Trans 01

1 66
Transformers
- Transform Electrical Power From One Voltage to
Another at the Same Frequency
- One Winding
==> Auto Transformer
Two Windings
==> 2 Winding Transformer
Three Windings ==> 3 Winding Transformer
- Winding
Primary Winding
Secondary Winding
Tertiary Winding
1
750 MVA 525/228 kV Transformer
EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

9 Transformer Protections
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2 66
350 MVA 13.8 kV / 230 kV Transformer () 3

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3 66
Two Windings Transformer

5
Vector Groups
Vector Voltage Comparison Between Primary and
Secondary
Primary
Phase A Always at 0 ( 12 ) OClock
Secondary Phase a
At Designated Group
Ex. At 1 , 5 , 11 OClock
6

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4 66
Example 1
Transformer Vector Group Dy 1
Primary Connection Delta

Vector Phase A at 0 ( 12 ) OClock
Secondary Connection Wye
Vector Phase a at 1 OClock
Vector Group Connected of 3-phase Transformer

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5 66
Transformer of Same Vector Group can be Connected For

Parallel Operation
In the case of Two Winding Transformers Commonly used
Dy 1
Dy 5
Dy 7
Dy 11
9
10

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6 66
11
12

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7 66
13
Type of Transformers
1)
Distribution Transformers
Rating : Up to
Voltage : Up to
2)
3150 kVA
36 kV
Power Transformers
Rating :
Over
Up to
Voltage : Up to
3.15 MVA
1500 MVA
1500 kV
14

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8 66
Distribution Transformers
1) Oil Type
2) Dry Type / Cast Resin
Oil Type
15
Oil Type
16

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9 66
Dry Type / Cast Resin
17
Power Transformers
18

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10 66
850/1100 MVA Generator Transformer
19
20

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11 66
21
Cooling
O
Oil
Air
Natural
Forced
1) ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural

( OA )
22

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12 66
2)
ONAF
( FA )
30
ONAN
Oil Natural
Air Forced ( Fan )
40 /
ONAF 1
Natural 1st Set Fans
63 MVA
ONAF 2
2nd Set Fans
23
Ratings
VA rated
kVA , MVA
Primary voltages VP ( L-L Voltage )
Secondary voltages VS ( L-L Voltage )
Vector Group
% Impedance
Core Losses
Load Losses at Full Load P.F. 100%
24

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13 66
Example 2
A 3-phase Transformer with the Rating of 50 MVA,
115 kV / 22 kV, Dy 1 , % Z = 10
1) In ( 115 kV ) =
50106
= 251 A
3115103
2) In ( 22 kV )
50106
322103
= 1312 A
25
3) If Connect to Infinite Bus

3 Phase Short Circuit Secondary Current is
Is ( 22 kV ) =
100 In
10
10 X 1.312 kA
13.12 kA
26

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14 66
Tap Change
Adjust Secondary Voltage to Primary
Voltage Change , Loads
MR Motor Drive ED 100 S
Gas-Insulated on-Load tap changer

27
Selection of on-load tap changers from the MR produce range

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28

15 66
AT Nominal Tap
100 % / 100 %
AT Negative Tap
- 2.5 %
If 100 % Voltage on Primary
1
Secondary Voltage = 100% 0.975
= 102.56 %
Secondary Voltage Will Rise by 2.56 %
29
Distribution Sub-station
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30

16 66
( Transformer Protection )
9.1

2

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17 66
9.1 (...)


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18 66
9.2
( Nature and Effects of Transformer Faults )

( Source )
(Neutral Earthing Impedance)
( Leakage Reactance )
( Fault Voltages )

5
1. secondary Y ( Neutral )

2. Y (Neutral)
3. secondary
4. ( Phase-to-Phase Faults )
5. ( Interturn Faults )
6. ( Core Faults )
7. ( Tank Faults )
8.
9. ( Inrush Current )

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19 66
Y ( Neutral )

Primary
Secondary

IP
R
IF
Primary
Secondary
IP
R
IF
PERCENTAGE OF RESPECTIVE MAXIMUM

SINGLE-PHASE EARTH FAULT CURRENT
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
FAULT CURRENT (IF)
PRIMARY CURRENT (IP)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DISTANCE OF FAULT FROM NEUTRAL
(percentage of winding)
9.1 Y (Neutral)

30% (Neutral) Primary
8

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20 66
Y ( Neutral )
c
Va
a
kV a
Source Side
a
IF
b
c
No Source
Side
( Leakage Reactance )

Fault

9
CURRENT (per unit)
20
15
FAULT CURRENT
10
5
PRIMARY CURRENT
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

9.2 Y ( Neutral )
10

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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
FAULT CURRENT (IF)
PRIMARY CURRENT (IP)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CURRENT (per unit)
PERCENTAGE OF RESPECTIVE MAXIMUM

SINGLE-PHASE EARTH FAULT CURRENT
21 66
15
FAULT CURRENT
10
5
0
PRIMARY CURRENT
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Y

11
Delta
Delta
(Voltage to
Earth) 50%

Y
12

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22 66
Delta ()
Secondary
IF
2 3
IP
IF =
2
V
3Z
IF
V
3
ET
ZE
Fault Current IF (p.u.)
Primary
ZE = 0
4
3
Z E = 1.0 p.u.
2
1
ZE = 3.0 p.u.
0
50
100
Distance x of Fault From End of Winding (%)

b) Typical fault current va lues
a) Approximate method for calculating fault current
... Transformer fault current for Delta winding
13
( Phase-to-Phase Faults )

1
14

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23 66
( Interturn Faults )

( Stress )

15

( Impulse Voltage )
( dv/dt)

( Winding Partial
Flash-Over )
70-80%
16

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24 66
Overhead Line
x
v (x)
100
10
FAULT CURRENT IN
SHORT CIRCUITED TURNS
80
60
8
6
PRIMARY INPUT
CURRENT
40
20
10
15
20
PRIMARY CURRENT (multiples of rated current)
FAULT CURRENT (multiples of rated current)
17
25
TURNS SHORT-CIRCUITED
9.3 ( Interturn Faults )

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18

25 66
( Core Faults )

( Eddy- Current )

( Primary Current )

( Buchholz )
19
( Tank Faults )

( Overheating )

( Sludge )

20

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26 66
( Tank Faults )
21
Bushing Flashovers
(Bushing)
(Protection Zone)
(Bushing Flashover)
(Surge)
Ground Fault
Transformer Protective
Schemes
22

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27 66
23

1)
( Copper Loss )
2)
( IF pu. )2
24

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28 66
Overload Region and Through Fault Region

25
9.1
Transformer Impedance
Fault Current
Permitted Fault Duration
(%)
(Multiple of Rating)
(Seconds)
4
25
20
16.6
14.2
Note: IEC 60076 (2000)

26

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29 66
Table - : Transformer Failure Statistics 1975 - 1982
Failure Cause Classification

1. Winding Failures
2. Tap Changer Failures
3. Bushing Failures
4. Terminal Board Failures
5. Core Failures
6. Miscellaneous Failures
Total
Failure 1975-1982 (%)

51
19
9
6
2
13
100
Note: IEEE Power Engineering Society (1999)
27
3) ( Overvoltage )
2
1. Transient Surge Voltage

(Lightning) ( Switching )
- Rod Gap
- ( Lightning Arrester )
28

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30 66
Protective Gap & Lightning Arrester
29
2. Power Frequency Overvoltage
= K f Bm A f N
E
Kf
Bm
A
f
N
RMS (V)
(From Factor)
(T)
(m2)
(Hz)
(turn)
30

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31 66
2. Power Frequency Overvoltage ()

( Bm )
Power Frequency Overvoltage
31
4)

(B)
E/f
1.1
32

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32 66
( Inrush Current )

(Magnetising Inrush)

Inrush Current
Transient Condition Fault
33
Transformer Magnetising Inrush
34

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33 66
9.4
35
( .. )

( Residual Flux )

36

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34 66
9.2
% ( Fundamental )
63.0
26.8
5.1
4.1
3.7
2.4
37
9.3 ( Transformer Protection )

- ( Overheating rotection )
- ( Overfluxing Protection )
- (Leakage to Frame Protection )
- ( Gas Detection Protection )
- ( Overcurrent Protection )
- ( Earth Fault Protection )
- ( Differential Protection )

2 2547
38

35 66
9.4 ((Overheating
Overheating Protection
Protection))

2

() IEC 60354

6 0C
80 - 140 0C
39
Overheating Protection ( )
( Hot Spot Temperature ) 980C

Relative Rate of Using Life
100
10
1.0
0.1
H ot Sp ot Tem p.
80
90 100 110 120 130 140
oC
9.5
40

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36 66
Overheating Protection ( )
Overheating
Thermal Image Technique

Alarm Trip
Contacts (Indicator)
Silistor ( Heat Sensitive Sillicon Resestor )

Pump
Cooling
41
9.5
( Overfluxing Protection )

1 - 2 ()

X Bolts
X
42

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37 66
43
9.5 Overfluxing Protection (..)
( 9.1 )
E/f
= K Ef
(9.1)

VT

E/f
E/f 1.1
44

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38 66
9.5 Overfluxing Protection (..)

2 Contact
2-5 s Alarm
Contact

2 Trip
5-30 s

45
9.6
( Leakage to Frame Protection )
Tank Leakage
Relay
CT
OC

CT
OC
Check Relay
C.R.
T.L.R.
9.6

2 2547
46

39 66
9.7
( Gas Detection Protection )

H2 , CO , C2H4
Oil Conservator

47

1) ( Buchholz Relays )
(a)
(b)
9.7 a) Buchholz Relays

b) Buchholz Relays
48

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40 66
( Buchholz Relays )
Buchholz Relay
49

2)
( Sudden Pressure Relays )
9.8
50

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41 66
9.8 ( Overcurrent Protection)

1)

H.R.C.
2) ( Overcurrent Relays )

1.
2.
51
Winding of Transformer
CT
A
CT
B
CT
C
E/F
Overcurrent Relay
9.9
52

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42 66
9.9 ( Earth Fault Protection )

1) ( Instantaneous )
CT
A
CT
B
CT
C
R
Residual O/C Relay
9.10 53
2)
( Restricted Earth Fault Protection )
CT
A
CT
N
CT
I0
CT
64
ZE
High Impledance Relay

I
IEC 60617 Relay Sy mbol
9.11 ( Restricted Earth Fault Protection )
54

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43 66
A & B Equipotential Points

R
Relay
CT 1
CT2
A
Relay
9.12 CT ( Neutral )

55
( Earth Fault Protection )

30 s
Earth Fault Relay 15-20 % 30 s 5
LVCB
HVCB Fault
IDMT Timer IDMT 2
15% 5 s LVCB
20% 8 s HVCB

2 2547
56

44 66
9.10
( Differential Protection )

- 5 MVA
- ( Circulating Current Systems )

1)
8
X
- Harmonics Restraint
57
( 2 5 )
58

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45 66
2) CT
Primary Secondary
CT
22kV/6.6kV
10MVA
300/5
1500/5
R Diff. Relay
9.13 CT
59
3)
Y - Y 30
Differential Relay
Delta ( ) CT Star ( Y )
Star ( Y )
CT Delta ( )
60

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46 66
P1
S1
P2
A2
S2
B2
A1
a1
a2 P2
b1
b2
c1
c2
P1
S2 S1
B1
C2
C1
Diff. Relay
9.14 CT
61
4) ( Tap Changer )
Tap
(Percentage Differential Relay )
62

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47 66
9.1
Star - Delta 100 kV /10 kV
15% Setting
CT 1000/1
CT = (1000/1) x (10/100 ) = (100/1)

100 kV/10 kV IO/IR = 0%
+ 15 % IO
= 0.13 A
IR = 0.935 A
IO/IR = 14%
-15 % IO
= 0.18 A
IR = 1.09 A
IO/IR = 16.5%
63
9.1 (..)
Setting
16.5 % ( )
Setting 30 %
10 %
Setting 20 %
20 %
Setting 40 %
0.020 s 0.060 s
64

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48 66
9.1 (..)
115kV/10kV
100/1
85kV/10kV
87A
1000/1 1000A
0.87A
1A
100/1 118A
1000/1 1000A
1.18A
1A
R
O
0.18A
0.13A
+15 %
-15 %
100 kV/10 kV
65
5) Interposing Current Transformers

CT Interposing CT
9.3 Turn Input (Primary) Output (Secondary) Interposing CT
Primary
Winding
Taps
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
X-7
7-8
8-9
S1-S2
S3-S4
Number of Turns
Transformer Rating
0.577-1.732/1 A 2.886-8.66/1 A
2.886-8.66/5 A
5
1
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
125
25
25
25
5
5
25
5
5
25
5
5
125
25
125
90
18
90

2 2547
66

49 66
Removable Jumper
S1
S2
S3
S4
Output to Relay
P1
P2
Input From
Line CTs
Interposing Current Transformer

67
9.2 1-phase Transformer Primary

Secondary 195A 780A
( Current Differential Relay )
CT Ratio Interposing CT
Primary IP = 195 A
CT Ratio Primary 200/5 A
Secondary IS = 780 A
CT Ratio Secondary 1000/5 A
195
ICT(P) = 5
200 = 4.875 A
ICT(S) = 5780 = 3.90 A
1000
CT 2
Interposing CT 3.90 A 4.875 A
68

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50 66
Interposing CT
Secondary S1-S2 = 25 Turns
4.875
Primary Turns = 25 3.90
= 31.25
CT 31 Turns
31
Error = 31.25
31.25 100% = 0.8 %
IR
IR x 25 = 3.90 x 31
IR
Error
= 3.90 x (31/25) = 4.836 A

4.836 100%
= 4.875
4.875
= 0.8 %
69
Single phase
transformer
200/5A
195A
1000/5A
780A
4.875
A
X 6
7
S1
3.9A
S2
Differential relay
P1
P2
Interposing current
transformer
1 2
70

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51 66
9.3
3-phase Transformer 50 MVA , 345kV Y / 34.5kV Short
Term Emergency 60 MVA
( Current Differential Relay ) CT Ratio
Interposing CT
Rated Current
In (HV) =
In (MV) =
60106
= 100.4 A
3 345103
60106
= 1004.1 A
3 34.5 103
MV Side CT Y-Connected
CT Ratio = 1000/5 A
5
Secondary CT 1004
1000 5 A
71
HV Side CT Delta Connected

CT 200/5 A
100.4 = 2.51 A
Secondary Current CT = 5200
Line Current CT = 3 x 2.51 = 4.35 A ( )
345 kV
34.5 kV
4.35 A
5.0 A
Mismatch
Auxiliary CT Interposing CT Autotransformer Y-Connected
Main CT 34.5 kV
CT Turn Ratio = 5.0/4.35 = 1 .15
tap +15 % Autotransformer 4.35 A
72

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52 66
CT 1000/5A
TR.
CT 200/5A
b
B
C
c
2.6+j3.5=4.36
2.6+j3.5=4.36
1.7-j4
-4.3+j0.5
3 3
73
9.4
3-phase Transformer 30 MVA, 11 kV / 66 kV Y
(Current Differential Relay) CT Ratio (Main CT)

Interposing CT
11 kV
30106
= 1575 A
311103
Main CT 1600/1 A Y-Connected
In ( 11 kV ) =
Secondary CT = 1575/1600 = 0.984 A
66 kV
30106
366103 = 262.5 A
Main CT 300/1 A Y-Connected
74
In ( 66 kV ) =

2 2547

53 66
Secondary CT = 262.5/300 = 0.875 A

Ratio Interposing CT = 0.875/0.984 = 0.889
S1-S2 S3-S4 = 215 Turns Relay

0.984 = 140 Turns
Input Taps = 215
30.875
Tap 2-6: = 5 + 5 + 5 + 125 = 140 Turns

CTs Y-Connected 66 kV ( Transformer
Y-Connected ) Interposing CT Main CT
Y -
75
Ex. 9.4 ( )
TR. 30MVA 11/66kV
1600/1A
300/1A
0.875A
0.984A
D.R.
Ph. A
0.984A
0.568A
D.R.
Ph. B
D.R.
Ph. C
215
S1
S2 S3
S4
X 6
P1
140
N
A
P2
To
differential
relay
S1
S2 S3
S4
X 6
b
S1
S2 S3
S4
P1
To line
CT's
P2
X 6
P1
P2

2 2547
76

54 66
( 6 ) ( Three Windings Transformer )

Source
CT
CT
OP
Source
CT
B
B
CT
B
OP
( ) , ( )
9.15 77
9.5
3-phase Three Windings Transformer 400 MVA , 500kV Y /
13.45kV /138kV Y 3
( Current
Differential Relay ) 3 CT Ratio
Interposing CT
500/138kV
400MVA
300MVA
13.45kV
100MVA
3 3

2 2547
78

55 66
13.45 kV
Q I n =
100106
= 4293 A
313.45103
CT 5000/5 A
5
secondary CT = 4293
5000 = 4.293 A
External Fault
CT Output Circuit Relate Primary I/P MVA Rated Current
Reted Current In(400MVA) =
400 MVA = 17170 A

313.45 kV
13.45 kV , Main CT Y Interposing CT
Y-Y
79
9.5 ()
O/P D.R. S1-S2 S3-S4

= 43/phase
Turn Tap Error

5 43 = 12.52 = 12 Turns
I/P Turns 5 A = 17.17
17.17 = 4.792 A
Output Winding Current Is = 1243
4.8 A = Rated Current
Matched 500 kV 138 kV
Interposing CTs
80

2 2547

56 66
9.5 ()
Matched 500 kV 138 kV Interposing CTs

S1
S2
S3
S4
5 3
S3
S4
5 3
To relay
B
S
S3
S4
To
13.45kV
M ain CT's
5 3
13.45 kV
Main CT
5000/5 A
12 T
Interposing CT
17170 A
s1
s2
s3
s4
43 T
To D .R.
81
CT 13.45 kV
500 kV
In
400 MVA = 462 A

3 500 kV
CT 500/5 A Y
Secondary CT = 4625 = 4.62 A
500
Interposing CT - Y
= 4.62/2.77
Ratio Interposing CT = 4.62
4.8 3
Interposing Windings
2.7743 = 25.78 = 26 Turns
4.62
Error = 26 25.78 100% = 0.853%
25.78
=
82

2 2547

57 66
Interposing CT Tap 4-6

S1
S 2 S3
S4
a
S1
To relay
X 6 4
A
P2
S2 S 3
S4
X 6 4
P1
B
P2
S1
S2 S 3
S4
X 6 4
To 50 0kV
line C T's
P1
C
P2
P1
CT 500kV
83
138 kV
400MVA
3 138kV = 1673 A
CT 1250/5 A Y
5
Secondary CT = 1673
1250 = 6.69 A
6.69 = 6.69/2.77
Ratio Interposing CT -Y = 4.8
3
In
43
Interposing CT Input Turn = 2.77
6.69 = 17.8 = 18 Turns
17.8 100% = 1.12 %
Error = 1817.8
84

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58 66
S1
S2
S3
S4
52
A
To relay
S1
S2
S3
S4
52
B
b
S1
S2
S3
S4
To 138kV
line CT's
52
C
CT 138 kV
85
Transformer Full Load

500 kV Side 400 MVA
In =
400MVA = 462 A
3 500kV
5
Secondary CT = 462
500 = 4.62 A
Interposing CT 4.62
2.77 Y -
26 3 = 4.84 A
Relay = 4.6243
86

2 2547

59 66
138 kV 300 MVA

In
300MVA
3 138kV
= 1255 A
ICT ( sec )
12555
1250
= 5.02 A
Interposing CT 2.77
7.0
Relay =
3 5.0218 = 3.64 A
43
87
13.45 kV 100 MVA

In
100MVA
3 13.45kV = 4293 A
ICT ( sec )
42935
5000
= 4.293 A
12 = 1.19 A
Relay = 4.293
43
500 kV
4.84
138 kV
3.64 + 1.19
13.45 kV
4.83
O.K.
88

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60 66
400M V A / 100M V A / 300M VA

5 0 0 /5 A
5 00 k V
1 3 .4 5 k V
1 3 8 kV
1 2 5 0/ 5 A
21
23
25
21
23
25
4 . 6 2 / 2. 7 7 A
2 . 77 / 7 . 0 A
21
23
25
26 / 43
43 / 18
5 00 0 /5 A
1 7 . 17 / 4 . 8 A
12 / 4 3
89
3 3
9.11
Source
49
51
51N
52
9.16

2 2547
90

61 66
Primary Fuse
Secondary
1. Time Delay Overcurrent Relay ( 51 )
2. Residually Connected Ground Relay ( 51N )
3. Transformer Thermal Relay ( 49 )
91
Utilyty Source 22 kV
52
50
51
50N
51N
49
500 kVA
22 kV / 6.6 kV
50
51
R ES
50N
51N
5 1G
52
6.6 kV
9.17

2 2547
92

62 66
Primary Circuit Breaker ( 52 )

Secondary
1. Instantaneous / Time Delay Overcurrent Relay
( 50, 51 )
2. Residually Connected Ground Relay ( 50N , 51N )
4. Neutral Ground Relay ( 51G )
93
Primary Circuit Breaker ( 52 )

Secondary
1. Instantaneous / Time Delay Overcurrent Relay ( 50, 51 )
2. Residually Connected Ground Relay ( 50N , 51N )
4. Neutral Ground Relay ( 51G )
5. Pressure Switch ( 63 )
6. Differential Protective Relay ( 87T )
94

2 2547

63 66
Utilyty Source 115 kV

52
50
51
50N
51N
49
5000 kVA
115 kV / 22 kV
Surge Arrester
(Optional)
87T
63
R ES
50
51
51G
50N
51N
52
22 kV
9.18
95
Transformer Multifunction Relay
96

2 2547

64 66
97
Single Line Diagram
98

2 2547

65 66
99
100

2 2547

66 66
9
1.
?
2. (Differential Protection)
?
3.
102
4. 30 MVA , 11 kV/132 kV Delta-Wye
CT Primary Secondary
Transformer Ratio Interposing CT
Percentage Differential Relay
29 2548 .
103

2 2547

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1 66

750 MVA 525/228 kV Transformer

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

350 MVA 13.8 kV / 230 kV Transformer () 3

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Two Windings Transformer

Phase A Always at 0 ( 12 ) OClock

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Transformer Vector Group Dy 1

Primary Connection Delta

Vector Group Connected of 3-phase Transformer

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Transformer of Same Vector Group can be Connected For

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Dry Type / Cast Resin

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850/1100 MVA Generator Transformer

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1) ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural

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Natural 1st Set Fans

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3) If Connect to Infinite Bus

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MR Motor Drive ED 100 S

Gas-Insulated on-Load tap changer

Selection of on-load tap changers from the MR produce range

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

PERCENTAGE OF RESPECTIVE MAXIMUM

FAULT CURRENT (IF)

PRIMARY CURRENT (IP)

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CURRENT (per unit)

DISTANCE OF FAULT FROM NEUTRAL

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PRIMARY CURRENT (IP)

CURRENT (per unit)

PERCENTAGE OF RESPECTIVE MAXIMUM

DISTANCE OF FAULT FROM NEUTRAL

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Fault Current IF (p.u.)

Distance x of Fault From End of Winding (%)

a) Approximate method for calculating fault current

... Transformer fault current for Delta winding

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EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

PRIMARY CURRENT (multiples of rated current)

FAULT CURRENT (multiples of rated current)

9.3 ( Interturn Faults )

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EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Overload Region and Through Fault Region

Note: IEC 60076 (2000)

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Table - : Transformer Failure Statistics 1975 - 1982

Failure Cause Classification

Power Frequency Overvoltage

Turn Tap Error