WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 The word “REVOLUTION” means something

“sudden and quite swift”.
 The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION began in England
close to 1750 AD.
 In less than a hundred years, it resulted in
revolutionary changes in all walks of life.
 In 1700 England was a land of farmers, but
towards the end of the 19th century it became a
land manufacturers.
 “The Industrial Revolution ushered in the Machine Age. Of
course, there had been machines before, but none had been
so big as the new machine.”, said Jawaharlal Nehru.
SOURCES TO RECONSTUCT THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND

1)The accounts or written details of so many

inventions made in England: Written accounts about
the wonderful inventions of Arkwright, Crompton,
Cartwright, Cartwright, James Watt were sufficient
sources to learn about the revolution.
2)Factory acts in England: The factory acts of 1802,
1819,1833,1842 and The house and town planning
act of 1909 revealed a lot about the revolution.
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

 The Agricultural Revolution

 Revolution in Textile Industry
 Improved Steam Engines
 Iron and Coal Industries
 Means of Transport and Communication
 The Agricultural Revolution

 The revolution in agriculture had started in the early

eighteen century, a little before Industrial
Revolution made its appearance.
 Lord Townshend introduced a new fourfold rotation
in his farm (turnips, barley, clover and wheat).
 Robert Bakewell produced a new breed of sheep,
weighing twice as much as had been known
before.
 But very little progress could be had in scientific
farming if the same farm farm was cultivated by
many farmers.
REVOLUTION IN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY:COTTONS AND WOOLENS
CLOTHES
 The art of spinning had been
known for ages, but it had
not developed much.
 In 1767 a Lancashire weaver
named James Hargreaves
invented a machine called
the Spinning-Jenny. Hargreaves’ Spinning
 Arkwright invented a Jenny

machine operated by water

power, which made stronger
threads.

Sir Richard Arkwright’s improved

Spinning Machine of 1775
 IMPROVED STEAM ENGINES

 In 1769 James Watt

made an engine in which
steam pressure was
controlled by valves.
 Thus the standing steam
engine was converted by
James Watt into an
effective means to turn
the wheels.
 This steam engine
became the throbbing
heart of every industry.

James Watt(1736-1819) An improver of

the Steam Engine
 IRON AND COAL INDUSTRIES

 Steam Engines and other

machines required iron in
huge quantities until it was
replaced by the fire of
charcoal, but this method
was slow and sluggish.
 After cotton and wool iron
and coal as also became
the two prominent industries
of England.
 The first warship built of iron
plates was the WARRIOR. HMS Warrior (1860), first iron
hulled warship
 MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND
COMMUNICATION
 The need to carry raw material
and finished goods required
improved communications.
 Roads and Canals-James
Telford (a clever bridge-builder)
constructed roads across rivers
by means of iron bridges.
 Railways-In the 19th century
invention of locomotive engine
made railways possible. George
The father of railway
Stephenson is known as the
system
father of railway system

George Stephenson’s Steam Engine

“ROCKET”
 THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 America- Postal facilities

started from 1750.
 Cotton textile was the
its leading industry.
 It started manufacturing
huge amount of steel in
1875.
 Transportation
improved and brought
people together. WILLIAM DRACUP
(the founder and
developer of textile
industry in America)
 Contd…..
 France-After Napoleon’s
defeat in 1815 industrial
revolution showed concrete
effects.
 Steam power was used in
mines and by metal
workers.
 County’s iron and textile
industries were in a state to
compete with those of
British.
 So, the government helped
home industries by putting
heavy tax on imported
items.
Steel workers of France
 Contd…….
 Germany-Germany
finally united in 1870-71.
 New methods were first
used in textiles and iron
industries.
 First railway line in
1839-between Dresdon
and Leipzig.
 Germany, America and
Britain became the Textile industry
largest producers of
iron, coal and cotton
goods.
 Contd….
 Russia-Earlier it was an
agricultural country.
 After the abolition of
serfdom industrial
revolution began in
Russia 1961.
 Industrial revolution to
Russian rulers meant
more armaments for war.
 After 1917 railways,
workshops and factories
were declared ‘national
property’ and were Textile industry
operated by the
government.
 Contd…
 Japan-It was the Asian
country where
westernization began in
late 1880s.
 By 1910 Japan
developed a lot of
A Cotton factory
industries.
 Iron

 Steel

 Chemicals

 Machinery

 Ship Building

An Iron factory
 RISE OF IMPERIALISM

 Industrialisation led to rise and growth of

Imperialism.
 There was a mad scramble among the western
powers for colonies and new territories.
 From 1870-1914 almost all nations of Asia and
Africa had come under control of one or the other
imperial power.
 Each imperial power feared and hated the other.
 This was a major cause of World Wars.
 IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
 USES OR ADVANTAGES OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM
1.Production in large quantities-Elaborate machinery meant that
goods could be produced in immensely large quantities.
2.A life of Ease and Comfort-the application of machines to
production had made lifer reasonable comfortable.
3.Brought Countries and people together-Improved
communications, canals and the railways brought countries
and people close together.
4.Cooperation-Cooperation between factory workers, farmers,
financers and entrepreneurs was necessary.
“The Big machine taught certain virtues- cooperation,
organization, punctuality.”, said Jawaharlal Nehru.
Abuses of the factory system

 As machinery was introduced, it wasn’t

possible to work in individual homes and thus
big factories came in the picture. To work
there, village people (which constituted of a
larger number) had to move to cities.
This led to:- i. Rural poverty
ii. Increase in slums
iii. Workers gave in to harmful practices
 Machines reduced the amount of manual
work hence, less labour was required. This
 Contd…
resulted in unemployment.
 Imperialism, a mad rush for new territories, arose. The
imperial powers maintained large armies for either
rivalry with other imperial powers or to supress a native
revolt.
 With the coming of Industrialisation a lot of “Industrial
capital was needed in for it. This brought up the rich
factory owners known as Capitalists.
 The Capitalists exploited the workers for their own profit.
The workers were paid very low wages at the end of
fifteen hours. Even women and children worked in such
factories with very short interval for food.
 RISE OF SOCIALISM

 Socialism- The land and other instruments of

production shall be the common property of the
people and shall be used and governed by the people,
for the people.
 Socialism was the reaction to capitalism.
 Various schools of socialism were started and they all
united and helped in building a socialist society.
 Early Socialists- Robert Owen was the first to use the
word “Socialism”. He helped out his factory workers.
He paid them good wages, reduced their working
hours and came to be known as “Father of British
Socialism”.
 According to Karl Marx socialists like Babeuf and ROBET OWEN
Saint –Simon were operating in a dreamy land. They
were not practical according to the situation.
 MARXIAN SOCIALISM

 The best socialist so far

was Karl Marx.
 He was born in
Rhineland(Germany) in
1818.
 In 1847 with the help of
Engels he set up a
communist league. Karl Marx
 They published the
“Communist Manifesto”
in 1848 which marked
the advent of Scientific
Socialism. Friedrich Engels
 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM

 After Karl Marx’s death, there was a drift within

socialism.
 Bernstein of Germany, Jean Juares of France,
Bernard Shaw & Sidney Webb of England and
Brantic of England felt that socialism needed a
touch of democracy.
 This new ideology was named “Democratic
Socialism”.
Contd.
 In India, a socialist
party was established
in 1934.
 Its leaders included
Acharya Narendra
Dev, Achyut
Patwardhan,
Jayaprakash Narayan
and Dr. Ram Manohar
Lohia.
Impact of Socialism
 Almost all nations except America have had strong
socialist parties.In Britain, the Labour party, which
gained an absolute majority, nationlised a lot many
industries came up with various welfare
programmes such as public housing and national
insurance.
 It also led to communist revolutions in Russia &
China. In Russia, it began in 1917 as a rebellion to
overthrow the czarist regime that then prevailed.
Contd.
Mao Tse-tung was responsible for the
establishment of a communist regime in
China, which was established on 1st October,
1949.
 Within a period of time, all European states
had beome truly welfare states. Citizens
received state assistance during sickness,
unemployment and old age. Its impact was
seen in India also.
The Future of Socialism

 Since 1980s, the world underwent a radical change

in development strategy.
 The idea of Communism collapsed. Companies
and industries got privatized. In none of the
countries, there seemed a future for the basic
socialist goal.
 Then, socialism merely meant some public welfare
services such as old age pension and protection
against unemployment, sickness, injury and
disablement.