CHNG 3: BIU DIN TN HIU DNG CHUI FOURIER

Ni dung 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Tn hiu v vect So snh tn hiu: Tng quan Biu din tn hiu dng tp tn hiu trc giao Chui Fourier lng gic Chui Fourier dng m Tnh ton gi tr Dn p ng ca h LT-TT-BB vi tn hiu tun hon Ph chng Tm tt

Ti liu tham kho: B.P. Lathi, Signal Processing and Linear Systems, Berkeley-Cambridge Press, 1998 Chng quan trng, to kin thc c bn biu din tn hiu v so snh tn hiu. Trong chng 2, ta vit ng vo bt k f(t) thnh tng ca cc thnh phn xung. p ng (trng thi zr) ca h TT-BB khi c ng vo f(t) l tng cc thnh phn p ng h thng di dng tnh tch phn chp (convolution). C nhiu phng thc nhm biu din ng vo f(t) theo cc dng tn hiu khc. Do , vn biu din tn hiu dng tp cc tn hiu l rt quan trng khi nghin cu tn hiu v h thng. Chng ny cp n phng thc biu din tn hiu thnh tng ca nhiu thnh phn. Bi ton ny tng t nh vn biu din vect theo cc thnh phn. Tn hiu v vect C s tng ng hon ho gia tn hiu v vect. Tuy nhin tn hiu khng ch ging vect, m tn hiu l vect! Mt vect c th c biu din thnh tng cc thnh phn theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau, ty theo cch chn h trc. Mt tn hiu cng c th c biu din thnh tng cc thnh phn theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Ta hy bt u vi mt s nim vect c bn ri p dng vo cc tn hiu. 3.1-1 Thnh phn ca vect Vect c c trng bi bin v chiu. Ta vit cc vect dng ch in m. Th d, x l mt vect no c bin hay chiu di l x . Trong hnh 3.1, vi hai vect f v x, nh ngha php dot (tch trong hay tch v hng) l: f.x

= f x cosq

(3.1)

vi q l gc gia hai vect. T , biu din di ca vect x l x theo:

x = x.x
2

(3.2)

Gi thnh phn ca f dc theo x l cx v trong hnh 3.1. Thnh phn f dc theo x l nh x ca f theo x , v c c bng cch v ng thng gc t nh ca f xung x, v trong hnh 3.1. Nh th th ngha ton hc ca mt thnh phn vect theo mt vect khc l g? Xem trong hnh 3.1, vect f c th vit theo vect x l

(3.3) f = cx + e Tuy nhin, y khng phi l phng php duy nht biu din f theo x. Hnh 3.2 v hai trong v s cc phng php khc. T hnh 3.2a v 3.2b, ta c f = c1 x + e1 = c2 x + e2 (3.4) Trong tng phng php th f c biu din theo x cng vi mt vect gi l vect sai s. Nu ta xp x f bng cx (3.5) f @ cx Sai s trong php xp x ny l vect e = f - cx . Tng t, sai s trong php xp x trong hnh 3.2a v 3.2b l e1 v e2 . Nh th php xp x no trong hnh 3.1 cho ta vect sai s b nht. nh ngha thnh phn ca vect f theo vect x l cx vi c c chn sao cho vect sai s e = f - cx l b nht.

Gi di ca thnh phn ca f theo x l trong hnh 3.1, o c x = f cos q Nhn hai v cho x
2

f cos q nhng cng ng thi l c x nh v

c x = f x cos q = f .x , do

f .x 1 = f .x (3.6) x.x x Hnh 3.1 cho thy c v nh l khi f v x thng gc, hay trc giao, th f c thnh phn theo x l zr, do c = 0 . T phng trnh (3.6), ta nh ngha f v x l trc giao nhau nu tch trong (tch v hng hay tch chm) ca hai vect l zr, nu c=

f .x = 0

(3.7)

3.1-2 Thnh phn ca tn hiu nim v thnh phn ca vect l tnh trc giao c th c m rng cho tn hiu. Xt bi ton xp x mt tn hiu thc f (t ) theo mt tn hiu thc x (t ) trong khong [t1 , t 2 ] l (3.8) f (t ) @ cx(t ) t1 t t 2 Sai s e(t ) trong php xp x ny l:
t1 t t 2 f (t ) - cx(t ) e(t ) = (3.9) 0 cc _ gi _ tri _ khc Chn mt s tiu ch cho php xp x tt nht. Ta bit l nng lng tn hiu l mt kh nng o lng kch thc ca tn hiu. xp x tt nht, ta cn ti thiu sai s tn hiu, tc l, ti thiu kch thc ca n, nhm ti thiu ha nng lng Ee trong khong [t1 , t 2 ] , cho bi:
Ee = e 2 (t )dt = [ f (t ) - cx(t )]2 dt
t1 t1 t2 t2

Ch l v bn phi l tch phn xc nh vi t l bin gi. Do , Ee l hm theo bin c (khng phi t) v Ee ti thiu theo la chn ca c. ti thiu Ee, iu kin cn l: dEe (3.10) =0 dt Hay 2 d t2 [ f ( t ) cx ( t )] dt = 0 dc t1 Khai trin tha s bc hai, ta c: t2 t2 d t2 2 d d f (t )dt - 2c f (t )x(t )dt + c 2 x 2 (t )dt = 0 t1 dc t1 dc t1 dc T
2 f (t )x(t )dt + 2c x 2 (t )dt = 0
t1 t1 t2 t2

c=

t2

t1

f (t )x(t )dt
t2 t1

x (t )dt

1 Ex

t2

t1

f (t )x(t )dt

(3.11)

Ta thy c s tng ng ng k gia hot ng ca vect v tn hiu, t cc phng trnh (3.6) v (3.11). R rng t hai biu thc song song ny, th phn din tch ca tch hai tn hiu tng ng vi tch trong (tch v hng) ca hai vect. Trong thc t, phn din tch ca tch f(t) v x(t) c gi l tch hai vect. Thc ra, din tch ca tch f(t) v x(t) c gi l tch trong ca f(t) v x(t), c vit l ( f , x ) . Nng lng ca tn hiu l tch trong ca tn hiu vi chnh n, v tng ng vi bnh phng di (chnh l tch trong ca vect vi chnh n).

Tm li, nu tn hiu f (t ) c xp x bng mt tn hiu x(t ) khc th f (t ) @ cx(t ) Th gi tr ti u ca c lm ti thiu nng lng ca tn hiu sai s trong xp x ny cho bi phng trnh (3.11). T nim vect, chng ta ni l tn hiu f (t ) cha thnh phn cx(t ) , vi c cho bi phng trnh (3.11). Ch l trong thut ng ca vect th cx(t ) l nh x ca f (t ) ln x (t ) . Tip tc, ta ni l nu thnh phn ca tn hiu f (t ) ca dng x (t ) l zr (tc l c = 0 ) th tn hiu f (t ) v x(t ) trc giao nhau trong khong [t1 , t 2 ] . Do , ta nh ngha tn hiu thc f (t ) v x(t ) trc giao nhau trong khong [t1 , t 2 ] nu

t2

t1

f (t ) x(t )dt = 0

(3.12)

Th d 3.1 T tn hiu f(t) v trong hnh 3.3, tm thnh phn sint c trong f(t). Ni cch khc, ta xp x f(t) theo sint. nng lng tn hiu sai s l ti thiu. f (t ) @ c sin t 0 t 2p Trng hp ny

x(t ) = sin t v E x = sin 2 (t ) = p

0

2p

T phng trnh (3.11) ta c p 1 2p 1 p 4 c = f (t ) sin tdt = sin tdt + - sin tdt = 0 0 0 p p p

(3.13)

Do :
4 (3.14) sin t p Biu din php xp x tt nht ca f (t ) dng hm sin t , v ti thiu ha c sai s. Thnh phn sin ca f (t ) l phn t bng trong hnh 3.3. T tnh tng ng vi vectm ta ni hm vung f (t ) m t trong hnh 3.3 c thnh phn sng sin t v bin l 4/p. f (t ) @

r Bi tp E3.1

Chng t l khong ( - p t p ), xp x tt nht ca tn hiu f (t ) = t theo hm sin t l 2 sin t . Kim nghim li l tn hiu sai s e(t ) = t - 2 sin t l trc giao vi tn hiu sin t trong khong - p t p . V th t v 2 sin t trong khong - p t p . s 3.1-3 Tnh trc giao trong tnh hiu phc Ta ch mi gii hn trong trng hp hm thc ca t. Nhm tng qut kt qu cho hm phc ca t, xt ln na bi ton xp x hm f (t ) bng hm x (t ) trong khong thi gian ( t1 t t 2 ): (3.15) f (t ) @ cx(t ) Trong f (t ) v x (t ) l hm phc theo t. Nhc li l nng lng E x ca tn hiu phc x (t ) trong khong [ t1 , t 2 ] l
E x = x(t ) dt
2 t1 t2

Trng hp ny, thng h s c v sai s l s phc (3.16) e(t ) = f (t ) - cx(t ) xp x tt nht, ta cn chn c nng lng Ec ca tn hiu sai s e(t) l ti thiu
Ee = f (t ) - cx(t ) dt
2 t1 t2

(3.17)
2 2

Nhc li
u + v = (u + v)(u * +v*) = u + v u * v + uv * Tip tc, sp xp phng trnh (3.17)
2

(3.18)

Ee =

t2

t1

1 f (t ) dt Ex
2

t2

1 f (t ) x * (t )dt + c E x Ex

t2

t1

f (t ) x * (t )dt

Do hai tha s u tin ca v phi khng ph thuc vo c, r rng l Ee c ti thiu ha bng cch chn c sao cho tha s th ba ca v phi l zr, tc l 1 t2 (3.19) c= f (t ) x * (t )dt E x t1 T kt qu trn, ta cn nh ngha li tnh trc giao trong trng hp s phc nh sau: Hai hm phc x1 (t ) v x2 (t ) trc giao trong khong ( t1 t t 2 ) nu

t2

t1

* x1 (t ) x2 (t )dt = 0

hay

t2

t1

* x1 (t ) x2 (t )dt = 0

(3.20)

y l nh ngha tng qut v tnh trc giao, lm phng trnh tr thnh phng trnh (3.12) khi hm l thc. r Bi tp E3.2 Chng t l khong ( 0 t 2p ), xp x tt nht ca tn hiu vung f (t ) trong hnh 2 jt 2 3.3 theo tnh hiu e jt l e . Kim nghim li l tn hiu sai s e(t ) = f (t ) - e jt l jp jt jt trc giao vi tn hiu e . s

Nng lng ca tng tnh hiu trc giao Ta bit l bnh phng di ca tng hai vect trc giao l bng tng ca di hai vect. Do , nu x v y trc giao, th z = x + y, th 2 2 2 z = x + y Tng t, cho trng hp tn hiu. Nng lng ca tng hai tn hiu trc giao th bng tng nng lng ca hai tn hiu. Do , nu tn hiu x(t ) v y (t ) trc giao trong khong [ t1, t 2 ] , v nu z (t ) = x(t ) + y (t ) , th Ez = Ex + E y (3.21) Ta chng minh kt qu cho tn hiu phc m tn hiu thc l mt trng hp c bit. T phng trnh (3.18):

t2

t1

x (t ) + y (t ) dt = x (t ) dt + y (t ) dt + x(t ) y * (t )dt + x * (t ) y (t )dt

2 2 2 t1 t1 t1 t1

t2

t2

t2

t2

= x(t ) dt + y(t ) dt
2 2 t1 t1

t2

t2

(3.22)

Do tnh trc giao, hai tch phn ca cc tch x(t ) y * (t ) v x * (t ) y (t ) l zr. Kt qu ny c th c m rng vi tng ca mt s tn hiu trc giao tng h. So snh tn hiu: tnh tng quan Phn 3.1 chun b c s so snh tn hiu. Mt ln na, ta c dng li nim ca php so snh vect. Hai vect f v x l tng ng khi f c thnh phn ln theo x. Ni cch khc, nu c trong phng trnh (3.6) ln, th hai vect f v x l tng ng. Ta c th xem c l php o nh lng tnh tng ng gia f v x. Tuy nhin, o lng ny c nhc im. Mc tng ng gia f v x cn c lp vi di ca f v x. Th d, khi tng i di ca f, mc tng ng gia f v x l khng thay i. Tuy nhin, t phng trnh (3.6), ta thy l khi tng i f, th cng tng i gi tr c (trong khi tng i x lm gim na gi tr c). o lng ca ta r rng l sai. Tnh tng ng gia hai vect c cho t gc q gia hai vect. Gc q cng b th tnh tng ng cng cao, v ngc li. Do , c th dng cosq o mc tng ng. Cosq cng ln, th tnh tng ng gia hai vect cng cao. Vt, o lng hp l s l cn = cosq, c cho bi f .x cn = cos q = (3.23) f x C th kim nghim li v tnh c lp ca o lng ny vi di ca f v x . Tng ng ny o lng cn c gi l h s tng quan. Quan st thy: - 1 cn 1 (3.24) Do , bin ca cn khng bao gi ln hn n v. Hai vect thng hng c tnh tng ng ln nht (cn = 1). Hai vect thng hng i chiu c tnh khng tng ng cao nht (cn = - 1). Hai vect trc giao c tnh tng ng l zr. Dng phng php tng t nh ngha ch s tng ng (h s tng tng quan) ca tn hiu. Xt cc tn hiu trong khong t - n . Mun c trong phng trnh (3.11) c lp vi nng lng (kch thc) ca f(t) v x(t), ta cn chun ha c bng cch hai tn hiu v nng lng n v. Do , ch s tng ng thch hp cn cho phng trnh (3.23) l 3.2

cn =

1 E f Ex

f (t ) x(t )dt

(3.25)

Nhn thy khi nhn f(t) hay x(t) vi hng s bt k khng nh hng n ch s ny, nn ch s c lp vi kch thc (nng lng) ca f(t) v x(t). Dng bt ng thc Schwarz, ta chng minh c l bin ca cn khng bao gi ln hn 1. - 1 cn 1 (3.26) The Best Friends, Worst Enemies, and Complete Strangers Ta c th chng t l nu f (t ) = Kx (t ) th cn = 1 khi K l hng s dng bt k, v cn = - 1 khi K l hng s m bt k. ng thi cn = 0 nu f(t) v x(t) trc giao. o , tng ng ln nht [khi f (t ) = Kx(t ) ] c cho bi cn = 1, khng tng ng ln nht [khi f (t ) = - Kx (t ) ] c cho bi cn = - 1. Khi hai tn hiu trc giao, tng ng l zr. Mt cch nh lng, ta c th xem tn hiu trc giao l tn hiu khng tng quan. Ch , ng lng th tnh khng tng ng khc vi tnh khng tng quan. Th d, ta c bn tt (cn = 1), k th xu nht (cn = -1), v k l hon ton, khng cn quan tm l ta c tn ti hay khng (cn = 0). K th khng phi l ngi l, nhng trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th ngh ging chng ta, nhng ngc li?!!. M rng nim khi so snh tn hiu phc, nh ngha cn lc ny l. 1 (3.27) cn = f (t ) x * (t )dt E f E x -

Th d 3.2 Tm h s tng quan C gia xung x(t) v xung fi(t), i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6 v trong hnh 3.4. Ta tnh cn dng phng trnh (3.25) cho tng trng hp. u tin ta tnh nng lng ca mi tn hiu.

E x = x 2 (t )dt = dt = 5
5 5 0 0

(3.28)

Dng phng php ny, ta tm c Ef1 = 5, Ef2 = 1,25, v Ef3 = 5. tm Ef4 v Ef5 , ta tm nng lng E ca e-atu(t) trong khong thi gian t t = 0 n T: T T 2 1 E = (e -at ) dt = e -2 at dt = ( 1 - e -2 aT ) 0 0 2a

Trng hp f4(t), a = 1/5 v T = 5. Do Ef4 =2,1617. Trng hp f5(t), a = 1 v T = . Do Ef5 =0,5. Nng lng Ef6 cho bi

E f 6 = sin 2 2ptdt = 2,5

5 0

Dng phng trnh (3.25), h s tng quan ca su trng hp c tm l: 5 5 1 1 (1) dt = 1 (2) (0,5)dt = 1 (5)(5) 0 (1,25)(5) 0 5 5 1 1 (3) (-1)dt = -1 (4) e -t / 5 dt = 0.961 0 0 (5)(5) (2,1617)(5) 5 5 1 1 (5) e -t dt = 0,628 (6) sin 2ptdt = 0 (0,5)(5) 0 (2,5)(5) 0 Nhn xt v kt qu: Do f1(t) = x(t), hai tn hiu c kh nng tng ng ti a v cn = 1. Tuy nhin, tn hiu f2(t) cn cho thy kh nng tng ng ti a vi cn = 1. L do t nh ngha cn dng o lng tnh tng ng ca dng sng; v c lp vi bin (cng ) ca cc tn hiu so snh. Tn hiu f2(t) ging ht x(t) v hnh dng; ch c bin (cng ) l khc nhau. Do , cn = 1. Mt khc, tn hiu f3(t) cho thy kh nng khng tng ng ti a vi x(t) do bng vi - x(t). Trng hp f4(t), cn = 0,961, cho thy c tng ng cao vi x(t). iu ny hp l do f4(t) rt ging vi x(t) trong thi gian tn ti ca x(t) (t 0 t 5). Qua kim tra, ta ch l l bin thin hay thay i trong x(t) v f4(t) c tc ging nhau. y khng phi l trng hp ca f5(t), khi ta nhn thy l tc thay i ca f5(t) thng cao hn ca x(t). Hai tn hiu vn cn tng ng nhau, u cn gia gi tr dng, v cha c dao ng. Hai tn hiu u c gi tr zr hay cng rt b khi t > 5. Nh th, f5(t) tng ng vi x(t), nhng khng tng ng nh f4(t). iu ny gii thch ti sao f5(t) c cn = 0,628. Tn hiu f6(t) th trc giao vi x(t), nn c cn = 0. iu ny cho thy s khng tng ng trong trng hp ny khng mnh nh nh trng hp f3(t) c cn = 1. Kt lun ny c v k cc do f3(t) c v nh tng ng vi x(t) nhiu hn so vi f6(t). Tnh khng tng ng gia x(t) v f6(t) c bn cht t s khng a nhau (worst enemy); l chng rt tng ng nhau, nhng theo hng ngc li. Ni khc i, tnh khng tng ng gia x(t) v f6(t) bt ngun t vic chng c khng ging nhau. Do tnh khng tng ng gia x(t) v f3(t) c mc thp hn. r Bi tp E3.3 Chng t l cn ca tn hiu f2(t) v f3(t) trong hnh 3.4 l 1; ca f2(t) v f4(t) l 0,961, v ca f3(t) v f6(t) l zr. s 3.2-1 ng dng pht hin tn hiu Tnh tng quan gia hai tn hiu l nim cc k quan trng nhm o lng mc tng ng gia hai tn hiu. nim ny c dng rng ri x l tn hiu radar, sonar, thng tin s, qun s v nhiu ng dng khc. Ta gii thch nim ny dng th d trong radar khi tn hiu xung c pht i nhm pht hin cc mc tiu kh nghi. Khi mc tiu xut hin, xung c n phn x li, khi khng c mc tiu th khng c tn hiu phn x, m ch c nhiu.

S hin din hay khng hin din ca xung phn x xc nhn s hin din hay khng hin din ca mc tiu. Vn ct li y l pht hin c xung phn x b suy gim rt nhiu (dng sng bit) b nhiu che lp. Trong trng hp ny, yu t tng quan gia xung nhn c v xung pht i l tr gip quan trng. Tnh hung tng t tn ti trong thng tin s khi ta cn pht hin s hin din ca mt trong hai dng sng bit vi s hin din ca nhiu. Ta bt u gii thch phng thc pht hin tn hiu dng k thut tng quan. Xt trng hp thng tin nh phn (hai bit), trong hai dng sng c bit c nhn theo trnh t ngu nhin.Trong mi thi im, ta nhn mt xung v nhim v ca ta l xc nh xem nhn xung no trong hai dng xung bit. pht hin d dng hn, ta cn lm cho hai xung ny khng tng ng cng nhiu cng tt. Do , ta nn chn xung m so vi xung kia. La chn ny cho ta tnh khng tng ng ln nht (cn = 1). S ny i khi cn c gi l s i cc (antipodal). Ta cng c th chn xung trc giao c cn = 0. Trong thc t thng dng c hai la chn ny, cho d s i cc cho php phn bit hai xung tt nht. Xt tip s i cc trong hai xung l p(t) v p(t). H s tng quan cn ca cc xung ny l 1. Gi s khng c nhiu v truyn dn l hon ho. My thu c b tng quan tnh tng quan gia p(t) v xung thu c. Nu tng quan l 1, ta khng nh thu c p(t), v nu tng quan l 1, ta khng nh thu c p(t). Nh c kh nng khng tng ng ln nht gia hai xung, nn vic tch xung d dng. Tuy nhin trong thc t, qu trnh truyn thng khng hon ho, c nhiu len vo tn hiu thu. ng thi, khi truyn, tn hiu cn b mo dng v c th b trng lp nhau, lm thay i hnh dng tn hiu thu c nn h s tng quan khng cn l 1, c bin b, lm gim kh nng phn bit xung. Ta dng b tch xung theo ngng, nhm quyt nh l nu h s tng quan l dng (cn > 0), th xung thu c l p(t), v nu tng quan l m (cn < 0), th xung l p(t). Th d, gi s ta truyn p(t). Trong trng hp l tng, tng quan gia xung ny ti my thu l 1, l kh nng ti a. Do nh hng ca nhiu v cc yu t khng hon ho khc, tng quan s nh hn 1. Trong mt s trng hp ti hn, yu t nhiu v trng lp vi cc xung khc lm xung ny rt khc vi xung p(t) v tng quan c gi tr m. Trong trng hp ny th b tch xung theo ngng li khng nh xung nhn c l p(t), lm qu trnh tch xung b sai. Tng t, khi truyn p(t), th yu t nhiu trong knh truyn, yu t mo dng xung v trng lp xung c th lm tng quan l dng, lm qu trnh tch xung b sai. Nhim v ca ta l m bo xung truyn c nng lng ln nhm gia cho cc tn tht do nhiu nm trong mt gii hn v sai s nm trong bin cho php. Trong trng hp l tng, bin ny do tng quan cn cung cp nhm phn bit c hai xung l 2 (t 1 n 1 v ngc li). Yu t nhiu v tnh khng hon ho khi truyn lm gim bin ny. iu ny, gii thch ti sao yu t quan trng nht vn l bt u vi bin cng ln cng tt. Do , s i cc c tnh nng tt nht nhm chng nhiu v cc yu t khng hon ho khi truyn. Tuy nhin, nh ni trn, do cn c cc l do khc, nn nhiu s , th d s trc giao vi cn = 0 cng c dng d c bin nh hn (t 0 n 1 v ngc li) nhm phn bit cc xung. Mt s dng tn x xung c tho lun trong phn 2.7-5 v 2.7-6. Trong chng 4, ta s tho lun v mo dng xung khi truyn. Tnh ton xc sut sai s khi c

nhiu v cc yu t khng hon ho khc nm ngoi phm vi ti liu ny, c gi c th tham kho thm ti liu.

3.2-2 Hm tng quan Xt ng dng tng quan pht hin tn hiu trong radar, trong xung c pht i nhm pht hin cc mc tiu kh nghi. Khi mc tiu xut hin, xung c n phn x li, khi khng c mc tiu th khng c tn hiu phn x, m ch c nhiu. Bng cch pht hin s tn ti hay khng tn ti ca xung phn x ta khng nh c s tn ti hay khng tn ti ca mc tiu. Bng cch o thi gian tr gia xung truyn v xung nhn c (phn x) ta xc nh c c ly ca mc tiu. Gi xung truyn v xung phn x ln lt l g(t) v f(t), nh v trong hnh 3.5. Nu ta dng trc tip phng trnh (3.25) o h s tng quan cn, ta c: 1 (3.29) cn = f (t ) g (t )dt = 0 E f E g - Tng quan l zr do cc xung ny tch bit theo thi gian. Tch phn (3.29) c gi tr zr ngay khi cc xung ging ht nhau nhng c di theo thi gian. gii quyt vn ny, ta so snh xung nhn c f(t) vi xung b tr theo thi gian g(t) vi nhiu gi tr tr. Nu vi mt s tham s tr lm tng quan mnh hn, ta khng ch pht hin c xung m cn pht hin c thi gian di ca f(t) theo g(t). Do , thay v dng tch phn bn v phi, ta dng mt tch phn yfg(t) c gi l hm tng quan cho ca hai tn hiu thc f(t) v g(t), c nh ngha theo: Vi t l bin ph, v xung g(t t) l xung g(t) di i t giy theo xung f(t). Do , yfg(t) ch th tnh tng ng (tng quan) gia xung f v xung g di i t giy. Do , yfg(t) o lng tnh tng ng ca xung k c khi chng tch bit nhau. Trong trng hp tn hiu trong hnh 3.5, yfg(t) cho thy tng quan ng k chung quanh t = T. Quan st ny cho php ta khng ch pht hin s hin hu ca mc tiu m cn tnh c c ly ca mc tiu. Tch chp v tng quan Ta xem xt quan h khn kht gia tch chp v tng quan ca f(t) v g(t) (t phng trnh 3.30). Ch l xung g(t t) l xung g(t) di i t giy. Do , yfg(t) l vng din tch do tch gia xung f v xung g di t theo thi gian (khng c o). Tng t, ta thy trong php tnh tch chp cng theo cc bc tng t, tr vic xung g c

y fg (t ) = f (t ) g (t - t )dt
-

(3.30)

o trc khi di t theo thi gian. Quan st ny gi n yfg(t) bng f(t)*g(t) [tch chp ca f(t) vi g(t) o theo thi gian), tc l: y fg (t ) = f (t ) * g (-t ) (3.31) Phn chng minh nh sau: t g( t) = w(t) Nhc li, yfg(t) l vng din tch do tch gia xung f v xung g di t theo thi gian (khng c o), v cho bi tch chp ca f(t) v g(t). r Bi tp E 3.4 Chng minh l yfg(t), hm tng quan ca f(t) v g(t) trong hnh 2.11 cho bi c(t) trong hnh 2.12. s r Bi tp E 3.5 Chng minh yfg(t), hm tng quan ca f(t) v g(t) trong hnh 2.12 cho bi c(t) trong hnh 2.12. s Hm t tng quan Tng quan gia tn hiu vi chnh n c gi l t tng quan. Hm t tng quan yf(t) ca tn hiu f(t) c nh ngha l

f (t ) * g (-t ) = f (t ) * w(t ) = f (t ) w(t - t )dt = f (t ) g (t - t )dt = y fg (t )

- -

y f (t ) f (t ) f (t - t )dt
-

(3.32)

Trong chng 4, ta s chng minh l hm t tng quan cung cp thng tin ph rt c gi tr v tn hiu.

Biu din tn hiu dng tp tn hiu trc giao Phn ny trnh by phng php biu din tn hiu theo tng cc tn hiu trc giao. Dng nim vect, ta bit l c th biu din vect thnh tng cc vect trc giao, nhm to h trc trong khng gian vect. Vn ny tng t trong tn hiu vi kt qu l tn hiu song song vi trng hp ca vect. Hy xt li trng hp biu din dng vect. 3.3

3.3-1 Khng gian vect trc giao Xt khng gian vect 3 chiu Cartesian m t dng ba vect trc giao tng h x1, x2, x3 v trong hnh 3. 6. u tin, ta tm cch xp x vect ba chiu f theo hai vect trc giao tng h x1 v x2: f @ c1 x1 + c2 x2 Sai s e ca xp x ny l e = f - ( c1 x1 + c2 x2 ) Hay f = ( c1 x1 + c2 x2 ) + e Dng cc phng php hnh hc, ta thy trong hnh 3.6 l di ca e ti thiu khi e vung gc vi mt phng x1 x2, v c1x1 v c2x2 l ln lt l hnh chiu (cc thnh phn) ca f ln x1 v x2. Do , cc hng s c1 v c2 c cho bi phng trnh (3.6). Quan st thy vect sai s trc giao vi c hai vect x1 v x2. Tip tc xc nh xp x tt nht cho f theo mi thnh phn vect trc giao tng h x1, x2, v x3: f @ c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 (3.33) Hnh 3.6 v chn la duy nht ca tn ti c1, c2, v c3, theo phng trnh (3.33) khng cn l php xp x m l ng thc: f = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 (3.34) Trong trng hp ny, c1x1 , c2x2 v c3x3 ln lt l nh x (thnh phn) ca f ln x1, x2, v x3; tc l f .xi (3.35a) ci = xi .xi 1 (3.35b) ci = 2 f .xi i = 1,2,3 xi Ch l sai s trong php xp x l zr khi f c xp x theo ba vect trc giao tng h: x1, x2, v x3. L do l f l vect ba chiu, v cc vect x1, x2, v x3 biu din tp y ca vect trc giao trong khng gian ba chiu. Tnh y y tc l khng th tm vect x4 khc trong khng gian ny, v trc giao c vi tt c ba vect x1, x2, v x3. Mi vect trong khng gian ny u c th c biu din (vi sai s zr) theo ba vect trn. Cc vect ny c gi l cc vect c s. Nu tp cc vect {xi} khng y , sai s xp x thng khc zr. Do , trong trng hp khng gian ba chiu va tho lun, thng khng th biu din vect f ch vi hai vect c s m khng b sai s. C nhiu cch la chn vect c s. Trong thc t, tp cc vect c s tng ng vi chn la c th ca h trc ta . Do , vect ba chiu f c th c biu din vi nhiu cch khc nhau, ty theo h trc c dng. 3.3-2 Khng gian tn hiu trc giao u tin, ta kho st tn hiu thc, ri m rng sang trng hp tn hiu phc. Dng nim v xp x tn hiu hiu pht trin t phng php xp x vect. Ta nh ngha tnh trc giao ta tp tn hiu thc x1(t), x2(t), . . . , xN(t), trong khong [t1, t2] l t2 0 mn (3.36) t1 xm (t ) xn (t )dt = En m = n

Nu nng lng En = 1 vi mi n, th tp l chun v c gi l tp trc giao. Tp trc giao c th chun ha bng cch chia xn(t) cho En vi mi n. Xt php xp x tn hiu f(t) trong khong [t1, t2] dng tp thc N, gm cc tn hiu trc giao tng h x1(t), x2(t), . . . , xN(t) l (3.37a) f (t ) @ c1 x1 (t ) + c2 x2 (t ) + L + c N x N (t )
f (t ) = cn xn (t )
n =1 N

(3.37b)

Sai s e(t) trong xp x (3.37) l

e(t ) = f (t ) - cn xn (t )
n=1 N

(3.38)

Trong ph lc 3A s chng minh l nng lng Ee ca tn hiu sai s e(t), c ti thiu ha nu chn
cn =

t1

t1

f (t ) xn (t )dt

t1

(3.39a)
2 xn (t )dt

t1

1 t1 f (t ) xn (t )dt n = 1,2, L , N (3.39b) En t1 Trong ph lc 3A cho thy khi la chn cn, th nng lng Ee ca tn hiu sai s e(t) s l cn =
2 Ee = f 2 (t )dt - cn En t1 t1 n =1 N

(3.40)

Ta thy thng nng lng sai s Ee gim theo s lng tha s N, nhng trng hp ny li tng do tha s ck2Ek l khng m. Vy, nng lng sai s c th 0 khi N . Trng hp ny, tp tn hiu trc giao c gi l tp y . Phng trnh (3.37a) khng cn l xp x m l ng thc. f (t ) = c1 x1 (t ) + c2 x2 (t ) + L + c N x N (t )
f (t ) = cn xn (t )
n =1

t1 t t 2

(3.41)

Trong cc h s cn ly t phng trnh (3.39). Do nng lng tn hiu sai s tin v zr, nn nng lng ca f(t) bng vi tng ca nng lng cc thnh phn trc giao c1x1(t), c2x2(t), c3x3(t) . . . , . Chui bn v phi ca phng trnh (3.41) c gi l chui Fourier tng qut ca f(t) theo tp {xn(t)}. Khi tp {xn(t)} c nng lng sai s Ee 0 khi N vi mi thnh phn ca mt lp tn hiu c th, ta ni l tp {xn(t)} l tp y trong [t1, t2] vi lp tn hiu f(t), v tp {xn(t)} c gi l hm c s hay tn hiu c s. Ngoi nhng ghi ch ring, t y v sau, ti liu ny ch kho st tn hiu nng lng. Vy, khi tp {xn(t)} l y , ta c ng thc (3.41). Mt im nh cn c lm r l ngha ca ng thc trong phng trnh (3.41). ng thc trong trng hp ny khng phi l ng thc theo ngha thng thng, m theo ngha ca nng lng sai s, tc l, nng lng ca sai bit gia hai v ca phng trnh (3.41) tin v zr.

Nu hiu theo ngha thng thng th nng lng sai s phi lun l zr, nhng ngc li l khng ng. Nng lng sai s c th tin v zr ngay c khi sai bit hai v e(t) l khc zr trong mt khng thi gian tch bit no . L do l nagy c khi e(t) khc zr trong cc khong thi gian ny, th phn din tch e2(t) vn l zr; nn chui Fourier bn v phi phng trnh (3.41) c th khc f(t) ti mt s hu hn cc im. Trong thc t, khi f(t) c bc nhy gin on ti t = t0, chui Fourier tng ng ti hi t v tr trung bnh ca f(t0+) v f(t0-). Trong phng trnh (3.41), nng lng v tri l Ef, v nng lng ca v phi l tng nng lng cc thnh phn trc giao. Do

t2

t1

2 2 f 2 (t )dt = c12 E1 +c2 E2 + L = cn En n =1

(3.42)

Phng trnh ny c gi l nh l Parseval. Nhc li l nng lng tn hiu (vng din tch ca tr bnh phng tn hiu) th tng t nh di ca vect trong php tng ng vect tn hiu. Trong khng gian vect ta bit l bnh phng ca vect th bng vi tng cc bnh phng ca di v cc thnh phn trc giao. Phng trnh (3.42) khng nh iu p dng cho cc tn hiu. Tng qut cho tn hiu phc Kt qu trn c th dng cho cc tn hiu phc: Tp cc hm x1(t), x2(t), . . . , xN(t) l trc giao tng h trong khong [t1, t2] khi t2 0 mn (3.43) t1 xm (t ) xn * (t )dt = En m = n Nu tp l y trong mt s lp tn hiu, th hm f(t) trong lp ny c th vit thnh f (t ) = c1 x1 (t ) + c2 x2 (t ) + L + ci xi (t ) + L (3.44) 1 t2 (3.45) cn = f (t ) xn *(t )dt En t1 Phng trnh (3.39) hay phng trnh (3.45) cho thy mt tnh cht quan trng ca h s c1, c2, . . . , cN; gi tr ti u ca cc h s trog php xp x (3.37) l c lp vi s lng tha s dng trong php xp x. Th d, nu ta ch dng mt tha s (N=1) hay hai tha s (N=2) hay vi bt k tha s no, tr ti u ca h s c1 l nh nhau (nh trong phng trnh (3.39). u im ca php xp x tn hiu f(t) dng cc tn hiu trc giao tng h l vic ta c th tip tc thm cc tha s vo php xp x m khng lm nh hng n cc tha s trc . c tnh v tnh finality cc gi tr ca cc h s l rt quan trng trong thc t. Mt s th d v chui Fourier tng qut Tn hiu l vect theo mi ngha. Tng t vect, mt tn hiu c th c biu din thnh tng cc thnh phn theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Ging nh h trc ta vect c to nn t cc vect trc giao tng h (h vung gc, h tr, h cu), ta cng c h ta tn hiu (tn hiu c s) to nn t nhiu tp tn hiu trc giao tng h. C rt nhiu tp tn hiu trc giao c th dng nh tn hiu c s trong chui Fourier tng qut. Mt s tp tn hiu ni ting l hm lng gic (sin), hm m, hm Waish, hm Bessel, a thc Legendre, hm Laguerre, a thc Jacobi, a thc Hermite, v a thc Chebyshev. Ti liu ny ch quan tm n cc tp hm lng gic v hm m.

i dng lch s: Nam tc Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768 1830) 3.4 Chui Fourier lng gic

Xt tp tn hiu {1, cosw0t, cos2w0t, . . . , cosnw0t, , . . .; sinw0t, sin2w0t, . . . , sinnw0t, . . . } (3.46) Sng sin vi tn s nw0 c gi l hi bc n ca sng sin tn s w0 khi n l s nguyn. Trong tp ny sng sin tn s w0 c gi l thnh phn c bn. Ch l tha s hng 1 l hi bc 0 trong tp do cos(0 x w0t) = 1. Ph lc 3B chng minh y l tp trc giao trong mi khong tn ti T0 = 2p/w0, gi l chu k c bn. c bit, cng chng minh l nm 0 (3.47a) T0 cos nw0t cos mw0t = T0 / 2 n = m 0

nm 0 sin nw0t sin mw0t = T0 T0 / 2 n = m 0 sin nw0t cos mw0t = 0 vi mi n v m

(3.47b) (3.47c)

T0

nim fT0 l tch phn trong khong t t = t1 n t1 + T0 vi mi gi tr ca t1. Phng trnh ny cho thy tp (3.46) l trc giao trong mi khong k nhau ca thi gian tn ti T0. y l tp lng gic, c th chng minh l tp . Do , c th biu din tn hiu f(t) thnh chui Fourier lng gic trong thi gian T0 giy theo f(t) = a0 + a1cosw0t + a2cos2w0t + . . . + b1sinw0t + b2sin2w0t + . . . t1 t t1+T0 (3.48a) Hay

f (t ) = a0 + an cos nw0t + bn sin nw0t

n=1

t1 t t1+T0

(3.48b)

2p T0 T phng trnh (3.39), ta xc nh cc h s Fourier a0, an, v bn. Do

Vi

w0 =

(3.49)

an

t1 +T0

t1

f (t ) cos nw0tdt cos nw0tdt

2

t1 +T0

n = 1, 2, 3,

(3.50)

t1

Tch phn trong mu s ca phng trnh (3.50) theo phng trnh (3.47a) (vi m = n) l T0/2 khi n 0. Hn na, khi n = 0 th mu s l T0. Do
a0 =
t1 +T0 t1

f (t ) cos nw0tdt
f (t ) cos nw0tdt

n = 1, 2, 3,

(3.51a)

V
an = 2 T0

t1 +T0

t1

n = 1, 2, 3,

(3.51b)

Tng t

bn =

2 T0

t1 +T0

t1

f (t ) sin nw0tdt

n = 1, 2, 3,

(3.51c)

Dng gn ca chui Fourier Chui Fourier lng gic trong phng trnh (3.48) cha cc tha s sin v cos vi cng tn s. C th kt hp li thnh mt dng sin vi dng tn s dng ng thc lng gic ancos nw0t + bnsin nw0t = Cncos(nw0t + qn) (3.52) vi
2 2 C n = an + bn

(3.53a) (3.53b) (3.53c)

- bn q n = tan -1 a n thng nht, ta vit tha s dc a0 theo C0, tc l C0 = a0

Dng ng thc (3.52), chui Fourier lng gic trong phng trnh (3.48) c th vit thnh dng gn ca chui Fourier theo

f (t ) = C0 + Cn cos(nw0t + q n )
n=1

t1 t t1+T0

(3.54)

Cc h s Cn v qn c tnh t an v bn dng phng trnh (3.53). Phng trnh 3.51a cho thy a0 (hay C0) l tr trung bnh ca f(t) (ly trung bnh trong mt chu k). Gi tr ny thng c xc nh bng cch kim tra f(t). Th d 3.3 Tm dng gn ca chui Fourier ca hm m e-t/2 v trong hnh 3.7a trong khong t bng 0 t p. Do ch biu din f(t) thnh dng chui Fourier lng gic trong khong 0 t p, T0 = p, v tn s c bn l

w0 =

2p = 2 , do T0

f (t ) = a0 + an cos 2nt + bn sin 2nt

n=1

0 t p.

Vi (t phng trnh (3.51a)

1 p -t / 2 e dt = 0,504 p 0 2 p 2 an = e -t / 2 cos 2ntdt = 0,504 2 0 p 1 + 16n 2 p 8n bn = e -t / 2 sin 2ntdt = 0,504 2 0 p 1 + 16n a0 =

Do
2 f (t ) = 0,5041 + ( cos 2nt + 4n sin 2nt ) 0t p 2 n=1 1 + 16n tm dng chui Fourier gn, tnh cc h s t phng trnh (3.53) theo C0 = a0 = 0,504

2 2 C n = an + bn = 0,504

4 64n 2 2 + = 0,504 2 2 2 2 2 (1 + 16n ) (1 + 16n ) 1 + 16n

(3.55)

- bn -1 -1 q n = tan -1 a = tan (-4n) = - tan 4n n

Cc gi tr Cn v qn cho trng hp dc v by hi u c tnh t cc phng trnh trn v v trong bng 3.1. T cc gi tr ny, ta biu din f(t) theo dng chui Fourier gn

2 cos( 2nt - tan -1 4n) 0t p (3.56a) 2 1 + 16 n n =1 = 0,504 + 0,244cos(2t - 75,960) + 0,125cos(4t - 82,870) + 0,084cos(6t - 85,240) + 0,063cos(6t - 86, 420) + 0 t p (3.56b) t/2 Nhc li v phi ch biu din e trong khong t 0 n p. Ngoi khong ny, hai v khng nht thit phi bng nhau. f (t ) = 0,504 + 0,504
Bng 3.1 2 3 4 0,125 0,084 0,063 - 82,87 -85,24 -86,42

n Cn qn

0 0,504 0

1 0,244 -75,96

5 0,0504 -87,14

6 0,042 -87,61

7 0,036 -87,95

Tnh tun hon ca chui Fourier lng gic Ta chng minh phng thc biu din mt tn hiu bt k f(t) thnh chui Fourier lng gic trong cc khong T0 giy. Trong th d 3.3, ta ch biu din e t/2 trong mt khong t 0 n p/2. Chui Fourier tnh t phng trnh (3.56) ch bng e t/2 trong khong ny thi. Bn ngoi khong ny chui khng nht thit phi bng e t/2. Cng cn xem bn ngoi khong ny th chui Fourier ra sao. Ta s chng minh l chui Fourier lng gic l hm tun hon vi chu k T0 (chu k c bn). Gi chui Fourier bn v phi ca phng trnh (3.54) l j(t), th

j (t ) = C0 + Cn cos(nw0t + q n )
n =1

vi mi t

j (t + T0 ) = C0 + Cn cos[nw0 (t + T0 ) + q n ]
= C0 + Cn cos[nw0 (t + 2np ) + q n ]
= C0 + C n cos(nw0t + q n ) = j (t ) vi mi t
n=1

n=1

n=1

(3.57)

Kt qu ny chng t l chui Fourier lng gic l hm tun hon vi chu k T0 (chu k c bn). Th d, j(t) l chui Fourier bn v phi ca phng trnh (3.56), l hm tun hon vi cc thi on ca f(t) trong khong (0 t p) lp li tun hon theo tng p giy, v trong hnh 3.7b. Do , khi ta biu din tn hiu f(t) dng chui lng gic trong mt thi khong T0 no , th hm f(t) v chui Fourier tng ng j(t) ch cn bng nhau trong khong T0 ny thi. Ngoi khong ny, chui Fourier lp li mt cch tun hon vi chu k T0. Nu khi f(t) t thn l hm tun hon vi chu k T0, th chui Fourier biu din f(t) trong khong T0 cng biu din f(t) vi mi t (khng ch trong khong T0). Mt iu th v na, l theo hnh 1.7 th tn hiu tun hon f(t) c th c sinh ra t vic lp li c chu k cc thi on c rng l T0. Do , chui Fourier lng gic biu din mt thi on ca f(t) ti thi im bt u bt k cng biu din f(t) vi mi t. Do , khi tnh ton cc h s a0, an v bn, ta c th dng gi tr t1 bt k trong phng trnh (3.51). Ni cch khc, ta c th ly tch phn ny trong mi khong T0. Vy cc h s ca chui Fourier biu din tn hiu tun hon f(t) (vi mi t) c th vit thnh.

1 f (t )dt T0 T0 2 an = f (t ) cos nw0tdt T0 T0 2 bn = f (t ) sin nw0tdt T0 T0 a0 =

Vi

(3.58a) n = 1, 2, 3, n = 1, 2, 3, (3.58b) (3.58c)

T0

l tch phn trong khong T0 giy

Ph Fourier Chui Fourier gn trong phng trnh (3.54) cho thy l tn hiu tun hon f(t) c th c vit thnh tng cc sng sin c tn s 0 (dc), w0, 2w0, . . . , nw0, vi cc bin ln lt l C0, C1, C2, . . . , Cn, . . . v c pha l 0, q1, q2, . . . , qn, . . . .. Ta v th bin Cn theo w (ph bin ) v qn theo w (ph pha). Hai th ny gi chung l ph tn s ca f(t). Hnh 3.7c v 3.7d v ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu tun hon j(t); tc l bin v pha ca nhiu thnh phn sng sin ca j(t). Khi bit c ph tn s, ta c th ti to hay tng hp j(t), nh trong v phi ca phng trnh (3.56). Do , ph tn s trong hnh 3.7c v 3.7d cung cp dng m t khc l dng m t trong min tn s ca j(t). M t trong min thi gian ca j(t) v trong hnh 3.7b. Do , mt tn hiu c hai dng: m t trong min thi gian j(t) v m t trong min tn s (ph Fourier). Hai dng ny b sung cho nhau, gip hiu r hn bn cht ca tn hiu. Hi t ca chui v cc bc nhy gin on iu th v trong chui Fourier l khi f(t) c bc nhy gin on, chui ti im gin on li hi t v trung bnh ca v tri v gii hn ca v phi ca f(t) ti thi im gin on. Th d, hnh 3.7b, j(t) gin on ti t = 0 vi j(0+) = 1 v j(0 -) = e-p/2 = 0,208. Chui Fourier tng ng hi t v gi tr (1+0,02008)/2 = 0,604 ti t = 0. C th kim nghim d dng t hnh 3.56b bng cch cho t = 0. Tn ti ca chui Fourier: iu kin Dirichlet Hai iu kin c bn cho tn ti ca chui Fourier l: 1. chui tn ti th cc h s a0, an, v bn trong phng trnh (3.51) phi hu hn. T cc phng trnh (3.51a), (3.51b), v (3.51c) th cc h s ny tn ti nu f(t) l tch phn tuyt i trong mt chu k, tc l: (3.59) f (t ) dt <
T0

iu kin ny gi l iu kin Dirichlet yu. Nu hm f(t) tha iu kin Dirichlet yu, th iu kin tn ti ca chui Fourier c tha, nhnh chui c th khng hi t ti mi im. Th d, nu hm f(t) l khng hu hn ti mt s im, th r rng chui biu din hm s khng hi t ti cc im ny. Tng t, nu hm c v s im cc i v cc tiu trong mt chu k, th hm cha lng ng k cc thnh phn tn s tin v v cng. Do , cc h s ca chui ti tn s cao khng suy gim nhanh, nn chui khng hi t

u v nhanh. Vy, chui Fourier hi t, ngoi iu kin (3.59), cn c thm iu kin sau 2. Hm f(t) ch c hu hn cc im cc i v cc tiu trong mt chu k, v ch c mt s hu hn cc im gin on trong mt chu k. Hai iu kin ny c gi l iu kin Dirichlet mnh. Cn ch l cc tn hiu tun hon t cc phng th nghim tha iu kin Dirichlet, nn u c chui Fourier hi t. Vy, cc tn hiu tun hon trong thc t u tha iu kin chui hi t. Th d 3.4 Tm chui Fourier lng gic dng gn ca sng vung tun hon f(t) v trong hnh 3.8a, ri v ph bin v ph pha.

Trng hp ny, T0 = 2p v w0 = 2p/ T0 = 1. Do

f (t ) = a0 + an cos nt + bn sin nt , vi
n=1

1 f (t )dt T0 T0 Trong cc phng trnh trn, ta c th ly tch phn f(t) trong cc khong thi gian T0 = 2p. Hnh 3.8 cho thy chn la tt nht ly tch phn l t - p n p. Do f(t) ch p p bng 1 trong khong - , v f(t) = 0 trong on cn li, 2 2 a0 =
1 p /2 1 (3.60a) dt = 2p -p / 2 2 Ngoi ra, t hnh 3.8a, ta cng c th tm c tr trung bnh ca f(t) l a0 l . ng thi 1 p /2 2 np an = cos ntdt = sin p -p / 2 np 2 a0 =

 0 2 = np - 2 np
bn = 1 p

n _ even n = 1,5,9,13, L n = 3,7,11,15, L

(3.60b)

p /2

- /2

sin ntdt = 0

(3.60c)

Do
1 2 1 1 1 (3.61) + cos t - cos 3t + cos 5t - cos 7t + L 2 p 3 5 7 Nhn thy bn = 0 v cc tha s sin u bng zr. Ch c tha s cosin xut hin trong chui lng gic. Do , chui t thn dng gn tr vic bin ca cc sng hi lun phin l m. T nh ngha, cc bin Cn lun dng (phng trnh (3.53a). Cc du m c th c x l dng gc pha p trong biu thc lng gic. - cos x = cos( x - p ) Vit li (3.61) thnh 1 2 1 1 1 1 f (t ) = + cos t - cos(3t - p ) + cos 5t - cos(7t - p ) + cos 9t + L 2 p 3 5 7 9 y ng l chui Fourier lng gic dng gn. Bin l 1 C0 = 2 0 n _ even Cn = 2 n _ odd np f (t ) =

0 n 3,7,11,15, L qn = - p n = 3,7,11,15, L Dng cc gi tr trn ta v c th ph bin v ph pha. Tuy nhin, n gin, ta cho php Cn tn ti cc gi tr m lun phin nhau. Cha cn thm - p loi gi tr m. Ni cch khc, cc pha ca mi thnh thnh l zr, nn ta c th b qua ph pha v ch x l ph bin , nh trong hnh 3.8b. Quan st l phng php ny n gin hn m khng lm mt thng tin v ph bin trong hnh 3.8 c y thng tn v chui Fourier trong (3.61). Do , khi cc thnh phn sin trit tiu (bn = 0), nn cho php Cn c cc gi tr m. Phng php ny cho php thng tin v ph c chuyn sang mt dng ph - ph bin .

Th d 3.5 Tm chui Fourier lng gic dng gn ca sng vung tun hon f(t) v trong hnh 3.9a, ri v ph bin v ph pha ca f(t).

Trng hp ny, chu k T0 = 2, vy 2p w0 = = p , v 2

f (t ) = a0 + an cos npt + bn sin npt

n=1

Vi
2 At t 1/ 2 f (t ) = 2 A(1 - t ) (1 / 2) < t (3 / 2)

Trng hp ny nn chn khong tch phn t (-1/2) n (3/2) thay v t 0 n 2. Hnh 3.9a cho thy tr trung bnh (dc) ca f(t) l zr, nn a0 = 0, v 1/ 2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2 an = f (t )cos nptdt = 2 Atcos nptdt + 2 A(1 - t )cos nptdt -1 / 2 1/ 2 2 -1/ 2 Tnh cc tch phn ny cho gi tr an = 0 (3.62a)

bn =

1/ 2

-1/ 2

2 Atsin nptdt +

3/ 2

1/ 2

2 A(1 - t ) sin nptdt

Tnh cc tch phn ny, cho ta 0 8A 8A np bn = 2 2 sin = 2 2 np 2 np - 8 A n 2p 2

n _ even n = 1,5,9,13, L n = 3,7,11,15, L

(3.62b)

Vy

8A 1 1 1 (3.63) sin pt - sin 3pt + sin 5pt - sin 7pt + L 2 p 9 25 49 v ph Fourier, cn chuyn chui thnh dng lng gic gn nh trong phng trnh (3.54), Trong trng hp ny, tha s sin c chuyn thnh dng cosin dng php di pha thch hp. Th d sin kt = cos(kt m 900 ) Dng ng thc ny, phng trnh (3.63) vit thnh 8A 1 1 1 f (t ) = 2 cos(pt - 900 ) + cos(3pt + 900 ) + cos(5pt - 90 0 ) + cos(7pt + 90 0 ) + L p 9 25 49 (3.64) Trong chui ny, cc hi bc chn trit tiu. Pha cc hi bc l lun phin thay i t -900 sang 900. Hnh 3.9 v ph bin v ph pha ca f(t). f (t ) =
3.4-1 nh hng ca tnh i xng Chui Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon trong hnh 3.7a (th d 3.3) gm cc tha s sin v cosin, nhng chui ca tn hiu f(t) trong hnh 3.8a (th d 3.4) ch cha cc tha s cosin, v chui ca tn hiu f(t) trong hnh 3.9a (th d 3.5) ch cha cc tha s sin. y khng phi l iu g bt thng. Ta c th chng minh l chui Fourier ca hm chn f(t) ch gm cc tha s cosin v chui Fourier ca hm l f(t) ch gm cc tha s sin. Tuy nhin, t tnh i xng (chn hay l), thng tin trong mt chu k ca f(t) ch l n trong na chu k, nh trong hnh 3.8a v 3.9a. Trong cc trng hp ny, khi bit c tn hiu trong na chu k v ty theo dng i xng (chn hay l), ta xc nh c dng sng tn hiu trong ton chu k. Do , cc h s Fourier trong cc trng hp ny c th c tnh bng cch ch ly tch phn trong na chu k thay v ton chu k. chng minh, hy xem li l 1 T0 / 2 (3.65a) a0 = f (t )dt T0 -T0 / 2 1 T0 / 2 (3.65b) an = f (t ) cos nw0tdt T0 -T0 / 2 1 T0 / 2 (3.65c) bn = f (t ) sin nw0tdt T0 -T0 / 2 ng thi, cng cn nh l cosnw0t l hm chn v sinnw0t l hm l theo t. Nu f(t) l hm chn theo t, th f(t)cosnw0t cng l hm chn v f(t)sinnw0t l hm l theo t (xem phn 1.5-1), do dng cc phng trnh (1.33a) v (1.33b) ta c: 2 T0 / 2 (3.66a) a0 = f (t )dt T0 0 4 T0 / 2 (3.65b) an = f (t ) cos nw0tdt T0 0 (3.66c) bn = 0

Tng t, nu f(t) l hm l theo t, th f(t)cosnw0t l hm l theo t v f(t)sinnw0t l hm chn theo t. Do a0 = a n = 0 (3.67a) 4 T0 / 2 (3.67b) bn = f (t ) sin nw0tdt T0 0 Nh tnh i xng nn khi tnh cc h s ch cn tnh tch phn trong na chu k. Nu tn hiu tun hon f(t), di i na chu k, th vn gia nguyn tr vic c du 1, tc l, nu T f t - 0 = - f (t ) 2 th tn hiu c gi i xng na sng. C th chng minh l tn hiu i xng na sng, th c cc thnh phn sng hi bc chn trit tiu (xem bi tp 3.4-7). Tn hiu trong hnh 3.9a l th d v dng i xng ny. Dng i xng ny cng c trong tn hiu hnh 3.8a nhng dng kh pht hin hn. Tuy nhin, dng i xng na sng cng r rng khi ta tr thnh phn dc 0,5 khi tn hiu. Ch l tn hiu c thnh phn dc 0,5 v ch c hi bc l.

r Bi tp E3.6 Tm chui Fourier lng gic dng gn ca cc tn hiu tun hon trong hnh 3.10a v 3.10b. V th ph bin v ph pha. Cho php Cn c cc gi tr m nu bn = 0 sao cho c th loi c ph pha. Hng dn: dng phng trnh (3.66) v (3.67) cho tnh i xng. p s: 1 4 1 1 1 (a) f (t ) = - 2 cos pt - cos 2pt + cos 3pt - cos 4pt + L 3 p 4 9 16 1 4 1 1 = - 2 cos(pt - p ) + cos 2pt + cos(3pt - p ) + L 3 p 4 9 2A 1 1 1 (b) f (t ) = sin pt - sin 2pt + sin 3pt - sin 4pt + L p 2 3 4 2A 1 1 s = cos(pt - 90 0 ) + cos( 2pt - 90 0 ) + cos(3pt - 90 0 ) + L p 2 3

3.4-2 Tm tn s c bn v chu k Ta thy l cc tn hiu tun hon c th c biu din thnh tng cc sng sin c tn s c bn w0 v cc sng hi ca n. Nh th, phng thc xc nh tn s c bn l nh th no? Xt ba hm sau: 7 2 f1 (t ) = 2 + 7 cos( 1 2 t + q1 ) + 3 cos( 3 t + q 2 ) + 5 cos( 6 t + q 3 ) f 2 (t ) = 2 cos(2t + q1 ) + 5 sin(pt + q 2 )

f 3 (t ) = 3 sin(3 2t + q ) + 7 cos(6 2t + f ) Nhc li l mi tn s trong tn hiu tun hon l bi s nguyn ca tn s c bn w0. Do , t s ca hai tn s c dng m/n trong m v n l cc s nguyn. Tc l t s gia hai tn s l s hu t. Khi t s gia hai tn s l s hu t, th chng c gi l c quan h sng hi (harmonically related). S dng ln nht m mi tn s u l bi s nhn c gi l tn s c bn. Cc tn s trong ph ca f1(t) l , 2/3 , v 7/6 (ta khng xt thnh phn dc). T s gia cc tn s lin tip ln lt l v 4/7. Do cc s u l hu t, ba tn s trong ph c gi l c quan h hi nn tn hiu f1(t) l tun hon. S ln nht ca cc bi s , 2/3 v 7/6 l 1/6. Hn na, 3(1/6) = , 4(1/6)= 2/3, v 7(1/6) = 7/6. Do tn s c bn l 1/6. Ba tn s trong ph l cc hi bc ba, bc bn v bc by. Quan st thy khng c thnh phn tn s c bn trong chui Fourier ny. Tn hiu f2(t) l khng tun hon do t s gia hai tn s trong ph l 2/p, khng phi l s hu t. Tn hiu f3(t) l tun hon do t s gia cc tn s 3 2 v 6 2 l , l s hu t. Do , tn s c bn l w0 = 3 2 , v chu k
2p 2 = p 3 (3 2 ) r Bi tp E3.7 Tm tnh chu k ca tn hiu 2 4 f (t ) = cos t + 30 0 + sin t + 450 3 5 Nu l tn hiu tun hon, tm tn s c bn v chu k. Tm cc hi hin din trong f(t)? 2 p s: Tn hiu tun hon vi w0 = v chu k T0 = 15p. Hi bc nm v bc su s 15 3.4-3 Vai tr ca ph bin v ph pha trong dng sng T0 =

Chui Fourier lng gic ca tn hiu f(t) cho thy tnh tng minh ca cc thnh phn sng sin trong f(t). Ta c th tng hp f(t) bng cch cng cc sng sin trong ph ca f(t). tng hp xung vung tun hon f(t) trong hnh 3.8a, ta cng lin tip tng bc cc sng hi v xem xt tnh tng ng vi gia tn hiu c c v f(t). Chui Fourier ca hm ny tm c trong th d 3.4 l: 1 2 1 1 1 f (t ) = + cos t - cos 3t + cos 5t - cos 7t + L 2 p 3 5 7 Bt u tng hp ch dng tha s th nht trong chui (n = 0), l thnh phn hng (dc); y l php xp x th ca sng vung, v trong hnh 3.11a. Bc k. ta cng thnh phn dc vi hi bc mt (c bn), to tn hiu v trong hnh 3.11b. Ta thy tn hiu tng

hp c v ging f(t). y l dng khng mn ca tn hiu f(t). Tn hiu ny khng c cc gc cnh ca dng tn hiu f(t), do cc gc cnh tng ng vi thay i nhanh v mun ti to th cn to thay i nhanh (tc l thnh phn tn s cao), vn cha c trong bc ny. Hnh 3.11c v tng ca dc, hi bc mt v bc ba (cha c hi bc chn). Khi tip tc tng s lng sng hi, nh trong hnh 3.11d (tng n thnh phn hi bc nm) v hnh 3.11e (tng n hi bc chn), gc cnh ca xung tr nn sc nt hn v tn hiu cng ging vi f(t).

Tc suy gim tim cn ca ph bin Ph bin cho thy lng (bin ) ca nhiu thnh phn tn s ca f(t). Nu f(t) l hm mn, cc thay i ny t nhanh. Tng hp cc hm ny cn c thnh phn sng sin tn s thp ch o v lng nh cc sng sin thay i nhanh (tn s cao). Ph bin ca cc hm dng ny s gim tc thi theo tn s. tng hp cc hm ny ta ch cn t tha s trong chui Fourier xp x tt tn hiu. Ngc li, tn hiu c dng thay i nhanh, th d c cc bc nhy gin on, cha nhiu thay i nhanh, nn khi tng hp cn lng tng i ln cc thnh phn tn s cao. Ph bin ca cc tn hiu dng ny gim chm theo tn s, v tng hp cc tn hiu ny, ta cn nhiu tha s trong chui Fourier xp x c tt. Sng vung f(t) l hm khng lin tc vi bc nhy gin on, nn ph bin gim hi nhanh, theo 1/n (xem phng trnh 3.61). Mt khc, xung

tun hon tam gic trong hnh 3.9a l hm mn do do hm lin tc (khng c bc nhy gn on). Ph gim nhanh theo tn s vi 1/n2 ( xem phng trnh 3.63). Ta c th chng minh l nu tn hiu tun hon f(t) c (k 1) o hm u tin lin tc v o hm th k l gin on, th ph bin Cn gim theo tn s t nht l vi tc 1/nk+1. iu ny cung cp mt phng php n gin v hu dng d on v tc tim cn ca chui Fourier. Trng hp tn hiu vung (hnh 3.8a), o hm bc zr ca tn hiu (chnh l tn hiu) l khng lin tc, nn k = 0. Trng hp tn hiu tun hon tam gic trong hnh 3.9a, o hm bc nht l khng lin tc; tc l k = 1. Do , ph ca cc tn hiu ny gim ln lt theo 1/n v 1/n2.

Vai tr ca ph pha Quan h gia ph bin v dng sng f(t) tng i r rng. Tuy nhin, quan h gia ph pha v dng sng tn hiu tun hon li khng trc tip nh th. Ph pha cng gia vai tr quan trng trong nh hnh dng tn hiu. C th gii thch vai tr ny thng qua xem xt tn hiu f(t) c thay i nhanh th d nh c bc nhy gin on. tng hp cc thay i tc thi ti cc im gin on, pha ca cc thnh phn sng sin trong ph phi lm cho mi (hay hu ht) cc bin sng hi c cng du trc im gin on v c du ngc li sau im gin on. iu ny lm f(t) thay i hnh dng nhanh ti im gim on. Ta c th kim nghim li iu ny vi mt s dng sng c bc gin on. Th d, xt dng sng tn hiu trong hnh 3.10b. Dng sng ny c gin on ti t =1. Chui Fourier ca dng sng ny c cho trong bi tp E3.6b l

f (t ) =

2A 1 1 1 cos(pt - 90 0 ) + cos( 2pt - 90 0 ) + cos(3pt - 900 ) + cos(4pt - 90 0 ) + L p 2 3 4 (3.68)

Hnh 3.12 v ba thnh phn u ca chui ny. Pha ca mi (v hn) thnh phn lm cho cc bin l dng ngay trc khi t = 1 v chuyn thnh m ngay sau khi t = 1, l im gin on. Tng t, cho im gin on t = - 1. Vic o du trong mi thnh phn sng hi c cng dn to bc nhy gin on. thc hin c thay i t ngt trong dng sng, th ph pha ng vai tr ch yu. Nu ta c ti to tn hiu ny m khng cn bit n ph pha, tn hiu s b xu v b dn ra. Thng ph pha cng quan trng nh ph bin trong nh hnh dng tn hiu. Vic tng hp cc tn hiu f(t) c thc hin dng mt t hp thch hp nht v bin v pha ca nhiu sng sin khc nhau. T hp duy nht ny c gi l ph Fourier ca f(t). Tng hp Fourier cho hm khng lin tc: Hin tng Gibbs. Hnh 3.11 v hm vung f(t) v cc xp x dng chui Fourier lng gic rt gn ch gm cc hi bc n u tin vi n = 1. 3. 5, v 19. th ca chui xp x rt gn cng ging f(t) khi n cng tng, v ta mong mun chui s hi t v ng f(t) khi n . iu ny l do (xem phn 3.3), nng lng ca sai bit gia f(t) v chui Fourier trong mt chu l (nng lng sai s) 0 khi n . iu l l (nh trong hnh 3.11), l ngay khi n ln, chui rt gn cho thy dng iu ca dao ng v c vt l xut hin khi khong 9% ln cn im gin on ti nh dao ng u tin. Bt chp gi tr ca n, vt l vn duy tr mc khong 9%. p ng k l ny xut hin lm mu thun vi kt qu ton hc tm c trong phn 3.3-2, l nng lng sai s 0 khi n . Thc ra, iu c v mu thun ny lm kh x nhiu ngi. Josiad Willard Gibbs chng minh ton hc c v dng iu ny (nay gi l hin tng Gibbs). Ta c th ha gii iu mu thun ny bng cch quan st t hnh 3.11 rng tn s dao ng ca tn hiu c tng hp c gi tr n, nn rng ca gai nhn vi vt l 9% xp x l 1/2n. Khi ta tng n, s lng cc tha s trong chui, th tn s dao ng tng v rng 1/2n ca gai nhn gim i. Khi n , nng lng sai s n 0 do sai s gm hu ht l gai nhn, vi rng 0. Do , khi n , chui Fourier tng ng khc vi f(t) vo khong 9% ti phn ln cn bn phi v bn tri ca im gin on, nn nng lng sai s 0. Khi ta ch dng n tha s u tin trong chui Fourier tng hp tn hiu, ta t ngt kt thc chui, lm n tha s u tin c trng lng l n v v cc thnh phn hi cn li ln hn n c trng lng l zr. Kt thc chui t ngt to hin tng Gibbs khi tng hp cc hm khng lin tc. Phn 4.9 s tho lun k hn v hin tng Gibbs nh vic phn nhnh (ramification) v cch khc phc. Hin tng Gibbs ch xut hin khi c bc nhy gin on trong f(t). Khi tng hp hm lin tc f(t) dng n tha s u tin ca chui Fourier, th hm tng hp tim cn f(t) vi mi t khi n , v khng xut hin hin tng Gibbs. Ch l khng c hin tng Gibbs trong hnh 3.13, khi tng hp tn hiu lin tc dng 19 hi u tin. So snh tnh hung tng t khi tn hiu khng lin tc trong hnh 3.11.

r Bi tp E3.8 Khi xem xt tn hiu trong hnh 3.7b, 3.10a v 3.10b, hy xc nh tc suy gim tim cn ca cc ph bin . p s: 1/n, 1/n2, v 1/n. s 3.5 Chui Fourier dng m

Phn ph lc 3C cho thy tp cc hm m e jnw0t (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ) l trc giao trong khong thi gian T0 = 2p/w0, tc l: 0 m n jmw t jnw t * j ( m - n )w0t dt = (3.69) T0 e 0 e 0 dt = T0 e T0 m = n Hn na, tp ny cn l tp . T phng trnh (3.44) v (3.45) th tn hiu f(t) c th c biu din thnh chui Fourier dng hm m trong khong thi gian T0 giy.

f (t ) =

n = -

D e
n

jnw0t

(3.70)

Vi (xem phng trnh 3.45) 1 (3.71) Dn = f (t )e - jnw0t dt T0 T0 Chui Fourier dng m v c bn l mt dng khc ca chui Fourier lng gic. Cc tn hiu sin vi tn s w c th c vit thnh tng ca hai hm m ejwt v e- jwt. Nh th chui Fourier dng m c dng e jnw0t vi n thay i t - n . Chui Fourier dng m trong phng trnh (3.70) l tun hon vi chu k T0. thy c quan h cht ch vi chui Fourier lng gic, ta tm li chui Fourier dng m t chui Fourier lng gic. Tn hiu sin trong chui lng gic c th c vit thnh tng hai hm m dng cng thc Euler: C C C Cn cos(nw0t + q n ) = n e j ( nw0t +q n ) + e - j ( nw0t +qn ) = n e jqn e jnw0t + n e - jqn e - jnw0t 2 2 2 jnw0t - jnw0t = Dn e + D-n e (3.72) Chui Fourier lng gic dng gn ca tn hiu tun hon f(t) c cho bi:

f (t ) = C0 + Cn cos(nw0t + q n )
n =1

Dng phng trnh (3.72) vo phng trnh trn (cho C0 = D0) ta c

f (t ) = D0 + Dn e jnw0t + D-n e - jnw0t =
n=1 n=1 n= -

D e
n

jnw0t

y chnh xc l phng trnh (3.70) tm c trc y. Ta thy tnh gn (compact) ca cc biu thc (3.70) v (3.71) ri so snh chng vi biu thc tng ng ca chui Fourier lng gic. Hai phng trnh trn r rng chng t u im ca chui Fourier dng m. u tin, dng chui c tnh gn hn. Th hai, biu thc ton hc tm cc h s trong chui cng gn hn. Chui dng m tin hn nhiu so vi chui lng gic. ng thi, kho phn tch h thng, th dng m thch hp hn dng lng gic. Do , ta dng nim chui dng m (thay v chui lng gic) cho phn cn li ca ti liu. Quan h gia h s ca chui lng gic v hm m c trnh by r trong phng trnh (3.72): 1 Dn = Cn e jqn 2 1 (3.73) D-n = C n e - jq n 2 Quan h gia chui lng gic v hm m c trnh by r trong phng trnh (3.71) khi thy e - jwt = cos wt - j sin wt : 1 (3.74) Dn = (an - jbn ) 2 Th d 3.6 Tm chui Fourier dng m ca tn hiu trong hnh 3.7b (th d 3.3). Trng hp ny T0 = p, w0 = 2p/ T0 = 2, v

j (t ) =
Dn =
=

n = -

D e
n

j 2 nt

, vi
p

1 T0

T0

j (t )e - j 2 nt dt =

1 p
p
0

e -t / 2 e - j 2 nt dt =
0,504 1 + j 4n

1 p

e -(1/ 2+ j 2 n ) t dt
(3.75)

-1 -( 1 + j 2 n )t 2 e 1 p ( 2 + j 2n )

j (t ) = 0,504

1 e j 2 nt n = -1 + j 4n j 2t j 4t j 6t 1 1 1 = 0,5041 + e + e + e +L 1 + j8 1 + j12 1 + j4

(3.76a)

1 1 1 e - j 2t + e - j 4t + e - j 6t + L (3.76b) 1 - j4 1 - j8 1 - j12 Quan st thy cc h s Dn l phc. Hn na, Dn v D-n l lin hp (xem phng trnh (3.73). +

3.5-1 Ph Fourier dng m Trong ph hm m, ta v cc h s Dn l hm theo w. Nhng do Dn thng l phc, ta cn v hai th: phn thc v phn o ca Dn, hay bin v gc pha ca Dn. Ta thng dng dng th hai do c quan h cht ch gia bin v pha vi cc thnh phn ny ca chui Fourier lng gic. Do ta v Dn theo w v Dn theo w. iu ny i hi cc h s Dn phi vit theo dng cc Dn e jDn . So snh phng trnh (3.51a) v (3.71) (vi n = 0), ta thy D0 = a0 = C0 (3.77a) Phng trnh (3.73) cho thy, khi f(t) thc, th cp h s Dn v D-n l lin hp, v 1 n0 (3.77b) Dn = D-n = C n 2 Dn = q n v D-n = -q n (3.77c) Do
Dn = Dn e jq
n

D-n = Dn e - jq

(3.77d)

Trong Dn l bin v Dn l gc pha ca nhiu thnh phn hm m. T phng trnh (3.77) ta thy ph bin ( Dn theo w) l hm chn theo w v ph gc ( Dn theo w) l hm l theo w khi f(t) l tn hiu thc. Th d vi chui trong th d 3.6 (phng trnh (3.76b)) D0 = 0,504 0 0,504 D1 = = 0,122e - j 75,96 D1 = 0,122, D1 = -75,960 1 + j4 0 0,504 D-1 = = 0,122e j 75,96 D -1 = 0,122, D-1 = 75,960 1 - j4 v 0 0,504 D2 = = 0,0625e - j 82,87 D2 = 0,0625, D2 = -82,87 0 1 + j8 0 0,504 D-2 = = 0,0625e j 82,87 D-2 = 0,0625, D-2 = 82,87 0 1 - j8 V tip tc. Ch Dn v D-n l lin hp, theo phng trnh (3.77) Hnh 3.14 v ph tn s (bin v gc) ca chui Fourier dng m ca tn hiu tun hon j(t) trong hnh 3.7b. Ta ghi nhn mt s c tnh th v ca cc ph ny. u tin, ph tn ti vi cc gi tr dng v m ca w (tn s). Th hai, bin ph l hm chn theo w, v ph gc l hm l theo w. Cui cng, ta thy quan h cht ch gia cc ph ny vi ph tng ng ca chui Fourier lng gic ca j(t) (hnh 3.7c v d). Tn s m l g? Tn ti ca ph ti cc tn s m c v kh hiu do, t nh ngha th tn s (s ln lp li trong mt giy) l i lng dng. Nh th ti sao ta li dng tn s m? Dng ng thc lng gic, vit sng sin c tn s m ti - w0 l cos(-w0t + q ) = cos w0t - q )

Phng trnh ny ch r l tn s ca sng cos(w0t + q) l w0 , l i lng dng. Ta c cng kt lun khi thy e jw0t = cos w0t sin w0t

Do , tn s ca hm m e jw0t cng l w0 . Nh th ta biu din th ph vi gi tr m ca w nh th no? Mt phng php hp l trong trng hp ny l gi ph hm m l biu din th cc h s Dn l hm theo w. Tn ti ph ti w = - nw0 ch n thun cho thy thnh phn hm m e - jw0t tn ti trong chui. Ta bit l (xem phng trnh 3.72) l sng sin c tn s nw0 c th c biu din theo cp cc hm m e jw0t v e - jw0 t . Phng trnh (3.77) cho thy quan h cht ch gia ph chui lng gic (Cn v qn) vi ph hm m ( Dn v Dn ). Thnh phn dc D0 v C0 ging nhau trong hai dng ph. Hn na, ph bin hm m Dn l phn na ca ph bin lng gic Cn khi n 1. Ph gc ca hm m Dn th ging ht vi ph pha qn khi n 0. Do , ta c th to ph hm m t ph chui lng gic v ngc li. Thi d di y minh hc tnh cht ny. Th d 3.7 Ph ca chui Fourier lng gic ca tn hiu tun hon f(t) v trong hnh 3.15. Bng cch xem xt cc ph ny, v ph ca chui Fourier m tng ng v kim nghim li kt qu. Thnh phn ph lng gic hin din ti cc tn s 0, 3, 6 v 9. Thnh phn ph m xut hin ti cc tn s 0, 3, 6, 9 v 3, 6, 9. Ta xt ph bin trc, thnh phn dc gi khng i, tc l D0 = C0 =16. Do Dn l hm chn theo w v

Dn = D-n =Cn/2. Do , mi ph cn li ca Dn v n dng l phn na ca ph bin

 lng gic Cn, v ph Dn khi n m l phn phn chiu ca ph khi n dng qua trc dc, nh v trong hnh 3.15b.

Ph gc Dn = q n khi n dng v l qn khi n m, c v trong hnh 3.15b. Ta tip tc kim tra xem ti sao hai tp ph ny biu din c cng tn hiu. Tn hiu f(t) c ph lng gic c v trong hnh 3.15a, c bn thnh phn ph tn s ti 0, 3, 6, v 9. Thnh phn dc l 16. Thnh phn bin v pha ca tn s 3 ln lt l 12 v p/4. Do , thnh phn c c vit thnh 12 cos(3t - p / 4) . Tip tc dng cch ny, ta vit c chui Fourier ca f(t) thnh f (t ) = 16 + 12 cos(3t - p / 4) + 8cod (6t - p / 2) + 4 cos(9t - p / 4) Tip tc xt chui hm m trong hnh 3.15b, vi cc thnh phn ti tn s 0 (dc), 3, 6, v 9. Thnh phn dc l D0 =16. Thnh phn e j 3t (tn s 3) c bin l 6 v gc l p/4. Do , cng ca thnh phn l 6e - jp / 4 , v c vit thnh 6e - jp / 4 e - j 3t . Tng t, thnh phn ti tn s 3 l 6e jp / 4 e - j 3t . Tip tc vi phng php ny, ta c (t ) , tn hiu tng ng vi ph trong hnh 3.15b l: f

(t ) = 16 + [6e - j 4 t e j 3t + 6e j 4 t e - j 3t ] + [4e - j 2 t e j 6t + 4e j 2 t e - j 6t ] + [2e - j 4 t e j 9t + 2e j 4 t e - j 9t ] f +e ] + 4[ e +e ] + 2[e +e p p p 16 + 12 cos 3t - + 8 cos 6t - + 4 cos 9t - 4 2 4 R rng hai tp ph biu din dng mt tn hiu tun hon. = 16 + 6[e
p j ( 3t - ) 4 p - j ( 3t - ) 4 p j ( 6t - ) 2 p - j (6t - ) 2 p j (9t - ) 4 p - j (9t - ) 4

Bng thng ca tn hiu Sai bit gia cc tn s cao nht v thp nht ca cc thnh phn ph ca tn hiu c gi l bng thng ca tn hiu. Bng thng ca tn hiu c ph hm m v trong hnh 3.15b l 9 (tnh theo radian). Tn s cao nht v thp nht ln lt l 9 v 0. Ch l thnh phn tn s 12 c bin l zr v khng tn ti. Hn na, tn s thp nht l 0, khng phi l 9. Nhc li l cc tn s (theo ngha truyn thng) ca thnh phn ph ti w = 3, 6 v 9 trong thc t l 3, 6 v 9. Bng thng c th thy c t ph lng gic trong hnh 3.15a. Th d 3.8 Tm chui Fourier m v v ph tng ng cho chui xung d T0 (t ) v trong hnh 3.16a. T kt qu ny v ph lng gic ri bit biu thc chui Fourier lng gic cho d T0 (t ) . Chui Fourier m cho bi 2p (3.78) d T0 (t ) = Dn e jnw0t w0 = T0 n = - Trong 1 Dn = d T0 (t )e - jnw0t dt T0 T0
-T T Chn khong ly tch phn l 0 , 0 v ghi nhn l trong khong ny dT0 (t ) = d (t ) , 2 2 1 T0 / 2 Dn = d (t )e - jnw0t dt T0 -T0 / 2 Trong tch phn ny, xung v tr t = 0. Theo c tnh ly mu (1.24a), tch phn bn v phi c gi tr e - jnw0t ti t = 0 (v tr ca xung). Do 1 (3.79) Dn = T0 Th gi tr ny vo phng trnh (3.78), ta c chui Fourier dng m

1 jnw0t 2p (3.80) e w0 = T0 n=- T0 Phng trnh (3.79) cho thy ph hm m l ng u (Dn = 1/T0) vi mi tn s, c v trong hnh 3.16b. Ph l thc, ch cn v bin . Cc pha u l zr. v ph lng gic, ta dng phng trnh (3.77) c

d T0 (t ) =

C0 = D0 =

1 T0
2 T0

Cn = 2 Dn =

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

qn = 0

Hnh 3.16c v chui Fourier lng gic. T chui ny ta c th biu din d T0 (t ) thnh

d T0 (t ) =

1 [1 + 2( cos w0t + cos 2w0t + cos 3w0t + L)] T0

w0 =

2p T0

(3.81)

r Bi tp E3.9 Ph Fourier m ca mt s tn hiu tun hon f(t) c v trong hnh 3.17. Xc nh v v ph Fourier lng gic ca f(t) qua xem xt hnh 3.17. Vit chui Fourier lng gic dng gn ca f(t). p p p s f (t ) = 4 + 6 cos(3t - p s 6 ) + 2 cos(6t - 4 ) + 4 cos(9t - 2 ) r Bi tp E3.10 Tm chui Fourier v v ph Fourier Dn theo w ca tn hiu sin c nn ton k v trong hnh 3.18. 2 1 p s f (t ) = s e j 2 nt 2 p n=-1 - 4n

nh l Parseval Chui Fourier lng gic ca tn hiu tun hon f(t) l

f (t ) = C0 + Cn cos(nw0t + q n )
n=1

Mi tha s bn v phi phng trnh l tn hiu nng lng. Hn na, tt c cc thnh phn Fourier bm v phi l trc giao trong mt chu k. Do , cng sut ca f(t) bng vi tng cng sut ca tt c cc thnh phn sin bn v phi. Th d 1.2 cho thy cng sut ca tng cc sng sin th bng vi tng cng sut ca tt c sng sin. Hn na, cng sut ca sng sin c bin Cn l Cn2/2 bp chp gi tr ca cc pha tn s, v cng sut ca tha s dc C0 l C02. Vy cng sut ca f(t) l
2 Pf = C02 + C n n=1

(3.82)

Kt qu ny cho ta mt dng khc ca phng trnh (3.42), c gi l nh l Parseval (cho chui Fourier), v khng nh l cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon bng vi tng ca cng ca ca cc thnh phn Fourier ca chng. Ta c th p ng cng phng php ny cho chui Fourier m, cng c to nn t cc thnh phn trc giao. Do , cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon f(t) c th c biu din thnh tng cng sut ca cc thnh phn m. Trong phng trnh (1.5d), ta chng minh l cng sut ca hm m De jw0t l D 2 . Dng kt qu ny ta c th biu din cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon f(t) theo cc h s chui Fourier dng m l
Pf =
n= -

(3.83a)

Khi tn hiu f(t) thc, D-n = Dn , do

Pf = D02 + 2 Dn
n=1 2

(3.83b)

 Th d 3.9 Tn hiu vo ca mch khuch i m thanh c li 100 c dng x(t) = 0,1cosw0t. Do , ng ra l 10cosw0t. Tuy nhin, b khuch i l phi tuyn ti mc bin cao, xn mi tn hiu mc 8 vn nh v trong hnh 3.19a. Ta s xc nh cc sng hu do mo gy ra khi hot ng. Ng ra y(t) l tn hiu b xn trong hnh 3.19a. Tn hiu mo yd(t), v trong hnh 3.19b, l sai bit gia tn hiu khng mo 10cosw0t v tn hiu ra y(t). Tn hiu yd(t) c chu k T0 [ging nh ca y(t)] c th c m t trong mt chu k l
10 cos w0t - 8 t 0,1024T0 T0 yd (t ) = 10 cos w0t + 8 2 - 0,1024T0 t T20 + 0,1024T0 0 cc _ gi _ tri _ khc Quan st thy yd(t) l hm chn theo t, c tr trung bnh l zr. Hn na bn = 0, v Cn = an . Do , chui Fourier l

yd (t ) = Cn cos nw0t
n=1

Thng thng, ta c th tnh cc h s Cn (bng vi an) bng cch ly tch phn yd (t ) cos nw0t trong mt chu k (ri chia cho 2/T0). Do yd(t) c tnh i xng, ta tm an bng cch ly tch phn biu thc ch trong na chu k dng phng trnh (3.66). Php c lng xp x tch phn ny l ( n +1)] ( n -1)] sin( 0 , 6435n ) 20 sin[ 0,6435 + sin[ 0,6435 - 32 n _ chan n+1 n-1 p n Cn = p 0 n _ le Tnh cc h s C1, C2, C3, . . . t biu thc ny, ta vit c yd (t ) - 1,04 cos w0t + 0,733 cos 3w0t + 0,311 cos 5w0t + L

Tnh cc hi do mo Trong trng hp ny, ta c th tnh s lng mo ca tn hiu ra bng cch tnh cng sut ca thnh phn mo yd(t). Do yd(t) l hm chn theo t v do cng sut trong na chu k l ging vi cng sut ca bn k th hai, ta c th tnh cng sut bng cch ly trung bnh nng lng trong mt phn t chu k. Do , 1 T0 / 2 2 1 T0 / 4 2 4 0,1024T0 Pyd = yd (t )dt = y ( t ) dt = (10 cos w0t - 8) 2dt =0,865 d T / 2 0 0 T0 0 T0 / 4 T0 Cn sut ca tn hiu mong mun 10cosw0t l (10)2/2. Do , hi do mo tng l 0,865 Dtot = x100 = 1,73% 50 Cc cng sut ca thnh phn hi bc mt v bc ba ca yd(t) l (1,04)2/2 = 0,5408 v (0,726)2/2 = 0,235. Do , thnh phn mo hi bc mt v bc ba l 0,5408 0,2635 D1 = x100 = 1,08% v D3 = x100 = 0,527% 50 50

3.6 Tnh ton Dn Ta c th tnh Dn dng phng php s vi DFT (bin i Fourier ri rc trong phn 5.2), dng cc mu ca tn hiu tun hon f(t) trong mt chu k. Thi gian ly mu l T giy. Do , ta c N0 = T0/T l s mu trong mt chu k T0. tm quan h gia Dn v s mu ca f(t), xt phng trnh (3.71) 1 1 N 0 -1 1 N0 -1 Dn = f (t )e - jnw0t = lim f (kT )e - jnw0kT T = lim f (kT )e - jnW0k (3.84) T 0 T T 0 N T0 T0 0 k =0 0 k =0 Trong f(kT) l mu th k ca f(t) v T 2p (3.85) N 0 = 0 , W 0 = w0T = T N0 Trong thc t, khng th lm cho T 0 khi tnh ton v phi ca phng trnh (3.84). Ta c th lm T nh, nhng khng l zr, iu lm cho d liu tng khng gii hn. Vy, ta nn b qua gii hn ca T trong phng trnh (3.84) vi ngm hiu l T l nh mt cch hp l. Gi tr T khc khng to sai s tnh ton, l iu khng trnh c khi tnh ton s tch phn. Sai s do T khc zr c g l sai s trm ph (aliasing error), s c tho lun chi tit trong chng 5. Do , ta c th vit (3.84) thnh 1 N 0 -1 Dn = f (kT )e - jnW0k (3.86a) N 0 k =0 T phng trnh (3.85), W0N0 = 2p. Do , e jnW0 ( k + N0 ) = e jnW0k v t phng trnh (3.86a), ta c Dn+No = Dn (3,86b) R rng, ph Fourier Dn lp li theo chu l N0, lm ph b trng lp khi chu k c lp li. hiu c bn cht ca trng lp ny, xem hnh 5.12f. Thng thng, Dn gim theo n v vic trng ph do vic lp li c chu k s c nh hng khng ng k nu ta dng N0 (chu k) ln. Chu k u giao vi chu k th hai ti n = N0/2. Do , trng lp khng ng k nu cho Dn rt nh vi n N0/2. Do tnh chu k ca Dn, ta ch cn tnh Dn vi N0 gi tr trong tm n = N0/2 n N0/2 1. Tuy nhin, dng DFT (hay FFT) tnh Dn vi n = 0 n N0 1. c tnh tun hon Dn+No = Dn c ngha l, bn ngoi gi tr n = N0/2, cc h s biu din cc gi tr n m. Th d, khi N0 = 32, D17 = D 15, D17 = D14, . . . , D31 = D 1. Chu k lp li t n = 32. Ta c th dng php tnh FFT (bin i Fourier nhanh tho lun trong phn 5.3) tnh v phi ca phng trnh trn. Ta nn dng MATLAB thit lp thut ton FFT. Nhm mc ch ny, ta cn ly mu f(t) trong mt chu k bt u t t = 0. Trong thut ton ny, nn cho N0 theo dng ly tha bc 2, tc l N0 = 2m, vi m l s nguyn (mc d c th khng cn thit). . Th d dng my tnh C3.1 Tnh ton v v ph lng gic v ph m cho tn hiu tun hon trong hnh 3.7b (th d 3.3). Cc mu ca f(t) bt u t t = 0 v mu cui (th N0) ti t = T0 T (mu cui khng phi ti t = T0 do mu ti t = 0 ging ht mu ti t = T0, v chu k k bt u ti t = T0). Ti im gin on, gi tr mu c ly t trung bnh cc gi tr hm hai bn im

gin ;on. Do , trong trng hp hin ti, mu th nht (ti t = 0) khng phi ti 1, nhng (e p/2 +1)/2 = 0,604. xc nh N0, ta cn gi tr Dn c th b qua c vi n N0/2. Do f(t) c bc nhy gin on, Dn gim chm theo 1/n. Do , chn N0 = 200 l chp nhn c do(N0/2) c hi th 100 vo khong 0,01 (vo khong 1%) so vi thnh phn c bn. Tuy nhin, ta cng cn N0 theo dng m ly tha 2. Do , ta nn chn N 0 = 256 = 28 . Ta vit v lu tr file MATLAB (hay chng trnh) c31.m tnh v v cc h s Fourier m. %(c31.m) % M l s h s cn tnh T0 = pi; N0 = 256; T = T0/N0; M =10; t = 0:T:T*(N0 1); t = t; f = exp(-t/2); f(1) = 0,604; %fft(f) l php tnh FFT [ tng v phi ca phng trnh (3.86)] Dn = fft(f)/N0 [Dnangle, Dnmag]=cart2pol(real(Dn),imag(Dn)); k = 0:length(Dn) 1; k = k; subplot(211), stem(k,Dnmag) subplot(212), stem(k,Dnangle) ans =

Amplitudes 0.5043 0.2446 0.1251 0.837 0.0503 0.0419 0.0359 0.0314 0.0279 3.6

Angles 0 - 75.9622 - 82.8719 - 86.4175 - 87.1299 - 87.6048 - 87.9437 - 88.1977 - 88.3949

p ng ca h LT TT BB vi ng vo tun hon Tn hiu tun hon c th c biu din thnh tng ca cc hm m (hay sin) khng dng. Ta cng bit c phng php tm p ng ca h thng LT TT BB i vi ng vo l hm m khng dng. T thng tin ny ta sn sng xc nh p ng ca h thng LT TT BB vi ng vo tun hon. Mt tn hiu tun hon f(t) vi chu k T0 c th vit thnh chui Fourier m

f (t ) =

n = -

D e
n

jnw0t

w0 =

2p T0

Trong phn 2.4-3, ta chng t l p ng ca h thng LT TT BB c hm truyn H(s) khi ng vo l tn hiu hm m khng dng est cng l hm m khng dng H(s)est. Do , p ng ca h thng vi hm m khng dng ejwt l hm m khng dng H(jw)ejwt. Cp vo ra c th vit thnh e j wt H ( j w ) e j w t Ng vo ] Ng ra Do , t tnh tuyn tnh
n = -

Dn e jw0t

n = -

D H ( jw ) e w
j n 0

0t

Ng vo f(t) ] Ng ra y(t) (3.87) p ng y(t) tm c c dng chui Fourier m, v do l tn hiu tun hon c cng chu k vi ng vo. Ta s chng minh tnh hu dng ca cc kt qu ny t th d sau Th d 3.9 B nn in ton k (hnh 3.20a) c dng c tn hiu dc t sng sint. Tn hiu nn in l f(t), v trong hnh 3.18, c cho qua mch lc thng thp RC, nhm loi cc thnh phn thay i theo thi gian v c c thnh phn dc vi mt s nhp nh cn st li. Tm ng ra ca b lc y(t). Tm bin ng ra dc, v tr rms ca in p nhp nh.

u tin, ta tm chui Fourier ca tn hiu nn in f(t), c chu k T0 = p. Do , w0 = 2, v

f (t ) =
n = -

D e
n

j 2 nt

, trong

Dn =
Do :

1 p

sin te - j 2 nt dt =

2 p (1 - 4n 2 )

(3.88)

e j 2 nt ) n= - Tip n, ta tm hm truyn ca mch lc RC trong hnh 3.20. Mch lc ny ging ht mch RC trong th d 1.11 (hnh 1.32) vi phng trnh vi phn m t quan h ca ng ra (in p qua t) vi ng vo f(t) cho bi phng trnh (1.60) l (3D + 1) y(t) =f(t) Hm truyn H(s) ca h ny tm t phng trnh (2.50) l 1 v H ( s) = 3s + 1 1 (3.89) H ( jw ) = 3 jw + 1 T phng trnh (3.87), ng ra y(t) c th vit thnh (vi w0 =2)
2

f (t ) =

p (1 - 4n

y (t ) =

n= -

Dn H ( jnw0t )e jnw0t = Dn H ( j 2nt )e j 2 nt

n= -

Thay Dn v H(j2n) t phng trnh (3.88) v (3.89) vo phng trnh trn, ta c 2 (3.90) y (t ) = e j 2 nt 2 p ( 1 4 n )( j 6 n + 1 ) n= - Ch l ng ra y(t) cng l tn hiu tun hon do chui Fourier m bn v phi. Ng ra c th tnh ton s hc t phng trnh trn v v trong hnh 3.20b. Cc h s ca chui Fourier ng ra tng ng vi n = 0 l thnh phn dc ca ng ra, c gi tr l 2/p. Cc tha s cn li ca chui Fourier bo gm cc thnh phn khng mong mun c gi l nhp nh. Ta c th xc nh c gi tr rms ca in p nhp nh bng cch tnh cng sut ca thnh phn nhp nh dng cng thc (3.83). Cng sut ca nhp nh l cng sut ca mi thnh phn tr thnh phn dc (n =0). Ch l , h s ca chui Fourier m ca ng ra y(t) l D n 2 = D n 2 p (1 - 4n )( j 6n + 1) Do , t phng trnh (3.83b), ta c
2 8 1 Pripple = 2 Dn = 2 = 2 2 2 2 p n=1 (1 - 4n ) (36n 2 + 1) n=1 n =1 p (1 - 4n )( j 6n + 1) Tnh ton s hc v phi phng trnh, ta c Pripple = 0,0025 v tr rms ca nhp nh l = Pripple = 0,05
2 2

iu ny cho thy in p nhp nh l 5% ca bin sng vo.

Ti sao phi dng hm m Chui Fourier m ng l mt phng php khc biu din chui Fourier lng gic (hay ngc li). Hai dng ny mang n cng mt thng tin, khng hn, khng km. L do v vic dng m c u chung hn c cp: do dang m gn hn, p ng ca h thng vi tn hiu m cng n gin (gn hn) so vi p ng vi tn hiu sin. Hn na, x l ton hc ca dng m cho thy d hn so vi dng lng gic trong lnh vc tn hiu cng nh h thng. Do , trong cc phn tip theo, ta ch dng dng m thi. Nhc im nh ca dng m l ta khng d dng quan st nh trong dng sng sin. hiu c mt cch trc gic v nh tnh, th phng php sng sin c u im hn. May mn l kh khn ny c th c khc phc nh quan h cht ch gia hm m v ph Fourier. phn tch ton hc, ta nn tip tc dng tn hiu v ph dang m, nhng hiu cc tnh hung vt l mt cch trc gic v nh tnh, ta nn dng tn hiu v ph sin. Do , trong phn tho lun tip theo, ta dng dng m khi x l ton hc, v khi tm hiu trc gic hay nh tnh, ta thay i vi cch dng dng tn hiu sin. y l iu quan trng; c gi nn c lm quen vi c hai dng ny, quan h cng nh tnh chuyn i qua li ca chng. Hai tnh cch i ngu ca tn hiu Tho lun trc y cho thy tn hiu tun hon c hai tnh cch i ngu trong min thi gian v trong min tn s. Tn hiu c th c biu din dng dng sng hay bng ph Fourier. M t trong min thi gian v min tn s cung cp cc hiu bit b tr nhau v tn hiu. hiu r tn hiu, ta cn hiu c hai tnh cht ny. Cc c gi cn tm hiu suy ngh v tn hiu theo hai hng ny. Trong chng tip, ta s thy l tn hiu khng tun hon cng c hai tnh cch ny. Hn na, ta s chng minh c ngay c h LT TT BB cng c hai tnh cch i ngu ny, nhm gip hiu bit tt hn v p ng ca h thng. Hn ch ca phng php phn tch dng chui Fourier Ta pht trin phng php biu din tn hiu tun hon nh l tng (weighted sum) ca cc hm m khng dng vi tn s nm dc theo trc jw trong mt phng s. Cch biu din dng chui Fourier ny c gi tr trong nhiu ng dng. Tuy nhin, phng php li gp nhiu hn ch khi c dng phn tch h thng tuyn tnh, do: 1. Chui Fourier ch c th dng cho tn hiu c cc ng vo tun hon. Tt c cc ng vo trong thc t l khng tun hon. (xin nh l tnh hiu tun hon bt u ti thi im t = - ). 2. K thut ny ch dng c khi h thng l n nh tim cn. Khng dng d dng khi h thng khng n nh hay bin n nh. Hn ch u c th khc phc bng cch biu din tn hiu khng tun hon thnh hm m khng dng. Cch biu din ny c thc hin dng tch phn Fourier, c xem l dng m rng ca chui Fourier. Ta bn xem chui Fourier l bc u pht trin tch phn Fourier trong chng sau. Hn ch th hai c khc phc dng hm m est trong s khng b gii hn nm trn trc o, m c gi tr phc bt k. iu tng qut ha ny dn n tch phn Laplace, s c tho lun trong chng 6 (bin i Laplace).

3.8 Ph chng Ph chng 3A: Tm phng trnh (3.39) Sai s e(t) trong php xp x (3.37) l

e(t ) = f (t ) - cn xn (t )
n =1

(3.91)
2

Nng lng sai s Ee l

N Ee = e (t )dt = f (t ) - cn xn (t ) dt (3.92) t1 t1 n=1 Do Ee l hm theo N tham s c1, c2, . . ., cN, nn ti thiu ha Ee, cn iu kin t2 2 t2

N Ee t2 (3.93) = f ( t ) cn xn (t ) dt = 0 i = 1,2, L , N t 1 ci ci n=1 Khi khai trin tch phn, ta thy mi tha s nhn cho (cross-product) xut hin trong cc tn hiu trc giao l zer do tnh trc giao; tc l mi tha s c dng xm (t ) xn (t )dt

trit tiu vi mi m n. Tng t, o hm theo ci ca cc tha s c cha ci u l zr. Vi tng ch s i, quan st ny ch c hai tha s khc khng trong phng trnh (3.93) t2 - 2ci f (t ) x i (t ) + ci2 xi2 (t ) dt = 0 t 1 ci

- 2 f (t ) x i (t )dt + -2ci xi2 (t )dt = 0

t1 t1

t2

t2

i = 1,2, L , n

Do
ci

t2

t1

f (t ) x i (t )dt
t2 t1

x (t )dt
2

2 i

1 Ei

t2

t1

f (t ) x i (t )dt

i = 1,2, L , N

(3.94)

Tm phng trnh (3.40)

N N N t2 t t2 2 2 2 2 Ee = f (t ) - cn xn (t ) dt = f (t )dt + cn x ( t ) dt 2 cn f (t ) xn (t )dt n t1 t1 t1 t1 n =1 n=1 n=1 Thay phng trnh (3.36) v (3.94) vo phng trnh ny, ta c t2

2 2 2 Ee = f (t )dt + cn E n - 2 c n En = f (t )dt - cn En t2
2

t2

t1

n =1

n =1

t1

(3.95)

n=1

Khi N ca tp y , Ee 0, v nng lng ca f(t) bng vi tng nng lng ca mi thnh phn trc giao c1x1(t), c2x2(t), c3x3(t), . . . . Ph chng 3B: Tnh trc giao ca tp tn hiu lng gic Xt tch phn I c nh ngha l I = cos nw0t cos mw0tdt
T0

(3.96a)

Vi

T0

l tch phn trong khong lin k bt k T0 giy. Dng hng ng thc lng

gic (xem phn B.7-6), phng trnh (3.96a) vit li thnh

1 cos(n + m)w0tdt + cos(n - m)w0tdt (3.96b) T0 T0 2 Do cosw0t thc hin mt chu k y vi mi khongT0, cos(n+m)w0t thc hin (m+n) chu k y vi mi khongT0. Do , tch phn u tin trong phng trnh (3.96b), biu din phn din tch trong (m+n) chu k sng sin, bng zr. Tng t, tch phn th hai trong phng trnh (3.96b) cng bng zr, tr khi n = m. Do , I trong phng trnh (3.96) l zr vi mi m n, tch phn th nht vn l zr, cn tch phn th hai l 1 T I = dt = 0 , vy T 2 0 2 nm 0 (3.97a) T0 T0 cos nw0t cos mw0t = 2 n=m0 Tng t: nm 0 (3.97b) T0 T0 sin nw0t sin mw0t = 2 n=m0 v (3.97c) sin nw0t cos mw0t 0 vi mi n v m I=
T0

Ph chng 3C: Tnh trc giao ca tp tn hiu m Tp hm m e jnw0t (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ) l trc giao trong khong T0 bt k, tc l: 0 m n jmw t jnw t * j ( m - n ) w0 t dt = (3.98) T0e 0 e 0 dt = T0e T0 m = n Gi tch phn bn vp tri ca (3.98) l I.

I = e jmw0t e jnw0t dt = e j ( m-n )w0t dt

* T0 T0

(3.99)

Trng hp m = n l t quan trng. Trong trng hp ny hm di du tch phn l n v, v I = T0. Khi m n: t1 +T0 1 1 I= e j ( m - n ) w0 t = e j ( m-n )w0t1{e j ( m-n )w0T0 - 1} = 0 t 1 j (m - n)w0 j (m - n)w0 Kt qu sau cng cho thy l w0T0 = 2p, v ej2pk = 1 vi mi gi tr tch phn ca k.

3.9 Tm tt Chng ny tho lun v c s biu din tn hiu theo cc thnh phn ca chng. C mt s tng ng hon ho gia nim v vect v tn hiu; tnh tng ng ny mnh n khi ni n tn hiu ging vect th thc ra, tn hiu l vect. Tch trong hay tch v hng l phn din tch ca tch hai vect. Khi tch v hng ca hai tn hiu (thc) l zr, th hai tn hiu ny trc giao. Tn hiu f(t) c thnh phn cx(t), trong c l tch trong ca f(t) v x(t) chia cho Ex, nng lng ca x(t). Mt o lng tt cho tnh tng ng ca hai tn hiu f(t) v x(t) l h s tng quan cn, chnh l tch trong ca f(t) v x(t) chia cho E f E x , vi - 1 cn 1 . Tng ng ln nht (cn =1) ch xut hin khi hai tn hiu c cng dng sng cch nhau trong khong hng s nhn (dng), tc l f(t) = Kx(t). Khng tng ng ln nht khi (cn = 1) ch xut hin khi f(t) = Kx(t). Tng ng l zr (cn = 0) xut hin khi cc tn hiu trc giao. Trong thng tin nh phn, khi ta cn phn bit hai dng sng bit trong s hin din ca nhiu v mo dng, vic la chn hai dng sng dng tnh khng tng ng ln nht (cn = 1) cho php ta phn bit c ti a. Ging nh vic c th biu din thnh tng cc thnh phn trc giao trong khng gian vect trc giao y , th mt tn hiu cng c biu din thnh tng cc thnh phn trc giao trong khng gian tn hiu trc giao y . Php biu din ny c gi l cch biu din theo chui Fourier tng qut. Mt vect c th biu din thnh cc thnh phn trc giao theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau. Tng t, tn hiu cng c biu din theo nhiu tp tn hiu trc giao khc nhau, th d nh tp tn hiu lng gic b tp tn hiu hm m. Ta chng minh l chui Fourier lng gic v hm m l tun hon vi chu k bng vi chu k c bn ca tp. Trong chng ny, ta chng minh l tn hiu tun hon c th c biu din thnh tng cc hm sin hay m (khng dng). Nu tn s ca tn hiu tun hon l w0, th c th vit tn hiu thnh tng ca cc sng sin c tn s w0 v cc hi (trong chui Fourier lng gic). Ta c th ti to tn hiu tun hon t hiu bit v bin v pha ca cc thnh phn sng sin (ph bin v ph pha). Nu tn hiu tun hon l i xng chn, chui Fourier ch cha cc thnh phn cosin. Ngc li, nu tn hiu c tnh tun hon l, th chui Fourier ch cha thnh phn sin. Khi tn hiu c bc nhy gin on, th hiu l khng mn v cn c cc thnh phn tn s cao tng hp c bc nhy. Do , cc ph bin gim chm theo tn s vi gi tr 1/n. Nu tn hiu khng c bc nhy gin on, nhng o hm bc nht c bc nhy gin on, th tn hiu mn hn, v ph bin gim nhanh hn theo 1/n2. Khi tn hiu khng c o hm bc mt l bc nhy gin on nhng o hm bc hai c bc nhy gin on, th tn hiu mn hn na, v ph bin gim nhanh hn theo 1/n3, v tip tc, Tn hiu sin c th vit theo tha s hm m. DO , chui Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon cn c th biu din thnh tng cc hm m (chui Fourier m). Dng m ca chui Fourier v cc biu thc cho h s chui cn gn hn so vi trng hp chui lng gic. ng thi, p ng ca h LT TT BB vi ng vo l hm m cng n gin hn so vi ng vo sin. Hn na, dng m cn cho php d x l ton hc hn so vi dng lng gic. Do , dang m c a chung hn trong lnh vc tn hiu v h thng hin i.

V th bin v gc ca cc thnh phn hm m cui chui Fourier theo tn s c gi l ph Fourier (ph bin v ph gc) ca tn hiu. Do hm cosw0t c th vit thnh tng ca hai hm m, e jw0t v e - jw0t , cc tn s trong ph hm m c tn t n . T nh ngha, tn s ca tn hiu l i lng dng. S hin din ca cc thnh phn ph vi tn s m nw0 n thun ch cho thy chui Fourier cha cc tha s c dng e - jw0t . Ph ca chui Fourier lng gic v m c quan h rt cht ch, c th tm c dng ny t thng tin ca dang kia. Cc h s Cn v Dn ca chui Fourier c th c tnh ton s hc dng bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT), c th c thit lp bng thut ton FFT (bin i Fourier nhanh). Phng php ny dng N0 mu ng u ca f(t) trong mt chu k, bt u t t = 0. Trong hnh 3.7, ta tho lun v phng php tm p ng ca h LT TT BB vi tn hiu tun hon vo. Ng vo tun hon c biu din thnh chui Fourier m, gm cc thnh phn hm m khng dng e jnw0t . Ta cng bit l p ng ca h LT TT BB vi hm m khng dng vo l H(jnw0) e jnw0t . p ng h thng l tng ca tng p ng h thng vi mi thnh phn m ca chui Fourier ti ng vo. Do , p ng cn l tn hiu tun hon vi cng chu k ca ng vo. Tham kho 1. Lathi, B.P,, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 2nd Ed., Holt. Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1989. 2. Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1937. 3. Durand, Will and Ariel, The Age of Napoleon, History of Cilivization, Part XI, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1975. 4. Calinger, R., 4th Ed., Classics of Mathematics, Moore Publishing Co., Oak Park, II., 1982. 5. Lanczos, C., Discourse on Fourier Series, Oliver Boyd Ltd., London, 1966. 6. Walker, P.L., The Theory of Fourier Series and Integrals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1966. 7. Churchill. R. V., and J. W. Brown, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Ploblems, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978. 8. Guillemin, E. A., Theory of Linear Physical Systems, Wiley, New York, 1963. 9. Gibbs, W. J., Nature, vol 59, p.606. April 1899. 10. Bcher, M. J., Annals of Mathematics (2), vol. 7. 1906. 11. Carslaw, H. S., Bulletin, American Mathematical Society, vol. 31. pp. 420-424, Oct. 1925.

Bi tp
3.1-1 Tm phng trnh (3.6) bng phng php khc vi quan sa t l e = (f - cx) v 2 2 2 e = ( f - cx).( f - cx) = f + c 2 x = 2cf .x Hng dn: Tm gi tr ca c ti thiu ha e 3.1-2 (a) Vi tn hiu f(t) v x(t) v trong hnh P3.1-2, tm thnh phn c dng x(t) cha trong f(t). Ni cch khc l tm gi tr ti u ca c trong php xp x f(t) cx(t) ti thiu ha nng lng tn hiu. (b) Tn tn hiu sai s e(t) v nng lng Ee tng ng. Chng t l tn hiu sai s trc giao vi x(t), v Ef = c2Ex + Ee. Gii thch kt qu dng nim vect.
2

3.1-3 Vi tn hiu f(t) v x(t) v trong hnh P3.1-2, tm thnh phn c dng f(t) cha trong x(t). Ni cch khc l tm gi tr ti u ca c trong php xp x x(t) cf(t) ti thiu ha nng lng tn hiu. Tm nng lng ca tn hiu sai s. 3.1-4 Lm li bi tp 3.1-2 khi x(t) l sng sin v trong hnh P3.1-4.

3.1-5 Nu x(t) v y(t) trc giao nhau, chng t nng lng ca tn hiu x(t) + y(t) ging ht nng lng ca tn hiu x(t) - y(t) v cho bi Ex + Ey. Gii thch kt qu dng nim vect. Tng qut hn, hy chng t l tn hiu trc giao x(t) v y(t) v vi cp hng s bt k c1 v c2, v nng lng ca c1x(t) + c2y(t) ging ht trng 2 hp c1x(t) - c2y(t), v cho bi c12 E x + c2 Ey .

3.2-1 Tm h s tng quan cn ca tn hiu x(t) v vi tng xung f1(t), f2(t), f3(t) v f4(t) v trong hnh P3.2-1. Cho bit bn s chn cp xung no trong thng tin nh phn nhm cung cp ngng chng nhiu ln nht trong ng truyn? 3.3-1 Cho x1(t) v x2(t) l hai tn hiu trc giao (tc l c cc nng lng l n v) trong khong t t = t1 n t2. Xt tn hiu f(t) vi f (t) = c1x1(t) + c2x2(t) t1 t t2 Tn hiu ny c biu din bng vect hai chiu f(c1, c2). (a) Xc nh vect biu din su tn hiu sau trong khng gian vect hai chiu: (i) f1 (t ) = 2 x1 (t ) - x2 (t ) (iv) f 4 (t ) = x1 (t ) + 2 x2 (t ) (ii) f 2 (t ) = - x1 (t ) + 2 x2 (t ) (v) f 5 (t ) = 2 x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) (iii) f1 (t ) = 2 x1 (t ) - x2 (t ) (vi) f 6 (t ) = 3 x1 (t ) (b) Cho bit cp cc vect trc giao tng h trong su vect trn. Chng t l cp cc tn hiu tng ng vi cc vect trc giao cng trc giao. 3.4-1 (a) V tn hiu f (t ) = t 2 vi mi t v tm chui Fourier lng gic j (t ) biu din f (t ) trong khong ( - 1, 1). (b) V j (t ) vi mi gi tr ca t.

3.4-2 (a) V tn hiu f (t ) = t vi mi t v tm chui Fourier lng gic j (t ) biu din f (t ) trong khong ( - p, p). (b) V j (t ) vi mi gi tr ca t.

3.4-3 Vi tng tn hiu tun hon v trong hnh P4.4-3, tm chui Fourier lng gic dng gn v v ph bin v ph pha. Khi thiu cc tha s sin hay cosin trong chui Fourier, hy gii thch ti sao?

3.4-4 (a) Tm chui Fourier lng gic ca x(t) v trong hnh P3.3-1 (b) Tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu nghch theo thi gian ca j (t ) trong hnh 3.7b. Do , x (t ) = j (-t ) . Vy c th tm chui Fourier ca x(t) bng cch thay t bng - t trong chui Fourier (phng trnh 3.56) ca j (t ) . Kim nghim l chui Fourier c c ging vi chui trong phn (a) (c) Chng t l thng th nghch theo thi gian ca tn hiu tun hon khng gy nh hng n ph bin v ph pha khng khng thay i tr vic o du.

3.4-5 (a) Tm chui Fourier lng gic ca tn hiu tun hon x(t) v trong hnh P3.4-5. (b) Tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu j (t ) c nn theo thi gian vi h s 2 v trong hnh 3.7b. Nh th x (t ) = j (2t ) . Vy, chui Fourier ca x(t) c th tm bng cch thay t bng 2t trong chui Fourier (phng trnh 3.56) ca j (t ) . Kim nghim l chui Fourier c c ging vi chui trong phn (a). (c) Chng t l thng th php nn theo thi gian ca tn hiu tun hon vi tha s a m rng ph vi cng tha s a. Ni cch khc C0 , Cn v q n khng thay i, nhng tn s c bn tng theo tha s a, lam m rng ph. Tng t khi dn theo thi gian ca tn hiu tun hon theo tha s a lm nn ph Fourier ca chng theo tha s a.

3.4-6 (a) Tm chui Fourier lng gic ca tn hiu tun hon g(t) trong hnh P3.4-6. S dng c tnh i xng. (b) Quan st thy g(t) ging ht f(t) trong hnh 3.9 c di i 0,5 giy. Do , g(t) = f(t+0,5), v chui Fourier cho g(t) c th tm bng cch thay t bng t +0,5 trong phng trnh (3.63) [chui Fourier ca f(t)]. Kim nghim l chui Fourier c c ging ht chui c c trong phn (a). (c) Chng minh l, thng thng , khi di theo chu k tn hiu vi thi gian T giy th khng nh hng n ph bin . Tuy nhin, pha ca hi bc n th gim (tng) theo nw0T khi tr (sm) T giy.

3.4-7 Nu hai na bn k ca tn hiu tun hon ging nhau v hnh dng nhng mt l phn m ca tn hiu kia, tn hiu tun hon c gi l c tnh i xng na sng. Nu tn hiu tun hon f(t) vi chu k T0 tha iu kin v tnh icng na sng, th f (t - T20 ) = - f (t ) Trong trng hp nym chng t l mi h s hi bc chn u trit tiu, v cc h s ca thnh phn hi bc l c cho bi 4 T0 / 2 4 T0 / 2 v bn = an = f (t ) cos nw0tdt f (t ) sin nw0tdt T0 0 T0 0 Dng kt qu ny, tm chui Fourier ca cc tn hiu tun hon trong hnh P3.4-7.

3.4-8 Trong mt khong hu hn, tn hiu c th c biu din bng chui Fourier lng gic (hay dng m). Th c, nu ta mun biu din f(t) = t trong khong 0 t 1 dng chui Fourier c tn s c bn l w0 = 2, ta c th v xung f(t) = t trong khong 0 t 1 v lp li xung mi p giy T0 = p v w0 = 2. Nu ta mun chui ch cha tha s cosin vi w0 = 2, ta to xung f(t) = t trong khong 0 t 1 , v lp li mi p giy (hnh 3.4-8). Tn hiu c c l hm chn vi chu k p. Do m chui Fourier s ch c tha s cosin vi w0 = 2. Chui Fourier biu din f(t) = t trong khong mong mun 0 t 1 . Ta khng quan tm n nhng g xut hin bn ngoi khong ny. Biu din f(t) = t trong khong 0 t 1 dng chui Fourier c: (a) w0 = p 4 v cha mi thnh phn sng hi, ch vi tha s sin. (b) w0 = 2 v cha mi thnh phn sng hi, ch vi tha s sin. (c) w0 = p 2 cha mi thnh phn sng hi, ch c tha s mt trong hai tha s sin hay cosin. (d) w0 = 1 v ch c cc hi l v tha s cosin. (e) w0 = p 2 v ch c hi l v tha s sin. (f) w0 = 1 v ch c cc hi l v mt trong hai tha s sin hay cosin.

Hng dn: trong cc phn d, e v f, cn dng tnh i xng na sng tho lun trong bi tp 3.4-7, Tha s cosin cho thy c kh nng c thnh phn dc. 3.4-9 Xt tnh tun hon hay khng tun hon ca cc tn hiu sau. Nu tn hiu l tun hon, tm chu k v cho php hi hin din trong chui. t (a) 3 sin t + 2 sin 3t (f) sin 52t + 3 cos 65t + 3 sin( 7 + 300 ) (b) 2 + 5 sin 4t + 4 cos 7t (c) 2 sin 3t + 7 cos pt (d) 7 cos pt + 5 sin 2pt (e) 3 cos 2t + 5 cos 2t
t (g) sin 3t + 3 cos 15 4

(h) (i)

(3 sin 2t + sin 5t )2 (5 sin 2t )3

3.4-10 Tm chui Fourier lng gic ca f(t) v trong hnh P3.4-10 trong khong [0, 1]. Dng w0 = 2p. V chui Fourier j(t)vi mi t. Tnh nng lng ca tn hiu sai s e(t) nu s tha s trong chui Fourier l N vi N = 1, 2, 3, v 4. Hng dn: Dng phng trnh (3.40) tnh nng lng sai s

3.4-11 Hm Walsh c th ch ly hai gi tr bin , to nn mt tp y cc hm trc giao v c tm rt quan trng trong ng dng s thc t do c th d dng to ra chng dng mch lgic v do php nhn cc hm ny c th c thit lp mt cch n gin dng chuyn mch o du. Hnh P3.4-11 v tm hm u tin trong tp ny. Biu din f(t) trong hnh P3.4-11 trong khong [0, 1] vi chui Fourier Walsh dng 8 hm c bn ny. Tnh nng lng e(t), sai s php xp x dng N tha s khc khng u tin trong chui vi N = 1, 2, 3 v 4. So snh chui Walsh vi chui Fourier lng gic trong bi tp 3.4-10 theo quan im nng lng sai s vi s N cho trc?

3.4-12 Tp a thc Legendre Pn(t), (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .) to ra tp y cc hm trc giao trong khong 1< t < 1. Cc a thc ny c nh ngha l 1 dn 2 Pn (t ) = (t - 1) n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . n n n!2 dt Do P0(t) = 1 P1(t) = 1 1 1 P2 (t ) = (3t 2 - 1) , P3 (t ) = (5t 3 - 3t ) v,v, 2 2 a thc Legendre l trc giao. c gi c th kim tra l 2 1 m=n 2m +1 P ( t ) P ( t ) dt = -1 m n 0 mn (a) Biu din f(t) trong hnh P3.4-12a dng chui Fourier Legendre trong khong - 1 < t < 1 . Ch tnh hai h s khc khng u tin trong chui. Tnh nng lng e(t), sai s ca php xp x vi mt hay hai tha s khc khng. (b) Biu din f(t) trong hnh P3.4-12b dng chui Fourier Legendre. Tnh hai h s khc khng u tin trong chui. Hng dn: D chui ch c gi tr trong - 1 < t < 1 , ta vn c th m rng n khong bt k dng php t l theo thi gian. 3.5-1 Vi tng tn hiu trong hnh P3.4-3, tm chui Fourier m v v ph tng ng 3.5-2 Chui Fourier lng gic ca tn hiu tun hon cho bi p f (t ) = 3 + 3 cos 2t + sin 2t + sin 3t - 1 2 cos(5t + 3 ) (a) V ph Fourier lng gic (b) Kim tra chui trong phn a, v ph chui Fourier m ca f(t). (c) Kim tra chui trong phn b, vit chui Fourier m ca f(t). Hng dn: vit chui Fourier thnh dng gn, kt hp cc tha s sin v cosin cng tn s. iu ny lun thc hin c bng cch chnh pha thch hp. 3.5-3 Chui Fourier m ca tn hiu tun hon c cho bi f (t ) = (2 + j 2)e - j 3t + j 2e - jt + 3 - j 2e jt + (2 - j 2)e j 3t

(a) (b) (c) (d)

V ph Fourier m Kim tra chui trong phn a, v ph chui Fourier m ca f(t). Tm chui Fourier dng gn t cc ph ny Tm bng thng ca tn hiu

3.5-4 Nu tn hiu tun hon f(t) c biu din theo chui Fourier dng m

f (t ) =

n= -

D e
n n

jnw0t

(t ) = f (t - T ) c cho bi (a) Chng t l chui Fourier m ca f

(t ) = f

n = -

e D

jnw0t

trong

= D D n n

= D - nw T v D n n 0

iu ny cho thy l di tn hiu tun hon i T giy ch n gin l thay i ph pha lng nw0T. Ph bin khng i. (b) Chng t l chui Fourier m ca f(t) = f(at) c cho bi ~ f (t ) = Dn e jn ( aw0 ) t
n = -

Kt qu ny cho thy l nn theo thi gian ca tn hiu tun hon mt lng a th lm dn ph Fourier i cng tha s a. Tng t, dn theo thi gian ca tn hiu tun hon mt lng a th lm nn ph Fourier i cng tha s a. 3.5-5 (a) Chui Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon trong hnh 3.10a c cho trong bi tp E3.6. Kim tra li nh l Parseval cho chui ny, vi 1 p4 = 4 90 n=1 n (b) Nu xp x f(t) dng N tha s u tin trong chui, tm N cng sut ca tn hiu sai s nh hn 1% Pf. 3.5-6 (a) Chui Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon trong hnh 3.10b c cho trong bi tp E3.6. Kim tra li nh l Parseval cho chui ny, vi 1 p2 = 2 6 n =1 n (b) Nu xp x f(t) dng N tha s u tin trong chui, tm N cng sut ca Tn hiu sai s nh hn 10% Pf. 3.5-7 Tn hiu f(t) trong hnh 3.18 c xp x dng 2N+1 tha s (t n = N n N) trong chui Fourier m cho trong bi tp E3.10. Xc nh gi tr ca N nu cng sut ca chui (2N+1) tha s ny khng b hn 99,75% cng sut ca f(t). 3.6-1 Tm p ng ca h LT TT BB vi hm truyn s khi ng vo l tn hiu tun hon v trong hnh 3.7b. H ( s) = 2 s + 2s + 3