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41

4.1
1. % % &
2.
4'
3. 4' 5
4. :%
5. :%
' % ( (subgrade)
5 (subbase)
(base course)
& (bearing course)
(wearing surface)
@ 5"A 4.1 @ B
&
5"A
C& C 4'A C

&
B
@ B
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FG BH
@ B
I 5 C "B 5"A J '
'C & & B
C CB 'A K&L@ % AC"
M%
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E :
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% (
EA 5 & 5"A (
5&
% ( "
% % & ' % 5"A
5"A 'A I!
& C C 5&
5 5 5'
5 & ! C! %
!& D NK 4 B%
.
42
"
& D& &

B% :% C
CB
& I
B 5 D&
&
J ' B
&
5
% ( 5"A "B
5,000 % B B
DB %
C
% (
& ' @ E% BH % (
4.2
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& C
B)
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5 ! C
QC
5 ! C
( C C5"A
C
C
@
% KL 4 % C @
C
5 DB %
(Pavements)
:% 5
1.
:%
&
:% &C "
% & "C 5
2.
B
% (
" C@ 2
'
&C (flexible)
!"
C:%
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B%5 C&% C C & ' C C & ' % @
C @ E% BH& ' @
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:%
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% ( :% 5 I!
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.
BB 5"A J & :% 5
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I 'A
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:
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C :% 5
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B "C & K" % (
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B ! C
%
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D E E :% 5
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&C C & @ % (
C
B
:
&
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4' 5 B 5 C
5"A " KL 4 @ 4% XN D K" :% 5
&C
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&
% (
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5
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.
% & "C
QC10B /
43
% & "C &
20B /
% & "C
" NK
C &
'
DB:% 5 D
C@5"A
:% 5
X@ CHD
B% 5 5
5"A " K B%5
B
B "
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5"A ":% 5
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B B
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5"A 4' 5"A I 5 :% :
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45 X
%
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5"A
5"AD 5
D :% 5
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B " K
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B
5"A C@ !
D
%X 5"A C ! B
5 " 5"AD
C D
B 5
M' 5"A % %5[%4
&
C C5A !
C
1.
(Wearing surface) ' :%
C 5 & 5"A
&
CB
C C
4' 5"A
& 5 4' 5"A : &
:% 5
& C 5"A % D :% 5
@
5"AD B " KL 4 " I 5 5
&%
5"A "C
FG BH B C & :%
&%
] ! D&E
: :% 5 ! 5 C
I
:% 5
C C! " ' :%
"C surface course
:%
"C binder course D
C
5 4"C
"C ' :% 5
"
& ! % 60 % % B
2. '(
(Base course) 5 & 5"A
& :% 5 C @
4' 5
% 5
5"AD B
I
&% & ' % I &C

KL 45"A " E" " H>80%
B
B
! % 150 % % B
'A
B "
&
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@
3.
'(
(Subbase course) D D % K5"A % %
& ' D % K5"A
& 5
4' 5 & ! C
"
@
&
4' 5
D
5"A " KL 4 C B
@ 5
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% @ & ' % I &C
5 C EA
C ]
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'A
%5[%4 DB %
4.
(Selected material)
5"A C@DB
4' 5
"B
HD C
D& @ 4'A D&4
5 @
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% D % 5 D& C
M'
'A &
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D
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@
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.
44
5. )
(Subgrade)
% % 5"A % K B : 5 & 5"A
&
EA C
4' 5 & ' 4' 5
' 5
B ! d & % 4'A B !
! B &J D&&
'
% ! "
C C 150-200 % % B 4'A
D& B
&
4'
5
&
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5"A C@ & ' % ( " ! EA "C
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%
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A
B% D
5"A " C
20 Q & ' 40 Q C "C
N BA 'A "C 5"C
C
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K B% &%
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B "
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Q @ E% BH5"A
D :
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:
"B B "
! @
250 300 % B
B
E B% B
K B%
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B
B @ E% BH 5
C B
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JC%A
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BA
:% 5
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'A 5"A5 ! C
B D
B d
4.3
,-
"
./ &0
%5@ % (& ' %5@ )

!f
H 5"A
C! D
H !
E FB " NK 5"A
I 5"A K&L@ % B% 'A !
" NK
!& !
'A :
K "
&
CD& CI B
" NK
I C
! C 5 D& %
:%
&C
FG BH
:@ %
5"A %C D
5 L5
45
1 #
- % 5"AD D @:%
" "
1. FG BHB [
B% (Native asphalts) ! 5
FG BHD 5 % "
% K 'A
% "C
FG BH % " "
D 5 :%
D
%
& '
2. FG BH &% (Rock asphalts) 5
&% 5"A "
%5@ %
"
! D 5 :%
5"A C@D % K5"A "&% "
3. 5 H (Tars)
%5@ % 5"A! A
&% 5"A "C
%
4. FG BH d B "C (Petroleum asphalts) : %B: 5"A! A
%
FG BH % "
D
@:% 5
C 5"A
& '
FG BH
K&L@ %5"AD
C@
& ' (viscosity)
FG BH
FG BH
AC" ! B K&L@ %
C C "
I!
& 5"A
D
'A K&L@ % @
& '
FG BH "
C
&
FG BH & 5"A "

& ' " NK n& o
4 [H &
& '
K&L@ %
"
J C B
:
D
& "
& C
& ' : "5
& '
@ KH (absolute viscosity) & '
& ' !
%
(dynamic viscosity) D & C n4 C H (poises)o & ' n
. % 5" (Pa.s)o D & C !
& ' % B% (kinematic viscosity) D & C n B (stokes) & ' E B% B (centistoke) & ' E 2/
% 5" D & C !
'A
& ' % B% " 5
& '
@ KH& C
&
(
K1
3
&
FG BH) 5
& '
@ KH
& ' % B% "
B
5 C
/E
KD & C4 C H
B D
& ' D 'A
& ' ECH BHF@ (Saybolt
furol apparatus) D @
D & C % 5" !&
& 5"A " % B B 5"A &
& C C
K 1 % 5" ECH BHF@ (SSF) = 2 E B% B = 0.02 B
K&L@ %5D"A D :
FG BHD @:%
&
CD
& ' EA
D !& !
FG BH 5"A FG BH ! '
! " C
! %
5"A @ % ! D
I " & K&L@ %! D
& ' 1.5 3.0 E 2/
% 5" (150 300 E B% B )
K&L@ %5D"A D :
FG BH AC-10 D& C@ &
153t167 X E E"C
K&L@ B% A 5"AD D 4 5 :%
E" 5 C AC-5 &
2
& ' 2.0E / % 5" (200 E B% B ) 5"A 156 X E E"C
B
.
46
5
5
D K"
FG BHE% BH C%
CD I 5 D B C
FG BH
5 % 5" 5"A!
&" C & A D
! ! 9.8 % % B & ' 98
%
B
B(
%
% % B
&2340 ./ &0 ,5 & *"% 5"AD D

FG BHE% BH (Asphalt cement)
FG BH & (Liquid asphalt)
FG BH % A (Asphalt emulsion)
4 % 5 A EA
5"A!
I 5 D B C
FG BH5"A B "C !
% % B L CDB L
B(
I
4 % 5 A ' 98 B
@:%
5"A
J "
./ &06 % &0
: %BLKyH4' ( 5"A! A
%
C " : %B
& ' B
5"AD ' AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20
AC-40 EA

4 % 5 A 200-300 120-150 85-100 60-70 40-50 B
& '
& ' 5"A D & C 1 D 100
4 C H +20% 5"A K&L@ % 60 X E E"C B C
AC2.5 "
& '
250 4 C H +50 AC-40 "
& '
4000 4 C H +800 B
FG BHE% BH
C !f
H
3
'
FG 5" E%
FG 5"
: ""
I
C E% EA D& K B% C' B
C
FG BH L & "
C C@D
5"A
EA 5 D& FG BH!& !
& &'
I
FG BHE% BH
H 5
IB
FG BH %
&C E% A
H 5"A
EA D & : 5"A K&L@ % @
% E% A
B E%
E% B
FG 5" & D
& C Q
:
FG BH B
: 5 & "5"A B"
C D
:%
./ &0 !
' 5
FG BH
FG BHE% BH5:"A B 5
C 4'A
& ' EA 5 D& D
! C 5"A K&L@ % B% D 4
" D&
( B ) 'A B 5
C &C! &
B
" NK I
C
L
%
FG BH &
C@ %
B5
C EA
& '
B
&C & B A ' % B I (Rapid curing & ' RC) D E "

B5
C % B
(Medium curing & ' MC) D " E"
B5
C
%
B (Slow curing & ' SC) D
"E
B5
C&'
: B% ! CB A
% KB 5
C C5A ! D
K 15% 40%
5&
FG BH & "
C
& '
./ &0 % 1
:
FG BHE% BH
B 'A H 5 !
! CB
B " B%
% E%!F H EA
% & A
@ ! D
:
% E%!F H 5 D& FG BHE% BH " BB C D @
&C
I D
.
47
A' D
75%
" B 'A
&C! C5A ! % A
C FG BHE% BH 55%
% E%!F H 3%
C B% D&
C5A !
FG BH % A " : %B 2
L5 %
% E%!F H5D"A '
5!
% % A (Cationic emulsion) L
FG BH "
EA D
!
"
5"A CQ D L 4 X5"A& CI
!
% % A (Anionic emulsion) L
FG BH "
EA B%
L
5"A "
! "
E% %
B IB
% A (& ' BB )
%
5"DA EA " C@ 3
&
FG BH % A 5 2
L5 '
1.
% B I (Rapid setting, RS & ' CRS)
2.
% B
(Medium setting, MS & ' CMS)
3.
% B (Slow setting, SS & ' CSS)
N C & B
% & C
L5 5!
% % A
% 32 '#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
& ' (B %[5"

D ASTM D 2171 &
& '
&
& '
% B% , ASTM E 102 &
& '
ASTM D 5 &
4 %5 A )
C' B (B [% "5
D ASTM D 113)
5
Fd H
(B [% "5
D ASTM D 1754)
D
C (B %[5"
D ASTM D 2042)
!F (B %[5"
D ASTM D 92)
3 % &#
B"
:
FG BH
&
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
./ &0 "
@ KH, ASTM D 2170
ECH BHF@ ,
./ &0 *& :% 5
FG BH5"A JD G
'
FG BH
C FG BHE% BH
EA :
CD
D 'A
! @:% 5 5"A "C
I -5I (black-top) & ' nf B %EH (hot mix)o
D&J &
FG BH "B "AC
I
(Strength)
D C' &C (Flexibility)
5 (Durability)
5 'A ! (Skid resistance)
48
&B5"A J
"AC L 4 % I B B C
FG BH "B I
'
&C E% A
FG BHE% BH D & : 5"A " K&L@ % @ "
H
FG BH B 5"A ! &C! 5 D& & ' BE% BH5"A I B
D & D
X
!& "C :
5 D& % E% A
FG BH EA
H 5"A
& ' ! B 5"A I
B C
:
&C
B % E% A 5"A @
FG BHE% BH 5 D& 4 % 5 A
FG BHE% BH
&'
K 30 EA
5"A
% B !
B (Cracking) ! @
"C& C5"A
I
:% 5
'A "
@J "C K B%D C & ! 5 D&
D :% 5
4' 5 ! EA
5 D&
D
& :% 5
D
IBB C
'A
" &
B ! "
1. K&L@ % @ D : 4'A
&C
2.
H EI BH @
4'A
D E !
'A B
X
D
:
B % E% A
3.
H EI BH @
(
X
D
)
4'A D& D
"
& ' C@ 4"C 4 &
FG BHE% BH(
CD&
D Fd H
'A
B
L & 4 5"A 5 D& "
C' B ! C! B )
4. 5"A 5"A 5"A ! !
FG BHE% BH & 5 :% 5 EA 5"A
5 D& % BB 5"A C D X CI
4.4
!" 1 & 7
1. 8
'6* (Cape seal)
4E" ' :% 5
C 5 :%
E H FE5 "B BH
"C & ' %4E"
M :% 5
"E" 5
:% 5
" 1 & ' 2 EA
5"C :% 5
4E" "! :% 5
E H FE5 "B
BH
C
D 5 !& 5 ! C
&
" B
%["
"C 5 :% 5
E H FE5 "B BH
"C M :% 5
"E" B
5
"E"
'
M :% 5 % & ' 5 :% 5
4' 5"A5"A! 5 !4 H 5!
:
C
5"A!
FG BH % A EA ! CSS-1 & ' CSS-1h

.
49
5
B B%
FG BH % A BB I & '
5 % &'
:% !& 5 !
@ E% BH& ' @
5
"E" " B
:
H 4'A
4%A 4'A D&

N :%
2. 1'6* (Chip seal) ' M :% &

:% 5 %
C 4
FG BH
"AC &% C C& ' C C d 5 D& "C
:% 5
L5 "! !
& D
FG BH K 4% K
N 5
5 &
FG BH5"AD B
L5 C D C & A B ! "
- 5
FG BH RC-3000, RC-800
5!
%
FG BH % A CRS-2
FG BHE% BH AC 60-70, AC 70-80, AC 80-100
3.
./ &0 % "$ (Cold mixed asphalt) : CI ' 5
:
CD&
C@D K&L@ %B [
B%D K
FG BH " K&L@ %B 5"AB
B
%
FG BH
5 RC & ' MC " K&L@ %5"A D
! 'A
D& K&L@ % & A
C& C
:
&% 5 C
FG BH5"A
CI
: CI C FG BH& ' "C
Cold Mix '
: 5"A!
FG BH:
C5"A
C@D K&L@ % B%
FG BH "
K&L@ %B B %
FG BH
C 5
% I B I (RC) & ' C 5
% IB
(MC) " K&L@ %5"A D
! 'A D&
K&L@ %& A
FG BH: CI %C ! D D E 5 & ' % :% 5
FG BH: CI %
open graded mix D C % E%!F H FG BH:
5"A "
!
"C D K&L@ %
C X B%
4
:% 5
C "C
: :% 5
"5 C " K B% C ~ 5"A "EA C C
5 5"A QC
FG BH: CI 5"AD D
5 D
E
5
E :%
(patching)
(leveling)
% :% 5 (overlay) &
%
I
D& :% 5 %
5 D
:% 5 D&
D
FG BH: CI
4' 4'A C 4' 5 5"A5 !4 H 5!
:% 5"A C@
:%
.
50
4.
./ &0 *& (Asphaltic concrete) '
@:% 5
&C 5"A J5"A
& :% 5 KL 4 @
FG BH "B
C FG BHE% BH
EA :
CD
D 'A :
FG BH
! @:% 5 5"A "C
I -5
(black-top) & ' f B %EH (hot mix)
FG BHE% BH 5"AD ' AC-2.5, AC-5,
AC-10, AC-20
AC-40
FG BH "B
!
3
' '
(dense graded)
' 4 (open graded)
'
C I (gap graded) 5 " C@
I &C - I
"C C5A !
&
FG BH "B
&C
"C & '
B B% (mineral filler) 4'A B% D
5"A "C D& ( I 75 !
B &' B
H 200)
"C "
J &
5"AB D& " 5"A
(dense graded)
D& "
I
~ &% @
5"A %C D
B B%
" K B% "
1)
2)
3)
4)
"
" (well graded)

" B B% C ( B ) 4'A
I
I (hard) 4'A B 5
" 'A
(sound) 4'A B 5 BB 'A L 4 X CI ":% & &C (rough surface) 4'A D& " "C 5 @ 5 D&:% & " C ! "
FG BHE% BH
5) " NK @ XH (cubical) 4'A
5
6) !f F % (hydrophobic) & ' "C
'! D
L5E% %
%
&%
5EH EA 4
& C "
FG BH EA :
5"A:% NK
"
5 D& % &
'A FG BH5"A ' :% &

L
'A " C@ C
" C ":% 5
! "
#! " EA
%[" M :% 5
%
& A CD $% '& % ( % & # ()%*#+ ,(%& - .-/
% %" *!,' & &' ,
:
4%A
:% 5
! E" D & M
:% 5
:% !& 5
CD&
:% 5 "
5 @ 5 B
"AC
% F] X
] E K 5"A:%
5
!F E" EA D DC
&H4 4 " B H!F H :% 5 " NK C' &C
5 5
! @ 5 B 'A L 4! @
] E
%C D
& M
:% 5 :% !& 5 & ' M
A 4'A :% 5 % % D
:% 5 5"A
D& ! D& C@B% EA 5 D&
& ' ] :% 5 5"A
.
51
D&
! D& %
"C& C : 5 5"A %
"C& C :% 5
% ! K B% DC
&H " ' " C' B @ "
@ 5,100 /E 2
5
! 250 X E E"C
4 :% 5
D&
" FG BH "B
@4
5"A "C
$% -*
)%*#+ ,( % ", :% 5 " % & A EA ! :
&
4 %
H %!F H FG BHE" BH5"A :
C
B
:
K&L@ %B 5"A &
:% 5
% " " NK :% & &C
" @4 @ E : ! " 4%A
~
:% 5
! % : Fd H
"C K %A : " B
H 4'A D
:% 5
C @& ' "AC B
5
:% 5
" % & A ' % & # ()%*#+ ,( % ",
:% 5
% 5"A!
KL 4
:% 5
FG BH "B & ' f B %EH FG BH CD
FG BH 4 % H %
!F H FG BHE" BH 5
FG BHE" BH B% :% 5
% "4
4'A D&
I
5 C& 5"A J
"
&
5 % K
&
5 4'A GJ& % C
C B
C C%
KH 5
@ K
&
&
4 %5 A t&
C' B
FG BH5"AD D
%
B
B%
FG BH %
& '
ECH
&
BHF@
% E%!F H
FG BH
5
: : B% A
D
B " 5
D& ! B 5"A D &
52
B%- &
!F5
A 5
FG BH
% d B C"
B
KL 4 4'A
4.5
,%3
D
A'
%A
@ B
CC
B B :% %
4' % ! [ B B !
'A
%
#
5 &
5 &%
J & D
'A 5"A
- 5 B H (Bulldozer)
- "AC % (Grader)
- B (Loader)
(Excavator)
- @ (Scraper)
5 55 C (Dump truck)
- @ % (Roller)
(Compactor)
(Trencher)
C5A !
C D
A' &
5 " C@
& & '
D %
'A
% % 5 M "ACB Q %C D @B
" C@ &
B% %
8,000-15,000 A
C D
K8 Q
5 M "ACB Q = ( E' C 'A

C D
)/2
"C
= % 5 M "ACB Q x ( B C" + B "C
C5A ! D C
'A D
K 30-40%
K 10-15%
D C5 &
&
4
)
D
C5 &
1 #
%
L5D&J 2
L5 ' % 5"A B
(cohesive material)
%
L5! B (non-cohesive material)
C5A ! % B [
B% !
% % "C
!
&'
5 C& ' % & "C
B B
% 5"A: & C %
C
% & "C
: 5 C& ' 5 C B
%
!
5 % B
K B% '
! *" (Clay)
% 5"A "
I I 5"A EA
C 5"AC & "AC ! 5 D& "
K B% & C"
C' &C ! B 'A & & B
I
2.
,: (Silt)
%
C" 5"A! "
& "C @
"
C ] "
I B B
0.074 % % B !
1.
53
" (Sand)
5"A "
I B B 2 - 0.074 % % B " K B%5"A B I
5 C! C B%
I 5 C ! "AC
A' CQ
4. (Gravel)
&% 5"A "
I
I B B 2 - 75 % % B
5.
*"0 (Organic matter) ! 4 5"A " " %BB 5"A C@D %
4 4'
% 5 "CH & "
"AC
!
5 D& %
D %
3.
&
% K
% 5"A5
C 'A
"
1. , % & ; 2 ' % (bank volume) & C

EA
%
5 : 5"A
2. , % & *.-#<( (loose volume) & C
%
L 45"A C@B [
B% EA % B 5"FA @ "
3. , % & * -
(compacted volume) &
4@
5
% B 5"A @
I
C % B D L 4 % I! 5 " C@
4. (8 ! #
(weight) &
% B B L4
'
&
'A
F@ (loose density)
5. , 0 6$ &0 *.-#<( (percentage of swell) '
% BD L4 %
H EI BH5"AF@
B! "
% B 5"AF@
&
,%3
5"AEA
I 5"AB
% B
( . ./ )
&
= = 8
% B
EA
54
B%
A' @
K& !
H EI BH5"AF@ /100)
!D B
5"A 4.1
% x %,
5 D & A A
'
D " ( . .)
%5[% '
%5[%
5 D & A A
= ( %5[%L 4 x 60)/
& A
5"AEA
%5[%L 4 '
%5[%L 4 5
( 5"/ )
& A
'
5"AD D & A
5
( % 5")
5"AD D & A
5
(cycle time) &
% '
5 & 5"AD ! D & A
5
B B %A & '
C@ &
D "
! D 5"5A "AB
5"AB & %A & '

" & A B% C 5 !
100 B
.
'
5"A C@D L 4B [
H EI BH 4%A
" C@ %
"
B
5":A
'A C C
% B D L 4 %
C
% B
& 5"A
&'
% B 5"AF@ B & '
%
C@ %
EA & !
&
&
B L 4 % (bank density)
= % B D L 4 % (1 +
H EI BH5"AF@
@A
5"A 4.1
%
% & "C &
% & "C QC
% &
% QC
&
QC
5 C&
5 C QC
&% @
&% 5 C
&% %B
& I!4! BH
FG BH
&%
5 !EBH
&% %5@ %
5"AD D & A
&
H EI BH5"AF@
&
B L4 %
1800
2100
1700
2000
1900
2200
1600
2000
2600
2500
2800
5000
1900
1500
1200
(/ . .)
'A F@
1400
1600
1350
1600
1750
2000
1450
1750
1600
1550
1650
3000
1200
1100
900
"
B
H EI BH
5"AF@
30
30
25
25
10
10
10
15
65
70
70
65
60
35
35
1.
5"AD D & '

loading time ( % 5")
= ( C 5 5"DA B /
I / ) x 3.6
I
% C@5"A
K 2.0-3.0 % B / A
C 5 5"AD D & '
K 6-10 B & '

K2 5
D "
2.
5"DA D
pushing time ( % 5")
= ( C 5 5"DA B /
I
/ ) x 3.6
I % 60-90%
I @
"C H& A
3.
5"DA D
'A 5"A reversing time ( % 5")
= ( C 5 5"A 'A 5"A B /
I
/ ) x 3.6
I
'A 5"A % 5"A 80%
I @
"C H
4.
5"A 5"A fixed time
5 B BH " B
D
5"A
K 0.2 % 5"
0.05 % 5" &
direct drive
power shift B
B " B
5"A " 4%A
5-10 % 5"
,
.
*;1; ! <
= (1) + (2) + (3) + (4)

55
% # ; %* =
5"AEA
'
@
'
%5[% '
B
5"A C@!
% 5 C
% & C"
&% 5"A! I
&% C C
,%3
% - x %,
D "
D "
%5[%EA
C@
5"A 4.2
% - x(
%5[%EA
C@
B C@
1.25
0.90
0.8
0.65
D "
5"A 4.3
%
5% [%
4'
C5A !
C
5"A 4.2
%
C"
0.95
0.65
0.50
0.45
C@ 4 G C '
D " (blade load)

5"AD D & A 5
(grade)
5% [%L 4 5
(work efficiency) % K
A &!
B
* % K %
% B % F@ EA B
% B %
5 D & A A &!
B
'
5
( 5"/ ) & C 5"DA D & A
5
K 5"A %5[%L 4 5
C@ L 4 5
& A A !
4"C 48 5"
%5[%
B
D "
D "
B
1.00
0.70
0.60
0.50
A B C@
1.05
0.75
0.65
0.55
8=
@A)
&
H EI BH
+30%
+20%
+10%
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
56
(cycle time)
5"A
%
5! D & A
D L4 %
CD @B &
D & A A
5
%5[%
( 5")
%5[%L 4 80% ' D
D B 5"A 4.3
%5[%L 4
%
%5[%
0.40
0.65
0.85
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.25
@ 5"A 4.2
& 0 (Tractor)
'A 5"DA 4 & C 5"A D
% 4'A D D
B
B% B KHB 4'A 5 & 5"A
B & ' B% B D " & 4'A 5 & 5"A
%
B% B
C
4'A 5 & 5"A
&
5
'
5 B HB" B
5 B H C
5 B 5H "A D" D G
" C@ 2
&
C & B
'A C BH "B B
I
K 3 B 40
D&J
K 80 B 700
M 'A D "C HBA
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6
6.1
(Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Management
System
&'
PMS) )*+ ,-. /0 1'
. 1' 3
. 40
.3 / 56
,7
8 9 :-'3 *; < <
PMS * ' 6=.8
? 1=' 3@
A* 3B'37.);' C, 5 5 6)D 1= '3@ * 5 )70 31='3@
,& B=
) 481='3@ 5 ''3 EF= &' =G1
- .H4 , 5 EF=* )3 ,3
1' I.
B. 3 1D 1' AB , =
B. 3),48 81' I.
- A* 3B'37.);' C, 5 7 J 6 I
8 HC 4064 40,6E
@J
59 E 65 AB
65 A8 8 .3 / B 6B ) ,K 7I. E
' B;
7 J 56 65 * 3 J
@J
40 E ='5; I ;'
,@ ,6, 5
@ J AB 1- 8
. 59 36
PMS 34 75 L 3 ;59 ;- *M 7.O. 2515 E
8* ) O 4075 L
=.
85 B 75L * 5 * )* 408 * '8@-) &0'83 ,-. /0 34I 3 1='3@ ;' 5
;5.
)'
.- EF=
49 - .'8- .= S 1/9 '8@-5 1='3@ 40.56G6=
.H4 .)B CA68' O58B. 3F T ,5 ); &'A68)B &0' .56
5
7&9 ?
,-. 8-'8 8,-. 1'
, 3 * 5 E =EF=G6=5 ,K 7 =' 0 /0 S
65 AB G6= - ) 4 8 159 ;'
U C 6 . C 4034'8@- ,K 7
K@3' O K@3* ) O < <
6.2
)*+ 40
5 64.-
5V ,K 7AB 1- 8
. E =64'8@-),3' 34B. 3, B5T
'8- 80 ;-')O V? 1' * ) O * ) O .3 59 * ) OG 8 04 1 ,)*+
.
83
@* 1 ,- 40, B5T 40,6

)*+ 40,6;-')O V? 1' F ; 65 59 56,
* 3 J)7&0'
@J
/ ;=' 34 I EF= - 8'8- E =34* , HK 7,@ ,6
A68 6 -.3 40) 3 ,3E 56 65 B. 3;=' 1'
. ;- ),= ;- ;'
B. 3) - 6-. E
;- , 8 50.* ) O; 3 * 3 J 40G6= 5
1'
&' PMS B&' )7&0'F-.8 -.8
E ;' B 3
-.- , 5 65 * 3 J /0 S 3 ;
@J
&' I.
E 3-E6 = 40B. 6 )
6 ) )3&0'E6
40G
PMS , 3 F- .8
8 3 ;
@J
. 40)
, 5 ),=
;- ;' ( 65 AB ) 40 E =I * A8F C 4064 40,6, 5 AB 1- 8
. E K 7 .3 ( 65 A8 8) 59 491/9 '8@-5 341='3@ 4064 40,6)408.5 ,K 7*W 5
1' ;- ;' 1'
. E AB 1- 8
, 5 65 6 A8 8
PMS , 3 F-.8;' B 3;-'G* 49
- ,K 7I. E ' B;1' AB 1- 8
. )*+ '8- G , 5 * 3 J 4034
'8@- 8 HO ,; C
@J
. , 8E6 40 E ='5; I ;'
,@ ,6;-'
,5 B3)O V? , 5
)7&0' 5V ,K 7
. E =64'8@-),3'
65 95
PMS / ;=' 34B. 3, 3
40 F-.8I@= 5 I6F' E ;56, E J
65 ;- S E
50 B&' )*+ )B &0 ' 3& ' , 5 .O.
. 40
5 I6F'
5V AB 1- 8
. E 5VJ )*+ AB S 1J )648.5 D
F-.8I@=
65 A8 8 40;=' 5 I6F' 56,
* 3 J 4034'8@-'8- 56 )7&0'
3
65 AB 1- 8
PMS 40EF=5 '8@-E *W 5 ;=' 1='3@ 40, B5T B&' 1='3@ 5VJ 1' I.
40.56G6=34
E * )6D E =
(B. 3) 48 1' I. )
E * )6D
B. 3, 3 5 K 9 5
(B. 3 1D 1' AB , =
) 1='3@ ) - 49
59 36 ;=' 34'8@- 40O@ 8C? 1='3@ , 5
' 49 85 ;=' EF= XVY4
O ,; C1' 6 B- 3'6@ 5,B. 38&6 8- ZE\ 1' 7&9
;- F59 )7&0'* )3 ,3
1'
. E ' B; 59 49 ;=' ' O58B. 3 @= * , JC1' .O. =' 0 )1= -.3
6=.8
.
84
6.3
PMS
1) F-.87 J 3 ;
4064 40,6 )7&0'E =)6* A8F C,@ ,6 -I@=EF=
. K 8E;= * 3 J 4034'8@-'8- 56 ' 49 I .)B C )O V?O ,; C1'
PMS 85 E = 5TF4 8 AB
40)
)7&0'6 )
@J
. )*+ 8*MK 8E ;- F-. 8 ). 1' I
(*;) 4 - 5 *M
2)
8,K 7I.
(Functional condition) 1'
. E ' B;
,K 7
B. 3 1D
(Structural condition) 1' AB , =
J *W 5 (' 8 EF=
40
) &''8@-) 1' ;- ;' 1'
. ( 65 AB ) A68, 3
3 , * .3)*+
1='3@ 1' AB 1- 8 59 36 ,0 49 F-.8E =K 7.- ,K 7*W 5 1' AB 1- 8
.
;='
&' @ J &'B. * 5 *
= 34 * 3 JE =G.= (; 8;5.) 65 /0 S
AB 1- 8
. ),&0'3,K 7 ) - E6
3) A68 B .J:9 S 6=.8 * 3 J 65 ;- S 65 * 3 J 4064 40,6, 3
7 J G6=B&' 65
@J
. 40 E ='5; I ;'
,@ ,6 -,5 B3
4) AB 1- 8
. 59 36 @ - )*+ F-. 8-'8 S )7&0' ;6; 36@I
8 8 . 65 59 / , 3 E =1='3@ ;' 5 4064 40,6G6= )7&0' * 5 * '8- ;-') &0' E
.)B C
6=.8
' 8-'8 S G*
6.4 %
& '(
E . .)B C6=.8
PMS ;=' ) &' 6 8 1='3@ )408.5
. ;- F-. ;- ;' '8- 356 .5 ;=' 34;
- '= ' , 5
40;59 1' ;),=
;=' )148 A* 3B'37.);' C, 5 56)D 1='3@ * 5 )7031='3@ ,& B=
) 481='3@ 5 ''3 EF= A68)b7 EF= -.35
, , ) OK@3O ,; C .3 /
75 L B@- 3& ' . *c 5 ; , 5 ) 4 8
= 40 B . 3
5 I6F' E =)*+ 3 ; ? )648.5
? 1='3@
. 34Gd C1='3@ 5 40, B5T 5 8 B&'
- 5VJ ),=
(Geometry)
- *3J
(Traffic)
- 5VJ I. (Pavements)
- 1='3@ ' 5;) ; (Accidents)
- ,7
-' '6 (Structures)
.
85
1='3@ E 3 Gd C ) - 59 40;=' EF=A68; E

PMS
40 )*+ 40,6B&'
1='3@ E Gd C)408.5 i 5VJ ,K 71' I. j Pavementk 1='3@ E
;=' 34
* 5 )703E = 5 ,358'8@-),3''8- ;-') &0' ;-)7&0' 5V * .5; )* 408 * , )
1= ' 3@ 1' S *M / ;= ' 34 )D , ' G.= E ) * 3- ) D 40 , 5
,-.
) 4 8 1= ' 3@ 5 ''3 ? 1= ' 3@ 59 34 A * 3* 8;C (Application
program) 75L 1/9 E =) &''8@-B-' 1= 3 1='3@ ) - 49, 3
), 'E @*
8 &';
40 56 ) 48 G.=; 3)JmC 6;- S
- 1='3@ @*K 7E @*1' I K@3 d &' 8),=
- I 40 ,6 AB 1- 8
. 7 ='3 ,6 65 * 3 J
,K 7I. , ;
' 5;) ; < <
1J )648.5 D85 34 75L A* 3B'37.);' C, 5 EF=E . 58 )7&0')F&0'3
A8 )6' 5;) ;5 ,K 7
. &'5 ,K 7' O K@3* ) O 50. 59 * ) O
6.5
*+, &, -. /
(/
* )3 ,K 7I. B. 3 1D
B. 3),48 81'
. ;= '
? 1='3@
. * ' 6=.8 5TF4 8F&0', 8 ;- S 1='3@ )408.5 5VJ 1'
. G6= - 1='3@
) 1 BJ; (B. 3AB= B. 3 6F5 B. 3.= B. 3 1' F59
< <) F 61' .5,6 .5 *M1' -', = < < ' 49 85 341='3@ ,K 7B. 3) 48
B. 3 1D 1' I.
, . 406 ) '8@-)*+ *
5 /G.=E ? 1='3@
;= '
/ G.= 6= . 8.)D 1= ' 3@
; . ,3
14 6
B. 3, 3 1' I. , 5
PMS 59 )*+
4034B- EF= - 8,@
EF=). 3
65 59 B. )D
5 /)b7 1='3@ 40EF=, 5 PMS A68; ) - 59
B. 7 J
6=.8B. 3 356 .5 / I 40 ; 33 E 6= B- EF= - 8E 56)D 5 /1='3@ 40G3-G6=EF=
* A8F C 5 4( ;-' 34* A8F CE .5 1=
= ) = ,5 ;-.- )D 1='3@ )7 34)B &0'
'5;A 35; '
E =34I ),48 8 = 8 40) 48.- i3 7V 1='3@ k
& '(
1 40;=' EF=E
PMS * ' 6=.8
- 1='3@ 2 -3
4.. (Present functional condition) 40)408.1=' 5 B. 3
) 48
B. 3),48 81' I.
04)*+ '8@- :/0 34I ;-' 65 E = 50 B&'
.
86
,K 7I. E *W 5 E =B. 3, 6., 8E 15 140G6=64 B-G )3&0'B / /

B- EF= - 8 EF=
B. 3* '6K58
.
- 1='3@ 2 --56
4.. (Present structural condition) 40)408.1=' 5 B. 3
1D 1' AB , =
04)*+ '8@- 50 B&' B. 3, 3 E 5 9 51'
. E ,K . *W 5 )7&0'EF=E
8' B;,K 7
= 014 ' I.
. 2 -3
(Functional Condition
&' Present Serviceability)
1='3@ 40EF= - ',K 7I.

40)*+ '8@- &'B. 3, 3 E = *W 5 ,-. E T- B&'
B. 31 1 &'B. 3G3-) 48 1' I. :/0 )408.1=' A68; 5 B- EF=
B- B. 3;=
&0 G :/0 )408.1=' 5 B. 3* '6K581' I@=EF= EF=

1='3@ ,K 7I. 34
B. 31 1
* 3 JB. 3),48 81' I.
B-
8 ;5. B- B. 3;=
&0 G *;B- ) - 49;=' , . )D 1='3@ E = 5 ,358'8@-),3' =.
)D . .3G.=A68 -.8 1' 3
., 5
'
3
(Pavement roughness) A68 50.G* 3 8 / B. 3G3-,30 ),3'1' I.
; 3 .),=
:/0 34I
;-'BJK 7 15 1401' I@=EF= '* JC, 5 B- B. 3G3) 48 34 2 F 6 B&' bump integrator
laser profilometer :/0 .56B- root mean square (RMS) 1'
8 1/9
=.)b 408''3 E @*65F 4 IRI - International Roughness Index
,6 )*+ ),= d
A687 D';B- IRI ; 3B. 38 .1' ),=
.H4 4064 40,6E .56,K 7
. 40)408.5 B- EF= B&' .56B. 31 1 1' I.
.56
EF=)B &0' 3&'65 40 - .3 =.
;5.'8- B- B. 31 1
-.8 : )3; /A )3;
7
64
) 03)*+ 3)*+ -'
),48 83
(
2.5 3/3
4.0 3/3
10.0 3/3
64
)*+ 3)*+ ')*+ B &0 @ 6
5.0 3/3
10.0 3/3
15.0 3/3
I ),481' B. 31 1 )F- J4 40
. 1 6
5V 4064 B. 31 1 1' I. )703
2.5 3/3 )*+ 4.5 3/3
E B= - EF=
/0 S )7031/9 * 3 J ='8 15 )*+ ;= , 5
*3J
750 B5 ;-'.5 B- 49' 34* 3 J / , ) - 1' B5V
;-'*M
= * -'8E =
. ),&0'3,K 7 ) &0'8 S
/ 159 ),48 83 (103/3) B- EF= ' )7031/9 '8- ='8 S
='8 50
87
'8 *
3
(Surface distress) 3 8 / i,0 - ' / ,3
G3-64 &'G3- - 7/
7'E 1' I.
&')B &0' ') ; / E = 75 1' I.
50 B&' ,K 7 40G3- - 7'E 1' I.
40
E = 75 k B. 3),48 81' I. A68 50.G* - G6=)*+ 4 * )K B&'
1. '8 ; (fracture)
2. ),48 @* (distortion)
3.
6 -' (disintegration)
4. -' =' (rutting)
, 5 ;- * )K 1' 1='3@ B. 3),48 8 )*+ ;=' - F49F 6 (type) 1' B. 3),48 8
1 6 (extent) B. 3
(severity)
;
- (location) 1' B. 3),48 8
E .)B
CB. 3),48 8 )*+ '8- 80 40;=' 6B 8 3E =F56)
,'6B =' 5
A* 3B'37.);' C
/0 S )* 408 * 40* cE =) D I.
59
F 6
)6 B. 3 1D 1' 7&9
40G3-)748 7' E = 9 5
8AB , =
G6= :/0 ;=' =G1A68
), 3B. 3 1D 1/9 '4 B. 3),48 8 F 6 40G3-G6=34,-. )408.1=' 5 B. 3 1D 1' 7&9
D
34 '4 . 3 ;- B . 3),4 8 81'
. 40 * c1/9
I.
F 6 34 I ;- ' B. 3
, 6., 8E 15 1408.68
B. 3* '6K58 B. 3 1D 1' ' )*+ I A68;
&'A68 '='3DG6= )F- )6 @
B &0 ; 3 .1.
)*+ I ;-'B. 3, 6., 8E 15 140A68 40B. 3 1D 1'
' 85 34'8@'8- 7')748
E A' ,;-'G*' )*+ , ) ; 40
8AB , = 1'
E K 8 5 G6= 65 59
,K 7I. / )*+ ' BC* ' /0 40, B5T 40B. 7 J .- 6 ) * 5 *
E =641/9 &'G3
3
(Surface deflection) 3 8 / 1 6 8 ;5.1' )3&0' 5 9 5
,-. 408 ;5.1'
B& 5 40)63)3&0' 9 5 40
I- 7= G*
8 ;5.35EF=)7&0'* )3
B. 3, 3 1' I. E 5 9 5 1'
A68* O ,6 B. 3),48 8
AB , = 1' 7&9
3
. *;EF= 5 ''
. 40-', = E 3-A68 5
.
) 408., ,31' * 3 J
E @*)7 3 ; ? : Standard axle = 8,200 A 53
, 5 F59 ' 7&9
&'F59 - G*35'' EF= 20 *M 1J 40F59 7&9
I. 35
'' ' 8 EF= 7-10 *M 65 59 B. B3; . ,' B. 3 1D 1'
. 50.* ) O / 34
B. 3 )*+ )7&0' B. 3;=' ;0 ,6E
&'), 3B. 3 1D -' 40 )6B. 3),48 8
1 6E T-3 1/9
' &
&0 G ; 3I.
.
5+ 9 (Skidding resistance) B&'

40)61/9 )3&0'8 =' @;=
.5; * , BC 5 1' 1='3@ D)7&0'*z' 5 &' 6' 5;) ; 0& G 1' 8.68
88
1. 2 -
'0 : 0
-56
(Structural Condition)
,K 7I. (functional condition) :/0 - ' / 65 E = &',K 7B. 3) 48 1'

. /0 S 59 EF=, 5 7 J B- EF= - 81' I@=EF=
1J 40,K 7 AB , = (structural
condition) :/0 - ' / B. 3 1D 1' 7&9
40) &''8@- )*+ ;='
)F- 5 59 49)7&0'EF=
, 5
8,3
1' I. E ' B;
.)B C)7&0'7 J B- Critical stress &' strain E ;- F59 .5,61'
40)6
9 5 40.0 I,3
G6=A68' O58 Elastic layer analysis 1' F59 .5,6 40* ' 5 )*+ F59
B- B. 3)B=
&'B. 3)B 486.X; 40.)B CG6= , 3
3 ,3
1' I. E
' B; .3 / B. 3),48 81' AB , = 7&9
59 49 ;='
B. 3
B- 3'6@ ,5 8&6 8- (E)
1' .5,6E ;- F59 1' 7&9
.H4 .56 B- iEk 1' .5,6E ;- F59 1'
. /0 S EF=.H4 6,'
G38E , 3
B&' Dynatest 8,000 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)
&' Travelling Deflectograph :/0
, 3 F-.8 6* 3 J , . A68.H4 FWD G6= 59 49B- 8 ;5. 40.56G6=, 3
- ' / 5
B. 3, 3 5 9 51' F59
/ 3= .. /0 S 40 34 5 5 9 5 85 ,3 @ JC ' 8@- ,K 7I.
40 , 3 E
E = 59 D' ),&0'3,K 7 G6=; 3 ). ) &0' ,K 7' O &'' 81' F59 I.
* )3 B. 3, 3 5 9 51' I.
/0 S 35;=' ), 36=.8 , . ,K 71' .5,6F59 I.
:/0 E *W 5 D85 B ;=' , . 6=.8; A68F40G6= 5 }~} 3 '8- 64
, . )D 1= ' 3@ ,K 7B. 3),4 8 81' I.

.5 49 3
. EF=
, . 40;6;59 '* JC) ):' C B'37.);' C 65 E @* 40 6.1 7 ='3 =' B. 3 )'486,@
- 8K 7'8- '5;A 35;)D 1='3@ S 3 )3; A68EF='* JC'4) D ' ,C =. ), '
B- ;- S S 25 )3; 1' ;- ),=
:/0 * 3. I A68EF=A* 3B'37.);' C
)D )1= )*+ ? 1='3@ E @*6 ;' , 5 EF=E .)B
C159 ;-'G*1'
PMS
&' G*)* 48 ) 48 5 I * )3 ' 8 40) &''8@-1' I.
&',K 7B. 3 1D
1' 7&9
*W 5 < <
' 8 40) &''8@-1' F59 I. )*+ 7 3);' C 40, B5TE .)B C1'
PMS
) &0' ;=' 6 I
5V I.
&' * 5 * B. 3 1D 1' 7&9
-' 40F59 I.
),48 8) - EF=
*@ 40 6.1 , . )D
1='3@ ,K 7I. A68
, . 7 ='3 =' - 8
K 7 '* JC) ):' C
1='3@ )1= B'37.);' C
.
89
*@ 40 6.2 , . )D 1='3@ ,K 7I. 6=.8 =' ) ):' C '* JCB'37.);' CK 8E ;5.

;6;59 '* JC, . )D 1='3@ ,K 7 iHawkeye 2000 seriesk 1' ARRB group :/0
* ' 6=.8 :
1) Digital cameras j Asset view & Pavement view packages , 5 )D 1='3@ ,K 7
K 7 '8 ; I.
40B. 3) D.,@
2) Data acquisition package & Software packages , 5 * 3.
5 /1='3@ J
1J , . .)B C1='3@ K 8 5 E , 5
3) Digital profiler package F6'* JC) ):' C)D 1='3@ B. 3) 48
-' =' I.
4) DGPS packages , 5 )D 1='3@ '756 ;
- '= '
5) GIPSI-Trac geometry )D 1='3@ ) 1 BJ;1' ),=
6) Rotorpulser '* JC.56 8
40 3- 8
90
6.6 & '(
' /. . (Traffic Data)
E
' 1='3@ 40G6= - .3 1= ;= =. .)B CB. 3
B=3 E
59 85 ;=' 1='3@ 59 B- * 3 J
)b 408;-'.5 (AADT)
. )7 3 ; ? (Standard Axle) 1' 8.68 40.0 I. , 8 /0 S
*3J
)b 408;-'.5 59 EF=, 5 7 J B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= (:/0
B 59 ;=' EF=
7 J )*+ ;5.) &'* )K 1'
5V ) ,-.
. )7 3 ; ? 40.0 I. /0 S 59 EF=E .)B C6=.8
'
8,3
1'
. 59 S
E ' B;
1='3@ ) - 49, 3 ; . .56G6=A68'5;A 35; '* JC 5
.
1 6 40
}W '8@-E;=),=
, 8;- S
5 /)D G.=E ) * 3-) D =.,- 1='3@ A68'5;A 35;I,&0', A B3 B3 ,@-O@ 8C .31='3@ ,-.
/ 59 D; 3 1='3@ 40G6=D85
' G3-)748 7', 5
PMS 1='3@ )703);3A68 , . 5
. 6=.8
B ' ;=' ), 3'8@-),3'
*3J
)*+ ,-. , B5T'8/0 4034I ;-'AB , =
.
B. 3.=
1' F-'
.3 59 G 5 34I A68; ;-'
8AB , = 1'
E =)6B. 3),48 8G6=3 .- 8 7
1 6) * 3 J
F 61'
8 7
),=
;- S 59 ;;- 5 ''G*
. :/0 5 * 3 J
)b 408;-'
.5 ,@ )*+ )B &0' 3 8 40 ,6 E =) D / B. 3;=' 40 ;=' ) = 5E
)7031/9
E J41' * ) OG 8 , ; 1='3@ 40G6=7 .- ,56,-.
.
5
A68)b 408)*+ ='8 40 1' * 3 J
. 50.* ) O 59 491/9 '8@-5 =' 40
F-. ).
* )3 B- )7&0 ' 5 6 65
* 5 B. 3) - 6- . E
49 A68 50 . G*
7 J '5; ,-. 1' * 3 J
*W 5 (Volume) ;-'B. 3, 3 E 5
*3J
G6=,@ ,6 (Capacity) 1'
. ;- ),=
A68)* 4 8 ) 4 8 * 3 J
E @*1' PCU (Passenger Car Unit) )F- 6E =
5 1 B5 34B) - 5 2.4 PCU
. 40'' , 5 B. 3) D.)b 408 100 A )3; ;-'F50.A3
, 5 1 6'&0 S 6G.=65 ;
40 6.1
91
40 6.1
-.8
) 84 ) - (Passenger Car Unit: PCU)

( - )
PCU
Car < 7P
2 axles (4 wheels, 4 tires)
1.0
Car > 7P
1.0
Light bus
1.2
Medium bus
1.4
Heavy bus
1.6
Light truck
1.3
Medium truck 3 axles (6 wheels, 6 tires)
1.3
Heavy truck
1.8
Full trailer
3+2 axles (6+4 wheels, 10+8

tires)
2.4
Semi trailer
3+2 axles (6+4 wheels, 10+8

tires)
2.4
92
9 5 )7 40 5 /G.= 8)*+ 8 * )K 65 ,6 E @* 40 6.3 :/0 B- ) - 49 @ * )*+

. )7 3 ; ? B&' 8,200 A 53 65 ;
40 6.1 .A 3= 1' . )7 40.0 I.
/0 S
. )7 3 ; ? )*+ 1='3@ 40, B5T1='3@ /0 40I@=
65 A8 8E =B. 3, E
@* 40 6.3
.
6 9
F 6;- S
93
6.7 & '( </
0 =
& '(
8> <%>
1='3@ ,K 7I. (serviceability, PSR) ,K 7B. 3 1D

AB , =
(bearing capacity) B. 3),48 81' I. (surface distress)
*3J
(traffic volume) < < AB 1- 8
.,3
- '')*+ F-. 8-'8 S (uniform
subsections) 4034,K 7 5VJ B = 8B / 5 A68EF=A* 3B'37.);' C 4075L 1/9
3 A68)b7 )7&0' )D 1='3@ 5VJ
.)B CE
PMS
/ '8- G E 40,6 - )*+ F-. 8-'8 S D85 ;=' 8/6 &' ;56,
.O. 3 A68
7 J 1= ' 5 6 1= ' 3@ 40 34 ' 8@- 59 36 B. 38 .1' ;- F- . 8- ' 8 40 34 , K 7
B = 8B / 5 '
* I5 ;59 ;-B. 38 .,' , 3 ='8)3; / B. 38 . 8A )3; ;A68 50.G** 3 J 1.0 - 1.5 A )3;
, 5 ;- F-. 8-'81' ),=
B- 40;=' 7 J G*EF=)*+ 1='3@ )1= 3465 49:* 3 J7&9 40 68 &'B' 4;
*3J
)b 408;-'.5 (AADT)
. )7 3 ; ? ;-'*M 40EF=
.
B- * )3 B. 3, 3 E = J *W 5 (PSR) ( *M 40* )3 )
' 8 40) &'1' .5,6F59 I. (B- * )3
*M 0*4 )3 )
1=' 56B 59 -' ;-'B. 3;=' I. E 3-) 0'& ()F- )' 8 40) '& '8@*W 586= K@3' O K@3* ) O
5 ,K 7B. 3 1D 1' AB , =
;- ),=
,3
G6= B. 3
B- 3'6@ 5,8&6 8- ZE\ 1' .5,6 ;- F59 1'
B- 3'6@ 5,8&6 8- ZE\ 1' 6
? = ;=' * 5 * 1'
6=.8 B- 3'6@ 5, ZE\ 59 ;=' E,- 59 B- 3'6@ 5, ZE\ 401'
B- 3'6@ 5, ZE\ 40 . 1' ),=
6=.8
' 49 85 341='3@ 40)*+ 7 3);' C, 5 .)B C 6= )O V?O ,; CB&'
-
B- * )3 :-'3
40 '8@-)*+ *
( .*M 40* )3 )
B- 65 B. 3, 3 E = 40 6 *M 40 =.3 ( = 341='3@ E '64;)
1=' 56E
) &' I. E 3-, 5 ;- ;' 1' ),=
*M * )K 1'
5V 40 )*+ ;='
1=' 56)408.5 EF=,4'&0 , 5 I.
B- EF= - 8 40)6 I
'&0 S ()F- ;4),=
E 3- G 3 B. 3 1' I.
40*@ 5
94
E 3-) 4034I
B- EF= - 8 I
)7037)OV ()F- =G1 .),=
)
B- EF= - 8 I
AB , = 6=
8 9 * 5 * 1'
&'18 8B. 3
.= 1' I.
) &''&0 S 40;'= , =
E 3- (B. 3 1' F59
B- 3'6@ 5, B < <)
1='3@ 40 - .3 )*+ ;5.'8G6= =' 40 59 S 1J 401='3@

)408.5
) &'.H4
3'6@ 5, ZE\ ' 8 EF=
40B
) &' ( B 59 34 / 40-50
E 159 ,6 = 8 7 3);' C
)408.5 F-. ). I
*
'5; 6') 498 B5V
6.8
1= ;= )
, 5 ;- F-. 1' ),=
1='3@
40) &' )*+ 1='3@ ? 1='3@
1='3@ 50. S G*
), 3I. 35)D G.=E Gd C)b7
B B. 3
6G.=
*3J
,@ ,6 40'' G.=, 5 ;) &') =. 34 '8@-E Gd CB'37.);' C
)1= ;- B 59 40.)B CE A* 3 PMS
341='3@
3 J1' ;- *M 40.)B
C F-. ). 1' .)B
C
&'B- EF=
8 5 ,
.)B
C , ; 1= ' 3@ )7&0 ' B. 3) 3 ,3 B. 3 )*+ E B. 3
;=' 1'
1' ),=
8, 8 :/0 ;=' 56, )
* 3 J)*+
.
3 E 6 )
; 3B. 3;= ' 40 ;;- 5 ''G*E ;- ),=
)F),=
34B. 3;=' B-
*; ),=
;='
7)OV @ J * 5 *
&';=' -', = E 3- )7&0'* 856B- EF= - 8E
5V ' 8 EF= 1'
. E =8&68 .
E
34K E
@J
E AB 1- 8)*+ 8
8
3&0 A )3; * ' 6=.8
:/0 )*+
5 V
40 '8@-)*+ *
)7&0'' .8B. 3, 6.E ,5T
)3&0'),=
E = 36' 8
EF=
=. ;=' 34 * 5 * )7&0')*+ ;-'' 8E =, 3 EF= G6=;-'G*
)7&0'), 3 ;- ),=
40F 6),48 8) .- 40 6 )
59 ,' 5VJ 40 - .
3 ,3
@ J G6=
)*+ :-'3
@ 5 )63 =.), 3I. 6
8 )7&0'8 65 3 ; ?
E J4 40)6B. 3),48 8b5 7 5

A68K58H 3F ; ,6 = 8B&' =G1*z' 5 *WT ' K58'8. 38 /
=G1),=
40G6= 5 B. 3),48 8 ' K58 6 ) -', = )7&0'*z' 5
*WT 40' )61/9 G6=
.
95
A68 50 . G*
)40 8 .1= ' 5 B O5 7 C 4 B B& ' Maintenance,
Upgrading, Reconstruction
Rehabilitation :/0 ;=' B. 3)1= E E B. 3 ;;- 1'
B. 3 3 81' B ) - 49
1)
(Maintenance) - ''; 3B. 3 401' *c 5; 34
*
7)OV
; 3 6).
b)b
.5; * , BC1'
65 49 B&'
E =)6B. 3 -E .. 34,K 7 EF=
G6= / ' 8 40'' G.= A68 :-'3 '8- ,30 ),3' )7&0' 6'5; ),&0'3,K 71'
.
/0 S A68E =I. 34B. 3) 48
8 7
F 6, 3 I- G6=; '6 X6@ 85 I E =
B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= EF=
6
)6I 64 - 3 ,5 B3-)O V? :-'3
65 49EF=
* 3 JG3-3 5 G3-)408.5 )703B. 3 1D 1' 7&9
& ' * 5 *
.),=
G6= (Routine) 40G3-1/9 5 * 3 J
5VJ
)*+ 3 340 4B- EF= - 8
40B-' 1= B 40 G6= - 6@ ;56 T=
B. 3, ' 6
8 9 ;- B@1=
5V -' '6
,7
)B &0' 3 8
<<
!" # (Recurrent) 401/9 5 * 3 J
5VJ
' 34 :-'3
8
B 59 K 8E /0 *M 59 491/9 '8@-5 * 3 J
9 5
G6= - :-'3 3 -' * I. '6
8 '8 ; :-'31'
<<
&
() (Periodic) A68 50.G*34F-. ).
8*M :/0 34 b I. (surface
dressing
&' resealing) :-'3G ;4),=
E 3- )*+ ;= B. 3 401' :-'3
5VJ 491/9 '8@-5 * 3 J
9 5
< < / )*+
:-'3
4034B- EF= - 8 40 * I5 ; 3
*W 58;- S
,(,- (Urgent) )F. 1 6A68K58H 3F ; 6 -3 &'
) 408
;6;59 *z 8
)b7 )*+ ;=
2)
.- 40 :-'3
)703B. 3, 3
8 65
.
)703B. 3 1'
;-')3&0'G6=34 7
3) =
7&9
40
)748 B-
.
0 0&9 (Upgrading) )3&0'I. )6B. 3),48 8)

'8- *; &')3&0'34* 3 J
,@ 1/9 A6834.5; * , BC)
)7&0'
1'
. /0 S )3&0'E = / ' 8 40'' G.= &' J4 4034 I
59 S E = ' 5 * 3 J
40,@ 1/9 )F- 68
@ 5
I. (overlay) &'18 8B. 3.= 6 )
65 49 D
J * )3 B. 3B=3
146B. 3, 3 E
5V
& , '= (Reconstruction) EF=E J4 40
. )6B. 3),48 8 / F59
&9', = E 3- 49 )*+ )3&0'
. /0 S ),&0'3,K 73 ) .), 3B. 3 1' I. A68;
&' J4 40 * 5 *
.),=
96
E 3- ,-. 34 B @.- * 5 * )*+ 6 S

;- = -', = E 3- 59 34 5VJ
)*+ * 5 *
.),=
E 3-D' )1= 1- 8 '57) 6 &' =
. ),&0'3,K 7
3 AB -', = E 3-D )1= 1- 8 @ J
4) ( /
(Rehabilitation) EF=E J4 40
. /0 S )6B. 3
),48 8) &0' @* -'8* ) 81 6 :-'3 *; &'E J4 40
. 59 S
34 EF= 3
) ' 8 40 ' ' G.= & ' G3- D ) &0 ' 3 1 6
5 V 40
) 3 ,3
E = , 8 59 G3-, 3 EF= G6=; 3' 8 '4 J4 /0 B&' -', =
, 8 59 G3-G6=BJK 7; 33 ; ? 40'' G.=
G3- )748 ;- B-), 3

I. ) - 59
;-;=' &9'7&9
E 3-6=.8 .3 / * 5 * G
8
9 1=
8'5+ '* 8
(/
8 *
& '* 8 8 5+ ' .
7
<
*+ ( /
, '=, &8 '
&' =
6.9
*+
1 5 &
8
< *+7* : & .7
'7& '@ 6 . 8 A
'
'/
*+9'=
*+97& / =
.)B C )O V?O ,; C) 03;= 40 65 AB , 5 ;- F-. 1' ),=

40
- G.= A687 J )* 48 ) 48 '5; ,-. I * A8F C 40 G6= 5 ;-'BE
;- F-. 50 B&' Benefit/Cost &' B/C ratio =.* )3 B. 3) 3 ,3
&' @ J
1' ;- 3 ; * A8F C 40G6= 5 7 J B- EF= - 8 40 6 1'
I@=EF= EF= '5 ) &0' 3 ;
/0 S B7 J B B-', = *W 5 .B5V
E ' B; A68B6,-. 6E ;- *M 59 I * A8F C
B; '6' 8
. ;- F-.
.)B
C )O V?O ,; CE
PMS )408.1=' 5 2
' B&'
Performance model
User costs model
' EF=E
8,3
1' I. E ' B; :/0 ' O58B- 3'6@ 5,8&6 8- ZE\ 1' .5,6F59
40.56G6=E , 3 )3&0'34
1='3@ * .5;1'
;- ),=
8,3
E ' B;1' AB , =
, 8 /0 S
,3
G6='8- 350 E A68.H4;-'),= d
97
;- 5 @ J
=. 1='3@ * .5; G3-34* A8F C3 5
;-)3&0 '
B- 3'6@ 5, ZE\ 1' .5,6
;- F59
, 3 B .J Critical stress &' strain
E .5,6 ;- F59
G6= =. G*EF=7 J I 1' 3 ; ;- S E
, 5
' B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= (User costs model) ' O58 5 40.-
* 856B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= 1/9 '8@-5 3 ;
40)*+ G*G6=, 5 ;- F-. 1'
. ; E6 40I. ) 48 B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= ;0 ,6 59 B5V B- 9 35
< < .3 / B- ,@T),48). )6
E
' HDM (Highway Design and Maintenance Model) 4075L A68
H B A 6 8 B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= 65 ;-'G* 49
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
BBBBBBBBBBB-
9 35 )F&9')7
9 35 '- &0
8 ,/ '
'G :-'3
7 5
),&0'3 B
6') 498
-. ).
),48). I@=A68,
),48). , B=
B. 3 B- EF= - 81' I@=EF= 59 34B. 3,5375 HC 59 5 B. 3) 48 1' I.

,K 7 .),=
) 1 BJ; 40* 5 *
;-E
*c 5;,-. E T- 35 7 J
* A8F C 40G6= 5 3 ; :-'3
A68; B. 3) 48 1' I. ) - 59
8 .A =31' ,K 7 E ' B;,' ) &')3&0'G6= 5 * 5 * )* 48 ) 48 5
) &' /0 A68B .J B. 3)B= &'B. 3)B 486.X; 40)6 9 5
1 6E T- '4 ) &' /0 1='3@ * .5; ( = 34)

' 4985 34
' 40, 3, 5 * )3 ' 8 40) &''8@-1' .5,6F59 I.
)7
/ 3= .- 5 5 9 5 1' F59 7&9
85 ,3 @ JC ' 8@- ,K 7K@ 3' OD '
8.5,6I. E =),&0'3 G6= 65 59 ' 8 40) &''8@-1' .5,6I. ' ;=' * )3 A68
8F. 4034* , JC &'' 7 J -.35 F 6B. 3),48 8F 6E6
F 6 /0 1' I.
@J
. /0 S ' )* 408 * 59 ,K 7I.
.
98
,K 77&9
8 .A = 3 E ' B; / ;= ' B .J B. 3)B=

B. 3)B 486.X;E .5,6F59
5 .)B CB. 3) 3 ,3 )O V?O ,; C1' ;) &'1' ;F-. 1'
. /0 S =. 34 56 65 B. 3) - 6-. 1' ;) &' A68E =
) &' 4034'5; ,-. I * A8F C/B,@ ,6 (B/C ratio) )*+ 65
) &' 40 1, 2, 3
....... E 40,63 ; 40 G6= 5 ) &' 59 1/9 '8@-5 7 J K 7 .3 59 AB 1- 8
* 3 J 4034'8@- 3 ; 34;59 ;-
5V *; / b I. ), 3I.
@ J (), 3B. 3
&' &9', = E 3-)
;- ' 8- G D ; 3 E
PMS B 59 34 .)B
C 40 :5 := ' 1/9 )7&0'
B ;' 4064 40,6 40) 48.- iOptimizationk
.)B CI 40; 33 ;56, E /0 S
) &0' 34 * 3 J 56 A68 iConsequence analysisk 40, B5T B&' I ;56, E 40
G6= 3 ; 4064 40,6
;=' 3 &'5 8F. =' 0 40 5 I6F'
,-. /0 S 1' AB 1- 8
. :/0 , B5T3 )7 )*+ EF=* A8F C
B. 3 @= * , JCE , 31' B =' 0
)3&0 ' I
,6 = 8G6= 1=' 8;A68B. 3) D F' 1' } 8 AB D
,3
''), ')7&0 ' * 3@ I@= 5 ) 3 * 3@
B. B3 )*+
K
= 401' , 5
. =' 0 ;PMS D85 B ;=' EF=A68I@=
E
,-. )7&0' ;6; 3
I G**c 5;
' 49
PMS 85 ' EF=E E =
8 ,6 ,
K 71' AB ;- S :/0 '
3 )* 48 ) 48 5 ;
I
AB
56, * 3 J
)3&0'AB G6=6 ) ), D ,9 1='3@ E ? 1='3@
40)408.1=' 5 ;- F-.
1'
. 40 * 5 *
@ * 5 E = 5 ,35 8A68'5 ; A 35 ; 1= ' 3@ 40 ) 40 8.5 B B-', = D G6= 5 * 5 E =,'6B =' 5 B 40* 3@ G6= * A8F C1'
PMS '4
*
/0 B&' ;6; 3 8 8 .6@AB 1- 8
. 59 36)*+ F-. S E =
/
)* 408 * ,K 7I.
,K 77&9
1' ;- F-.
*M;-'*M :/0 E =7&9 ?
'8- 64)7&0' O/V ,3
1' .5,6;- S AB , =
. 50.* ) O 5 .- )*+
*z' 5 1='3@ )7&0' 656 *
*5
' 8-'8E
PMS
99
6.10
PMS )*+ .H4
40, 3 F-.8 ;56, E 1'
8 65 :/0 )*+
)B &0' 3& ' 4034* A8F C3 , 5 . I
), 3I. E 3-E
' B; 59 65 AB 1- 8
.
65 AB 8-'8 S 59 49
;=' ' O581='3@
, B5T)408.5 BJ,3 5; 8K 7 40, 3 .56G6= , 3 50 B&' iB. 3) 48 1' I.
k
iB. 3 1D 1' F59
k =.EF=
' .)B C)7&0'
8,3
1'
I. I 40G6=B&' ) &' 4064 40,6, 5 * 3 J 4034'8@- A68I- B .J:9 S
B- 40I@=EF= , 3 6B- EF= - 8 EF= G6=3 40,6
' 49
PMS 85 E = 5TF4 8
) &'
40)
, 5
. ;- , 8 40E =* A8F C,@ ,6, 5 * 3 J 40G6= 5 '8- 56 1J 40I@=
65 ,@ E ,-. , 3 EF=
49 O/V I 40; 33 * 3 J 40 56 4034I ;-'
,K 7B. 3) 48
B. 3 1D 1' AB 1- 8
.
85 , 3 EF=7 J 65
* 3 J 40 E ='5; I ;'
;-',5 B3,@ ,6 E
5V AB 1- 8
.
@* 40 6.4 I I5 ,6
; . ,'
; . ,'
; . ,'
; . ,'
1' 1- 81'
; . ,' AB , =
* .5
*;
b)b
8 )'4867)OV)703);3
100
8 65 ; . ,' * ' 6=.8
101
102
</
*
'8 *
O 8
'8 *
O F* G= '0G'
O
7 *+, &, G= '0G'
'8 *
&
'8 ; (crack) I. = B' 4; 6 -' (scaling) ;

) (spalling) ;; 33 I- B' 4; (corner crack)
;; 3 .8 . ; 3 .1. (longitudinal and
transverse crack)
''
-', = @56 -'
)*+ , 31'
) D), 3 1 6
5V '8;-' 6;5.1' ?
, )B34 5 9 53 ) G* , ) ;'&0 S )6
F GdG 3= '6;5 1' -' 8 9
'6 '8 ; :-'3 * )* 408 I.B' 4;E 3 :-'36=.8.H4'&0 S )F- .H4 -' .H4b46'47':4 < <
) 50.G* )F- *' C; 6C:)3 ;C 3' C; C) : '47':4
7' 4)3' CB' 4; B' 4;I,3 . ) D:C 6 8 7B
&':)3 ;C3' C; FC 6G3-8 ;5.
1) 3' C; C 340 4 -';5.) D.
40-';5.A68, )B34
B) 8 3 ;'8 F 6;- S
) b I.6=.8 9 35 :4 &''47':45 9 &'.5,6'68
3. .
' 8 EF=
40B 6 3 81' I.
@)3 F 6;- S; 3,K . .6 ='31' G 8
7 3. .
7 8 ( I)
G7 )3' C:4
1-2 (A68*; ='8.- 1 *M)
,) ' 40:4
2
)Bd:4 * 3 J
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11. ,- )( X-1#+ (V+1M ( !D -:,/+ !" &%)! 12-15 ()6 < ) M 20 )/')
1M ( !D -:,/+ !"
&%)! 30 ()6 < ) M 40 )/')
$< !"11.1 1
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"
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(Median and Island)
12. K*D !"1#+( + 78 0 &28 &2 9% +

,- )!( *D# !"# + /# !"7B; 7-8 6 +()6
&" ,*#,- )-/ +6"8 7B; 1.20 ()6 ,- ) -;/ 1/ +6"8 7B; 6.00 ()6 6 M! !")!K*D !"
8 &;# # B: ) 0/( X- !DX3;/
13. < 7B;1#+( +
(16()*#+ ,- 8 0/( ! -;/- )B)7#2 1 : 10 :; )! 6&D+P !"
)$0 + 1#2'#+
# + /# 0.60 ()6
(16' 2 ,- 0 +# +6"8 2.00 ()6
14. ,- )-/ +1#+( + ,- 8 0 ;;&+ !D :
78 0 &2 69;6&D+<f
0 *#7&CC M3g
: 1.50-1.80 ()6 # +6"8 0 *#
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78 0 &2(<h !"0 B; #1#+, 1/ ) : 2.00-2.40 ()6 # +6"8 0 *# 1.50 ()6 # +
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.
178
15. (7/ (, *"#+0) 1#2 1/ +( +,- *;##3<K ;1/ ) 2'#+ +)/

'- 0/
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/# !"7B; 6.20 ()6
17. ( + 2+ 7 < H (16()*#+ !"-/ +) - 8 ()6 7 )
8 0/(9;A (7!
6#,- ) B1#+ + !")!7&CC M3g
# 0/(9;,- ) B+ &;7&CC M3g
!"6 + + 0/, #2, B) 3;/ &D+7#+ 9% +
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1
# ,6:; (K9")'#+
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19. 2
+0 -+ !" 8 &;,- )( X-2 + 2 !" 100 )/') < ) M /# 70-80 1#+
(V+ !"7$C(7! +6&- &2,* ) 3;/F
9 ()6 1/ + +
20. ( 9 ;9 78 0 &20 B; !" P 2##1/ + +,- )!,- ) ;'& #&6 7- 6 6# 1 6 / '&
1@D #!( X /# #&6 7- 4 6# 1 '- 0/ !" P 2(0 &27$ +(;9)3;/
21.
!")!,& +7$+- 3 ()6 )!,- ) ;;/ 1/ +'& - 6 6#1 ,- 69;6&D+ -& ' 0 *#
8 K+,# !6 22 9-( # NW! 1/#(7! ,*#& ' B' 9;(<h #& 6 6#A$/1&21!" &
6N
22.
()*#+,- )!(1630 + &D+7#+1/ + -/ +# + /# !"7B;1/ + 2 ()6 1#2'#+
+
#7B; / <j92&693;/
23.
#()*#+:; &"-3< !" +:,/+)! &%)! /# - 600 ()6 ,- 8 (, *"#+0) / +<
#B< MN,-2,B)
#*" G !"(0) 7)
24. ,- ) B1#+ :; &"-3< (6X) !" (7$+7B;) ()*"# 7
)!,- )( X- !" 50-60 )/')
25.
+ kLl!,- ) B1#+ :; &"-3<# $ !"< ) M 1,800-2,200 ,& /')/'#+
$< !"11.2 7;+,- )7&)K& HN 0- +#&6 30 0 *#< 9) M
(,& /')) &2,- )0
1#+
(,& /)) &2,- )
( X-(P !" 1#+ -; 2 /#+ ()/'))
7;+ < A& 0- +< 9) M
0 *##&6 30
(,& /')) &2,- )0
1#+ -; 2
(,& /))
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()/')) &2,- )0
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(Traffic Flow Characteristics)
(Road capacities)
26.
#()*#+7#+'#+
7#+ 9% + !")!7F K '/+ 3;/;! 7 ) 0/2 9 3;/ 2,000
,& 6#'&"-:)+ -)7#+ 9% +
27. ,- ) B1#+ +0 -+ 22 9% +1 ; 4-'#+
6-'#+
8-'#+
# $ !"
< ) M 20,000 ,& 6#-& 6#'#+
28. ,- ) B
+<j92&6978 0 &2
()*#+ -& <69 7 ) < ) M3;/;&+ !D
20,000-35,000 ,& 6#-& 78 0 &2
4 '#+
7#+ 9% +
30,000-50,000 ,& 6#-& 78 0 &2
4 '#+
9% +
40,000-70,000 ,& 6#-& 78 0 &2
6 '#+
9% +
29. (16()*#+ ,- ) B1#+
0- + +)& 3)6/#+,8 @+ @+ (K !" + (<h 6&8 0 ;,- ) B %@L K2- B+( Kq< 9) M
#9")6&-(7$+7B;)# $ 0- +
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,& 6#'&"-:)+3g(1! - '#+ +6 + &D+ !D1@D # $&2 0 + 0- +,&
30. < 9) M
7$+7B;78 0 &2'#+ +6 +1M (1/ 7$ + !")!7&CC M3g
# $ 0- +
1,800-2,000 ,& 6#'&"-:)+1M 3g(1! 31. ,- ) B1#+'#+
+6 + !" + 7&CC M3g
!"W@"+#! +0 @"+)!< 9) M
/(,! +& :; &"-3<# $ 0- +(0.45x1800=) 810 ,& 6#'&"-:)+
(0.45x2000=) 900
,& 6#'&"-:)+
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7$+7B;2
7 0 & ()*#+# $ !" 1,000 ,& 6#'&"-:)+6#'#+
&D+ !D6/#+
)! (- 3g(1! -# + /# /# 60 # +3 X6 ) #&6 30 7$+7B;# $ !" (- 3g
(1! - #! 9% +0 @"+1#+ + (<h
7 #+
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6#'&"-:)+
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+ #+0 @"+'#+
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& # $ !" 1,500 ,& 6#'&"-:)+:; < ) M
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(Traffic growth)
35. < 9) M
!"(K9")1@D (<h 2 (
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/# (72/n) 6#<u
36. #&6 ( 9C(692:61#+< 9) M
2 +0 -+7 0 & 0- +()*#+ <69# $ - /#
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.
180
1#+ 3;/< ' ' 6978 0 2&

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1#+A A 96)- -) /#+ 9" 78 0 &2 1 7+79 ,/
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('9+(7/ :,/+
&.
!*
:; 7
1@D # $&2#&6 (K9")1@D
)! -: /)(<h ('9+(7/ 6 +) -
(Directional splits)
38. 2
7 0 & (16' ()*#+ 7&;7- 1#+< 9) M
9% +1 (1/ :1 ##,*#
75:25 @+ 80:20 '&"-:)+( +;- ('/
1 ##:1 (1/ 65:35 @+ 70:30 '-+'&"-:)+
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7 0 &
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- #2()*#+;/
7&;7- 9%
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2.
'
(Volume ratios)
39. < 9) M
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24 '&"-:)+
40. 2
7 0 & ()*#+ M! !"7F K
3),&2,&"+ < 9) M
'&"-:)+( +;- # $ !"
/# 10-12 1#+< 9) M
24 '&"-:)+ 6 M! !"7F K
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'&"-:)+( +;- # $ !" /# 7-10 1#+< 9) M
24 '&"-:)+
41. 2
7 #+
!"K&# %& ()*#+ < 9) M
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/# 10-12 1#+< 9) M
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# /#+ 9" '&"-:)+( +;42. #&6 7- < 9) M
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#
()*#+
1.25-1.30 78 0 &2
()*#+
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6#'&"-:)+7$+7B; 8 ;&2 !" 30 # $ - /# 15 1#+< 9) M
:; (P !" 6#
-& (AADT) 78 0 &2
#()*#+ /# 12 1#+< 9) M
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78 0 &2
()*#+
3. &'
' 4'
(Peak times)
44. < 9) M
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10.00-12.00 . 2
()*#+
45. -& !"< 9) M
2
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0. "
. (Commercial vehicles)
46. < 9) M
1#+ 2 B( X 0C2
7 0 & ()*#+:; (P
7&;7- < ) M /# 10 1#+< 9) M
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6 /#+
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&D+0); &D+ !D1@D # $&27F K

6 /#+ !"
5. #
!" D+& -& <69)!

7&;7- 1#+
!"
15-25 1#+
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48. ,- )( X-## 2278 0 &2 7 0 & ()*#+<69# $ 0- + 70-80 )/')

49. ,- )( X- !"1&21!" 9+1@D # $&2,- )( X-1#+ 6#27 #+1#+A$/1&21!" W@"+<697$+- ,- )( X8 &; !"8 0 ;3-/ 6 (16 ( 0- + 60 - 100 )/')) # $< ) M 10 )/')
50. ,- )( X- 8 &;)&8 0 ; , (<# N(WX 6N3 N !" 85 1#+,- )( X-1&21!" &"-3<
51. 2
' ()*#+ !")! -6 +
-- 400 ()6 ,- )( X-(P !" # 7$+- 60 )/')
52. ,- )( X-## 2278 0 &2 + &
:; <69# $ !" 30 )/') 6# 7$+ @+ 50 )/') X
3;/ 78 0 &2,- )( X-1#+, (;9 ( / # $< ) M 1.4 ()6 /-9 !0 *#< ) M 5 )/') &" ,*#
/ 6/#+ 1/ )
!"-/ + 14 ()6 6/#+ '/(- 10 -9 !
+<j92&69,- (A*"#(#! 7 -9 !78 0 &2 6#27 #+ ( 9")/ -##(;9
53. ,- )( X- 10 )/') = 2.8 ()6 /-9 !
60 )/') = 17 ()6 /-9 !
100 )/') =
28 ()6 /-9 ! :; < ) M
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)* 4
8. 4 )* 4
9 *'
(Traffic Generation)
) *:'
* (Residential traffic generation)
54. #&6 (9;( !" -(;9 +

!"# $# %&
- g 60 *#6@ - 5 ( !" -/, &-( *# /-& 0 *# 0.5 ( !" -/, &-( *# '&"-:)+( +;- ' ()*#+'&D + 6 ( !" -/, &-( *# /-& 0 *# 0.6 ( !" -/, &-( *# '&"-:)+( +;- ' ()*#+'&D # 12 ( !" -/, &-( *# /-& 0 *#1.2 ( !" -/, &-( *# '&"-:)+( +;55. ,- )0
:; (P !" (16' ()*#+# $ !" 4 - 4.5 , &-( *# /3 &D+ !D3) -)K*D !"- +
(<
56. 1/#)$ 1/ +6/ )! & - B 1 6 +9: ()6 1#+K*D !"# $# %& &;7 0) # 0/(9;
( !" -(;9 + 30,000-35,000 ( !" -/-&
57. < ) M /# 5 r 20 1#+ 7&C 1#+ -; # $F
/#+ !" W@"+ 8 - -;
;&+ - 3) '/ 7 0 & !"# $ #2G
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182
58. 1/#)$ 1/ +6/ )! & - B 1 6 +9: ()6 1#+

+ 24,000-28,000 ( !" -/-& 2
7 0 & !"# $1/
59. , &-( *# &"-3<# 0/(9; (;9 +:;
6N /#
#&6 ( !" -(;9 + 1.2 ,& /, &-( *# 0 *# 3,400 ,&
;. 4 )* 4
'*
"#! $# %& 0) # 0/(9;( "! -(;9

+(,! +
10-12 '-+'&"-:)+( +;- "& ,*#
/6 +9: ()6
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60. %$ N ,/ 1 ; 0C# 0/(9; 8 - ( !" -(;9 +7$+7B;< ) M 30 ( !" -6#K*D !" /

,/ < ! 100 6 +()6 /-&
%$ N ,/ 1 ; #)# 0/(9; 8 - ( !" -(;9 + !"
25 ( !" -6#K*D !" / ,/ < ! 100 6 +()6 /-& 1M !"W$(<# N) N(X6# 0/(9; 8 ( !" -(;9 +7$+ @+ 130 ( !" -6#K*D !" 100 6 +()6 /-&
61. %$ N ,/ &"-3< !")! !" #; 4 - 8 !"/100 6 +()6 1#+K*D !" / ,/ # 0/(9;( !" -(;9
+ #&6 2 - 3 ,& / !" #;/'&"-:)+ (<h # +)
62. 0)B (-! '/ !" #; !"%$ N ,/ '-+(- !",&2,&"+ !"7B;:; (P !" (1/ ## BG 4060 !/ !" #;
63. 1 ;K*D !" #; %$ N ,/ :; &"-3<# $ 0- + 1.5 - 2 ( 1#+K*D !" / ,/ (' K*D !"
#; ( -) +-9"+) < ) M 30 6 +()6 / !" #; &" ,*#K*D !" / ,/ 100 6 +()6
6/#+ !" #; 4 - 8 !"
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(Office traffic generation)
64. 78 &+ 6 +G )!#&6 (9;( !" -(;9 +:; &"-3<# $ 0- + 12 ( !" -6#K*D !" 100
6 +()6 /-& : ++ #B67 0 ) :;&+)!#&6 (9;( !" -(;9 +# $ 0- + 5r
8 ( !" -6#K*D !" 100 6 +()6 /-& 1M !": +K 2 )!#&6 (9;( !" -(;9 +10.5
( !" -/(6! +/-&
7 %@L 8 0/(9;( !" -(;9 + 1 ( !" -/, /-&
65. 78 &+ &"-3<)! !" #; 3 - 4 !" #;6#K*D !"78 &+ 100 6 +()6 :; )!#&6 (P !"
'/K*D !" 3 ,& / !" #;/-& 78 0 &2A$/ !") 69;6#
/# 60 1#+ !" #; - + '-+(- ( +; /# 30 1#+ #; !"78 &+ &D+0); (<h '-+7&D G
<. 4 )* 4
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66. 78 0 &2 K&{ :, + '-+(- (9; (;9 + !"-9k6)&(<h '-+(- '&"-:)+( +;( X :; (PK 2 9(-M !")! / ,/ (<|;2 9 @+(- ;@ # +3 X6 ):; "-& 3< /-'-+((9; (;9 + !"-9k6)&(<h '-+(- '&"-:)+( +;- ('/
.
183
67. #&6 (9;( "! -(;9 +:; &"-3< < A& ) 0 #&6 (9;( !" -(;9 +1#+
/#+ !"0 "+@ # # %& , #&6 (9;( !" -(;9 +(P !" "3! ;/ #/ + !"#*" G !")!1/#)$ # $
11.4 1# $' *"

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(Road Networks)
(General principles)
68. ## 22:, +1
!";!6/#+)!7&;7- < 9) M 6 ) 8 ;&2'&D # +(0) 7):;
8 < (F 1#+ 6 )F 0 / !" 8 ;&2'&D 1#+ < #2;/7 0 &0 *#7 < H (arterial road)
7 #+ (secondary road) 0 *#
&2
(distributor
or collector)
/#+ 9" 0 *# 6 #W# (local road) 0 *#

+(1/ 0)$2/
F 0)$2/ (access road)
0 / !"78 ,&C1#+ 7 0 &,*#(K*"#'- 0/ 30 1#+ 7
< 9) M) G3<
3;/7 ;- -;( X- 1M !"
/#+ 9" )!0 / !"'- (1/ @+F
/#+ !"0 @"+G &D+ !D
6/#+,8 @+ @+<~ & +;/ 79"+ -; /#) ,- )< #;F& (<h < (;X 78 ,&C
69. 1/#,- )&; -&+ ## 22:, +1
,*# 8 < (F 1#+ 7 #+(K
# (9;<~C0 1&; /+ F 0 / !" !" / 9+1#+ 7 #+1#+ /#+ !"0 @"+G W@"+)!A 6#
&;
!"7 #+ &D ,- 8 0 ; 0/(<h 7- 0 @"+1#+:, +1
7 0 & 0 *#
7- 0 @"+1#+
/#+ 9"
70. < (F 1#+:, +1
0 @"+G )!0 / !"(PK ('
7 0 &(<h
7 6 +(;9 +
3;/7 ;- -;( X- 3)-)!,- ) B7$+ 7/#+ 9" !"6/#+,8 @+ @+ 0/) ,*#
< (;X +7F K -; /#) ,- )< #;F& (<h 78 ,&C :, +1 # -- ,- ) B6"8 3)
(<h +A (#*D##8 - 0/
6 + 9" (1/ ) '/
71. &LM + F K1#+ 7 0 @"+G ,- 7 /# 0/(0X @+F 0 / !"1#+
&D G
4. 1# $' *"
* (Arterial road networks)
72. ,- ) B1#+ 7 0 & !"(<h :, +1 6 +0) B 9% +0 @"+(<h 7&;7- &2,- )

B1#+
6 7
9% + &D
(<h <j9F ,7- &2&2 0 + 0- +
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#'-+(- ( +;W@"+# < ()9 3;/ ,- )0
1#+( !" -(;9 +
+:; (P !" #&6 7- < 9) M
'&"-:)+( +;- 6#< 9) M
24 '&"-:)+
< 9) M -;
6 9% +
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184
74. 78 0 &2K*D !"0)$2/ 1 ; #) (< ' < ) M 2,000 , ) :, +1

7 0 & 22
6 +0) B ,- )! BG
1 9: ()6 &D+ !D1@D # $&2 &LM F$)9< ( %;/75. :; &"-3<:, +1
7 0 & ()*#+ !")! BG'-+ 1 9: ()6 ,- (<h
4-'#+
1M !" 0 + BG 1.5 9: ()6 ,- (<h
6-'#+
&D+ !D1@D # $&27F K -; /#)
#2G '/ !";9
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76. !" ;X6 ) !")!'#+- +3)6#( *"#+ :, +1
7 0 & 226 +0) B 7
3<,&2,&"+
7 0 & &;3< (9 1!;,- ) B
/#+ 9"
&D X 3;/ &2A
2 7
!"A K*D !"
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77. 8 !" '/

/#+ 9" /# - /# 10 1#+(- (;9 + &D+0);3),- 8 ) (<h 1/#)$
## 22
78. ,- )1&; /+ !" B + !"7B; 0- + 7&C 3<) (1/ K*D !" &L 7F K -; /#)
:, +1
/#+ 9" )&(9;1@D 2
7 #+ ('
7 #+ !" -) )!2/ ( *#
# $(6X)7#+~+
)!7 969#B2&69(06B7$+7B;
79. :, +1
/#+ 9" !"3)6#( *"#+ -- <f#+& 3) 0/
6 + 9" (1/ ) K*D !" 6
# )!1/#(7! ,*#2 9 2&73)7 ) 0/2 9 3;/:; 7 ;-
80. 8 &;,- )( X-2
/#+ 9" '- ;,- ) B +1#+#B2&69(06B
/ ,- )( X-1#+
-; 6"8 - 40 )/') 7 ) ; 7$C(7! '!-96 2 ;( X2( *"#+ #B2&69(06B +
3;/) !(;! 81. #9 H9K 1#+<~ & 6 +G 1#+,- )( X/#+ !"0 @"+G )!;&+ !D
,- ) -1#+ ('
!"7&D - 200 ()6 ,- )( X-1#+ -; )& 6"8
,- )-/ +1#+
!"3)7)"8 (7)# 0 *# +,;:,/+
F$)9 &% N1#+

7)
8 0/,- )( X-1#+ -;
; +3;/
;,- )-/ + +
)#+(0X !" 8 &;
".
% 46 4
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(Environmental Considerations)
82.
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8 0 ; 8 - ( !" -(;9 +7$+7B; !" &23;/ (:; <698 0 ;(<h ,& /)2/-& ) 0 *##
8 0 ;< 9) M
7$+7B; !" &23;/(PK
7 0 @"+ &" ,*# 8 - -; 6#-&
83. (16' ()*#+ ,- )0
1#+< 9) M( !" -(;9 + / (9 - 8,000,& /)2/-& )&
# 0/(9;<~C0 79"+ -; /#);/ (7! +
) K9L # % 7&" 7 ( *#
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185
84. (MON8 0 ;#! $< 220 @"+78 0 &2

!"K&# %& ,*# 8 0 ;,- ) B1#+
# B &LN79"+ -; /#) !" 2,000-3,000 ,& /-& # +3 X6 )A$/, (<h 8 - ) # K#
# $# %& 2
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7F K -; /#) !")!< 9) M
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!"A$/, 3;/ &D )!'-+ !"-/ +)
85. 78 0 &2
!"(<h 6 #W# 0 *# +(1/ 2/ < 9) M
2,000-3,000 ,& 6#-& *#- (<h
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86. < 9) M
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1 ;1#+K*D !" < 9) M B;('*"#): +&2 #*"
8 - +(1/ -## 69;6#&2 7
0 & #2G
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87. &; 8 + &
+(;9 ( / :; (PK 79"+ !",- ,8 @+ @+,*# < &2< B+;/
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#B2&69(06B2 /#+ :; -9H! +-9%- ) !"(0) 7) &;
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88. + &
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(Traffic Management)
.
97. 0 & !"(<h K*D 1#+ &;
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100. ; 8 - B;('*"#): +:, +1
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.
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110. 78 0 &2 7
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'#+
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S = 1200-1400 ,& /') 3g(1! Q = 500-600 ,& /')
'#+
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188
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115. 8 +6 + !"( ! 2( &2 8 "!0/ )( !D -1- 7 )

E = 0.5 x ( (- 3g(1! -78 0 2& ( !D -1- /N)
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2 B0 @"+,& )!, ( ! 2( &2
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7 ) &+0X = Y + 0.20 78 0 &27&CC M3g
7!" &+0.
189
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120. / ;&2#9")6&-6"8 - 0.8 *#- + 7&CC M3g

0 @"+G &+3),&2,&"+ 6 / ;&2
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121. / -,# (,9-) 1#+ 7
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7 ) < ()9 3;/# + -;( X-:; 7))60 @"+'&"-:)+)! #27&CC M3g
30 , &D+
6 , &D+ -;
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<69
( 9")(, *"# 6&- !" n -9 !0 &+ ( 9")3g(1! - &D+ !D) ,- ) 9+ !"!"-9"+A
+
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#9")6&- ,*#,& !"( 9")(, *"# !"##3<3;/, @"+ + '-+(- 3g(1! C.
)* (Roundabouts)
124. + !"(<h B; -)1#+
125. ,- ) B1#+-+(-! 2 '#+
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)!, ( G&2,- ) B1#+ + 7&CC M3g
2 '#+
126. '/-+(-! ,-2,B) 7

(0) 7)) - '/7&CC M3g
!"W@"+)!
7
( !D - 8 - ) 0
9% + # +3 X6 ) 7
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/0 *#, 1!" &
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# (0) 7)) 63),- 8 -+(-! 3< '/F '-+
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+. #
4D* ) !* (Safety at intersections)
127. 7!" (<h B;6&;2
!")!,- )1&; /+) @+ 24 ,*# 7
6&;& 16
7
(1/ -)& 8 1M !"-+(-! 4 +)!(K! + 4
(<h 7
(1/ -) &D+0); 7 ) 6&- !(<h B; !")!,- )1&; /+ -) 6 ,*#
7
6&;& 3
7
(1/ -)& 3
128. (16' 2 #()*#+ < ) M /# 20-30 1#+#B2&69(06B !"(9;1@D )&(9;1@D !" +
7- (16()*#+ 8 - #B2&69(06B !"(9;1@D !" + )!7&;7- < ) M /# 50-60
< ) M, @"+0 @"+1#+ 8 - !D(9;1@D !" + !"(<h +: 6&; +(#
129. ;/- (06B !"< 9) M
#()*#+)! /# #&6 (9;#B2&69(06B6# -; 0 @"+,& !" +
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/# - X6 )
.
190
130.
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(<h -+(-! / (<h 3<3;/ (K
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)&
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131.
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132.
(- !" '/# <f
78 0 &2, 1&2 :; &"-3<,*# (N+1)/3 -9 ! !"W@"+ N ,*# 8 ,8 2 A <f
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7&;7- # +6"8 7 6# 1
134. <f
3),- )! /# ,8 (9 - 5 2 &;
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138.
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80-120 ()6 (16()*#+ &D+ !D1@D # $&2Kk69 )1#+, 1&2
,- )( X-1#+
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+ 2 150 ()6 78 0 &2 + +( 9 (,- )7$+1#+3g7&CC M
:; <69# $ !"
2.30 ()6 A9- )
D. BBE '
' $ " (Street light)
139. :; "-& 3<3ggf 7#+7- +1/ + ,- 0/ 7+7- + +2 +( / (K*"# 0/ )#+(0X 7 )
, (;9 ( / ## (+ 79"+1#+1/ + + # +3 X6 ) !" + ,- )! 7+7- +7#+ +6 +
2 -&6 B (' ( +
B;79D 7B;1#+( 2+
, (;9 ( /
-; #*" G /
!" B;-9k6 !"7B;)!:,)3ggf (K! +;-+(;! - ,- 69;6&D+ +;/
(1/ )
140. :,)3ggf (;!" - !"# $7$+ H 0/,- )7- +(<h K*D !"-+ ! !")! - 3H
-/ + 1.7H
141. 78 0 &2 7#+7- +2 (7/ + :,)3ggf !"69;6&D+7$+ H 0/ 7+7- +(<h 0 #),#)
(<h
+ H ;-+:,) H/4 @+ H/2 +;/ (7 :,)3ggf
5H 6 ) +;/ !" (1/ )
142. 0 &<j92&69(!" -&2 0/ 7+7- +2 /#+
!" 0/)! 7+7- + !" + # +(<h 8 ;&2
.
191
,- )78 ,&C !")!< 79 H9A ,*#

0/ 7+7- +2
;/ !" 3< &" ,*# ;-+
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0/ 7+7- +2
;/ !"
(1/ )
0/ 7+7- +2 ( '#+( !D -W/ q q
143. 0/ 7+7- +2 /#+
!";!,- # $ - 2 , (;9 6#6 +()6 !"7)"8 (7)# 6 / 6"8
- 0.5 , (;9 6#6 +()6 *#- (<h 0/,- )7- + !"( 144. 7#+7- + !";! !" + ,- # $ !"< ) M 20 &WN 1M !"2 9(-M +( / !")!A$/, '/)
,- # $ !"< ) M 40 &WN 0 *#) - 1/#78 ,&C,*#,- )7)"8 (7)#1#+ 7+7- +
. ) 4 " (parking)
145. 1 ;1#+'#+ #; ) 6 221 &21#2 ,*# - 6 @+ 7 ()6
-/ + 2.3
@+ 2.5 ()6 6#,&
146. 1 ;1#+'#+ #; 226&D+P &2(7/ +
(16()*#+:; &"-3<# $ 0- + - 5 @+
6 ()6
-/ + 2.5 ()6 6#,&
147. 1 ;1#+'#+ #; 226&D+P 2 K*D !" #; #(16 :; &"-3<-/ + 2.5 ()6
- 5.4 ()6 6#0 @"+'#+ ,- )-/ +1#+'#+ +-9"+:; &"-3<# $ !" 6.2 ()6 ( &D+ 22-9"+
+(;! -0 *#-9"+7#+ +) # + /# !"7B;6/#+3) /# - 5.8 ()6
148. 1 ;K*D !"78 0 &2 #; #(16 (2X;(7 X :; &"-3<,9;K*D !" 30 6 +()6 6#,& /
/# - !D )& K2&2<~C0 +(1/ ##
+-9"+3)(K! +K#
149. 78 0 &2K*D !" #; &"-3< #; 226&D+P 0/,- ) B) !"7B; +1#+ 8 - ,&
6#0 @"+0 - K*D !" 6 (1/ ##'#+ #; 8 2 ) - #; 22 8 )B) 45 0 *#
60 #+% ;&+ &D 78 0 &27
!" #; !")!< 9) M (1/ ##0)B (-! ) )& 9 )## 22
'#+ #; 22 +)B) 45 0 *# 60 #+%
192
193
194
195
1. 0 &+7*# 60 <u 7) ,)#B67 0 )#7 / +3 1 -' +1#+7) ,) ' + 0+ B+

7 ) K 2 ) '$< &)FN 7) ,)#B67 0 )#7 / +3 -2 -) &;K9)KN1@D 0)( *"#+
:# 7, 2 #2 60 <u 0+ #6&D+7) ,)q 12 H& - ,) 2531
2. 0 &+7*# !" @, 2 #2 60 <u ) +0 -+ &;K9)KN:; 0 . . B+%9 <K 9D 9"+
(K 7 1 ()L 2515
3. 0 &+7*# 90 <u ) +0 -+ H (29 + ;/- F$)93 &;K9)KN:; 2 9L& ; -kLN
,#))$ 9(,'&" 7N 1 ()L 2545
4. 0 &+7*# 100 <u ) +0 -+ /# -) A ;9 &;K9)KN:; 2 9L& !(#X) )& 69)!(;!
8 &; ()0 ' ) 2555
5. Basu & Bhattacharjee, A Textbook of Road Engineering Orient Longman Ltd.,
India 1977
6. Lapinski M., Road and Bridge Construction Handbook published by Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1978
7. Ogden K.W. & Taylor S.Y., Traffic Engineering and Management Department of
Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 1996
8. Robinson R., Danielson U., and Snaith M., Road Maintenance ManagementConcepts and Systems MacMillan Press Ltd, England 1998
9. Wignall A.,Kendrick P.S., Ancill R., & Copson M., Roadwork r Theory & Practice
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK 1999
10. Mannering F.L. & Kilareski W.P., Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic
Analysis John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998
11. Carol A., Traffic and Highway Engineering for Developments Blackwell Scientific
Publication 1994
12. Fred O., The Traffic Signal Book Prentice Hall 1993
13. Slinn m., Matthews P., & Guest P., Traffic Engineering Design r Principles and
Practice Arnold, London 1998
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