Tey] laboratory testing Volume 3 Tice NeMsI Reiss) I eXsi hs) Secomul edition AWA h K. H. Head© 1998 K. H. Head Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex POI9 IUD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk First edition published 1992 by Pentech Press Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of 4 licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK WIP 9HE, without the permission in writing of John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, UK PO19 IUD, Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W ILI, Canada John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 471 97795 0 ‘Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Dobbie Typesetting Limited, Tavistock, Devon Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd, Midsomer Norton, Avon This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestation, for which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper productionContents a 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 G7 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Ws 17.6 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 3 EFFECTIVE STRESS TESTING — PRINCIPLES, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Introduction Definitions Effective stress theory Shear strength theory Theory relevant to triaxial tests Saturation and use of back pressure Applications of laboratory tests TEST EQUIPMENT Introduction Test cells Pressure systems Axial loading systems Conventional measuring instruments Electronic instrumentation Accessories, materials and tools Preparation and checking of equipment CALIBRATIONS, CORRECTIONS AND GENERAL PRACTICE Introduction Calibration of measuring instruments Calibration of cells and accessories Corrections to triaxial test data Corrections to hydraulic cell test data General laboratory practice ROUTINE EFFECTIVE STRESS TRIAXIAL TESTS Introduction Test equipment Pre-test checks Preparation of test specimens Comments on triaxial test procedures Test procedures Analysis of data xi er 25 46 54 58 58 59 67 73 76 87 106 116 130 130 132 139 153 168 171 177 177 179 186 195 204 210 231