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Waveguide
Waveguide
(Revised 8/27/13)
Side View
nc
Guided Wave Confined in xdirection Top View
x
y
! k
nf
ns
nf
Guiding Film
n2 no
no < n2 < n1
Buried waveguide
n1
n2
Rectangular Waveguides
no
n1
Ridge waveguide
no < n2 < n1
n2
Rectangular Waveguides:
The efficient coupling from sources and to other components requires knowledge of the mode behavior in these types of waveguide.
n3
y
n5 n1 n2 n4
Cannot satisfy boundary conditions at the dashed interfaces using a single trig. or exponential function as was done in the past.
Rectangular Waveguides:
Far from cutoff, most of the energy is confined to the core region, with little energy in the corner regions.
n3
y
n5 n1 n2
Closer to cutoff, this is not the case.
n4
Rectangular Waveguides:
It is in these corner regions that the waveguide modes couple together. If, as an approximation we neglect this coupling the problem is tremendously simplified. This approximation is valid far from cutoff.
Mode Designation
Since y-variation is now present the modes are no longer pure TE or TM. But since the index difference is quite small, the guided fields are essentially transverse (i.e., no z-components, a fact that we will later show), and the electric field will be aligned with either the x-axis or the y-axis. This suggests the following mode designation: The modes are:
Eny,m if the E-field is parallel to the y-axis. Enx,m if the E-field is parallel to the x-axis.
2012 Henry Zmuda Set 2b - Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides
e ! j" z # f ( x , y , z ) = f ( x , y ) e ! j" z
!2 f !2 f 2 2 2 + " # f + k n ( x, y ) f = 0 o 2 2 !x !y !2 f !2 f 2 2 2 + + k n x , y " # f =0 ( ) o 2 2 !x !y
2012 Henry Zmuda Set 2b - Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides
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f ( x, y ) = X ( x )Y ( y )
!2 f !2 f 2 2 2 + + k n x , y " # f =0 ( ) o 2 2 !x !y ! 2 XY ! 2 XY 2 2 2 + + k n x , y " # XY = 0 ( ) o 2 2 !x !y Y d 2 X ( x) dx 2 +X d 2Y ( y ) dy 2
2 2 + ko n ( x , y ) " # 2 XY = 0
2 2 d X x d ( ) + 1 Y ( y ) + k 2 n2 ( x, y ) " # 2 = 0 1 o X dx 2 Y dy 2
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2 d X ( x) 1 2 = ! # x X dx 2 2 d 1 Y ( y) 2 = ! # y Y dy 2
12
2 2 d Y1 ( y ) 1 d X1 ( x ) 1 2 2 = ! # , = ! # x y X 1 dx 2 Y1 dy 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 !# x !# 2 ! " + k n = 0 $ # + # + " = k n y o i x y o i
#
2012 Henry Zmuda Set 2b - Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides
% 2 z
13
()
( )
y +!y
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Similarly, in regions 4 and 5, the field will have sinusoidal behavior in the core but decay exponentially with y.
n3
y
n5 n1 n2 n4
16
Consider region 3 for x > 0: To match boundary conditions, Y3(y) in region 3 must be identical to the solution found in the core region, or
2 d X3 ( x) 1 + 2 X 3 dx
y
n5 n1 n2 n4
17
2 d X3 ( x) 1 2 2 2 2 + + " ! k n ! n =0 x o 1 3 2 X 3 dx
( (
) )
18
Similarly,
( (n (n
n3
y
n5 n1 n2 n4
>0 >0
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x
e
!! 3x ! 5 y
C cos ! y y + ! y e
!! 3x
! ! 3 x ! ! 4 y !b
) ( )
F cos ! x x + ! x e e
! 2 ( x+a) ! 5 y
! 5y
A cos ! x x + ! x cos ! y y + ! y
! x+a B cos ! y y + ! y e 2 ( )
) (
D cos ! x x + ! x e e
!! 2 x + a
)
(
! ! 4 y !b
! ! 4 y !b
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Boundary Conditions Requires LOTS of algebra but lets be clever about it.
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Recall the results for the slab waveguide (Note Set 2a):
x
y
! H
x ! E
! k
! H
! E ! k
22
Recall the results for the slab waveguide (Note Set 2a):
" s +" c TE Modes H z , E y , H x : tan ! f h = " s" c !f # !f As we shall see later, Ez and Hz are
( )
negligibly small under the weakly guiding condition, namely that n1 ~ n2,,9 more on this later
n2 f n
2 s
TM Modes
(E , E , H ) :
z x y
tan ! f h = ! f
( )
!s+
n4 f nn
n2 f n
2 c
!c
"2 ! f
2 2 c s
! s! c
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n3 b
Ex n1
Hz = 0
y
n4 a
Ez ! 0
n5
n2
Here Ex looks like a TE mode in a slab of thickness b, and a TM mode in a slab of thickness a.
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( )
b
n5
Ex
y
n4
n1
25
n3
Hz = 0 Ez ! 0
y
n1
Ex
n2
TM: E perp. to interface
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x
e
!! 3x ! 5 y
C cos ! y y + ! y e
!! 3x
! ! 3 x ! ! 4 y !b
) ( )
F cos ! x x + ! x e e
! 2 ( x+a) ! 5 y
! 5y
A cos ! x x + ! x cos ! y y + ! y
! x+a B cos ! y y + ! y e 2 ( )
) (
D cos ! x x + ! x e e
!! 2 x + a
)
(
! ! 4 y !b
! ! 4 y !b
28
Phase Terms: Recall from Note Set 2a: For the TE Modes,
!c B = A, C = ! A "f
E y x = B cos ! f x + C sin ! f x = 0, ! h " x " 0 ! $ !c !5 C 2 2 !1 C & # = B + C cos ! f x + tan ' tan ! = = ! ! tan ! y = ! # & B& B "f !y !" # # $ # " % !
()
( )
( )
( )
2 n3 "x = 2 n1 # 3
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In a similar way for an Ey mode: Ey looks like a TM mode in a slab of thickness b, and a TE mode in a slab of thickness a.
n3 b
Ey n1
y
n4 a
TM: E perp. to interface
n5
n2
30
( )
b
Ey n1
y
n4
n5
31
( )
! 2 +! 3 "! x " 2! 3 !x ! !x
n3
Ey
y
n1
a
TM: E perp. to interface
n2
32
Phase terms:
tan ! y
( )
33
Example:
n1 = 1.5 n2 = 1.499 a = 5 m b = 10 m ! y E = Ey a
a
n2
Ey
n1
b
34
2 2 ! 2 = ko2 n12 ! ! x !! y
35
Example:
n1 = 1.5 n2 = 1.499 a = 5 m b = 10 m
36
Example:
n1 = 1.5 n2 = 1.499
! < n2ko!
a = 5 m b = 10 m
Whats wrong with this? Mode not tightly confined to core at low frequencies.
2012 Henry Zmuda Set 2b - Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides
37
B is negative here!
2 2 ! 2 " n2 ko B= 2 2 2 2 n1 ko " n2 ko
2 V = ako n12 ! n2
38
Example: Fields
, . A cos (! x x ) . X ( x) = % a( #$ x ' x # * . 2) & Ce . / , . B cos ! y y . Y ( y) = % b( #$ y ' y # * . 2) & De . / a x" 2 a x+ 2 b y" 2 b y+ 2 , . . = A. . / , . . . = B. . . / cos (! x x )
% a( #$ x ' x # * 2) &
cos (! x a ) e
a x" 2 a x+ 2 y" y+ b 2 b 2
( )
cos ! y y
y
( ) cos (! b)
e
% b( #$ y ' y # * 2) &
39
Example: Fields The fields in the corner regions are not negligible near cutoff.
n2 n1
b
Ey
40
So now what?
41
n3
y
n4
n3
n1
n2
n5
n1
n5
neff
n4
n2
The interaction between the two waveguides is accounted for with the effective index neff.
2012 Henry Zmuda Set 2b - Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides
42
Effective Index Method: Consider the Ey modes 1.! Solve for !x and ! as usual from:
TE: tan (! x a ) =
n3
Ey
n1
n2
2012 Henry Zmuda Set 2b - Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides
43
!1 2. Set neff = ko
3. Solve for for !y using neff:
2 2 neff neff " + 2"5 2 4 n n5 TM: tan ! y b = ! y 4 $! y 4 neff 2 ! y # 2 2 " 4" 5 n4 n5
b
n5
Ey
( )
n4
neff
44
45
For homework do Problem 4 in Pollocks chapter on Rectangular Waveguide and demonstrate to me your working solution. This counts as a quiz grade.
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