TRNG I HC M A CHT KHOA DU KH

BI GING

A CHN - A TNG
GS.TSKH. Phm Nng V

H Ni, 02-2007

I. S RA I CA A CHN A TNG Tin b v thm d a chn

I. S RA I CA A CHN A TNG S pht trin ca a tng phn tp trong a tng hc: Nghin cu ca cng ty Exxon

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

1.

Khi nim v nhim v ca a chn - a tng

a chn a tng l phng php gii thch s liu a chn da vo cc m hnh a tng phn tp. Ni dung c bn ca phng php a tng phn tp:
Lt ct a cht ca cc b trm tch bao gm cc n v (tp, phn tp, siu tp) c phn chia trong khung thi gian bng cc ranh gii bt chnh hp a tng thi gian. S phn b cc lp trm tch theo thi gian (theo chiu su) v trong khng gian (theo phng ngang) c sp xp theo nhng trnh t mang tnh lun phin ph thuc vo s thng ging mang tnh chu k ca mc nc bin. Lt ct a chn th hin r cc c im ca m hnh a tng phn tp. Vic phn tch cc lt ct a chn ch yu c tin hnh bng cch nhn dng trng sng theo m hnh a tng phn tp.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

1. Khi nim v nhim v ca a chn - a tng Nhim v: Khai thc cc thng tin a cht t cc s liu a chn vi mc ch:

Lm sng t cu trc a cht ca b trm tch.

Xc nh cc h thng du kh bao gm cc iu kin sinh, cha, chn.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2. a tng phn tp M hnh cu trc ca b trm tch a tng phn tp l mt lnh vc ca a tng hc trong ngi ta phn tch cu trc cc b trm tch da vo khung thi gian (thi a tng) Cc khi nim c bn ca a tng phn tp
Tp H thng mc Phn tp Nhm phn tp Siu tp

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.1. Tp
- Tp l tp hp cc lp nm chnh hp nhau, c lin h v ngun gc, c gii hn bi cc b mt bt chnh hp v chnh hp lin quan vi chng. - Bt chnh hp l b mt bo mn, ct xn, phi l lin quan n qu trnh h mc nc bin tng i (bin li). + Bt chnh hp gc + Khng chnh hp + Bt chnh hp a phng + Bt chnh hp song song - Tp c chiu dy t vi chc mt n vi trm mt, c hnh thnh trong mt chu k thng ging mc nc bin ko di mt vi trm ngn nm n vi triu nm (chu k bc 3)

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

Cc dng bt chnh hp a tng
bt chnh hp gc (Angular Unconformity) KHNG CHNH HP (NonConformity)

bt chnh hp song song (Disconformity)

bt chnh hp a phng (Local Unconformity)

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

Bt chnh hp a tng

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.2. H thng mc
-H thng mc c pht hin theo ti liu a chn da vo cc nghin cu ca Jervey, Posamentier, Wagoner v Vail vo cui nhng nm 70 u nhng nm 80. -H thng mc l mt phn ca tp c hnh thnh trong nhng phn nht nh ca chu k thng ging ca mc nc bin. - C 4 h thng mc: + H thng bin thp + H thng bin tin + H thng bin cao + H thng sn thm

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.2. H thng mc
- H thng bin thp c hnh thnh khi mc nc bin bt u t mc l thm gim xung nhanh, sau bnh n mc thp sau tng ln i cht. Bin thp gm qut sn bn, qut sn bn, lp y cc thung lng bin thp v tp chng ln mc thp.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

MO HNH TRAM TCH VUNG HE THONG BIEN THAP (SM)

LUNG XAM THC

MC NC BIEN TNG OI

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

MO HNH TRAM TCH VUNG HE THONG BIEN THAP (GIA)

LUNG XAM THC

MC NC BIEN TNG OI

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

MO HNH TRAM TCH VUNG HE THONG BIEN THAP (MUON)

LUNG XAM THC

MC NC BIEN TNG OI

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

- H thng bin tin c hnh thnh khi mc nc bin tng nhanh. Bao gm cc lp trm tch ph vo b v nm trn cc bo mn xm thc ven bin. Cc lp ny c c im l dy dn vo b, mng dn ln trn v ra pha ngoi khi. Do c im thiu trm tch ngoi khi nn cc lp bin tin l cc thnh to ht mn rn chc, mng. Cc ranh gii khu vc ny nm st nhau to thnh lt ct c st. Ranh gii di ca h thng bin tin l mt bin tin cn ranh gii nc l b mt gi bo mn ct xn v l b mt chng y ca cc lp trm tch trn - y l b mt ngp lt cc i.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

MO HNH TRAM TCH VUNG HE THONG BIEN TIEN

LUNG XAM THC

MC NC BIEN TNG OI

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

- H thng bin cao c hnh thnh khi mc nc bin ng mc cao n nh sau gim nhanh. H thng gm phn di c dng xp chng li sau c dng xp chng, cui cng l dng chng ln.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

- Ba h thng trn l cc phn c bn ca tp trm tch kiu 1.Kiu ny c c trng bi ranh gii bt chnh hp kiu 1. N l ranh gii gia h thng bin tin ca tp c hn nm di vi cc tp qut bin thp, qut sn v nm ln bin thp. Trong tp trm tch kiu 1 cn tn ti trng hp khi a hnh nc ca tp c hn bnh n, khng tn ti dc lc a. Tp bin thp ch gm cc nm ln v cc thnh to trm tch tr nm trn cc i bo mn, xm thc. Ngoi tp kiu 1, cn tn ti tp kiu 2 khc vi tp kiu 1 l tp kiu 2 khng tn ti h thng mc thp. Thay vo l h thng sn thm.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

- H thng sn thm c thnh to khi mc nc bin gim ph hp vi lng trm tch c lng ng v to thnh cc lp dng xp chng n chng ln yu. Trong tp loi 2, h thng sn thm nm tng i chnh hp trn h thng bin cao ca tp c hn.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.3. Phn tp
Phn tp c mt nhm cc nh a tng ca Exxon nghin cu v phn chia da vo cc s liu mu khoan, vt l v a vt l ging khoan. Phn tp l mt phn ca tp v h thng trm tch gm mt s lp trm tch nm chnh hp nhau lin quan vi nhau v ngun gc c gii hn nc v y bi cc b mt ngp lt cc ranh gii bin tin.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.3. Phn tp
Phn tp c pht hin v m t chi tit lt ct trm tch ca i ven b v bin nng. Trong a s cc trng hp cc phn tp l cc tp th dn ln, dy dn ln v sch dn ln. Khi a hnh i triu v i ven bin kh phng giu cc vt liu mn v a hnh bi triu phng cn tn ti phn tp mn dn ln. Chiu dy ca cc phn tp thng nm trong gii hn t 10 m n vi chc m v c hnh thnh trong chu k thng ging mc nc bin loi 4 hoc 5 trong thi gian t 10 ngn nm n na triu nm. S thng ging ca mc nc bin loi 4 c th lin quan n qu trnh bng h v kin to hin. Vi chiu dy v c im trn cc phn tp th dn ln v mn dn ln ch c pht hin theo cc ti liu a cht c phn gii cao.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

Cc c trng ca phn tp th dn ln (theo Van Wagoner v nnk)

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

Cc c trng ca phn tp mn dn ln (theo Van Wagoner v nnk)

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.4. Nhm phn tp

Nhm phn tp l tp hp ca mt s phn tp c gii hn nc v y bng cc b mt ngp lt chnh v b mt ngp lt cc i. Khi nim nhm phn tp c s dng m t c im tng v mi trng ca h thng trm tch tng ng vi h thng bin thp l nhm phn tp chng ln bin thp, h thng bin tin nhm phn tp xp chng li (bin tin); h thng bin cao nhm phn tp chng ln. Nhm phn tp thng c chiu dy t 10-20m n trm m. Chng c th pht hin c da vo ti liu a chn v a vt l ging khoan.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

D>A

A ( accommodation): tc to khng gian tch t D (deposite): tc tch t trm tch

D< A

D=A

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

2.5. Siu tp
Ngoi cc n v nh ca tp ngi ta cn a ra khi nim siu tp (megasequence) gm cc tp c lin quan vi nhau v ngun gc hnh thnh v c gii hn bi cc b mt bt chnh hp khu vc v khng chnh hp nh cc siu tp tin rift, ng rift, sau rift. Chiu dy cc siu tp t vi trm m n vi km. Thi gian hnh thnh t vi triu nm n vi chc triu nm.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

3.

Lt ct a chn l ti liu c s phn tch cu trc a chn theo a tng phn tp

Lt ct a chn l tp hp cc ng ghi a chn ghi c cc im quan st khc nhau dc tuyn Cc ng ghi c t st nhau v c biu din bng cc phng php khc nhau nh bin bin i, mt thay i v din tch thay i. Trong cc xung a chn c th l cc xung min pha v zero pha c bi en cc pha cc i hoc cc pha cc tiu.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

Phng php th hin sng a chn trn mt ct

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

Trn cc mt ct a chn cc b mt phn lp a cht c th hin bng tp hp ca cc xung sng a chn nm dc hng trc x to thnh cc ng bi en. Mc en, mnh ca cc ng bi en s phn nh cng v tn s sng. Hnh dng ca cc ng bi en phn nh hnh thi ca cc b mt phn lp. Trn cc mt ct a chn, c th pht hin c cc im kt thc ca cc ranh gii phn x v do c th xc nh c tng qua v th nm ca cc tp trm tch khc nhau. Ngoi trng sng, cn th hin cc thng bo cn thit v v tr ca cc tuyn kho st, cc thng s ca h thng thu n, cc thng s v quy trnh x l s liu.

II. KHI NIM A CHN A TNG

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN 1. Cc bc phn tch mt ct a chn

Phn chia cc mt ct a chn thnh cc tp a chn Phn chia cc tp a chn thnh cc lp a chn Xc nh tng a chn Xc nh cc t gy kin to

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN 2. Khi nim tp a chn

Tp a chn l phn mt ct a chn c chia theo phng thng ng c nhng c im trng sng khc bit so vi phn mt ct nm trn v di n v c gii hn bi cc ranh gii a tng a chn.

3.

Cc c im ca trng sng a chn

Hnh thi ca cc b mt phn lp c phn thnh nhm n gin, phc tp. Tnh lin tc v t on ca cc ranh gii a chn. Mt ca cc ranh gii a chn. Cng v tn s ca cc sng phn x.

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

c im trng sng a chn Kin trc t do

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp n gin dng song song

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp n gin dng song song ln sng

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp n gin dng song song

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp n gin dng phn k

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp phc tp dng sigma

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp phc tp dng sigma

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp phc tp dng xp ngi

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp phc tp dng xin cho

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp phc tp dng xin cho

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp hn lon dng g gh, mp m

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Kin trc phn lp hn lon dng khng quy lut

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Tnh lin tc v gin on ca b mt phn lp

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Bin sng

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Tn s sng

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN 4. Cc du hiu v phng php xc nh bt chnh hp a chn a tng
Ranh gii ca cc tp a chn l b mt phn chia cc tp a chn khc nhau trn nhng phn nht nh l ranh gii bt chnh hp, nhng phn khc c th l cc ranh gii chnh hp lin kt vi n.

Xc nh ranh gii bt chnh hp (BCH)

Cc BCH a chn c phn thnh cc bt chnh hp nc v y tp.Cc BCH nc c xc nh khi tn ti cc du hiu chng nc, bo mn ct xn, o khot dng chy. Cc BCH y c xc nh da vo s tn ti cc du hiu chng y, k p.

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Cc du hiu bt chnh hp a chn a tng
Ranh gii nc

Bo mn (Erosion)

Chng nc (Toplap)

Bao bc (Concordant)

Ranh gii y

G y (Onlap)

Ph y (Downlap)

Bao bc (Concordant)

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

G y (Onlap)

Chng nc (toplap)

Bo mn (Truncation) Mt ph y (Downlap surface) Ph y (Downlap) Ranh gii tp (Sequence boundary)

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Cc du hiu bt chnh hp a chn a tng Dng g y

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng g y

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng g y

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng chng nc

Chng nc (Toplap)

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Cc du hiu bt chnh hp a chn a tng

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng bo mn ct xn

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng bo mn ct xn

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng bo mn ct xn

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng bo mn ct xn

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng bo mn ct xn

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

Dng dng g y

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN 4. Cc du hiu v phng php xc nh bt chnh hp a chn a tng
Xc nh ranh gii bt chnh hp (BCH)
Lin kt cc BCH vi nhau v pht trin ranh gii lin kt c phn chnh hp. xc nh ranh gii phn BCH cn tin hnh lin kt cc im kt thc ca cc ranh gii v thc hin php lin kt n pht trin ranh gii BCH sang phn chnh hp. Lin kt n l qu trnh sp xp cc xung a chn cng lin h vi mt mt ranh gii theo nguyn tc cc xung nm st nhau phi c thi gian, hnh dng, bin thay i mt cch t t. V thi gian cc xung sng nm st nhau cng lin h vi mt mt ranh gii khng c khc bit nhau t n na chu k.

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

pht trin ranh gii ra ton b din tch (trn nhiu tuyn khc nhau) phi s dng nguyn tc lin kt ghp. Theo nguyn tc ny th thi gian xut hin sng ca cng mt mt ranh gii cc im ct nhau cc tuyn phi bng nhau v cc ranh gii nm trn v nm di n phi khp nhau. Trong nhng trng hp din tch kho st khng pht hin c cc du hiu BCH a chn a tng, xc nh cc ranh gii BCH c th tin hnh bng cc phng php sau: o Lin kt ko di cc BCH pht hin c sang cc khu vc xung quanh o Tin hnh lin kt cc ranh gii a chn vi cc ranh gii a tng a cht pht hin c cc h khoan. Vi mc ch ny, cn tin hnh tnh cc bng a chn tng hp da vo cc s liu a vt l ging khoan bng phng php tch chp.

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

5. Kh nng phn chia cc nhm phn tp trong tp a chn
Phn chia nhm phn tp da vo hnh thi bn trong v bn ngoi (khng gian) ca trng sng a chn Hnh thi bn trong: ch yu da hnh thi th nm ca cc ranh gii a chn. C th, xc nh phn tp chng ln mc thp cn da vo th nm dng g i v chng y hai pha trn cc mt ct a chn dc tuyn vung gc vi dng chy v dng nm ln dc cc tuyn theo hng dng chy. Ranh gii ca cc nhm phn tp: v d ranh gii ca nhm phn tp chng ln mc thp nc l b mt bin tin c xc nh da vo du hiu k p vo b, bo mn pha trn v chng nc pha di.

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

III. PHN CHIA TP A CHN

IV. TNG A CHN

Xc nh tng l nhim v quan trng trong nghin cu cc b trm tch c bit l trong nghin cu cc h thng du kh. 1. Khi nim tng T ngng trong a ch tch c nh ngha l mt loi trm tch c thnh to 1.1. T trong a t

trong mt mi trng trm tch nht nh v lin quan n iu kin c a l cnh quan nht nh. iu kin c a l c chi phi bi nhiu yu t, gm c kin to, thng ging mc nc bin, c kh hu, thy ng hc nc, a hnh y, ngun vt liu. Phn loi tng trong a cht: Tng lc a: sn tch, tn tch, aluvi, lng sng, bi bi, h m ly, ng bng chu th. Tng chuyn tip (tng c s tranh chp gia hot ng ca sng v bin): tam gic chu, vng vnh, ven b - bi triu. Tng bin: thm, bin su

IV. TNG A CHN

1.2. Tng a chn

Tng a chn l mt phn ca tp a chn c gii hn ch yu theo phng nm ngang c cc c trng trng sng khc bit so vi cc phn lin k. S khc bit v trng sng a chn phn nh s thay i tng trm tch.

IV. TNG A CHN

2. Phn tch tng a chn

Phn tch tng a chn thc cht l nhn dng cc phn lt ct nm trong tp a chn theo cc kiu trng sng c trng lin quan vi cc tng a cht. Tng t nh phn loi tng a cht, trong a chn ngi ta tin hnh nhn dng cc loi tng lc a, chuyn tip, bin. nhn dng tng trong a chn ngi ta s dng tp hp cc du hiu bao gm c im ca trng sng, c a hnh v mi quan h vi cc h thng trm tch. Ngoi ra, cn phi s dng ti a cc thng tin a cht t cc s liu khoan, s liu tng hp a cht a vt l c sn.

IV. TNG A CHN

2. Phn tch tng a chn Cc bc phn tch tng a chn
1. Phn chia trng sng thnh cc kiu trng sng c trng Cc kiu trng sng c phn thnh: kiu trng sng hai chiu v ba chiu. Kiu trng sng hai chiu gm phn lp song song, phn lp chng ln dng sigma, dng xin cho v hn hp sigma - xin cho. Kiu trng sng ba chiu c phn thnh dng tm, dng nm, dng yn nga, dng g i tng qut, dng lp y (lp y h trng, lp y sn, dng ).

IV. TNG A CHN

Phn lp song song
Phn lp song song lin quan n cc tng trm tch c thnh to trong mi trng ng nht, y bn phng v b ln chm u. Kiu phn lp ny ch yu lin quan n tng bin (tng thm, tng bin su) v c kh nng lin quan n tng chu th. Khi cc mt phn lp th hin tnh lin tc cao, phn lp mng, bin tng i n nh th trng sng lin quan n tng thm. Trong trng hp tn ti trong mt ct cc mt phn x mnh th bn cnh cc thnh to lc nguyn cn xen k cc vi.

IV. TNG A CHN

Khi cc mt phn lp b t on v bin sng thay i t ngt th cc trng sng lin quan n cc thnh to chu th. Nu trong mt ct tn ti cc ranh gii phn x mnh th kh nng trong lt ct tn ti cc lp than.

Khi cc sng phn x c bin yu th trng sng lin quan n cc lp st xen k cc lp bt ct mng bin su.

IV. TNG A CHN

Khi phn lp song song khng lin tc, km quy lut v tn ti cc b mt phn lp dng nm ln th trng sng phn nh cc thnh to sn lc a v b phn ct bi cc o khot ngm v cc qut bin su.

Mt ct dc theo hng dc a hnh

Mt ct ngang vung gc hng dc a hnh

IV. TNG A CHN

Khi trng sng phn lp song song nhng th hin cc c im xin cho, t on, bin thay i mnh, tn ti cc i tn s thp ranh gii nhiu ch b un cong t on th phn nh trm tch lc a.

IV. TNG A CHN

IV. TNG A CHN

Phn lp dng nm ln
Dng sigma lin quan n qu trnh bun b ln chm nhanh, lng vt liu trm tch thp mc nc bin tng nhanh, lin quan n cc thnh to ra thm, bin su ht mn.

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng xin cho lin quan n trng hp ngun vt liu ngun vt liu phong ph, y b t ln chm, mi trng trm tch nng lng cao. Lin quan n cc thnh to ct bt bin nng

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng xin cho

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng hn hp sigma v xin cho

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng hn hp sigma v xin cho

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng hn hp sigma v xin cho

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng sigma

Gn nh dng ch S v mt t dng Xicma

Gn nh dng ch S song song

T hp dng xicma v ch S

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng phn k

IV. TNG A CHN

a. Dng chy ri

b. Dng hn lon

IV. TNG A CHN

Cc kiu trng sng ba chiu

Ngoi trng sng trn cc mt ct (2 chiu) xc nh tng a chn ngi ta cn xc nh du hiu trng sng 3 chiu. Trng sng ny phn nh s thay i ca trng sng a chn trong khng gian. Dng ba chiu ca trng sng c phn thnh dng tm, dng nm, dng yn nga, dng g i tng qut, dng lp y (lp y h trng, lp y sn, dng ). Dng tm, dng nm, dng yn nga lin quan n cc thnh to trm tch thm v bin su. Cc dng cn li lin quan n cc th a cht

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng tm (sheet)

G i dng tng qut

Dng lp y (fill) Dng nm (wedge) Dng qut (fan)

Dng thu knh (lens) Lp y trc sn (Slope front fill) Lp y knh (channel fill) Lp y mng (trough fill)

Dng (dikes)

Dng yn nga (sheet drape)

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng g i: cc ranh gii phn x sng un cong li ln, dng ny nu cong ln th c th l ni la, cc diapia st v mui. Nu cong trung bnh c th l cc i san h, v cc i phun tro ni la. Vi cc khi nng nh th c th l cc thnh to ca sng chu th v cc qut bin su, i khi lin quan n cc nn qut bin su.

IV. TNG A CHN

G i dng tng qut

m tiu san h dng g. Ch n s phn lp bn trong ca m tiu san h tr hn bn tri.

IV. TNG A CHN

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng diapia st: c hai dng ct cc lp trm tch v khng ct.

IV. TNG A CHN

G i dng tng qut

cacbonat thm

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng qut

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng lp y Lp y h trng: trn cc mt ct a chn, cc h trng thng l cc b mt bo mn ct xn, phn x sng rt mnh, v c lp y bi cc thnh to tr hn. Lp y c phn thnh: lp y kiu nm ln vi trng sng km n nh phn nh cc thnh to ct v lp y dng phn lp i xng hoc k p lin quan vi cc thnh to st xen k vi cc lp ct mng.

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng lp y knh, a hnh vng

IV. TNG A CHN

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng lp y sn dc

IV. TNG A CHN

IV. TNG A CHN

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng

IV. TNG A CHN

Lp y dng , dng sn: b mt ca c th hin r bi ranh gii phn x v c im phn lp trong khc bit so vi cc lp trm tch pha ngoi.

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng thu knh: nc ca thnh to thng l sng phn x mnh th hin r ranh gii th a cht v bn ngoi, c im trng sng khc bit bn ngoi. C th l thu knh ct, st, mui.

IV. TNG A CHN

Dng thu knh

IV. TNG A CHN

2. Xem xt mi quan h ca cc tng a chn phn chia c vi cc h thng trm tch chnh xc ha tn tng xc nh c da vo xem xt v tr khng gian ca n trong h thng trm tch. 3. Xem xt tnh ph hp gia cc kt qu phn tch tng a chn vi m hnh a tng phn tp v lt ct a cht xc nh c cc h khoan hoc theo cc s liu a cht tng hp.

IV. TNG A CHN