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Activated Sludge - Types of Processes and Modifications: 1 Conventional
Activated Sludge - Types of Processes and Modifications: 1 Conventional
doc
1
Activated Sludge - Types of Processes and Modifications
1 Conventional
Influent Effluent
PF Aeration Tank
HRT = 8 - 15 hrs
O
2
supply
Return sludge Waste sludge
O
2
demand
Tank length
2 Tapered Aeration
Influent Effluent
PF Aeration Tank
Return sludge Waste sludge O
2
supply
Tank length O
2
demand
3 Step Aeration
Influent
Effluent
PF Aeration Tank
O
2
supply
Return sludge Waste sludge
O
2
demand
Tank length
4 Completely Mixed
Influent Completely Mixed Aeration Tank Effluent
O
2
supply
Return sludge Waste sludge
O
2
demand
Tank length
Alternate waste
sludge drawn
off point
Alternate waste
sludge drawn
off point
Alternate waste
sludge drawn
off point
Alternate waste
sludge drawn
off point
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
2
5 Contact Stabilization
Effluent
Influent
HRT = 3 - 6 hrs
Return sludge Waste sludge
6 Kraus Process
Waste sludge
Effluent
Influent Aeration Tank
Reaeration Tank
HRT = 24 hrs
(Nitrification) Digested supernatant
Digested sludge
Alternate waste
sludge drawn
off point
Alternate waste
sludge drawn
off point
HRT = 20 -
90 min
Aeration alone can account for half of the operation costs at a typical treatment plant (p. 8,
Logan, 2008)
Gas Transfer theory
1. General Gas Transfer Equation
The rate of oxygen transfer
( )
L s
dC
K a C C
dt
=
where C
s
= oxygen concentration in the liquid at saturation, mg/L
= f (T, dissolved solids)
C = oxygen concentration in the liquid at time, t
K
L
a = oxygen transfer rate coefficient, hr
-1
= f (T, types of diffuser, depth of aerator, types of mixer, tank geometry)
C
s
- C = dissolved oxygen deficit, D, mg/L
C > Cs
C < Cs
t
Cs C
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
3
2. Two-film Theory (Lewis and Whitman, 1923)
C
l
= concentration of gas in bulk liquid
C
sl
= concentration of gas in surface liquid
C
g
= concentration of gas in bulk gas
C
sg
= concentration of gas in surface gas
Gas film control Liquid film control
C
g
-for very soluble gas - for not very soluble gas
e.g., NH
3
e.g., O
2
=
C
sl
= C
sg
= C
g
C
g
C
l
C
sg
= Cs
l
= C
l
C
l
=
Air - turbulent (well
mixed body of air)
Liquid film - laminar molecular
layer
Liquid - turbulent (well mixed
body of water)
Gas film - laminar molecular layer -
stagnant mass of air (molecular
diffusion)
C
l
C
g
C
sl
C
sg
microlayer
resistance (60
um)
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
4
3. Diffusion
- Gas diffusion (molecular diffusion) through a liquid film
- Ficks first law of diffusion
( ) VC
C
J DA
t x
c
c
= =
c c
L
3
M L
2
M M
------- = ----- L
2
------ = ----
T L
3
T L
3
L T
where D = molecular diffusion coefficient, L
2
T
-1
A = surface area, L
2
x = liquid film thickness, L
Since
2 1
l s
C C C C
x x x x
c
~ =
c
V = film volume between the gas and liquid interface
Assuming V= constant,
2 1 2 1
l s s l s l
C C C C C C C
J V DA DA DA
t x x x x x
c
= = = =
c
( )
s l
C D
V A C C
t x
c
=
c
( )
L s l
C
V K A C C
t
c
=
c
where K
L
= D/x = oxygen transfer rate, LT
-1
divided by V yields
( )
L s l
C A
K C C
t V
c
=
c
Let a = A/V
( )
L s l
C
K a C C
t
c
=
c
L 1
--- ---
T L
The rate of O
2
transfer is
controlled by a liquid film
C
g
x
1
C
s
x
2
C
l
x
x
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
5
where C
s
C
l
= concentration gradient, major driving force
K
La
= oxygen transfer rate coefficient, T
-1
, hr
-1
K
La
depends on types of gas and liquid (film thickness), increased by mixing intensity, waves
a depends on surface area, A, increased by finer bubbles
Bubbles
In general, the rate of oxygen transfer increases with:
a) decreasing bubble size (larger contact area)
b) longer contact time
c) added turbulence
- Gas transfer increases with area A
- A/V increases by producing fine bubbles and/or breaking the surface
Bubble diameter, mm Bubble diameter, mm
10
B
u
b
b
l
e
r
i
s
i
n
g
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
K
L
2 10 2
From two observations,
optimum size = 2 mm
< 2 mm clogging problem in diffuser heads (bacterial slime), more maintenance
> 2 mm, tends to lose K
L
, O
2
transfer rate
Smaller bubble size gives slower
velocity, thus more contact time.
Smaller bubble size gives smaller K
L
, less
- turbulence, less surface breaking
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
6
Evaluation of K
L
a
value
( )
L s
dC
K a C C
dt
=
( )
0
1
o
C t
L
C
s
dC K a dt
C C
=
} }
( ) | |
0
( 1) ln
o
C
t
s L
C
C C K a t ( =
( ) | |
0
ln
o
C
t
s L
C
C C K a t ( =
( ) ( ) ln ln
s s o L
C C C C K a t =
( ) ( ) ln ln
s s o L
C C C C K a t =
ln
s
L
s o
C C
K a t
C C
| |
=
|
\ .
L
K a t
s
s o
C C
e
C C
Intercept =
Slope = -K
L
a
t
( ) ln
s
C C
( ) ln
s o
C C
Slope = -K
L
a
t
ln
s
s o
C C
C C
| |
|
\ .
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
7
Oxygen Transfer and Oxygen Requirements
1. Importance
2
m
O
DO
K DO
=
+
a. The rate of aerobic microbial metabolism is independent of the DO concentration above a
critical (minimum) value.
b. Below the critical value, the rate is reduced by the limitation of oxygen required for
respiration.
c. Critical DO concentrations reported in the literature for activated-sludge system range
from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/L.
- For conventional and high-rate aeration basin = 0.5 mg/L
- A typical DO for activated sludge operation would be 2.0 mg/L (W. C. King, PE. Exam,
p. 230)
2. Oxygen Transfer Models
Cell membrane
Liquid film
CO
2
DO
(Rate of O
2
transfer) Rate of O
2
utilization
Microbial cell
Bubble
dC/dt = oK
La
(|Cs - C) dC/dt = r
Figure x.x. Schematic diagram of oxygen transfer in activated sludge.
- Oxygen is dissolved in solution and then extracted from solution by the biological cells.
At steady state, [the rate of oxygen transfer] = [the rate of oxygen utilization]
m
/2
Critical DO cinc (0.2 - 2 mg/L)
K
O2
DO (mg/L)
2 0.2 0.5
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
8
In clean water
The rate of oxygen transfer
( )
L s
dC
K a C C
dt
=
where C
s
- C = dissolved oxygen deficit, mg/L
K
la
= oxygen transfer rate coefficient, hr
-1
= f (T, types of diffuser, depth of aerator, types of mixer, tank geometry)
C
s
= oxygen concentration in the liquid at saturation, mg/L
C = oxygen concentration in the liquid at time, t
K
La
depends on temperature, types of diffuser/ mixer, depth of aerator,
tank geometry
Effect of temperature on K
La
- vant Hoff-Arrhenius relationship
( ) 20
, ,20
T
La T La C
K K u
(2)
For clean water (at standard test conditions, 20C)
( )
L s
dC
K a C C r
dt
= (1)
At steady state, dC/dt = 0 and let r = r
o
( )
o L s
r K a C C = (2)
The DO deficit is maximum when C = 0, thus
or
o
o L s L
s
r
r K a C K a
C
= = this K
L
a is the smallest K
L
a value.
When the test is conducted under standard conditions at T = 20C,
,20
,20
o
La
s
r
K
C
= (3)
K
La
is a function of temperature. For a given temperature T,
20
, ,20
T
La T La
K K u
= (4)
Substituting (3) into (4) yields
20
,
,20
T o
La T
s
r
K
C
u
=
(5)
For wastewater, at given temperature T,
( )
, La T s T
dC
K C C r
dt
o | = (7)
Substituting (5) into (7) yields
( )
20
,20
T
o
s T
s
dC r
C C r
dt C
o u |
= (8)
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
15
Under the steady state conditions of oxygen transfer in an activated-sludge system, the rate of
oxygen transfer is equal to the rate of oxygen utilization.
At steady state, dC/dt = 0, the oxygen utilization rate is given as
( )
20
,20
T o
T s
s
r
r C C
C
o u |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
(9a)
or
20
,20
T s
T o
s
C C
r r
C
|
o u
| |
=
|
|
\ .
(9b)
DO at saturation, C
s
Empirical formula for DO at saturation, C
s
Cs = 14.652 - 0.41022(T) + 0.007910 (T)
2
- 0.000077774 (T)
3
Example: Determine the O
2
saturation concentration at T = 30EC,
Cs = 14.652 - 0.41022(30) + 0.007910 (30)
2
- 0.000077774 (30)
3
= 7.3645
Cs = 7.4 mg/L
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
16
Oxygen Requirement, OR, W (lb O
2
/ day or kg O
2
/ day)
Multiplying the oxygen utilization rate by the aeration tank volume, V, (or volume of MLVSS)
yields the oxygen requirement, OR, W:
Oxygen requirement = (Oxygen utilization rate) (Volume of aeration tank or volume of MLVSS)
OR = W = r V
Units:
( )
3
2 2
2 3 3
g O 24 hrs 1 kg O
O Requirement (OR, W) = m of MLVSS
m of MLVSS hr day 10 g day
kg
( | | | || |
=
( | | |
\ .\ . \ .
( )
2 2
2
mg O 24 hrs 1 lb lb O
O Requirement (OR, W) = L of MLVSS
L of MLVSS hr day 453,600 mg day
( | | | || |
=
( | | |
\ .\ . \ .
( )
2
24 8.34 /
/
lb O mg hr lb MG
MG
day L hr day mg L
| | | |
| |
=
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
Multiplying Eq (9b) by V yields
20
,20
T
s
T T o
s
C C
W r V r V
C
|
o u
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
Let W
o
= r
o
V
20
,20
T s
T o
s
C C
W W
C
|
o u
| |
=
|
|
\ .
where
W
T
= r
T
V = the amount of oxygen required under the process condition
= mass transfer rate of oxygen under the process condition, lb O
2
/d
W
o
= r
o
V = the amount of oxygen transferred under standard test condition
= mass transferre rate of oxygen at standard test conditions (i.e., tap water at 20C),
lbO
2
/d, kgO
2
/d
= 1.024
Cs,
20
= 9.08, 9.17, or 9.2
20
(1.024)
9.2
T s
T o
C C
W W
|
o
| |
=
|
\ .
or
20
(1.024)
9.17
T s
T o
C C
W W
|
o
| |
=
|
\ .
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
17
Total Oxygen Requirement, W
T
The total oxygen requirement is composed of:
a) Oxygen required for the CBOD removal
b) Oxygen required for the NBOD removal
a) Oxygen required for CBOD removal, W
B
(lb O
2
/d) or (kg O
2
/d)
W
B
= r V = r Q
b) Oxygen required for NBOD, W
N
(lb O
2
/d) or (kg O
2
/d)
W
N
= 4.6 (TKN) or W
N
= 4.57 (TKN) (mg/L)
= 4.6 TKN) Q or = 4.57 TKN) Q (kg/d) or (lb/d)
where TKN = TKN that is converted to nitrate, mg/L
4.6 or 4.57 = conversion factor for amount of oxygen required for complete oxidation of
TKN
Note: TKN = Total Kjeldahl nitrogen = (Org-N) + (NH
3
-N) + (NH
4
+
-N)
c) Total oxygen required, W
T
The total amount of oxygen required on average conditions can be estimated using the following
formula:
W
T
= W
B
+ W
N
Total O
2
required = O
2
required for CBOD removal + O
2
required for NBOD removal
( )
( ) 1.42 4.57
T
Q So S
W Px Q No N
f
(
( = +
(
where 1.42 = conversion factor for cell tissue to BOD
L
f = 0.68 = factor to convert BOD
5
value to BOD
L
(BOD
5
/BOD
L
= 0.68)
P
x
= net mass of VSS (cells) produced
4.57 = conversion factor for amount of oxygen required for complete oxidation of TKN.
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
18
Air Requirement, w
- based on mass and volume:
- Air mass requirement = mass air flow rate = weight of flow of air, w (kg air/s, lb air/s)
- Air volume requirement = air flow rate, Q
A
(m
3
air/s, ft
3
air /s)
1) Air mass requirement, w (kg air/s, lb air/s)
(SI unit)
( )( )
2
2
2
0.23
( )
O
kg O
OR kg Air
s
w
kg O
X OTE s
kg Air
= = =
where w = air mass requirement, kg air/s
OR = O
2
requirement, kg O
2
/s
X
O2
= O
2
content in (make-up) air = 23 kg O
2
/kg Air or 0.27715 kg O
2
/ m
3
of air
OTE or FOTE = field O
2
transfer efficiency, fraction
(US customary unit)
( )( )
2
2
2
0.23
( )
O
lbO
OR lb Air
s
w
lbO
X OTE s
lb Air
= = =
where w = air mass requirement, lb air/s
OR = O
2
requirement, lb O
2
/s
X
O2
= O
2
content in (make-up) air = 23 lb O
2
/lb Air or 0.0174 lb O
2
/ft
3
Air
OTE or FOTE = field O
2
transfer efficiency, fraction
2) Air volume requirement, Q
A
, ft
3
air/s
( )( )
2
3
2
2
3
0.22715
( )
A
O
kg O
OR m Air
s
Q
kg O
X OTE s
m Air
= = =
where Q
A
= air volume requirement, w m
3
air/s
OR = O
2
requirement, kg O
2
/s
X
O2
= O
2
content in (make-up) air = 23 kg O
2
/kg air or 0.22715 kg O
2
/m
3
air
OTE or FOTE = field O
2
transfer efficiency, fraction
(U.S. customary units)
( )( )
2
3
2
2
3
0.0174
( )
A
O
lbO
OR ft Air
s
Q
lbO
X OTE s
ft Air
= = =
where Q
A
= air volume requirement, ft
3
air/s
OR = O
2
requirement, lb O
2
/s
X
O2
= O
2
content in (make-up) air = 23 lb O
2
/lb Air or 0.0174 or 0.175 lb O
2
/ft
3
Air
OTE or FOTE = field O
2
transfer efficiency, fraction
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
19
Note: Under standard conditions,
( )
100 1 1 100
23 0.075 1440
A o
Q W
eff
| |
| || || |
=
| | | |
\ .\ .\ .
\ .
| |
3 3
2
2
1
min min
ft air lbO ft air d
d lbO
( (
( (
=
( (
( (
| |
3 3
2
2
1 ft air lbO ft air d
s d lbO s
( (
( (
=
( (
( (
where
Q
A
= air flow rate (scfm) required to transfer Wo of oxygen at standard condition
eff = oxygen transfer efficiency of the aerator at standard condition, %
Example
Given: V = 0.5 Mgal (1892.7 m
3
); Q = 2 Mgal/day (7570.8 m
3
/d); So = 200 mg/L; S = 0 mg/L;
The oxygen utilization rate, r = 50 mg/L-hr; O
2
transfer efficiency = 10%;
1 ft
3
of air contains 0.0174 lb O
2
(1 m
3
of air contains 0.27715 kg of O
2
);
1 gal = 3.7854 x 10
-3
m
3
Determine: 1) oxygen required, (lb O
2
/day); (kg O
2
/day)
2) air mass requirement, mass air flow rate, or weight of flow of air, w (lb/d); (kg/d)
3) air volume required, Q
A
(ft
3
/day); (m
3
/day)
4) lb O
2
used / lb BOD
5
removed; kg O
2
used / kg BOD
5
removed
(Solutions) SI unit
1) Mass of O
2
required, kg /day = r V
50 mg 1892.7 m
3
24 hr 1 x10
-3
kg/m
3
= --------- ------------ -------- ---------------- = 2,271 kg O
2
/day
L-hr day mg/L
2) Air mass required, w (kg/d)
( )( )
2
2
2
2, 271 /
0.23
(0.1)
O
OR kgO d
w
kgO
X OTE
kg air
= =
2,271 kg O
2
/day kg air
w = --------------------- --------------- = 98,750 kg air/day
0.1 0.23 kg O
2
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
20
3) Air volume requirement, Q
A
, m
3
air/d
( )( )
2
2
2
3
2, 271 /
0.27715
(0.1)
A
O
OR kgO d
Q
kgO
X OTE
m air
= =
2,271 kg O
2
/day 1 m
3
of air 81,941 m
3
air
Air volume (m
3
) = ---------------------- ------------------ = ------------------
required per day 0.1 0.27715 kg O
2
day
Q
A
4) kg O
2
used 2,271 kg O
2
/day 1 mg/L
------------------------ = ------------------------------------- --------------
kg BOD
5
removed (200 - 0) mg/L (7,570.8 m
3
/d) 10
-3
kg/m
3
2,271 kg O
2
/day 1.5 kg O
2
= ----------------------------- = -------------
1,514 kg BOD
5
/ day kg BOD
5
(U.S. customary units)
1) Mass (lb) of O
2
required /day = r V
50 mg 0.5 Mgal 24 hr 8.34 lb/Mgal
= ---------- ------------ -------- ----------------- = 5,000 lb O
2
/day
L-hr day mg/L
\
2) Air mass required, w (lb/d)
( )( )
2
2
2
5, 000 /
0.23
(0.1)
O
OR lbO d
w
lbO
X OTE
lb air
= =
5,000 lbO
2
/d lb air
w = ---------------- ---------------- = 217,391 lb air/day
0.1 0.23 lb O
2
3) Air volume requirement, Q
A
, ft
3
air/d
( )( )
3
2
2
2
3
5, 000 / 2,874, 000
0.0174
(0.1)
A
O
OR lbO d ft air
Q
lbO
X OTE d
ft air
= = =
5-Oxygen Transfer_F12.doc
21
4) lb O
2
used 5,000 lb O
2
/day
------------------------ = -----------------------------------------------
lb BOD
5
removed (200 - 0) mg/L (2 Mgal/day)(8.34)
5,000 lb O
2
/day 1.5 lb O
2
= --------------------------- = ------------
3336 lb BOD
5
/ day lb BOD
5
Example
Given: Wastewater temperature, T = 15EC; Cs = 10.2 mg/L at 15EC; C = 2 mg/L at
15EC; Cs = 9.2 mg/L at 20EC; = 0.9; - = 0.95; OTE = 10 %; 2 = 1.024 for temperature
correction; total oxygen required, W
T
= 4536 kg/d = 10,000 lb O
2
/d.
Determine: (1) Mass transfer rate of O
2
at standard conditions, Wo
(2) Air flow rate Q
A
(w) required at standard test conditions.
(Solution)
20
( )
9.2
T s l
T o
C C
W W
|
o u
| |
=
|
\ .
( )( )
20
,20
/
T
o
T
s l s
W
W
C C C o u |
SI units:
(1)
( )| |
2
15 20
4536 /
6, 789 /
0.9 1.024 0.95 (10.2 / ) 2 / / 9.2 /
o
kg d
W kgO d
mg L mg L mg L
= =
(2)
( )( )
( )
( )
2
3
2 2
3
1
4,536 /
1440 min 138.67
min 0.22715
0.1
A
O
d
kgO d
OR m air
Q w
X OTE kg O
m air
| |
|
\ .
= = = =
| |
|
\ .
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
22
US customary units:
(1)
20
( )
9.2
T s l
T o
C C
W W
|
o u
| |
=
|
\ .
( )( )
20
,20
/
T
o
T
s l s
W
W
C C C o u |
( )| |
2
15 20
10, 000 /
14, 966 /
0.9 1.024 0.95 (10.2 / ) 2 / / 9.2 /
o
lb d
W lbO d
mg L mg L mg L
= =
(2)
( )( )
( )
( )
2
3
2 2
3
1
14, 966 /
1440 min 6, 000
min 0.0174
0.1
A
O
d
lbO d
OR ft air
Q w
X OTE lb O
ft air
| |
|
\ .
= = = =
| |
|
\ .
or
( )
100 1 1 100
23 0.075 1440
A o
w Q W
eff
| |
| || || |
= =
| | | |
\ .\ .\ .
\ .
( )
100 1 1 100
14, 966 6025 6000
23 0.075 1440 10
A
w Q scfm scfm
| || || || |
= = = =
| | | |
\ .\ .\ .\ .
Aeration Devices
Table 6-14 (ME p. 278) lists the commonly used aeration devices.
Classification of Aerators:
1. Submerged
1) Diffused air
2) Sparger turbine
3) Jet
2. Surface
1) Low-speed turbine
2) High-speed floating
3) Rotor-brush
4) Cascade
Typical devices used for the oxygen transfer (Figure 6-33).
a) fine bubble diffused-air
b) medium bubble diffused-air
c) sparger turbine
d) static tube mixer
e) jet reactor
f) low-speed turbine
g) high-speed floating aerator
h) rotor-brush aerator.
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
23
Selection of Aeration Devices (Aerator system)
The selection of an aerator system in process design must consider:
a) Oxygen transfer efficiency (%)
b) Oxygen transfer rate (kg/kW hr; lb/hp hr)
c) Effective mixing (Mixing Requirement = 10 - 30 SCF/min per 1000 ft
3
aeration tank
volume
d) Flexibility
e) Reliability
f) Maintenance of equipment
g) Costs (capital, operational & maintenance)
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
24
Estimation of Oxygen Supply Requirements (King, PE exam, p. 229)
Design oxygen requirements (lb O
2
/ lb BOD
5
) - Ten States Standards (1978):
a) For activated sludge modifications (other than extended aeration), 1.1 lb O
2
/ lb BOD
5
b) For extended aeration mode of operation, 1.8 lb O
2
/ lb BOD
5
Mechanical Aeration (King, PE Exam, p. 229; ME)
Oxygen transfer rate, N (lb O
2
/ HP-hr), N, under field conditions:
( 20)
0
1.024
9.08
T sat
DO DO
N N
|
o
(
=
(
(1)
or
( 20)
0
1.024
9.17
T sat
DO DO
N N
|
o
(
=
(
(2)
We use Eq (1)
or
( 20)
0
1.024
9.17
T
waltt L
C C
N N
|
o
(
=
(
5-62 (4
th
ME 447)
where N = oxygen transfer rate under field conditions, kg O
2
/kW-hr, lb O
2
/ HP-hr
No = oxygen transfer rate under standard test conditions (at 20C, zero DO),
kg O
2
/kW-hr, lb O
2
/ HP-hr = a test certifying O
2
transfer
o = alpher factor = oxygen transfer coefficient factor for waste (see Table 5-32, 4
th
ME
447)
| = beta factor = salinity-surface tension correction factor, usually 1 (4
th
ME 447)
C
L
= DO = operating DO concentration (mg/L)
DO
sat
= C
walt
= DO saturation concentration in tap water for the specific temperature and
altitude (mg/L) see Fig 5-68 (4
th
ME 447) or Table 7-4 (Handout).
9.17 or 9.08 = DO
sat
for standard test conditions (mg/L)
T = wastewater temperature (C)
- The field and standard transfer rates for various mechanical aeration devices are shown in
Table 7-23.
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
25
The theoretical nameplate horsepower is
2 2
2 2
( / ) 1
( )
( / )
O Demand lbO hr
hp nameplate
O Transfer Rate lbO hp hr n
| |
=
|
\ .
2 2
2 2
( / ) 1
( )
( / )
O Demand kgO hr
kW nameplate
O Transfer Rate kgO kW hr n
| |
=
|
\ .
where n = the number of aerators
Example(16.3, R&R, p. 516) A completely mixed activated sludge plant is located at El. 2000 ft
(610 m).
a) the oxygen demand is 2680 lb/day (1220 kg/d) during the summer when the wastewater
temperature is 82F (27.8C).
b) the alpha value is 0.75 and beta is 0.95.
c) the operating DO is 2.0 mg/L
d) four aerators are to be used
e) the manufacture has a test certifying the transfer (No) as 2.2 lb O
2
/hp-hr (nameplate hp)
(1.34 kg O
2
/kW-h).
Determine the theoretical aerator power per aerator (name plate hp).
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
26
(Solution)
Temperature, T = (82 - 32) (5/9) = 27.8C
Saturation DO, Cs = 7.95 mg/L at T = 27.8 C at El = 0 ft
(Cs = 7.95 at T= 27C from Table D-1, 4
th
ME 1746)
Note: Cs = 14.652 - 0.41022(T) + 0.007910 (T)
2
- 0.000077774(T)
3
Cs = 14.652 - 0.41022(27.8) + 0.007910 (27.8)
2
- 0.000077774(27.8)
3
= 7.67 mg/L
1. Altitude correction
P
z
Cs,
Pz
= Cs,
760
----------------
760 mmHg
where P
z
= Barometric pressure at El = z ft
Cs
, 760
= Saturation DO at temperature at TC at El = 0 ft.
Barometric pressure, p = 760 mmHg at El at 0 ft
Barometric pressure, p = 706 mmHg at El at 2000 ft (Table 16.1, R&R, p. 509)
706 at El 2000 ft
Cs = (7.95 mg/L) -------------------- = 7.39 mg/L at El = 2000 ft
760 at El 0 ft
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
27
( 20)
0
1.024
9.17
T sat
DO DO
N N
|
o
(
=
(
where N = oxygen transfer rate under field conditions (lb O
2
/ HP-hr)
No = oxygen transfer rate under standard test conditions = 2.2 lb O
2
/ HP-hr
o = alpha factor = 0.75
| = beta factor = 0.95
DO = operating DO concentration = 2.0 mg/L
DO
sat
= DO saturation concentration in tap water for the temperature 27.8C and altitude
2000 ft = 7.39 mg/L
9.17 = DO
sat
for standard test conditions (mg/L)
T = wastewater temperature = 27.8 C
(US customary units)
(27.8 20) 2
1.087 2.2 (0.95)(7.39) 2.0
1.024 (0.75)
9.17
lbO lb
N
hp hr hp hr
| | (
= =
|
(
\ .
The theoretical nameplate horsepower is
2 2
2 2
2
2
( / ) 1
( / )
2680
24 1
25.7 ( )
1.087
4
O Demand lbO hr
hp
O Transfer Rate lbO hp hr n
lbO day
day hr
hp nameplate
lbO
hp hr
| |
=
|
\ .
| | | |
| |
| |
\ .
|
= =
|
|
\ .
|
\ .
(SI units)
DO saturation value = 7.92 mg/L
The elevation = 610 m = (610 m)(3.281 ft/m) = 2000 ft
Barometric pressure = 706 mmHg
Cs = 7.36 mg/L at 610 m
No = 1.34 kg / kW hr
(27.8 20)
2
(0.95)(7.39) 2.0
1.34 1.024 (0.75) 0.662 /
9.17
N kgO kW hr
(
= =
(
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
28
The theoretical nameplate (kW) is
2
2
1220
24 1
19.2 ( )
0.662
4
kgO day
day hr
kW kW nameplate
kgO
kW hr
| |
| |
| |
| |
\ .
|
= =
|
|
\ .
|
\ .
Diffused Aerators
The standard oxygen transfer efficiency for various devices is shown in Table 7-24. The
reported values correspond with a diffuser depth of 15 ft
Power requirements for blowers:
1 2
1
1
29.7
n
w
w R T p
P
n e p
(
| |
( =
|
(
\ .
for SI unit
where 29.7 = constant for SI units conversion
1 2
1
1
550
n
w
w R T p
P
n e p
(
| |
( =
|
(
\ .
for U.S. customary units
where 550 = ftlb/shp
P
w
= power requirement of reach blower, kW, hp
w = mass air flow rate or weight of flow of air, kg/s, lb/sec
R = engineering gas constant for air = 8.314 kJ/k mol K
= 53.3 ft. lb/ lb-air.R
T
1
= absolute inlet air temperature, K, R (Rankine, R = F + 459.6)
p
1
= absolute pressure at blower inlet, atm, psi
p
2
= absolute pressure at blower outlet, atm, psi
n = (k 1)/k = 0.283 for air, where k = 1.395 for air
e = compressor/blower efficiency (0.70 to 0.90)
* Mixing requirements for diffused aeration systems range from 10 to 30 standard
ft
3
/min per 1000 ft
3
of tank volume.
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
29
Example7-12 (King, PE exam, p 232)
For a community of 100,000, determine the size of aeration equipment for a ceramic grid
diffused aeration system for a municipal activated sludge treatment facility which provides
secondary treatment.
- The field O
2
transfer efficiency is estimated to be 15%.
- The aeration system must be sized to deliver the peak O
2
requirement.
- Mixing requirements are normally satisfied if the air supply rate exceeds 10 to 30
SCF/min per 1000 ft
3
of aeration basin volume.
- Wastewater characteristics are:
Average per-capita flow rate = 100 gal/capitaday
Peak factor = 2.2
Wastewater concentrations: BOD
5
in raw wastewater = 220 mg/L
SS = 220 mg/L
Aeration Tank Volume:
Dimension of aeration basin: water depth = 15 ft; width = 30 ft; length = 185 ft
For 4 units, total volume = 4 (15 ft)(30 ft)(185 ft) = 333,000 ft
3
General Assumptions:
- 35% of BOD in raw wastewater is removed in the primary treatment.
- Average O
2
supply requirement = 1.1 lb O
2
/lb BOD
5
(Ten State Standards)
- Field O
2
Transfer Efficiency (FOTE) for the aeration equipment (diffused aerator) = 15%
Assumptions on the blower:
- Absolute pressure at blower inlet (p
1
) is assumed to equal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi):
- Absolute pressure of blower output (p
2
) is assumed to exceed static pressure by 3 psi to allow
for head loss in the piping system, filter, and diffuser.
- T
1
= inlet air temperature = 100F = 100F + 460 = 560R (Rankine)
- e = compressor / blower efficiency = 0.80 (ranging from 0.70 to 0.90)
Steps:
1. Calculate average flow rate, Q
ave
(MGD)
2. Calculate BOD loading to the secondary treatment process (lb BOD
5
/d)
3. Calculate oxygen requirement (lb O
2
/d) at average flow and peak flow
4. Calculate air requirement (lb air/min)
5. Calculate volume of air supply rate (SCF/min) based on air requirement
6. Calculate volume of air supply rate based on mixing requirement, (SCF/min)/1000 ft
3
7. Determine design air supply rate based on step 5) and 6) using conservative approach (lb
air/s)
8. Calculate blower horsepower
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
30
(Solution)
100 gal 1 Mgal
1 ) Average flow rate, Q
ave
= (---------------)(100,000 people) (----------) = 10 Mgal/day
Capita day 10
6
gal
2) BOD loading to the secondary treatment process (lb BOD
5
/d)
Assumption: BOD
5
removal in the primary clarifier = 35% (see Table 7-9)
8.34 lb/Mgal
BOD loading to the aeration tank = (220 mg/L)(10 Mgal/day)( ------------------) (1- 0.35)
mg/L
= 11926.2 lb BOD
5
/day
3) O
2
requirement (lb O
2
/ day)
Average O
2
supply requirements = 1.1 lb O
2
/ lb BOD
5
[Ten States Standards (1978)]
At average flow
11926.2 lb BOD
5
1.1 lb O
2
O
2
requirement = ---------------------- ------------ = 13,118.8 lb O
2
/ day
day lb BOD
5
= 13,120 lb O
2
/ day
At peak flow - the aeration system must be sized to deliver the peak O
2
requirement.
Using the peak factor of 2.2:
O
2
requirement (peak design) = (2.2) (13,120 lb O
2
/ day) = 28,900 lb O
2
/day
4) Mass air flow requirement, w (lb air/min):
Note: The standard transfer efficiency of a ceramic grid, diffused air system is estimated to
be 30% (see Table 7-24).
- The O
2
transfer efficiency under field conditions (FTE) is estimated to be 15%
- The O
2
content (mass fraction) of air (X
O2
) is 0.23 lb O
2
/lb air.
2
2
( )( )
O
O
w
X FTE
=
where w = air (mass) requirement (lb air / sec)
O
2
= biological oxygen requirement (lb/sec)= 28,900 lb O
2
/ day
X
O2
= oxygen content in make-up air (mass faction = 0.23)
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
31
FTE = field transfer efficiency of oxygen (decimal) = 0.15
(28,900 lb O
2
/day)(day/1440 min)
w = -------------------------------------------- = 582 lb air /min
(0.23 lb O
2
/lb air) (0.15)
5) Air volume requirement, Q
A
, ft
3
air/d (volumetric air supply rate):
(582 lb air /min)
Air (SCF/min) = -------------------------------- = 7,760 ft
3
(SCF) air / min
0.075 lb air / ft
3
air (SCF)
SCF = standard cubic foot
or
( )( )
( )
3
2
2
2
3
28,900 / 1 / 1440min
7, 689
0.0174
min
(0.15)
A
O
lbO d d
OR ft air
Q
lbO
X OTE
ft air
= = =
6) Mixing requirement:
- Mixing requirements are normally satisfied if the air supply rate exceeds 10 to 30
SCF/min per 1000 ft
3
of aeration basin volume.
Since the volume of the aeration basin = 333,000 ft
3
,
7,760 ft
3
(SCF) / min 23.3 ft
3
(SCF) / min
Air supply = -------------------------- = -------------------------- OK
333,000 ft
3
1000 ft
3
7) Design air supply rate (mass flow rate)
For purpose of the design, a conservative approach is assumed; that is,
air supply rate = 30 ft
3
(SCF)/min per 1000 ft
3
of aeration basin volume (see (6)).
Mass air flow rate, w
30 ft
3
/min 0.075 lb air min
w = -------------- (333,000 ft
3
)(----------------) (---------) = 12.5 lbs air/sec
1000 ft
3
ft
3
60 sec
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
32
8) Blower horsepower
1 2
1
1
550
n
w RT p
HP
n e p
(
| |
( =
|
(
\ .
where HP = horsepower of compressor/blower
w = mass air flow rate (lb/sec)
R = gas constant = 53.3 ft. lb / lb-air
T
1
= inlet air temperature (R, where R = F + 459.6), Rankine
p
1
= absolute pressure at blower inlet (psi)
p
2
= absolute pressure at blower outlet (psi)
n = 0.283 for air
e = compressor/blower efficiency (0.70 to 0.90)
Assumptions on the blower:
- T
1
= inlet air temperature = 100F = 100F + 459.6 = 560R
- e = compressor/blower efficiency = 0.80 (0.70 to 0.90)
- Absolute pressure at blower inlet (p
1
) is assumed to equal atmospheric pressure (14.7
psi):
- p
1
= absolute pressure at blower inlet = 14.7 psi (atmospheric pressure)
- Absolute pressure of blower output (p
2
) is assumed to exceed static pressure by 3 psi to
allow for head loss in the piping system, filter, and diffuser.
absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gage pressure
p
2
= p
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
Inlet Headloss Head due to
in piping water depth
system
(15 ft) 62.4 lb ft
2
p
2
= 14.7 psi + 3 psi + --------- --------- ----------- = 24.2 psi
ft
3
144 in
2
where 15 ft = water depth
p
1
=
15 ft
p
2
7-Oxygen Transfer_F10
33
The total blower horsepower:
0.283
(12.5 / sec)(53.3)(560 ) 24.2
1 454
(550)(0.283)(0.80) 14.7
lb R psi
HP HP
psi
(
| |
( = =
|
( \ .
Six units at 100 HP are recommended to provide flexibility to match air supply rates with
experienced demand: i.e., 5 + 1 down for maintenance = 6 units