6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn Lecture 5: Method of Images I.

Point Charge Above Ground Plane 1. Potential and Electric Field

q 1 p = 2 40 x2 + y2 + ( z d)

1 x2 + y2 + ( z + d)
2

p _ p _ p _ Ep = p = ix+ iy+ i y z z x
_ _ _ _ _ _ 2 x i x + y i y + ( z d) i z 2 x i x + y i y + ( z + d ) i z 3 3 2 2 2 x2 + y2 + ( z d)2 2 2 x2 + y2 + ( z + d)

q 40

Ep ( z = 0 ) =

_ ( d ) q iz 3 20 2 x + y2 + d2 2

(perpendicular to equipotential ground plane)

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 1 of 11

2. Gausss Law Boundary Condition

E i da = dV
0 V

E i da = ( E
0

0 1 i n1

+ 0 E2 i n2 dS = sdS

(total charge inside pillbox)

s = 0 n i E1 E2

3. Back to Point Charge Above Ground Plane

At z=0:
s = E E = 0 i i E = 0Ez = 0 n i 1 2 z 1
_

qd 2 x2 + y2 + d2
3 2

qd 2 r2 + d2
3 2

r2 = x2 + y2
qT ( z = 0 ) =
+

y = x =

s dxdy =

r = 0 = 0

srdrd =

qd 2

rdr r2 + d2
3 2

r =0

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 2 of 11

u = r2 + d2 du = 2rdr

rdr
3 2

r2 + d2

2u
+qd

du
3 2

= u

1 r + d2
2

qT ( z = 0 ) =

r2 + d2
_ 2

= q
0

fq =

q2 40 (2d)

iz =

q2 160d2

II. Point Charge and Sphere 1. Grounded Sphere

Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn Lecture 5 Page 3 of 11

1 q q' + 40 s s'
1 2

s = r2 + D2 2rD cos

, s ' = b2 + r2 2rb cos

2 2

(r = R ) = 0

q q' q q' = = s s' s s'

q2s '2 = q'2 s2 q'2 R 2 + D2 2RD cos = q2 b2 + R 2 2Rb cos q'2 R 2 + D2 = q2 b2 + R 2

)
q'2 q
2

+q'2 2 RD cos = +q2 2 Rb cos

b D

R2 b 2 R + D2 = b2 + R 2 b2 b + D + R2 = 0 D D

b (b D )

R2 D

=0

b=

R2 D

q'2 = q2 force on sphere

fx = qq' 40 (D b )
2

b R2 = q2 2 q' = qR D D D

q2R D R2 40 D D
2

q2RD 40 D2 R 2

2. Isolated Sphere [Put additional Image Charge +q' = +qR D at center] (zero charge)
(r = R ) = q' q = 40R 40D

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 4 of 11

force on sphere
2 D2 (D b ) qq' q2R 2bD b2 q q' q' fx = = = 2 2 2 40 (D b )2 D2 2 4 D D b ( ) R 0 40D3 D D

fx =

q2RD2 40D
3

(D

q2R 3 R2 R2 2D = D D 40D3 D2 R2

2D2 R2

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 5 of 11

III. Demonstration 4.7.1 Charge Induced in Ground Plane by Overhead Conductor

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

( a x )2 + y2 2 ( a x )2 + y2 ln ln = = 1 20 40 ( a + x )2 + y2 ( a + x )2 + y2 2

C' =

= ( x = l R, y = 0 )

20 = , ( x = l R, y = 0 ) = U al+R l2 R 2 + l ln ln 20 a + l R R

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 6 of 11

s = 0Ex ( x = 0 ) = 0

x =0

+ 0 d 2 2 ln ( a x ) + y2 ln ( a + x ) + y2 4 0 dx
2 (a + x) 2 ( a x ) 4 ( a x )2 + y2 ( a + x )2 + y2 x =0 a

a2 + y2

Total Charge per unit length on ground plane is:

T ( x = 0) =

y =

sdy =

(a

a
2

+y

dy =

a 1 y tan1 a a

= is = d s dq aA d aAC ' dU A = = 2 2 dt dt dt a +y a2 + y2 dt

take U = U0 cos t
C ' Aa

v0 = isR s =

a2 + y2

U0 sin t

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 7 of 11

IV. Point Electric Dipole 1. Potential

q 40

1 1 r+ r
2

r+ =

d x + y + z 2
2 2

r =

d x2 + y2 + z + 2

Note: ( z = 0 ) = 0

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 8 of 11

2. Point Electric Dipole (r>>d)

Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.

r+ r

d d cos r 1 cos 2 2r

r r +

d d cos r 1 + cos 2 2r

q 1 1 q d d cos 1 cos 1 + d d 40r 40r 2r 2r 1 cos 1 + cos 2r 2r

qd cos 40r2

d 0 q

lim p = qd (dipole moment)

p cos 40r2

_ 1 _ 1 _ E = = ir + i+ i r r sin r
_ _ + 2 cos i sin i r 40r3

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 9 of 11

3. Field Lines:

E dr 2 cos = r = = 2 cot rd E sin

dr = 2 cot d lnr = 2 ln ( sin ) + C r r = r0 sin2 r0 = r =

q =1 40d

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 10 of 11

V. Line Current Above a Perfect Conductor

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

f I = I 0 H

( )

Newton/meter [force per unit length]

_ I _ 0I2 _ = I i z 0 i = i 4d x 4d y

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 5 Page 11 of 11