B giao thc TCP/IP, ngn gn l TCP/IP (ting Anh: Internet protocol suite hoc IP suite hoc TCP/IP protocol

suite - b giao thc lin mng), l mt b cc giao thc truy n th!ng ci "t ch#ng giao thc m $nt%rn%t & h'u ht cc mng my t(nh th)*ng mi "ang chy trn "+, - giao thc ny ").c "t tn th%o hai giao thc ch(nh c/a n+ l 012 (Giao thc iu khin Giao vn) & $2 (Giao thc Lin mn ), 1h3ng c4ng l hai giao thc "'u tin ").c "5nh ngh6a, 7h) nhi u b giao thc 8hc, b giao thc 0129$2 c+ th: ").c coi l mt t;< h.< cc t'ng, m=i t'ng gi>i ?uyt mt t;< cc &@n " c+ lin ?uan "n &iAc truy n BC liAu, & cung c@< cho cc giao thc t'ng c@< trn mt B5ch &D ").c "5nh ngh6a rE rng BFa trn &iAc GH BDng cc B5ch &D c/a cc t'ng th@< h*n, I mt l!gic, cc t'ng trn g'n &Ji ng)Ki BLng h*n & lm &iAc &Ji BC liAu trMu t).ng h*n, ch3ng BFa &o cc giao thc t'ng c@< B)Ji ": bin "Ni BC liAu thnh cc Bng m cuOi cLng c+ th: ").c truy n "i mt cch &;t lP, Q! hRnh ST$ miu t> mt t;< cO "5nh g#m U t'ng m mt GO nh G>n Vu@t lFa chn & n+ c+ th: ").c Go Gnh t)*ng "Oi &Ji b giao thc 0129$2, TF Go Gnh ny c+ th: gWy nh'm lXn hoc mang li GF hi:u bit GWu h*n & b giao thc 0129$2,

Mc lc
YZn[

\ ]5ch GH ^ 1c t'ng trong ch#ng giao thc c/a b giao thc 0129$2 o ^,\ To Gnh &Ji m! hRnh ST$ _ 1c t'ng o _,\ 0'ng ng BDng o _,^ 0'ng giao &;n o _,_ 0'ng mng o _,` 0'ng lin 8t ` 1c ci "t a b%m thm c Tch & 0129$2 U ]in 8t ngoi

[sa] Lch s
- giao thc lin mng Vu@t <ht tM c!ng trRnh dAe2A, tM nhCng nfm "'u th;< nin 8g \hUi, Tau 8hi "j hon thnh &iAc VWy BFng Ae2A7k0 tin <hong, dAe2A bt "'u c!ng &iAc trn mt GO nhCng 8l thu;t truy n th!ng BC liAu 8hc, Io nfm \hU^, eob%rt k, mahn "j ").c thu &o lm &iAc ti Ifn <hnng 8l thu;t "i u hnh tin tc (In!ormation Processin Technolo " #!!ice) c/a dAe2A, <hnng c+ chc nfng lin ?uan "n mng l)Ji truy n th!ng BC liAu th!ng ?ua &A tinh & mng l)Ji truy n th!ng bong G+ng raBio trn mt "@t, 0rong ?u trRnh lm &iAc ti "Wy mahn "j <ht hiAn ra gi tr5 c/a &iAc lin

th!ng giCa ch3ng, Io mLa VuWn nfm \hU_, Iinton 1%rp, 8l G) thit 8 b>n giao thc 712 hiAn BLng (ch$%n tr&nh n '(n )* l+ mn l$,i tru"n th-n . n u"n ti/n 0nh l1 23et4ork Control Pro ram2), ").c <hWn c!ng cLng lm &iAc &Ji mahn trn cc m! hRnh lin 8t nOi 8in tr3c mq (open.architecture interconnection mo'els) &Ji mDc "(ch thit 8 giao thc G< tJi c/a Ae2A7k0, Io mLa hr nfm \hU_, mahn & 1%rp "j nhanh ch+ng tRm ra mt <h)*ng <h< ti hi nh;< cfn b>n, m trong "+ nhCng 8hc biAt c/a cc giao thc lin 8t mng ").c ch% l@< "i bong mt giao thc lin 8t mng chung, & thay &R mng l)Ji truy n th!ng <h>i ch5u trch nhiAm & t(nh "ng tin c;y, nh) trong Ae2A7k0, thR cc my ch/ (hosts) <h>i ch5u trnh nhiAm (1%rp ghi c!ng c/a sub%rt timm%rman & ]ouiG 2ouuin (thit 8 &in c/a mng l)Ji truy n th!ng 1v1]AdkT) l nhCng ng)Ki c+ >nh h)qng lJn trong b>n thit 8 ny,) IJi nhiAm &D l mt mng l)Ji truy n th!ng b5 h c@< tJi mc c* b>n tOi thi:u, 8hin &iAc hi nh;< &Ji cc mng l)Ji truy n th!ng 8hc trq nn h'u nh) b@t 8h> thi, mc B'u "c t(nh c/a ch3ng l gR, & &R th, gi>i "< nan " "'u tin c/a mahn, Qt cWu n+i cHa miAng &R th m 0129$2, G>n <hZm cuOi cLng Bo nhCng cOng hin c/a 1%rp & mahn, Gw chy trn x")Kng BWy nOi giCa hai Ong b* ryx, & ?u> nhin n+ "j ").c thFc thi BLng cc con chim b# cWu ")a th) (homin pi eons), Qt my &i t(nh ").c BLng l c5n n6i ( ate4a") (Gau ny "Ni thnh 78 9:nh tu"/n (router) ": trnh nh'm &Ji nhCng loi c5n n6i 8hc) ").c thit b5 mt giao BiAn &Ji tMng mng l)Ji truy n th!ng, truy n t>i g+i BC liAu ?ua li giCa ch3ng, z t)qng ny ").c nh+m nghin cu mng l)Ji truy n th!ng c/a 1%rp, ti TtanporB, Bi{n gi>i ra ty my, cD th: &o 8ho>ng thKi gian trong nfm \hU_-\hU`, (7hCng c!ng trRnh & mng l)Ji truy n th!ng tr)Jc "+ ti b%roV 2Ae1, n*i G>n Ginh ra b giao thc 2Ae1 |ni&%rGal 2ac8%t, <h'n lJn ").c BLng &o thKi 8} "+, c4ng gWy >nh h)qng & 8l thu;t 8h!ng (t~ nhi u ng)Ki nh>y ?ua nh>y li giCa hai ci,) Tau "+ dAe2A 8P h.< "#ng &Ji --7, TtanporB, & 0r)Kng "i hc chuyn nghiA< ]uWn !n (The ;niversit" Colle e Lon'on . vi/t t<t l1 ;CL) 8in to mt GO <hin b>n c/a giao thc lm &iAc ").c, trn cc n n t>ng <h'n cng 8hc nhau, 1+ bOn <hin b>n "j ").c VWy BFng -- 012 &\, 012 &^, 2hin b>n _ ").c tch ra thnh hai <h'n 012 &_ & $2 &_, &o mLa VuWn nfm \hU, & Gau "+ Nn "5nh h+a &Ji <hin b>n 0129$2 &` -- giao thc tiu chuZn hiAn BLng c/a $nt%rn%t ngy nay, Io nfm \hUa, cuc thH nghiAm th!ng nOi hai mng l)Ji 0129$2, giCa TtanporB & |1] "j ").c tin hnh, Io thng \\ nfm \hUU, mt cuc thH nghiAm th!ng nOi ba mng l)Ji 0129$2, giCa Ql, Anh & 7a-uy "j ").c chy "o, iCa nfm \hU & \h_, mt GO nhCng b>n mXu c/a 0129$2 "j ").c thit 8 ti nhi u trung tWm nghin cu, 7gy \ thng \ nfm \h_, Ae2A7k0 "j hon ton ").c chuy:n h+a Gang BLng 0129$2, Y\[ Io thng -a nfm \h^, Y^[ - uOc 2hnng Ql ch@< thu;n 0129$2 thnh mt tiu chuZn cho ton b mng l)Ji &i t(nh truy n th!ng ?uOc <hnng, Io nfm \ha, |g ban 8in tr3c $nt%rn%t (Internet 0rchitecture =oar') "j Bnh _ ngy hi th>o & 0129$2 cho

c!ng nghiA< "iAn ton, &Ji GF tham BF c/a ^ai "i bi:u tM cc c!ng ty th)*ng mi, 1uc hi th>o ny "j lm tfng thm uy t(n & GF nNi ting c/a giao thc, 8hin n+ ngy cng <hN bin trn th giJi, 7gy h thng \\ nfm ^iia mahn & 1%rp "j ").c tng th)qng suy ch)*ng 0F Bo 0Nng thOng (Presi'ential >e'al o! ?ree'om) cho nhCng thnh t(ch cOng hin c/a h "Oi &Ji n n &fn h+a c/a Ql, Y_[

[sa] Cc tng trong chng giao thc ca giao thc TCP/IP

$2 Guit% Gtac8 Ghoing th% <hyGical n%tor8 conn%ction op to hoGtG &ia to rout%rG anB th% corr%G<onBing lay%rG uG%B at %ach ho< - giao thc $2 BLng GF "+ng g+i BC liAu hnng trMu t).ng h+a (thu nh@ li Auan niBm cho 'C hiu) cc giao thc & cc B5ch &D, 7+i mt cch chung chung, giao thc q t'ng cao h*n BLng giao thc q t'ng th@< h*n ": "t ").c mDc "(ch c/a mRnh, 1h#ng giao thc $nt%rn%t g'n giOng nh) cc t'ng c@< trong m! hRnh c/a - ?uOc <hnng Ql: Tng ` ng !ng d7T, 002, 0]T9TT], 02, s002, $QA2, $e1, 7702, 2S2_, T$2, TQ02, T7Q2, TTs, 0k]7k0, k1sS, -it0orr%nt, e02, 27e2, rlogin, k7e2,

1c giao thc "5nh tuyn nh) -2 & e$2, &R mt GO lP Bo, chy trn 012 & |d2 - th%o th tF tMng c<: -2 BLng 012, e$2 BLng |d2 - cnn c+ th: ").c coi l mt <h'n c/a t'ng ng BDng hoc t'ng mng, Tng _ giao "#n 012, |d2, d112, T102, $], e|d2, 1c giao thc "5nh tuyn nh) ST2 (tu"/n n <n nhDt 9$Ec chFn 9Gu tin), chy trn $2, c4ng c+ th: ").c coi l mt <h'n c/a t'ng giao &;n, hoc t'ng mng, $1Q2 (Internet control messa e protocolH . tm ':ch l1 Giao thc 9iu khin th-n 9iBp Internet) & $Q2 (Internet roup mana ement protocol . tm ':ch l1 Giao thc AuIn l+ nhJm Internet) chy trn $2, c+ th: ").c coi l mt <h'n c/a t'ng mng, ^ Tng $%ng $2 ($2&`, $2&c) Ae2 (0''ress Kesolution ProtocolH . tm ':ch l1 Giao thc t&m 9:a chL) & eAe2 (Keverse 0''ress Kesolution Protocol . tm ':ch l1 Giao thc t&m 9:a chL n $Ec li) hot "ng q bn B)Ji $2 nh)ng q trn t'ng lin 8t (link la"er), &;y c+ th: n+i l n+ nom q 8ho>ng trung gian giCa hai t'ng, \ Tng kth%rn%t, i-i, 0o8%n ring, 222, T]$2, dd$, A0Q, ram% e%lay, TQdT, li&n '(t

7hCng t'ng g'n trn n+c g'n &Ji ng)Ki GH BDng h*n, cnn nhCng t'ng g'n "y g'n &Ji thit b5 truy n th!ng BC liAu, Q=i t'ng c+ mt giao thc ": <hDc &D t'ng trn n+, & mt giao thc ": GH BDng B5ch &D c/a t'ng B)Ji n+ (ngoi trM giao thc c/a t'ng "ynh & t'ng "y), 1ch nhRn cc t'ng c@< th%o ?uan niAm: hoc l cung c@< B5ch &D, hoc l GH BDng B5ch &D, l mt <h)*ng <h< trMu t).ng h+a ": c! l;< cc giao thc c/a t'ng trn, trnh ?uan tWm "n thFc ch@t c/a &@n " , nh) &iAc truy n t>i tMng bit ?ua kth%rn%t chng hn, & <ht hiAn Vung "t (collision 'etection), trong 8hi nhCng t'ng B)Ji 8h!ng c'n <h>i bit "n chi tit c/a m=i mt ch)*ng trRnh ng BDng & giao thc c/a n+, TF trMu t).ng h+a ny cho <h< nhCng t'ng trn cung c@< nhCng B5ch &D m cc t'ng B)Ji 8h!ng th: lm ").c, hoc cO P 8h!ng lm, 1hng hn $2 ").c thit 8 &Ji " "ng tin c;y th@<, & ").c gi l giao thc <hWn <ht &Ji 8h> nfng tOt nh@t (thay &R &Ji x" tin c;y caox hoc x">m b>o nh@tx), i u "+ c+ ngh6a l t@t c> cc t'ng giao &;n " u <h>i lFa chn, hoc l cung c@< B5ch &D "ng tin c;y, hoc l 8h!ng, & q mc " no, |d2 ">m b>o GF ton &n c/a BC liAu (bong cch BLng 8i:m tra tNng (checksum)), Gong 8h!ng ">m b>o GF <hWn <ht BC liAu tJi "(ch~ 012 cung c@< c> hai, GF ton &n c/a BC liAu, & ">m b>o GF <hWn <ht BC liAu tJi "(ch (bong cch truy n t>i li g+i BC liAu, cho "n 8hi n*i nh;n nh;n ").c g+i BC liAu),

Tam<l% %nca<Gulation op Bata ithin a |d2 Batagram ithin an $2 <ac8%t Q! hRnh ny cnn thiu G+t mt ci gR "+, \, 0rong lin 8t "a "i:m, &Ji hA thOng "i n "5a chy ring c/a mRnh (&( BD nh) kth%rn%t), mt giao thc ": "Oi chiu "5a chy (a''ress mappin protocol) l mt ci c'n <h>i c+, 7hCng giao thc nh) &;y ").c coi l q B)Ji t'ng $2, Gong li q trn hA thOng lin 8t hiAn c+, ^, $1Q2 & $Q2 hot "ng bn trn $2 Gong 8h!ng truy n t>i BC liAu nh) |d2 hoc 012, _, 0h) &iAn TT]90]T hot "ng trn t'ng giao &;n (GH BDng 012) Gong q B)Ji cc giao thc trRnh ng BDng, `, "Wy, tuyn lin 8t ").c coi nh) l mt ci h< 8(n, 7u ch3ng ta chy bn & $2 thR &iAc ny hon ton c+ th: ch@< nh;n ").c (&R b>n ch@t c/a $2 l n+ c+ th: truy n t>i trn b@t c ci gR), Gong n+ chng gi3< ").c gR m@y, 8hi ch3ng ta cWn nhc "n mng truy n th!ng nh) mt tNng th:, I( BD th ba & th t) c+ th: ").c gi>i th(ch rE h*n BLng m! hRnh ST$, trong 8hi hai &( BD "'u tin cnn nhi u &@n " <h>i " c;< "n,

[sa] )o snh "*i $+ h,nh -)I

- giao thc $2 (& ch#ng giao thc t)*ng ng) "j ").c GH BDng, tr)Jc 8hi m! hRnh ST$ ").c thnh l;<, & tM "+, r@t nhi u l'n trong Gch in c4ng nh) trong lJ< hc, ch#ng giao thc $2 "j ").c Go Gnh &Ji m! hRnh ST$ r@t nhi u l'n, 1c t'ng c@< c/a ST$ c4ng th)Kng ").c BLng ": Bi{n t> chc nfng c/a cc thit b5 mng, sai ci c+ lin ?uan (t nhi u, Gong 8h!ng <h>i l hon ton giOng nhau, i:m 8hc biAt "'u tin B{ th@y nh@t l GO l).ng c/a cc t'ng c@<, Q! hRnh c/a - uOc 2hnng Ql (MoM mo'el), &Ji ch#ng giao thc $2, chy c+ bOn hoc nfm t'ng (t'ng lin 8t c+ th: ").c coi nh) l mt t'ng ring biAt, Gong c4ng c+ th: ").c <hWn tch ra thnh hai t'ng, t'ng &;t lP & t'ng lin 8t BC liAu, trong 8hi "+ m! hRnh ST$ li BLng b>y t'ng, To Gnh tn c/a ch3ng mt cch cht chw cho ch3ng ta th@y rong, hai t'ng xmJix c+ tn l t'ng

trRnh Bi{n & t'ng <hin, 7hi u GF Go Gnh "j g< hai t'ng ny li &Ji t'ng ng BDng c/a ST$, & coi n+ t)*ng tF nh) t'ng ng BDng c/a giao thc $2, 0)*ng tF nh) ch#ng giao thc $2, cc t'ng B)Ji c/a m! hRnh ST$ 8h!ng c+ nhi u chc nfng, "/ ": nm bt ").c thFc trng c!ng &iAc c/a b giao thc $2, 1hng hn, ch3ng ta c'n <h>i c+ mt xt'ng lin 8t mngx gn &o 8ho>ng trOng giCa t'ng mng & t'ng giao &;n, ": chy ra n*i t#n ti c/a $1Q2 (Internet Control >essa e Protocol . Giao thc 9iu khin th-n 9iBp Internet) & $Q2 (Internet Group >ana ement Protocol . Giao thc AuIn l+ nhJm Internet), 0hm &o "+, ch3ng ta c4ng c'n <h>i c+ mt t'ng q giCa t'ng mng & t'ng lin 8t BC liAu Bnh cho Ae2 (0''ress Kesolution Protocol . Giao thc t&m 9:a chL) & eAe2 (Keverse 0''ress Kesolution Protocol . Giao thc t&m 9:a chL n $Ec li), mh!ng nhCng th, n+ cnn ch5u >nh h)qng c/a &iAc thit 8 chy nhm &o mt ci "t "*n gi>n c/a mng l)Ji, &Ji mt t'ng lin 8t BC liAu m th!i (chng hn ng)Ki BLng AdT] BLng giao thc ")Kng h'm (tunnellin protocol) ": x"o h'mx th!ng &o mng l)Ji c/a c!ng ty lin hiA<, BLng $2 trn 2202, h*n l BLng $2 trn 222oA, th!ng ?ua lin 8t AdT]), Qt &( BD cho th@y m! hRnh ST$ c+ tc BDng l &iAc chy ra n*i th(ch h.< nh@t c/a TT]90]T, 0h!ng th)Kng TT]90]T ").c BLng nh) mt giao thc <hin (session protocol), tc l mt giao thc t'ng c@< trn (upper la"er protocol) Bnh cho 012 hoc |d2, Gong li l mt giao thc t'ng c@< B)Ji (lo4er la"er protocol) "Oi &Ji r@t nhi u cc giao thc 8hc (s002, T02 &,&,,), hoc b@t c mt ch)*ng trRnh ng BDng no hot "ng trn mt Gtunn%l hoc trn mt mng ring >o b>o an (secure virtual private net4ork), U c Tng ng !ng Tng tr,nh !i.n s002, TQ02, T7Q2, 02, 0%ln%t, k1sS, T$2, TTs, 7T, e0T2, bQ22, hoiG, k7e2 bde, AT7,\, TQ-, A2, 712 ATA2, 0]T, TTs, $TS _^U 9 11$00 b,^^a, e21, 7%t-$ST, AT2

a Tng /hi&n

` Tng giao "#n 012, |d2, e02, T102, T2b, A02, $] _ Tng $%ng ^ Tng li&n '(t !0 li12 $2, $1Q2, $Q2, $2b, -2, ST2, e$2, $e2, k$e2, Ae2, eAe2, b,^a kth%rn%t, 0o8%n ring, sd]1, ram% r%lay, $Td7, A0Q, i^,\\ ii, dd$, 222 \i-ATk-0, \ii-ATk-0, \iii-ATk-0, TS7k09Tds, 0-carri%r9kcarri%r, cc t'ng &;t lP 8hc thuc i^,\\

\ Tng "#t l3

1him b# cWu ")a th) (Carrier pi eon) c4ng c+ th: ").c nh+m &o t'ng &;t lP, Gong "Wy l cch BLng 8h!ng ").c ch@< nh;n (ngoi tiu chuZn),

1+ mt &i nhCng cWu B{ nhJ ": gi3< cc bn nhJ ").c tn & tr;t tF c/a nhCng t'ng c@< trong m! hRnh ST$,

[sa] Cc tng
Tau "Wy l miu t> tMng t'ng trong b giao thc 0129$2,

[sa] Tng ng !ng

0'ng ng BDng l n*i cc ch)*ng trRnh mng th)Kng BLng nh@t lm &iAc nhom lin lc giCa cc n3t trong mt mng, iao ti< V>y ra trong t'ng ny l tLy th%o cc ng BDng cD th: & BC liAu ").c truy n tM ch)*ng trRnh, trong "5nh Bng ").c GH BDng ni b bqi ng BDng ny, & ").c "+ng g+i th%o mt giao thc t'ng giao &;n, do ch#ng 0129$2 8h!ng c+ t'ng no nom giCa ng BDng & cc t'ng giao &;n, t'ng ng BDng trong b 0129$2 <h>i bao g#m cc giao thc hot "ng nh) cc giao thc ti t'ng trRnh Bi{n & t'ng <hin c/a m! hRnh ST$, IiAc ny th)Kng ").c thFc hiAn ?ua cc th) &iAn l;< trRnh, dC liAu thFc ": gHi ?ua mng ").c truy n cho t'ng ng BDng, n*i n+ ").c "+ng g+i th%o giao thc t'ng ng BDng, 0M "+, BC liAu ").c truy n VuOng giao thc t'ng th@< ti t'ng giao &;n, sai giao thc t'ng th@< th!ng BDng nh@t l 012 & |d2, Q=i ng BDng GH BDng B5ch &D c/a mt trong hai giao thc trn " u c'n c+ cNng, s'u ht cc ng BDng th!ng BDng c+ cc cNng "c biAt ").c c@< Gn cho cc ch)*ng trRnh <hDc &D (server)(s002 - iao thc truy n Giu &fn b>n BLng cNng i~ 02 - iao thc truy n tA< BLng cNng ^\, &,&,,) trong 8hi cc trRnh 8hch (client) GH BDng cc cNng tm thKi (ephemeral port), 1c thit b5 "5nh tuyn & thit b5 chuy:n mch 8h!ng GH BDng t'ng ny nh)ng cc ng BDng "i u chynh th!ng l).ng (7an'4i'th throttlin ) thR c+ BLng,

[sa] Tng giao "#n

0rch nhiAm c/a t'ng giao &;n l 8t h.< cc 8h> nfng truy n th!ng "iA< trFc ti< (en'. to.en') 8h!ng <hD thuc &o mng bn B)Ji, 8rm th%o 8i:m Got l=i (error control), <hWn m>nh (!ra mentation) & "i u 8hi:n l)u l).ng, IiAc truy n th!ng "iA< trFc ti< hay 8t nOi cc ng BDng ti t'ng giao &;n c+ th: ").c <hWn loi nh) Gau:

\, "5nh h)Jng 8t nOi (connection.oriente'), &( BD 012 ^, <hi 8t nOi (connectionless), &( BD |d2

0'ng giao &;n c+ th: ").c V%m nh) mt c* ch &;n chuy:n th!ng th)Kng, ngh6a l trch nhiAm c/a mt <h)*ng tiAn &;n t>i l ">m b>o rong hng h+a9hnh 8hch c/a n+ "n "(ch an ton & "'y "/, 0'ng giao &;n cung c@< B5ch &D 8t nOi cc ng BDng &Ji nhau th!ng ?ua &iAc GH BDng cc cNng 012 & |d2, do $2 chy cung c@< B5ch &D <ht chuy:n n= lFc tOi "a (7est e!!ort 'eliver"), t'ng giao &;n l t'ng "Wu tin gi>i ?uyt &@n " " tin c;y, I( BD, 012 l mt giao thc "5nh h)Jng 8t nOi, 7+ gi>i ?uyt nhi u &@n " " tin c;y ": cung c@< mt Bnng byt% "ng tin c;y (relia7le 7"te stream):

BC liAu "n "(ch "3ng th tF GHa l=i BC liAu q mc " tOi thi:u BC liAu trLng l< b5 loi b cc g+i tin b5 th@t li9loi b ").c gHi li c+ 8i:m Got tc nghwn giao th!ng BC liAu

0uy cc giao thc "5nh tuyn "ng ('"namic routin protocol) 8hJ< & 8l thu;t &Ji t'ng giao &;n trong b giao thc 0129$2 (Bo ch3ng chy trn $2), nh)ng ch3ng th)Kng ").c V%m l mt <h'n c/a t'ng mng, Qt &( BD l giao thc ST2 (GO hiAu giao thc $2 l h), iao thc mJi h*n, T102 (Ntream Control Transmission ProtocolH), c4ng l mt c* ch giao &;n "5nh h)Jng 8t nOi x"ng tin c;yx, iao thc ny "5nh h)Jng Bnng (stream. oriente'), ch 8h!ng "5nh h)Jng byt% nh) 012, & cung c@< nhi u Bnng "a c!ng (multiple)e') trn mt 8t nOi, 7+ cnn h= tr. multi-hom%B, trong "+ mt "'u c/a 8t nOi c+ th: ").c "i BiAn bqi nhi u "5a chy $2 ("i BiAn cho nhi u giao BiAn &;t lP), Gao cho, nu mt giao BiAn &;t lP th@t bi thR 8t nOi &Xn 8h!ng b5 gin "on, iao thc ny ban "'u ").c <ht tri:n Bnh cho cc ng BDng "iAn thoi (": &;n chuy:n TTU trn giao thc $2), nh)ng n+ c4ng c+ th: ").c GH BDng cho cc ng BDng 8hc, |d2 l mt giao thc Batagram <hi 8t nOi, 14ng nh) $2, n+ l mt giao thc n= lFc tOi "a hay x8h!ng "ng tin c;yx, I@n " Buy nh@t & " tin c;y m n+ gi>i ?uyt l GHa l=i BC liAu (BL chy bong mt thu;t ton tNng 8i:m yu), |d2 th)Kng ").c BLng cho cc ng BDng nh) cc <h)*ng tiAn truy n th!ng th%o Bnng (streamin me'ia) cha Wm thanh & hRnh >nh, &,&,,, trong "+, &@n " gHi "n "3ng giK c+ &ai trn ?uan trng h*n " tin c;y, hoc cho cc ng BDng truy &@n9"< ng "*n gi>n nh) tra cu tn mi n, trong "+, <hD <h( c/a &iAc thit l;< mt 8t nOi "ng tin c;y lJn mt cch 8h!ng cWn Vng, iao thc d112 hiAn "ang ").c <ht tri:n bqi $k0 (Internet On ineerin Task ?orce), 7+ cung c@< ni Bung "i u 8hi:n l)u l).ng c/a 012, trong 8hi "Oi &Ji ng)Ki BLng, n+ giC b ngoi nh) m! hRnh B5ch &D Batagram c/a |d2, 1> 012 & |d2 ").c BLng cho mt GO ng BDng b;c cao (hi h.level), 1c ng BDng ti cc "5a chy mng cho tr)Jc ").c <hWn biAt bqi cNng 012 hay |d2 c/a n+, 0h%o ?uy

)Jc, cc cNng xnNi tingx ").c lin 8t &Ji mt GO ng BDng cD th:, (Pem Manh sQch c5n TCP v1 ;MPR) e02 (Keal.time Transport Protocol - giao thc giao &;n thKi gian thFc) l mt giao thc Batagram ").c thit 8 cho BC liAu thKi gian thFc (real.time), chng hn hRnh & ting ").c truy n th%o Bnng (streamin au'io an' vi'eo), e02 l mt giao thc t'ng <hin GH BDng "5nh Bng g+i tin |d2 lm cfn b>n, 0uy nhin, n+ ").c "t &o t'ng giao &;n c/a ch#ng giao thc 0129$2,

[sa] Tng $%ng

0h%o "5nh ngh6a ban "'u, t'ng mng gi>i ?uyt cc &@n " BXn cc g+i tin ?ua mt mng "*n, Qt GO &( BD & cc giao thc nh) &;y l b,^a, & giao thc soGt9$Q2 c/a mng Ae2A7k0, IJi GF Vu@t hiAn c/a 8hi niAm lin mng, cc chc nfng mJi "j ").c bN Gung cho t'ng ny, "+ l chc nfng BXn ")Kng cho BC liAu tM mng ngu#n "n mng "(ch, 7hiAm &D ny th)Kng "ni hi &iAc "5nh tuyn cho g+i tin ?uan mt mng l)Ji c/a cc mng my t(nh, "+ l lin mng, 0rong b giao thc lin mng, giao thc $2 thFc hiAn nhiAm &D c* b>n BXn ")Kng BC liAu tM ngu#n tJi "(ch, $2 c+ th: chuy:n BC liAu th%o yu c'u c/a nhi u giao thc t'ng trn 8hc nhau~ m=i giao thc trong "+ ").c "5nh Banh bqi mt GO hiAu giao thc Buy nh@t: giao thc $1Q2 (Internet Control >essa e Protocol) l giao thc \ & giao thc $Q2 (Internet Group >ana ement Protocol) l giao thc ^, Qt GO giao thc truy n bqi $2, chng hn $1Q2 (BLng ": gHi th!ng tin chZn "on & truy n BC liAu bong $2) & $Q2 (BLng ": ?u>n lP BC liAu "a truy n (multicast)), ").c "t ln trn $2 nh)ng thFc hiAn cc chc nfng c/a t'ng lin mng, "i u ny minh ha mt GF b@t t)*ng th(ch giCa lin mng & ch#ng 0129$2 & m! hRnh ST$, 0@t c> cc giao thc "5nh tuyn, chng hn giao thc -2 (=or'er Gate4a" Protocol), giao thc ST2, & giao thc e$2 (Koutin in!ormation protocolH), " u thFc GF l mt <h'n c/a t'ng mng, mc BL ch3ng c+ th: c+ & thuc & <h'n trn c/a ch#ng giao thc,

[sa] Tng li&n '(t

0'ng lin 8t - <h)*ng <h< ").c GH BDng ": chuy:n cc g+i tin tM t'ng mng tJi cc my ch/ (host) 8hc nhau - 8h!ng hn l mt <h'n c/a b giao thc 0129$2, &R giao thc $2 c+ th: chy trn nhi u t'ng lin 8t 8hc nhau, 1c ?u trRnh truy n cc g+i tin trn mt lin 8t cho tr)Jc & nh;n cc g+i tin tM mt lin 8t cho tr)Jc c+ th: ").c "i u 8hi:n c> trong <h'n m m "i u &;n thit b5 ('evice 'river) Bnh cho cc mng, c4ng nh) trong <h'n GDn (!irm4are) hay cc chi<G%t chuyn BDng, 7hCng th "+ Gw thFc hiAn cc chc nfng lin 8t BC liAu chng hn nh) bN Gung mt t(n "'u (packet hea'er) ": chuZn b5 cho &iAc truy n g+i tin "+, r#i thFc GF truy n pram% BC liAu ?ua mt m!i tr)Kng &;t lP,

Oi &Ji truy nh;< $nt%rn%t ?ua moB%m ?uay GO, cc g+i $2 th)Kng ").c truy n bong cch GH BDng giao thc 222, Oi &Ji truy nh;< $nt%rn%t bfng th!ng rng (7roa'7an') nh) AdT] hay moB%m c<, giao thc 222ok th)Kng ").c GH BDng, Qng BWy cDc b (local 4ire' net4orkS) th)Kng GH BDng kth%rn%t, cnn mng 8h!ng BWy cDc b th)Kng BLng chuZn $kkk i^,\\, Oi &Ji cc mng BiAn rng (4i'e.area net4ork), cc giao thc th)Kng ").c GH BDng l 222 "Oi &Ji cc ")Kng 0-carri%r hoc k-carri%r, ram% r%lay, A0Q (0s"nchronous Trans!er >o'e), hoc giao thc <ac8%t o&%r TS7k09Tds (2ST), 0'ng lin 8t cnn c+ th: l t'ng n*i cc g+i tin ").c chn (intercepte') ": gHi ?ua mt mng ring >o (virtual private net4ork), mhi Vong &iAc, BC liAu t'ng lin 8t ").c coi l BC liAu c/a ng BDng & ti< tDc "i VuOng th%o ch#ng giao thc 0129$2 ": ").c thFc GF truy n "i, 0i "'u nh;n, BC liAu "i ln th%o ch#ng 0129$2 hai l'n (mt l'n cho mng ring >o & l'n th hai cho &iAc "5nh tuyn), 0'ng lin 8t cnn c+ th: ").c V%m l bao g#m c> t'ng &;t lP - t'ng l 8t h.< c/a cc thnh <h'n mng &;t lP thFc GF (hub, cc b l< (repeater), c< mng, c< ?uang, c< "#ng trDc (coa)ial ca7le), cc mng, cc s-A (soGt -uG ABa<t%r) & cc thit b5 nOi mng c+ lin ?uan: e-`a, -71, %tc), & cc "c t> mc th@< & cc t(n hiAu (mc hiAu "iAn th, t'n GO, &,&,,),

[sa] Cc c4i 56t

mAh 22 l$2

siAn nay, mt GO hA "i u hnh th)*ng mi c+ bao g#m & ci "t Gn ch#ng 0129$2, Oi &Ji "a GO ng)Ki BLng, ch3ng ta 8h!ng c'n <h>i lLng tRm b>n l;< trRnh thFc thi c/a n+, 0129$2 ").c bao g#m trong t@t c> cc <hin b>n |niV th)*ng mi & cc <hWn <hOi c/a ]inuV, c4ng nh) &Ji Qac ST b, QicroGopt inBoG, & inBoG T%r&%r,

[sa] 78$ th&$