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Pneumatics
Pneumatics
PNEUMATICS
Technology of Pneumatics deals with the study of the behavior and application of compressed air Science of air is known to man for centuries Not used in industry before the beginning of the Second World war (1939-44) Many industries all over the developed western countries started switching over to more & more automatic equipment and machineries Origin of Pneumatics Manufacturing & other activities to meet the sudden need of enhanced production of war commodities under the tremendous shortage of skilled manpower (concept of automation) Cheaper medium of Industrial automation Maximum application of pneumatics Construction (power hammers, drills, riveting hammers, pneumatic cranes, air brakes, printing presses etc.)
GAS LAWS
GAS LAWS
PNEUMATICS REVIEW
Played an important role as a Technology in the performance of Mechanical Work In the majority of applications compressed Air is used for one or more of the following functions - To determine status of the processor (sensor) - Information processing (processors) - Switching of actuators by means of final control elements - Carrying out work (actuators) Interaction of all the above governs installation and control of machinery
PNEUMATICS REVIEW
PNEUMATICS REVIEW
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
USAGE OF PNEUMATICS
DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS
COMPARISION
COMPARISION
COMPARISION
COMPARISION
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
Similar to Hydraulic actuators Converts air pressure into linear or rotary motion Used for variety of applications such as Gripping, Pulling or pushing of objects CLSSIFICATION Linear actuators ( air cylinders) - Single acting - Double acting (Normal, Double rod, Turn cylinder, Tandem cylinder, Multi-position cylinder) - Ram cylinders - Single rod - Rod-less cylinders - Diaphragm cylinders - Rolling diaphragm cylinder Rotary actuators ( air motors) - Vane type Semi-rotary actuator - Rack & pinion type actuator - Rotary cylinder type actuator
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
ROTARY CYLINDER
ROD-LESS CYLINDERS
Three different operational principles used for construction of rodless cylinders are - Sealing band cylinder - Band or cable cylinder - Cylinder with magnetic coupling
ROD-LESS CYLINDERS
ROD-LESS CYLINDERS
PNEUMATIC CONTROLS
PURPOSE OF VALVE For controlling the to and fro motion of a pneumatic cylinder, the air energy has to be regulated, controlled and reversed with a predetermined sequence in a pneumatic system Control of pressure and flow VALVE DEFINATION Fluid power elements used for controlling and regulating the working medium VALVE USAGE To start & stop pneumatic energy Control the direction of flow of compressed air Control the flow rate of the compressed air Control the pressure rating of the compressed air VALVE TYPES 1. DCV 2. Non-return valves 3. FCV 4. PCV
5/2 DCV
CONTROL
ACTUATION OF VALVES
SPEED REGULATORS
CHECK VALVE
PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS
DIRECT CONTROL
DIRECT ACTUATION
INDIRECT ACTUATION
SEQUENCING CIRCUIT
MEMORY VALVE
SYNOPSIS
Non-moving logic elements find a prominent place in Finer Control Engineering Characteristics offered by fluidic elements proves them to be at par with electronic controls Development of various fluidic elements conforms the need of logic functions in Industrial Automation Teslas fluid-diode & Theory of Wall-attachment Canada forms the basic principle Better control & feedback to the Pneumatic systems Use Logic Gates along with power pneumatic circuits Major area of application Field of Sensors
FLUIDICS
Susceptibility to wear & tear of mechanical parts Major problem in Hydraulics and Pneumatics Challenge Development of reliable control system without turning towards Electronics Specific need of control engineering forced engineers for a solution within the fluid power system Development of new types of fluid power elements in early 60s FLUIDIC ELEMENTS or FLUID LOGIC ELEMENTS Biggest advantage Minimum number of mechanical moving parts (no wear & tear) NON-MOVING LOGIC CONTROLLERS Much more reliable under adverse environmental conditions (vibration, shock, heat, radiation, electromagnetic interference etc.) Simpler in construction, Smaller in size, Mode of energy feeding is very simple, Very little space to mount Mostly employ working medium as AIR Easily adoptable to Logic Functions
FLUIDICS
It is the study of the performance and response characteristics of control systems, computing devices and logical switchgears based on fluidic elements
OR
The subject which deals with the area of fluid logics is called fluidics
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Tesla invented a conduit in 1916 for fluids Easy & Difficult floe direction owing to the interference caused by the divided branch flow opposing the intended flow direction Strong influence of electronics in this era accounts for the terminology fluid-diode used to describe Teslas valved conduit Real Development CONANDA EFFECT Named after Henri Conanda Observed and reported WALL-ATTACHMENT phenomenon
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
WALL-ATTACHMENT When a jet of fluid is pushed into an inclined wall, it will stay there, even after the pushing control jet is removed (1933) He noted that entrainment of the trapped air next to the surface of the body over which it is moving creates a partial vacuum and the atmospheric air forces the fluid stream to cling to the surface of the solid over which the fluid is to travel Existence of fluidic devices 60s - termed as fluid amplifier Working pressure used for pneumatic fluidic devices is very less within 0 to 0.05 to 0.1 bar
BI-STABLE FLIP-FLOP
LOGIC FUNCTIONS
Pneumatic Shuttle valve and Dual pressure valve have logic functions Both have two inputs and two outputs each Shuttle valve characteristic OR function Dual pressure valve characteristic AND function
Memory
AND Function
Logic Equation
Pneumatic Symbol
PROBLEM - 1
SOLUTION
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION
PROBLEM - 2
POSITIONAL SKETCH
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
Logic Symbol Truth Table
Logic Equation
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
Pneumatic Symbol
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
PROBLEM - 3
SOLUTION
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
PROBLEM - 4
SOLUTION
PROBLEM - 5
POSITIONAL SKETCH
SOLUTION
POSITIONAL SKETCH
POSITIONAL SKETCH
SOLUTION
POSITIONAL SKETCH
PROBLEM - 9
POSITIONAL SKETCH
MULTICYLINDER APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
MOVEMENT DIAGRAM
POSITIONAL SKETCH
SOLUTION
Continued..
SOLUTION
Continued..
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 1
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 2
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 3
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 4
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 5
Continued..
FIG. 10.6
Continued..
FIG. 10.7
Continued..
FIG. 10.8
CO-ORDINATED MOTION
PROBLEM - 1
SOLUTION
INEFFECTIVE WAY
LIMIT SWITCHES
EFFECTIVE WAY
PROBLEM - 2
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Continued..
PROBLEM - 3
POSITIONAL SKETCH