Linux 3 Ngay

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux
Ni dung
_________________________________________________________________
Gii thiu v Linux .......................................................................................... 3
Lch s .............................................................................................................. 3
Ci t my ch Linux ..................................................................................... 4
II. Qun l tp, th mc ...................................................................................... 13
1. H thng th mc ................................................................................... 13
Th mc ch .......................................................................................... 13
Cc th mc h thng ............................................................................ 14
2. M t cc th mc ................................................................................. 14
3. Cc cu lnh c bn ............................................................................... 14
4. Thuc tnh tp ........................................................................................ 16
5. Thay i thuc tnh tp .......................................................................... 17
III.
Ngi dng v qun l ngi dng ........................................................... 19
1. Khi nim ............................................................................................... 19
2. Cc cu lnh lin quan n ngi dng/nhm ngi dng ................... 19
IV.
B son tho vi. ......................................................................................... 20
1. Hai ch lm vic. ............................................................................... 20
2. Bng cc cu lnh ca vi ........................................................................ 20
chuyn sang ch cu lnh .............................................................................. 20
Di chuyn tin mt t, li mt t (backward by word). ................................... 20
V u, v cui dng.......................................................................................... 20
Tm xu pattern. Theo hng tin...................................................................... 20
Tm xu pattern, theo hng li v u vn bn. ............................................ 20
lp li vic tm kim theo cng hng / ngc hng ...................................... 20
Xa mt k t ..................................................................................................... 21
Xo dng c con chy ........................................................................................ 21
Xo n cui dng ............................................................................................. 21
Xo mt t.......................................................................................................... 21
Dn on vn bn va xo vo trc / sau con chy ......................................... 21
Hi lai lnh va thc hin. ................................................................................. 21
Lp li cu lnh cui. ......................................................................................... 21
Chn on vn bn vo trc / sau v tr con chy.[khi ch nhp vo] ..... 21
Thm mt dng mi bn di/ bn trn con chy [khi ch nhp vo] ...... 21
Ghi lu v thot ................................................................................................. 21
Ghi lu ............................................................................................................... 21
Thot khi vi, khng ghi lu. ............................................................................ 21
V. Cc tin ch lu tr ......................................................................................... 21
1. TAR ........................................................................................................ 21
2. GZIP ....................................................................................................... 21
3. BZIP2 ..................................................................................................... 22
VI.
Networking................................................................................................. 22
1. a ch IP ............................................................................................... 22
I.
Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Domain name v Hostname ................................................................... 24
DNS server ............................................................................................. 24
VII. Cc tin ch mng....................................................................................... 24
1. Telnet ..................................................................................................... 25
2. FTP. ........................................................................................................ 25
3. Ping. ....................................................................................................... 26
4. Traceroute. ............................................................................................. 26
VIII. Samba ......................................................................................................... 26
1. t vn . ............................................................................................. 26
2. Gii thiu v Samba ............................................................................... 27
3. Tm v ci t Samba ............................................................................. 28
4. Lm vic vi tp smb.conf..................................................................... 29
5. Cu hnh ton cc Global Settings ......................................................... 29
6. Khai bo chia s Share ........................................................................... 30
7. Thc thi Samba ...................................................................................... 31
IX.
Dch v Web .............................................................................................. 32
1. Khi nim ............................................................................................... 32
2. Khi ng v ngng dch v ................................................................. 32
3. Lm vic vi httpd.conf ......................................................................... 32
4. Cu hnh my ch .................................................................................. 32
2.
3.
H IU HNH LINUX
I. Gii thiu v Linux
Lch s
Linux l h iu hnh m phng Unix, c xy dng trn phn nhn
(kernel) v cc gi phn mm m ngun m. Linux c cng b di bn quyn
ca GPL (General Public Licence).
Unix ra i gia nhng nm 1960, ban u c pht trin bi AT&T, sau
c ng k thng mi v pht trin theo nhiu dng di cc tn khc nhau.
Nm 1990 xu hng pht trin phn mm m ngun m xut hin v c thc
y bi t chc GNU. Mt s licence v m ngun m ra i v d BSD, GPL.
Nm 1991, Linus Torvald vit thm phin bn nhn v0.01 (kernel) u tin ca
Linux a ln cc BBS, nhm ngi dng mi ngi cng s dng v pht
trin. Nm 1996, nhn v1.0 chnh thc cng b v ngy cng nhn c s quan
tm ca ngi dng. Nm 1999, phin bn nhn v2.2 mang nhiu c tnh u vit
v gip cho linux bt u tr thnh i th cnh tranh ng k ca MSwindows
trn mi trng server. Nm 2000 phin bn nhn v2.4 h tr nhiu thit b mi
(a x l ti 32 chip, USB, RAM trn 2GB...) bt u t chn vo th trng my
ch cao cp. Qu trnh pht trin ca linux nh sau:
-
Nm 1991: 100 ngi dng.
Nm 1997: 7.000.000 ngi dng.
Nm 2000: hng trm triu ngi dng, hn 15.000 ngi tham gia pht
trin Linux. Hng nm th trng cho Linux tng trng trn 100%.
Cc phin bn Linux l sn phm ng gi Kernel v cc gi phn mm

min ph khc. Cc phin bn ny c cng b di licence GPL. Mt s phin
bn ni bt l: Redhat, Caldera, Suse, Debian, TurboLinux, Mandrake.
Ging nh Unix, Linux gm 3 thnh phn chnh: kernel, shell v cu trc
tp.
Kernel l chng trnh nhn, chy cc chng trnh v qun l cc thit b
phn cng nh a v my in.
Shell (mi trng) cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng, cn c m t
nh mt b bin dch. Shell nhn cc cu lnh t ngi s dng v gi cc cu
lnh cho nhn thc hin. Nhiu shell c pht trin. Linux cung cp mt s

shell nh: desktops, windows manager, v mi trng dng lnh. Hin nay ch
yu tn ti 3 shell: Bourne, Korn v C shell. Bourne c pht trin ti phng th
nghim Bell, C shell c pht trin cho phin bn BSD ca UNIX, Korn shell l
phin bn ci tin ca Bourne shell. Nhng phin bn hin nay ca Unix, bao gm
c Linux, tch hp c 3 shell trn.
Cu trc tp quy nh cch lu tr cc tp trn a. Tp c nhm trong
cc th mc. Mi th mc c th cha tp v cc th mc con khc. Mt s th
mc l cc th mc chun do h thng s dng. Ngi dng c th to cc tp/th
mc ca ring mnh cng nh dch chuyn cc tp gia cc th mc . Hn na,
vi Linux ngi dng c th thit lp quyn truy nhp tp/th mc, cho php hay
hn ch mt ngi dng hoc mt nhm truy nhp tp. Cc th mc trong Linux
c t chc theo cu trc cy, bt u bng mt th mc gc (root). Cc th mc
khc c phn nhnh t th mc ny.
Kernel, shell v cu trc tp cu thnh nn cu trc h iu hnh. Vi nhng
thnh phn trn ngi dng c th chy chng trnh, qun l tp, v tng tc vi
h thng.
Ci t my ch Linux
Lu : trc khi ci t, cn tm hiu cc thng tin v phn cng ca h thng,
bao gm
-
Thng tin v a cng
Thng tin v card mng
Thng tin v card ho
Thng tin v mn hnh
Thng tin v giao thc v cu hnh mng nu kt ni mng
Thng tin v cc thit b ngoi (chng hn cc thit b SCSI...)
C th chn nhiu phng n ci t nh ci t t a mm, t a cng, t

a CD Rom hoc qua mng. Ti liu ny chn hng dn qu trnh ci t phin
bn 7.2 t a CDRom. Yu cu my ci t c kh nng khi ng (boot) t a
CD-Rom (c h tr hu ht trong cc my tnh hin nay).
Sau y l cc bc ci t c th. Khi kt thc bc trc chng trnh ci
t t ng chuyn sang bc sau. Mt s bc ci t cho php quay li bc
trc bng cch chn Back.
1. a a CD Rom Redhat vo a. Khi ng li my (lu phi m bo
my c kh nng khi ng t a CD-Rom
2. Chn ch ci text

3. Mc nh chn ngn ng (English) chn Next
4. Chn kiu bn phm (Generic 105-key PC), kiu th hin bn phm (US
English).
5. Cu hnh chut
Chn ng kiu chut trong h thng. Nu khng tm c chnh xc chn kiu
tng thch trong danh sch.

6. Ti mn hnh Welcome to Redhat Linux. Chn Next
7. Chn ch ci t Custom.
8. S dng chng trnh Disk Druid to phn vng a chun b qu trnh ci
t. Phn vng a cng nh sau:
S dng phm Tab v phm mi tn di chuyn, phm Space hay Enter chn
- Dng Delete xo cc phn vng c ca h thng trc.
- Chn New to cc phn vng mi.
To phn vng b nh o vi cc thng s sau:
Type: Linux Swap
Size: 256Mb (gp i kch thc vt l ca b nh RAM ca h
thng
Allowable Drives [*] sda xc nh v tr vt l ca phn vng ti
a cng th nht
To phn vng th hai cho th mc gc ca h thng
Mount point: / (lin kt phn vng ny vi th mc gc root ca h
thng.
Type: ext3
Size:1Mb
Grow to fill disk [*] (chn la ny to phn vng vi dung lng cn
li ca a cng th nht)

Allowable Drives [*] sda
To phn vng th 3 cho th mc /usr ca h thng:
Mount point: /usr (lin kt phn vng ny vi th mc /usr trn cy
th mc h thng
Type : ext3
Size : 3072 ( 3 GB )
Allowable Drives [*] sdb
To phn vng th 4 cho th mc /var ca h thng:
Mount point: /var (lin kt phn vng ny vi th mc /usr trn cy
th mc h thng
Type: ext3
Size: 1
Grow to fill disk [*] (chn la chn phn vng vi dung lng cn
li ca cng th hai)
Allowable Drives [*] sdb
Kt thc chn OK v xc nhn hon thnh vic thay i bng phn
vng ghi li cc thay i
9. B qua la chn nh dng a c kim tra li nu a cng khng c li.

10. Cu hnh Boot loader
Chn Use LILO as boot loader
11. Dng la chn t boot loader ti Master Boot Record nu h thng ch ci t

mt h iu hnh.
12. Cu hnh mng

Nu my khng c card mng, s khng nhn c mn hnh ny. Thc hin cu
hnh mng cho my nh sau
B la chn config using DHCP (ch chn s dng ch cp pht a
ch IP ng), nhp a ch IP, subnetmask theo hng dn ca gio vin
hng dn thc hnh
Nhp hostname
13. Cu hnh firewall, chn Medium
14. La chn ngn ng English (US)
15. Cu hnh Time Zone: (Asia/Saigon)

16. Cu hnh ti khon:
Nhp mt khu cho ti khon root, g li mt khu ti hp confirm
Khai bo thm cc ti khon khc (nu cn thit) To thm ti khon

mi:
Chn New to thm ti khon mi, nhp thng tin v ngi dng. Nhn
c mn hnh to ti khon mi nh sau:
Nhp cc thng tin v ti khon:

Username: <tn ti khon>
Fullname: <tn y ca ti khon>
Password: <mt khu truy nhp>
Chn OK
10

n Add a ti khon vo danh sch ngi dng
Chn Edit thay i thng tin v mt ti khon.
Chn Delete xo mt ti khon.
17. Chn cu hnh mc nhn
18. Xc nh cc gi ci t: mt s gi ci t ch yu X Windows System,

GNOME, KDE (cho card ho), Network station, Anonymous, FTP server,
Development...
11
19. Cu hnh giao din ho

Chn ng kiu video card (thng thng redhat c kh nng t ng pht hin
kiu card)
20. Ci t cc gi phn mm
21. To a mm khi ng: chn c to a khi ng phng khi h thng c li.

22. Xc nh giao din ho
Xc nh kiu monitor t danh sch cc monitor c h tr. Chng trnh
kim tra th ch ho, nu cc thng s khai bo khng ng, ta phi khai
bo li.
12

Nu ci t ch ho thnh cng, my s yu cu chn c nn khi ng
my vo ch ho hay khng (mc nh l ch text)
23. Hon tt qu trnh ci t v khi ng li my (lu b a CD Rom ra khi
a trc khi khi ng li).
II. Qun l tp, th mc

1. H thng th mc
Trong linux tp c t chc thnh cc th mc, theo m hnh phn cp.
Tham chiu n mt tp bng tn v ng dn. Cc cu lnh thao tc tp cho
php dch chuyn, sao chp mt tp hay ton b th mc cng vi cc th mc con
cha trong n
C th s dng cc k t, du gch di, ch s, du chm v du phy
t tn tp. Khng c bt u mt tn tp bng du chm hay ch s. Nhng k
t khc nh /, ?, *, l k t c bit c dnh ring cho h thng. Chiu di
ca tn tp c th ti 256 k t.
Trong UNIX khng c khi nim phn tn m rng (file extensions) theo
kiu nh ca Windows. Do c th t tn tp tu , k c tn cha nhiu du
chm .
Tp c tn bt u bng du chm l tp n.
UNIX/Linux nhy cm vi ch HOA, ch thng (case sensitive). tin
li, nhiu ngi thng dng ch thng (lower case). Ta cng nn theo cch ny.
Tt c cc tp trong linux c chung cu trc vt l l chui cc byte (byte
stream). Cu trc thng nht ny cho php linux p dng khi nim tp cho mi
thnh phn d liu trong h thng. Th mc cng nh cc thit b c xem nh
tp. Chnh vic xem mi th nh cc tp cho php linux qun l v chuyn i d
liu mt cch d dng. Mt th mc cha cc thng tin v th mc, c t chc
theo mt nh dng c bit. Cc thnh phn c xem nh cc tp, chng c
phn bit da trn kiu tp: tp thng thng (ordinary file), th mc (directory) ,
thit b kiu k t (character device file), v thit b kiu khi d liu (block device
file).
Th mc ch
Mi ti khon NSD c mt th mc ca mnh gi l th mc ch hay th
mc nh. Sau khi ng nhp h thng, ngi dng s ng th mc nh ca
mnh. Tn ca th mc ny ging vi tn ti khon ng nhp h thng. Cc tp
c to khi ngi dng ng nhp c t chc trong th mc ch.
Tt c cc th mc nh ca NSD nm trong th mc home ca h thng.
13

Cc th mc h thng
Th mc root, l gc ca h thng tp ca Linux, cha mt vi th mc h
thng. Th mc h thng cha tp v chng trnh s dng chy v duy tr h
thng. Cu trc cy th mc nh sau:
/(root)
sbin
sbin
usr
bin
dev
lib
var
etc
man
home
User01
User02
2. M t cc th mc
Th mc
M t ni dung
bt u cu trc tp, gi l th mc gc (root)
/home
cha cc th mc nh (home) ca mi ti khon ngi dng
/bin
lu tr tt c cc cu lnh chun v cc chng trnh tin ch
/usr
cha cc tp, cu lnh c h thng s dng, th mc ny c

chia thnh cc th mc con khc
/usr/bin
cha cc cu lnh hng ngi dng v cc chng trnh tin ch
/usr/sbin
cha cc cu lnh qun tr h thng
/usr/lib
cha th vin cho cc ngn ng lp trnh
/usr/doc
cha ti liu ca linux
/usr/man
cha cc tp hng dn s dng cho cc cu lnh (man)
/sbin
cha cc tp h thng khi ng h thng
/dev
cha giao din cho cc thit b nh u cui v my in
/etc
cha tp cu hnh h thng v cc tp h thng khc
3. Cc cu lnh c bn
Ch :
14

- Cc la chn (gi l switch hay options trong cu lnh thng bt u bng du
tr , sau l mt hoc mt vi k t, vit tt ca la chn , v d "-a", -al.
- Khi di chuyn gia cc th mc bng lnh cd cn phi g y ng dn k
t th mc root (l du gch xin /), tr phi trong phm vi th mc nh ca
bn.
- "man" l vit tt ca manual. Phn ln cc cu lnh ca UNIX / Linux c trang
ti liu hng dn s dng km theo.
ls [-laR] <tn tp> /<tn th mc>

Hin th danh sch tp (th mc con) trong mt th mc.
-l: (l = long) hin th tn tp, th mc trong th mc hin hnh. Cng vi
danh sch tn thng tin v quyn truy nhp, kch thc, ngy sa i
thng tin cng c hin th.
-a: cho php hin th tt c tp v cc th mc trong th mc hin ti.
-R: hin th thng tin v th mc hin hnh v thng tin v cc th mc
con.
cd <tn th mc>
Thay i th mc lm vic.
pwd (print working directory)

Hin th th mc lm vic hin ti. Th mc c hin th vi ng dn tuyt
i. V d:
pwd
/home/user01
mkdir <danh sch cc th mc>

Khi to th mc. Ch : tn tp c th di ti 255 k t, tn th mc c th
cha mi k t loi tr k t /. V d
mkdir folder1
cp [-R] <tn tp ngun> <tn tp ch>

Sao chp mt tp. cp yu cu t nht hai tham s: tp ngun v v tr hoc tn
tp ch. Nu tham s th hai l tn th mc c, cp s sao chp tp ngun
ti th mc ch. V d
cp main.c main.c.bak
15
mv <tp ngun> <tp ch>

Di chuyn hoc i tn tp hoc th mc. Cu lnh thc hin di chuyn hay i
tn tu theo tp ch c trong th mc hay khng. V d thay i tn tp tin
c trong th mc hin hnh
mv foo foobar
v foobar khng phi l th mc con trong th mc hin hnh nn tp foo c
i tn thnh foobar. nu
mv doc.txt foobar
foobar l th mc con trong th mc hin hnh, mv thc hin chuyn tp
doc.txt vo trong th mc foobar.
rm [-rif] <tn tp tin/th mc>

Xo tp, th mc.
-i: hin thng bo xc nhn ngi dng c thc s mun xo tp/th mc
hay khng?
-f: xo tp tin bt chp quyn truy nhp tp tin. Ch ch s dng f khi
chc chn hon ton mun xo tp tin ny.
-r: xo th mc v ton b cc tp, th mc con cha trong n.
rmdir <xo th mc>

Xo mt th mc rng
more <tn tp>

Hin th ni dung tp phn theo tng trang mn hnh.
cat <tp tin ngun> [>|>] <tp tin ch>

-cat <tn tp>: hin th ton b ni dung ca tp ra thit b ra chun (mn
hnh).
-cat name1 name2 name3 > allnames: ni cc tp name1, name2, name3
thnh tp allnames.
-cat name4 >> allnames: ni thm ni dung tp name4 vo tp allnames
4. Thuc tnh tp
Mi tp/th mc c cc thuc tnh quy nh ch nh ch s hu v mc khai

thc c php ginh cho nhng ch s hu, nhm ch s hu v nhng ngi
16

dng khc. Ngoi ra c mt s thuc tnh khc nh: l th mc hay tp, kch
thc, ngy gi khi to, cp nht,...
C ba mc khai thc c php l c, vit v cho thc hin, k hiu tng
ng l r, w, v x.
Khi danh sch tp trong mt th mc c c vi cu lnh ls l, cc thuc
tnh s c hin th ln lt nh sau:
- K t u tin l d hoc - ngha l th mc hay tp (d= directory, - = tp)
- Cc quyn (r, w, x) i vi ch s hu, nhm v other, tng ng tng cm 3
k t
- Tn ch s hu (owner),
- Tn nhm s hu,
- Kch thc (theo byte),
- Thi gian (timestamp),
- Tn.
V d:
-rwxr--r-- 1
user01
user01 2144 Mar 29
21:44
test.htm
drwxr-xr-x
user01
user01 4096 Mar
21:55
xdir
29
5. Thay i thuc tnh tp
Thay i ch s hu
chown username filename
Thay i ch s hu tp. Ch c ti khon root c quyn thay i ch s hu tp.
chgrp groupname
filename
Thay i nhm s hu tp. Ch c root hoc ngi to ra tp (ch s hu) c

quyn thay i nhm s hu tp.
Thay i hn ch khai thc tp
chmod
[u|g|o][+|-][r|w|x ] <tn tp>
Thay i cch thc truy nhp tp. Trong :
17

+:Gn thm quyn truy nhp tp
- :Loi b quyn truy nhp tp
Quyn truy nhp tp c th hin bi cc k t: r (c), w (vit), x

(thc hin)
Nhm ngi dng c th hin bi cc k t: u (ngi dng), g

(nhm), o (nhng ngi dng khc).
V d:
- chmod g+rw
mydata: gn cho nhm c quyn c v thc hin tp mydata
- chmod
mydata: mi ngi dng c th c tp mydata
o+r
Ngi dng c th gn thm quyn cng nh loi b quyn truy nhp tp

- chmod o+r-wx mydata: mi ngi dng c th c tp, nhng khng c
vit v thc hin.
Ngoi ra ngi dng c th thay cc s thp phn cho cc k t trn, gi l
phng thc tuyt i. Phng thc ny s dng mt n nh phn th hin tt c
cc quyn trong mt phn mc. Ba phn mc (u,g,o) vi 3 phn quyn chiu theo
mt nh dng s bt phn. Khi chuyn sang s nh phn (0/1), mi s h bt phn
chuyn thnh 3 s h nh phn. Ba s bt phn chuyn hnh 3 b s nh phn (v
d: 777=111111111) , biu din chnh xc quyn truy nhp tp.
S dng s bt phn thit lp quyn truy nhp tp. Mi s h bt phn th hin
quyn truy nhp cho mt nhm ngi dng (u/g/o). ngha mode truy nhp ca
s bt phn c th hin trong bng di y:
Mode
111 =7
110=6
101=5
100=4
011=3
010=2
001=2
000=0
ngha
rwx
rwr-x
r--wx
-w--x
---
v d: chmod 544 mydata
18

III. Ngi dng v qun l ngi dng
1. Khi nim
Linux l h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng. Mi ngi dng c tn
truy nhp v mt khu ring, tng ng vi nhng quyn hn nht nh trong h
thng tp ca Linux.
to iu kin thun li trong qun l ngi dng v quyn hn i vi
h thng tp, Linux cho php khai bo nhng nhm ngi dng, mi nhm l mt
tp hp nhng ngi dng chung mt mc ch khai thc ti nguyn nht nh.
Mi ngi dng c th tham gia nhiu nhm ngi dng khc nhau. Mi ngi
dng cng mc nhin lp nn mt nhm ngi dng l nhm ca chnh h (nhm
c th ch c mt thnh vin).
Ngi dng c ton quyn trong Linux l ngi dng root, mc nhin thuc
v nhm root. Ngi dng c quyn root n nh mt ngi dng no thuc v
nhm root v c quyn tng ng vi root.
2. Cc cu lnh lin quan n ngi dng/nhm ngi dng
adduser
To thm ngi dng mi, s dng cu lnh

passwd to mt khu cho ngi dng
useradd <tn ti khon> <la To ti khon mi cho h thng

chn>
usermod <tn ti khon> Sa i thng tin v ngi dng
<la chn>
Cc la chn
-g <tn nhm>
thit t nhm
-d <ng dn>
thit t th mc ch cho ngi dng mi
userdel r <tn ti khon>
Xo mt ngi dng h thng
groupadd <tn nhm>
to nhm ngui dng mi
groupdel <tn nhm>
Xo mt nhm ngi dng
su <tn ngi dng>
i t cch ng nhp (su=switch user)
groupmod <la chn>
-g: Thay i groupID

-n: Thay i tn nhm
19

newgrp < tn nhm>
i nhm ng nhp
passwd <mt khu mi>
Thay i mt khu
whoami
hin th ti khon ang ng nhp hin thi
IV. B son tho vi.

1. Hai ch lm vic.
Km vi mi h thng Unix /Linux c b son tho vi. vi l b son tho kh
mnh v dng rt t ti nguyn h thng. vi ch son tho tp thun text, khng km
nh dng nn ch dng vi son cc on chng trnh shell, sa li cc tp m
ngun chng trnh.. Di y s gii thiu nhng chc nng c bn nht ca vi.
C hai ch (mode) lm vic vi vi: ch nhp vo - input mode v ch
cu lnh - command mode. Ch nhp g ni dung vn bn, ch cu lnh
thc hin mi thao tc khc.
1. Khi ng vi: vi <tn tp text cn son tho>. Bn ch cu lnh.
2. Chuyn t ch cu lnh sang ch nhp vo: g phm i.
3. Nhp cc k t nh thng thng.
4. Chuyn t ch nhp vo sang ch cu lnh: g phm ESC.
5. Kt thc phin son tho: dng mt trong cc lnh ZZ, :w hoc :q!
Ch khi ch cu lnh mi c th di chuyn con chy ln, xung, phi tri
(bng cc phm mi tn), xo k t g sai (g phm x), ghi lu vo a v thot
(g ZZ) Bng cc cu lnh di y s cho gii thch y hn v cc cu
lnh ca vi.
2. Bng cc cu lnh ca vi
ESC
h, j, k, l
w, W, b, B
0, $
/pattern
?pattern
n,N
chuyn sang ch cu lnh

Di chuyn con chy: Left, down, up, right (hoc dng cc
phm mi tn)
Di chuyn tin mt t, li mt t (backward by word).
V u, v cui dng
Tm xu pattern. Theo hng tin.
Tm xu pattern, theo hng li v u vn bn.
lp li vic tm kim theo cng hng / ngc hng
20

X
Dd
D
Dw
p, P
U
.
i, a
o, O
ZZ
:w
:q!
Xa mt k t
Xo dng c con chy
Xo n cui dng
Xo mt t
Dn on vn bn va xo vo trc / sau con chy
Hi lai lnh va thc hin.
Lp li cu lnh cui.
Chn on vn bn vo trc / sau v tr con chy.[khi
ch nhp vo]
Thm mt dng mi bn di/ bn trn con chy [khi
ch nhp vo]
Ghi lu v thot
Ghi lu
Thot khi vi, khng ghi lu.
V. Cc tin ch lu tr
1. TAR
Tar l vit tt ca Tape ARchive. Ban u Tar c dng backup ln bng t.
Tar khng nn tp m ch ni nhiu tp hay th mc, thnh ra mt tp duy nht gi
l "tarball". Sau khi vo trn thnh mt cc bng lnh Tar, tp ny s c nn
tip bng gzip hay bzip2.
V d s dng:
tar -xvf example.tar : tch cc tp ni li bng Tar.
tar -cf backup.tar /home/ftp/pub : to tp backup.tar t ton b ni dung ca

th mc /home/ftp/pub.
tar -tvf example.tar : hin th ni dung tp example.tar ln mn hnh
2. GZIP
gzip l dng ZIP cho UNIX. Thng thng, trc ht dng Tar, sau nn tp
bng gzip. Sau hai bc ny cc tp thng s c phn ui l .tar.gz . Tp lu tr
dng gzip cng tng thch vi WinZip v PkZip. Vy c th ci nn trong
Window.
V d s dng:
21

- Nn : g lnh gzip tpname.tar.
theo mc nh gzip s xo tp gc sau khi nn.
- Ci nn: g lnh: gzip -d tpname.tar.gz
Theo mc nh, gzip cng xo tp gc sau khi ci nn.
Cng c th ci nn bng lnh: gunzip tpname.tar.gz
Tc dng ging nh gzip d.
3. BZIP2
bzip2 v bunzip2 l cc tin ch nn v ci nn tp. bzip2 v bunzip2 mi
hn gzip v gunzip. bzip2 c h s nn cao hn gzip. Tp nn bng bzip2 c th
nh hn 10-20% so vi nn bng gzip. Cch s dng tng t nh gzip v gunzip.
Thng thng, tp nn bng bzip2 c phn ui tp l .bz2
VI. Networking
Thng thng card mng c nhn dng t ng trong qu trnh ci t
linux v ngi ci t c yu cu nhp vo thng tin cn thit chun b cho mt
my tnh tham gia mng (i ch IP, subnetmask, hostname, domain name, DNS
name). Sau khi Linux c ci t xong, vn c th thit lp li cc thng tin ni
trn vi tin ch netconf ch text hay Network configuration trong Xwindows.
1. a ch IP
a ch IP c s dng hin nay l a ch 32 bit, c chia thnh 4 octet
(mi octet c 8 bit tng ng vi 1 byte), cc octet c cch nhau bi mt du
chm. a ch IP c biu din : x.y.z.t, bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh:
Class bit: bit nhn dng lp

NetID: a ch ca mng
HostID: a ch ca my
a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp: A, B, C,D, E. Hin nay t chc Internet
dng ht lp A, B v gn ht lp C. Lp D, E c ginh cho mc ch khc.
Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt cc c im ca cc lp A, B, C.
22
a ch lp
Vng a ch l thuyt
S mng ti a
s dng
S my ti a trn tng
mng
A
B
T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0
T 128.0.0.0
n 191.255.0.0
T 192.0.0.0
n 223.255.255.0
126
16352
16777214
65534
2097150
254
a ch lp
Vng a ch s dng
Bit nhn dng
S bit dng phn cho

mng
A
B
T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0
T 128.0.0.0
n 191.255.0.0
T 192.0.0.0
n 223.255.255.0
126
16352
16777214
65534
2097150
254
Subnet mask cng c biu din di dng tng t i ch IP, n ch nh

i ch phm vi ca mng m my tnh s tham gia v gip xc nh a ch mng.
V d
23

IP
address
Subnet
mask
172.16.0.16 255.255.0.0
ngha
a ch a ch cc my Broadcast
mng
trong mng
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.1,172.16.0.2,... 172.16.255.255
.172.16.0.255,...
172.16.255.254
172.16.16.5 255.255.255.0 172.16.16.0
172.16.16.255
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.0
192.168.0.254
ia ch broadcast l i ch IP c s dng cho mc ch pht tin cho ch

l mi my trong mng. V vy Linux h tr xc nh t ng i ch broadcast khi
bit i ch IP v subnetmask.
i ch gateway l a ch ca mt my tnh (hay mt thit b) trong mng c kt
ni ra bn ngoi v tr thnh cng giao lu vi th gii bn ngoi ca mng. V
vy i ch gateway khng phi l ni dung bt buc phi khai bo.
2. Domain name v Hostname
Domain name l tn dng xu k t ca mt my tnh. Domain name c
dng Xn,Xn-1,...,X1. Xi l xu k t khng cha k t .
V d:
vnu.edu.vn, redhat.com....
Hostname l tn ring dng xu k t ca my tnh trong mt mng. Tn

y ca mt my tnh l tn bao gm c hostname v domain name dng:
hostname.domainname
V d: mt my tnh c tn l vien_cntt, trong mng c tn l vnu.edu.vn.
Tn y ca my tnh ca bn s l vien_cntt.vnu.edu.vn.
3. DNS server
DNS server l my ch chy dch v chuyn i hostname.domainname
sang a ch IP. Trn mi mng my tnh cn phi c t nht mt my tnh hot
ng vi vai tr DNS server. Trn nhng my tnh cn li, phi khai bo a ch IP
ca my DNS server.
Trng hp khng dng DNS server, vic s dng cc dch v trn nn giao
thc TCP/IP phi thc hin trc tip qua i ch IP.
VII. Cc tin ch mng.
24

1. Telnet
Telnet l mt tin ch cho php ng nhp vo mt my tnh xa v lm
vic ging nh vi my ti ch. V d, c th dng telnet chy mt chng trnh
trong mt siu my tnh cch xa hng ngn dm. Telnet s dng giao thc
TCP/IP, cng 23.
S dng: gi s my ca bn ang chy Window v bn c cp mt ti
khon trong my ch Linux.
1. Nhn chut vo "Start" chn "RUN".
2. G vo: telnet <tn hay a ch IP> ca my ch m bn c ti khon. V
d "telnet linuxcourse.iti.edu.vn v nhn OK.
3. Nu kt ni n my ch thng sut, mt ca s s hin ln mi bn cung
cp tn ti khon v mt khu.
4. Nhp vo tn ti khon username v password dng nhp.
5. ng nhp thnh cng th bn s ng ti th mc nh (home directory) ca
mnh.
6. Bt u phin lm vic ca bn. V d, dng cu lnh "ls -al" hin th tt
c cc tp trong th mc.
7. Kt thc phin lm vic, g "exit".
2. FTP.
FTP l vit tt ca Tp Transfer Protocol, mt tin ch ti tp xa. Vi ftp c
th ly tp my t xa v my tnh ca mnh (download) v ngc li, gi mt tp
t my ca mnh ln my xa (upload) nu bn c quyn write vo th mc
my . FTP s dng giao thc TCP/IP, cng 21.
S dng FTP
Cch ti xung (download):
Telnet vo my xa.
G lnh ftp <tn my xa>.
My s yu cu tn ng nhp v password. Mt trong nhng ch cho php

mi ngi ti tp v t do l dng tn ng nhp "anonymous" v password l a
ch email ca bn.
Chuyn n th mc c cc tp ta mun ti v.
G lnh: get <tn tp mun ti v>.
kt thc g quit.
25

Cch ti ln (upload): Tng t nh trn, nhng dng cu lnh put thay cho cu
lnh get.
3. Ping.
Cu lnh ping yu cu mt tr li phn hi ca mt my xa trn mng.
N dng kim tra tnh trng kt ni mng n my xa cn hay khng. Ping s
dng giao thc ICMP. y l giao thc IP nn khng c s cng.
S dng:
1- G vo: ping <tn hay a ch IP ca my xa >.
2- Nu kt ni c th s lin tc nhn c phn hi t my xa gm s
lng byte d liu, thi gian truyn tin, nu khng kt ni c th s tr v time
out.
3- g Ctrl + c kt thc.
Kt qu nhn c s l thng k s gi truyn, s gi tht lc v thi
gian i mt vng (min/avg/max/mdev). V d:
15 packets transmitted, 15 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.025/0.028/0.052/0.007 ms
4. Traceroute.
Traceroute l mt tin ch vch li con ng t my ca bn n mt
my xa trn Internet (mi gateway l mt mc - hop). N cng tnh v hin th
thi gian cn thit i qua mi hop. Traceroute cng dng giao thc ICMP.
VIII. Samba
1. t vn .
Trong cng ngh thng tin hin nay, mt vn gy tranh ci l chn la
mi trng no trong 2 h iu hnh Unix (m Linux l mt trong nhng mi
trng ni bt) v Windows. Tuy nhin trong thc t, do nhu cu xy dng cc
ng dng hn hp, ngi ta vn phi chp nhn dng cng lc c 2 h iu hnh
ny. V vy vic tch hp 2 loi h thng c mt mi trng ng nht l mt
thc t cn phi gii quyt.
Tch hp Windows v Linux khng phi l mt bi ton mi. T nhiu nm
qua, nhng nh xy dng h thng tm nhiu cch ngi s dng c th kt
ni mt cch trong sut d liu qua cc h thng khng ng nht. Mt th d in
hnh l NFS (Network File System). NFS c pht trin ban du vi mc ch
26

tch hp cc h iu hnh Unix li vi nhau ngi s dng c th truy cp d
liu trn cc h thng tp ca cc h thng Unix khc ging nh h thng cc b.
NFS cho php cc my chy Unix c th chia s ti nguyn qua mng (c th l tp
v my in). Qua NFS, ngi ta cng c gng m phng Unix trn Windows.
Vi NFS, ngi s dng p cc h thng chy Windows hot ng ging nh mt
h thng Unix, do cc truy xut d liu t cc h thng Unix ln Windows c
th c thc hin kh d dng.
Tuy vy, NFS khng phi l cng ngh dnh ring tch hp Unix v
Windows. Vic m phng Unix trn Windows khng mang li nhiu thnh cng
nh mong i do Windows c rt nhiu tnh nng c th nn cc h m phng
khng th bt chc mt cch hon ho. Do ngi ta phi tm ra mt cch
khc: m phng Windows trn Unix.
M phng Windows trn Unix l mt cng vic hon ton ngc vi cng
ngh NFS: Thay v buc Windows hot ng nh mt h thng Unix, ngi ta c
gng xy dng mt h thng tp theo kiu Windows trn Unix. V cho ti nay,
hng i ny chng t t c nhng thnh cng nht nh: l cng ngh
Samba.
Trong ti liu ny, ta s im qua mt s vn c lin quan n Samba v
cch ci t, cu hnh mt h thng Samba trn Linux nhm chia s cc tp v th
mc.
2. Gii thiu v Samba
Samba l mt ng dng chy trn Unix c gng m phng mt h thng
Windows. Samba cho php mt h thng Unix gia nhp vo h thng Network
Neighborhood v ngi dng Windows c th truy nhp ti nguyn trn Unix
(Tp v Printer) m khng h bit l cc dch v do Unix cung cp.
iu ny thc hin c nh s m phng giao thc Windows "Common
Internet File System", hay CIFS v giao thc truyn tin Server Message Block
(SMB). SMB da trn giao din NetBIOS truyn thng tin gia cc my tnh
trong mt mng LAN. Theo giao din do NetBIOS quy nh, cc my tnh c
nh tn theo mt s , trong cc my tnh trong mng LAN c tn duy nht
(cn gi l tn NetBIOS) v vic truyn d liu gia cc my tnh thc hin thng
qua tn ny. Giao thc NetBEUI c dng kh ph bin hin nay c xy dng
vi mc ch chnh l chuyn cc gi tin NetBIOS trong mng LAN s dng cc
chun TokenRing v Ethernet.
Samba bao gm 2 chng trnh chnh v mt s cng c h tr km theo.
Hai chng trnh chnh l smbd v nmbd kt hp vi nhau thc thi 4 dch v
CIFS c bn sau:
Dch v tp v my in (smbd)
Xc thc phn quyn truy cp ti nguyn (smbd)
27
Phn gii tn - Name resolution (nmbd)
Thng bo v cc dch v ra bn ngoi - Service announcement (nmbd)
Sau y l mt s cng c i km Samba:

smbclient
y l mt SMB client, vi chc nng tng t nh mt cng c FTP.
c dng kt ni t h thng Unix ti mt SMB share ca mt h
thng Windows truyn tp, gi tp hoc gi tp ti my in c chia
s
nmblookup
Client ca dch v phn gii tn NetBIOS. Nmblookup c th s dng
tm cc tn NetBIOS trn mng, tm a ch IP tng ng v cc thng tin
khc ca mt my chy Windows.
swat
Swat hay Samba Web Administration Tool cho php cu hnh Samba t xa
qua giao din Web.
3. Tm v ci t Samba
Phin bn mi nht ca Samba l 2.2, cung cp kh nhiu tnh nng cao cp
nh: h tr Windows 2000, cho php ci t nh mt my iu khin vng chnh
Windows NT Primary Domain Controller.
Hu ht cc phin bn Linux u c km theo Samba trn a CD. Tuy
nhin, c th c bn ci t mi nht ca Samba, kt ni ti a ch
http://www.samba.org
Vic ci t Samba c th c thc hin theo mt trong 2 cch: ci t trc
tip t m ngun hoc qua cc gi phn mm RPM.
Nu dch Samba t m ngun, Samba s c ci t vo th mc
/usr/local/samba. Cc tp cu hnh s c t trong th mc
/usr/local/samba/conf, cn chng trnh s c t vo /usr/local/samba/bin.
Nu ci t t cc gi phn mm RPM (s dng cng c rpm), cc tp cu
hnh s c t vo th mc /etc/samba, cn chng trnh s c t vo th
mc /usr/local/samba/bin.
Tp cu hnh quan trng nht ca Samba l tp smb.conf. Hu ht cc cng
vic ca ngi qun tr cn lm vi Samba u thc hin thng qua tp ny.
28

4. Lm vic vi tp smb.conf
S dng mt trnh son tho vn bn khng nh dng ( v d vi hay pico)
thc hin cc sa i trn smb.conf. Tuy nhin lu rng nu cn, ngi qun
tr nn lu tp gc trc khi sa i, phng trng hp h thng c s c th vn
c th khi phc c cu hnh c.
Trong tp smb.conf, cc dng c bt u vi cc k t "#" hay ";" c
coi l ch thch v s khng c x l bi Samba khi thc thi.
Tp smb.conf c chia lm 2 phn chnh: cu hnh ton cc (Global
Settings) v cc cu hnh cho vic chia s ti nguyn (Share)
5. Cu hnh ton cc Global Settings
Cu hnh ton cc c th hin bng cc dng thng tin t sau dng [global]
Mt s thng tin cu hnh cn sa i li cho ph hp:
workgroup : Tn workgroup m Samba gia nhp.
server string: M t v Server. Thng tin ny s xut hin khi ngi dng
duyt mng qua Network Neighborhood.
encrypt passwords : Mt khu c m ho hay khng. Lu : Windows
98SE, Windows NT SP3, Windows 2000 u yu cu mt khu phi m ho
trc khi gi qua mng
tp log: Tp log lu li cc thng tin v truy cp ti nguyn. Mc nh tham
s ny nhn gi tr /var/log/samba/%m.log, tc l mi my tng truy
nhp Samba s c ghi thng tin ra mt tp ring.
security: Phng thc xc thc ngi dng truy nhp. Tham s ny c th
nhn cc gi tr sau:
o share: Tng t nh phng thc share-level access control ca
Windows. Theo phng thc ny, vic truy xut ti nguyn khng
phn bit ngi dng, khi truy xut ch cn cung cp password.
o user: Ngi dng khi truy xut phi cung cp username v mt khu.
Tuy nhin vic xc thc thng tin c thc hin cc b. Thng tin
v account s c lu ra mt tp ring smbpasspd trong th mc
lu cc tp cu hnh (khng dng c s d liu account ca h thng)
o server: Xc thc ngi dng thng qua mt h thng Samba hoc
Windows NT khc. Tham s ny s yu cu tham s password server
( xem bn di)
password server: Tn NetBIOS ca my (hoc a ch IP ca my) s dng
xc thc ngi dng. Samba s forward yu cu xc thc (bao gm
29

username v password do ngi dng cung cp) ti password server v
nhn kt qu tr v. Nu thng tin c xc nhn l ng, ngi dng s
c php truy cp thng tin.
interface: Nu my c nhiu a ch IP, hy lit k cc a ch IP Samba s
phc v. Mc nh Samba s phc v yu cu ti t tt c cc a ch.
username map: Samba cho php nh x tn truy cp Samba vi tn account
h thng. Chng hn, ta c th nh x root vi account Administrator vn
thng thy trong cc h thng Windows NT
guest account: C h tr guest account ging nh trong cc h thng
Windows NT khng.
wins support: C h tr Wins khng
wins server: a ch IP hoc tn NetBIOS ca my ch WINS trong trng
hp c chn h tr Wins.
host allow: Cc my tnh c php kt ni ti Samba. Vic kim tra c
da trn a ch IP ca my kt ni.
Cc tham s di y lin quan n phn h tr browsing ca Samba
local master: Local master l dch v h tr vic cung cp danh sch cc
my tnh v cc dch v cung cp tng ng trong mng cc b. c th
duyt mng (qua Network Neighborhood) ta cn phi c dch v ny. Tham
s ny cho php Samba c th tr thnh mt local master.
os level: Samba c th tr thnh local master, mng cc b phi tri qua
mt qu trnh tm kim my tnh sn sng m nhim chc nng ny. Qu
trnh ny gi l browser election. H thng no c tham s os level cao
hn s tr thnh local master.
domain master: Tham s ny cho php Samba lin kt v t chc thng tin
t cc local master khc. Ch dng tham s ny khi cu hnh Samba nh
mt PDC.
preferred master: Cho php Samba yu cu mng cc b t chc bu c
li local master khi Samba khi chy.
6. Khai bo chia s Share
Ngi qun tr c th thc hin vic chia s cc th mc ca ngi dng
thng qua Samba bng chn la [homes] Nh vy ngi dng vi account c
quyn truy xut s mc nhin c chia s th mc c nhn (home directory ca
Linux) v c th kt ni thng qua giao din ca Windows.
Cc tham s s dng khi khai bo chia s:
30

o comment: ch thch v chia s
o browseable: Nu tham s ny nhn gi tr no, th mc chia s ch xut
hin vi ng ngi qun l th mc
o writable: Ngi truy cp c quyn ghi hay khng.
Chia s th mc
Samba cho php chia s th mc tu cho nhiu ngi dng hoc nhm ngi
dng. Tham kho cc tham s di y:
o path: ng dn th mc cn chia s
o read only: Tham s c tc dng tri ngc vi writeable.
o valid users: Danh sch nhng ngi dng c php truy nhp ti nguyn
chia s. C th s dng k t @ t trc tn nhm (group name ca h
thng) hn ch quyn truy nhp theo nhm.
o force user: Tham s tr ti mt tn user ny dng buc cc thay i cp
nht ln tp, th mc phi thng qua tn user khai bo.
o force group: Cc thay i cp nht ln d liu s thng qua group c ch
ra bi tham s ny.
o browseable: Nu tham s c gi tr no, th mc chia s s b n i, ch
nhng ngi c quyn truy cp mi c th nhn thy.
o available: Nu tham s c gi tr no th chia s tm thi b v hiu lc.
o create mask: Quyn truy cp mc nh cho cc tp mi to.
o directory mask: Quyn truy cp mc nh cho cc th mc mi to
o dont descend: Cc th mc khng cho php truy xut qua Samba
7. Thc thi Samba
Vic khi chy Samba c th thc hin thng qua chng trnh
/etc/init.d/smb. chy, ta s dng lnh:
/etc/init.d/smb start
ngng chy Samba, dng lnh
/etc/init.d/smb start
khi ng li Samba (c bit sau khi thay i tham s trong tp cu
hnh smb.conf), dng lnh:
31

/etc/init.d/smb restart
Samba chy t ng khi h thng bt, tham kho thm lnh ntsysv.
IX. Dch v Web

1. Khi nim
My ch web nghe yu cu t pha client, nh b trnh duyt Nestcape
Navigator hoc Internet Explorer. Khi nhn c yu cu my ch x l yu cu
v tr d liu li cho my client. D liu tr v my trm thng l cc trang nh
dng c cha hnh nh v text. Trnh duyt nhn d liu v hin th trang d liu
cho ngi dng. Khi nim my ch web rt n gin, n i yu cu, thc hin,
ri tr li cho ngi dng.
My ch web ni chuyn vi cc my client v my trm thng qua giao
thc HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). iu ny cho php my trm kt ni ti
nhiu nh cung cp dch v web m khng gp phi cc vn v tng thch.
Phn ln cc yu cu c nh dng di dng trang HTML (Hypertect
Markup Language). HTML cho php lin kt nhiu vn bn v ti nguyn khc
nhau. Siu vn bn cho php lin kt ti cc trang vn bn khc trn cng mt my
tnh hoc trn cc my tnh t trn khp th gii.
Apache c pht trin da trn NCSA web server, l phin bn cung cp
y cc tnh nng ca my ch (HTTP) web do d n Apache Server thc hn.
Apache cung cp mt my ch web m ngun m, tin cy, hiu qu v d dng m
rng. Phn mm my ch bao gm: daemon server, tp cu hnh, cng c qun tr,
v ti liu.
2. Khi ng v ngng dch v
-
Khi chy chng trnh Apache thng qua chng trnh

/etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd. khi ng dch v s dng cu lnh
/etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start.
Ngng dch v s dng /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd stop.
khi ng li dch v s dng /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd restart.
3. Lm vic vi httpd.conf
Ngi dng c th cu hnh dch v Web bng cch iu chnh trc tip tp
cu hnh httpd.conf trong th mc /etc/httpd/conf. Httpd.conf cha cu hnh iu
khin server chy nh: v tr tp log, UserID, cng nghe yu cu ca dch v...
4. Cu hnh my ch
32

DocumentRoot: Thit t ng dn tuyt i ti th mc cha ni dung trang
web (th mc ch).
VD: /home/httpd/html
DirectoryIndex: Trang c hin th mc nh
VD: index.htm, hompage.htm, index.cgi
khai bo th mc con cho dch v web ngi dng c th cho nhng dng sau:
Alias /news/
/var/apps/hoa
<Directory /var/apps/hoa>
Options indexes MultiVews
AllowOverride
None
Order allow, Deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
Sau khi khi ng li httpd, c th c tp test.htm trong th mc
/var/apps/hoa/ t xa bng mt web browser theo a ch
http//hostname.domainname/news/test.htm
33
YU CU THC HNH
Mi nhm cn thit lp mt my ch Linux v t chc tt mi trng lm vic cho
c nhm theo cc hng sau:
Lp th mc /apps, trong lp cc th mc con cho tng thnh vin ca nhm
(chng hn: huong, hoa, dong, noi) v hai th mc chung l share va web.
Thit lp cu hnh Samba sao cho mi ngi dng c ton quyn i vi th mc
ca mnh v th mc share. Trng nhm c ton qun i vi th mc web. Th
mc web c xem l th mc cha trang home ca c nhm.
Thit lp cu hnh Apache sao cho c quyn truy cp n cc tp trong th mc
huong, hoa, dong, noi web t xa thng qua trnh duyt web.
34

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Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Nm 1991: 100 ngi dng.

Nm 1997: 7.000.000 ngi dng.

Cc phin bn Linux l sn phm ng gi Kernel v cc gi phn mm

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Thng tin v a cng

Thng tin v card mng

Thng tin v card ho

Thng tin v mn hnh

Thng tin v giao thc v cu hnh mng nu kt ni mng

Thng tin v cc thit b ngoi (chng hn cc thit b SCSI...)

C th chn nhiu phng n ci t nh ci t t a mm, t a cng, t

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

9. B qua la chn nh dng a c kim tra li nu a cng khng c li.

11. Dng la chn t boot loader ti Master Boot Record nu h thng ch ci t

12. Cu hnh mng

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

13. Cu hnh firewall, chn Medium

14. La chn ngn ng English (US)

15. Cu hnh Time Zone: (Asia/Saigon)

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

Khai bo thm cc ti khon khc (nu cn thit) To thm ti khon

Nhp cc thng tin v ti khon:

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

18. Xc nh cc gi ci t: mt s gi ci t ch yu X Windows System,

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

19. Cu hnh giao din ho

21. To a mm khi ng: chn c to a khi ng phng khi h thng c li.

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

II. Qun l tp, th mc

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

bt u cu trc tp, gi l th mc gc (root)

cha cc th mc nh (home) ca mi ti khon ngi dng

lu tr tt c cc cu lnh chun v cc chng trnh tin ch

cha cc tp, cu lnh c h thng s dng, th mc ny c

cha cc cu lnh hng ngi dng v cc chng trnh tin ch

cha cc cu lnh qun tr h thng

cha th vin cho cc ngn ng lp trnh

cha ti liu ca linux

cha cc tp hng dn s dng cho cc cu lnh (man)

cha cc tp h thng khi ng h thng

cha giao din cho cc thit b nh u cui v my in

cha tp cu hnh h thng v cc tp h thng khc

Vin Cng ngh thng tin HQG H ni

Gii thiu H iu hnh Linux

ls [-laR] <tn tp> /<tn th mc>