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7 Thgradestudyguide
7 Thgradestudyguide
7th Grade Earth Science Study Guide for Final Exam Fall 2013
The following study guide is to help guide your studying for the final. The guide is organized into units and sections, you can refer to your notes, and the handouts I have given you throughout the semester, as well as some of the notes posted on the blog. If you have any questions, dont hesitate to ask!
Unit 1: Space
1. Why do we study astronomy a. Big bang theory i. The difference between a theory and a fact ii. The Universe is constantly expanding, and getting bigger. b. Unit of measuring distances in space i. Astronomical unit (in Kilometers): Shorter distances, for example, to measure the distance between planets, or between planets and the sun. ii. Light year: For measuring large distances. Example: between galaxies. 2. Galaxies a. Classification of galaxies are based on their shape i. Elliptical ii. Spiral iii. Barred spiral iv. Irregular b. There are billions of galaxies in our Universe. c. Our home galaxy is the Milky Way, which holds our Solar system. 3. Stars a. Lifetime of a star i. Stellar Nebulae ii. Average Star iii. Red Giant iv. Planetary Nebula v. Neutron Star b. Common characteristics of stars i. All stars star with hydrogen core, which is converted to helium. ii. All stars are born from nebulae or small clouds of gas and dust. c. Types of stars and their characteristics
Blue giant: hot large star Red giant: cooler outer layer, large star Red dwarf: cool, small star Main sequence star: the typical star such as the sun White Dwarf: very cool, small star Neutron star: tightly packed remnants of a star Black hole : star that has collapsed on itself
d. The light from a star tell us the following: i. What does the star consist of ii. How big is the star iii. How hot is it iv. How far away is it e. Types of energy produced by a star i. Heat energy ii. Light energy iii. UV radiation iv. X-rays f. Types of star clusters i. Open clusters ii. Globular cluster
4. Constellation a. Ursa major and Ursa Minor i. Why are they called Little dipper and big dipper? 5. Zodiac a. List the 12 zodiacs in order.
d. Solar wind e. The importance of the sun. 2. Inner planets a. Mercury i. Crater covered-surface because it has no atmosphere to stop meteoroids and other small bodies from hitting it ii. Biggest crater is Caloris Basin iii. Has extreme temperatures because of its very slow spin (slowest). iv. Does not have any moons. b. Venus i. Hottest planet because of its thick atmosphere. ii. Appears to be a yellow star, because it is filled with sulphur. c. Earth and the moon. i. Why is Earth, the only habitable planet? 1. Has an atmosphere that protects us from meteoroids, UV light and other dangerous rays from the sun. 2. The only planet to have liquid water. 3. It atmosphere has Oxygen. 4. The temperature is just right, not too hot, not too cold. ii. How do day and night form ? 1. When Earth spins around itself iii. How do seasons form ? 1. By the orbiting of Earth around the sun. iv. The moon 1. Why do we see the moon lit at night? (Lit = has light) 2. Phases of the moon 3. The theory about where the moon came from 4. What is the surface of the moon like? 5. Why do we only see one side of the moon? d. Jupiter i. What is the Great Red Spot ii. What do the bands mean iii. What is the importance of Jupiter to Earth? iv. How fast is its spin relative to other planets spins? v. Explain why jupiter has tornadoes and storms. e. Saturn i. What are the rings made of? ii. Where did the rings come from? iii. How large is it? iv. Dragon storm f. Uranus i. The way Uranus spin. ii. Does it have rings?
iii. How many moons does it have? g. Neptune i. How was Neptune discovered ii. Does it have rings? iii. How many moons does it have? iv. What is the importance of Triton 3. Small bodies a. Dwarf planets i. Characteristics of a dwarf planet ii. Examples of dwarf planets iii. Why was pluto demoted to a dwarf planet status? b. Comets i. Parts of a comet 1. nucleus 2. ion tail 3. dust tail ii. Difference between ion tail and dust tail iii. The composition of comets. c. Asteroids i. Where do they come from ii. What are they made of iii. Where are they found. d. Meteoroides i. What are they made of? ii. Where do they come from ? iii. How do they move? e. Meteors i. What are they made of? ii. Where do they move? f. Meteorites i. What are they made of ii. Their types, and what is each made of.
Sometimes scientists cant design a controlled experiment, in this case, they make observations and collect them to try to get an explanation to their hypothesis. e. Analyzing results i. Scientists need to record and write down the results of their experiment, even if the experiment failed. ii. Analyzing experiments help scientists explain and understand their observations f. Drawing conclusions i. It is deciding if your results agree with the hypothesis or not. Meaning, if the hypothesis is true or if the hypothesis is not true. ii. Finding out that the results dont agree with the hypothesis is equally as important as the results agreeing with the hypothesis. g. Communicating the results. i. How do they communicate results? 1. It can be by making a presentation, or writing reports, or posting on the internet. ii. Why is it important to share results? 1. To give a chance for other scientists to repeat the same experiment and check if they will get the same results. iii. What would happen if another scientists repeated an experiment and his results were different? 1. More studying and more testing needs to be done to make sure the hypothesis is true. 2. Scientists may use all of the steps, skip some of them, or repeat a step or two. 3. What is the goal of scientific methods? a. To come up with accurate and correct answers to questions or solutions to problems. iii.
i. Day ii. Month iii. Year b. How did people in the past keep track of time?
Good luck!