awmif;qdk&ygr,f?
ppf (3) ppfudk qef@usif&mrSm pHjyrsm; jzpf=u&ygr,f?
ygwD u d k Ed k i f i H a &;t& - tawG ; tac:t& yd k r d k p nf ; vH k ; nD n G w f a tmif
wnfaqmuf&mrSm wufuwJhtcef;u yg0if=u&ygr,f? uGefjrLepf wa,muf[m
ygwD&yfwnfcsuf =uHhcdkif&ygr,f? ygwDnD!Gwfa&;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fol jzpf&ygr,f?

100

ta&;t}uD;qHk; owdy&rSmuawmh topfawG@&Sdw,fqdk+yD; tajccHudk

jiif;y,frypfrdzdk@ jzpfygw,f?
pOf;pm;awG;ac:enf;udk owdy?
ygwD0ifrsm;[m t&m&mudk twnfy- t&m&mudkjiif;y,f wJh pOf;pm;
awG;ac:r_rsdK; r&Sdzdk@ vdkygw,f? rSm;w,f qdk&ifvJ tm;vHk;rSm; - rSefw,fqdk&ifvJ tm;vHk;
rSef/ tJ'grsdK;[m wu,fhvufawG@rSm r&Sdygbl;?
vDeifu e,fcs@J pepfusr;f udk a&;cJw
h m &mpkEpS w
f cke;D yg;&Scd yhJ g+yD? tJ'u
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tESpfom&udk r,lrdbJ - tJ'Dusrf;u tqdktrdef@wcsdK@eJ@ pm&if;Z,m;awG acwfrrDawmh
wmudkom ,lrd+yD; t&m&mudk jiif;y,f wmrsdK;[m rSm;ygw,f? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh
t&m&mudktwnfy rd&ifvJ rSm;wmygyJ?
tcgtm;avsmf p G m tcd k u f t wef @ umvuav;wck r S m jzpf v mwmud k
wavmuvHk;qdkif&m trSefw&m;tjzpf xifrSwfrSm;rd&if tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpfwwfygw,f?
om"u uav;wck wifjyygr,f? pdefvGifywf+yD; a'gufwmarmifarmif orRw
jzpfaewJh tcsed u
f rEav;[m 'Dru
kd a&pDwcH g;}uD; yGiahf ewJu
h mv jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dwcgawmh
ppftpdk;&udk aemufqHk;ydwf wdkufyGJwdkuf&wmyJqdk+yD; vlxk}uD;[m cg;pnf;+yD; qefywf
aomufum qENjyyGJ}uD;awGw+cdrfh+cdrfh usif;y=uygw,f? vlxkrSm atmifyGJcHpdwfawG
jynfhv#rf; aeygw,f? 'g[m jzpfoifhjzpfxdkufpGm obm0uspGm jzpfaewmyg?
qENjyyGJuav;wckrSm yk*~dKvfwa,mufu wufupGm rdef@cGef;ajymygw,f?
ajymwJhtcgrSm taqmwvsif a,bk,syrdwJh trSm;wck usL;vGefoGm;ygw,f? tJ'gu
awmh armfpDwkef;&J@aoewfajymif;0u EdkifiHa&;tm%mxGufw,fqdkwm ArmjynfrSm
awmh rSm;oGm;+yD vdk@ a=unmvdkufygw,f?
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trSefw&m;udk (e0w) u vufawG@jyvdkufygw,f?
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xGuf+yD;wJhaemuf wjynfvHk;rSm (e0w) u vufpm;acsyGJ}uD; vkyfygw,f? tcktxdvJ
vkyfaeygw,f? e0w&J@ wnfaqmufa&; - yjyifa&; [lor#[m vufpm;acsa&;
qdkwJhapwem ygaewmcsnf; jzpfygw,f?
97

omefavm*spf pOf;pm;enf;udk qef@usif=u?

tESpfom&udk ypfy,f+yD; omefudkom tav;xm;wJh pOf;pm;enf;vdk@
vG,fvG,fyJ t"dy`m,fzGifhyg&ap?
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yk*~dKvfuawmh OD;Adkvf ae0if; jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD/ jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@ppf/ jynfol@qdkif/
jynfolydkif/ qdk&S,fvpft&if;tESD;/ a&S@aqmifvli,f pwmawGyg/ ukefatmifoma&;&&if
pmrsufESm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ukefEdkifygw,f?
uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ ygwD&J@vrf;pOfudk omef0g'eJ@ &ifqdkifzdk@ vkyfvdkufwmyg?
'DemrnfawG[m zrf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f &So
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awG;wwfolrsm;/ dk;txHkxdkif;olrsm;eJ@ Armjynfta=umif; ravhvmzl;ol EdkifiHjcm;rS
tcsdK@yk*~dKvfrsm;udk zrf;pm;Edkifygw,f?
rqv ygwDqdkwmudkyJ =unfhyg/ wu,fav;eufwJh awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf&J@
omefawG ,lxm;ygw,f? oabmw&m;pmwrf;awG ygwDzGJ@pnf;yHkawG - Xme}uD;awG
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98

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99

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ppfrSefonfh ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifa&;?
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104

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101

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102

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103

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108

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106

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107

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109