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1 .nhng hp phn ca acid nucleic Ba thnh phn c bn: ng Base nit Acid phosphoric

c chia thnh 2 dng ph thuc vo ng pentose v baznit pyrimidin.

Cu trc ho hc ca acid nucleic u l polymer thng khng phn nhnh. Phn t acid nucleic lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt phosphodieste.

a. Cu trc bc 1 Cu trc bc mt ca phn t ADN l trnh t sp xp ca nucleotide trong mch polynucleotide.

Qui lut Chargaff v thnh phn nucleotide trong ADN: Hm lng baz nit adenine bng hm lng base nit thymine (A=T) Hm lng baz nit guanine bng hm lng baz nit cytosine (G=C)

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Phn t c cu to t hai mch xon kp song song ngc chiu nhau quanh mt trc.

Mi vng xon cha 10 nucleotide, cc cp baz nit nm trong vng xon kp v b sung nhau bng lin kt hydro:

Adenine lin kt vi Timin bng hai lin kt hydro.

Guanime lin kt vi cytosine bng 3 lin kt hydro.

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b.cu trc bc 2 Ngoi ra, mt s loi ADN c cu trc dng mch n.

, nhng on xon cc baz nit cng lin kt nhau theo kiu lin kt b sung (A=U, G=C).

Cu trc bc hai ca phn t ARN l dng mch n, c cu trc xon trong mt phn t
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c. Cu trc bc 3

Tm li: m hnh dy xon kp ADN ca Watson v Crick (ngi ot gii Nobel nm 1962) c nhng c im nh sau: + Phn t c hai chui dy polynucleotide qun quanh theo chiu tay phi

Cc phn t ADN vi cu trc xon kp bc hai c phn b trong khng gian dng chui xon kp cun trn to nn cu trc bc ba ca chng.

+ Hai dy ny i xng nhau, cn song hnh theo tng cp baz tng ng, theo qui c u 5 l gc, u 3 l ui. + Dy c bn cn gi l dy xng sng c hnh thnh bi ng v phosphate,vi nhng baz nh bn trn hai dy. Nhng baz c cu trc phng, nh thng vi dy xon.
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Nhng baz trn hai dy i xng nhau c ni lin bi cu ni hydrro: + A-T v C-G. Cu ni hydro rt d b tch ra to thnh dy n. + Cc cp base cch nhau 0,34nm trn dy xon ADN. + Mi gc quay hon ton (360) ca dy xon (helix) c di 3,4 nm. Do , mi on xon nh vy c tt c 10 cp baz. + ng knh ca mi gc quay l 2nm
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Acid ribonucleic (ARN) a. Tnh khng ng nht ca phn t ARN Trong t bo c nhiu loi ARN khc nhau, chng khc nhau v kch tht trng thi, chc nng v ni c ng. + Cc ARN c vai tr truyn thng tin di truyn ADN trong nhn ra ngoi t bo cht. + Cc dng ARN c trong t bo cht: ARN chuyn vn ARN khun mu (ARN thng tin) ARN ribosom
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b. ARN vn chuyn (ARNt) l loi ARN c kch thc b nht, phn t cha t 70-93 n v nucleotid. Chim khong 10-20% tng s ARN ca t bo. Chc nng ca ARN vn chuyn: l chuyn vn cc acid amin c hot ho t bo cht n ribosom v t chng vo v tr xc nh ca mch polypetid khi sinh tng hp n. Thng thng, mi acid amin s c chuyn vn bi 1 tARN; cng c trng hp c nhng acid amin c vn chuyn bi nhiu tARN.
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Phn t tARN l mt mch polynucleotide, t xon trong mch. Phn t tARN c dng hnh l c, gm c 5 thn:

+ Vng TC ( vng pseudoridin) ng vai tr nhn bit ribosome

Thn tip nhn l ni lin kt vi acid amin; acid amin lin kt ti u 3 trong phn t tARN.

+ Vng D (vng dihydrouridin) c vai tr tham gia tc dng tng h vi enzyem hot ho c bit.

+ Vng anticodon mang b ba anticodon (b ba i m) sung cho codon (b ba sao m) trn mARN tng ng vi acid amin m chng ang vn chuyn.

+ Thn b sung

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c. ARN thng tin (mARN) mARN c to nn trong qu trnh phin m.

d. ARN ribosome (rARN) rARN tp trung ribosom vi lng rt ln, chng

Lng mARN trong t bo khng ln lm, chim khong 2-6% tng s ARN ca t bo. mARN l phn t a dng, chng khc nhau theo phn t lng v trnh t nucleotide trong phn t.

chim khong 80-90% tng s ARN ca t bo.

rARN cng vi protein v lipid tham gia to nn ribosome. Ribosome l ni thc hin chc nng tng hp protein ca t bo

3 nucleotide trn mARN tng ng vi 1 acid amin trn mch polypeptide,

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CU TO HA HC CA ACID NUCLEIC
(1) baz nit: c 2 loi baz purin v pyrimidin

CU TO HA HC CA ACID NUCLEIC
(2) ng pentose: 2 loi ng pentose trong nucleic acid gm c hai loi l ng deoxyribose v ribose. S c mt ca 2 loi ng ny l mt trong nhng c im phn bit DNA v RNA.

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CU TO HA HC CA ACID NUCLEIC

CU TO HA HC CA ACID NUCLEIC
(3) acid phosphoric: l acid v c H3PO4

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Nucleoside
Nucleoside gm 2 thnh phn: ng pentose Base nit (nitrogen, thuc purine hay pyrimidine)

Nucleotide
Nucleotide gm 3 thnh phn: ng pentose, mt base Nit (nitrogen) Phosphoric acid

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2.3. Cu trc khng gian ca acid nucleic M hnh dng A, dng B v dng Z ca phn t ADN. A-ADN v B-ADN c hng xon theo chiu tay phi. Z-ADN c hng xon theo chiu tay tri vi dy gc ng v Phosphate pht trin theo hnh zigzag, nn ngi ta t tn n l Z-ADN Mi gc quay hon ton (360) ca Z -ADN c tt c 12 cp baz. Rnh chnh nng n ni kh phn bit
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