& [

, ]
: ..
1
1. &

: 4

& ,
&
4
.
[
],
.

.

, .
,
.
. ,
. ,
2 ,
, []
, .
.
. ,
, .
.
.
.
.
,
[

 ], [
,

],
.

,
.
,
.
, . ,
.
, :
M M n + + ne [ ]
M n + + ne M [ ]

, ,
[ ,
]
[ ] . :
M M n + + ne

, , . 2
.
2 .

[ & , ]
. ,
. ,
,
. [,
,
].
.

.
, :
Zn Zn 2+ + 2e [ ]
2 H + + 2e H 2 [ ]

:
[ ]. ,
.
, .

 2
-, ,
.
, ,
. ,
2 H + + 2e H 2 , .
, ,
. , , :
O2 + 4 H + + 4e 2 H 2 O [ ,
]
O2 + 2 H 2 O + 4e 4OH [
, ]
,
, .

/ .

.
.
,
[
], .
: G = nFE , G
, n
, F Faraday.
,
.

,
.
Helmholtz,
.
.
,
, .
[] ,
.
. ,
[] ,
. .

Eo M / M .
,
[...]:
n+

 ,
1 atm. ,

[ 2 H + + 2e H 2 ].
:

25 o C

,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
Nernst:
E = Eo +

a n+
2.303 RT
log( Me )
nF
a me

, [ 1],

R=8.314 J/(Kmole K) , T
Kelvin, n , F
Faraday [F=96500 Cb/mol], E o
[ ].

.

5 [, ,
, , ], 3.5%
NaCl, .
5 , NaCl,
.
, [COM]
. 20,
5.
:

3.5% aCl
: Grade A [4 x 5.5 cm],
[d~1.5cm, h=4.5cm],
, 99.5 . [4 x 6 cm], [4 x 6 cm],
[8 x 2 cm].
.
, Volt.
.
,S.C.E. [Standard Calomel Electrode]. E
.
.
.

, ,
:

t(min)
0
5
10

(V)
-0.061
-0.0587
-0.614

(V
)
-1.574
-1.575
-1.574

(V
(V)
)

(mV)

-1.045
-1.048
-1.049

-223.9
-229.3
-235.9

-0.763
-0.749
-0.763

1.
.
2.
.
[...],
.
,
, ...
.

[Saturated Calomel Electrode, S.C.E.] :

,
.
[
Hg 2 Cl 2 ]


KCl.

,

.

,
.
:
Hg 2 Cl 2 + 2e 2 Hg + 2Cl ,
Nernst :
o
E cal = E cal
0.059 log a Cl
E cal = 0.268V ,
. ,
,
E cal = 0.244V .

,
KCl .


pH.
o

 . ,
, ,
.
:

Cu 2+ + 2e Cu

Nernst:
o
ECu / CuSO4 = ECu
/ CuSO4 + 0.0295 log a Cu 2 +

.
[ ]
0.342V. 1 mol/L,
,
0.31V 25 o C .
-

.

- (Ag/AgCl)

AgCl
.
, .
:
AgCl + e Ag + Cl

Nernst:
o
E Cl / AgCl , Ag = E Cl
/ AgCl , Ag 0.059 log a Cl

S.C.E.,

.

 3.5 Cl, 0.205V.

[ 25 o C , ] 0.222V.
Cl
[], KCl ,
.

,
,
.

-
-
.
:
Hg 2 SO4 + 2e 2 Hg + SO42





:

o
2
E SO 4 2 / HgSO 4, Hg = E SO
0.0295 log(a SO
4)
4 2 / Hg 2 SO 4 , Hg

0.6156 V,
K 2 SO4 , 0.66V.

3. / /
/ 4
.

,
.
.
:
t(min)
0
V(Volts) -0.061

5
-0.0587

10
-0.614

15
-0.619

20
-0.608

- :

,
. , 2
10
[ ] ,
. ,
10 2 :

 ,
10 .
, -0.608 V,

SCE [-0.244V],
-0.852 V. ,
-0.447 V. ,
& .

.
:
t
0
(min)
V
-1.045
(Volt)

10

15

20

-1.048

-1.049

-1.049

-1.032

15
, -1.032 V.
,
... -1.276 V.
...
-0.762 V, .

, ZnCl 2 .

 .
:
t
0
(min)
V
-1.574
(Volt)

10

15

20

-1.575

-1.574

-1.571

-1.52

15 ,
, .
,
.
-1.52 V, ,
-1.764 V, [-2.372 V].

. :
t (min)
V (Volt)

0
-0.763

5
-0.749

10
-0.763

15
-0.760

20
-0.753

.
,
. -0.753 V,
, -0.997V,
,
-1.662 V.
. :
t (min)
V (mV)

0
-223.9

5
-229.3

-:

10
-235.9

15
-234.5

20
-236.6

 10 .
4 , ,
.
-236.6 mV, ,
... -480.6 mV,
, 342 mV.

-
, , [
]:
, , , ,
: Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, Mg
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
.

>Mars G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering

>. . , . , & &

>. , &

> Pierre R. Roberge, Handbook of Corrosion Engineering