The Gear Ratio is defined as the input speed relative to the output speed.

It is
typically written as:
Gear Ratio = w
in
: w
out
The fundamental equations for a gear pair are:
t
in
w
in
= t
out
w
out
(power equality)
w
out
/ w
in
= r
in
/ r
out
(velocity relationship in terms of radiuses)
w
out
/ w
in
= n
in
/ n
out
(velocity relationship in terms of number of teeth)
t
out
/ t
in
= r
out
/ r
in
(torque relationship in terms of radiuses)
t
out
/ t
in
= n
out
/ n
in
(torque relationship in terms of number of teeth)
WHERE
t = Torque
w = Angular Speed (rad/sec or RPM)
r = Radius
n = Number Teeth
NC St at e Engi neer i ng i n Havel ock
4 Year Mechanical Engineering Systems BSE
www.engr.ncsu.edu/mes
6ear Rat|u =
0ut
In
=
cn
ng
=
75
25
=
3
1
= S 1
Rev
In
Rev
Out
(Iorquc In) X Rotio
= .2S FtIbs S1
=. 75 FtLhx On Shat B
For Torque: (Torque In) Times Ratio
Torque On Shaft A = .25 FtLbs

SpccJ In
Rotio
=
9u RPH
S1
= 3 RPMOut
For Speed: (Speed In) Divided By Ratio
Gear A going 90 RPM
Small to Large
Output Speed
Output Torque
Input Torque Needed
6ear Rat|u =
0ut
In
=
cn
ng
=
30
60
=
1
2
= 1: 2 or .S: 1
Rev
In
Rev
Out
(Iorquc In) X Rotio
= .2S FtIbs 12
=. 125 FtLhx On Shat B
For Torque: (Torque In) Times Ratio
Torque On Shaft A = .25 FtLbs

SpccJ In
Rotio
=
9u RPH
12
= 18 RPMOut
For Speed: (Speed In) Divided By Ratio
Gear A going 90 RPM
Large to Small
Output Speed
Output Torque
Input Torque Needed
ComplexGearMachines
In
120Teeth
40Teeth
80Teeth
Out
20Teeth
IN
30RPM
.25FtLbs
6ear Rat|u =
0ut
In

0ut
In

0ut
In
.
=
4u
12u

2u
8u
=
8u
96uu
Rev
In
Rev
Out
Speed: 30 RPM In / (1/12) = 360 RPM Out
Torque: .25 FtLbs In * (1/12) = .020833 FtLbs Out
=
1
12
= 1: 12 or .u8SS: 1
Speed: RPM Out = RPM In / Ratio
Torque: .Torque Out = Torque In * Ratio
Motor
Robot
58T
12T
12T
20T
58T
58T
csircJ 0cor Rotion =
61.S88
1
= 61.S88 1
The gear on the motor and on the robot are fixed as shown above. You will have 2-
58T gears, 1-12T gear and 1-20T gear. How could you arrange the gears to give a
gear ration like below? We want out robot to turn one time every time the motor turns
about 61.5 times. If our motor turns about 2,000 revolutions per minute, how fast will
our robot turn??
Try this at home for fun