ocifwifjrodk@ ay;wJh (pmwdk)

(1) ocifpdk;&J@ ‘pGef@pm;cef;’ udka&;wm awG@ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;qD vdyrf +l yD; Adkvaf tmif}uD;odzdk@ a&;wmvm; r&Sif;yg?
&ufpJvG nf; rawG@&ygbl;? a&;wJhtwGif;oabmuawmh ocifpdk; 8 av;vHk;tHkºur_umvu a&;cJhwJh ‘*syefacwfu
toufay;u,fcJhovdk tckvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk u,f=uygpdk@ (ol@rl&if;twdkif;r[kwf rSwfrdovdk a&;vdkufwm)
aqmif;yg;&J@tmabmfeJ@ wlaevdk@yg? cifAsm;odor# &Sif;jyapcsifygw,f?
ocifpdk;ta=umif;a&;cGifhu cifAsm;yJ &Sdwmyg?
(2) cifAsm;zwf=unfhzdk@ &Jabmfazaomif; (uG,fvGef) a&;cJhwJh “vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; ‘60’ u” aqmif;yg;xJu
‘zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jrpf0u|ef;ay:avxD;qif;jcif;’ tcef;udk yl;wGJay;vdkufygw,f? aemifrSm udk;um;csif&if
udk;um;Edkifzdk@yg?
ocifpdk;&J@ ‘1945 uajymenf;rluGJ’ udk *±kðy+yD; zwf=unfhyg?
xGef;ausmfwif

(4)
zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf
jrpf0u|ef;ay: avxD;qif;jcif;
(1945)ckESp/f {+yDv (2)&ufae@/ noef;aumifausmf? tdENd,jynf umvuuWm;+rdK@/ *sufqkd av,mOfysHuGif;}uD;[m
rD;xdefxdefvif;vif; r[kwfyg? av,mOfysHuGif; wae&m av,mOfysHuGif; ajy;vrf;tprSm pufEkdf;xm;+yD; &yfxm;wJh pufav;vHk;wyf
av,mOf}uD;wpif;&J@ab;rSm cg;rSmypPwkd/ ycHk;rSm ajryHktdwfvG,f/ ppf0wfpHktjynfheJ@ avxD;tdwfukd,fpD ykd;xm;=uwJh u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@[m
wdwfqdwf +idrfoufpGm&yf+yD; av,mOfysH&J@pufoHukd tm±Hkpkdfufem;axmifae=uw,f? u|efawmfuawmh pufoHaumif;raumif;
em;vnfvkd@awmh r[kwfyg? u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@rSmygwJh t*Fvdfyfar*smeJ@ uy`wdefwa,mufuawmh tawG@t}uHK &Sd=uolawGjzpfvkd@
pl;pl;pkdufpkduf em;axmifae=uw,f? u|efawmfwkd@u ocifAkdvf/ &Jabmfbodef;/ &JabmfapmOD;wkd@ tzGJ@&J@ wm0efukd quf,l&wJh tzGJ@yg?
wm0efu ocifpdk;tajccHwJh zsmyHkc±kdif/ a';'&J+rdK@e,fxJ qif;zkd@jzpfygw,f? a&S@tzGJ@u av,mOfysufuscJhvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@pD;=ur,fh
av,mOfysH&J@toHukd u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk;ukd em;axmifapwm jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ pdwfauseyf+yDqkdrS av,mOfysHay:wuf=uzkd@yg?
“'Davmufqkd&+yD? av,mOfysHay: wuf=upkd@” av,mOfysHpufoH=um;u xGufay:vmwJh ar*smukdifwkd&J@ toHukd
=um;=u&w,f? u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk; av,mOfysHay: wuf=uw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ tzGJ@u wyfzJG@ (136) rS ar*smukdifwkd/ uy`wdef [,f&D/
puform; qm*sif qpf'EGef;eJ@ &Jabmfbaomif;/ u|efawmf tm;vHk;(5)a,mufyg? u|efawmfwkd@ tzGJ@ av,mOfysHay: ol@ae&m/ ukd,fhae&m
xkdif+yD;wmeJ@ av,mOfysH[m puf&Sdefukdjr‡ifh+yD;/ av,mOfysHajy; vrf;ay:rSm t&Sdefwkd;ajy;&if; aumif;uifokd@ acsmarmpGm wufa&mufcJhum
Armjynfbufokd@ OD;wnfysHoef;aeyg+yD?
av,mOf[m pufoHrSefrSef ysHoef;vm+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@rS wa,mufu av,mOfysH ArmjynfxJ p0if+yDvkd@
u|efawmfwkd@ukd cyfus,fus,fajymw,f? u|efawmfwkd@vnf;qif;&ef toifhae&m,l=uw,f? eHeuf (2) em&D/ (3) em&Dcef@rSm u|efawmfwkd@
av,mOfysH[m qif;&r,fhae&m a&mufvm+yD;/ ajrjyifrS tcsufjyxm;wJh rD;rsm;ukd yxr wywfywfw,f? qif;zdk@ 'kwd,tywfrSm
atmufrS tcsufjyrD;rsm; ±kwfw&uf +idrf;oGm;w, vkd@ av,mOfysHay:rS wa,mufu ajymjyw,f? 'DtywfrSm u|efawmfwkd@ atmufokd@
rqif;vkduf&yg? wwd,wywf xyfywfrS atmufrSrD;rsm; jyefvif;vmvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ qif;jzpfoGm;=uw,f?
'DrSm &,fp&maumif;wmwcku u|efawmfwkd@ *sufqkd av,mOfysHuGif;rSm av,mOfysHay:u avxD;qif;oifcJhpOfu
‘'gukdwm’av,mOfysH wcg;aygufu ckefcs&wmyg? tckwywf qif;wJhtcgrSmawmh ‘vpfb&ufwm’ av,mOfysH}uD;atmufrSm
vlwukd,fpm xkdif±Hkom tvGefacsmwJh Zvm;&Snfwck&J@ab;ukd vufESpfzufeJ@ukdif wa,mufeJ@wa,mufcGxkdif xm;=u+yD;
av,mOfysHay:ygwJh v$wfol (dispatcher) u ‘qif;’vkd@qkdwmeJ@ a&S@qHk;vlup+yD; ajcESpfzufukd Zvm;ay: wifvkdufwmeJ@
vufESpfzufukdvnf; taygufabmifeJ@ rwkdufatmif ukd,fhezl;ay: ,Sufwifvkduf+yD; atmufukd avsmqif;usoGm;wmygyJ? *sufqkdrSm
avxD;qif;oifwkef;u ‘'gukdwm’av,mOfysH taygufu ckefcsoifwmu u|efawmfwkd@ &JabmfawG&J@ owWu d dk prf;cJhwmeJ@ wlygw,f?
atmufrStquftoG,feJ@ tpDtpOfaumif;wJhtwGuf u|efawmfwkd@ atmufodk@acsmarmpGm a&muf=uw,f? tay:rS
usvmwJh u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk;eJ@ ypPnf;rsm;/ vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; xnfhxm;wJh uGefwifem (container) }uD;rsm;ukd &Jabmf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; vufESdyf"mwfrD;wvufvufeJ@ vsifjrefoGufvufpGm pkpnf;vkduf=uw,f? nu arSmifaevkd@ atmufu}udKwJh
&Jabmfrsm;ukd rlvuvnf; rodvkd@ rrSwfrdawmhyg? ocifpkd;wkd@ pDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; u|efawmfeJ@ &Jabmfbaomif;ukd wm0efcGJvkdufw,f?
&Jabmfbaomif;u av,mOfysHay:u csay;cJhwJh vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;ukd ygwD&J@ ajymufusm;wyfrsm;twGuf wyHk/ wyfrawmfu
wyfawGtwGufwyHk cGJa0ay;zkd@ oJukef;aus;&Gmbufukd xGufcGmoGm;&+yD;/ u|efawmfu ygvmwJh t*Fvdyfrsm;eJ@twl nwGif;csif;rSmyJ
avSawGeJ@ *Guav;&Gmukd xGufcGmoGm;&w,f? u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@ukd *Guav;&Gm ukdarmifwif&J@ tdrftay:xyfrmS ae&mcsxm;ay;w,f?
ocifoef;+rdKifukd *Guav;&GmrSm awG@&+yD; olu 0g'jzef@a&;wm0efeJ@yg?
u|efawmf *Guav;&Gmokd@ a&muf+yD;aemuf w&ufnaeykdif;rSm vufrSmpwif;wvufeJ@ ocifpkd; arm}uD;yef;}uD;
u|efawmfwkd@qD a&mufvmw,f? u|efawmf awG@csifaewJh ‘qkd&S,fvpf0g'’pmtkyfukd a&;cJhol ocifpkd;ukd ae@cif; vif;vif;csif;csif;rSm ckrS
u|efawmfawG@&wmyg? ukd,fcE<m awmifhawmifhwif;wif;/ Avaumif;aumif;/ &Syftuôsvufwkd/ ykqkd;wkdwkdeJ@ ajcrSm zdeyfryg/
rsufESmvufajcwkd@rSmvnf; ql;jcpf&mawGeJ@yg? ocifpkd;u oJukef;&GmrSm nu *syeft0kdif;cH=u&a=umif;/ vHk+cHKa&;ukd Akdvfae0if;u
wm0ef,lxm;wmjzpfa=umif;/ olu t&ifxGufajy;oGm;wmjzpfa=umif;? ocifpkd;uawmh wa,mufwnf; narSmif}uD;rJ}uD;xJrSm csKHawG
wkd;xGufvmcJh&a=umif;? Akdvfae0if;tay: rausreyfeJ@ ajymjyw,f? oJukef;&Gm wkdufyGJ[m u|efawmfwkd@ avxD;qif;wJhnrSm
av,mOfysHu oHk;ywfawmif 0Jae&wmrkd@ a';'&J+rdK@eJ@vnf; a0;vSwm r[kwfawmh *syefawGu avxD;csw,fqkdwm odEkdifygw,f? 'gudk
a';'&Ju *syef &Sif;vif;a&; xGufvm+yD; 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufwmvkd@ ,lqEkdifygw,f?
'DwkdufyJGrSm wyfwGif;,l*sDygwD0if AkdvfausmfvGif (ausmfvGifav;/ jrpf}uD;em;om;) usqHk;w,f? *syefckepfa,muf/
&Spfa,mufavmuf tavmif;xrf; jyefoGm;w,fvkd@ =um;&w,f? Akdvfae0if;wkd@uawmh azmufxGuf vGwfajrmufoGm;=uw,fvkd@
od&w,f? u|efawmfwkd@eJ@twl avxD;qif;cJhwJh &Jabmfbaomif; &efolrdoGm;wJh owif;vnf; &w,f? 'Dowif; &&jcif;yJ u|ef awmfwkd@
wzGJ@vHk; u|Jul;&Gmukd ajymif;a±$@oGm;=uw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;+yD; aemufw&ufrSm *syefwyfu *Guav;&Gmukd wufvmw,f?
wyfwGif;,l*sDygwD0if AdkvfausmfZHOD;pD;wJhwyfeJ@ jynfol@ppfawGu &GmrS ckcHwkdufckduf=uw,f? wkdufyGJ[m oHk;em&DeD;yg;r#=um+yD; *syefawG
qkwfoGm;w,f? 'DwkdufyGJrSm AkdvfausmfZH yckH;rSm '%f&m&cJhw,f?
owif;awGu [kdu'Du tqufrjywf a&mufvmaew,f? a';'&J+rdK@xJu ,l*sDu a';'&J+rdK@ay:&SdwJh *syefrsm;aewJh ae&mrsm;/
&Jabmfbaomif;ukd csKyfxm;wJh pmoifausmif;ukd ajryHkeJ@wuG ay;ykd@vdkufwJhowif;ukd u|efawmfwkd@&w,f? 'Dowif;ukd wyfzGJ@ (136)
XmecsKyfukd ue eJ@ csufcsif;ykd@vkdufw,f? aemufwae@rSmyJ ppfav,mOfysH av;pif;vm+yD; a';'&J+rdK@xJu ypfrSwfrsm;ukd AHk;vnf;}uJ/
pufaoewfeJ@vnf; ypfwkdufckdufw,f?
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a&mufvmw,f? ol0wfxm;wJh ,leDazmif;awGuawmh npfayae+yD; vluvnf; tawmfusoGm;wm awG@&w,f? &Jabmfbaomif;ukd
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wa,mufeJ@wlolrkd@ *syefu ol@ukd avxD;qif;vmwJh t*FvdyfppfAkdvfwa,mufvkd@ xif[ef&Sdw,f? &Jabmfbaomif;u u|efawmfwkd@ukd
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vrf;uvnf;rod? nuvnf;arSmifvkd@ umbkdifarmif;wif+yD; vloGm;vrf;uav;rS &GmjyifxGufvm=u&mrSm vrf;ab;+cHKxJrmS yke;f atmif;
apmifhaewJh *syefawGu olwkd@ukd teD;uyf vSHpGyfeJ@ axmuf+yD;zrf;vkd@ tzrf;cHvkduf=u&w,f? *syefu olwkd@ESpfa,mufukd a';'&J+rdK@ukd
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“igawmhrxl;bl;? pufaoewfrSef aowmyJ aumif;w,f” qkd+yD; rwfwyf&yfxaew,f? wbufuvnf; vufxdyfcwfxm;wJh olvufukd
u|wfxGufvmatmif emusifwJhtxd qGJxkwfw,f? ol@vufuvnf; zrf;csKyfxm;wJhumv enf;enf;ydefoGm;vkd@xifyg&J@? aemufqHk;awmh
u|wfxGufoGm;w,f? av,mOfysHawGuawmh pufaoewfawG w&pyf ypfcwfaeqJyJ? vufxdyf u|wfoGm;oGm;csif; ausmif;ay:rSqif;
+rdK@jyifxGuf ajy;w,f? +rdK@jyifrSm jynfol@ppfawGeJ@awG@+yD; jynfol@ppfawGu wqifhwqifh vkdufykd@vkd@ a&mufvm&wmjzpfw,f? oleJ@zrf;rd
oGm;wJh wyf=uyfarmif=unfqkdolvnf; &Jabmfbaomif;enf;wl ±kef;uefxGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmw,f qkdwJhowif;ukd =um;&w,f?
zsmyHkc±kdif/ a';'&J+rdK@e,f[m *syefzufqpfawG Armjynf0ifa&mufvmwJh tcsdefup *syefzufqpfawGukd awmfvSefwkdufckdfufwJh
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awmfvSefa&; pjzpfawmh wkdif; (2) ukd OD;pD;=uwJh ppfa&;wm0efcHjzpfwJh Akv d af e0if;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;wm0efcHjzpfwJh ocifpkd;wkd@[m 'Da'orSmyJ
tajccH=uw,f? wkdif; (2) eJ@ wkdif; (3) ukd qufoG,fay;a&;wm0efeJ@ Akdvfvufsmukdvnf; 'Da'orSmyJ awG@&w,f? Akdvfvufsmu
usef;rma&;raumif;vdk@ tem;,lae&w,fvkd@vnf; od&w,f? emrnf}uD; Akdvfatmif}uD;/ Akdvf=unf0if;/ Akdvfwifazwkd@vnf;
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aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_±Sdwt Jh jyif w&GmeJ@w&Gm/ wOD;eJ@wOD;vnf; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; &Sd=uw,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;rSm tvGefwufºu
=uw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ wyfzGJ@awG[m 'Dvlxk&J@ wcJeufaxmufcHr_eJ@ ulnDr_ukd &=uw,f?
u|efawmfwkd@ u|Jul;&Gmukd ajymif;a±$@oGm;+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf xyfawmif;vkd@ ppfav,mOfysrH S
vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;udk avxD;eJ@ xyfcsay;w,f? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;rSm yg0if+yD; *syefawGukd ajymufusm;wkdufckduf=uwJh
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;ukd acgif;aqmifwJh apmaeEkdifukdvnf; u|Jul;&GmrSmyJ awG@&w,f?
&ckdifeJ@ txufArmjynf tygt0if Armjynfw0ef;vHk;u zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD; aygufuGJay:aygufvm+yD; aemuf ppf&J@
jzpfay:r_[m r[mrdwfrsm; cef@rSef;xm;wmxuf tvGefvsifjrefvmw,f?
(1945) ck/ {+yDv aemufykdif;rSm tpDtpOft& u|Jul;&GmteD;rSm avxD;qif; tzGJ@wzGJ@ xyfqif;vmw,f? ‚tzGJ@xJ rSm
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aygif; (5) a,mufygvmw,f? 'DtzGJ@[m u|efawmfwkd@ tzGJ@&J@ wm0efukd v$Jajymif;,l&rSm jzpfw,f? u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@u r[mrdwfa&wyf
&efukefqdyfurf; uyfEkdifa&;twGuf vkdtyfwJh tultnDay;zkd@yg? &JabmfnGef@a0wkd@tzGJ@ukd wm0efv$Jajymif;ay;cJh+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@
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ae&m,lxm;vkdufw,f? r[mrdwfavwyfu &efukefjrpf0ukd yxrAHk;}uJ/ rkdif;awG &Sif;vkyfw,f? aemuf a&wyf rkdif;&Sif;
ppfoabmFrsm;uvnf; rkdif;awG &Sif;jyefw,f?
(1945) ck arv (1 ) &ufae@rSm &efukef+rdK@wGif; ,l*sDuay;ykd@wJh “+rdK@wGif;rSm *syefawG r&Sdawmhbl;”qkdwJh owif;udk &w,f?
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t*Fvdyfa&wyf/ ukef;wufwyfawGuvnf; &efukef+rdK@xJ 0ifa&mufoGm;=uw,f? u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@ wzGJ@vHk;[mvnf; wm0efawG
+yD;ajrmufoGm;+yD;aemuf &efukef+rdK@ukd wufoGm;=uw,f?
ygwDeJ@zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@}uD;rS ay;tyfwJh wm0efrsm; +yD;ajrmufoGm;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf u|efawmfeJ@
&Jabmfbaomif;vnf; wyfzGJ@ (136) rS ygwD&Sd&m Am;u&m;vrf;ukd xGufvm=uw,f? Am;u&m;vrf;u taygifqdkifa[mif;
ESpfxyfwkdufrSm ygwDXmcsKyfzGizfh kd@ oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfae=uwJh &Jabmfwpkukd awG@&w,f? ocifoef;xGef;vnf; 'Dae&meJ@ reD;ra0;
prf;acsmif;prf;a&wGif;vrf;xJu wxyfysOfaxmifysOfcif; tdrfuav;rSmae+yD; OD;pD;aew,f? ocifoef;xGef;u u|efawmfwkd@ESpfa,mufudk
ol@tdrfac:oGm;+yD; ol@tdrfrSmyJ aeapw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ESpfa,mufu {nfhcef;uav;&J@ =urf;jyifay:rSmyJ ygvmwJh ukd,fhtdyf&mukdcif;+yD;
tdyf=uw,f? {nfhcef;tv,frSmawmh opfom;pm;yGJuav;wvHk;eJ@ ukvm;xkdifESpfvHk;yJ &Sdw,f? 'Dtcsdefu ukdA[def; tawmf
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