Every square matrix can be associated to an expression or a number which is known as its determinant.

If is a square matrix of orders, then the determinant of A is denoted by or| |

A square arrangement of 4 numbers in horizontal rows and vertical columns enclosed between two vertical bars is called a determinant of 2nd order. Unlike a matrix it is not just a table of numerical data but (quite differently) a short hand way of writing an algebraic expression, whose value can be computed when the values of the terms or elements are known. The 4 numbers | arranged as

| is a determinant of 2nd order. are called the elements of the

The 4 numbers determinant

The value of the determinant is defined as | |

Any 9 numbers w arranged in a square form of three horizontal rows and three vertical columns enclosed between two vertical bars in the form

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are said to form a determinant of order. Take any row (or column); the value of the determinant is the sum of products of the elements of the row (or column) & The corresponding determinant obtained by omitting the row and the column of the element with a proper sign, given by the rule ( ) Where r and s are the number of row and the number of column respectively of the element of the row (or the column) chosen. Such a determinant is called the co-factor of the element and denoted by capital letters. Exercise: 1 in the determinant | Find the cofactors of the element Solution: Cofactor of Similarly cofactor of ( Find other yourself ) | | Occurs in the ( ) row & | column | |

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( Expansion of Determinant of order 3

In the expansion of determinant of order 3, each and every element of first row and first column is multiplied by that determinant of order two which remain left after abandoning the row and column passing through the elements. The sign in every step is respectively taken as positive and negative respectively as shown as below | | | | | |

Find the values of the following determinant | x Show that | z Operating x | y y y x y z z z x y | x y x z x y y z | |

Taking (x

z) common from first row, we get (x y z) | z x y|

We observe

are identical x y y | x x y x x x x x| x

Show that

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x | x x x x x|

x x x

x x| x |

y | y y

x x x

x x| x | are Identical hence

x x y|

In Second Determinant x | x | x [ x x x | | x or x | |] x |

Example: 2. If |

x x x x x x x x |y y | |y y y | y | |y y z z z z z z z z Operating in 1st Determinant and taking x,y,z from 2nd Determinant we get x x x x | y y| xyz | y y | z z z z Operating on first Determinant x x x x | y y | xyz | y y | z z z z

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xyz) | x y z y z

Applying x | y

x y | z x y

x x y y | z z

and y z |

z z Expanding in terms of , x y x y x| | y z y z |x y (x y)(x y)| y z (y z)(y z) Taking (x y) (y z) common from (x y) (x y)(x y) | | (x y) (x y)(x y)(y z x y) (x y)(x y)(z x) ( ) Using (1) and (2), the given equation becomes ( xyz)(x y)(x y)(z x) As x y z Therefore to fulfill the condition ( xyz)

Example: 3. Show that | Solution: Let Operating | |

)(

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| ( Operating ( ( ( ( )| )[ | )( )( )( ) ) )| | and

, we get | | ]

Example: 4. Show that | | Operating | ( Operating ( ( ( ( Show that )| )[ | ) ) | | ] )| and | | |

, we get

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| Let |

| |

( | ( ( ( Operating (

) ) ) )| and )|

| , we get |

Expanding along ( ( ( )[ | )( ) ) | ]

Evaluate the determinant | Solution: let | | |

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| Taking ( ( ( ( ( ( )( )( )( )( )( )

( ( ( )| )[ | )( )( )(

)| ) ) | | ) ) ) ]

Evaluate the determinant

Solution: Let Operating

| and |

| , we get |

( ( Operating ( )( )(

) )|

) | , we get

)|

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)(

)|

)(

)| ( )( ) ( | ( ( )( )( )( )( ) ) )( ) )

( (

)( )(

)| ) (

Example: 8. ( )( )( |( ( )( Solution: Let ( |( ( Operating |

Show that ) ( ) ) ( ) |=-2 ) ( ) be a given determinant )( ) ( ) )( ) ( ) | )( ) ( ) , we get |

| ( (

| ) ( ) ( ) )

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( Show that | Solution: ( Let | )

) ( ) ( ) | ( )

) ( ) ( ( )

( | ( | (

) ( ) ( ( ) (

( )

) |

)( )(

) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ) ( (

)( )( ) | )

) | )

( ) | ( ( ) |

| |

| |

( ( )

) [

{(

)(

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) ( )

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Example: Show that | Solution: y ( | ( ( ( |( ( w | y w | y w | | ) ) ) w ) ) ) | w |

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Problems 1: Solve for x: | 2: If| | | | |

, find out the value of x. |

3: Find the value of |

4: without expanding prove that the following determinants vanish:(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) S v | | | | | w y | y u : | | | |

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

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Using determinants, solve the following system of equations

The given equations are

Thus, the system has unique solution | |

Hence

is the solution of the system.

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1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Find the values of , so that the following systems are consistent. Also find the solution for that value of x y z x y z x y x y x y x y x y x y x y ( )x ( )y )y x y x ( ( ) ( ) x ( ) y ( ) ( )x ( )y ( )x y x y x y x y

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