LOGIC

SYNOPSIS Theory :
1. 2. Logic is art of reasoning.

CHAPTER :

A logical statement is a sentence which is declarative or assertive and can be categorised as being either true or false but neither both nor none. Logical statements are denoted by p, q, r, s etc. or P, Q, R, S, etc. A logical statement which is both true as well as false is known as paradox. Open statements are not considered as logical statements. A statement cannot be both true or false at the same time. This fact is known as law of excluded middle. A statement which cannot be broken down into two or more statements is known as a simple statement or atomic statement or a prime statement. Any statement formed by combining two or more prime components is known as a compound statement. True and false are known as the truth values of a logical statement. Logical connectives : These are the five operators which are used to obtain compound statements. They are of two types unary and binary. The five logical connectives are : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Negation (not), ( : ). Conjunction (and, but, as well as ) ( ). Disjunction (or), ( ). Implication (if . . . . then . . . .) ( ). [Also known as conditional]. Double implication (.... if and only if ....) ( ). [Also known as biconditional].

3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

8.

9. 10.

CHP. 1 : Logic
The truth tables of the above logical connectives are given below : p T F p T T F F

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

:p
F T q T F T F p q T F F F p q T T T F pq T F T T pq T F F T

11.

Types of statement patterns : Status of final column (a) (b) (c) All Ts All Fs Mix of Ts and Fs Type of pattern TAUTOLOGY CONTRADICTION CONTINGENCY

12.

If two or more statement patterns have identical truth values in final column, then they are known as logically equivalent statements. Logical equivalence of A and B is denoted as A B .

13.

Duality : Two compound statements are said to be dual of each other if one can be obtained from other by replacing with and with . These two connectives are called duals of each other. If P Q is an implication then,

14.

QP :P:Q : Q :P
15. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

is is is

CONVERSE INVERSE CONTRAPOSITIVE.

Negation of statements :

q) ( : p : q) q) ( : p : q) q) p : q q) : [(p q) (q p)] (p : q) (q : p) Note : (ii) and (iii) are referred to as De-Morgans laws of logic.

: ( : p) p : (p : (p : (p : (p

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 16.

CHP. 1 : Logic

Applications of logic to switching circuits : (i) Switches in series : This is logically identical to the conjunction connective.

S1 Battery

S2 Lamp

In this case the lamp glows only when both switches S1 and S2 are closed. The circuit can be expressed as :

p q r
where p : Switch S1 is closed q : Switch S2 is closed r : Lamp glows. (ii) Switches in parallel. This is logically identical to the disjunction connective. In this case the lamp glows when atleast one of the switch is closed. The circuit can be expressed as :

S1 S2 Battery Lamp

pq r
where p : Switch S1 is closed q : Switch S2 is closed r : Lamp glows.

Additional knowledge points :

1. Laws of logic : (i) Idempotent laws (a) (ii)

pp p
p (q r) (p q) r

(b)

p p p
p (q r) (p q) r

Associative laws (a) (b)

(iii)

Commutative laws (a)

pqqp

(b)

p q q p

(iv)

Distributive laws (a) (b)

p (q r) (p q) (p r) p (q r) (p q) (p r)

4
(v)

CHP. 1 : Logic

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

Identity laws : If p is any statement, t is tautology and c is contradiction. (a) (c)

ptt p c p
p ( : p) t

(b) (d) (b) (d)

pt p pc c
p ( : p) c

(vi)

Complement laws : If p is any statement, t is tautology and c is contradiction (a) (c)

:tc

:ct

(vii) Involution law : : ( : p) p (viii) Absorption laws (a) 2.

p (p q) p

(ii)

p (p q) p

Rows and columns in a truth table : If m is the number of logical connectives used to connect any statement pattern having n distinct prime components, then total number of rows is equal to 2n and total number of columns is equal to n + m.

3. 4.

The double implication of two logically equivalent statements is always a tautology. For a given implication it must be remembered that the implication and corresponding contrapositive are logically equivalent and also converse and inverse are logically equivalent to each other.
p q : p q , q p ~ q p

5. 6.

Types of Venn (U universal set). (i) Some Xs are Ys.

diagram

to

represent

logical

statements

x
(ii)

All Xs are Ys but all Ys are not Xs.

U x
(iii) No X is a Y.

U x y

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I (iv) All Xs are Ys and vice-versa.

CHP. 1 : Logic

x=y

7. 8.

Hierarchy of logical connectives is :, , , , While taking sentential negations every or all must be replaced by some or there exists atleast one and vice-versa.

CHP. 1 : Logic

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

CLASSWORK
Mark the correct option in each of the following 1. Which of the following is a statement ? (a) On the fan Bring a glass of water (b) (d) Do your work Three plus three is six. (c) 2.

a b c d

Which of the following is a statement ? (a) Long live the King ! (b) May God bless you ! The sun is a star. (c) Hurrah ! We have won the match (d)

a b c d
3.

Which of the following is not a statement ? (a) Roses are red Every square is a rectangle (b) (d) Bihar is in India Alas ! I have failed. (c)

a b c d
4.

Which of the following is not a statement ? (a) (b) (c) (d) 18 is not a perfect square The sum of all the angles of any triangle is 180 What is your name ? Some sets are infinite sets.

a b c d
5.

Which of the following is an open statement ? (a) Good luck for your exams (b) (d) Please call an ambulance Asia is a continent.

a b c d
6.

(c)

x 2 = 4x

Which of the following is an open statement ? (a) (b) (c) (d) The earth revolves around the sun Wish you great success 1 is not a prime number That boy is wearing a white cap.

a b c d
7.

The symbolic form of the statement if it rains then the trains will be late. p : It rains q : The trains will be late. (a)

pq pq

(b) (d)

pq qp

a b c d

(c)

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 8. If

CHP. 1 : Logic

p : An angle is a right angle q : It is of measure 90

then the symbolic form of an angle is not a right angle or it is of measure 90 is : (a)

:pq :pq
p : Dia is beautiful q : Dia is clever

(b) (d)

p q p:q

a b c d
9.

(c) If

then the verbal statement for : p : q is : (a) (b) (c) (d) 10. Dia is beautiful or Dia is clever Dia is not beautiful but Dia is clever Dia is beautiful or Dia is not clever Dia is not beautiful or Dia is not clever.

a b c d

The verbal form of : p q p : The problem is easy q : It is not challenging Problem is easy and it is not challenging. If problem is not easy, then it is not challenging. If problem is not easy, then it is challenging. Problem is easy and it is challenging.

(a)

a b c d

(b) (c) (d) 11.

If p, q are true and r, s are false, then the truth value of

(p q) [(q r) (r s)] is :
(a) T neither T nor F (b) (d) F both T and F

a b c d
12.

(c)

If p, q are true and r is false, then the truth value of :

[ : p (: q r)] [(q r) (p r)] is :

(a) neither T nor F F (b) (d) both T and F T

a b c d
13.

(c)

If p, q are false and r, s are true, then the truth value of :

[( : p q) : r] [(q p) (: s r)] is :
(a) F neither T nor F (b) (d) T both T and F.

a b c d
14.

(c)

The truth values for (p q) (p : q) are : (a) (c) TTFF FFFF (b) (d) TTTT T F T F.

a b c d

8
15.

CHP. 1 : Logic
The truth values for (: p q) (q p) are : (a) (c) 16. FTFF TTTT (b) (d)

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

a b c d

FFFF F F F T.

The truth values for (p q) : (p q) are : (a) (c) TTFF TTTF (b) (d) TTTT F T F F.

a b c d
17.

The truth values for (p q) (q p) are : (a) FTTF TFFT (b) (d) FTFT T F T F. (c)

a b c d
18.

The truth values for (q p) (: p q) are : (a) TTTT TFFF (b) (d) FFFF T F F T. (c)

a b c d
19.

The truth values for (p q) (q : p) are : (a) TFTF FFFF (b) (d) TTTT T F F F. (c)

a b c d
20.

The truth values for p [q (p q)] are : (a) (c) TTTT TFFF (b) (d) TTFF T F F T.

a b c d
21.

The truth values for (: p q) ( : p q) are : (a) (c) TFTT TFFF (b) (d) FFTF FFFT

a b c d
22.

The truth values for (p q) (q : p) are : (a) TTTF TTTT (b) (d) FFFF FFTT (c)

a b c d
23.

The truth values for (p : q) (q p) are : (a) FTTF TFFF (b) (d) FTFT FTTT (c)

a b c d
24.

The truth values for p (q r) are : (a) TTTTTFFF TTTFFFFF (b) (d) FFFTTTTT FTFTFTFT (c)

a b c d

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 25.

CHP. 1 : Logic

The truth values for (p q) : (p r) are : (a) (c) TTTFFFFF FFFFFFTT (b) (d) FTFFFFFF FFFFFTTT

a b c d
26.

The Venn diagram for the statement every differentiable function is continuous where : U = Set of all functions D = Set of differentiable functions C = Set of continuous functions is : (a)

U C D

(b)

C D

a b c d

(c)

U D=C

(d)

D
27.

The Venn diagram for the statement some scholars are not teachers where : U = Universal set of human beings T = Set of teachers S = Set of scholars is : (a)

(b)

a b c d

T U

T T S U

(c)

(d)

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28.

CHP. 1 : Logic

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

The Venn diagram for the statement some triangle are scalene where : U = Universal set of polygons S = Set of scalene triangles T = Set of all triangles. is : (a)

U S T

U
(b)

S=T

a b c d
(c)

(d)

T S

29.

Let

U = Universal set of days H = Set of all holidays S = Set of all Sundays

H S

a b c d

then the given Venn diagram represents the statement : (a) (c) 30. Let All holidays are Sundays Some Sundays are holidays U = Universal set of human being S = Set of successful people H = Set of hard working people then the given Venn diagram represents the statement : (a) Some hard working people are successful All successful people are hard working No successful people are hard working Some successful people are not hard working. (b) (d) No holiday is a Sunday Sunday implies a holiday.

a b c d

(b) (c) (d) 31.

The negation of the statement this policeman is honest and he is not rich is : (a) (b) This policeman is not honest and he is rich This policeman is honest or he is rich This policeman is not honest or he is rich This policeman is not honest or he is not rich.

a b c d

(c) (d)

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 32.

CHP. 1 : Logic

11

The negation of the statement 2 + 4 > 7 or is rational is : (a) 2 + 4 > 7 and is rational (b) (c) 2 + 4 < 7 and is not rational 2 + 4 7 or is not rational 2 + 4 7 and is not rational.

a b c d
33.

(d)

The negation of the statement the student came in merit implies his teacher was excellent is : (a) (b) (c) (d) The student did not come in merit implies his teacher was not excellent The student did not come in merit or his teacher was excellent The student came in merit and his teacher was not excellent The student comes in merit only when his teacher is excellent

a b c d

34.

The negation of the statement the board will take re-exam if and only if the paper is leaked is : (a) (b) (c) (d) The board will not take re-exam if and only if the paper is not leaked. The board will not take re-exam and the paper is leaked and the paper is not leaked and the board will take re-exam. The board will not take re-exam and the paper is leaked or the paper is not leaked and the board will take re-exam. If the board will take re-exam then the paper is leaked.

a b c d

35.

The negation of the statement All men are animals is : (a) (b) (c) There exists a man who is an animal Some men are animals There exists a man who is not an animal All animals are men.

a b c d
36.

(d)

The negation of (p q) is : (a)

(p q) (q p) (p : q) (q : p)

(b) (d)

(p q) (q p) (p : q) (q : p)

a b c d
37.

(c)

The negation of (p q) ( : q r) is : (a) (c)

a b c d
38.

(: p : q) ( : q r) (: p : q) (q : r) (: p q) r (: p q) r

(b) (d)

(: p : q) (: q : r) (: p q) ( : q r) (: p : q) : r (: p q) : r

The negation of (p : q) r is : (a) (b) (d)

a b c d

(c)

12
39.

CHP. 1 : Logic
(p : q) (p : q) is :
(a)

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

(p : q) ( : p q) (: p q) (p : q) (p : q) ( : p q) (p : q) (p q)

(b) (d)

(p q) (p : q) (: p q) (p q) (p : q) (p q) (p q) (p : q)

a b c d
40.

(c)

The negation of (p q) ( : p : q) is : (a) (b) (d)

a b c d
41.

(c)

The statement (p q) (q p) is : (a) (c) tautology contingency (b) (d) contradiction atomic.

a b c d
42.

The statement pattern (p q) : q is : (a) neither tautology (b) (d) contrapositive contradiction (c)

a b c d
43.

The statement (p q) p is : (a) contradiction converse (b) (d) tautology neither. (c)

a b c d
44.

The statement [p (p q)] q is : (a) (c) inverse contradiction (b) (d) tautology neither.

a b c d
45.

The statement (p q) (q : p) is : (a) (c) inverse contradiction (b) (d) tautology neither.

a b c d
46.

The statement (p q) (q p) is : (a) (c) tautology neither (b) (d) contradiction contrapositive.

a b c d
47.

The statement : (p q) ( : p : q) is : (a) (c) tautology converse (b) (d) contradiction contingency.

a b c d
48.

The proposition (p q) ( : p : q) is : (a) tautology contingency (b) (d) inverse contradiction. (c)

a b c d

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 49.

CHP. 1 : Logic

13

a b c d

: (p q) ( : p : q) is :
(a) (c) tautology contingency (b) (d) contradiction contrapositive.

50.

[q (p q)] p is :
(a) (c) tautology contingency (b) (d) contradiction inverse.

a b c d
51.

(q p) (: p q) is :
(a) (c) contingency tautology (b) (d) inverse contradiction.

a b c d
52.

[( : p q) p] (q : q) is :
(a) tautology converse (b) (d) contradiction contingency. (c)

a b c d
53.

[p (: q r)] : [p (q r)] is :
(a) tautology contrapositive (b) (d) contingency contradiction. (c)

a b c d
54.

If p (q r) is false, then truth values of p, q, r are respectively : (a) (c) TTT FTT (b) (d) TFF FFF

a b c d
55.

Which of the following statement is a contradiction ? (a)

p (q r) (p q) r (p q) : (p q) (p q) p

(b) (d)

: (p q) : r (p q) ( : q : r) p ( : p q) (p q) p

a b c d
56.

(c)

Which of the following statement is a contradiction ? (a) (c) (b) (d)

a b c d

57.

The converse of the statement ;if the teacher is present, then the students run away is : (a) If the teacher is not present, then the students do not run away If the students do not run away, then the teacher is not present If the students run away, then the teacher is present The teacher is present and the students do not run away. (b) (c) (d)

a b c d

14
58.

CHP. 1 : Logic

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

The inverse of the statement if Mary goes to school, then the lamb goes to school is : (a) (b) (c) If Mary does not go to school, then lamb goes to school If Mary does not go to school, then lamb does not go to school If lamb goes to school, then Mary goes to school Mary goes to school but lamb does not go to school.

a b c d
59.

(d)

The contrapositive of the statement if Shyam is sincere, then Shyam is popular is : (a) If Shyam is sincere, then Shyam is not popular If Shyam is not popular, then Shyam is sincere If Shyam is not popular, then Shyam is not sincere Shyam is sincere but Shyam is not popular. (b) (c) (d)

a b c d
60.

The inverse of contrapositive of p q is : (a)

:q:p q p

(b) (d)

pq :p:q

a b c d
61.

(c)

From the following sets of statements, identify the pairs of statements having the same meaning. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a) If x is a dog, then x is very good. If x is very good, then x is a dog. If x is not very good, then x is not a dog. If x is not a dog, then x is not very good. (i) and (iii) (ii) and (iii) (b) (d) (i) and (ii) (i) and (iv).

a b c d
62.

(c)

From the following sets of statements, identify the pairs of statements having the same meaning. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a) (c) If a man is a judge, then he is honest. If a man is not a judge, then he is not honest. If a man is honest, then he is a judge. If a man is not honest, then he is not a judge. (i) and (ii) (ii) and (iv) (b) (d) (ii) and (iii) (iii) and (iv) 5 + 4 = 9 and 8 + 3 11 5 + 4 9 or 8 + 3 = 11.

a b c d
63.

Rewrite without using implication, if 5 + 4 = 9, then 8 + 3 = 11. (a) 5 + 4 = 9 or 8 + 3 = 11 5 + 4 = 9 and 8 + 3 11 (b) (d) (c)

a b c d

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 64.

CHP. 1 : Logic

15

Rewrite without using it is not true that it is not true that 2 + 3 = 5 or 4 + 3 = 7. (a) 2 + 3 5 and 4 + 3 7 2 + 3 = 5 and 4 + 3 = 7 (b) (d) 2 + 3 = 5 and 4 + 3 7 2 + 3 5 and 4 + 3 = 7 (c)

a b c d
65.

Which of the following statements is true ? (a) (b) (c) (d) 2 + 5 = 7 and 5 + 4 = 9 2 + 5 = 7 and 5 + 4 = 10 2 + 5 7 and 5 + 4 9 2 + 5 = 0 or 5 + 4 = 12

a b c d
66.

Which of the following statements is false ? (a) (b) (c) (d) If Delhi is in Kerala, then Mumbai is in Orissa. 5 + 7 = 12 if and only if 3 + 2 = 6 5 + 7 = 12 if and only if 3 + 2 = 5 5 + 7 = 15 if and only if 3 + 2 = 6

a b c d
67.

The symbolic form of the circuit given below is :

S1 S2
(a)

S3
(b) (d)

S1 (S2 S3 ) S1 (S2 S3 )

S1 (S2 S3 ) S1 (S2 S3 )

a b c d
68.

(c)

The symbolic form of the circuit given below is :

p ~p p
(a)

~q q
(b) (d)

p ( : p : q) (p q) p ( : p : q) (p q)

p ( : p : q) (p q) p ( : p : q) (p q)

a b c d
69.

(c)

When does the current flow in the following circuit ?

p q r
a b c d
(a) (c) p should be closed p, r are closed

~p
(b) (d) p, q are closed q should be closed.

16
70.

CHP. 1 : Logic
When does the current flow in the following circuit ?

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

p q p q
(a) (b) cannot say always never depends on combination of switches closed.

p r

a b c d
71.

(c) (d)

The simplified equivalent circuit for the following circuit is :

p q
(a)

p q
(b)

p
p q

q
p q

a b c d

(c) 72.

(d)

The equivalent circuit for the circuit p [ : p (p q) (q p)] is : (a)

(b) (d)

a b c d
(c)

p q

Home Work :
1.

pq
(a)

a b c d
2.

p:q

(b) (d)

(c)

:p:q p:q p:q

p:q

:q:p : p q

pq
(a) (b) (d)

a b c d

(c)

:p:q

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 3.

CHP. 1 : Logic

17

: (p q)
(a)

p:q p:q
(p q) (q p) (p q) (q p)

(b) (d)

p q : p q
(p q) (q p) (p q) (q p)

a b c d
4.

(c)

p q
(a) (b) (d)

a b c d
5.

(c)

p (q r)
(a) (c)

a b c d

(p q) r (p q) (p r)

(b) (d)

(p q) r (p q) (p r)

6.

: (p q)
(a)

a b c d
7.

:p:q :p:q :p:q

: (p q)

(b) (d)

:p:q
(p : q) (q : p)

(c)

:p :q
(a) (c) (b) (d)

a b c d
8.

p:q
: (p q)

(p q) (p r)
(a)

p (q r) p (q r)
p : The sky is cloudy. q : It will be raining.

(b) (d)

p (q r) p (q r)

a b c d
9.

(c) Let

then the verbal form of (p : q) is : (a) (b) The sky is cloudy and it will be raining. The sky is not cloudy and it will be raining. The sky is cloudy or it will not be raining. The sky is cloudy and it will not be raining. x + 0 = x x R 12 + 11 = 23

a b c d
10.

(c) (d)

Which of the following is an open statement ? (a) (b) (d) 17 is a prime number x + 10 = 15, x R

a b c d

(c)

18
11. Let

CHP. 1 : Logic
p : Price increases. q : Demand falls.

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

The symbolic statement of if price does not increase then demand does not fall is : (a)

qp :p:q
F = Set of film stars D = Set of directors

(b) (d)

a b c d
12.

: p q

(c) Let

:q:p

U = Universal set of human beings

The adjacent Venn diagram represents : (a) (b) Some film stars are directors No director is a film star Some directors are not film stars All film stars are directors.

a b c d

(c) (d) 13.

If p q is false then : (a) p is true, q is true p is true, q is false (b) (d) p is false, q is true p is false, q is false. (c)

a b c d
14.

If p, q, r have truth values, T, F, T respectively, then the truth value of

: (p q) : r p is :
a b c d
15. (a) (c) true neither (b) (d) false both

If p, q are true and r, s are false, then the truth value of

: [(p : r) ( : q s)] is :
(a) true either (b) (d) false neither.

a b c d
16.

(c)

The truth values for : ( : p : q) are : (a) TTTT FTTF (b) (d) TTTF TFTF (c)

a b c d
17.

The truth values for (p q) : p are : (a) TTTT TFTT (b) (d) FTFF TTTF (c)

a b c d

MATHEMATICS CET PAPER - I 18.

CHP. 1 : Logic

19

Negation of if it rains, then I shall not go to school is : (a) (b) (c) (d) It rains and I shall go to school. It rains and I shall not go to school. It rains or I shall go to school. It rains or I shall not go to school.

a b c d
19.

Consider the following statements : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a) If a man in rich, then he is happy. If a man is not rich, then he is not happy. If a man is not happy, then he is not rich. If a man is rich, then he is not happy. (i) and (ii) (ii) and (iii) (b) (d) (i) and (iii) (i) and (iv).

The pairs of statement which are equivalent are :

a b c d
20.

(c)

An alternate simplified equivalent arrangement for the circuit is :

S1 S 2 S 3
(a)

S1 S2
(b)

S3

S1 S1 S2

S2

a b c d

(c)

(d)

S1 S2

21.

For the circuit shown below :

S1

S 1 S 2

S2 L

(a) (b)

The lamp will never glow. The lamp will always glow. The lamp will glow occassionally. The lamp will glow exactly once.

a b c d

(c) (d) 22.

The statement (p q) ( : p : q) is : (a) atomic contradiction (b) (d) tautology contingency. (c)

a b c d

20
23.

CHP. 1 : Logic
The statement (p q) (p : q) is : (a) (c) 24. tautology neither (b) (d)

Prof. Mukesh Kungwani

a b c d

contradiction inverse.

Negation of (: p q) (p : q) is : (a)

(p : q) ( : p q) (p : q) ( : p q)

(b) (d)

(: p q) (p : q) : (p q) ( : p q)

a b c d
25.

(c)

Dual of p (q r) (p q) (p r) is : (a) (b) (c)

p (q r) (p q) (p r) p (q r) (p q) (p r) p (q r) (p q) (p r) p (q r) (p q) (p r)

a b c d
26.

(d)

The inverse of converse of : q p is : (a)

:pq qp

(b) (d)

pq q:p :p:q
: (p q)

a b c d
27.

(c)

If p q is false and p q is true, then which of the following is false ? (a)

pq p q

(b) (d)

a b c d

(c)