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Essar White Goods Analysis
Essar White Goods Analysis
1
2009
SUBMITTED FOR PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
2
3
S.N CONTENTS PAGE NO.
O
1. INTRODUCTION 3
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 72
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A thanks giving seems to be the most pleasant of all the jobs but it is difficult when one
tries to put it into words. This project has been brought into fruition through the effort of
some well experienced people i.e. my mentor and the management team. I take this
opportunity to express my special thanks to Mr. Nitin Gupta who guided and helped me
in completing this project.
The insight and the guidance of Mr. Nitin really helped me to understand the essentials
of my project. I would like to thank him for all support and guidance for my project.
I extend my gratitude to the entire management team for guiding me during the project.
ROMIL JAIN
INTRODUCTION
5
The steel industry is expanding worldwide. For a number of years it has been
benefiting from the exceptionally buoyant Asian economies (mainly India and China).
The economic modernization processes in these countries are driving the Sharp rise in
demand for steel. In India the rise is likely to be higher than average. Indian crude
steel production will rise from 38 million tonnes in 2005 to 68 million tonnes in 2015.
The continuous casting technology making inroads. The biggest boost to efficiency in
the steel industry has come from the increased use of continuous casting – an
indicator of the modernity of the production process. Its share of Indian crude steel
output has climbed from 38% in the mid-1990s to 66% now. India is thus well on its
way to joining the ranks of the leading steelmakers among the industrial nations.
Companies are bursting onto the world market. The Indian steel ministry plans to raise
the export share from 15% at present to 24% in the next 15 years. Big companies like
SAIL, Tata Steel and Essar Steel want to become global players by acquiring stakes in
foreign firms.
India is one of the world’s fastest expanding economies. Over the last ten years the
booming economy has posted real growth of 6% p.a., compared with less than 4% in
the 1950s and 1960s. In 2005 growth accelerated to about 8%, while in 2006 and 2007
any let-up should be slight. The liberalisation of the economy is the key to the boom.
India has opened up more to the global economy especially since 1995. Import tariffs
have been more than halved since 1990. However, they are still much higher than in
other Asian states.
Furthermore, India has a broad base of highly qualified technicians and engineers.
Each year some 200,000 engineering graduates leave Indian universities, about six
times as many as in Germany.
In regions where economic catch-up is being played the demand for steel is of course
particularly high. In India demand is being driven up by mammoth infrastructure
projects, like the construction of dams, ports, power plants, railways and motorways. In
addition, the key industrial sectors (such as construction, automotive and shipbuilding)
are experiencing rapid growth. With salaries and wages rising, consumers are
becoming more discerning with regard to their cars, household appliances and the like,
which is also boosting steel demand.
Shashi Ruia, chairman, Essar Steel, notes that many companies from the developed
world are looking at setting up manufacturing facilities in emerging economies that
have natural resources, both in terms of raw material and energy. “Industry
consolidation is gathering pace as companies devise new strategies to tackle
fragmentation in the industry,” he points out. “Consolidation has become a major
growth strategy. India is emerging as a major destination for new facilities in steel
making, and global majors have already made progress for their plans for ‘Destination
India.’ Essar has invested about $450 million in expansion and modernisation projects;
it plans to expand capacity to 4.6 million tonnes per annum. Essar Steel has
developed steel grades for high-end applications in the automobile and white goods
sectors. It is also a leader in large scale infrastructure development sector in the
construction segment
6
THE GLOBAL STEEL INDUSTRY
The current global steel industry is in its best position in comparing to last decades.
The price has been rising continuously. The demand expectations for steel products
are rapidly growing for coming years. The shares of steel industries are also in a high
pace.
The steel industry is enjoying its 6th consecutive years of growth in supply and
demand. And there is many more merger and acquisitions which overall buoyed the
industry and showed some good results. The subprime crisis has lead to the recession
in economy of different countries, which may lead to have a negative effect on whole
steel industry in coming years. However steel production and consumption will be
supported by continuous economic growth.
INDUSTRY
The countries like China, Japan, India and South Korea are in the top of the above in
steel production in Asian countries. China accounts for one third of total production i.e.
419m ton, Japan accounts for 9% i.e. 118 m ton, India accounts for 53m ton and South
Korea is accounted for 49m ton, which all totally becomes more than 50% of global
production. Apart from this USA, BRAZIL, UK accounts for the major chunk of the
whole growth.
7
COUNTRY CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION (mtpa)
CHINA 272.5
JAPAN 112.7
UNITED STATES 98.9
RUSSIA 65.6
SOUTH KOREA 47.5
F.R. GERMANY 46.4
UKRAINE 38.7
BRAZIL 32.9
INDIA 32.6
ITALY 28.4
8
STEEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Today Steel finds application in every imaginable facet of our life. In the last ten years
the global steel industry has been witnessing many interesting events that have
influenced market dynamics.
The nineties were crucial for Indian steel industry. The ‘controlled’ environment has
changed drastically, in the post-liberalization scenario. The sector was opened up to
the entry of private players, while quantitative restrictions foreign trade has been
removed. The last ten years has also seen inefficient steel mills with outdated
technology perishing, while new capacities too have come up that possess latest
technology expertise.
The Indian steel industry entered into a new development stage from 2005–06,
resulting in India becoming the 5th largest producer of steel globally. Producing about
53 million tonnes (MT) of steel a year, today India accounts for a little over 7 per cent
of the world's total production.
India is the only country world over to post a positive overall growth in crude steel
production at 1.01 per cent for the January-March period of 2009. The recovery in
steel production has been aided by the improved sales performance of steel
companies.
India is also the fifth-largest consumer of steel in the world. It consumes about 1.5 MT
of stainless steel a year with around 70 per cent accounting for kitchenware. However,
its use in railway coaches, wagons, airports, hotels and retail stores is growing
immensely. Demand for steel in India is likely to grow at around 12 per cent against the
global average of 5–6 per cent. Steel consumption grew at 3.8 per cent in the January-
March quarter of 2008-09 over the same period last year.
In 2000-01 the Potential demand for steel in India was 26.7 Kg MT but at present its
has gone up to 49 Kg MT in 2008-09. This offers a huge potential to steel
manufacturers, both domestic and global.
9
Exports
Out of India’s annual iron ore production of more than 200 MT, about 50 per cent
is exported.
Iron ore exports increased 17 per cent to 12.6 MT in February 2009 from 10.8 MT
in the same month a year ago, owing to a moderate revival in demand from Chinese
steel producers, as per the latest data compiled by a group of top Indian mining firms.
Earlier, according to a study, with the rise in demand for steel in China, India’s
iron ore exports went up by 38 per cent to reach 13.6 MT in December 2008 against
9.8 MT in December 2007. Around 50-60 per cent of India’s iron ore is exported to
China.
India’s exports during April-December 2008 were 64.4 MT. The government has
reduced export duty on iron ore lumps from 15 per cent to 5 per cent, which has given
a further fillip to exports. Further, the reduction in railway freight has also benefitted the
domestic iron ore miners.
Investments
* Japan's Sumitomo Metal Industries is planning to build a blast furnace steel plant
in India with mid-tier producer Bhushan Steel, investing as much as US$ 3 billion.
* Arcelor-Mittal, the largest steel maker of the world, is planning to set up a captive
port near Paradip in Orissa. The port will be used to serve two mega integrated steel
plants of the company proposed in Orissa and Jharkhand.
* On June 22, 2005, the much-awaited and long-delayed MoU for the largest steel
project in India was signed between the South Korean steel major, Pohang Iron and
Steel Company (Posco), and the Orissa government.
10
* Tata Steel and Vale, a Brazilian Company along with other joint venture partners
have announced to undertake a large scale expansion of the Carborough Downs Coal
Mine near Moranbah in Central Queensland in Australia. The total capital investment is
estimated to be a$401 million. The commencement of construction is scheduled for
May 2008 and commissioning of the large scale and new mining equipment (Long
wall) which will be one of the largest in Australia is expected by mid 2009.
* Essar Steel plans to pump in Rs 1,000 crore in a span of three years for setting
up service centre across India, North America and the Middle East, to cater to specific
steel requirement of auto, white goods and SME sectors. The 2.5 LTPA centre set up
by the company at a cost of Rs 75 crore will make steel as per specifications asked for
by its customers in North India. It will also enable it provide small lots and customized
deliveries for ready-to-use steel.
In all, the steel major intends to set up about 15-20 such centre with a cumulative
capacity of 4.2 million tonnes per annum as against the present 2.5 MTPA
• The board of the Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) is set to clear Rs 7,000-crore
investment during the current fiscal for modernisation and expansion of Bokaro
Steel Plant, according to Bokaro Steel managing director and member of the SAIL
board UP Singh
The government has removed full exemption of customs duty on some industrial and
agricultural commodities. Iron and steel products like pig iron, spiegeleisen, semi-
finished products, flat products and long products are now subject to a basic custom
duty of 5 per cent ad valorem.
The Indian government plans to invest over US$ 350 billion in industries related to
infrastructure and construction which will give a fillip to the steel sector.
IMPACT: The impact of govt. Initiatives on steel sector is the upliftment of Rural sector
in the usage of steel.
11
SOME NEWS IN STEEL SECTOR
12
13
14
ORGANIZATION PROFILE
15
Essar Global Limited is a diversified business corporation with a balanced portfolio of
assets in the manufacturing and services sectors of Steel, Energy, Power,
Communications, Shipping Ports & Logistics, and Construction. Essar Global has
offices in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas.
With a firm foothold in India, Essar Global has been focusing on global expansion with
projects/investments in Canada, USA, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean and
South East Asia. Privately owned and professionally managed, Essar is judiciously
invested in the commodity, annuity and services businesses. Forward and backward
integration, state-of-the-art technologies, in-house research and innovation have made
Essar Global a leading player in each of its businesses. Essar’s abiding philosophy is
to be a low cost, high quality, technology driven group with innovative customer
offerings.
EGL has an excellent track record, having succeeded in the capital intensive and
competitive manufacturing sectors. Better focus for each business through integration,
incorporation of state of- the-art technology and innovative in-house research has
made Essar Global a leading player in each of its businesses.
HISTORY
The Essar group was founded over three decades ago by the Ruia family and is
headed by Chairman Shashi Ruia and Vice-Chairman Ravi Ruia. The Ruia family has
been in business and trading since the 1800s, when the family first moved to Mumbai
from Rajasthan in Western India. In 1956, Nand Kishore Ruia, the group founder,
moved south to Chennai to begin independent business activities. In 1969, following
the untimely demise of Nand Kishore Ruia, his sons Shashi and Ravi Ruia took over
the group. Along with a team of seasoned professionals, the Ruias have built the
perfect platform for Essar's accelerating growth. With a strong foundation at India’s
industrial core and in the sunrise services sector, Essar has stayed firmly in the
forefront of new opportunities. An early start has made us a key player in India's
exploding telecom market. Similarly, we set up India’s first independent power plant
and its first new generation private steel plant.
16
MISSION
17
MANAGEMENT TEAM
ESSAR GROUP
Corporate Functions
18
ESSAR STEEL LIMITED
Essar Steel Limited’s complex at Hazira in Gujarat, India, houses the world’s largest
gas-based single location sponge iron plant, with a capacity of 5.5 MTPA. The fully
integrated Steel complex focuses on the requirement of “FLAT STEEL” for
construction sector ( Infrastructure companies, construction equipment manufacturers,
Pre-Engineered Buildings/ Structures, Power/ Power transmission companies, Wind
mill companies, Project goods etc.)
The complex also houses the steel plant and the 1.4 MTPA cold rolling complex. The
steel complex has a complete infrastructure setup, including a captive port, lime plant,
and oxygen plant.
Essar has a fully integrated steel plant from iron-ore to ready-to-market products. It
has a port based steel complex that houses the world largest Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI)
plant of 5.1 MTPA capacity that feeds a state of art mill has a capacity of 4.6 MTPA.
The state of art service centre includes India’s only Hot Skin Pass mill of 1.2 MTPA
capacities with shearing and slitting lines capable of handling capacity of 0.6 MTPA
and 0.4 MTPA respectively.
Essar was the first steel integrated steel plant in the country to obtain the prestigious
ISO 9001 for all the operations. The company’s products conform to quality
19
specifications of International Quality certification agencies like ABS, API, TUV Rhine
Land and Lloyd’s Register. Essar Steel is the first Indian steel company to receive an
Essar Steel is among the 25 percentile of lowest cost producers world-wide and has
acquired extensive quality accreditations. The rapidly growing infrastructure and
construction sector is our prime focus area.
Every single product that rolls out of the plant at Essar guarantees that it has been
produced in concurrence with the highest standards of manufacturing process, state-
of-the-art technology and precision.
Control of steel chemistry in a narrow band and minimum level of centre line
segregation in steel.
21
SEAMLESS INTEGRATION
At Bailadilla, where some of the world's richest and finest ore is available, Essar has
set
up a beneficiation plant of 8 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) capacity, which ensures
the highest quality iron ore. The iron ore slurry is pumped through a 267 km. pipeline
the second longest in the world) to the pellet plant, yielding advantages of quality, cost
and real time inventory management.
22
Visakhapatnam Pelletization Plant
The slurry is received at our Pellet plant at Visakhapatnam, which has a capacity of 8
MTPA, providing vital raw material for the steel plant at Hazira
world's largest gas-based HBI producer. The plant provides raw materials for our state-
of-the-art 3.0 MTPA hot rolled coil (HRC) plant, the first and largest of India's new
generation steel mills. This plant, fed with inputs from three electric arc furnaces and
three casters, increasing its capacity to 4.6 MTPA.
Essar Vietnam
STRATEGIC LOCATION
From its location on the West Coast, about 260-kms north of Mumbai, Essar Steel has
a major advantage with respect to the inward movement of raw materials and the
outbound movement of finished goods.
The captive port - capable of handling 6 MTPA of cargo annually - is loaded with
facilities like sea-going floating cranes, articulated barges and other marine equipment.
With technology that surpasses global benchmarks, Essar Steel produces grades that
many Indian steel mills can only aspire to. The market leader in many niche segments
in the domestic market, Essar Steel is one of the leading suppliers for pipelines,
automobile manufacturers, construction and other sophisticated industries, as it
provides a competitively priced, yet superior quality, alternative to high-grade imports.
In the international market, Essar Steel is positioned alongside prime European and
Japanese steel producers. Little surprise then, that Essar Steel is the largest exporter
of flat products from India. Moreover, Essar Steel is a leading supplier of API grade
steel in the world for pipelines in the oil & gas sector, having helped create pipelines
that stretch 8500kms across 5 continents.
What makes Essar Steel the world's preferred steel maker is the wide product range
that is completely customisable to unique customer needs along with flexible delivery
options.
Essar Steel's strong standing in domestic and international markets is also due to its
lofty quality standards. Ever the leader, Essar Steel was the first integrated steel plant
in the country to obtain the prestigious ISO 9001 for all operations. In addition, it was
the first Indian steel plant to achieve the ISO 14001 accreditation for Environmental
Management System.
25
THE 24 CARAT EDGE
To develop a unique identity and differentiate its products, Essar Steel launched 24-
Carat Steel, the first branded steel of its kind in India. 24 Carat Steel defines the core
properties of Essar Steel as well as the total offering from the company in terms of
product quality, standards, delivery systems and customer service. 24 Carat Steel
today finds application in diverse specialised and demanding industries - from general
engineering to automotive and shipbuilding.
26
THE RETAIL THRUST
At Essar Steel hyper mart you can choose from a comprehensive range of
flat steel products for variety of applications.
2. Immediate Delivery
3. Transparent Pricing
5. Pan-India presence
27
PRODUCTS
Application
General Engineering, Automobiles, Infrastructure, Oil and Gas pipelines, Line Pipes
etc.
28
GALVANIZED COILS AND SHEETS
Essar Steel’s 24 carat Galvanised Steel with a guaranteed zinc coating of 120 gsm
offers best resistance to corrosion. To suit a variety of applications, they are available
in 3 different surface finishes.
Application
Air-conditioning and heating ducts, automotive under-body parts and muffers, water
heaters and stoves, coolers and refrigerators
29
30
COLD ROLLED PRODUCTS
Essar Steel’s 24 carat Cold Rolled steel is a combination of high strength ductility,
consistent mechanical properties, close dimensional tolerance and superior surface
finish.
Application
Automotive body and components, white goods, pipes and tubes, drums and barrels.
31
CHEQUERED PLATES
Essar 24 carat steel Chequered Plates are high friction plates ensuring maximum skid
resistance. These plates ensuring maximum skid resistance. These plates are
available in tear drop pattern with a maximum height of 1.2 mm.
Application
Multiple use in flooring, Grating over close gutter / culvert and Structural functions.
32
SONA GC CORRUGATED SHEETS
Essar SONA GC Sheets with a guaranteed zinc coating of 120 gsm offer
longer life and
better durability. The extra wide 1200mm sheet is another breakthrough
solution that results in big savings for customers.
Application
33
COMPETITORS
34
COMPETITOR MAPPING
BHUSHAN STEEL LTD
BSL (Formerly BSSL) is spearheading a technological revolution in India’s Cold Rolled
Steel industry and, in the spirit of a true leader, is ceaselessly striving to raise the bar,
achieve new milestones and set new benchmarks in terms of quality of products and
degrees of customer satisfaction.
The most brilliant milestone in BSL’s journey of excellence is the setting up of a state-
of-the-art Steel & Power plant in Orissa. On completion, the plant will be one of the
largest integrated HR steel and Power complexes of the nation.
BSL’s Galvanised Sheets, Color Coated Sheets, Coils, Corrugated Sheets and
Galume (Zinc and Aluminium coated) Sheets/Coils are being accepted and
appreciated across the world...
Bhushan Steel is the third largest producer of secondary steel after tata steel and sail.
The total capacity of Bhushan is 3 million tonne steel in Orissa.
35
S.no
Para
met
ers
Tech
nical
detai
ls/s
pecif
icati
ons
1.
Thick
ness(
nun)
0.10t
04.0
0
2.
Widt
h(m
m)
10to
1700
(Max
)
3.
Coil
Weig
ht(M
T)
Up to
30
MT
(7 to
18
kg/m
m
width
)
4.
Surfa
ce
Finis
h
Supe
r
Brigh
t,
Brigh
t,
Dull&
Matte
.
(RaVa
luewi
th
contr
olled
Rmax
36
on
requ
est).
5.
Grad
es
Spec
ificat
ions
- As
COLD ROLLED per
STEEL SHEETS JIS/
BIS/
AST
M/E
N
Stan
dard
s
Low
Carb
on
CRC
A
Grad
es
Supe
r
EDD/
EDD/
DD/D
(SPC
X,
SPCE
N,
SPCD
,
SPCC
)
non-
aging
, IF-
High
Stren
gth
steel
(IF-
HSS)
,
High
Stren
gth
Low
Alloy
Steel
(HSL
A),
viz.,
ST
-42,
ST-
45,
ST-
52,
SAPH
-
400/
41O,
Steel
for
Porce
lein
Ena
mmel
ing,
Corro 37
sion
Resis
tant
Steel
Mill
Black
Plate
(TMB
SED
P)&
OIL
ED
Medi
um9.
Thick
&Hig
ness
h
Up
Carbto
3.00
on
mm
CRC
A
3.00
Grad
mm
es -
4.00
C-
mm
30,
C-
Abo
40,M
ve
C -ll,
4.00
EN -
mm
8, for
sprin
g
steel
10.
appli
Max.
catio
Widt
n,for
h C-
55,
Cut
MC-
Size
12,
1500
EN- 9
mm
C-
62,C-
60,
1250
C-
mm
80,H
C-
14,E
N-
600
42J
mm
6.
11.
Strip
Widt
width
h for
s mm
Coil
ELEC
50
TRIC
mm -
1700
AL
mm
Grad
es 5
0
Elec
mm
-I, -
1700
Elec-
mm
n,
Elec-
nI,50
mm
Semi -
1700
Proc
mm
esse
d
Elect
.
Stee
l
7.
C
hemi 38
cal
comp
ositio
n
(Coat
O
THE
R
CRC
A
Grad
es
Case
Hard
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR BHUSHAN
ening
Steel
-
15Cr
The SWOT analysis
3, of Bhushan Steel Ltd is as follows:
SAE
1010
, SAE
1012
STRENGTH: Thro
ugh
1. Commitment-
Hard
ening Bhushan Steel has always tried to offer the best price and quality to
Grad To achieve this they have strategic alliances with Sumitomo Metal
its customers.
es-
Industries,SAE
one of the world’s largest producer of steel.
1040
,SAE
2. Availability-
1045The availability of material on time is the major strength of Bhushan
Steel. To ,improve on it more they are planning to implement the backward
1055
integration, process of manufacturing.
1065
,
1080
,
1541
H.R
PIC
KLE
D/
SKI
N
PAS
SED
&
OIL
ED
8.
Thick
ness
Up to
3.00
mm
3.00
mm -
4.00
mm
Abo
ve
4.00
mm
9.
Max.
Widt
h for
Cut
39
Size
1500
mm
1250
mm
600
mm
3. Quality- The Quality of Bhushan Steel is according to the international and Indian
standards.10.
Widt
h for
Coil
50
WEAKNESS:mm -
1700
mm
1. Decision Process:
5 Lengthy procedures are followed in decision making.
0
2. Niche Market:
mm - Bhushan Steel caters to the niche market and high value added
1700
premium steel
mm products- auto grade and white goods. Due to this they have limited
their markets to smaller segments.
50
mm -
1700
mm
OPPORUNITIES:
THREATS
1. Upcoming International Players: there always one threat lies from big
international players like Arcelor Mittal. They have a huge capacities of manufacturing
and finance availability.
2. Fluctuating Metal Prices: Bhushan steel mainly go for long term contracts with
institutional buyers. Typically they place orders on a quarterly basis. In such long term
contracts there is always threat lies of fluctuating prices in national and international
markets.
3. Intense competition from various players: there are various players like Essar,
Tata, Ispat which pose a great competition in the white goods market supply.
Moreover, due to this the market prices and equilibrium gets disturbed which affects
the overall pricing of the product.
40
ISPAT LTD
Applications
Ispat Industries Limited’s cold rolled coils are manufactured at the highly advanced
cold rolling mill at Kalmeshwar, and can be used in a wide variety of applications as
follows:
» For basic items such as galvanized sheets, tin plates, drums and barrels.
Ispat ensures that the material is free from defects, which are harmful to the intended
use of the product. The degree or amount of surface defects in a coil may be expected
to be more as compared to cut sheets because of the impossibility of rejecting the
defective portion of the coil. However, Ispat restricts the amount of such defects to a
maximum of 5 per cent.
41
Galvanized Sheets
Ispat Industries Limited was the first Indian company to set up a Continuous
Galvanizing Line for thin gauge sheets in 1985. In fact, the company pioneered the
manufacture of thin, medium and thick gauge galvanized steel sheets in the country.
With two Galvanizing Lines at its plant at Kalmeshwar, it manufactures coils and
GP/GC sheets that meet the needs of the most demanding customers
Product Range
Computer controlled processes ensure perfect zinc coating on the strips which helps in
effective prevention of rust and also lengthens the product life. The sheets are made in
different surface finishes, such as bright, dull or matt as per customer requirements.
Spangles can be regular or minimum as required. Ispat’s hot-dip galvanized sheets
can be subjected to bending and forming without the flaking of zinc. They can be easily
welded and painted for added protection. Moreover, to suit specific requirements,
these sheets can also be of drawing quality such as D/DD/EDD/Lock Forming nature.
Corrugation
Specifications
42
Quality assurance
The plant is accredited with QS-9000 and ISO-14000, which together with Ispat's
holistic quality approach through TQM/TPM ensures quality assurance right from
selection of raw material, the throughput processes, the rigorous testing and inspection
procedures, ending with carefully and well managed logistic process.
Ispat manufactures an innovative and exciting product, namely colour coated sheets
called Polysteel, in a variety of shades and designs, such as dark or pastel, printed or
plain and striped or embossed. These Polysteel sheets are painted after galvanizing
and apart from creating a stunning visual impact, bring numerous advantages to end
user industries. Polysteel building sheets, for instance, make it possible to design and
construct your choice of beautiful structures, save on structural steel and maintenance,
and obtain overall cost effectiveness.
Introduced by Ispat Industries Limited (IIL) in 1990, Polysteel is a premium cold rolled
steel sheet coated with zinc in a continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing Line and
subsequently given multiple layers of organic coatings in a continuous Coil Coating
Line with a Reverse Roller Coating Process. Polysteel conforms to IS: 14246:95 and
other equivalent international standards and thus, the buyer are assured of the best
quality product.
Polysteel is durable, cost-effective and easy to install and use. Hence, it proves to be a
versatile product for various applications. It is virtually a ready-to-use product that can
be cut, bent, pressed, drilled, roll formed, lock-seamed and joined, all without
damaging the surface or the substrate.
This product is available in various forms, namely roll formed panels, trapezoidal
profiles, corrugated sheets, plain sheets, coils and narrow slit strips. Moreover, it is
available in a variety of grades, colours and forms to meet specific customer
requirements.
Product Features
» Special formulations used for chemical pre-treatment and coatings ensure a long
life and exterior durability.
» A precision finish that is uniform in colour, gloss, texture and film thickness.
STRENGTH
1. First Mover Advantage: Ispat was the first company to establish the continuous
Galvanization line for thin gauge sheets.
2. Quality Standards: Ispat steel produces quality material which meets the Indian as
well as the international standards.
4. Supply Chain Management: Ispat is well known for managing its supply chain
system. They have well established and well connected network to various parts of the
country to cater according to the needs of the customer.
WEAKNESS
1. Long procedures for decision making: They have long procedures to follow for
the procurement of material.
OPPORTUNITIES
3. Integrated Steel Plant: Ispat has an integrated facility of manufacturing steel which
gives it a cost and mover advantage against its competitors.
THREATS
1. Threat from China: the major threat to Indian Steel industry can be from the import
of steel from China. China is lifting the export tax on steel which will reduce the prices
of steel and may give serious competition to Indian steel industry.
2. New Entrants: there is always a threat lies from the new entrants in the market
which may disturb the equilibrium of the market. Big and Cost effective players like
44
Arcelor Mittal, some Chinese players may enter in the Indian steel market and can
disturb the equilibrium of the steel market.
45
TATA RYERSON LTD
Tata Ryerson Ltd was the first company in India who floated the novel idea for the first
steel service centre in organized sector in India. Tata Ryerson Ltd is a 50:50 joint
venture between Indian well known Tata Steel Ltd and erstwhile Ryerson, USA.
Tata Ryerson Ltd has 6 large processing units, 16 sales locations and a host of
partners like external processing agencies, suppliers, retailers and other stakeholders.
It is the probably nation’s largest steel service organization. The past 10 years has
bought many astounding changes in the Indian growth scenario and Tata Ryerson Ltd
maintained its strong growth path with commitment to quality processing, innovations
and exceptional customer focus. Keeping in view the rapid expansion, consolidation,
technology change and a great number of steel consumers Tata Ryerson went into
series of timely expansions and ventured successfully into new business areas Rebar
Processing, Stainless Steel (TRYNOX the only brand of TRyl) and recent plate
fabrications operations. The journey that started in 1997 with a small unit at Bara,
Jamshedpur and a meagre turnover of Rs 1.8 Crores in 1997-1998 and continuously
soaring high with a mind boggling figure of Rs. 1225 Crores in just 11 years with a
volume of over 1.3 million tonnes, speaks volumes about the strategic directions and
stable vision of the company.
Tata Ryerson has processing plants at Jamshedpur, Faridabad and Pune and is
coming up with new expansion plans in Pantnagar and Singur to support major OEM’s
with facilities like Roll Forming , Stretch bending, Plate fabrication. All the plants of Tata
Ryerson are equipped with modern software systems like SAP, ERP packages. During
the current year it is augmenting its processing capacity base by 0.5 million tonnes. It
is also planning to invest over 100 crores over the period of next two years to support
its growth path.
Tata Ryerson commenced its operations with its Flat Products Processing business.
The company has gained its proficiencies in HR processing, CR processing, GP and
GC processing. Tata’s latest venture has been in the Stainless Steel branded as
TRYNOX. Various processes such as Plate Burning, Roll Forming and stretch bending
initiatives have been started at Singur.
Tata Ryerson adheres strictly to quality standards that have resulted in servicing
successfully its top OEM for 10 years.
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TRYNOX (AN INITIATIVE IN STAINLESS STEEL)
Tata Ryerson is not only India’s largest, but one of the world’s leading steel service
centres. Tata Ryerson has its presence in sixteen locations across the country
reaching nearly one thousand customers nationwide.
Now to excel its growth path Tata Ryerson is offering customised solutions for the
stainless steel flat rolled requirements. It maintains a ready stocks of variety grades,
sizes and finishes. Its state-of-the-art processing lines in Pune are capable of
converting HR coils and CR stainless steel coils and sheets to the desired requirement
for custom sheets, blanks or slit coils, vinyl applications.
PROCESSING LINES
The Ranjagaon Coil Processing Centre with modern facilities covering 21 acres near
Pune is fully equipped to process HR and CR Stainless Steel Coils, Sheet and Plate
gauge products.
HR processing facilities include a wide slitting and both wide and medium width cut-to-
length lines plus multiple close tolerance shearing machines.
CR processing encompasses a full range of equipment, namely a wide slitting line and
both wide and narrow width cut-to-length lines with levelers for sheeting and blanking
input coils.
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Typical Grades Standard Finishes Shapes & Packaging
316 * 2B * Sheets
* BA (Bright
430 * with standard or customised pallets and packaging protection
Annealed)
Other grades
available upon
request
STRENGTH:
Tata Ryerson being a JV has much strength which keeps them ahead from various
competitors. Some of the strengths are as follows:
2. ON TIME DELIVERY: They constantly strive to achieve the goal of 100% on-time
delivery performance and can provide quick turn-around on emergency
requirements.
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4. RAPID RESPONSE: The trained representatives can understand the processing
needs, respond promptly to customer enquiries, and give each order the desired
attention it deserves.
WEAKNESS:
1. High Price Material: Being Quality focussed organization the Tata material is quite
high priced in the steel market. Customers, who require low quantity of materials or
price conscious, prefer to go for other materials like of Bhushan, Essar.
2. Dimensions: The dimensions of steel provided by Tata are quite small and
sometimes do not able to cater the requirements of the customer.
OPPORTUNITY:
1. Increase Market Share: Since Tata has a JV with largest steel producer Ryerson,
so they have very huge market potential. Ryerson being a largest supplier of steel
can prove to be a major strength in catering the largest customer base in India.
THREATS:
1. Other Giant Players: Players like Arcelor Mittal can pose a serious threat to the
market in overseas. They have huge capacity which is the major strength and can
capture the nation market too.
2. Imported Steel: Steel imported from China and other nations may also pose a
threat to Tata’s Indian market as they are imported on a very low price. This can
disturb the equilibrium of the market and can change the preference level of
consumer.
3. Fluctuating International Market Prices: With the rapid changes in the World
Steel Prices, the price in the national market gets disturbed. The change in dollar
versus Rupee affects the market equilibrium and finally the demand and supply in
the market.
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IRON AND STEEL MAKING PROCESS- DIFFERENT ROUTES
The BOS (Basic Oxygen Steelmaking) process is the major modern process for
making bulk steels.
PROCESS:
The Basic Oxygen Steel making vessel is first tilted to allow materials to be tipped into
it (charged). The Scrap steel is first charged into the vessel followed by hot metal liquid
(liquid iron) from the blast furnace. A water cooled lance is lowered into the vessel
through which very oxygen is blown at a high pressure. The oxygen through a process
known as oxidation combines with carbon and with other unwanted elements,
separating them from the metal, leaving steel. Lime based fluxes (materials that help
the chemical process are charged) and they combine with “the impurities” to form Slag.
The main gas which is formed as a by product is Carbon Monoxide.
The Modern BOS vessel makes up to 350 tonnes of Steel at a time and the whole
process takes about 40 minutes.
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ELECTRIC ARC METHOD OF PRODUCING STEEL
PROCESS
In this process the material is charged with the “cold” material. This is normally a steel
scrap (recycled goods made from steel which have been reached at the end of their
life). These include Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) and Iron carbide, as well as pig Iron
which are Iron from a blast furnace which has been cast and allowed to go cold.
Steel scrap is first tipped into the EAF from an overhead crane. A lid is then swung into
the position over the furnace. A lid contains electrodes which are lowered into the
furnace. An electric current is passed through the electrodes to form an arc. The heat
generated by this arc melts the scrap. The electricity needed for this process is enough
to power a town with the population of 100,000.
During the melting process, other metals (Ferro alloys) are added to the steel to give it
the required chemical composition. The modern electric arc furnace typically makes
150 tonnes in each melt, which takes around 90 minutes.
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DOWN STREAM PRODUCTS LIKE CRCA / GP/ COLOR COATED
STEEL
52
MANUFACTURING OF CRCA STEEL
STEP 8:
PROCESS
STEP 1:
For producing Cold Rolled coils or53sheets, Hot Rolled coils are used as a raw
material for it. The Hot Rolled coils are taken into Pickling Plant where scale is
removed from iron and steel usually by means of immersion in a hot
hydrochloric or sulphuric acid bath. Wastes include spent pickling liquor,
Now the sheets formed from shearing line are levelled through Levelling line for
producing the final Cold Rolled Sheets.
GALVANIZATION PROCESS
Hot-dip galvanizing is a form of galvanization. It is the process of coating iron or steel
with a thin zinc layer, by passing the steel through a molten bath of zinc at a
temperature of around 860 °F (460 °C). When exposed to the atmosphere, pure zinc
reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide, which further reacts with carbon dioxide to form
zinc carbonate, a dull grey, fairly strong material that stops further corrosion in many
circumstances, protecting the steel below from the elements.
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Galvanized steel is widely used in applications where rust resistance is needed, and
can be identified by the crystallization patterning on the surface (often called a
"spangle").
The process of hot-dip galvanizing results in a metallurgical bond between zinc and
steel with a series of distinct iron-zinc alloys. The resulting coated steel can be used in
much the same way as uncoated. Galvanized steel can be welded; however, one must
exercise caution around the resulting zinc fumes. Galvanized steel is suitable for high-
temperature applications of up to 392 °F (200 °C). Use at temperatures above this
level will result in peeling of the zinc at the intermetallic layer. Galvanized sheet steel is
commonly used in automotive manufacture to enhance corrosion performance of
exterior body panels of some models.
Steel strip can be hot-dip galvanized in a continuous line. Hot-dip galvanized steel strip
(also sometimes loosely referred to as galvanized iron) is extensively used for
applications requiring the strength of steel and resistance to corrosion.
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COLOR COATED STEEL
Manufacturing Process:
56
Pre-painted steel sheet is made with cold-rolled galvanized steel sheet as substrate,
through surface de-oiling, phosphating and chromating and further processed by
coating and baking.
Technical Specification:
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APPLICATIONS
Construction industry (Indoor): doors 、door frames, housing light steel structure、
screens ceilings, elevators, stairs and ventilation stack.
Furniture Industry: Radiator, lamp shades, wardrobe, desk, bed, suitcase, bookshelf
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Features:
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RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
• Research Design
• Research Tool
• Sampling Plan
• Sampling Unit
• Sample Size
• Sample Procedure
• Data Analysis
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The ESSAR STEEL manufactures various kinds of steel which finds its applications in
various industries like Automobiles, Consumer Durables, and Roofing etc. They have a
well established market in Delhi and some parts of U.P. which mainly includes West
U.P. They have some major customers like L.G., Whirlpool, and Maruti etc which has a
large consumption requirement. But these companies mainly prefer for Color Coated
Steel which caters their immediate requirement and reduction of cost and labour.
So, they are into establishing new manufacturing line called COLOR COATED line of
steel. It has a huge market potential and also leads to the customization of product. In
order to install new line of production they want to know the consumption pattern of
Color Coated steel in comparison to steel which they generally use for manufacturing
the product.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is purely & simply the framework or plan for study that guides the
collection and analysis of data. It is a blue print that is followed in completing a study.
Descriptive is used to conduct this survey.
2. RESEARCH TOOL: - In Depth interviews were conducted with the customers and
competitors in order to understand the consumption pattern of steel in company.
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SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE
It becomes impossible to contact each and every individual of the population due to
the limitation of essential resources like time and money. Therefore the study
borrowed down to a representation sample to make the study more manageable.
Keeping in view of the objective and resources limitation of the study sample of 4
respondents are considered as most of the respondents are located in distant
places of the country. The selection sample is representative of the population and
is accurate and practicable.
1. PRIMARY DATA
2. SECONDARY DATA
PRIMARY DATA
Primary Data are those data which are collected for the first time. It is always better to
go for Primary Data since it is the first hand information and there are less chances of
personal biasness and information can be collected with accuracy at the same time. It
could be re tabulated and survey concerned in various forms this data can be used.
For collecting the data I have chosen the In depth interview.
INDEPTH INTERVIEW
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data are not the first hand information. Secondary data are those that have
been collected by other organizations like government agencies, financial
organizations, newspapers and magazines. They collect original data analyze, tabulate
and publish it.
A. SAMPLING UNIT
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First step in developing any sample design as to clearly define the set of objectives
technically called the universe to be studied. The universe can be finite or infinite; my
universe was finite as I opted for specific White Goods Companies in U.P. West
Region.
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B. SAMPLE SIZE
JUDGEMENT SAMPLING
In this case stratified sample was done as the respondents were classified into well
defined classes or strata that were distinct from each other.
DATA ANALYSIS
VIDEOCON DELHI
GODREJ DELHI
REFRIGERATORS:
DOORS
LEFT/RIGHT PANELS
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COMPRESSOR
WASHING MACHINES
PANELS OF MACHINE
MICROWAVE OVENS
The Consumer Durable sector uses Cold Rolled Close Anneleaned steel which has a
high strength and soften in nature. The company uses various kinds of steel like
Galvanized steel, Color Coated Steel, Pre coated steel etc. Some of the steel is when
reach to the customer, it is then again processed to meet the requirements like Rolling,
Color Coating etc.
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CUSTOMER SURVEY
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LG ELECTRONICS INDIA PVT LTD
LG India Electronics Pvt Ltd. Is one of the main producers of consumer durables in
India. It is a core producer of various kinds of refrigerators, washing machines, air
conditioners etc. LG’s Greater Noida based plant has a capacity of producing 2 lacks
of refrigerators in a month. For producing refrigerators it consumes CRCA steel which
it procures from various sources like Bhushan, Essar, and Tata etc. The dimensions of
CRCA steel are as follows:
PRICING MODE
In LG the pricing is done on monthly, quarterly and six months basis. It is on Per Kg
basis. Generally they follow fixed pricing method. But mainly it is Demand based which
is regulated by London Metal Price.
PAYMENT MODE
The payment mode of LG to other companies like Bhushan, Tata is credit of 30 days.
With some new companies they go for under Purchase Agreement and SOB. This
includes all pricing terms and other escalation clauses.
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In case the agreed party unable to provide the material on time or there is some delay
due to some contingency, in that case the company diverts the order to some other
suppliers like Bhushan, Tata and the penalty is applied on the previous party for not
fulfilling the requirement. In purchase agreement the penalty policies are also included
in which the Line Stoppage etc issues are explicitly mentioned. It is also based on the
business relations and mutual understanding between the two parties.
To avoid such kind of situations the company places 120 % order of monthly
requirement. For ex. If there is a monthly requirement of 1000 tonnes, then they place
1200 tonnes requirement with the company so that in case they fail to supply in next
month then at least they can manage around 10- 15 days of their production.
LOGISTICS USED: Trailer by Road. The Freight charges are included in Purchase
Agreement only.
But in case they face some problem with their suppliers, they require advance
notification so as to plan their production process accordingly.
PROBLEMS FACED
With Essar they face some problem in terms of Logistics and complaint attendance.
According to them the steel sent by Essar comes in Closed Trucks whereas steel
despatched by Bhushan, Tata is in the Open Trucks.
Immediate attention of any kind of complaint regarding Quality issue is not immediately
attended by Essar. It is taken care in the next of supply by Essar.
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FUTURE PROJECTS
LG had a NIMBUS project which even won International accreditation. The refrigerator
has some extra features which are customized for Gents and Women personally. The
refrigerator had Automatic Frost Free Adjustment. It has proper storage system for
Frozen Foods. It was launched in various different colours and sizes.
COMPETITORS
Samsung
Whirlpool
Videocon
Godrej
Regarding the colour coated steel consumption; they import the Precoated Steel from
Korea companies like Union Steel, Posco etc.
In production process they follow G-Six Sigma level and continuous development
process Kaizen.
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WHIRLPOOL
71
72
Whirlpool India is also one of the prominent players in the consumer durable sector. It
is also the leading producer of refrigerators, microwave ovens, washing machines.
CORE COMPETENCIES
INNOVATION: The unique and compelling solutions valued by their customers to the
brand create the competitive advantage and differentiated shareholder value.
Know a customer
Be a customer
Serve a customer
Knowing a customer helps them in knowing who there customer are, how to treat
them, how they can add value to them, and what the drivers of brand loyalty are. This
information is gathered from the customer's data base history. This way they are better
able to customize products for them and recommend the right product to solve
problems. Being a customer is important to share customer knowledge and insights,
drive actions based on customer insights, be passionate about their brands and
customer loyalty and provide a positive voice for their brands.
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WHIRLPOOL INDIA
Whirlpool, right from its inception in 1911 as first commercial manufacturer of
motorized washers to the current market position of being world's number one
manufacturer and marketer of major home appliances, has always set industry
milestones and benchmarks. The parent company is headquartered at Benton
Harbor, Michigan, USA with a global presence in over 170 countries and
manufacturing operation in 13 countries with 11 major brand names such as Whirlpool,
Kitchen Aid, Roper, Estate, Bauknecht, Laden and Ignis. The company boasts of
resources and capabilities beyond achievable feat of any other in the industry.
Soon Whirlpool acquired Kelvinator India Limited in 1995 and marked an entry into
Indian refrigerator market as well. The same year also saw acquisition of major share
in TVS joint venture and later in 1996, Kelvinator and TVS acquisitions were merged to
create Indian home appliance leader of the future, Whirlpool India. This expanded the
company's portfolio in the Indian subcontinent to washing machines, refrigerator,
microwave ovens and air conditioners.
Today, Whirlpool is the most recognized brand in home appliances in India and holds a
market share of over 25%. The company owns three state-of-the-art manufacturing
facilities at Faridabad, Pondicherry and Pune. Each of these manufacturing set-ups
features an infrastructure that is witness of Whirlpool's commitment to consumer
interests and advanced technology.
In the year ending in March '06, the annual turnover of the company for its Indian
enterprise was Rs.1375 Crores. According to IMRB surveys Whirlpool enjoys the
status of the single largest refrigerator and second largest washing machine brand in
India.
The company's brand and image speaks of its commitment to the homemaker from
every aspect of its functioning. It has derived its functioning principles out of an
undaunted partnership with the homemakers and thus a slogan of “You and
whirlpool, the world's best homemaker” dots its promotional campaigns. The
products are engineered to suit the requirements of ‘smart, confident and in-control'
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homemaker who knows what she wants. The product range is designed in a way
that it employs unique technology and offers consumer relevant solutions.
Refrigerators
Air Conditioners
Washing Machines
Microwave Ovens
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REQUIREMENT OF CRCA STEEL IN WHIRLPOOL INDIA
Whirlpool with Essar follows Advance Payment terms as per the policies of Essar. For
new requirement they go for L/C route.
With other companies, Whirlpool procures steel on 30 days credit terms. The other
companies include Tata, Bhushan, Vardhman etc.
STEEL CONSUMPTION
Consumption Pattern
REFRIGERATORS
DOORS BACK
PLATE
WASHING MACHINE
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MICROWAVE OVEN
CRCA STEEL GP
LOGISTICS USED
COMPETITORS OF WHIRLPOOL
There are various competitors of Whirlpool. Some of these are:
SAMSUNG
LG
HITACHI
HAIER
GODREJ
Whirlpool has a big strength in providing the products according to the customer needs
and demands. The core competency of whirlpool lies in maintaining the good customer
relations and attendance of customer complaints quickly. Whirlpool has a good image
in terms of Payment. Payment within 30 days is the policy which is followed in
Whirlpool India.
The products manufactured in Whirlpool are tested properly and less power
consumption products. They have a wide range of products which cater needs of the
consumer to larger extent. They follow proper marketing mix and always give tuff
competition to its competitors.
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FINDINGS, SWOT
ANALYSIS OF ESSAR
STEEL WITH
SUGGESTIONS,
LIMITATIONS AND
CONCLUSION
79
FINDINGS
Some of the findings regarding the Consumer Durables Sector are as follows:
• There are 8 major consumer durables companies which consume large amount of
steel.
• They prefer to have steel from nearest plant in order to minimize the cost and time.
• The major player in U.P. West is L.G. Electronics which consumes 1000-1200
tonnes of CRCA steel from various steel manufacturers.
• All consumer durable companies keep alternative sources open to meet the
contingencies. For example: LG always keep a alternative source of Bhushan when
they place an order with Essar.
• L.G. and other companies have a top preference of Bhushan and Tata. Essar also
plays a major role in fulfilling their requirement.
• Consumer Durable companies generally sign the agreements with the procuring
companies in which the terms like Share Of Business and Payment Policies are
explicitly defined.
• Bhushan has a largest market share in White Goods segment and its major
customers are L.G and Maruti which consume 40% CRCA steel
• Consumer durable companies have a top preference for Quality and commitment
from the procuring company.
• They maintain their inventory in advance to meet the contingencies and they need
credit time for payment.
• Most of the companies require TEST CERTIFICATES while purchasing the steel
from steel manufacturers.
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• The major problem which they face is of payment policies followed by Essar. Essar
has a policy of Advance Payment. They hesitate in paying advance to Essar which
ultimately lead them in developing the other source.
• Most of the companies follow Kaizen in their Production System and JIT in
inventory.
Purchase department
Marketing department
Production department
SUGGESTIONS
Essar Steel is a well known company but when it comes in the consumer durables
sector, then Essar takes a back seat. Competitors like Bhushan, Tata, Ispat are their all
time favourite. The image can be changed and can be enhanced more by the following
ways:-
1. By sending Occasional greeting cards along with the company brochures to white
good companies to General Managers and Purchase Managers.
2. Sales Person should visit the companies like L.G., Whirlpool and Samsung at the time
of procurement as well as at the time of production. This will increase the loyalty of
the company towards the consumers (White Goods Companies) and this will help in
the increase in the sales of Essar Steel.
3. By starting delivery to the destination at the minimal cost to the heavy purchasers.
4. The material despatched to the customers in an Open Trucks so that there should not
be any problem in unloading the material at the factory premises.
6. Quick and Periodical development in product and services should be there in order to
keep the customer intact and interested in the business with the company.
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SWOT ANALYSIS OF ESSAR STEEL
STRENGTH
Essar Steel is a well known brand in the steel market
WEAKNESS
Limited Product Lines
OPPORTUNITIES
Fulfil the requirement of the customer in time
Quick attendance of complaints and on time delivery will help in maintaining the
band image
THREATS
Other companies quick delivery of material and payment terms
If Essar Steel does not cash out the opportunity of first entrant, then there is always
a fear of other entrants.
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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
There were some limitations while doing the project due to the limited resources
availability. Some of these are:
Location: Very few companies have their production and marketing offices set up in
NCR or nearby areas. Most of the offices are located in distant locations like East U.P.
or in Mumbai.
Confidentiality: Extracting the price and freight charges information helps in making
the strategy of any company. So being the vital content in strategy making, extracting
the exact information was very difficult.
Limited contacts: Since I covered only NCR, so the study got restricted to some
companies only. The contacts given to me for the survey was limited in number and
hence the study got restricted to only few companies.
Essar Steel produces quality and best product among its competitors. But there is
always remains a scope for developing new product which can add more value to the
customers.
Essar Steel can establish a new product line of COLOR COATED which will give a
thrust of customization among its customers. In this COLOR COATED Steel the
required colour can be coated on the steel according to the requirement of the
customer and can be despatched to the customer. In this way a customer will get
required steel in which he will directly apply the steel in making the product.
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CONCLUSION
Under the brand name of Essar Steel, it has well segmented its market and tried its
best to serve the customers according to their needs and personalization. The Essar
Steel provides wide range of Flat Steel products it has managed to give tuff
competition to some big players like Tata, Bhushan etc. The main objective of Essar
Steel is to provide the world class steel to the customer.
The company can get the opportunity to enter to new markets of Consumer durables
of U.P. East. Consumers like L.G., Whirlpool wants to get the steel product at the
minimum cost and on time delivery. So they procure it from the nearest market to
reduce the transportation cost.
Recently Essar Steel is in the process of establishing new production line of COLOR
COATED line of Steel where they can customize the product and can cater the needs
of the customer to higher levels which will finally help in increasing their sales.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.ipcindiansteel.com
www.worldsteel.org
www.steelnic.in
http://www.eef.org.uk/uksteel//about+the+industry/making+steel/diagrams/produ
ction_of_molten_steel.htm
DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS
www.bhushan-group.org
www.bhushanltd.com
www.uttamgalva.com
www.ispatind.com
www.vardmansteel.com
www.tataryerson.com
Steel glossary
Essar catalogues
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