1)COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
To compare people, places, events or things, when there is no difference, use as + adjective + as: Peter is 24 years old. John is 24 years old. Peter is as old as John. Moscow is as cold as St. Peters urg in the winter. !amona is as happy as !aphael. "instein is as famous as #arwin. $ tiger is as dangerous as a lion. More examples:

COMPARATIVE + THAN
To compare the di%%erence etween two people, things or events. "xamples: Mt. "verest is higher than Mt. &lanc. Thailand is sunnier than 'orway. $ car is more expensive than a icycle. $l ert is more intelligent than $rthur.

FORMING THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPER ATIVE

N!"#er of $%&&'#&e$ one $%&&'#&e tall Co"('r')i*e + +er taller S!(er&')i*e + +e$) tallest

one $%&&'#&e with the spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant, dou le the %inal consonant: %at ig sad N!"#er of $%&&'#&e$ )-o $%&&'#&e$ ending in: -y, -ly, -ow ending in: -le, -er or -ure %atter igger sadder Co"('r')i*e + +er OR "ore + 'd. %attest iggest saddest S!(er&')i*e + +e$) OR "o$) + 'd.

these common ad(ectives ) handsome, polite, pleasant, common, *uiet happy yellow simple tender happier+ more happy yellower+ more yellow simpler+ more simple tenderer+ more tender happiest+ most happy yellowest+ most yellow simplest+ most simple tenderest+ most tender

If %o! 're no) $!re, !$e MORE + OR MOST + 'ote: $d(ectives ending in '-y' li,e happy, pretty, busy, sunny, lucky etc:. replace the -y with )ier or -iest in the comparative and superlative %orm busy N!"#er of $%&&'#&e$ busier Co"('r')i*e busiest S!(er&')i*e "o$) + 'd. most important most expensive

)/ree $%&&'#&e$ or "ore "ore + 'd. important expensive "xamples: more important more expensive

a. $ cat is fast, a tiger is f'$)er ut a cheetah is the fastest . $ car is heavy, a truc, is heavier, ut a train is the heaviest c. $ par, ench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more comfortable, ut a so%a is the "o$) co"for)'#&e

COMPARISONS OF 0UANTIT1
To show no difference: as much as as many as as few as as little as as many as / as few as - co!n)'#&e nouns as much as / as little as - !nco!n)'#&e nouns

"xamples: .ith co!n)'#&e no!n$: They have as many children as us. .e have as many customers as them. Tom has as few oo,s as Jane. There are as few houses in his village as in mine. /ou ,now as many people as 0 do. 0 have visited the States as many times as he has.

.ith !nco!n)'#&e no!n$:

John eats as much %ood as Peter. Jim has as little %ood as Sam. /ou1ve heard as much news as 0 have. 2e1s had as much success as his rother has. They1ve got as little water as we have.

COMPARISONS OF 0UANTIT1
To show difference, more less fewer + than "xamples: .ith co!n)'#&e nouns: more ! fewer "loise has more children than 3hantal. 3hantal has fewer children than "loise. There are fewer dogs in 3ardi%% than in &ristol 0 have visited fewer countries than my %riend has. 2e has read fewer oo,s than she has. "loise has more money than 3hantal. 3hantal has less money than "loise. 0 spend less time on homewor, than you do. 3ats drin, less water than dogs. This new dictionary gives more in%ormation than the old one.

.ith !nco!n)'#&e nouns: more ! less

So, the rule is: MORE - nouns that are co!n)'#&e or !nco!n)'#&e FE2ER - co!n)'#&e nouns ESS - !nco!n)'#&e nouns

COMPARISONS OF 0UANTIT1
To show no difference: as much as as many as as few as as little as as many as / as few as - co!n)'#&e nouns as much as / as little as - !nco!n)'#&e nouns

"xamples: .ith co!n)'#&e no!n$: They have as many children as us. .e have as many customers as them.

Tom has as few oo,s as Jane. There are as few houses in his village as in mine. /ou ,now as many people as 0 do. 0 have visited the States as many times as he has. John eats as much %ood as Peter. Jim has as little %ood as Sam. /ou1ve heard as much news as 0 have. 2e1s had as much success as his rother has. They1ve got as little water as we have.

.ith !nco!n)'#&e no!n$:

FORM AND FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES

FORM
4. $d(ectives are in*'ri'#&e: They do not change their %orm depending on the gender or num er o% the noun. A hot potato Some hot potatoes

2. To e"(/'$i$e or strengthen the meaning o% an ad(ective use 1*er%1 or 3re'&&%1: A very hot potato Some really hot potatoes.

5. Po$i)ion o% ad(ectives: a6 7sually in fron) of a noun: A beautiful girl. 6 Af)er ver s li,e 8to e8, 8to seem8 , 8to loo,8, 8to taste8: The girl is beautiful You look tire This meat tastes funny. The !rincess "oyal The !resi ent elect a court martial

c6 Af)er the noun: in some %ixed expressions:

the ad(ectives involved present concerned: 0 want to see the people involved!concerned 9: the people who have something to do with the matter6 2ere is a list o% the people present 9: the people who were in the uilding or at the meeting6

4e c'ref!&5 .hen these ad(ectives are used e%ore the noun they have a di%%erent meaning: $n involved discussion : detailed, complex $ concerned %ather : worried, anxious The present situation : current, happening now

FUNCTION
$d(ectives tell us more a out a noun. They can: #escri e fee&in6$ or 7!'&i)ie$: 2e is a lonely man They are honest people ;ive n')ion'&i)% or ori6in: Pierre is "rench This cloc, is #erman <ur house is $ictorian Tell more a out a thing1s c/'r'c)eri$)ic$: $ wooden ta le. The ,ni%e is sharp. Tell us a out '6e: 2e1s a young man My coat is very old Tell us a out $i8e 'nd "e'$!re"en): John is a tall man. This is a very long %ilm. Tell us a out co&o!r: Paul wore a red shirt. The sunset was crimson and gol . Tell us a out "')eri'&9-/') $o"e)/in6 i$ "'de of: 0t was a wooden ta le She wore a cotton dress Tell us a out $/'(e: $ rectangular ox $ s%uare envelope "xpress a .!d6e"en) or ' *'&!e: $ fantastic %ilm ;rammar is boring.

IRREGU AR COMPARATIVES AND SUPER ATIVES

These ad(ectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative %orms: Ad.ec)i*e Co"('r')i*e good ad little much %ar etter worse less more %urther + %arther S!(er&')i*e est worst least most %urthest + %arthest

NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
#i%%erence can also e shown y using no) $o9'$ :::'$: Mont &lanc is not as high as Mount "verest 'orway is not as sunny as Thailand $ icycle is not as expensive as a car $rthur is not as intelligent as $l ert

ORDER
.here a num er o% ad(ectives are used together, the order depends on the %unction o% the ad(ective. The usual order is: =alue+opinion, Si>e, $ge+Temperature, Shape, 3olour, <rigin, Material =alue+opinion Si>e delicious, lovely, charming small, huge, tiny

$ge+Temperature old, hot, young Shape 3olour <rigin Material "xamples: a lovely old red post) ox round, s*uare, rectangular red, londe, lac, Swedish, =ictorian, 3hinese plastic, wooden, silver

some small round plastic ta les some charming small silver ornaments

THE + SUPER ATIVE

&the& is placed e%ore the superlative: ?or example: 2e is the richest man in the world. That is the iggest crocodile 0 have ever seen. She is the tallest girl in her class.