Database Fundamentals TH

Database Fundamentals
A book for the community by the community
: Neeraj Sharma, Liviu Perniu, Raul F. Chong, Abhishek Iyer, Adi-Cristina Mitea,
Chaitali Nandan, Mallarswami Nonvinkere, Mirela Danubianu
: .

1 ( 2555)
Copyright IBM Corporation 2010. All rights reserved.
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IBM Database Fundamentals

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Java Java Sun Microsystems,
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Microsoft Windows Microsoft Corporation

Linux Linus Torvalds
UNIX The Open Group

1 14
5 15
1 - 2 20
1.1 ............................................................................................ 20
1.2 ....................................................................... 21
1.2.1 ......................................................... 21
1.3 (Information Models) (Data Models)2 23
1.4 .................................................................................. 24
1.4.1 (Network model)2 25
1.4.2 (Hierarchical Model)5 25

1.4.3 (Relational model)2 26
1.4.4 2 27
1.4.5 (Object-relational model)2 28
1.4.6 2 28
1.5 2 28
1.5.1 (Data Architect)....................................................... 28

1.5.2 (Database Architect).......................................... 29
1.5.3 (Database Administrator: DBA).................................. 29
1.5.4 (Application Developer)..................................... 30
1.6 .............................................................................................................. 31
1.7 ..................................................................................................... 31
1.8 3 31
2 3 34
2.1 3 34
2.2 3 36
2.2.1 (Attributes)............................................................................. 36
2.2.2 (Domains)....................................................................................... 37
2.2.3 (Tuples)........................................................................................... 37
2.2.4 (Relations)...................................................................................... 38
2.2.5 (Schemas)................................................................................... 38
2.2.6 (Keys)................................................................................................. 39
2.3 4 41
2.3.1 ..................................................................... 41
2.3.2 (Referential integrity)..................... 42
2.3.3 (Semantic integrity constraints)............... 43
2.4 .......................................................................................... 45
2.4.1 Union........................................................................................................ 45
2.4.2 Intersection.............................................................................................. 46
2.4.3 Difference................................................................................................ 46
2.4.4 Cartesian product.................................................................................... 47
2.4.5 Selection.................................................................................................. 48
2.4.6 Projection................................................................................................. 49
2.4.7 Join.......................................................................................................... 50
2.4.8 Division..................................................................................................... 52
2.5 ......................................................................................... 52
2.5.1 (Tuple-oriented relational calculus).................. 53
2.5.2 (Domain-oriented relational calculus).................. 54

2.6 .............................................................................................................. 55
2.7 ..................................................................................................... 55
2.8 5 57
3 6 60
3.1 6 60
3.2 ?6 62
3.2.1 6 62
3.2.2 6 62
3.2.3 6 63
3.3 - 1 3......................... 72
3.3.1 (Conceptual model)7 72
3.4 .......................................................................................................... 78
3.5 ..................................................................................................... 79
3.6 7 79
4 . ............................................................. 82
4.1 8 82
4.1.1 .............................................................. 83
4.1.2 .................................................................. 83
4.1.3 (Update Anomalies).......................... 83
4.2. (Decompositions).................................................... 84
4.3. Functional Dependencies............................................................................ 85
4.4 Functional Dependencies......................................................... 86
4.4.1 Armstrongs Axioms................................................................................. 87
4.4.2 closure set of attributes............................................................. 87
4.4.3 (Entailment).......................................................... 88
4.5 (Normal Forms)....................................................................... 88
4.5.1 1 (First Normal Form (1NF))..................................... 88

4.5.2 2 (Second Normal Form (2NF))................................ 90
4.5.3 3 (Third Normal Form (3NF)).................................... 91
4.5.4 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)................................. 92
4.6 Decompositions....................................................................... 93
4.6.1 Lossless and Lossy Decompositions........................................................ 93
4.6.2 Dependency-Preserving.................................... 94
4.7 Minimal Cover9 95

4.8 Synthesis of 3NF schemas.......................................................................... 97
4.9 3NF decomposition............................................ 97
4.10 The Fourth Normal Form (4NF)................................................................. 98
4.10.1 Multi-valued dependencies..................................................................... 98
4.11 ............................................................................... 99
4.12 Library Management System - Part 2 of 3.............. 99
4.13 ..........................................................................................................102
4.14 .................................................................................................103
4.15 0103
5 - SQL ................................................................................106
5.1 SQL............................................................................................106
5.2 SQL1107
5.2.1 (Data Types).................................................................107
5.2.2 (Create Table)..................................................................108
5.2.3 (Schema)...........................................................................112
5.2.4 (View)....................................................................................113
5.2.5 ..................................................................113
5.2.6 ...........................113
5.2.7 ..................................................................113
5.3 SQL1114
5.3.1 (Select)..............................................................................114
5.3.2 (Insert)............................................................................115
5.3.3 (Delete)...............................................................................116
5.3.4 (Update).......................................................................116
5.4 (Table Joins)..................................117
5.4.1 Inner Join...........................................117
5.4.2 Outer Joins.......................................118
5.5 Union, Intersection, Difference.......................................121
5.5.1 Union......................................................................................................121
5.5.2 Intersection............................................................................................122
10
5.5.3 Difference (Except)................................................................................122

5.6 (Relational Operators)1123
5.6.1 (Grouping Operators)1123
5.6.2 Aggregation1124
5.6.3 HAVING1124
5.7 (Sub-queries)..................................................................................125
5.7.1 .................................................................125
5.7.2 ....................................................................125
5.7.3 Correlated Sub-query.............................................................................126
5.7.4 FROM Select1126
5.8 . ................................126
5.9 3................................................127
5.10 ..........................................................................................................132
5.11 .................................................................................................132
5.12 1133
6 Stored Procedure ...............................................................136
6.1 IBM Data Studio......................................................................136
6.2 Stored Procedures1138

6.2.1 Procedures............................................................................139
6.2.2 Stored Procedure......................................................................140
6.2.3 Stored Procedure............................................................143
6.3 1143
6.3.1 ....................................................................................143
6.3.2 .........................................................................................144
6.3.3 ................................................................................145
6.3.4 ..........................................................................146
6.4 ........................................................................................................146
6.5 ...................................................................................................146
6.6 1147
7 SQL ..................................................150
7.1 SQL ...............................................150

7.2 Transaction ?................................................................................151
7.3 Embedded SQL..........................................................................................151
7.3.1 Static SQL..............................................................................................152

7.3.2 SQL Dynamic1157
7.3.3 Static dynamic SQL...........................................161
7.4 Application Programming Interface (APIs) 1161
7.4.1 ODBC IBM Data Server CLI driver.....................................................162
11
7.4.2 JDBC.......................................................................................................163
7.5 pureQuery................................................................................................164
7.5.1 IBM pureQuery Client Optimizer............................................................166
7.6 ........................................................................................................167
7.7 ...................................................................................................168
7.8 1168
8 XML1170
8.1 XML..........................................................................................170
8.1.1 XML element ..........................................................171
8.1.2 XML (XML attribute).........................................................172
8.1.3 Namespaces...........................................................................................173
8.1.4 (Document Type Definition: DTD)1173
8.1.5 XML Schema...........................................................................................174

8.2 XML Schema............................................................................176
8.2.1 (simple types)............................................................176
8.2.2 (complex types)...........................................178
8.2.3 Integrity Constraints..............................................................................179
8.2.4 XML Schema....................................................................179
8.3 XPath........................................................................................................180
8.3.1 XPath (XPath data model - XDM)8181
8.3.2 Document node......................................................................................181
8.3.3 Path Expressions....................................................................................182
8.3.4 Advanced Navigation in XPath...............................................................182
8.3.5 XPath Semantics....................................................................................183

8.3.6 XPath Queries.........................................................................................185
8.4 XQuery.....................................................................................................185
8.4.1 XQuery .........................................................................................186
8.4.2 FLWOR expressions................................................................................187
8.4.3 Joins XQuery...............................................................................188
8.4.4 (User-defined functions)1188
8.4.5 XQuery XML Schema.......................................................................189
8.4.6 (Grouping and aggregation)...............................189
8.4.7 Quantification........................................................................................190
8.5 XSLT..........................................................................................................190
8.6 SQL/XML...................................................................................................192
8.6.1 XML Document................................................192
8.6.2 XML...............................................................193
8.6.3 SQL / XML...................................................................................193
12
8.7 XML ..................................197

8.8 XML...............................................................197
8.8.1 XMLPARSE..............................................................................................197
8.8.2 XMLSERIALIZE.........................................................................................198
8.8.3 TRANSFORM expression.........................................................................198
8.9 ........................................................................................................199
8.10 .................................................................................................199
8.11 2200
9 ...................................................................204
9.1 . .........................................................204
9.1.1 0206
9.1.2 (Access Control)......................................................207
9.1.3 .......................................207
9.1.4 (Views)..............................................................................................212
9.1.5 (Integrity Control)...............................................212
9.1.6 .......................................................................................212
9.2 .............................................212
9.2.1 ..............................................................................212
9.2.2 ..............................................................................213
9.3 ............................................................................................................213
9.4 ...................................................................................................214
9.5 2214
10 - . ............................................................216
10.1 (Cloud computing) ?..............................216
10.1.1 Cloud..............................................................................217
10.1.2 Cloud computing...................................................217
10.1.3 Cloud....................................................................................218
10.1.4 Cloud............................................................221
10.1.5 Cloud...............................................................................222
10.2 ..........................................................223
10.2.1 2224
10.2.2 2225
10.2.3 .................................................................225
10.2.4 ....................................................226
10.2.5 2 226
10.2.6 DB2 .......................................................................................227
10.3 (Business intelligence and appliances)..............................227
10.4 db2university.com: Cloud ()..........227
13
10.4.1 Moodle...................................228
10.4.2 openID .................................................230
10.4.3 Cloud Amazon2231
10.4.4 Android .................................233
10.5 ......................................................................................................234
2236
1........................................................................................................236
2........................................................................................................237
3........................................................................................................237
4........................................................................................................238
5........................................................................................................238
6........................................................................................................238
7........................................................................................................239
8........................................................................................................239
9........................................................................................................239
DB22242
.1 DB2..........................................................................................242
.2.1 DB2..........................................................................................243
.2.2 DB2 .........................................................................244
.3 DB2..............................................................................................245
.3.1 Windows...............................................................................245
.3.2 DB2 Linux............................................................................245
.4 DB2.........................................................................................246
.4.1 Control Center........................................................................................246
.4.2 Command Line..........................................................................247
.5 DB2..................................................................................249
.6 DB2.........................................................................................250
.7 . ...............................................................................251
.8 ...........................................................................................252
.9 DB2.....................................................................................253
. ....................................................................................................254
........................................................................................................255
14
.

SQL XML

.

15
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1
2 3 4
5, 6 7 SQL 8
XML SQL XQuery 9
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"Database fundamentals book feedback"

SQL
NULL dir
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SELECT flight

CREATE TABLE table_name
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The DB2 on Campus book series

Neeraj Sharma
Dynamic Warehousing Center of
Competency
Proof of
Concept (POC)
Liviu Perniu Automation Department at Transilvania University of Brasov

IBM 2006 Faculty Award Eclipse Innovation
Awards
Raul F. Chong DB2 on Campus IBM Toronto Laboratory
DB2 DB2 Raul
IBM 1997
DB2 IBM
DB2 Raul DB2 OS/390,
z/OS, Linux, UNIX DB2
DB2 Raul DB2
Understanding DB2 - Learning Visually with Examples 2nd Edition (ISBN-10:
0131580183) DB2 SQL PL Essential Guide
for DB2 UDB on Linux, UNIX, Windows, i5/OS, and z/OS (ISBN 0131477005)
DB2 on Campus
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Abhishek Iyer Warehousing Center of Competency

Abhishek
Chaitali Nandan DB2 Advanced Technical Support

DB2
Chaitali
Adi-Cristina Mitea Hermann Oberth
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu
distributed systems, parallel and distributed algorithms, fault tolerant systems
Adi-Cristina
Mallarswami Nonvinkere pureXML

DB2 pureXML
pureXML XML
Mallarswami IDUG Australasia, IDUG India,
IMTC
Mirela Danubianu Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science Mirela
Craiova (1985 Automatizations and Computers) Stefan cel Mare
University of Suceava, (2009 - Management) Stefan
cel Mare University of Suceava (2006 -
)
Mirela
7 25 15

Agatha Colangelo
ION Designs, Inc
Data Modeler
Cuneyt Goksu
VBT Vizyon BilgiTeknolojileri
DB2 SME and IBM Gold

Consultant
Marcus Graham
IBM US
Software developer
Amna Iqbal
IBM Toronto Lab
Quality Assurance -Lotus Foundations
Leon Katsnelson
IBM Toronto Lab
Program Director, IBM

Data Servers
Jeff (J.Y.) Luo
IBM Toronto Lab
Fraser McArthur
IBM Toronto Lab
Technical Enablement
Specialist
Information Management Evangelist
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5 7
10
7
19
Danna Nicholson
IBM US
Rulesh Rebello
IBM India
STG ISV Enablement,

Web Services
Advisory Manager IBM Software Group
Client Support
Suresh Sane
DST Systems, Inc
Database Architect
Nadim Sayed
IBM Toronto Lab
Ramona Truta
University of Toronto
User-Centered Design
Specialist
Lecturer
SQL
1
Natasha Tolub
Susan Visser

Raul F. Chong DB2 IBM Toronto Lab

10
1 -
(Database System Software)
1.1

(Relational database)
(Tree) (Hierarchical database)

(Network database)
1 - 21
1.2
(DataBase Management System: DBMS)
(Database server)
(Interface)

(Relational DataBase Management System: RDBMS)

1.2.1
.. 1960
mainframe
(Physical)
(Logical)
E.F. Codd San Jose 1970
A relational model of data for large shared data banks [1.1]
1.1
22
Self-describing data
Integration
Federation
Heterogeneous data
Extensibility
Distribution
Optimization
Data Dependence
Extending functionality
Scalability, parallellism
High performance
Logical Data Model
1.1
1.1
System R Codd
System R SQL/DS DB2
SQL
DB2 database server
Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, INGRES, PostgreSQL, MySQL

dBASE
(Query)
DB2 DB2s optimizer DB2s op-
timizer SQL DB2s optimizer

CPU
DB2s optimizer
(Costbased)

DB2
Linux, UNIX Windows (Database Partitioning
Feature) DB2 Shared Nothing

Architecture CPU
(Parallelized)
1 - 23
SQL
.. 1970 SQL
SQL DB2
store procedure
DB2
Universal DB2 Universal Database (DB2 UDB)
Universal

DB2
(Data
Integration)
eXtensible Markup Language

(XML) XML
XML Web 2.0 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) XML
pureXML DB2 DB2
XML XML DB2 Engine

XQuery XML
pureXML DB2 XML

Cloud Computing
Cloud DB2 images Amazon EC2 Smart Business Development Cloud DB2
Cloud
cluster Data rebalancing

DB2
1.3 (Information Models) (Data Models)

(Information
Models)
(entity) (properties) (relationship)
(Real-world problem)

(Unified Modeling Language - UML) (Entity Relationship

Models : E-R model) XML schemas
24
(Conceptual level)

1.1
Information Model
Data Model
Data Model
Data Model
Conceptual/Apstract Model
for designer and operator
Concrete/detailed model
for implementor
1.1
1.4
9
1970 - Network (CODASYL)

1960s 1970 - Hierarchical (IMS)
1970 1980 - Relational
1970 - Entity-Relationship
1980 - Extended Relational
1970 1980 - Semantic
1980 1990 - Object-oriented
1980 1990 - Object-relational
1990 - Semi-structured (XML)
1 - 25
1.4.1 (Network model)

1969 CODASYL (Committee on Data Systems Languages)
1971 1973
(record-at-a-time) 1.2
Next
Parent
Prior
Direct
Child
Parent
Prior
Next
Child
Prior
Next
Direct
Direct
Next
Next
Child
Prior
...
Child
1.2 -

CODASYL CODASYL
(child) (parent)
1.4.2 (Hierarchical Model)
(root)

1.3
President
VP
Marketing
Social Media
Manager
VP
Finance
Direct Maketing
Manager
VP
Sales
Americas Sales
Manager
Asia Sales
Manager
1.3 -
IMS (Information Management System)
.. 1968
26
IMS
1.4.3 (Relational model)
IMS
Codd IMS
Codd 3
()
(set-at-a-time) (data manipulation language)
(Physical Data) IMS CODASY

1.4 (Entity-Relationship diagram) ()

STUDENT_MASTER
TIMETABLE
ENROLLMENT_NO
ATTENDENCE_RECORD
ENROLLMENT_NO [FK]
RESOURCE_ID [FK]
RESOURCE_ID
START_TIME [FK]
END_TIME
RESOURCE_ID
FACILITATOR_ID
TIMESTAMP
RESOURCES
SUBJECT_ID [FK]
FACILITATOR_MASTER
SUBJECT_ID
FACILITATOR_ID
FACILITATOR_NAME
TIMESTAMP
1.4
1 - 27
1.4.4
1970 Peter Chen
CODASYL Peter Chen
(1 to 1) (1 to
many) (many to many)
1.5
name
rec_num PK
lname
fname
bdate
anniv
email
child1
child2
child3
address
id_num PK
rec_num FK
street
city
state
zipcode
PK = Primary Key
FK = Foreign Key
Voice
vce_num PK
rec_num FK
vce-type
fax
fax_num PK
rec_num FK
oper_from
oper_till
modem
mdm_num PK
rec_num FK
b9600
b14400
b2800
1.5
1.5 name, address, voice, fax,
modem voice
vce_num rec_num vce-type PK FK

Chen
third normal form third normal form (normalization theory)
: IBM
InfoSphere Data Architect eBook Getting
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series
28
1.4.5 (Object-relational model)

1.4.6
(semi-
structured) (Semantic) (object oriented

data models) XML
XML Web 2.0 (Service-Oriented Architecture: SOA)
object-relational mapping (ORM)

object-oriented
1.5
1.5.1 (Data Architect)

()

1 - 29

1.5.2 (Database Architect)

(Service Level Agreements: SLAs)

(High Availability) /

(Multi-tier Component Architecture)

(detailed designs)
(implementation details)
1.5.3 (Database Administrator: DBA)

(DBA)
30

(Procedures)
(data dictionary)
1.5.4 (Application Developer)
(Integrated database application Development Environments: IDEs)

SQL (Structure Query Language)

1 - 31
IDE IBM Data Studio
DB2 (stored procedures)
(Debug)
SQL XQuery WebSphere

DB2 Microsoft Visual Studio
DB2 ( ) .NET
1.6
1.7
1. DB2 Express-C
DB2 ibm.com/db2/express
2. IDEs IBM Data Studio

ibm.com/db2/express
1.8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. DBA
6.
A. pureXML
B.
C.
D.
E.
32
7. Optimization
A. (High availability)
B. (Security)
C. (Performance)
D. (Scalability)
E.
8.
A. (Distribution)
B. (Data Independence)
C. (Integration)
D. (Federation)
E.
9. pureXML
A.
B. (Extensibility)
C. (Optimization)
D.
E.
10. DB2 Cloud

A. Spatial Extender
B. Database Partitioning Feature
C. pureXML
D.
E.
1 - 33
(relation) (domains) (schema) (key)

(constraints) (algebra)
4 SQL

2.1
(Information Models)
(framework)

2 35
2.1
entity integrity
referential integrity se-
mantic constraints

union
intersection
difference
cartesian product
selection
projection
join
division

2.1
36
Information Models
The Hierarchical
The Relational Data Model

Concepts
Attributes
Tuples
Relations
Domains
Schemas
Keys
Constraints
Entity
integrity
Data Model
Relation
Algeba
The Network
Relation
Calculas
The ObjectRelational
Data Model
Data Model
Referencial
integrity
Semantics
constraints
2.1
2.2

(candidate key) (primary key) (foreign
key)
2.2.1 (Attributes)

2.2 Type, Producer, Model, FabricationYear, Color,

Fuel
2 37
CARS Relations
Header
Body
TYPE
Attribute
PRODUCER MODEL
FABRICATION COLOR FUEL

YEAR
LIMOUSINE BMV
740
2008BLACK GAS
VAN
TRANSPORTER
2007RED
VW
Tuple
DIESEL
LIMOUSINE MERCEDES 320
2008WHITE GAS
LIMOUSINE AUDI
ALLROAD
2009BLUE DIESEL
LIMOUSINE BMW
525
2007GREY DIESEL
Value
2.2 ()
2.2.2 (Domains)
(atomic value)
(value)
BMW Mercedes Audi VW Producer
atomic value Producer

dimension (
) Fuel 2 GAS DIESEL

(Value)
Color_Character
2.2.3 (Tuples)

2.2
38
(row)
2.2.4 (Relations)
[2.1]
D1, D2, , Dn (heading) (body)

A1, A2, , An
Ai Di (i=1, 2, , n)
(Ai:vi) (i=1, 2, , n) Ai (Ai:vi)

vi Di Ai
2.2 CARS 6
Type, Producer, Model, Fabrication, Year, Color, Fuel
(5 2.2
) 6
(relation degree) 2.2
6 1 unary 2
binary 3 ternary n nary
(relation cardinality)
2.2 5
(relation instance)
4

()
()
Atomic

2.2.5 (Schemas)
3 (Concep-
2 39
tual data modeling) 4 (Relational database design)

2.2.6 (Keys)
(DBMS)
2.2.6.1 (Candidate Keys)

1 ()
1 C. J. Data [2.2]
R A1, A2, , An K=(Ai, Aj, , Ak) R

2
(Uniqueness)
2 R Ai,Aj,Ak
(Minimality)
Ai,Aj,Ak K
K
()
CAR 2.2 K=(Type, Producer, Model, FabricationYear, Color, Fuel)
CAR SerialNumber ()
IdentificationNumber () 3
40
Candidate Keys
TYPE
PRODUCER MODEL
FABRICATION
YEAR
COLOR FUEL
SERIAL
NUMBER
IDENTIFI
CATION
NUMBER
LIMOUSINE BMV
740
2008BLACK GAS
WBADL9105
GW65796
SB24MEA
VAN
TRANSPORTER
2007RED
QASMD8209
NF37590
AB08DGF
2008WHITE GAS
XEFAR2096
WM19875
SB06GHX
SB52MAG
AB02AMR
VW
DIESEL
LIMOUSINE AUDI
ALLROAD
2009BLUE
DIESEL
AKLMD8064
MW79580
LIMOUSINE BMW
525
2007GREY
DIESEL
QMXAS4390
WQ21998
2.3 CARS
(unique key)
(DDL) UNIQUE
(primary key) (alternate keys)

:
2.2.6.2 (Primary Key)

(DBMS) ()
(DDL) PRIMARY KEY

CAR 2.3 IdentificationNumber
(NOT NULL)
2.2

ID ID
(surrogate key)
(artificial key) (surrogate key)
2 41
( 1)
2.2.6.3 (Foreign keys)
R2
R1 R1 R2
2.4 OWNERS CARS
Primary key
TYPE
Foriegn key
PRODUCER MODEL
FABRICATION
YEAR
COLOR FUEL
SERIAL
NUMBER
IDENTIFI
CATION
NUMBER
LIMOUSINE BMV
740
2008BLACK GAS
WBADL9105
GW65796
SB24MEA
VAN
TRANSPORTER
2007RED
QASMD8209
NF37590
AB08DGF
VW
DIESEL
2008WHITE GAS
XEFAR2096
WM19875
SB06GHX
LIMOUSINE AUDI
ALLROAD
2009BLUE
DIESEL
AKLMD8064
MW79580
SB52MAG
LIMOUSINE BMW
525
2007GREY
DIESEL
QMXAS4390
WQ21998
AB02AMR
2.4 OWNERS
IdentificationNumber OWNERS IdentificationNumber
CARS
(Foreign-to-primary-key)
(DDL) FOREIGN KEY
2.3
(integrity rules)
(constraint)
(schema level)

2.3.1 (Entity integrity constraints)

42
(null values) Null (property inapplicable)
(information unknown) Null
CAR
2.3.2 (Referential integrity)

R2 FK PK R1 FK
R2 PK R1 ( FK )
t2 R2 t1 R1 t1
OWNERS IdentificationNumber
CARS
1. (Null Value)
2.
3
CASCADE cascades
()
RESTRICT restricted (
)
NULLIFIES
2 43
()
IdentificationNumber OWNERS
3. (update)
CASCADE cascades
()
identification
number identification number OWNER
RESTRICT restricted
() identification number
CARS
NULLIFIES
()
IdentificationNumber IdentificationNumber
OWNERS
2.3.3 (Semantic integrity constraints)
OWNERS
(system catalog dictionary)

(domain constraint) (Null constraint)
(unique constraint) (check constraint)
2.3.3.1 (Domain constraint)
Street OWNERS CHAR(20)

Number NUMERIC
(namely format)
(range)
44
IdentificationNumber XX99XXX
X 9
FabricationYear 1950 2010
2.3.3.2 (Null value)
FirstName LastName
NOT NULL NOT
NULL WITH DEFAULT
WITH DEFAULT (integer decimal

float ) (date time timestamp) character
(Data Definition Language: DDL)
2.3.3.3 (Unique constraint)

CARS
SerialNumber
2
UNIQUE
SQL unknown
SQL
(IS NULL) (IS NOT NULL)
(Unknown)
SQL
A
A OR B
A AND B
A=B
True
True
True
True
True
True
False
True
False
False
True
True
True
Unknown
True
Unknown
Unknown
True
False
False
True
True
False
False
True
Unknown
False
False
False
False
False
False
Unknown
Unknown
False
False
Unknown
True
True
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
False
Unknown
False
False
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
2.3.3.4 (Check constraint)
2 45
(predicate)

20
CARS fabrication year (
) current year ()
CHECK
(trigger)

2.4
[2.3] 8 2 4
Codd
Union, Intersection, Difference, Cartesian product

Select , Project, Join, Divide
2.4.1 Union
Union 2 R1 UNION R2 t
R1 R2 union (union-compatible)

Union U
Union
2.5 Union R1 R2 R3
5
46
R1
R2
Name
Age
Sex
Name Age Sex
20
20
21
20
21
21
R3 = R1 U R2
Name
Age
Sex
20
21
21
20
21
2.5 UNION : R1 R2
2.4.2 Intersection
Intersection R1 INTERSECT R2
t R1 R2 intersect
intersect
2.6 INTERSECT R1 R2
R3 1
R1
R2
Name
Age
Sex
Name Age Sex
20
20
21
20
21
21
R3 = R1 R2
Name
Age
Sex
20
2.6 INTERSECT R1 R2
2.4.3 Difference
Difference R1 MINUS R2 R1
2 47
R2 difference
Difference
2.7 DIFFERENCE R1 R2
R3 2 R1 - R2 R2 - R1
R1
R2
Name
Age
Sex
20
20
21
20
21
21
R3 = R1 - R2
R3 = R2 - R1
Name Age Sex
Name
Age
Sex
21
21
Name
Age
Sex
20
21
2.7 DIFFERENCE R1 R2
2.4.4 Cartesian product

Cartesian product R1 R2 R1 TIMES R2 t
t r R1 s R2 r =
(r1, r2, , rm) s = (sm+1, sm+2, , sm+n) t = (r1, r2, , rm, sm+1, sm+2, , sm+n)
R1 R2 ( union )
Cartesian product
R1 n N1 R2 m N2
R3 n-m N1*N2* 2.8
48
R1
R2
Name
Age
Sex
Name Age Sex
20
20
21
21
R3 = R1 X R2
Name
Age
Sex
Name
Age
Sex
20
20
21
20
20
21
21
21
2.8 CARTESIAN PRODUCT 2
2.4.5 Selection
select (subset)
select
<select condition> (<relation>)
<select condition>
<attribute> <comparison operator> <constant value>/<attribute>[AND/OR/NOT] <attribute> <comparison operator> <constant value>/<attribute>]
<, >, <=, >=, =, <>
Selection
2.9 select R Age
= 20 R1 (Sex = M) AND (Age >19)

R2
2 49
R1= (Age=20)(R)
R
Name
Age
Sex
20
21
20
19
20
21
21
Name
Age
Sex
20
20
20
R2= (Sex=M AND Age>19))(R)

Name
Age
Sex
20
21
2.9 SELECT ( Select )
2.4.6 Projection
Project

project
<attribute list> (<relation>)
<attribute list>
<attribute list>
Projection
2.10 project R 2
projection Name Sex R1 2 projection

Age Sex R2
50
R1= (Name, Sex)(R)
R
Name
Age
Sex
Name
Sex
20
21
20
19
20
21
21
Age
Sex
20
21
R2= (Age, Sex)(R) 20

19
F
M
2.10 PROJECT ()
2.4.7 Join
Join (join condition or predi-
cate) 1
join join
join
R <join condition> S
<join condition>
<attribute from R> <comparison operator> < <attribute from S>
<, >, <=, >=, =, <>
R A1, A2, ,An S B1, B2,., Bm
Ai Bj join R
S join Ai Bj T t
r R s S join
join theta-join join
join
2 1
join natural join

join equijoin =
join R S
2 51
join outer join

outer join 3 left outer join R
right outer join S full outer join
R S

2.11 R1 R2 join LastName
R1 LastName R2 R3
R1
R2
First
Name
Last
Name
Last Sex
Name
Mary
Ann
John
John
Ann
Mary
Bill
R3=R1(Last Name=Last Name) R2

First
Name
Last
Name
Mary
John
Ann
2.11 JOIN
2.12 join natural join R1 R2
right outer join
Natural Join
First
Name
Last Sex
Name
Mary
John
First
Name
Last Last
Sex
Name Name
Ann
Mary
Mary
John
John
Ann
Ann
NULL
NULL
Bill
Right Outer Join
2.12 NATURAL JOIN RIGHT OUTER JOIN
52
2.4.8 Division
Division R1 (n + m)
R2 m n (n+i)
R1 i R2 division
R1 R2 R2
R1
2.13 Division R1 R2
R1
R1= R1 R2
Name
Sex
Name
Sex
R2
F
2.13 DIVISION
2.5

(Relational algebra)
union, intersect, difference, select, project, join
Join OWNERS CARS IdentificationNumber

Colour = RED
Project FirstName, LastName City

FirstName, LastName City OWNERS

IdentificationNumber (OWNERS CARS)
2 53
RED CARS
(mathematical logic)
Predicate Calculus ( First-Order Logic) Kuhns [2.4] Predicate Calculus
Codd
Predicate Calculus [2.3]
Codd [2.5] data sublanguage ALPHA

QUEL INGRES data sublanguage ALPHA Codd
reduction algorithm Codd
2
1. Tuple-oriented relational calculus

2. Domain-oriented relational calculus
2.5.1 (Tuple-oriented relational calculus)

(tuple variable)
T
T t R
tuple variable
RANGE OF T IS X1; X2; ; Xn
T tuple variable X1; X2; ; Xn tuple calculus expressions
R1, R2, , Rn R1, R2, , Rn
tuple variable T (union of rela-
tions) tuple calculus expressions R () tuple variable T
(Free
variable) (Bound variable) T.A

A T
the existential quantifier the universal quantifier
54
tuple calculus expression

T.A, U.B, , V.C WHERE f
T, U, , V tuple variables A, B, , C f
relational calculus formula T, U, , V (Free variable)
projection Cartesian product TUV ( T, U, , V
) f (true) WHERE f projection Cartesian

product
FirstName, LastName City (
OWNERS) ( CARS) IdentificationNumber

RANGE OF OWNERS IS
OWNERS.FirstName, OWNERS.LastName, OWNERS.City WHERE
CARS(CARS.IdentificationNumber=OWNERS.IdentificationNumber
AND CARS.Color=RED)
tuple calculus
QUEL INGRES tuple-oriented relational calculus
2.5.2 (Domain-oriented relational calculus)

Lacroix Pirotte [2.6]
(domain calculus) (tuple variables) (domain

variables)
the universal quantifier the existential quantifier
(membership conditions)
R (term, term, )
R term A:v A R v
(true) R
OWNERS (IdentificationNumber: SB24MEA, City: SIBIU) mem-
bership condition OWNERS
IdentificationNumber SB24MEA City SIBIU
2 55
R (A:AX, B:BX, )
R A AX (
) B BX ()
FirstName, LastName City (
OWNERS) ( CARS) IdentificationNumber
FirstNameX, LastNameX, CityX WHERE IdentificationNumberX

(OWNERS (IdentificationNumber:IdentificationNumberX,
FirstName:FirstNameX, LastName:LastNameX, City:CityX)
AND CARS(IdentificationNumber:IdentificationNumberX, Color:RED)
ILL Lacroix Pirotte [2.7]
Query-By-Example (QBE)
2.6
(alternate keys)

union intersection difference Cartesian
product
selection
projection
join
division
2.7

56
DEPARTMENTS
EMPLOYEES
DEPARTMENTS DeptNo DepName Manager Address Budget
EMPLOYEES ID EmpName Job Salary BirthDate DepNo

DEPARTMENTS
DepNo
Numeric(2,0)
DepName Character(20)
Manager
Numeric(3,0)
Address
Character(50)
Budget
Numeric(10,2)

EMPLOYEES
ID
EmpName
Job
Salary
BirthDate
DepNo
Numeric(3,0)
Character(30)
Character(10)
Numeric(7,2)
Date
Numeric(2,0)
DEPARTMENTS DepNo Manager

DepNo
Manager EMPLOYEE ID
ID
(NOT NULL)
DB2
CREATE TABLE Departments (

DepNo Numeric(2,0) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

DepName Char(20) NOT NULL,

Manager Numeric(3,0) NOT NULL,

Address Char(50),

Budget Numeric(10,2) );
CREATE TABLE Employees (

ID Numeric(3,0) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

EmpName Char(30) NOT NULL,

Job Char(10) NOT NULL,

Salary Numeric(7,2),

BirthDate Date NOT NULL,
2 57
DepNo Numeric(2,0));
DEPARTMENTS EMPLOYEES 1 1
DepNo EMPLOYEES
DepNo DEPARTMENTS
DB2 (referential integrity constraint)

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD FOREIGN KEY (DepNo)

REFERENCES Departments (DepNo)
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE RESTRICT
ENFORCED ENABLE QUERY OPTIMIZATION;
EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS 2.14
DEPARTMENTS Relation
DepNo DepName
Manager Address
Budget
Software
211
Bucharest
2,000,000.00
Accounting 422
Bucharest
500,000.00
Hardware
Bucharest
4,000,000.00
Salary
BirthDate
DepNo
111
EMPLOYEES Relation
ID
EmpName
Job
211
John Smith Engineer
Bucharest
04/05/1966
123
Ann Adams Accoutant
Bucharest
11/05/1975
311
Bill Johns
Bucharest
09/03/1980
Programmer
2.14 DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE
2.8
1. supplier 4 Id - supplier
(unique,not null) Name - Supplier (not null) Addess - supplier Discount - supplier 0%-50% ( not null, values
between 0 % and 50 %)
2. 5 union difference, Cartesian prod-
uct, selection projection

intersection, join division 5
58
3. 1 supplier New York

5% (relational algebra operations)
4. 3 (tuple-oriented relational calculus)
5. 3 (domain-oriented relational calculus)
6.
A.
B. (atomic values)
C. (data characteristic)
D. (an ordered set of values that describe
data characteristics)
E.
6.
F.
G.
H. (atomic values)
I.
J.
7.
A. (domain)
B. (instance)
C. (value)
D. (degree)
E.
8.
A. (candidate)
B.
59
C.
D. (alternate key)
E.
9. (options)

A. Restrict
B. (Null)
C. Delete
D. Cascade
E.

(business rules)
(logical)

3.1
(Conceptual modeling)
(Logical modeling) (Physical modeling)

(Conceptual
design)
( 4)
( 5)
(User requirement)
3 61
IBMs Rational RequisitePro

IBMs InfoSphere Data Architect 3.1

Data modeling lifecycle
Example of IBM tools
Practice for Database Modeling

planning
RUP, Relational Model Composer
Requirement analysis
Rational RequisitePro, Rational

Requirement Composer
Conceptual model - entities and

relationships
InfoSphere Data Architect
Logical model - attributes and

identifiers
Physical model - keys, storage

requirements
Deployment - Data Definition

Language
InfoSphere Data Architect, DB2
Test and maintenance - reverse

engineering
InfoSphere Data Architect, DB2,

IBM Data Studio
3.1 -
(information)
data
data information
3.2
62
Data
Input
Information system
Process/transformation
Output
Information
Feedback
3.2
3.2 (data)
(information)
3.2 ?
(abstraction)
3.2.1
Connolly [3]

3.2.2
(metadata)
(data description)
(data relationships) (data semantics) (data constraints)

(database schema)
(External data model)
(Records-based Logical
Model)
(Conceptual data model)

(Object-based Logical Model)
3 63
(Internal data model)
(conceptual)
(Physical data model)
(Entity-Relationship model)

(Structural component)
(Manipulation component)
( )
(Data Integrity component)
3.2.3
(Entity-Relationship Diagram)

(Constraint)

M:N
(recursive relationships)
1 1
3.2.3.1 (Entity-Relationship Model)

1 E-R (E-R model)
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
64
(Entity-Relationship model)
(Entity set)
(Attribute)
(Relationship set)
(Constraint)
(Domain)
(Extension)
(Intension)
3.2.3.2

Teacher, Student
Grade
Exam
3.3
Entities
Chess Set
Entity sets
Serving Folks
3.3 -

(TEACHER)
(STUDENT)
PERSON
TEACHER PROFES-
SOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
3 65
:
(tuples)
PERSON : NAME
ADDRESS PERSON=(NAME, ADDRESS)
3.2.3.3

(value) (numbers) (charac-
ter) (string) (dates) (images) (sounds)
()
(simple atomic attribute)

Gender
(composite
attribute)
(Name) (last Name)

(first Name)
(single-valued attribute)
Title teacher
(multi-valued attribute)
(derived attribute)

(unstable attributes)

(stable attributes)
(mandatory attributes)
(Name)
66
:
InfoSphere Data Architecture required
Attributes properties
(EntityRelationship Diagram) 3.4
3.4 -
(optional attribute) -
(null value)
(unique identifier) -

(Student Id)
(Key)
(candidate key)
(primary key) (candidate key)

Stable - (null value)

Age

Minimal -
3 67
(alternate key)

- (surrogate key)
EMPLOYEE

InfoSphere Data Architecture
3.5.
3.5 -
Simple Key
Composite Key
(Foreign Key)
3.2.3.4
(verb)
(
-recursive relationship)
: R
68
E1, E2 Ek R R(E1,
E2,, EK) R E1, E2 Ek R
3.2.3.5 (Constraints)
TEACHER
MENT
DEPART-
Cardinalities
R E () F (
) R
(1:1) - E F

(1:M) - E F

(M:M) - E F
1:M
3 69
Participation Cardinalities

Participation cardinalities
Total or mandatory
compulsory
Partial or Optional
non-compulsory
3.6 cardinality optionality
Optionality = must or may ?

Cardinality = how many ?
relationship alwayshas two sides?
Examples
1. Each children may team from one or more TEACHERs
2. Each TEACHER may educate one or more STUDENTs
3. An EMPLOYEE may manage one or more EMPLOYEEs
4. An EMPLOYEE must be managed by one EMPLOYEE
3.6 - Cardinality optionality

(Parent)
(Child)
(parent-
child relationship)
(hierarchical structure)
parent-child PERSON
STUDENT TEACHER 3.7
70
PERSON
ID
FirstName
LastName
STUDENT
TEACHER
ID [FK]
ID [FK]
StartDate
Function
FinishDate
Salary
3.7- PERSON STUDENT TEACHER
(hierarchy)
Principle, Assistant principle Teacher 3.8
Principle
Assistant Principle
Teacher
3.8 -
(Unary relationship set) -
recursive relationship
set
Assistant teacher Teacher
Teacher
3.9
(roles)
(Teacher) (Assistant principal)
3 71
TEACHER
manager of
TID
TID1 [FK]
Function
managed by
3.9 unary
(physical data model) CHECK

: check eBook
Getting Started with InfoSphere Data Architect
eBook
3.10
STUDENT
is given
SID
SFirstName
SLastName
having
StartDate
FinishDate
3.10 -
GRADE
Course
SID
Grade
Class
72
3.2.3.6 (Domain)
: InfoSphere Data Architect
CHECK SQL
CHECK
3.2.3.7 (Extension)

3.2.3.8 (Intension)
(schema)
3.3 - 1 3

3.3.1 (Conceptual model)
1 -
()
3 73

books, authors, name, address, e-mail, loaner, client, borrowers, name, address, e-mail,
phone, loan date, return date, loan days, fine
dencies)
(depen-
name, address, e-mail authors

name, address, e-mail phone borrowers
BOOK, AUTHOR, BORROWER, CLIENT LOANER

No.
LIBRARY,
Entity set
1
LIBRARY
BOOKS
AUTHORS
BORROWERS
CLIENTS
LOANERS
2 -

borrowers, loaners clients

borrowers
library
weak strong
weak
strong

No.
Entity set
Type
BOOK
Strong
AUTHOR
Strong
BORROWER
Strong
74
3 -

AUTHOR?
PHONE
BORROWER entity set

Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
BORROWER_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
NAME
Composite attribute
Text
No
EMAIL
Single valued attribute
Text
Yes
PHONE
Multi-valued attribute
Text
Yes
ADDRESS
Composite attribute
Text
Yes
BOOK_ID
Text
No
LOAN_DATE
Text
No
DUE_DATE
Derived attribute
Text
No
RETURN_DATE
Derived attribute
Text
No
AUTHOR entity set

Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
AUTHOR_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
NAME
Composite attribute
Text
No
EMAIL
Text
Yes
PHONE
Multi-valued attribute
Text
Yes
ADDRESS
Composite attribute
Text
Yes
BOOK entity set

Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
BOOK_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
TITLE
Text
No
EDITION
Numeric
Yes
YEAR
Numeric
Yes
PRICE
Numeric
Yes
ISBN
Text
Yes
3 75
PAGES
Numeric
Yes
AISLE
Text
Yes
DECRIPTION
Single attribute
Text
Yes
3.2.3.3 :
(Composite attribute)

NAME FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME
(Multi-value attribute)

(Multi-value) (Single value)
DUE_DATE LOAN_DATE
10
DUE_DATE LOAN_DATE + 10

BORROWER entity set
Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
BORROWER_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
FIRST_NAME
Text
No
LAST_NAME
Text
No
EMAIL
Text
Yes
PHONE
Text
Yes
ADDRESS
Composite attribute
Text
Yes
BOOK_ID
Text
No
LOAN_DATE
Text
No
RETURN_DATE
Text
No
AUTHOR entity set

Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
AUTHOR_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
FIRST_NAME
Text
No
LAST_NAME
Text
No
EMAIL
Text
Yes
PHONE
Text
Yes
ADDRESS
Composite attribute
Text
Yes
76
BOOK entity set

Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
BOOK_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
TITLE
Text
No
EDITION
Numeric
Yes
YEAR
Numeric
Yes
PRICE
Numeric
Yes
ISBN
Text
Yes
PAGES
Numeric
Yes
AISLE
Text
Yes
DECRIPTION
Text
Yes
4 (identifier)
BOOK BOOK_ID ISBN
BOOK_ID ISBN
5 -
(BOOK) (PERSON)
(BOOK) / (PERSON)
ally)
(cardinality) (mandatory) (option
strong weak weak
strong weak strong

strong
identifying non-identifying
identifying child non-identifying
(scenarios) :
Relationship set
1
2
3
BORROWER ->
BOOK
AUTHOR - >
BOOK
AUTHOR - >
BOOK
Identifying
Left
verb
No
Right verb
Cardinality
Borrows
Be borrowed
No
Write
Is written
No
Borrows
Be
borrowed
Many-tomany
Many-tomany
Many-tomany
Optionality
May
May
May
3 77
(many to many)
(decompose)
(one to many)
1. BORROWER -> BOOK
COPY BORROWER BOOK

COPY entity set
Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
COPY_ID
Unique identifier
Text
No
STATUS
Text
No
2. AUTHOR -> BOOK

AUTHOR_LIST - AUTHOR
BOOK :
AUTHOR_LIST entity set
Attribute name
Type
Domain
Optional
ROLE
Text
No
:
Left
verb
Right verb
No
Has
AUTHOR - > AUTHOR_LIST
No
Appear
AUTHOR_LIST - > BOOK
No
Relationship set
Identifying
BORROWER - > COPY
No
BOOK - > COPY
Borrows
Is created
Cardinality
Optionality
One-to-many
May
Is created
One-to-many
May
Has
One-to-many
May
Be borrowed
Many-tomany
Has
May
3. AUTHOR -> BOOK

Relationship set
Identifying
Left verb
Right verb
Cardinality
Optionality
AUTHOR - >
BOOK
No
Borrows
Be borrowed
Many-to-many
May
AUTHORS BORROWERS
PERSONS
AUTHORS BORROWERS
PERSONS
78
( pedagogical
)
6 - (business rules)
:
0.1%
3.4

ebook InfoSphere Data Architect
3 79
ER
3.5
(university):
Faculty
Teacher
Function
Course
Student


eBook: InfoSphere Data Architect
3.6
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3. M:M
A. (optional) Many
B. (mandatory) One
80
C. Many
D. Many
E. (Recursive) One
4.
A.
B. (Conceptual model)
C.
D.
E.
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
6.
A.
B.
C. (should be read in double sense)
D.
E.
7.
A.
B.
C.
81
D.
E.
8.
A. Constraint
B. Cardinality
C. Superset
D. Subset
E.
9. SQL
A. Relationship
B. Primary Key
C. Check
D. Constraint
E.
10.

A. Intension
B. Extension
C. Schema
D. Instance
E.
4.1

4.1
COLLEGE COLLEGE_LEVEL COLLEGE_LEVEL

1 George Smith Will Brown
4 83
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
0001
Ria Sinha
Fergusson
0002
Vivek Kaul
15
PICT
0003
George Smith 9
IIT
0004
Will Brown
IIT
4.1 (Student schema)

: 4.1 STUDENT_ID
primary key student schema
4.1.1

Record
COLLEGE_LEVEL
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
0005
Susan Fuller
RANK
COLLEGE
10
Fergusson
COLLEGE_LEVEL
4.2

COLLEGE_LEVEL
4.1.2

Record (Row)
COLLEGE COLLEGE COLLEGE_

LEVEL COLLEGE 4.3
COLLEGE IIT George Smith Will Brown
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
0003
George Smith
IIT
0004
Will Brown
IIT
4.3
4.1.3 (Update Anomalies)

84
COLLEGE_LEVEL = 1 STUDENT_ID = 0003 Fergusson

COLLEGE_LEVEL 1 4
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
0001
Ria Sinha
Fergusson
0003
George Smith
Fergusson
4.4

4.2. (Decompositions)
(Shcema)

student
schema 4.1
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
0001
Ria Sinha
Fergusson
0002
Vivek Kaul
15
PICT
0003
George Smith 9
IIT
0004
Will Brown
IIT
(a) Student - College Relation

COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE
Fergusson
0001
Ria Sinha
Fergusson
PICT
0002
Vivek Kaul
15
PICT
IIT
0003
George Smith 9
IIT
IIT
0004
Will Brown
IIT
(b) College Relation
(c) Student Relation
4.1
4.1 student (a)
college student (b)
(c) COLLEGE_LEVEL (Record)
COLLEGE COLLEGE student
student relation COLLEGE

COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
4 85

college student
COLLEGE
COLLEGE_LEVEL
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE_LEVEL
(Schema)
Functional dependencies
4.3. Functional Dependencies

Functional Dependencies (FD)
Super key subset
functional dependency
: schema R subset A B functional

dependency AB A B r
R
FD generalizes Super Key
A B R
AB B A functionally
FD A B
FD R r R
r FD
r FD AB (A B A B
)
Functional Dependency A B, B A A B
AB
A1 B1 , A2 B2, A3 B3 An Bn,
A1 A2 A3. An B1 B2 B3 Bn
R (A, B, C, D) AD
A
a1
b1
c1
d1
a2
b2
c2
d1
a3
b3
c3
d1
a4
b3
c4
d2
4.5 Functional Dependency
86
FDs 4.5 AD D A DA
D A (a1, b1,
c1, d1) (a2, b2, c2, d1)
Student schema 4.7 FD, STUDENT_ID COLLEGE Student

schema STUDENT_ID FD, STUDENTCOLLEGE
COLLEGE
STUDENT_ID
STUDENT
RANK
COLLEGE
0001
Ria Sinha
Fergusson
0002
Vivek Kaul
15
PICT
0003
George Smith
IIT
0004
Will Brown
IIT
4.7 Functional Dependency

FDs
{ STUDENT_ID COLLEGE , STUDENT_ID STUDENT,
STUDENT_ID STUDENT COLLEGE
STUDENT_ID STUDENT RANK }
Trivial
Functional
Dependencies
FD trivial
functional
dependency
(First-name, last-name) first-name
functional dependency AB B subset A B
A ()
non-trivial
FDs
trivial FDs
4.4 Functional Dependencies

functional dependencies
FD Closure Set of functional dependencies
Closure Set of Functional Dependencies - functional dependencies
functional dependencies S Closure Set of Function Dependency, S+.
r FD, S clo-
sure set FD, S+.

cies.
closure set of functional dependen-
4 87
4.4.1 Armstrongs Axioms

Armstrongs Axioms Inference Rules
functional dependencies FDs
Inference Rules 3
1. Reflexivity B subset A AB ( trivial FD )
2. Augmentation AB C ACBC reflexivity
ACB
3. Transitivity AB BC AC
axioms 3
closure FD FD
1. Union: AB AC ABC
2. Decomposition: ABC AB AC
Armstrongs Axioms FDs closure set
FD, S+ FDs S+.
4.4.2 closure set of attributes

closure set functional dependencies FD
Super key
Closure set A R
A FDs
: closure (A), A+ R
A Super key R
R closure set A, closure (A) :
1. closure (A) = A
2. FD AB B closure (A), closure (A) U B
3. A, ( C A), AC ( trivial FD) CD
D A D closure (A)
4. 3 closure (A)
R (A, B, C, D, E) FDs AB, BDE DC
88
1 Closure (A) = A
2 AB, closure (A) = A U B AB
3
1st Iteration: BDE B closure (A), closure (A) = ABDE
2nd Iteration: ADC, D closure (A) C closure (A),
closure(A), A+ = ABDEC
closure (B), B+= BDEC

Closure (C), C+ = C
Closure (D), D+= DC
Closure (E), E+= E
4.4.3 (Entailment)
Functional Dependencies (FDs)

functional dependencies closure set functional dependencies dependencies
Armstrongs Axioms Clo-
sure functional dependencies

closure set FDs Super key
functional dependency XY closure set functional dependency
4.5 (Normal Forms)

Normalization
Normal forms Normalization
step-wise normal form

normal form normal form
4.5.1 1 (First Normal Form (1NF))

First Normal Form

4 89
C. J. Dates [4.8], table 1NF 5

( row IDs , object IDs
timestamps )
Relatives of a family
Movie {Movie_Title, Year}
candidate key
Movie_Title
Year
Type
Notting Hill
1999 Romantic
Lagaan
2000 Drama
Director
Director_DOB
Yr releases
Actors
cnt
Roger M
05/06/1956
30
Hugh G
Rhys I
Ashutosh G 15/02/1968
50
Aamir K
Gracy S
4.8 Movie normal form
1NF
Actors
1NF Movie Table Cast Table 4.2
90
Movie_Title
Year
Type
Notting Hill
1999 Romantic
Lagaan
2000 Drama
Director
Director_DOB
Yr releases
cnt
Roger M
05/06/1956
30
50
Movie Table
Movie_Title
Year
Actors
Notting Hill
1999 Hugh G
Notting Hill
1999 Rhys I
Lagaan
2000 Aamir K
Lagaan
2000 Gracy S
Cast Table
4.2 First Normal Form 1NF
4.2
1NF
Actors
4.5.2 2 (Second Normal Form (2NF))

Second Normal Form 1NF non-
key attribute candidate key candidate key

candidate key 2NF
movie 1NF 2NF
candidate key Yr_releases_cnt Year

Year Yr_releases_cnt candidate key {Movie_Title, Year}
2NF Movie relation, Yearly releases relation Cast relation 4.3.
4 91
Movie_Title
Year
Type
Notting Hill
1999 Romantic
Lagaan
2000 Drama
Director
Director_DOB
Roger M
05/06/1956
(a) Movie Relation

Movie_Title
Year
Notting Hill
1999 Hugh G
2000 50
Notting Hill
1999 Rhys I
(b) Year Relrease Relation
Lagaan
2000 Aamir K
Lagaan
2000 Gracy S
Year
Yr releases cnt
1999 30
Actors
(c) Cast Relation

4.3 Second Normal Form
4.3 nonkey candidate key
2NF
4.5.3 3 (Third Normal Form (3NF))

Third Normal Form 2NF non-
key attribute candidate transitively key primary key
transitive relation Z non-key attribute Y Y primary key X

Transitivity XY YZ XZ
3NF non-key
2NF movie 3NF
transitive dependency non-prime attribute primary key 4.3, Director_DOB

Director Director Director_DOB
candidate key {Movie_Title, Year } {Movie_Title, Year } Direc-
tor Director Director_DOB transitive dependency
3NF Movie relation, Director Relation,
Yearly releases relation Cast relation 4.4.
92
Movie_Title
Year
Type
Notting Hill
1999 Romantic
Lagaan
2000 Drama
Director
Director_DOB
Roger M
05/06/1956
(a) Movie Relation

Director
Director_DOB
Movie_Title
Year
Roger M
05/06/1956
Notting Hill
1999 Hugh G
Ashutosh G
15/02/1968
Notting Hill
1999 Rhys I
Lagaan
2000 Aamir K
Lagaan
2000 Gracy S
(b) Director Relation

Year
year_release_cnt
1999
30
2000
50
Actors
(d) Cast Relation
(c) Movie Relation
4.4 Third Normal Form

nonkey candidate key
decomposition
3NF
4.5.4 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) 3NF
overlapping candidate keys BoyceCodd normal form 3NF non-trivial FD candidate key
X Y, X candidate key
Guest Lecture relation college 4.9
Candidate Keys: {Subject, Lecture_Day}, {Lecture_Day, Teacher}
4 93
Subject
Lecture_Day
Teacher
Graphics
Monday
Dr. Arindham Singh
Databases
Monday
Dr. Emily Jose
Java
Wednesday
Dr. Prasad
Graphics
Tuesday
Dr. Arindham Singh
Java
Thursday
Dr. George White
4.9 - Guest Lecture relation

4.9
1NF 2NF 3NF FD
TeacherSubject
Teacher BCNF BCNF

decompose Subject area experts Lecture timetable 4.5.
Subject
Teacher
Subject
Graphics
Dr.Arindham Singh
Graphics
Monday
Dr.Arindham Singh
Databases Dr. Emily Jose
Databases
Monday
Dr. Emily Jose
Java
Dr.Prasad
Java
Wednesday Dr.Prasad
Java
Dr.George White
Graphics
Tuesday
Dr.Arindham Singh
Java
Thursday
Dr.George White
(a) Subject area experts' relation
Teacher
(b) Lecture timetable

4.5 Boyce-Codd Normal Form
4.9
BCNF
nontrivial
FD
TeacherSubject Teacher 4.5 (a) Subject area experts relation
4.6 Decompositions
Decomposition
relational schema

4.6.1 Lossless and Lossy Decompositions

R X Y
lossless
Normalization

94
R
lossy
R functional dependency F R1 R2
lossless FDs decomposed relations R1 R2 : R1 R2R1 R1

R2R2
common attributes R1 R2 (R1 R2) super key R1 R2

R lossless decomposition R1 R2
lossless join
lossless decomposed relation X Y R

join X Y R
employee :
EMP_ID
EMP_NAME
WORK_EXP
DEPT_ID
DEPT_NAME
lossless decomposition :
DEPT_ID
DEPT_NAME EMP_NAME
EMP_ID
Department relation
EMP_NAME
WORK_EXP
Employee relation
(Department) (Employee) = DEPT_ID and DEPT_ID { DEPT_ID , DEPT_
NAME} DEPT_ID super key Department relation decomposition

lossles
lossy decomposition :
DEPT_ID
DEPT_NAME
Department relation
EMP_ID
EMP_NAME
WORK_EXP
DEPT_ID
Employee relation
(Department) (Employee) = EMP_NAME super key de-
partment employee table decomposition lossy
EMP_NAME

4.6.2 Dependency-Preserving
R relation X Y
Dependency FDs X Y FDs Dependency F+ R
FD relation R, F X FDs
C->D C D X Fx
relation R X Y
Dependency union FDs X Y Depen-
4 95
dency F+ R Fx U Fy F+ Fx FDs F+
X Fy FDs Y
constraints decomposed
Dependency
Dependency
4.7 Minimal Cover

Minimal Cover, Fc dependencies dependencies
Minimal Cover FDs F relation R F+=Fc+
Minimal Cover constraint
RDBMS constraint relation Minimal Cover FDs

relation constraint Minimal Cover
Minimal Cover Fc F :
1. RHS FD Minimal Cover
2. LHS FD,
3. FD Minimal Cover Minimal Cover
Minimal Cover FDs unique
F FDs
A Fc (Fc {}) U ({A})

B Fc (Fc {}) U ( { B} )
Minimal Cover Fc
1. Armstrongs FD RHS
2. LHS FD Fc
3. Armstrongs FDs Minimal Cover
F+ = Fc+
relation R: R (A, B, C, D) FDs F:
96
ABC,
BC,
AB,
ABC,
ACD
minimal cover Fc
:
1: FD RHS
(: XYZ XY XZ)
AB, AC,
BC,
AB,
ABC,
ACD
2: LHS BC ABC A
ABC BC FD AC ACD C
ACD AD
:
AB, AC,
BC,
AB,
BC,
AD
3: FDs
ABC B relation
AC,
:
AB,
BC,
AD
Minimal Cover Fc= {AB, BC, AD}
4 97
4.8 Synthesis of 3NF schemas

Synthesis of 3NF schemas lossless join dependency
preserving decompositions relation 3NF Synthesis
minimum set FDs schemas

decompositions 3NF
FDs schema decomposed schema

list 3NF
schemas minimal cover FDs relation
R schema lossless join decomposition schema

candidate key lossless join decomposition 3NF
Synthesis of 3NF schemas R R1,R2,R3.....,Rn :
1. FD Minimal Cover Fc schemas R1,R2,R3.....,Rn contains

, schema Ri = (, ).
2. Ri R1,R2,R3.....,Rn relation contains a candidate key R. relation

schemas Rn + 1 Rn + 1 candidate key R
4.9 3NF decomposition

3NF decomposition
normalization 3NF
Dependency
4.5.3
3NF
Dependency
Book (book_name, author, auth_dob, sales, rating) FDs:

(book_name author ) sales
author auth_dob
sales rating
and candidate key { book_name, author }
Book schema
3NF :
1: minimal cover FDs

2: FD relation
98
( book_name, author, sales )

( author, auth_dob )
( sales, rating )
3: (book_name, author, sales) contains candidate key

relations schemas
3NF :
( book_name, author, sales )
( author, auth_dob )
( sales, rating )
4.10 The Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

fourth normal form dependencies
4NF relational schema Multi-valued dependencies

relational
4.10.1 Multi-valued dependencies

A multi- determines B A B
Multi-valued Dependency (MVD) AB. A multi- determines B,
B multi-dependent A AB.
4 NF MVDs relation multi-valued
relation R(A,B,C) 4NF MVDs

AB AC B C relation
relation ice cream 4.10.

Vendor
I_Type
I_Flavour
Amul
Scoop
Vanilla
Amul
Softy
Vanilla
Amul
Scoop
Chocolate
Amul
Softy
Chocolate
Baskin Robbins
Scoop
Chocolate
Baskin Robbins
Sundae
Chocolate
Baskin Robbins
Scoop
Strawberry
4 99
Baskin Robbins
Sundae
Strawberry
Baskin Robbins
Scoop
Butterscotch
Baskin Robbins
Sundae
Butterscotch
4.10 ice cream relation in BCNF

BCNF candidate key
The following MVDs exist
Vendor I_Type

Vendor I_Flavour
update anomalies
relation 4NF 4.6

Vendor
I_Type
Vendor
I_Flavour
Amul
Scoop
Amul
Vanilla
Amul
Softy
Amul
Chocolate
Baskin Robbins
Scoop
Baskin Robbins
Chocolate
Baskin Robbins
Sundae
Baskin Robbins
Strawberry
Baskin Robbins
Butterscotch
Ice cream type relation

4.6 - 4NF
Ice cream flavour relation
4.6 4NF MVD
4.11
fifth normal form [4.10], domain key normal form
(DKNF) [4.11] sixth normal form [4.12, 4.13].

4.12 Library Management System - Part 2 of 3

logical model based conceptual
model logical model conceptual model normalization
normal forms conceptual model
100
conceptual model the logical model:

Conceptual modeling
concept
Logical modeling
concept
Name of entity set
Relation variable, R
Entity set
Relation
Entity
Tuple
Attribute
Relationship set
Unique identifier
Attribute, A1, A2,

etc.
A pair of primary
key foreign key
Primary key
conceptual model logical model schema

( primary key):
BORROWER = {BORROWER_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, EMAIL, PHONE, ADDRESS, BOOK_
ID, LOAN_DATE, RETURN_DATE}
AUTHOR = {AUTHOR_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, EMAIL, PHONE, ADDRESS)
BOOK = {BOOK_ID, TITLE, EDITION, YEAR, PRICE, ISBN, PAGES, AISLE, DECRIPTION}
COPY = {COPY_ID, STATUS}
AUTHOR_LIST = {ROLE}
data integrity data
loss foreign keys foreign key):
BORROWER = {BORROWER_ID, COPY_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, EMAIL, PHONE,

ADDRESS, BOOK_ID, LOAN_DATE, RETURN_DATE}
AUTHOR = {AUTHOR_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, EMAIL, PHONE, ADDRESS)
BOOK = {BOOK_ID, TITLE, EDITION, YEAR, PRICE, ISBN, PAGES, AISLE, DECRIPTION}
COPY = {COPY_ID, BORROWER_ID, BOOK_ID, STATUS}
AUTHOR_LIST = {AUTHOR_ID, BOOK_ID, ROLE}
borrower
BORROWER primary key a composite key : {BORROWER_ID,

COPY_ID, LOAN_DATE }
relation normal forms
4 101
relation first normal forms
ADDRESS BORROWER AUTHORS

{ADDRESS, CITY, COUNTRY}
BORROWER borrower
BORROWER BORROWER LOAN relations :
BORROWER = {BORROWER_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, EMAIL, PHONE, ADDRESS}

LOAN = {BORROWER_ID, COPY_ID, LOAN_DATE, RETURN_DATE}
first normal form
2nd normal form 2nd normal form
primary key
2nd normal form
composite key {LOAN_DATE, RETURN_DATE} BORROWER_ID

COPY_ID AUTHOR_ID BOOK_ID 2nd normal form
3rd normal form 3rd normal form

3rd normal form
: Loan entity
foreign keys entity
InfoSphere Data Architect (IDA)
IDA final logical model:
102
AUTHOR
AUTHOR_ID
LASTNAME
FIRSTNAME
EMAIL
CITY
COUNTRY
BOOK
BOOK_ID
BORROWER
BROROWER_ID
TITLE
LASTNAME
EDITION
FIRSTNAME
YEAR
EMAIL
PRICE
PHONE
ISBN
ADDRESS
PAGES
CITY
AISLE
COUNTRY
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR_LIST
AUTHOR_ID [FK]
BOOK_ID [FK]
ROLE
LOAN
COPY
COPY_ID [FK]
COPY_ID
BORROWER_ID [FK]
BOOK_ID [FK]
LOAN_DTAE
STATUS
RETURN_DATE
4.7
final logical model final logical model
1 conceptual model
specifying primary keys proceed normalize model
final logical model
3 5 3 logical
model physical model
4.13
model real-world objects
relational database
relate tables
relational database
relational schema
4 103
normal forms relational tables normalization
relational database normal form normal form
normal form higher normal

forms
Functional table guide
function dependencies: Armstrongs Axioms Closure set
relations
- lossless dependency
relational database
4.14
1.
Closure
R(A,B,C,D,E) FDs {ABC, ADE, BD, AB, EC}

super key
2.
Order ( product_id, customer_id , price, quantity, order_type )
( product_id, customer_id ) order_type
luxury price > 1000$ regular price <1000$

3 (3NF)
3. minimal cover relation R (A, B, C, D) FDs

ABC, BC, ACD
4. Library Book ( Book_id, bookname, author, subject )

3NF
5. Closure Functional Dependencies F+ R(A,B,C,D,E)

FDs {ABC, ADE, BD, AB, EC}
4.15
1. lossless-join wedding organizer:
Order (customer_id, bride, groom, budget)

Wedding Category (budget, wedding_type)
104
2. Cell phone :
mobile
brand
head_office
N93
Nokia
New Delhi
Diamond
HTC
Hyderabad
N97
Nokia
New Delhi
MotoSlim
Motorola
Mumbai
3315
Nokia
New Delhi
ZN50
Motorola
Mumbai
Cell phone relation

update statement update anomaly
A. UPDATE cellphone set mobile = 6600 where mobile = N97

B. UPDATE cellphone set brand = Samsung where mobile = ZN50
C. UPDATE cellphone set head_office = Bangalore where mobile = N97
D. UPDATE cellphone set brand = Samsung , mobile = X210 where mobile = MotoSlim
E.
3. normal form library - book relation :

Library Book ( Book_id, bookname, author, subject )
A. First Normal Form
B. Second Normal Form

C. Third Normal Form
D. Boyce - Codd Normal Form
E. Fourth Normal Form
4. Functional
A. Closure set of functional dependencies, F+
B. Decomposition is lossless
C. X Y belongs to F+
D. Super key
E.
5 - SQL 105
5. BCNF (MVDs) Multi-valued

4NF
A. MVDs
B. MVDs
C. Candidate key MVDs
D. Candidate keys
E.
6.
A. Lossless
B. Functional integrity constraints
C. Dependency preserving implies lossless join and vice-versa
D. BCNF
E.
5 - SQL
Structured Query Language (SQL) --
SQL
SQL SQL

SQL 3 :
DDL (Data Definition Language)

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DCL (Data Control Language)
SQL
SQL (Create)
(Read) (Update) (Delete) CRUD
5.1 SQL
1970s Don Chamberlin Ray Boyce SQL
System R
Codd
Structured English Query Language SEQUEL
5 - SQL 107
SQL SEQUEL
(United Kingdom)
SQL
1986 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
International Standards Organization (ISO) 1987 SQL 6

.. 2008
SQL:2008
SQL
5.2 SQL
( Physical Data Model ) SQL

ANSI ISO SQL
DB2 Express-C IBM DB2

Server
SQL
5.2.1 (Data Types)
(data type) (data type)

(data type)
(integer) (float) (char) (date) (time) (blob)
(data type)
User-Defined Data Type UDT
UDT
address, country, phone number, social security number, postal zip code
5.2.1.1 (Date and Time)
(date and time)
DB2

Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
108
Time (HH:MM:SS)
Timestamp (YYYY-MM-DD-HH:MM:SS:ssssss)
ssssss (microseconds)

Year
Month
Day
Dayname
Hour
Minute
Second
Microsecond
5.2.2 (Create Table)
(Table) (Rows)
(Column)
(Entities)
SQL

create table myTable (col1 integer)
myTable col1

NULL NULL
5.2.2.1 (Default Values)
Users ( Default)
Student
CREATE TABLE USERS

(NAME
CHAR(20),
AGE
INTEGER,
PROFESSION VARCHAR(30) with default Student)
(DEPTNO)
5 - SQL 109
CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO
SMALLINT
NOT NULL
GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY
(START WITH 500, INCREMENT BY 1),
DEPTNAME VARCHAR(36) NOT NULL,
MGRNO
CHAR(6),
ADMRDEPT SMALLINT
NOT NULL,
LOCATION CHAR(30))
SQL DEPT DEPTNO GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY 500 1

DEPTNO
5.2.2.2 (NULL Values)
NULL Values Unknown
NULL
(country) NOT NULL

country
create table myTable (name varchar(30), country varchar(20) NOT NULL)

5.2.2.3 (Constraints)
(Constraints)
A UNIQUE UNIQUE
(unique indexes) UNIQUE

NULL UNIQUE
A PRIMARY KEY
UNIQUE
(unique indexes)
A REFERENTIAL referential
integrity
A CHECK
110
CHECK

CHECK PRIMARY KEY
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(ID
INTEGER
NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
NAME
VARCHAR(9),
DEPT
SMALLINT CHECK (DEPT BETWEEN 10 AND 100),
JOB
CHAR(5)
CHECK (JOB IN (Sales,Mgr,Clerk)),
HIREDATE
DATE,
SALARY
DECIMAL(7,2),
CONSTRAINT YEARSAL CHECK ( YEAR(HIREDATE) > 1986
OR SALARY > 40500 )
)
4 (constrains)
PRIMARY KEY ID
nulls
CHECK DEPT BETWEEN 10 AND 100 DEPT
10 100
CHECK JOB IN (Sales,Mgr,Clerk) JOB
Sales, Mgr Clerk
CHECK YEAR(HIREDATE) > 1986 OR SALARY > 40500
HIREDATE 1986
SALARY 40500
5.2.2.4 (Referential Integrity)

2 refer-
ential integrity
(Primary Key) (Foreign Key)
referential
integrity
(de-
pendant) (child table)
(base) (parent table) (primary key)

(unique)
(referential integrity)
5 - SQL 111
(Syntax 1-3)
Syntax 1:
CREATE TABLE DEPENDANT_TABLE
(ID
INTEGER REFERENCES BASE_TABLE(UNIQUE_OR_PRIMARY_KEY),
NAME
VARCHAR(9),
:
:
:
);
Syntax 2:
(ID
INTEGER,
NAME
VARCHAR(9),
:
:
:,
CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (ID)
REFERENCES BASE_TABLE(UNIQUE_OR_PRIMARY_KEY)
);
Syntax 3:
(ID
INTEGER,
NAME
VARCHAR(9),
:
:
:
);
ALTER TABLE DEPENDANT_TABLE
ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (ID)

REFERENCES BASE_TABLE(UNIQUE_OR_PRIMARY_KEY);
SQL (constraint name) DB2
15 CC1288717696656
2 (delete)
(update)
CASCADE
CASECADE
112
SET NULL
SET NULL
NULL
NO ACTION
NO
ACTION
RESTRICT
RESTRICT
ALTER TABLE DEPENDANT_TABLE

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name
FOREIGN KEY column_name
ON DELETE <delete_action_type>
ON UPDATE <update_action_type>
;
CASCADE, SET NULL, NO ACTION RE-
STRICT NO ACTION RESTRICT
5.2.3 (Schema)

DB2
(schema) (database objects)
DB2 2 1) 2)

create schema mySchema

create table mySchema.myTable (col1 integer)
DB2 (user ID)
DB2 (implicit schema)
john john
SCHEMA
set current schema = myschema
5 - SQL 113
5.2.4 (View)
(View)
Select
MYVIEW
CREATE VIEW MYVIEW AS
SELECT LASTNAME, HIREDATE FROM EMPLOYEE
MYVIEW
MYVIEW select
SELECT * FROM MYVIEW
5.2.5
(CREATE
TABLE)
(Database Objects)
(index) (function) (procedure) (trigger)

DB2 9.7 Information Center
5.2.6
SQL ALTER
NULLs
SQL
alter table myTable alter column col1 set not null
ALTER ALTER
5.2.7
RENAME SQL

RENAME <object type> <object name> to <new name>
114
(table)
(table space) (index)

Drop
ALTER RENAME
ALTER TABLE <table name> RENAME COLUMN <column name> TO <new name>
5.3 SQL
Data Manipulation Language DML

SQL
5.3.1 (Select)
SQL (retrieve)
select
myTable
select * from myTable
* myTable
select col1, col2 from myTable

col1 col2 myTable
5.3.1.1 (Order)
select
select

ORDER BY SQL col1
SELECT col1 FROM myTable ORDER BY col1 ASC

ASC (ascending)
DESC (decending)
SELECT col1 FROM myTable ORDER BY col1 DESC
5 - SQL 115
5.3.1.2 (Cursor)
(Cursor) select
DECLARE <cursor name> CURSOR [WITH RETURN <return target>]

<SELECT statement>;
OPEN <cursor name>;
FETCH <cursor name> INTO <variables>;
CLOSE <cursor name>;
select
FETCH
(loop)
(logic)

...
DECLARE p_sum INTEGER;
DECLARE p_sal INTEGER;
DECLARE c CURSOR FOR
SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE;
DECLARE SQLSTATE CHAR(5) DEFAULT 00000;
SET p_sum = 0;
OPEN c;
FETCH FROM c INTO p_sal;
WHILE(SQLSTATE = 00000) DO
SET p_sum = p_sum + p_sal;
FETCH FROM c INTO p_sal;
END WHILE;
CLOSE c;
...

FETCH
5.3.2 (Insert)
INSERT SQL
INSERT SELECT
myTable
insert into myTable values (1);
116
insert into myTable values (1, myName, 2010-01-01);

( 3 ) myTable.
insert into myTable values (1),(2),(3);
insert into myTable values (1, myName1,2010-01-01),
(2, myName2,2010-02-01),
(3, myName3,2010-03-01);
myTable2
sub-query select * from myTable2 myTable
insert into myTable (select * from myTable2)
5.3.3 (Delete)
delete
where delete delete col1

1000
DELETE FROM myTable WHERE col1 > 1000

delete where
where
5.3.4 (Update)
UPDATE

where UPDATE
UPDATE myTable SET col1 = -1 WHERE col2 < 0 ;

UPDATE myTable SET col1 = -1, col2 = a, col3 = 2010-01-01
WHERE col4 = 0;
update
where where
5 - SQL 117
5.4 (Table Joins)

Select SQL
select
2 SQL
1. (Inner Join)
2. (Outer Join)
5.4.1 Inner Join

(Inner Join)
SQL 3
Equi-join
Natural join
Cross join
5.4.1.1 Equi-join
Equi-join
SELECT *
FROM student, enrollment
WHERE student.enrollment_no=enrollment.enrollment_no
OR
SELECT *
FROM student
INNER JOIN enrollment
ON student.enrollment_no=enrollment.enrollment_no
student enrollment enrollment_no
5.4.1.2 Natural Join
Natural equi-join
DB2
118
Natural
Natural
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT
NATURAL JOIN ENROLLMENT
Natural
Natural Join
5.4.1.3 Cross Join
Cross
(Cartesian Product)
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT, ENROLLMENT
5.4.2 Outer Joins

Outer Join SQL
FROM SQL
(LEFT table) (RIGHT table)
Outer Join 3
Left outer join -

Right outer join
Full outer join
5.1 Outer join 3
5 - SQL 119
Left outer join
11111111
11221122
11331133
Right outer join
11111111
11221122
11331133
Full outer join
11111111
11221122
11331133
5.1 Outer join

Outer
Student Enrollment 5.2
Student Table
Name
Year
Enrollment no
John Smith
11221122
Raul Chong
11331133
Enrollment table Table

Name
SubjectID
Enrollment no
Physics
100
11221122
Mathemethics
200
11111111
5.2 Outer Join
120
5.4.2.1 Left outer joins

(Union) equi-join

5.3.
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT
LEFT OUTER JOIN ENROLLMENT
ON STUDENT.ENROLLMENT_NO = ENROLLMENT_NO
Left outer join

Name
Year
Enrollment no
Name
SubjectID
John Smith
11221122
Physics
100
Raul Chong
11331133
5.3 Left outer join

5.4.2.2 Right outer join
(Union) equi-join

5.4.
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT
RIGHT OUTER JOIN ENROLLMENT
Right outer join
Name
Year
Enrollment no
Name
SubjectID
John Smith
11221122
Physics
100
11111111
Mathematics
200
5.4 Right outer join

5.4.2.3 Full outer join
(Union) equi-join

5.5.
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT
FULL OUTER JOIN ENROLLMENT
5 - SQL 121
Full outer join

Name
Year
Enrollment no
Name
SubjectID
John Smith
11221122
Physics
100
Raul Chong
11331133
11111111
Mathematics
200
5.5 Full outer join
Outer Join
(Business Requirement)

Left Outer Join
5.5 Union, Intersection, Difference

ence
SQL SET OPERATORS Union, Intersection, Differ-
5.5.1 Union

Union
Union
5.6
SELECT * FROM student_table_a
UNION
SELECT * FROM student_table_b

Student Table A
Name
Year
Enrollment no
John Smith
11221122
Raul Chong
11331133
Student Table B
Name
Year
Enrollment no
John Smith
11221122
Alan Doster
44556677
A Union B
Name
Year
Enrollment no
John Smith
11221122
Raul Chong
11331133
Alan Doster
44556677
5.6 - Union
5.6 Union
UNION ALL UNION
122
SELECT * FROM student_table_a

UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM student_table_b

5.7 Union all
A Union All B
Name
Year
Enrollment no
John Smith
11221122
Raul Chong
11331133
John Smith
11221122
Alan Doster
44556677
5.7 Union all
5.5.2 Intersection
intersaction
select * from student_table_a

INTERSECT
select * from student_table_b
5.8
A Intersect B
Name
Year
Enrollment no
John Smith
11221122
5.8 INTERSECT
intersect
A B
A B INTERSECT ALL

INTERSECT ALL
5.5.3 Difference (Except)

Difference (EXCEPT)
A EXCEPT B = A MINUS [A INTERSECT B]
5 - SQL 123

EXCEPT

5.9.
A Except B
Name
Alan Doster
Year
2
Enrollment no
44556677
5.9 EXCEPT
EXCEPT A B
A
EXCEPT ALL
EXCEPT ALL
5.6 (Relational Operators)

(Relational Operators)
+, -, * /
AND, OR NOT
CONCATENATE, LENGTH

SUBSTRING
=, <, >, > =, < = ! =

(grouping) (aggregate)
DISTINCT

5.6.1 (Grouping Operators)

124
select count(*) from students_enrollment

Group by

select course_enrolled, count(*)
from students_enrollment
group by course_enrolled
------------------------------COURSE_ENROLLED
STUDENT_COUNT
----------------------------------- ----------------------English

10
Mathematics

30
Physics

60

5.6.2 Aggregation
Aggregation
Aggregation
(Scalar result set)

COUNT, SUM, AVERAGE, MINIMUM, MAXIMUM
GROUP BY SQL
5.6.3 HAVING
HAVING GROUP BY
HAVING

5
SELECT course_enrolled, count(*)
FROM students_enrollment
GROUP BY course_enrolled
HAVING count(*) < 5
WHERE WHERE
5 - SQL 125
5.7 (Sub-queries)
SQL
Select (Query) (Main Query Parent Query)
(Sub-query)
Inner Query
NULL

5.7.1
(Scalar)

SELECT name FROM students_enrollment
WHERE age = ( SELECT min(age) FROM students )
(min)
5.7.2

(Vector)

SELECT name FROM students

WHERE course_enrolled IN
(
SELECT distinct course_name
FROM courses
WHERE department_name = Computer Science
)
SQL
SQL
126
5.7.3 Correlated Sub-query

correlated
sub-query
SELECT dept, name, marks

FROM final_result a WHERE marks = (SELECT max(marks) FROM final_result WHERE
dept = a.dept)

final_result
max(marks)
5.7.4 FROM Select
FROM
FROM
Select
SELECT dept, max_marks, min_marks, avg_marks

FROM
(
SELECT dept,
max(marks) as max_marks,
min(marks) as min_marks,
avg(marks) as avg_marks
FROM final_result GROUP BY dept
)
WHERE (max_marks min_marks) > 50 and avg_marks < 50
from

WHERE
5.8 (Object-oriented concept)

(Relational concept)
(Object-oriented programming languages)
5 - SQL 127
Object-oriented concept - Class elements
Relational database concept
Name
Table name
Attribute
Column name
Method
Stored procedure
Constructor/Destructor
Triggers
Object identifier
Primary Key
5.1
(Object-relational mapping - ORM)
(object-oriented) (relational)
pureQuery
Java pureQuery eBook

Getting started with pureQuery
5.9 3
DB2
(conceptual) (logical) (physical)

Conceptual modeling
concept
Logical modeling concept
Physical modeling
concept
Name of entity set
Relation variable, R
Table name
Entity set
Relation
Table
Entity
Tuple
Row
Attribute
Attribute, A1, A2, etc.
Relationship set
A pair of primary key foreign

Constraint
key
Unique identifier
Primary key
Column
Primary key
128
(sub domain)
(constraint)

PRIMARY KEY: pk_

UNIQUE: uq_
DEFAULT: df_
CHECK: ck_
FOREIGN KEY: fk_
(sub domain) (constraint)
BORROWER
Attribute name
Domain
Sub-domain
Optional
Constraints
BORROWER_ID
Text
CHAR(5)
No
Pk_
FIRST_NAME
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
LAST_NAME
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
EMAIL
Text
VARCHAR(40)
Yes
PHONE
Text
VARCHAR(15)
Yes
ADDRESS
Text
VARCHAR(75)
Yes
CITY
Text
CHAR(3)
No
COUNTRY
Text
DATE
No
AUTHOR
Attribute name Domain
Sub-domain
Optional
Constraints
AUTHOR_ID
CHAR(5)
No
Pk_
Text
FIRST_NAME
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
LAST_NAME
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
EMAIL
Text
VARCHAR(40)
Yes
5 - SQL 129
PHONE
Text
VARCHAR(15)
Yes
ADDRESS
Text
VARCHAR(75)
Yes
CITY
Text
VARCHAR(40)
Yes
COUNTRY
Text
VARCHAR(40)
Yes
Sub-domain
Optional
Constraints
BOOK_ID
Text
CHAR(5)
No
Pk_
TITLE
Text
VARCHAR(40)
No
EDITION
Numeric
INTEGER
Yes
YEAR
Numeric
INTEGER
Yes
PRICE
Numeric
DECIMAL(7,2)
Yes
ISBN
Text
VARCHAR(20)
Yes
PAGES
Numeric
INTEGER
Yes
AISLE
Text
VARCHAR(10)
Yes
DECRIPTION
Text
VARCHAR(100) Yes
BOOK
LOAN
Attribute name
Domain
Sub-domain
Optional Constraints
BORROWER_ID
Text
CHAR(5)
No
Pk_, fk_
COPY_ID
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
Pk_, fk_
LOAN_DATE
Text
DATE
No
< RETURN_DATE
RETURN_DATE
Text
DATE
No
130
COPY
Sub-domain
Optional
Constraints
COPY_ID
Text
CHAR(5)
No
Pk_
BOOK_ID
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
Fk_
STATUS
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
Sub-domain
Optional
Constraints
AUTHOR_ID
Text
CHAR(5)
No
Pk_, fk_
BOOK_ID
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
Pk_, fk_
ROLE
Text
VARCHAR(30)
No
AUTHOR_LIST
SQL
CREATE TABLE AUTHOR

(

AUTHOR_ID CHAR(5) CONSTRAINT AUTHOR_PK PRIMARY KEY(AUTHOR_ID)
NOT NULL,
LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
EMAIL VARCHAR(40),
CITY VARCHAR(15),
COUNTRY CHAR(2)
)
CREATE TABLE AUTHOR_LIST
(
AUTHOR_ID CHAR(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT AUTHOR_LIST_AUTHOR_FK
FOREIGN
KEY(AUTHOR_ID) REFERENCES AUTHOR ( AUTHOR_ID),

BOOK_ID CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
ROLE VARCHAR(15) CONSTRAINT AUTHOR_LIST_PK PRIMARY KEY
(AUTHOR_ID,BOOK_ID) NOT NULL
5 - SQL 131
CREATE TABLE BOOK

(
BOOK_ID CHAR(3) CONSTRAINT BOOK_PK PRIMARY KEY(BOOK_ID) CONSTRAINT AUTHOR_LIST_BOOK_FK FOREIGN KEY(BOOK_ID) REFERENCES
BOOK (BOOK_ID) NOT NULL,
TITLE VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
EDITION INTEGER,
YEAR INTEGER,
PRICE DECIMAL(7 , 2),
ISBN VARCHAR(20),
PAGES INTEGER,
AISLE VARCHAR(10),
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR(100)
)
CREATE TABLE COPY
(

COPY_ID CHAR(5) CONSTRAINT COPY_PK PRIMARY KEY(COPY_ID) NOT
NULL,
BOOK_ID CHAR(5) CONSTRAINT COPY_BOOK_FK FOREIGN KEY(BOOK_ID)
REFERENCES
BOOK(BOOK_ID) NOT NULL,

STATUS VARCHAR(10)
CREATE TABLE LOAN

(
COPY_ID CHAR(5) CONSTRAINT LOAN_COPY_FK FOREIGN KEY(COPY_ID)
REFERENCES
COPY(COPY_ID) NOT NULL,
BORROWER_ID CHAR(5) CONSTRAINT LOAN_BORROWER_FK FOREIGN
KEY(BORROWER_ID) REFERENCES BORROWER
(BORROWER_ID)
NOT
NULL,

LOAN_DATE DATE NOT NULL,
LOAN_DAYS INTEGER NOT NULL,

RETURN_DATE DATE CONSTRAINT LOAN_PK PRIMARY KEY(COPY_ID, BORROWER_ID)
132
CREATE TABLE BORROWER

(

KEY
BORROWER_ID CHAR(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT BORROWER_PK PRIMARY

(BORROWER_ID),
LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
EMAIL VARCHAR(40),
PHONE VARCHAR(15),
ADDRESS VARCHAR(60),
CITY VARCHAR(15),
COUNTRY CHAR(2)
SQL
DDL
5.10
SQL
SQL

/
SQL
SQL Reference Guide [5.3]
5.11
1.
(default value)
2. 10 SQL
3. SQL
4. SQL correlated sub-query GROUP BY
5. SQL (aggregate function) WHERE,
5 - SQL 133
HAVING
6. SQL ORDER BY
5.12
1. SQL
A. (Data definition)
B. (Data modification)
C. (Data control)
D.
E.

2. SQL
A. Raymond F. Boyce
B. E. F. Codd
C. Donald D. Chamberlin
D. A C
E.

3. SQL
A. American National Standards Institute
B. Bureau of International Standards
C. International Standards Organizations
D.
E.

4.
A. Name Table Name
B. Attribute Column name
C. Method Stored procedure
D.
E.
134
5.
A. Year
B. Dayname
C. Second
D.
E.

6. SQL
A. (Ascending)
B. (Descending)
C. (Random)
D.
E.
7. INSERT
A.
B.
8.
A. Equi-join
B. Natural-join
C. Cross-join
D.
E.
9.
A. Left outer join
B. Right outer join
135
C. Full outer join

D.
E.
10. Union
A.
B.
6 Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure (Function)
SQL
IBM Data Studio Stored Procedure

SQL
Stored Procedure
6.1 IBM Data Studio

IBM Data Studio User-Defined Functions (UDFs)
Stored Procedure IBM Data Studio
Eclipse
DB2
2
IDE: Eclipse
(shell sharing) InfoSphere Data Architect
Rational Data Web Services
Stand-Alone: IDE
Data Web Services
Eclipse (shell sharing)
()
: IBM Data Studio
eBook Getting started with IBM Data Studio for DB2
DB2 on Campus free book
6 Stored Procedure 137
Stand-Alone ibm.com/db2/express
6.1 IBM Data Studio 2.2
6.1 IBM Data Studio 2.2

Data Project Explorer
6.1
6.1.1
Stored Procedure UDFs Data Studio
Data Studio File -> New -> Project
Data Development Project 6.2
6.2 Data Development Project
138
New Select Connection 6.3
6.3
6.3 DB2 for Linux, UNIX and Windows (DB2 LUW) Select a database
manager JDBC driver deault DB2 (LUW) JDBC
type 4 IBM Data Server Driver for JDBC and SQLJ (JDBC 4.0) Default
Host
IBM Data Studio DB2
localhost Host
Test Connection
Finish
Finish
Data Project Explorer +
PL/SQL packages, SQL scripts, Stored Procedures
6.2 Stored Procedures

Stored Procedure SQL

Client Application
Server
SQL #1
SQL #2
SQL #3
Network
myproc
SQL #1
CALL myproc
SQL #2
SQL #3

6.2 SQL

SQL

Stored Procedure myproc SQL
() Call
Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure
Stored Procedures
Stored Procedures

Stored Procedures
6.2.1 Procedures
Stored Procedures : SQL Procedures External Procedures SQL Procedures SQL External Procedures host language
SQL Procedures External Procedures Procedure (procedure definition) Procedure SQL Procedure External Procedure
Procedure
Procedure
Procedure SQL Procedure SQL
Procedure runtime options Procedure
Procedure
SQL Procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATESALARY

(IN EMPNUMBR CHAR(10),

(1)
(2)
140
IN RATE DECIMAL(6,2))
LANGUAGE SQL

UPDATE EMP

SET SALARY = SALARY * RATE
WHERE EMPNO = EMPNUMBR
(3)
(4)
(1) Procedure UPDATESALARY
(2) EMPNUMBR CHAR(10) RATE DECIMAL(6,2)
(3) LANGUAGE SQL Procedure SQL Procedure
(4) (procedure body) UPDATE SQL

employee
External Stored Procedure
COBOL Stored Procedure
UPDSAL
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATESALARY

(IN EMPNUMBR CHAR(10),

IN RATE DECIMAL(6,2))
LANGUAGE COBOL

EXTERNAL NAME UPDSAL;

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1) Procedure UPDATESALARY
(2) EMPNUMBR CHAR(10) RATE DECIMAL(6,2)
(3) LANGUAGE COBOL Procedure External Procedure
Procedure COBOL COBOL
(4) COBOL UPDSAL
6.2.2 Stored Procedure

Stored Procedure Java, PL/SQL SQL PL Data Studio
Stored Procedures Data Studio
Stored Procedure SQL SQL PL
Stored Procedure Java PL/SQL
1: Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure Stored Procedures New ->
Stored Procedure Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure SQL Procedure Data Studio
SQL default Finish Stored Procedure
(template code) SQL 6.3
6.3 Stored Procedure

6.3 Stored Procedure MYPROCEDURE

Stored Procedure
2: Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure Stored
Procedure Data Project Explorer Deploy Deploy
CREATE PROCEDURE compile Stored Procedure
6.4
142
Deploy default Finish

4: Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure Run Results
Data Studio 6.5

Stored Procedure DB2 Command Window Command Editor CALL < Procedure>
Store Procedure 6.6
C:\Program Files\IBM\SQLLIB\BIN\db2 connect to sample

Database Connection Information

Database server
SQL authorization ID
Local database alias
= DB2/NT 9.7.0
= ARFCHONG
= SAMPLE
C:\Program Files\IBM\SQLLIB\BIN\db2 call myprocedure

Result set 1
---------------------PROCSCHEMA
PROCNAME
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SYSPROC
ADMIN_CMD
SYSPROC
ADMIN_COPY_SCHEMA
SYSPROC
ADMIN_DROP_SCHEMA
6.6 Stored Procedure DB2 Command Window
Stored Procedure Java, C, Visual Basic

DB2 Command Window
6.2.3 Stored Procedure

Stored Procedure :
1. Procedure
2. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CREATE PROCEDURE

ALTER PROCEDURE
Procedure
Procedure Procedure (fully qualified name)
DROP PROCEDURE
drop procedure myschema.EMPLOYEE_COUNT
Procedure CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Procedure Procedure
Procedure CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
6.3
SQL
,
User-Defined Functions Functions Library
6.3.1
:
Scalar ()
- Aggregate ()
- String ()
Table ()
(UDFs) UDF SQL

host language User-Defined Function
SQL SQL
DB2 Scalar Table UDFs SQL PL, PL/SQL, C/C++, Java, CLR (Common Language Runtime) OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)
6.3.1.1 (Scalar Function)
SQL SQL INSERT, UPDATE

DELETE LENGTH

SELECT length(Mary)
FROM sysIBM.sysdummy1
SQL DB2
144
4 Mary
SQL SELECT-LIST
FROM
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, YEAR(CURRENT DATE - BIRTHDATE)
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE WORKDEPT = D01
YEAR CURRENT
DATE BIRTHDATE

SQL
where clause (predicates) (query)

(Aggregate functions)

AVG(COL_NAME) COL_NAME
(Strings functions)
SUBSTR(abcdefghi,3,4)
(, , )
cdef
(Table functions)
FROM
INSERT, UPDATE
DELETE SQL DB2 SNAPSHOT_DYN_SQL()
MQREADALL() (Views)
(INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
CREATE FUNCTION getEnumEmployee(p_dept VARCHAR(3))

RETURNS TABLE
(empno CHAR(6),
lastname VARCHAR(15),
firstnme VARCHAR(12))
SPECIFIC getEnumEmployee
RETURN
SELECT e.empno, e.lastname, e.firstnme
FROM employee e
WHERE e.workdept=p_dept
6.3.2
Stored Procedure IBM Data Studio
User-Defined Function user-defined functions
Stored procedures Stored Procedure CREATE FUNCTION user-defined function (function template)

>>-CREATE--+-----------------+--FUNCTION--function-name-------------->
-OR REPLACE-
.-IN------.
>--(--+---------+--parameter-name--| data-type1 |--+-------------------+--|-)-->
|
|
-| default-clause |-
+-OUT----+
-INOUT---
>-- RETURNS--+-| data-type2 |-------------+--| option-list |----->
-+-ROW-----+-----| column-list |-
--TABLE---
>--| SQL-function-body |---------------------------------------><

SQL PL
CREATE FUNCTION REVERSE(INSTR VARCHAR(40))

RETURNS VARCHAR(40)
DETERMINISTIC NO EXTERNAL ACTION CONTAINS SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
DECLARE REVSTR, RESTSTR VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT ;
DECLARE LEN INT;
IF INSTR IS NULL THEN
RETURN NULL;
END IF;
SET (RESTSTR, LEN) = (INSTR, LENGTH(INSTR));
WHILE LEN > 0 DO
SET (REVSTR, RESTSTR, LEN)
= (SUBSTR(RESTSTR, 1, 1) CONCAT REVSTR,
SUBSTR(RESTSTR, 2, LEN - 1),
LEN - 1);
END WHILE;
RETURN REVSTR;
END
@
DB2 v9.7 Information Center
6.3.3
SQL
CALL SELECT VALUES REVERSE
SELECT reverse(col_name) from myschema.mytable
OR
VALUES reverse(abcd)
FROM SQL
TABLE() (alias)
146
getEnumEmployee SELECT 6.1
SELECT * FROM

TABLE ( getEnumEmployee(E01)) T
TABLE () function
alias
6.7
6.3.4
user-defined function
1.
2. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION CREATE FUNCTION
ALTER FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Function Function (fully qualified name)
DROP FUNCTION
DROP FUNCTION myschema.reverse
Function CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION Function
Function
Function CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION
6.4
Stored Procedures
Stored Procedures
EXECUTE Stored Procedure Stored Procedure

6.5
1. SQL PL Stored Procedure IBM Data Studio SAMPLE
DB2 procedure
EMPLOYEE
2. UDF (1)
3. SQL Function
( Monday, Tuesday )
4. SQL Function (
Monday, Tuesday )
5. procedure
6. procedure
6.6
1.
A. Select
B. Update
C. Count
D. Delete
E.
2.
A. avg
B. count
C. insert
D. substr
E.
3.
A. avg
B. count
C. max
D. substr
E.
4.
A. trim
B. upper
C. min
D. substr
E.
5.
A. lcase
B. year
C. max
D. substr
E.
148
6.
A. sum
B. min
C. max
D. len
E.
7.
A. avg
B. year
C. max
D. substr
E.
8. Stored Procedures Data Studio
A. SQL PL
B. PL/SQL
C. Java
D.
E.
9. VALUES
A.
B.
10. Procedure CALL
A.
B.
7 SQL
Structured Query Language (SQL)
,
SQL C,
C++, Java, .NET

Transaction
embedded SQL
static dynamicSQL
APIs ODBC, CLI JDBC
pureQuery
7.1 SQL
SQL
SQL
C, C++ Java
(functional logic)
Host Language SQL
SQL (embedded) host application
Application Programming Interface (API)
ODBC, CLI JDBC SQL
7.1
7 SQL 151
Application
SQLJ
IBM DB2 CLI
JDBC
Embeded SQL
Supports both static and dynamic execution modes

Supports dynamic execution
7.1 SQL
7.2 Transaction ?
SQL
Transaction Transaction (unit of work)
insert, update delete
Transaction
1,000 A B

1,000 A
1,000 B
SQL SQL 2
2
Transaction SQL (Commit)
(Rollback) Transaction Transaction

7.3 Embedded SQL

Embedded SQL SQL host application
C, C++ COBOL host application
SQL
(compile)
SQL ?
(compiler)
SQL (pre-compilation)
DB2 (pre-compiler) SQL
152
API runtime services API calls

(link) host language
SQL host language embedded SQL C, C++ COBOL EXEC SQL SQL
(;)
EXEC SQL
UPDATE employee.details
SET emp_desig = Mgr WHERE emp_desig = Asst Mgr;
SQL Java
SQLJ #sql SQL
EXEC SQL host language
UPDATE SQL SQLJ :
#sql {
SET emp_desig = Mgr WHERE emp_desig = Asst Mgr;
SQLStatic ,
SQL

DynamicSQL
7.3.1 Static SQL

Static SQL SQL (embedded
SQL) Static SQL
SQL

SELECT
SQL
SQL (hard-code)
SQL (static embedded SQL application) SQL
where clause SQL
SQL
(host variables)
7.3.1.1 (Host variables)
static SQL
(default)
_hv
SQL C
7.1
EXEC SQL
SELECT emp_name, emp_dept, emp_salary
INTO :name_hv, :dept_hv, :salary_hv
FROM employee.details
7 SQL 153
WHERE emp_id = :id_hv ;

EXEC SQL
SET emp_salary = :new_salary_hv
WHERE emp_id = :id_hv ;
7.1 SQL C
(employee.details) (emp_name, emp_dept, etc.)

SQL
(id_hv, dept_hv, ) (:)
SQL
7.3.1.2 SQL
SQL
SQL
(DECLARE SECTION)
SQL
(commit) (rollback) SQL
7.2 SQL
C
int getDetails( int employee_id, double new_salary)
{
int ret_code = 1;
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA;
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
sqlint32 id_hv = 0;
// employee id
char name_hv[129] = {0};
// employee name
char dept_hv[129] = {0}; // employee department
double salary_hv = 0;
// employee salary
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
// Copy the employee id and salary passed to this function
// into the host variables
id_hv = employee_id;
salary_hv = new_salary;
// Issue the UPDATE statement to set the new salary of an employee
EXEC SQL
SET emp_salary = :salary_hv WHERE emp_id = :id_hv;
if (SQLCODE < 0)
154
{
printf(\n UPDATE SQL Error:%ld\n,SQLCODE);
EXEC SQL ROLLBACK; // Rollback the transaction
ret_code = 0; // error
}
else
{
EXEC SQL COMMIT; // Commit the transaction
// Issue a SELECT to fetch updated salary information
EXEC SQL
WHERE emp_id = :id_hv;
if (SQLCODE < 0)
{
printf(\n SELECT SQL Error:%ld\n,SQLCODE);
Ret_code = 0;
}
else
{
// Display the updated salary information
printf(\n Employee name: %s,name_hv);
printf(\n Employee Id: %d,id_hv);
printf(\n Employee Department: %s,dept_hv);
printf(\n Employee New Salary: Rs. %ld p.a,salary_hv);
}
}
return ret_code;
int getDetails( int employee_id, double new_salary)
{
int ret_code = 1;
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
sqlint32 id_hv = 0;
// employee id
char name_hv[129] = {0};
// employee name
char dept_hv[129] = {0}; // employee department
double salary_hv = 0;
// employee salary
7 SQL 155
// Copy the employee id and salary passed to this function

// into the host variables
id_hv = employee_id;
salary_hv = new_salary;
// Issue the UPDATE statement to set the new salary of an employee
EXEC SQL
SET emp_salary = :salary_hv WHERE emp_id = :id_hv;
if (SQLCODE < 0)
{
printf(\n UPDATE SQL Error:%ld\n,SQLCODE);
EXEC SQL ROLLBACK; // Rollback the transaction
ret_code = 0; // error
}
else
{
EXEC SQL COMMIT; // Commit the transaction
// Issue a SELECT to fetch updated salary information

EXEC SQL
WHERE emp_id = :id_hv;
if (SQLCODE < 0)
{
printf(\n SELECT SQL Error:%ld\n,SQLCODE);
Ret_code = 0;
}
else
{
// Display the updated salary information
printf(\n Employee name: %s,name_hv);
printf(\n Employee Id: %d,id_hv);
printf(\n Employee Department: %s,dept_hv);
printf(\n Employee New Salary: Rs. %ld p.a,salary_hv);
}
}
return ret_code;
}
7.2 -- SQL C
156
SQL C host language

C++, COBOL, Java
7.3.1.3 SQL communications area SQLCODE SQLSTATE
SQL Communications Area (SQLCA)
(client) SQLCA
SQL SQLCODE
0 () SQL
SQL
(Warning) SQLCODE
SQL (error) SQLCODE
SQLCODE SQL
SQLCODE

SQLCODE SQL
SQLSTATE SQLCA String
SQL SQLSTATE
7.3.1.4 Static SQL

SQL
DB2 (DB2 pre-compiler)
SQL DB2 runtime APIs
( comment SQL )
(link) host language
DB2 PRECOMPILE ( PREP)
DB2
1. SQL
fetch
2. (access plan)
SQL SQL DB2 optimizer

SQL
Static (static embedded SQL statement)
optimizer
(system catalog)
SQL
SQL optimizer

SQL Static
(pre-compile)
SQL (bind)
SQL (link)
7 SQL 157
4
5
6
158
SQL Dynamic
(Interactive)
SQL 7.3 ,Employee finder tool
HR
Employee Finding Tool

Select Search field
Enter Search Value

Submit
V
Employee Name
Employee Id
RESULTS
Employee Name
Employee Id
Employee Designation
7.3 Employee finder tool

HR

SQL
SQL Dynamic Static SQL
Dynamic SQL (Runtime)
7.3.2.1 SQL
7.3
Employee Finder Tool SQL Dynamic
SQL C
int findEmployee(char * field, char * value, char * emp_name, char * emp_id, char *
emp_desig)
{
int ret_code = 1;
char sqlstmt[250] = {0};
EXEC
char
char
char
char
SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;

name_hv[129] = {0}; // employee name
desig_hv[129] = {0}; // employee designation
id_hv[10] = {0};
// employee id
value_hv[250] = {0}; // Field value
7 SQL 159

// Copy the Search Field passed to this function into
// the sqlstmt string
sprintf(sqlstmt,SELECT emp_name, emp_id, emp_desig
WHERE %s = ?,field);
// Copy the field value passed to this function into the
// host variable
strcpy(value_hv,value) ;
// Prepare the dynamic SQL statement first. This statement would
// create the access plan at runtime
EXEC SQL PREPARE dynsqlstmt FROM :sqlstmt;
if (SQLCODE <0)
{
printf(\n Error during Prepare statement:%ld,SQLCODE);
ret_code = 0; //error
}
else
{
EXEC SQL DECLARE cur1 CURSOR FOR :dynsqlstmt;
if (SQLCODE <0)
{
printf(\n Error during Declare Cursor:%ld,SQLCODE);
}
else
{
EXEC SQL OPEN cur1 USING :value_hv;
if (SQLCODE <0)
{
printf(\n Error during Open Cursor:%ld,SQLCODE);
}
else
{
EXEC SQL FETCH cur1 INTO :name_hv, :id_hv, :design_hv;
if (SQLCODE <0)
{
printf(\n Error during Fetch cursor:%ld,SQLCODE);
}
else
{
160
EXEC SQL CLOSE cur1;

if (SQLCODE <0)
{
printf(\n Error during Close cursor:%ld,SQLCODE);
Ret_code = 0; //error
}
else
{
// Copy the fetched results into the target variables
strcpy(emp_name,:name_hv);
strcpy(emp_id,:id_hv);
strcpy(emp_desig,:desig_hv);
}
return ret_code;
7.3 SQL C SQL static
Dynamic
Employee Finder Tool

() field
SQL( sqlstmt )
Employee Id SQL ( predicate
where )
SELECT emp_name, emp_id, emp_desig from employee.details WHERE emp_id =?
(?) parameter marker
( emp_id)
(runtime)
(prepare) SQL Dynamic (
EXEC SQL PREPARE )
SQL
SELECT emp_name, emp_id, emp_desig from employee.details WHERE emp_name =?
SQL
(prepare) SQL Dynamic
( )
(prepare) SQL
SELECT (declare cursor)
SQL (open cursor)
fetch
(Close cursor)
7 SQL 161
1. (code) Static SQL
(Statement preparation) (cursor declaration),

SQL ( SQLJ)
SQL static
2. Static SQL APIs, /
SQL
SQL Dynamic SQL Static ( PREPARE, EXECUTE, CURSOR ,)
7.3.3 Static dynamic SQL

Static SQL Dynamic SQL
SQL
1.
SQL Dynamic SQL Static

Dynamic (runtime)
Dynamic (prepare)
2.
SQL
Dynamic Static SQL Dynamic SQL

Dynamic SQL Static
SQL
3.
SQL Dynamic Static SQL

SQL Static
SQL Dynamic
4.
Dynamic SQL Static SQL
SQL Static

rebinding
Dynamic SQL
(runtime), rebinding
7.4 Application Programming Interface (APIs)

SQL
SQL Dynamic SQL Static
(Pre-compilation) SQL (SQL translation)
SQL
(Database
catalog)
(Database Application Programming Interfaces)
Dynamic

162
API APIs
C, C++, Java
SQL
callable interfaces API
database connectivity driver
libraries libraries source code

API SQL

7.4.1 ODBC IBM Data Server CLI driver
X/
Open SQL Access Group X/Open Call

Level Interface

(ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 SQL/CLI)
SQL callable Open Database
Connectivity (ODBC) X/Open CLI

ODBC
DB2 IBM Data Serv-
er CLI driver DB2 Call level interface Microsoft ODBC

SQL/CLI DB2 Call Level Inteface
Call Level Interface
CLI DB2
DB2 CLI API C C++ (function

call) SQL Dynamic (arguments)
PREPARE EXECUTE SQLPrepare() SQLExecute

SQL EXEC SQL
SQL Dynamic (prepare) SQLPrepare () API

SQLCHAR *stmt = (SQLCHAR *)UPDATE employee.details SET emp_id = ? WHERE
emp_name = ? ;
/* prepare the statement */
int rc = SQLPrepare(hstmt, stmt, SQL_NTS);
IBM CLI callable interface SQLConnect (),
SQLFetch (), SQLExecute
ODBC IBM DB2 Call Level Interface ODBC
3.51
7.4 IBM DB2 CLI driver Dynamic SQL

ODBC driver ODBC Driver Manager
IBM DB2 CLI driver
7 SQL 163
ODBC Driver Manager

Environment
DB2 CLI
Environment
Application
Application
ODBC Driver Manager
Other
ODBC
driver
Other
ODBC
driver
DBMS A
Gateway
B
DB2 CLI
dirver
DB2
ODBC
driver
Data Server
Client
Data Server
Client
DB2
Server
DB2 Connect
DBMS B
DB2
Server
DB2 Connect
7.4-- IBM DB2 CLI ODBC
DB2 (MVS)
SQL/DS
SQL400
other DRDS
DBMS
7.4.2 JDBC
JDBC Java Database Connectivity
SQL ODBC CLI JDBC

(Java) CLI
(link) CLI libraries JDBC

JDBC APIs import
SELECT JDBC 7.4
// SQL for SELECT. The name, country, street and province information
// which has been provided by the user are stored in respective variables.
String sqlSel = select +name+, +country+, +street+, +province+, +zip+
from CUSTOMER where Customer = ?;
//prepare the SELECT statement
try {
PreparedStatement pstmt=con.prepareStatement(sqlSel);
164
pstmt.setString (1, custCountry);

//set the Input parameter
pstmt.execute();
//execute SELECT statement
ResultSet result = pstmt.getResultSet (); //get the results and set
//values
List<Customer> custList = new ArrayList<Customer>();
while (result.next ()) {

Customer cust = new Customer();

cust.name = result.getString (1);

cust.country = result.getString (2);

cust.street = result.getString (3);

cust.province = result.getString (4);

cust.zip = result.getString (5);
custList.add (cust);
}
} catch (SQLException e) {e.pringStackTrace ();
}
7.4 JDBC

SQL (sqlSel)
SQL Dynamic prepare parameter marker

( ?)
SQL parameter marker
JDBC pstmt.setString(1, custCountry) parameter marker

custCountry

ResultSet result
7.5 pureQuery
Dynamic SQL
overhead SQL prepare

parameter marker JDBC
pureQuery SQL
Dynamic SQL
JDBC
7.4 SELECT pureQuery

7.5
7 SQL 165
//The name, country, street and province are variables which would be
//populated at runtime using user inputs.
String sqlSel = select +name+, +country+, +street+, +province+, +zip+
from CUSTOMER where Customer = ?;
Data data = DataFactory.getData (con);
//execute the Select and get the list of customer
List<Customer> customerList = data.queryList (sqlSel, Customer.class, custCountry);
7.5 pureQuery
pureQuery API queryList sqlSel
custCountry cutomerList
JDBC SQL (runtime)
JDBC
pureQuery (inline method)
SQL Dynamic pureQuery SQL static

(annotated method)
SQL API
pureQuery SQL string pureQuery annotation
@Select ( )
@Update ( SQL Data Manipulation Language: DML)
@Call ( SQL CALL)
SELECT
SELECT Name, Country, Street, Province, Zip FROM customer where Customer = ?
pureQuery
SQL Select annotation

(user-defined function) SQL
7.6 SQL SELECT @Select annotation

public interface CustomerData
{
//Select PDQ_SC.CUSTOMER by parameters and populate Customer bean with
166
results
@Select(sql=select Name, Country, Street, Province, Zip from CUSTOMER where
Customer =?)
Customer getCustomer(int cid);
}
7.6 @Select
SQL Custom-
erData
pureQuery pureQuery
pureQuery generator
(instance variable) CustomerData
pureQuery API getCustomer() SQL

7.7
// use the DataFactory to instantiate the user defined interface

CustomerData cd = DataFactory.getData(CustomerData.class, con);
// execute the SQL for getCustomer() and get the results in Customer beans
Iterator<Customer> cust = cd.getCustomer();
7.7 SQL pureQuery annotation method
pureQuery generator (CustomerDataImpl.java
) (user-defined interface - CustomerData) SQL (declare method)

getCustomer
SQL
SQL
SQL (Business Logic)
pureQuery Static
Dynamic

pureQuery :
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idm/v2r2/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.datatools.
javatool.runtime.overview.doc/topics/helpindex_pq_sdf.html
7.5.1 IBM pureQuery Client Optimizer

pureQuery pureQuery Client Optimizer
SQL Dynamic SQL
pureQuery Client Optimizer
JDBC Dynamic
7 SQL 167
SQL Static

SQL pureQueryXml
SQL XML Command

Line Configure
staticBinder

static
SQL Static
SQL SQL
pueryQueryXml
SQL Static
SQL SQL
Dynamic
7.6
SQL
transaction SQL
SQL Static Dynamic

SQL Static SQL
Dynamic
SQL
SQL
SQL SQLJ Static Dynamic
Dynamic
SQL Static
API ODBC, CLI JDBC
SQL Dynamic SQL
pureQuery
SQL Dynamic
(prepare)
168
7.7

A.
B.
C.
D.
Dynamic
Static
7.8
1. SQL Static
A. (runtime)
B. (pre-compile)
C.
D.
2. SQL
A. SQL
B. SQL
C.
D.
3. C C++ SQL
A. DB2 pre-compiler
B. DB2 pre-compiler
4. SQLJ
D. SQL
E. Call Level Interface SQL
5. ODBC
E.
Open Database Community
G.
Open source database community
F.
H.
I.
Open Database Connectivity

Open database connection
6. Static Dynamic
A. JDBC
B. SQLJ
C. DB2 CLI
169
D.
E.
7.
A. JDBC
B. SQLJ
C. DB2 CLI
D.
E.
8. (?)
H. (runtime)
I.
J. SQL
K.
L.
9. pureQuery (annotated method)
I.
SQL Dynamic
J. SQL Static
K.
L.
10. pureQuery Client Optimizer
J. JDBC Static
K. JDBC Static
8 XML
(relational mod-
el)
(structure relational) (semi-structure)

(unstructured)
XML (semi-structure)
XML
XML
DB2
XML (hybrid data server)
8.1 XML
XML eXtensible Markup Language XML (hi-
erarchical) nodes parent/child

XML
8.1.1 XML element
8 XML 171
XML element XML (XML document) XML
XML element XML element root document element element (attribute) child element
XML element
<name>I am an XML element</name>
XML element
(start tag) (end tag)
<name> </name> element
(text value) I am an XML element XML

XML element
<employees>

<employee id=121>

<firstname>Jay</firstname>
<lastname>Kumar</lastname>
<job>Asst. manager</job>

<doj>2002-12-12</doj>

</employee>
</employees>
<employees> document element XML child ele-
ment <employee> element <employee> child element element
id 121 DB2 XML
department(id integer, deptdoc xml)

id deptdoc
XML XML XML

8.1 XML DB2
172
XML data is stored in XML-type columns in tables
create table dept (deptID char(8),..., deptdoc xml);
XML data is stored
in a parsed hierarchical
format
Relational columns
are stored in relational

format
deptID
--
PR27
... <dept> ...

<emp> ... </emp>
</dept>
...
...
deptdoc
...
DB2 Storage
8.1 XML DB2

DB2 XML (parsed)
(hierarchical format) DB2
XML
8.1.2 XML (XML attribute)

element ele-
ment element id uid 100-233-03

45
<product id=100-233-03 uid=45/>

element element

element
<product id=100-233-03 id=10023303/>

XML (XML schema definition)
element
child element
element
<xs:element name=employee>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name=firstname type=xs:string/>
8 XML 173
<xs:element name=lastname type=xs:string/>

</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute name=empid type=xs:integer/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
8.1.3 Namespaces
XML namespaces
element
XML
XML
element
element namespace element

XML namespace
Namespace Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

Local name
http://www.acme.com/names namespace URI customer local name
prefix URI customer element
http://www.acme.com/names URI acme:customer acme
namespace prefix http://www.acme.com/names namespace prefix

XQuery Prolog
Declare namespace acme http://www.acme.com/names

namespace prefix element constructors
<book xmlns:acme=http://www.acme.com/names>
namespace element child element
namespace
namespace prefix namespace prefix :

Xml, xs, xsi, fn, xdt
namespace (default) namespace prefix
:
declare default element namespace http://www.acme.org/names

( XQuery Prolog)
<book xmlns = http://www.acme.com/names">
( element constructor )
8.1.4 (Document Type Definition: DTD)

XML
174
element XML DTD

XML DTD
<!DOCTYPE TVSCHEDULE [
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
PRODUCTS (PRODUCT+)>
PRODUCT (NAME,PRICE,DESCRIPTION)>
NAME (#PCDATA)>
PRICE (#PCDATA)>
DESCRIPTION (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST PRODUCTS ID CDATA #REQUIRED>

]>
XML DTD
<PRODUCTS>
<PRODUCT ID=100-200-43>
<NAME>Laptop</NAME>
<PRICE>699.99</PRICE>
<DESCRIPTION>This is a Laptop with 15 inch wide screen, 4 GB RAM, 120 GB HDD </
DESCRIPTION>
</PRODUCT>
</PRODUCTS>
<PRODUCTS>
<PRODUCT ID=100-200-56>
<NAME>Printer</NAME>
<DESCRIPTION>This is a line printer </DESCRIPTION>
</PRODUCT>
<PRODUCT ID=100-200-89>
<NAME>Laptop</NAME>
<DESCRIPTION>This is a Laptop with 13 inch wide screen, 4 GB RAM, 360 GB HDD </
DESCRIPTION>
</PRODUCT>
</PRODUCTS>
8.1.5 XML Schema

XML Schema XML
schema document namespace schema document
8 XML 175
<xsd:schema targetNamespace=http://www.mycompany/products

xmlns:xsd=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema>

<xsd:simpleType name=PriceType>

<xsd:restriction base=xsd:decimal>
<xsd:minInclusive value=0/>
XML Schema
<xsd:maxInclusive value=100000/>
Namespace
<xsd:totalDigits value=9/>
<xsd:fractionDigits value=3/>

</xsd:restriction>

</xsd:simpleType>

<xsd:complexType name=StockPriceType>

<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name=Asktype=PriceType/>
<xsd:element name=Bid type=PriceType/>
<xsd:element name=P50DayAvg type=PriceType/>

</xsd:sequence>

<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:element name=StockPrice type=StockPriceType/>
</xsd:schema>
8.2 XML Schema
XML Schema XML DTDs XML Schema
XML XML Schema XML Schema Definition (XSD)

XML Schema DTDs XML Schema
XML XML Schema
integer date decimal datetime

complex element
(enumeration)
element XML XML Schema DTDs
XML Namespaces XML Schema (inheritance) W3C 2544
XML Schema schema documents namespaces
176
Orderschema
Namespace:
Order
Namespace:
Lineitem
Order.xsd
include
Lineitem.xsd
Parts.xsd
import
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/
8.3 - namespace namespace XML Schema
DB2 XML Schema
XML XML XML XML Schema XML Schema fixed schema
XML (validate) XML XML
( ) XML Schema XML

Schema XML XML
XML DB2 XML

(clause) IS VALIDATED select
8.2 XML Schema

XML Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
XML namespace
XML XML
integrity constraints
8.2.1 (simple types)

XML Schema W3C 8.4
8 XML 177
Built-In Simple Types:

string
boolean
float
decimal
integer
positiveInteger
byte
date
datetime
Derived Simple Types:
Complex Types:
Restriction of simple type
may include
elements/attribute
definition
Union of simple type
can define choice or

sequence of elements
"integer between 5 and 10"

"integer U string"
Enumerations
etc.
anytime
...
8.4 XML Schema

element XML
element
(user-defined type)
myInteger
xs:integer -2 5
<xs:simpleType name= myInteger >

<xs:restriction base= xs:integer >
<xs:minInclusive value = -2 />
<xs:maxExclusive value = 5 />
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
(derivation by restriction)

(enumeration) schema element :
<xs:simpleType name= passGrades >
<xs:restriction base= xs:string >
<xs:enumeration value = A />
<xs:enumeration value = B />
<xs:enumeration value = C />
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
element passGrades
(A, B C) element XML Schema
(pattern of value) element
178
:
<xs:simpleType name= CapitalNames >
<xs:restriction base= xs:string >
<xs:pattern value = ([A-Z]( [a-z]*)?)+ />
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
derivation by list derivation by
union derivation by list
<xs:simpleType name= myintegerList >
<xs:list itemType= xs:integer />
</xs:simpleType>
element
1 234 333 -32321 derivation by union
<xs:simpleType name= intordate >
<xs:union memberTypes= xs:integer xs:date />
</xs:simpleType>
element
223 1 2001-10-26
(integer date)
8.2.2 (complex types)

element
element element/
element (empty)
element (text)
<xs:complexType name=employeeType>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
element
<xs:element name=employee type=employeeType>
<xs:element name=employee>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
8 XML 179
</xs:element>
element
8.2.3 Integrity Constraints

XML Schema
ID IDREFs XML DTDs XML Schema xs:ID xs:IDREFs

XML Schema, xs:ID xs:IDREFs element
DTDs element
element xs:unique
<xs:element name =book >
<xs:complexType>
.
</xs:complexType>
<xs:unique name=book>
<xs:selector xpath=book/>
<xs:field xpath=isbn/>
</xs:unique>
</xs:element>
ISBN XML
xs:key xs:keyref integrity constraints key unique constraint
element unique
<xs:element name =book >
<xs:complexType>
.
</xs:complexType>
<xs:key name=book>
<xs:selector xpath=book/>
<xs:field xpath=isbn/>
</xs:key>
</xs:element>
xs:keyref key (current scope)
element xs:keyref xs:key element xs:unique
element element element (ancestor)
8.2.4 XML Schema

XML
XML Schema
DB2 XML Schema
DB2 XML XML Schema DB2
180
XML XML Schema XML DB2

(compatibility) XML Schema
DB2 Schema Schema
XML Schema
DB2 pureXML:
Schema ( compatible) register schema

XML Schema Repository (XSR) schema
schema ( SQL URI)
schema
XML Schema ( not compatible) register schema

SQL URI
schema XMLVALIDATE
XML SChema SQL URI XML

instance document URI XML instance document
schema
schema
XML Schema XSR

:
1. stored procedure XSR_REGISTER REGISTER XMLSCHEMA XML Schema XSR
XML Schema
schema schema
2. stored procedure XSR_UPDATE UPDATE XMLSCHEMA XML Schema XSR schema
XML Schema Schema XML Schema

XML Schema
dropnewschema stored procedure XSR_UPDATE UPDATE XMLSCHEMA schema schema
8.3 XPath
XPath 2.0 expression language XQuery/XPath
Data Model (XDM) XPath path expression XML

XSLT XQuery W3C
8 XML 181
8.3.1 XPath (XPath data model - XDM)

XDM XML XDM (se-
quence) (zero item) (more item)

(item) :
Atomic values integers strings Booleans

XML nodes Document, element, attribute text
XPath XQuery expression instance XDM (sequence)
(item) atomic
values nodes

(<x/>, <y/>, 45) (beta, 2)
(beta, <x/>, <y/>, 45, 2)
XQuery
(comma)
8.3.2 Document node
Document node node XML XML
document node document node XML DB2
(sequence) XQuery XPath XML 8.5

nodes XML data model
8.5 XML Data Model:

content expression XML root element customer-list:
182
document
{
<customer-list>
{db2-fn:xmlcolumn(MYSCHEMA.CUSTOMER.INFO)/ns1:customerinfo/
name}
</customer-list>
}
XML (well-formed) node document
node
XML element <products> document node

document node root node
<products>
<product pid=100-201-01><description>
<name>Ice Scraper, Windshield 4 inch</name>
<price>3.99</price></description>
</product>
</products>
8.3.3 Path Expressions

Path expressions expression XPath (step)
(/) (//)
path expression (final step) path expression
expression / path root node
expression // path root node
node (all child nodes) //name element name

XML
8.3.4 Advanced Navigation in XPath

(step) axis step filter expression axis
step :
optional axis XML

node test node
Predicates (sequence) (step)
axis step axisname::nodetest[predicate]
Child::book book node child node node
Attribute::id id attribute node
8 XML 183
axis step nodes node context position
context position
8.3.5 XPath Semantics

Context node node (match)
node context node nested XPath expression
( [ ] )
axes DB2
Axis
Description
Direction
Self
Returns the context node.
Forward
Child
Returns the children of the context node
Forward
descendant
descendant-or-self
Returns the descendants (children, grandchildren) of the context node

Returns the context node and its descendants
Forward
Forward
Parent
Returns the parent of the context node
Reverse
Attribute
Returns the attributes of the context node
Forward
node test nodes (true) node

axis step node test name test kind test
name test node
node QName
(*) node (element ) (match)
QNames QName QName node QName name test

QNames namespace local names
name test DB2

Test
Description
QName
Matches all nodes whose QName is equal to the specified QName
NCName.*
Matches all nodes whose namespace URI is the same as the

namespace to which the specified prefix is bound
*.NCName
Matches all nodes whose local name is equal to the specified NCName
Matches all nodes
184
Kind test nodes nodes kind test

DB2
Test
Description
node()
Matches any node
text()
Matches any text node
comment()
Matches any comment node
processing-instruction()
Matches any processing instruction node
element()
Matches any element node
attribute()
Matches any attribute node
Document-node()
Matches any document node
(syntax) 2 axis step unabbreviated abbreviated

unabbreviated axis node test (::)
abbreviated
abbreviated DB2
Abbreviated syntax
Description
No Axis specified
child:: except when the node test is attribute(). In that case,

omitted axis shorthand for attribute::
attribute::
//
/descedent-or-self::node() except when it appear in the beginning of path expression. In that case, axes step selects the
root of the tree plus all nodes that are its descendents
self::node()
..
Parent::node()
path expressions
Path expression
Path Expression using abbreviated

syntax
/dept/emp/firstname/child::node()
/dept/emp/firstname
/dept/emp//firstname/parent::node()/@id
/dept/emp/firstname/../@id
8 XML 185
8.3.6 XPath Queries

DB2 XPath expression path expressions XQuery
XQuery ( element)
DESCRIPTION
XQuery db2-fn:xmlcolumn(PRODUCT.DESCRIPTION)/product/description/name
Execution result
1
-----------------------------------------------------<name>Snow Shovel, Basic 22 inch</name>
<name>Snow Shovel, Deluxe 24 inch</name>
<name>Snow Shovel, Super Deluxe 26 inch</name>
4 record(s) selected.
xmlcolumn XQuery string argument SCHEMANAME.TABLENAME.XMLCOLUMNNAME default schema
TABLENAME.XMLCOLUMNNAME Db2-fn namespace
xmlcolumn xmlcolumn XML
XML
DB2 XQuery sqlquery xmlcol-
umn sqlquery
XML
XML
xmlcolumn XQuery pid 100-201-01

pid (relational column)
XQuery db2-fn:sqlquery(select DESCRIPTION from PRODUCT where pid= 100-20101)/product/description/name

Execution result :
1
--------------------------------------------------<name>Ice Scraper, Windshield 4 inch</name>
8.4 XQuery
XQuery
XQuery XML
W3C
XQuery XML XQuery XML

SQL 8.6 XQuery XML
8.6 XPath XQuery XPath XPath

expressions
186
Owned by
XSLT WG
Owned by
Query WG
XML
SCHEMA
XQuery
Owned by
Schema WG
XSLT
XPath 2.0
Owned jointly by
Query and XSLT WGs
The W3C XML Query Working Group worked with the W3C XML Schema Working
Group and the W3C XSL Working Group to make a set of specifications that all
work together.
Use XQuery to take data from multiple databases, from XL files, from remote
Web documents even from CGI scripts, and to produce XML results that you can
process with XSLT.
www.w3.org/CML/Query/
8.6 - XQuery
8.4.1 XQuery
XQuery
prolog (declarations)
(query)
(query body) expression

(input) (output) XQuery instance XDM

XQuery element namespace default
prolog FLWOR expression FLWOR expression
XQUERY
declare default element namespace http://posample.org;
for $cust in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CUSTOMER.DESCRIPTION)
return $cust/Name/LastName;
(body) XQuery expression
8 XML 187
Literals and variables

Path expressions
Predicates
If ..then..else
Constructors
Comparisons
FLWOR expressions
8.4.2 FLWOR expressions

FLWOR expressions XQuery
FLWOR
FOR LET
WHERE ORDER BY RETURN FLWOR SELECT FROM WHERE

ORDER BY SQL FLWOR expression XQuery
XQuery
for $x in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(PRODUCT.DESCRIPTION)
let $p := $x/product/description/name
where $x/product/description/price < 3
return <cheap_products> {$p} </cheap_products>
for ( $x)
$x XML DESCRIPTION PRODUCT

for $x XML XML
$p XQuery XML
$x 4 (sequence)
$p
where where SQL

3
return XDM instance

XQuery FLWOR
1. XQuery for $i in (1 to 3) return $i

OR
2. XQuery for $x in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(PRODUCT.DESCRIPTION)//text()
Execution Result
188
1
----1
2
3
text node
DESCRIPTION PRODUCT
XML
8.4.3 Joins XQuery

XQuery Join XML
XML XML Join

XQuery
for $book in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(BOOKS.DOC)/book

for $entry in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(REVIEWS.DOC)/entry
where $book/title = $entry/title
return <review>
{$entry/review/text()}
</review>;
join XML DOC BOOKS

REVIEWS DOC BOOKS
XML DOC REVIEWS
XQuery
(text nodes )
BOOKS REVIEWS
8.4.4 (User-defined functions)
XQuery
XQuery XQuery DB2

built-in functions XQuery
(sequence)
XQuery contains DB2 :
XQuery
where $x/product/description/name/fn:contains(text(),Scraper)
return $p
Execution Result
:
1
---------------------------------------------------------------------
8 XML 189
8.4.5 XQuery XML Schema

XQuery XML Schema W3C, XML
schema XDM instance
DB2 built-in functions node XML Schema XQuery xs:double
XQuery
where $x/product/description/xs:double(price) = 3.99
return $p
8.4.6 (Grouping and aggregation)

XQuery XML
XML XML
CUSTOMER
for XML info customer
element city $city city let $cust names element
city
XQuery
for $city in fn:distinct-values(db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CUSTOMER.INFO)
/customerinfo/addr/city)
let $cust-names := db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CUSTOMER.INFO)
/customerinfo/name[../addr/city = $city]
order by $city
return <city>{$city, $cust-names} </city>

Execution result :
1
<city>Aurora
<name>Robert Shoemaker</name>
</city>
<city>Markham
<name>Kathy Smith</name>
<name>Jim Noodle</name>
190
</city>
<city>Toronto
<name>Kathy Smith</name>
<name>Matt Foreman</name>
<name>Larry Menard</name>
</city>
(aggregation) XQuery
element PurchaseOrder 2005 element
$po for path expression $po/item/
element item element PurchaseOrder nested expression(price * quantity) item fn:sum
item let fn:sum
$revenue
order by
for $po in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(PURCHASEORDER.PORDER)/

PurchaseOrder[fn:starts-with(@OrderDate, 2005)]
let $revenue := sum($po/item/(price * quantity))
order by $revenue descending
return
<tr>
<td>{string($po/@PoNum)}</td>
<td>{string($po/@Status)}</td>
<td>{$revenue}</td>

</tr>
8.4.7 Quantification
Quantified expressions true false
(sequence)
some $i in (1 to 10) satisfies $i mod 7 eq 0
every $i in (1 to 5) , $j in (6, 10) satisfies $i < $j
Quntified expression quantifier some every quantifier
(sequence)
$i (1 to 10) $i $j
(1 to 5) (6 to 10) expression
expression
$i mod7 0
qualifier some
Quntified expression $i $j qualifier
every Quntified expression
8.5 XSLT
XSLT eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
XSL XML XML

XML style sheets
HTML tag 8.7
XSLT
8 XML 191
XSL
Style
sheet 1
<dept bldg=101>
<employee id=901>
<name>John Doe</name>
<phone>408 555 1212</phone>
<office>344</office>
</employee>
</dept>
XSL
Style
sheet 2
<emp name=John Doe>

<empNo>=901</empNo>
<contact>
<phone>408 555 1212</phone>
<room>344</room>
</contact>
</emp>
John Doe;901;408 555 1212;344
XSL (FO)
Style
sheet 3
8.7 eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XML)

DB2 9.7 XSLT
1.
XML
2.
XSLT Stylesheet
XSLT style sheet XML (well-formed)

XML DB2 XSLT style sheet
<xsl:stylesheet version=1.0
xmlns:xsl=http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform>
<xsl:template match=/>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Product Details</h2>
<table border=1>
<tr >
<th>Name</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select=product/description>
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select=name/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select=price/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
XML :
192
<products>
<product pid=100-201-01>
<description>
<details>Basic Ice Scraper 4 inches wide, foam handle</details>
<price>3.99</price>
</description>
</product>
</products>
DB2 9.7 XslTransform XML XSLT stylesheet
( XML )
SELECT XslTransform HTML document
.html
SELECT XSLTRANSFORM (description USING stylesheet AS CLOB (10M)) FROM
product where pid like 100-201-01
:
1
---------------------------------------------------------<html>
<body>
<h2>Product Details</h2>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>Name</th><th>Price</th>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
8.6 SQL/XML
SQL / XML XML SQL SQL/XML
ANSI / ISO SQL based extensions ()
XML XML
SQL
XML XML XML schema
XMLCONCAT XMLAGG XML XML
8.6.1 XML Document
SQL / XML XML XML
(parse) (serialize) XML (Publishing)
XML web service
( XML )
XML web service XML
XML
business intelligence XML
8 XML 193
8.6.2 XML
(Publishing) SQL / XML
XML XML
8.6.3 SQL / XML

SQL / XML
8.6.3.1 XMLELEMENT XMLATTRIBUTES
XMLELEMENT XMLATTRIBUTES
XMLELEMENT XML element
SELECT
Select XMLELEMENT(NAME firstname, firstnme) from employee
: 1
-------------------------------------------<FIRSTNAME>CHRISTINE</FIRSTNAME>
<FIRSTNAME>MICHAEL</FIRSTNAME>
<FIRSTNAME>SALLY</FIRSTNAME>
<FIRSTNAME>JOHN</FIRSTNAME>
<FIRSTNAME>IRVING</FIRSTNAME>
<FIRSTNAME>EVA</FIRSTNAME>
NAME XML element
XML element firstname
XMLATTRIBUTES SELECT
Select XMLELEMENT(NAME emp , XMLATTRIBUTES(EMPNO AS employee_num ))
from employee
:
1
------------------------------------------------------<EMP EMPLOYEE_NUM=000010/>
<EMP EMPLOYEE_NUM=000020/>
XMLATTRIBUTES 2
A AS B A (empno)
AS (employee_num) EMP
XML element (text value) XMLATTRIBUTES EMP XML element (NUM SALARY) element
element (FIRST LAST)
194
Select
XMLELEMENT(NAME emp ,
XMLATTRIBUTES(EMPNO AS NUM,SALARY as salary ),
XMLELEMENT(NAME first , firstnme),
XMLELEMENT(NAME last, lastname) )
from employee
:
1
-----------------------------------------------------------
<EMP NUM=000010 SALARY=152750.00><FIRST>CHRISTINE</

FIRST><LAST>HAAS</LAST></EMP>
<EMP NUM=000020 SALARY=94250.00><FIRST>MICHAEL</
FIRST><LAST>THOMPSON</LAST></EMP>
<EMP NUM=000030 SALARY=98250.00><FIRST>SALLY</
FIRST><LAST>KWAN</LAST></EMP>
<EMP NUM=000050 SALARY=80175.00><FIRST>JOHN</
FIRST><LAST>GEYER</LAST></EMP>
<EMP NUM=000060 SALARY=72250.00><FIRST>IRVING</
FIRST><LAST>STERN</LAST></EMP>
8.6.3.2 XMLQUERY
SQL / XML XQuery
XML XMLQUERY SQL
/ XML XMLQUERY XQueryexpression-constant (expression) XML SELECT
SELECT pid , XMLQUERY($DESCRIPTION/product/description/name
PRODUCTNAME FROM product
) AS
:
PID
PRODUCTNAME
-----------------------------------------------------------100-100-01 <name>Snow Shovel, Basic 22 inch</name>
100-101-01 <name>Snow Shovel, Deluxe 24 inch</name>
100-103-01 <name>Snow Shovel, Super Deluxe 26 inch</name>
100-201-01 <name>Ice Scraper, Windshield 4 inch</name>
DESCRIPTION XML
DESCRIPTION ( join )
PASSING
SELECT pid , XMLQUERY($D/product/description/name PASSING
prod.description as D ) AS PRODUCTNAME FROM product prod,
purchaseorder po
XML namespaces Query
8 XML 195
SELECT pid , XMLQUERY($DESCRIPTION/*:product/*:description/*:name

PRODUCTNAME
FROM product
) AS
:
PID
PRODUCTNAME
-------------------------------------------------------------------100-100-01 <name xmlns=http://posample.org>Snow Shovel, Basic 22 inch</
name>
100-101-01 <name xmlns=http://posample.org>Snow Shovel, Deluxe 24 inch</
name>
100-103-01 <name xmlns=http://posample.org>Snow Shovel, Super Deluxe 26
inch</name>
100-201-01 <name xmlns=http://posample.org>Ice Scraper, Windshield 4 inch</
name>
XMLQUERY XML sequence XML
predicate XMLEXISTS
XMLQUERY
SELECT PID 100-103-01
49.99
SELECT pid , XMLQUERY($DESCRIPTION/*:product/*:description/*:name ) AS
PRODUCTNAME FROM product
where
XMLEXISTS($DESCRIPTION/*:product[@pid=100-103-01]/*:description[*:pri
ce=49.99])
:
PID
PRODUCTNAME
-------------------------------------------------------------------100-103-01 <name xmlns=http://posample.org>Snow Shovel, Super Deluxe 26
inch</name>
XMLEXISTS XMLQUERY predicate
empty sequences XMLEXISTS (true false)
predicate XMLQUERY sequence XMLEXISTS empty sequence
SELECT predicate XMLEXISTS
SELECT predicate XQuery-expression-constant
XMLQUERY
SELECT pid , XMLQUERY(
$DESCRIPTION/*:product[@pid=100-103-01]/*:description[*:price=49.99]/*:n
ame)
AS PRODUCTNAME
FROM product
196
:
PID
PRODUCTNAME
----------------------------------------------------------------------100-100-01
100-101-01
100-103-01 <name xmlns=http://posample.org>Snow Shovel, Super Deluxe 26
inch</name>
100-201-01
3 empty sequences XMLQUERY sequence
sequence Predicate empty sequence Predicate XMLEXISTS XMLQUERY Predicate
8.6.3.3 XMLAGG
XMLAGG XML sequence null XML values

SELECT
SELECT
XMLELEMENT (NAME Department,
XMLATTRIBUTES (e.workdept AS name ),
XMLAGG ( XMLELEMENT (NAME emp, e.firstnme) )
) AS dept_list
FROM employee e
GROUP BY e.workdept;
:
dept_list
-------------------------------------------------------------------<Department name=A00>
<emp>CHRISTINE</emp>
<emp>VINCENZO</emp>
<emp>SEAN</emp>
<emp>GREG</emp>
</Department>
<Department name=B01>
<emp>MICHAEL</emp>
</Department>
<Department name=C01>
<emp>SALLY</emp>
<emp>DELORES</emp>
<emp>HEATHER</emp>
<emp>KIM</emp>
</Department>
<Department name=D21>
<emp>EVA</emp>
<emp>MARIA</emp>
</Department>
<Department name=E01>
<emp>JOHN</emp>
</Department>
8 XML 197
8.7 XML
XML SQL / XML
XQuery XML XML
SELECT SQL XMLQUERY SQL /
XML XQuery

XML XQuery XMLQUERY
SQL SELECT XML
SELECT SQL XMLQUERY
8.8 XML
XML
DB2
XML native storage
DB2 XML XMLPARSE XMLSERIALIZE
XML text native XML native XML XML text
8.8.1 XMLPARSE
XMLPARSE XML
XML native XML ( hierarchical
tree format) insert DB2 default XML implicit
XML explicit XMLPARSE
INSERT XML
XML XML well-formed insert XML
INSERT INTO PRODUCT(PID,DESCRIPTION) VALUES(100-345-01, XMLPARSE(

DOCUMENT <product xmlns=http://posample.org pid=100-100-01>
<description><name>Snow Shovel, Basic 22 inch</name>
<details>Basic Snow Shovel, 22 inches wide, straight handle with D-Grip</details>
<price>9.99</price>
<weight>1 kg</weight>
</description>
</product> ))
XMLPARSE whitespace default
DB2 element
PRESERVE WHITESPACE
INSERT INTO PRODUCT(PID,DESCRIPTION) VALUES(100-345-01, XMLPARSE(
DOCUMENT <product xmlns=http://posample.org pid=100-100-01>
<details>Basic Snow Shovel, 22 inches wide, straight handle with D-Grip</details>
<price>9.99</price>
<weight>1 kg</weight>
</description>
</product> PRESERVE WHITESPACE))
198
8.8.2 XMLSERIALIZE
XMLSERIALIZE XML (
) CHAR /
CLOB / BLOB XML
(text) XQuery XML
XML SELECT XML DESCRIPTION
CLOB PID 10010001
SELECT XMLSERIALIZE(DESCRIPTION AS CLOB(5K)) FROM PRODUCT WHERE PID LIKE
10010001
:
1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<product xmlns=http://posample.org pid=100-100-01>
<details>Basic Snow Shovel, 22 inches wide, straight handle with D-Grip</
details><price>9.99</price><weight>1 kg</weight>
</description>
</product>
8.8.3 TRANSFORM expression

TRANSFORM expression DB2 9.5 XML
XML TRANSFORM expression XQuery
XDM
(insert of a node)
(deletion of the node)

(identity)
(properties)

TRANSFORM expression XML cid=
1000 TRANSFORM expression element
Type Home
XML :
<customerinfo>
<name>John Smith</name>
<addr country=Canada>
<street>Fourth</street>
<city>Calgary</city>
<state>Alberta</state>
<zipcode>M1T 2A9</zipcode>
</addr>
<phone type=work>963-289-4136</phone>
</customerinfo>
8 XML 199
update TRANSFORMexpression :
update customer
set info = xmlquery( copy $new := $INFO
modify (

do replace value of $new/customerinfo/phone with 416-123-4567,

do replace value of $new/customerinfo/phone/@type with home )

return $new)
where cid = 1000;
XML :
<customerinfo>
<name>John Smith</name>
<street>Fourth</street>
<city>Calgary</city>
<state>Alberta</state>
<zipcode>M1T 2A9</zipcode>
</addr>
<phone type=work>963-289-4136</phone>
</customerinfo>
8.9
XML XML

(semi-structured) XML
IBM DB2
XML ( XML Native ) XML
2 XQuery SQL/XM
L DB2 XML schema
(validate) XML XML schema TRANSFORM DB2
XML
8.10
1. (cid) XML
insert XML XML

<customer id=C62>
<firstname>Pete</firstname>
<lastname>Bush</lastname>
<address>
<door>No 34</door>
<building>Galaxy Apartment</building>
<road>Meera road</road>
200
<city>Mumbai</city>
<zip>411202</zip>
</address>
</customer>
2. INSERT 5 XML XML
INSERT CID 10, 13, 15, 20, 23
3. SELECT XML
4. XQuery XML
5. XQuery XML XML cid 10 20
8.11
1. SQL / XML Publishing?
A. XMLELEMENT
B. XMLATTRIBUTE
C. XMLCONCAT
D. XMLPARSE
E.
2.
create table clients(
id
int primary key not null,
name
varchar(50),
status varchar(10),
contactinfo xml )
XML contactinfo
<customerinfo>

<name>Kathy Smith>


<city>Toronto</city>

<prov-state>Ontario</prov-state>

<zip>M5H-4C9</zip>

</addr>
</customerinfo>
<customerinfo>

<name>Amit Singh>

8 XML 201

<city>Markham</city>

<prov-state>Ontario</prov-state>

<zip>N9C-3T6</zip>

</addr>
</customerinfo>
Query ?
select xmlquery($c/customerinfo/addr/city[1]

passing info as c) \
from xmlcustomer \
where xmlexists($c/customerinfo/addr[prov-state=Ontario] \
passing xmlcustomer.info as c)
A. Toronto
Markham
B. <City>Toronto</City>
<City>Markham</City>
C. <City>Toronto
Markham</City>
D.
3. XML parsing
A.
(hierarchical format)
(relational
format)
B. XML (serialized string format)

C. XML
D. XML
E.
4. FLWOR
A. For, Lower, Where, Or, Run
B. From, Let, Where, Or, Reset
C. For, Let, Where, Order by, Reset
D. For, Let, Where, Order by, Return
5. XQuery SQL
A. XQuery Case sensitive SQL Case Sensitive
B. XQuery SQL Case Sensitive
C. SQL Case sensitive XQuery Case Sensitive
D.
202
E.
6. XQuery
xquery db2-fn:xmlcolumn(NNXML1.XMLCOL)/a/b
A. element b element element a XMLCOL
NNXML1
B. element a element root node b XMLCOL
NNXML1
C. element b element root node a XMLCOL
NNXML1
D. elementa XMLCOL NNXML1
7. XML DOC
Table description: CONTEST (DOC XML)
<dept bldg=111>
<employee id=901>
<name>Ajit Patil</name>
<phone>567 789 1342</phone>
</employee>
<employee id=922>
<name>Peter Jose</name>
<phone>121 768 3456</phone>
</employee>
</dept>
Query element <name>Peter Jose</name> ?
A. db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CONTEST.DOC)/dept/employee[@id=922]/name
B. select xmlquery($d/dept/employee[@id=922]/name passing DOC as d)
from contest
C. A B
D.
8. XQuery XQuery
xquery db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CONTEST.DOC)/dept/employee[@id=922]/name
A. xquery
db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CONTEST.DOC)
id=922]
B. xquery
name
db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CONTEST.DOC)
/dept/employee/name[../@
/dept/employee[../@id=922]/
C. xquery db2-fn:xmlcolumn(CONTEST.DOC) /dept/employee/name[@id=922]
203
D.
9. DB2 9.7 update XPath expression $new/
customer/phone phone element
update customer
set info =
xmlquery(copy $new := $information
modify do replace value of $new/customer/phone with 091-454-8654
return $new)
where cid = 67;
A. UPDATE
B. UPDATE phone element phone element
091-454-8654
C. UPDATE phone element phone element
091-454-8654
D.
9.1

9.1
9 205
Threats
Threats
Threats
9.1
:
(Privacy)
(Integrity)
(Availability)

(DBMS)

(Data Base Administrator: DBA)

DBA
206
9.1.1

(secondary storage)

(backup)

9 207

(access control)
(view) (encryption) (integrity control)
(policy) (procedure)
9.1.2 (Access Control)

2
(Discretionary control) (Mandatory
control)
(access rights privileges)
A X Y B
Y X

(Hierarchy)

9.1.3
IBM DB2
DB2
(authentication) (authorization)
DB2
9.1.3.1 (Authentication)
DB2

DB2
Kerberos Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

208
DB2 authorization ID DB2 authorization ID (connect privilege)

9.1.3.2 (Authorization)

(grant
privilege)

procedure

(access control)

(DBMS)

(configuration files) DB2
authorization
ID (
Role)

( authorization ID)
(Group Role)
(Public Group) context-sensitive trusted context
role

DB2 implicit explicit explicit
role Grant implicit
DB2 3 (privilege)
Label-Based Access Control (LBAC) role
9.1.3.3 (Administrative Authority)

(hierarchy) SYSADM SYSADM

instance (privilege)
instance

(group) instance
instance (database manager configuration file)
DB2 instance 4
SYSADM (System administrator)
instance SYSADM
(migrate database) instance
transaction log
(Table Space) (Grant)
instance audit instance
SYSCTRL (System control)

Start/Stop instance
9 209
SYSMAINT (System maintenance)
instance

SYSMON (System monitor)
(Database authority) DB2

DBADM (Database administrator)

( DB2 version 9.7
DB2 9.7 DBADM DATAACCESS)
transaction log
(system catalog) log history files Reorganize

(runstats)
SECADM (Security administrator)

( Role LBAC labels)
CONNECT
BINDADD
CREATETAB
CREATE_EXTERNAL_ROUTINE
procedure
CREATE_NOT_FENCED_ROUTINE (User-Defined Function: UDF) procedure not fenced
IMPLICIT_SCHEMA schema CREATE SCHEMA schema SYSIBM

PUBLIC schema
9.1.3.4 (Priviledges)
(Priviledges) Role
9.2
DB2 [9.1]
210
CREATE NOT FENCED

BINDADD
CONNECT
Privileges
CREATETAB
CONTROL (Indexes)
IMPLICIT SCHEMA
CONTROL (Packages)
CONTROL (Tables)
CONTROL (IVoews)
Schema Owners
BIND
EXECUTE
ALL
ALTER
DELETE
INDEX
INSERT
REFERENCES
SELECT
UPDATE
ALL
DELETE
INSERT
SELECT
UPDATE
ALTERIN
CREATEIN
DROPIN
9.2 DB2
(Role) (PUBLIC)
PUBLIC PUBLIC
Public default CONNECT,
CREATETAB, BINDADD, IMPLICIT_SCHEMA, SELECT, UPDATE, EXECUTE, USE
CONTROL
9.1.3.5 Label Based Access Control
Label Based Access Control (LBAC)
mandatory access control (MAC) LBAC (row) (column) discretionary access control (DAC)
LBAC
(SECADM)
(security policy)

(security labels)

protected data
Grant

DB2

LBAC (system catalog)
LBAC SYSDBA, DBADM
SECADM
9 211
9.1.3.6 (Roles)

(Role)
(Role) (privilege)
(public)
GRANT (Developer role)
(insert) (update)

9.1.3.7 (Trusted Contexts)

3 (three-tiered application model)

2

(applications server authorization ID)

(end users)
3

(end users)
(applications server authorization ID)
(end users)
Trusted Contexts (trusted relationship) DB2
DB2
(system authorization) (IP address)
(data stream encryption)
Trusted Contexts

(trusted connection)
2 explicit implicit explicit
(
)
(privilege) trusted context implicit
(privilege)
trusted context
:
(A system authorization ID)
IP (A list of IP addresses)

(A data stream encryption)
212
9.1.4 (Views)

union (base table)

9.1.5 (Integrity Control)

trigger Procedure log file
(domain)
(User-defined data type) domain

domain constraint Check
constraint
Assertions constraint

Assertion
Assertions
Trigger
Trigger code
Trigger INSERT, UPDATE DELETE Trigger (event) (condition)
(action) Trigger

9.1.6

9.2
9.2.1

9 213
9.2.2

Mobile office

(GPS)
9.3

(access control)
(Discretionary control)
(Mandatory control)
DB2 (authentication) (authorization)
(privilege) (role) (LBAC) (trust context)
(view)

Check
constraint, Assertions Trigger

214
9.4
10 eBook Getting
started with DB2 Express-C 2
SYSCAT.TABLES ?
9.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
control)
(Discretionary
5. (Authorization) DB2
6. (Privileges)
7. (Trusted contexts) DB2
8.
9. (Integrity control)
10.
10 -
10
.. 2010 ..
2015
2,000

Cloud Computing

iPhone Android, Tablet PCs iPad

PlayBook,
Cloud Computing,

10.1 (Cloud computing) ?

(Cloud computing)
Cloud

Cloud computing , ,
10.1
Cloud computing
10 - 217
Cloud computing
120 2
10.1 - Cloud computing

Cloud computing

120
Cloud computing
2

3 25
2 5
5 3 Cloud computing
3 2 5
10.1.1 Cloud
Cloud computing 3 :
(Standardization)
(Virtualization)
(Automation)
Cloud
Cloud
Cloud Facebook, Yahoo, Gmail

10.1.2 Cloud computing

Cloud computing 3 :
(Infrastructure as a service: IaaS)

(Platform as a service: PaaS)
218
(Software as a service: SaaS)

IBM PaaS DB2, WebSphere Application Server

SaaS Salesforce.com
10.1.3 Cloud
Cloud Smart
Business Development and Test on the IBM Cloud, Amazon Amazon Web Services (AWS), Rackspace
10.1.3.1 IBM Smart Business Development and Test on the IBM Cloud
IBM Smart Business Development and Test on the IBM Cloud IBM developer cloud
Cloud
Intel 32- 64-
Linux RedHat SUSE Linux Microsoft Windows
IBM Developer Cloud https://www-147.ibm.com/cloud/enterprise 10.1 IBM Developer Cloud

10.1 The IBM Developer Cloud dashboard

Add instances
10.2
10 - 219
10.2 IBM Developer Cloud

IBM DB2 Express-C 9.7.1 PAYG (Pay as you go)
SUSE Linux Next
10.3
(32-, 64-)
(copper, bronze, silver, gold) bronze
32- 1 1.25 GHz, 2GB 175GB
10.3
SSH ssh
putty
220
10.3
Next
( DB2
Express-C )
10.1.3.2 Amazon
Amazon Web Services AWS Cloud AWS
:

IBM developer cloud AWS
Elastic Cloud compute (EC2) instances
Intel (32 64-) Windows Linux
10.4
AWS EC2 aws.amazon.com
10 - 221
Micro Instances
Micro Instance
32-bit or 64-bit
613MB of memory
2 ECUs
Standard Instances m1
Small Instance
Large Instance
32-bit,
64-bit,
1.7GB of memory
7.5GB of memory
1VC *1ECU = 1 ECU 2VC *2ECU = 4 ECUs
Extra Largel Instance

64-bit,
15GB of memory
4VC *2ECU = 8 ECUs
High-memory Instances m2
m2.xlarge
64-bit,
17.1GB of memory
2VC *3.25ECU = 6.5 ECUs
m2.2xlarge
64-bit,
34.2GB of memory
4VC *3.25ECU = 13 ECUs
High CPU Instances
Medium Instance
32-bit,
1.7GB of memory
Extra Large Instance

64-bit,
7.5GB of memory
m2.4xlarge
64-bit,
68.4GB of memory
Cluster compute Instances

Cluster Compute Quadruple Extra Large
64-bit,
23GB of memory
33.5 EC2 Compute Units
10 Gigabit Ethernet
VC = Virtual core
ECU = EC2 Compute Unit. 1 ECU ~ CPU capacity of 1.0 - 1.2 GHz 2007 or 2007 Xeon processsor
10.4 AWS EC2

AWS
Instance storage -

Simple Storage Service (S3) - S3

http
Elastic Block Storage (EBS) - EBS

10.1.4 Cloud
Cloud

Cloud Cloud

IBM Cloudburst IBM WebSphere Cloudburst Appliance
Cloud
Amazon Cloud
Internet
hybrid clouds cloud

cloud
222
10.1.5 Cloud
Cloud
IBM DB2 Cloud
DB2 AWS IBM
developer cloud DB2 cloud VMware WebSphere Cloudburst appliance 10.5 DB2 (private cloud)
(hybrid cloud) (public cloud)
What does DB2 have to offer?

Private
Available Now:
DB2 WebSphere ClouBurst
Appliance images
DB2 VMWare images
Hybrid
Public
Developer Cloud
DB2 Enterprise Developer Edition
(pay)
DB2 Express-C (free)
Amazon:
DB2 AMIs
DB2 Templates on RightScale.com
Industry AMIs (include DB2)
DB2 Ubuntu AMIs by Canonical
10.5 DB2 Cloud Private, Hybrid, and Public

:
DB2 (BYOL) Cloud

Pay as you go (PAYG)
DB2 Express-C Cloud

Cloud
DB2 Cloud :
Database Partitioning Feature (DPF)
High Availability Disaster Recovery (HADR)

Compression
DPF
Cloud provisioning DPF
Business Intelligence Reports DPF

Cloud
DB2
HADR DB2 10 HADR

( ) HADR

10 - 223
(
) Cloud
Cloud

DR site Cloud
ssh HADR
Cloud Cloud
HADR 15
DB2
Cloud Cloud DB2
DB2
10.2

Cloud
Symbian, Microsoft Windows Mobile, Linux BlackBerry OS

Apples OS X iPhone, Android Palms Web OS
10.6
Mobile Applications
Mobile Application development platform
Mobile device platform
(Embedded OS, and mobile device)
10.6
10.6
Mobile device platform
Microsoft Windows Mobile 5.0
Dell AXIM X51v
Mobile application development platform
, APIs Mobile
application development platform Mobile device platform
Windows Mobile 6.0 Microsoft Visual Studio 2005/2008 Windows Mobile 6.0
SDK
Mobile device platforms mobile application development platforms
:
224
10.2.1
()
SDK
10.2 SDKs,
Operating System Language/OS op- SDKs/Tools
Developer Web Site
(OS)
tions
Symbian OS
C++, Java, Ruby,
Carbide C++,
Flash Lite, .NET
and Java SDKs, per
Java, C++
Visual Studio, Plat- Microsoft Windows Embedded
Windows Mobile
Python, Perl, OPL, IDE(Nokia) C++,
developer.symbian.com
device
form Builder, Em-
bedded Visual C++
Developer Center
(eVC), Free Pascal,

and Lazarus
iPhone OS
Objective-C
Xcode
www.apple.com/iphone
Android
Java
Eclipse, Android
www.android.com
SDK, Android Development Tool

Plugin, JDK 5
Palm OS
C, C++, Java
Palm OS SDK, Java www.palm.com/us/developer

development with
IBM Websphere
EveryPlace Micro
Environment, Palm
Windows Mobile
SDK for Palm products on Windows

Mobile platform
10.2 SDKs
10 - 225
10.2.2
?

Java, .NET (C#,
VB), C, C++

/
Java
Java Java

10.2.3
10.2.3.1 Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile Windows CE (.. 1996)
Microsoft Windows APIs

PDA Windows Mobile Pda
Motorola Q Treo

Microsoft ActiveSync
Microsoft Windows Mobile
C C++
.NET Compact Framework
10.2.3.2 Symbian OS
Symbian OS ,
, Symbian Ltd.
EPOC Release 5 EPOC Psion Symbian
C++ Symbians frameworks
Symbian Java ME
Symbian Symbian Java ME
10.2.3.3 iPhone
iPhone
Apple Inc. Safari

iPhone iPod Touch SDK Objective C C
Xcode
Max OS x Apple
10.2.3.4 Android
Android , ,
226
Android Java
Android Java Java
SDK , ,
( QEMU), ,
x86 Linux ( Linux ), Max
OS X 10.4.8 , Windows XP Vista Java
Development Kit, Apache Ant Python 2.2
Eclipse (3.2 ) Android Development Tools (ADT)
Java XML
, Android
10.2.4
10.2.4.1 Java Micro Edition (Java ME)

Java ME, Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)
Java
ME
C C++ API
Windows Mobile Symbian OS
10.2.4.2 .NET Compact Framework
.NET Framework Windows CE
.NET Framework
.NET Compact Framework V1.0, V2.0 V3.5

?
1.0
2.0 .NET Compact Framework
2.0
.NET Compact Framework Runtime
10.2.4.3 Native C++
C++ native

Native C++ Microsoft Visual C++6/.NET, Eclipse

C++ SDK, Borland C++ Builder Symbian
Metrowerks CodeWarrior Studio Symbian C++ SDK Nokia
10.2.4.4 Binary Runtime Environment
Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW)
Qualcomm CDMA BREW SDK
C C++
BREW BREW SDK, ARM ReslView Compilation Tools,
Visual C++
10.2.5
PDA

3G
10 - 227

Telematics, m-Commerce m-Enterprise, Mobile Multimedia Streaming, Mobile Messaging, Location
Based Mobile Computing
10.2.6 DB2
DB2 DB2 Everyplace DB2 Everyplace

:
Getting started with mobile application development,
DB2
10.3 (Business intelligence and appliances)
business intelligence

IBM Cognos

IBM Smart Analytics System
Business Intelligence
: business intelligence
Getting started with data warehousing, DB2
10.4 db2university.com: Cloud ()

db2university.com
10.7 db2university
228
10.7 db2university.com
10.4.1 Moodle

db2university.com Moodle (CMS)
Moodle PHP CMS
Martin Dougiamas Curtin University of Technology
Perth .. 2001
52,000 950,000 175
moodle.org
Moodle .. 2009 California
State University, Long Beach (CSULB)
Moodle 1.9.6 DB2 Express-C (
patch) http://moodle.org/mod/data/view.php?d=13&rid=3100&filter=1
.. 2010 Moodle 2.0 DB2 Express-C Moodle 2.0

Moodle 2.0 Release Candidate 1 DB2 Express-C
db2univertsity.com 2.0
db2university.com Moodle
Learn Learn
db2university
10 - 229
db2university.com DB2
PHP Ruby on Rails
DB2

:
Paypal Moodle
10.9 10.10 DB2 Essential Training I Moodle : ,
transcripts ( PDF )

10.9 DB2 Essential Training I
230
10.10 DB2 Essential Training I ()

IBM developerWorks db2university.com
:
Getting started with open source development DB2
10.4.2 openID

db2university.com openID
Facebook, Google, Yahoo, AOL, ChannelDB2
db2university
10.11
10 - 231
10.11 openID
Sign in with OpenID
ChannelDB2
/

db2university.
com
IBM developerWorks openID
10.4.3 Cloud Amazon

db2university.com Cloud Amazon
Cloud DB2 HADR
Cloud AWS :
EC2 standard large instance (64-, 4 , 7.5

GB, 850 GB)
EBS 50 GB
S3 buckets 3 1 GB
CloudFront
EC2 Moodle
DB2 (DB2 HADR )
DB2 HADR
S3 EBS 10.12
232
EBS
DB2 config
EBS
DB2 data
& Logs
10.12 DB2 Cloud Amazon

10.3
EBS DB2 DB2

50 GB RAID
EBS 2 GB DB2 DB2

DB2
S3
S3 EBS volume
snapshots S3
AWS CloudFront
edge
S3 bucket edge
Ubuntu Linux 10.04.1 LTS

DB2 Express 9.7.2 Linux 64-
Moodle 2.0 Release Candidate 1
PHP 5.3.3
DB2 Express DB2 Express-C HADR

DB2 DB2 Express
RightScale AWS RightScale

IBM developerWorks AWS
db2university
10 - 233
10.4.4 Android
Moodle
Android App Inventor
10.13
Moodle
App Inventor
( Web Service Ruby/Sinatra) IBM developerWorks
10.13 db2university App Inventor Android
234
10.5
.. 2015
Cloud

business intelligence
business
intelligence IBM Smart Analytics
db2university.com
235
1.

2. DBMS

3.
4. (Data Inpendence) (
)
5. (DBMS)
6. A. pureXML
7. C.
8. E.
9. D.
10. B. pureXML DB2 RDBMS
cloud Database Partitioning Feature (DPF) DB2 cloud
237
2
1.

2. Intersection:
R1 R2 = R1-(R1-R2).
Join: R1join_condition R2 = join_condition (R1X R2)

Division for relation R1(A,B)and R2(A):
R1 R2 = B (R1) - B ((R2X B (R1)) - R1)
3. Name(Address=New York AND Discount>0.05(R))
4. RANGE OF SUPPLIERS IS SUPPLIERS.Name WHERE (SUPPLIERS.Address =New York
AND SUPPLIERS.Discount>0.05)
5. NameX WHERE (DiscountX >0.05 AND SUPPLIERS (Name:NameX,
Discount:DiscountX, Address:New York)
6. A.
C. (data characteristic)
7. B.
C.
8. B. (instance)
D. (degree)
9. A.
10. D. Cascade
3
1. D.
2. A.
3. C.
4. A.
5. B.
6. D.
7. B.
8. D.
9. C.
10. B.
238
4
1. 4.6.1 Lossless Lossy Decompositions
2. C.
3. B.
4. E.
5. B.
6. C.
5
1. D.
2. D.
3. A, C.
4. D.
5. D.
6. A.
7. B.
8. D.
9. D.
10. B.
6
1. C.
2. C.
3. E.
4. C.
5. C.
6. D.
7. D.
8. D.
9. A.
10. A.
239
7
1. B.
2. A.
3. B.
4. A.
5. B.
6. B.
7. B.
8. A.
9. B.
10. B.
8
1. D.
2. B.
3. B.
4. D.
5. A.
6. A.
7. C.
8. A.
9. A.
9
1.
2. ,

:

3. :

4. Discretionary Control

5. DB2 3 :
Label-Based Access Control (LBAC)
240
6.
7. Trusted Context DB2

, Trusted Context
8.

9.

,
10.

241
DB2
DB2
DB2
:
DB2
DB2
DB2
DB2
DB2

DB2
:
DB2 (free e-book) Getting Started with DB2 Express-C
.1 DB2
DB2
DB2 XQuery SQL DB2

.1 DB2 Getting Started
with DB2 Express-C e-book.
DB2 243
DB2 Commands & SQL/XML,

XQuery Statements
SQL/XML Xquery
Statements
Command Line Tools
Command Editor
Command Line Processor
Command Window
create bufferpool
create tablespace
create table
alter buferpool
alter tablespace
alter table
select
insert
update
delete
...
General Administrator Tools

Control Center
Journal
License Center
Replication Center
Task Center
DB2 System Commands

db2set
db2tart
db2stop
db2list
db2icrt
db2idrop
Information
Information Center
Check for DB2 Updates
Monitoring Tools
...
DB2 CLP Commands
db2
update dbm cfg
catalog db
list node directory

create database
list applications
list tablespaces
...
<sql statement>
xquery<
DB2 Tools
>
Event Analyzer
Health Center
Indoubt Transaction
Manager
Memory Visualizer
Activity Monitor
Setup Tools
Configuration Assistant
Configure DB2 .Net Data
Provider
First Steps
Default DB2 Selection Wizard
DB2 Environment
Instance 'myinst'
Database Manager
Configuration
File (dbm cfg)

Database MYDB1
Database
Configuration
File (dbm cfg)
Port
Development Tools
IBM Data Studio
Optim Development Studio
.1 DB2
.1 DB2 SQL

DB2
.2 DB2
DB2 , DB2

DB2 DB2
.2.1 DB2
.2 DB2
244
DB2 Enterprise Edition

DB2 Express Edition
DB2 Express Edition
DB2 Express-C
Extra
functionality
Extra
functionality
Extra
functionality
.2 DB2
.2 DB2 DB2 Express-C DB2 DB2
DB2 Express-C DB2 Express DB2 Express
DB2 Workgroup .2 DB2
DB2 Express-C DB2 DB2
DB2 Express-C.
DB2 Express-C DB2

.2.2 DB2
DB2 DB2 DB2
IBM Data Server Client IBM Data Server Runtime
Client .3
IBM Data Server Client
IBM Data Server Runtime Client
Drivers & Network
Supprt
Gui Tools
Development Tools &

Library
.3 DB2
.3 IBM Data Server Runtime Client (
) DB2 IBM Data Server Client
IBM Data Server Runtime Client
GUI
DB2 :
DB2 245
DB2 Runtime Client Merge Modules for Windows: DB2 runtime client Windows
IBM Data Server Driver for JDBC and SQLJ: Java
DB2
IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI: ODBC CLI
DB2
IBM Data Server Driver Package: .NET
ODBC, CLI open source IBM Data Server Driver
ODBC, CLI NET
IBM DB2 DB2
.3 DB2
DB2 DB2
.3.1 Windows
DB2 Windows :
1. (user) (Administrator Group) DB2
2. unzip DB2 Express-C Windows ibm.com/db2/express
setup.exe
3.
4. :
DB2 C:\Program Files\IBM\SQLLIB
Windows DB2USERS DB2ADMNS
DB2 C:\Program Files\IBM\SQLLIB\DB2
DB2 Administration Server (DAS)
:
My Documents\DB2LOG\db2.log
My Documents\DB2LOG\db2wi.log
Windows Services
.3.2 DB2 Linux

DB2 Linux :
1. Root DB2
2. DB2 Express-C Linux ibm.com/db2/express
db2setup :
. / db2setup
3.
4. :
246
- DB2 /opt/ibm/db2/V9.7
- :
db2inst1 ()
db2fenc1 ( fenced )
dasusr1 ( DAS )
- :
db2iadm1
db2fadm1
dasadm1
- db2inst1
- dasusr1
- :
/tmp/db2setup.his
/tmp/db2setup.log
/tmp/db2setup.err
.4 DB2

DB2 DB2 Control Center, DB2 Command
Editor DB2 9.7
IBM Data Studio IBM Data Studio
DB2 Ebook Getting started with IBM Data
Studio for DB2
.4.1 Control Center

DB2 9.7 DB2 Control Center
.4 DB2
.4 DB2 Control Center
DB2 247

Control Center Windows start - > Programs - > IBM DB2
- > DB2COPY1(Default) - > General Administration Tools - > Control Center
db2cc Windows Command Prompt or Linux shell Control Center
:

DB2

( .5)

SAMPLE
.4.2 Command Line

Command Line :
DB2 Command Window ( Windows)
DB2 Command Line Processor (DB2 CLP)
DB2 Command Editor (GUI-based, )
.4.2.1 DB2 Command Window

DB2 Command Window Windows
Windows Command Prompt DB2 Command
Window Start -> Programs -> IBM DB2 -> DB2COPY1 (Default) -> Command Line
Tools -> Command Window db2cmd Windows Command Prompt
.5 DB2 Command Window
.5 DB2
248

DB2 Command Window
DB2 CLP DB2 Command Window
db2 :
db2 connect to sample
db2 select * from staff

Linux DB2 Command Window Linux shell ()
DB2 db2profile
.login DB2
db2inst1
.4.2.2 DB2 Command Line Processor

DB2 Command Line Processor (CLP) DB2 Command Window
db2 = >
DB2 Command Line Processor Windows Start -> Programs -> IBM DB2 -> DB2COPY1 (Default) -> Command Line Tools -> Command Line Processor DB2 Command
Window Linux shell db2 Enter db2 = > .6
.6 DB2 Command Line Processor (CLP)

.6 CLP
DB2 CLP quit
.4.2.3 DB2 Command Editor
DB2 Command Editor GUI DB2 Command Window DB2 Command Line
Processor .7 DB2 9.7
DB2 249
.7 DB2 Command Editor
.5 DB2

.8 DB2
DB2 Express-C Server
Environment Variables
Instance 'myinst'
Database Manager
Configuration
File (dbm cfg)

Database MYDB1
Database
Configuration
File (dbm cfg)

DB2 Profile
Registry
.8 DB2
Port
250

.8 DB2 Express-C
(Environment Variables, Database Manager Configuration File, Database Configuration File, DB2 Profile Registry ) DB2
myinst

.1
GUI DB2
db2start
db2stop
db2icrt <instance_name>
db2idrop <instance_name>
db2ilist
db2 get instance
.1 DB2

.8 MYDB1
myinst .2
/SQL
create database <database_name>
drop database <database_name>
connect to <database_name>
create table/create view/create

index
SQL
.2 SQL
.6 DB2

DB2 Configuration Advisor GUI
tool Control Center
Configuration Advisor
Configuration Advisor DB2

DB2
Configuration Advisor DB2
DB2 4 .8:
(Environment variables)
DB2INSTANCE
DB2
(Database Manager Configuration File
DB2 251
dbm cfg)
.3 dbm cfg
get dbm cfg
dbm cfg
update dbm cfg using <parameter_

name> <value>
dbm cfg
.3 dbm cfg
(Database Configuration File db cfg)

.4
db cfg
get db cfg for <database_name>
db cfg
update db cfg for <database_

name>
using <parameter_name> <value>
db cfg
.4 db cfg
DB2 (DB2 Profile Registry variables)
() (
) .5 DB2
db2set -all
DB2 profile
registry
db2set <parameter>=<value> DB2

.5 DB2
.7

()
(Catalog DB)
connect to database_name

Configuration Assistant GUI tool :

1. Configuration Assistant db2ca Windows command
prompt Linux shell .9 Configuration Assistant GUI tool
252
.9 Configuration Assistant GUI tool

2. Configuration Assistant Selected --> Add database

3.
DB2 Known systems

DB2 Other systems (Search the network)

4.
Manually configure a connection to a database TCP/IP
(IP Address) DB2 service name
.

5.

6.
Test Connection
.8

DB2
ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/data/db2/udb/db2express/samples.zip
CLI
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/db2/library/techarticle/dm-0401chong/index.html#scenario1
ODBC
DB2 253
C SQL
JDBC Type 2 Universal (JCC)
JDBC Type 4 Universal (JCC)
Visual Basic c ++ ADO - IBM OLE DB provider DB2 (IBMDADB2)
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/db2/library/techarticle/dm-0402chong2/index.html#scenario1
Visual Basic c ++ ADO - Microsoft OLE DB Provider ODBC (MSDASQL)
Visual Basic C# ADO .NET IBM DB2 .NET Data Provider
Visual Basic C# ADO .NET Microsoft OLE DB .NET Data Provider
Visual Basic C# ADO .NET Microsoft ODBC .NET Data Provider
.9 DB2

DB2 Information Center DB2
DB2 Information Center http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/
v9r7/index.jsp DB2 Information Center
http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/9/download.htmlS_TACT=download & S_CMP =
expcsite
1. DB2 Express-C
ibm.com/db2/express
DB2 Express-C. DB2 Express-C
2. IBM Data Studio

http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/optim/data-studio/
IBM Data Studio, Eclipse-based tool
DB2
3. DB2 Express-C IBM Data Studio
http://www.ibm.com/db2/express/download.htmlS_CMP = ECDDWW01 & S_TACT =
DOCBOOK01
4. InfoSphere Data Architect
254
http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/optim/data-architect/
Free ebook: Getting started with DB2 Express-C (3rd Edition)

Raul F. Chong et all - June 2009
http://www.db2university.com
Free ebook: Getting started with IBM Data Studio for DB2
Debra Eaton et all - Dec 2009
http://www.db2university.com
DB2 9 pureXML Guide
Whei-Jen Chen, Art Sammartino, Dobromir Goutev, Felicity Hendricks, Ippei Komi, MingPang Wei, Rav Ahuja
August 2007 - SG24-7315-01
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247315.html
Free Redbook: DB2 Security and Compliance Solutions for Linux, UNIX, and Windows,
Whei-Jen Chen, Ivo Rytir, Paul Read, Rafat Odeh, March 2008, SG 24-7555-00
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247555.html?Open
[1.1] CODD, E.F. A relational model of data for large shared data banks, CACM 13, NO
6, 1970
[2.1] DATE, C.J. An introduction to database systems, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1986
[2.2] MITEA, A.C. Relational and object-oriented databases, Lucian Blaga University
Publishing Company, 2002
[2.3] CODD, E.F. Relational completeness on data base sublanguage, Data Base Systems, Courant Computer Science Symposia Series, Vol.6 Englewood Cliffs, N.J, PrenticeHall, 1972
[2.4] KUHNS, J.L. Answering questions by computer: A logical study, Report RM-5428PR, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, 1967
[2.5] CODD, E.F. A data base sublanguage founded on the relational calculus, Proceedings ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control, 1971
[2.6] LACROIX, M., PIROTTE, A. Domain oriented relational languages, Proceedings 3rd
International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1977
[2.7]LACROIX, M., PIROTTE, A. Architecture and models in data base management systems, G.M. Nijssen Publishing company, North-Holland, 1977
[3.1] IBM Rational Data Architect Evaluation Guide
[3.2] Connolly, T., Begg, C., Strachan, A. Database Systems A Practical Approach
to Design, Implementation and Management, Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1995,
1998
[3.3] IBM InfoSphere Data Architect Information Center
[3.4] http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/bestpractices/
[3.5] 03_dev475_ex_workbook_main.pdf, IBM Rational Software, Section 1: Course
Registration Requirements, Copyright IBM Corp. 2004
[4.1] Codd, E. F. The Relational Model for Database Management
[4.2] Codd, E.F. Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model.
[4.3] Date, C. J. What First Normal Form Really Means
[4.4] Silberschatz, Korth, Sudershan - Database System Concepts
[4.5] William Kent - A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory
[4.6] Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke - Database management systems
[4.7] Vincent, M.W. and B. Srinivasan. A Note on Relation Schemes Which Are in 3NF
But Not in BCNF.
[4.8] C. J Date : An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition
DB2 255
[4.9] William Kent: A simple guide to five normal forms in relational database theory
http://www.bkent.net/Doc/simple5.htm
[4.10] Ronald Fagin, C J Date: Simple conditions for guaranteeing higher normal forms
in relational databases
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=132274
[4.11] Ronald Fagin: A Normal Form for Relational Databases That Is Based on Domains
and Keys
http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/fagin/tods81.pdf
[4.12] C. J. Date, Hugh Darwen, Nikos A. Lorentzos: Temporal data and the relational
model p172
[4.13] C J Date: Logic and databases, Appendix C
[5.1] Differences between SQL procedures and External procedures
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/topic/com.ibm.db29.doc.
apsg/db2z_differencesqlprocexternalproc.htm
[5.2] SQL Reference Guide
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/0206sqlref/0206sqlr
ef.html
[6.1] http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/topic/com.ibm.db29.
doc.apsg/db2z_differencesqlprocexternalproc.htm
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Rattasit Sukhahuta
8

rattasit.s@cmu.ac.th
8
( 2539 - )
( 2548
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Bachelor Degree in Computer Science
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hawaii, USA, 1995

Master Degree in Information Systems
Hawaii Pacific University, Hawaii, USA, 1996

Doctor of Philosophy
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, 2001
257
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1.4.2 (Hierarchical Model)5 25

1.5.1 (Data Architect)....................................................... 28

2.5.2 (Domain-oriented relational calculus).................. 54

4.5.1 1 (First Normal Form (1NF))..................................... 88

4.7 Minimal Cover9 95

5.5.3 Difference (Except)................................................................................122

6.2 Stored Procedures1138

7.1 SQL ...............................................150

7.3.1 Static SQL..............................................................................................152

7.4.1 ODBC IBM Data Server CLI driver.....................................................162

8.1.5 XML Schema...........................................................................................174

8.3.5 XPath Semantics....................................................................................183

8.7 XML ..................................197

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