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Giao Trinh Thuy Khi Ky Thuat Ung Dung
Giao Trinh Thuy Khi Ky Thuat Ung Dung
Huynh Vn Hoang
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Li ta
Giao trnh "Thuy kh ky thut ng dung" c bin soan theo cng giang day
cho sinh vin cac nganh ky thut cua trng ai hoc Bach khoa a Nng nhm muc ch
giup cho sinh vin co tai liu tham khao trong hoc tp cung nh trong tnh toan thit k cac
h thng thuy - kh.
Tai liu c bin soan khng th tranh khoi sai sot trn moi phng din.
Rt mong c gia vui long gop y kin xy dng tai liu c hoan chnh.
Xin chn thanh cam n.
a nng 8 - 2005
Tac gia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 1
M u
$1 - Muc ch, i tng va phng phap nghin cu
Thuy khi ky thut ng dung nghin cu cac qui lut cn bng va chuyn ng cua dong cht
long, nghin cu lc tac dung cua cht long ln vt ngp trong cht long tnh hay chuyn ng va
nghin cu ng dung cac kt qua trn vao san xut va i sng.
i tng nghin cu la cht long con goi la cht nc. Cac kt qua nhin cu c ap dung
cho cht kh. kim loai nong chay va hn hp thuy lc, c goi chung la cht long Nui-tn. Cac bai
toan cua cht long trang thai tnh c trnh bay trong phn tnh hoc cht long, cac bai toan
chuyn ng cua cht long c gii thiu trong phn ng lc hoc cht long.
Trong qua trnh nghin cu thuy kh ng dung phai kt hp cht che gia nghin cu ly
thuyt va thc nghim.
Vic nghin cu ly thuyt bt u t quan sat hin tng va m ta bng m hnh c hoc, vt
ly va toan hoc. Khi nghin cu mt vn , chung ta phai vn dung cac nguyn ly c ban cua c
hoc va vt ly, ngoai ra phai kt hp cht che kin thc toan hoc, c ly thuyt, vt ly va nhit ng
ky thut ... . i khi phai kim tra kt qua nghin cu ly thuyt bng thc nghim trn m hnh.
Vic nghin cu bng thc nghim ong vai tro ht sc quan trong v no b sung cho ly
thuyt.Trong mt s lnh vc no la phng phap chu yu lam c s cho ly thuyt, v du nh nghin
cu dong ri, ... .
n gian cho vic nghin cu ly thuyt ngi ta thng bt u t cht long ly tng,
sau o m rng ra cho cht long thc. Ngha la phai xet n anh hng cua tnh nht, tnh nen, ...
cua cht long. Trong nghin cu ly thuyt ngi ta tach khoi cht long mt phn t long co hnh
dang tuy y va co cac tnh cht c - ly nh toan b cht long. Cn lu y rng mi phn t long du
nho n u cung co kch thc ln hn rt nhiu so vi kch thc phn t va no cha mt khi
lng rt ln phn t. Mi trng cht long c coi la gm v s nhng phn t long phn b lin
tuc. Vi khai nim phn t long cho phep chung m rng mi trng cht long nh trng vt ly
co th ng dung cac qui lut ng hoc va ng lc hoc cua c hoc nghin cu chuyn ng
cua cht long. V th nhng ai lng c trng ng hoc va ng lc hoc cua cht long co th
biu din bng cac ham lin tuc i vi toa khng gian va thi gian, ng thi nhng ham s
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FR =
R. .dV
(V )
Trong o
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bar
10
1
0,98066
1,01325
1,3332.10-3
at (KG/cm2)
1,01972.10-5
1,01972
1
1.03332
1,3995.10-3
atm
0,98692.10-5
0,98692
0.96784
1
1,31579.10-3
Ap sut la lc trn mt n v din tch. Nu cht long cn bng goi la ao sut thuy tnh con
cht long chuyn ng th goi la ap sut thuy ng. Ap sut tai mt im c tnh theo :
p = lim
dS 0
dF
dS
m
V
hay
dm
dV
(3.1)
Trong o m la khi long (tnh theo kg) cha trong th tch V (tnh theo m3).
Khi lng ring thay i khi nhit va ap sut thay i. Nu nhit tng th khi lng
ring giam. i vi cht long s thay i nay khng ang k .V du khi lng ring cua nc
thay i theo nhit c trnh bay bang 3.2. Khi nhit tng n 4oC th khi lng ring
tng (do tnh cht co th tch cua nc) va khi nhit tip tuc tng th khi lng ring giam
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-3
5
10
1.33
10
13,3
10
1,127
27
106
11,27
10
112,7
100
106
0,916
G
= .g
V
(N/m3 )
(3.2)
H O,4
2
(3.3)
o
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p =
V 1
Vo p
hay
p =
dV 1
V dp
(3.5)
Trong o :
V = V0 (1 p p)
hay
o
1 p .p
(3.6)
Nu ap sut cht long khng lam giam i qua mt na so vi th tch ban u cua cht long
th E khng thay i va no co y ngha nh m un an hi cua cht rn.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dV + V d = 0
hay :
d
dV
=
V
dp
d
dp
=
d
(3.8)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3.9)
Trong o
k la ch s oan nhit,
r la hng s cht kh.
Nu cho M trong lng phn t cht kh th :
a= k
RT
M
(3.10)
(3.11)
t la h s dan n cua cht long. o la s tng th tch tng i khi nhit cua cht long
tng ln 1oC. n v cua h s dan n la -1. T (3.12) suy ra :
t =
V 1
Vo t
hay
t =
dV
Vo dt
(3.13)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o
1 + t .t
(3.14)
V =
1 dp
p o dt
(3.15)
dv
dy
(3.15)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dy
y
v+dv
v
x
Hnh 3 - 1
Ngoai h s nht ng lc hoc trong ky thut hay dung h s nht ng hoc (ky hiu la ) .
(3.16)
=0,0731
o E
1,80
'' S
=0,00220
'' S
48,5
B
= o
(St)
(St)
Cung cn lu y rng khi so sanh d nht cua hai cht long phai dung cung mt khai nim la
h s nht ng hoc hay h s nht dng lc hoc va cung nhit . V du so sanh nc va khng
kh :
Khi nhit 20oC h s nht ng lc hoc cua khng kh kk = 18.10-5 Poaz
h s nht ng lc hoc cua noc
nc = 1.10-2 Poaz (ln hn 57
ln so vi khng kh )
Nhng h s nht ng hoc cua khng kh kk = 15.10-2 Stc (ln hn 15 ln so
vi nc; h s nht ng hoc cua nc
nc = 1.10-2 Stc )
nht cua cht long phu thuc vao nhit va ap sut mi trng lam vic. Khi nhit
tng nht cua cht long giam, con cua cht kh th lai tng (Hnh 3-2). Tuy theo phm vi nhit
lam vic cn chon du bi trn cho phu hp. Trong cng nghip thng ly nht ng hoc
50oC lam chun.
Anh hng cua ap sut n nht khng ang k. Nu p<200.105 Pa th khng cn xet
ti s thay i cua nht khi ap sut thay i. S thay i nay c m ta bng phng trnh sau :
p =(1+k.p)
mt s cht long :
( 20oC) ;
( 20oC) ;
( 18o C) ;
( 18oC) ;
( 30oC); ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(St)
cht long
cht kh
t (oC)
Hnh 3 - 2
Fc
Fc
Fr
F
a/
Fr
b/
Hnh 3 - 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dF
dl
(3.17)
Trong o
F la lc tac dung,
l la chiu dai b mt tip xuc cua cht long.
H s sc cng b mt cht long (hoc goi la h s mao dn ) o bng N /m. Trong bang 3.3 la
h s sc cng b mt cua mt vai cht long 20o C
Bang 3.3
cht long
C(dyn/cm)
nc
72,5
du
27
thuy ngn
460
cn
22,5
Khi nhit tng h s sc cng b mt cht long giam theo qui lut tuyn tnh. V du h
s sc cng b mt cua nc thay i theo nhit t=100oC th c=55 dyn/cm ; t=200oC th c=27,5
dyn/cm.
d
Hnh 3 - 4
Da vao tnh cht sc cng b mt cua cht long khao sat cac vn sau:
- Sc b mt gia cac lp cht long vi nhau.
- Hin tng dnh t.
- Hin tng mao dn : Khi cht long trong ng co ng knh nho (goi la ng mao dn)
nu lc dnh t (Fr) ln hn lc keo cac phn t long (Fc) th cht long dng ln trong ng cao
hn mc nc bn ngoai. cao nay goi la cao mao dn (cht long la nc). Con nu nh
Fc>Fr th cht long trong ng tut xung so vi mc cht long bn ngoai. Hin tng nay goi la ha
mao dn (cht long la thuy ngn) (hnh-3.4).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.d .c =
b mt:
4
4c
h=
.g.d
Suy ra:
d 2 h. .g
Cng thc nay thng dung tnh h s sc cng b mt. tranh hin tng mao dn
trong cac dung cu o bng cht long (o ap sut, nhit ) phai chon ng knh ng o ln hn
10 mm.
Vok
Vk
273
273 Vk
*
=
=
=
* =
V
V (1 + t .t ) 1 + t .t
T
T V
(3.19)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m=
suy ra
p.Vk * . p
=
V
r.T
273.r
(3.20)
Ngha la nhit xac nh khi lng cht kh c hp thu vao cht long ty l vi ap
sut trn mt thoang cht nc.
By gi chung ta xet trng hp hp thu hn hp cht kh vao cht long. Trong trng hp
nay ap sut ring phn cua tng cht kh la :
p1 =
m1 .r1 .T1
V hh
suy ra
p2 =
m 2 .r2 .T2
V hh
p1 m1 .r1
=
p 2 m 2 .r2
m1 .r1 .T
p
m .r .T
V2 = 2 2
p
V1 =
suy ra
suy ra
V1 . p
;
T
V .p
m 2 .r2 = 2
T
m1 .r1 =
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3.21)
Ngha la ty s ap sut ring phn cua hn hp chat kh bng th tch ring phn cua chung.
Khi hn hp nay c hp thu vao cht long th ty l hn hp se phu thuc vao h s hp thu
cua mi cht ngha la :
* =
V1h
p .
= 1 1 = 1
V2 h p 2 . 2 2
(3.22)
V0 0,21
=
= 0,265 .
V n 0,79
0,21.0,0489
= 0,563 .
0,79.0,0231
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3.24)
m
R.T
n
Trong o
M la trong lng phn t cua cht kh ,
r hng s cht kh (vi khng kh r=287 J/kg/0K)
R la hng s tng quat cua cht kh,
la khi lng ring cua cht kh ,
p la ap sut cua cht kh.
Phng trnh trang thai ch c s dung khi cht kh trang thai cn bng.
cho n=m/M mol cht kh :
pV =
(3.25)
(3.26)
Ni nng c xac nh theo thuyt ng lc hoc phn t., du = cv.dT. Ni nng la ham
trang thai n v nn no co vi phn toan phn bi v bin thin cua no khng phu thuc vao qua
trnh .
Cng th tch c sinh ra khi cht kh b tac dung bi ap sut p lam thay i th tch cht
kh dv la da = p dv ; ( y v la th tch ring ). ln cua cng phu thuc vao qua trnh lam thay
i trang thai cht kh, nn cng khng phai la ham cua qua trnh.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p1
p2
nc 20 C
h1
h2
Thuy ngn
Hnh 3-5
Khi lng ring cua thuy ngn 20oC la
tn = o
1
1 + t .t
13600
= 13515
1 + 1,815.10 4 .20
kg / m 3
p1 + n g (h1 h2 ) = p 2 + g (h1 h2 )
Suy ra :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pa
d 2
l. p
V .p
V =
= 4
En
En
0,3 2
=
50.5.10 6
2.10
= 8,83.10 3
m3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 2
p0
p
py
dz
dx
O dy
px
p
A
B
x
a/
pz
b/
Hnh 4 - 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dFRX = R x
1
.dx.dy.dz
6
dFRY = RY
1
.dx.dy.dz
6
dFRZ = R z
1
.dx.dy.dz
6
px
1
1
1
dy.dz p dy.dz + R X .dx.dy.dz = 0
6
2
2
Hnh 4 - 2
Xet h thng thuy lc trn hnh 4.2 gm mt bnh cha cht long va hai pttng. Khi lc F1
tac dung ln ptng 1 tao ra trong cht long ap sut p1 = F1/S1 (S1 la din tch cua ptng 1).Ptng 1
chuyn ng mt oan ng la l1 , ngha la ptng 1 thc hin mt cng la A1 = F1 l1 = p1.S1.l1
Theo nh lut bao toan nng lng th cng A1 c trao cho ptng 2 lam ptng 2 chuyn ng
mt oan ng la l2. Cng cua ptng 2 nhn c la A2 =F2.l2 = p2.S2.l2
T iu kin : A1 = A2 ta co : p1.S1 l1 = p2.S2 l2
hay :
p1V1 = p2 V2
S dch chuyn ptng 1, 2 thoa man iu kin bao toan th tch cht long : V1 = V2 = V .T o ta
co :
p1 = p2 = p .
o la nguyn ly lam vic cua may ep thuy lc, kch thuy lc, hay b tng ap sut. Lc ep
tnh theo cng thc :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2 = F1
S2
S1
(4.2)
p dx
p +
x 2
dx
z
p+
p dx
+
x 2
dy
Hnh 5 - 1
Lc ap tac dung ln cac mt thng goc vi phng x la :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.dy.dz p +
dy.dz = dx.xy.dz
dF px = p
x 2
x 2
x
dF py =
p
dy.dx.dz
y
dF pz =
p
dz.dy.dx
z
p
dx.dy.dz = 0
x
Tnh cho mt n v khi lng cht long va hng minh tng t cho cac truc oy, oz :
dFRx dF px = 0
Rx =
1 p
R x .dx.dy.dz
hay
Ry =
1 p
Rz =
1 p
(5.1)
.R gradp = 0
(5.2)
Phng trnh (5.1) hoc (5.2) la phng trnh vi phn cn bng cho cht long trang thai tnh ;
cht long trang thai cn bng khi lc khi bng lc ap.
p
p
p
dz
dy +
dx +
z
y
x
(6.1)
V phai cua phng trnh (6.1) la vi phn toan phn cua ap sut (dp ) th v trai cung phai la vi
phn toan phn cua mt ham U (x,y,z) nao o ma chung ta goi la ham s lc th. Ngha la ( y
chung ta khng vit du m trc biu thc ao ham va cung co th goi la ham th gia tc) :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R x R y
=
y
x
R x R z
=
x
z
R y
z
R z
y
(6.3)
(6.4)
Ngha la ap sut tai mi im trong cht long co gia tr duy nht va khng phu thuc vao
hnh dang quang ng i n dim o.
Phng trnh (6.1) c vit thanh :
dp = ( Rx dx + Ry dy + Rz dz )
(6.5)
V phai cua phng trnh (6.5) la cng toan phn cua phn t long dch chuyn doc theo
ng cheo cua phn t long . Vy (6.5) c vit thanh :
dp = .R.d s = .R.ds cos
Trong o la goc tao bi hai vect lc khi va vect quang ng dch chuyn.
Phng trnh (6.5) c dung giai cac bai toan trong tnh hoc cht long.
6.1 - Mt ng ap
Trn mt ng ap ap sut tai moi im co gia tr nh nhau , ngha la p = const hay dp = 0 .
Nu = const th t (6.5) :
R ds cos = 0
suy ra = 90o, ngha la mt ng ap thng goc vi vect gia tc lc khi .
- Kt hp vi (6.4) th mt ng ap cung la mt ng th.
- i vi cht kh ( = const) mt ng ap cung la mt ng nhit .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
h
M
p0
p
z0
z
0
Hnh 6-1
Trong o k la hng s tch phn c xac nh t iu kin bin :
tai z = zo th p = po ( ap sut trn mt thoang)
k = - po + g zo .
Thay k vao phng trnh (a) :
p = pO + g (zO - z)
hay
p= pO + g h
(6.6)
z+
p
= const
g
(6.7)
p
la ct ap tnh cua cht long.
g
Vy trong cht long cn bng tng cao hnh hoc va cao ct ap la mt hng s.
Trong cht long mun tng th nng ngi ta co th a cht long ln cao hoc nen cht
long trong th tch kn vi ap sut ln.
2) Cac loai ap sut :
Ap sut c tnh theo cng thc (6.6) th goi la ap sut tuyt i, ky hiu la pt Ap sut
tuyt i co th nho hn hoc ln hn ap sut kh tri.
Nu mt thoang cht long tip xuc vi kh tri th po = pa (pa la ap sut kh tri). Ngoai gia
tr tuyt i dung lam gc o ap sut ngi ta thng ly ap sut kh tri lam gc o cac loai
ap sut.
p
pt pd
pa
pck
pa
pa
pt
t
Hnh 6.2 Cac loai ap sut thuy tnh
Ngi ta qui c ap sut kh ri pa = 1at = 98100 N/m2 ( 105 N/m2) ,
pa
10m ct nc
(6.8)
gh
po
.g.H
h
po = 0
po
hC
po
hA
hB
C
pCt = .g.hC
A
pAd = .g.hA
pBck = .g.hB
Hnh 6 - 3 Cach o ap sut d, chn khng, tuyt i
pA
pB
h
l
p = g.h.(l - )
Hnh 6 - 4 o chnh ap
h1 2
=
h2 1
(6.11)
Vy chiu cao cua ct cht long ty l nghch vi khi lng ring. Nu 1 = 2 th h 1 = h2.
Ngha la mt thoang cht long ng cht trong hai nhanh cua bnh thng nhau cung mt cao.
dp
g
=
dz
p
r.T
tch phn c phng trnh nay cn phai bit c quy lut thay i nhit theo cao
hnh hoc. Ngi ta thng s dung quan h tuyn tnh gia T va z [ 2] :
(6.12)
T = TO .z
Trong o To la nhit khng kh trn mt t,
la graien nhit , o la s thay i nhit khng kh trn 1m cao. Du "+" cho
trng hp nhit tng, du - cho nht giam. H s c xac nh theo cac yu t kh
tng. Nu chiu cao nho hn 1000m th = 0,0065 oK/m ,i vi hm lo th = 0,006oK/m n
0,01oK/m.
Thay (6.14) vao (6.13) va tch phn theo iu kin t po n p ng vi cao t 0 n H :
p
dp
g
dz
p p = r 0 T .z
o
ln
T + .H
p
g
=
ln o
po
r.
To
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6.13)
T
p = p o
To
29, 27 (T To )
(6.14)
Trong hm lo co s khac nhau v khi lng ring nn xut hin sc hut t nhin :
p = p1 - p2
Trong o p1 , p2 c tnh theo cng thc (6.14).
(6.16)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z
z
L
a
h
(6.17)
y la phng trnh cua nhng mt phng song song va thng goc vi vect gia tc khi R. Goc
nghing cua mt ng ap so vi mt nm ngang (x,y).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R = a 2 + g 2 + 2a.g sin
(6.19)
1
x 2 + y 2 2 ..g.z + k
2
Hng s tch phn k c xac nh t iu kin bin. Khi x = y = z = 0 th p = po nn k = po. Thay
x2 + y2 = r2 chung ta co phng trnh tnh ap sut trong bnh quay la :
p=
p = po +
Mt ng ap (dp=0) :
1
..r 2 . 2 .g.z
2
z=
2 .r 2
2g
+C
(6.20)
(6.21)
y la phng trnh cua nhng mt parabnlit. Khi C=0 chung ta co phng trnh mt thoang.
T phng trnh trn ta thy : nu cang ln th nh parabn cang tut xung, thm ch
xung di ay bnh. Trong bm li tm co vong quay ln th lc ly tm ln hn trong lc nn
chung ta co th bo qua thanh phn trong lc. Mt ng ap trong trng hp nay la mt tru i
xng vi truc quay. Ap sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
h = z sin
dF = po dS + g sin z dz
F = p o S + g sin z.dS
(S )
Biu thc tch phn chnh la mmen tnh hnh hoc cua mt S i vi truc x :MT= zT.S
trong o zT la toa trong tm hnh hoc T cua tm phng. Vy:
F = po S + .g sin zT S = po S + g hT S = (po+.g.hT).S
hay
F=pT.S va pT= po+.g.hT
Nu ap sut trn mt thoang la ap sut kh tri va pha sau tm phng la ap sut kh tri.
Lc cua ap sut kh tri ln tm phng hai pha nh nhau. Cho nn ap lc cht long tac dung ln
tm phng trong trng hp nay la :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(7.1)
z
hY
hD
zT
F
T
D
zD
xT
xD
T
D
z
Hnh 7 - 1 Ap lc thuy tnh ln tm phng
T cng thc nay chung ta thy rng :ap lc cua cht long tac dung ln tm phng chnh
bng tch ap sut cua cht long tai trong tm hnh hoc nhn vi din tch tm phng.
Nu tm phng t nm ngang song song vi mt thoang su H (nh ay bnh) th
(7.2)
hT=H. Theo phng trnh (7. 1) : F = g .H S = G ;
G la trong lng khi long cha trn ay S su H. Theo kt lun nay th du hnh dang bnh
cha nh th nao i na nu din tch mt ay ging nhau va su nh nhau th lc tac dung
cua cht long ln ay nh nhau. No khng phu thuc vao trong lng thc cua cht long cha
trong bnh (hnh 7 - 2). y chnh la nghch ly tnh hoc cht long. ng dung nghch ly nay ngi ta
ch ra cac dung cu cha cht log theo nhu cu s dung v du tng n nh cac bnh cha hao
cht c bit bao gi cung co ay ln.
xac nh im t lc (ky hiu la ) chung ta xet iu kin cn bng mmen lc tng
hp va mmen cua cac lc phn i vi cac tru toa . i vi tru ox ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(S )
(S )
Jx =
.dS
(S )
la mmen quan tnh hnh hoc cua mt S i vi truc ox . Co th tnh Jx theo truc ox i qua trong
tm hnh hocT cua mt S :
J x = J Tx + zT2 .S
po
po
po
H
p
S
po
Jx
po
zT2 S + J Tx
zD =
zT +
.g. sin =
zT
.g. sin
pT
pT .S
pT
( po + g sin .zT ).S
Nu po=pa tac dung ln hai pha tm phng th :
z D = zT +
J Tx
MT
(7.3)
(7.4)
Jxz la mmen quan tnh ly tm cua tm phng S i vi truc x,y. Nu tm phng i xng so vi
truc z (nh hnh tron, hnh ch nht...) th Jxz= 0.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fx
F
cos =
(7.5)
Fy
F
cos =
Fz
F
(7.6)
x
mt thoang
Sz
dSz
s
y
h
dSx
Sx
p
dS
S
Mun xac nh c lc F ta phai xac nh cac lc thanh phn. Chung ta tnh lc cht
long tac dung ln mt cong ma pha kia cua mt cong la khng kh. thun tin cho vic tnh
toan chung ta chon h toa nh hnh ve ; truc z theo phng thng ng va mt oxy trung vi
mt thoang . Xet lc cht long tac dung ln din tch dS su h trong cht long (hnh 7 - 3). V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fx =
dF
= pTx .S x
Fy =
( Sx )
dF
= pTy .S y
(7.7)
( Sy )
Fz = dFz = g .
Sz
h.dS
=G
(7.8)
( Sz )
Ngha la lc Fz chnh bng trong lng cua khi long thng ng co mt ay la nt cong va mt
ay la hnh chiu mt cong ln mt thoang. Hng cua lc Fz i ln nu mt cong b cht long
y ln, ngc lai th lc Fz hng xung. im t lc c xac dnh theo cac cosin nh hng
(7.6). Nu mt cong la mt tru, hay mt cu th lc F i qua truc tm mt tru hay tm mt cu. Cn
lu y rng vic chon h toa hp ly se giup cho tnh toan n gian.
Fas
G
T
D
Fas
D
T
Hnh 7 - 4 Vt l lng
mm nc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
truc nghing
Hnh 7 - 5 Vt ni
Cac nh ngha nay ng vi luc vt trang thai cn bng. Khi vt ni b nghing i th tm ay
cung thay i n v tr '. Giao im truc ni vi phng cua lc y mi goi la tm nh khuynh
M (hnh 7 - 6).
hM
Fas
D D
Hnh 7 - 6 n dnh vt ni
Khi goc nghing cua truc ni va ng thng ng nho hn 15o th co th xem nh tm y di
chuyn trn cung tron tm la M va ban knh la M (goi la ban knh nh khuynh, ky hiu M).
Khi vt b nghing co th xay ra cac trng hp sau :
- Nu M cao hn T th ngu lc G va Fs se co xu hng lam cho vt tr v trang thai cn
bng ban u.
- Nu M thp hn T th ngu lc co xu hng lam cho vt nghing thm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
l=
J .g
Gm
Chu ky dao ng :
T =
Gia tc dao ng :
l
g
g
sin
l
1.Tnh ap sut tai ay b su 4 m , nc trong b co khi lng ring 1000 kg/m3, ap sut tuyt i
trn mt thoang la 1 at.
2 . Tnh ap sut tuy i va ap sut tai day ni hi su 1.2 m, ap sut trn mt thoang 196200 Pa,
khi lng ring cua nc 1000 kg/m3 , ap sut khng kh la 735 mm thuy ngn.
3. Ap sut tai ca vao cua bm ly tm o bng ap k chn khng la 0,7 at. Xac nh ap sut tuy
i tai o. Bit rng ap sut khng kh la 735 mm thuy ngn.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p=0
p=0
z1
z2
p0
v
A
dai 10 m
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R
B
b
H
a
po
h
po
x=?
5
3
1
nc
4
2
thuy ngn
nc
x
B
y
z
thuy ngn
H1
H2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v
G
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A
40 cm
O
B
d= 40 cm
n
D
n
cht long
22-Tnh lc thuy tnh tac dung ln ay bnh
hnh tru kn cha y cht long quay u
vi vong quay 500 vong/phut.. Cho bit
ng knh bnh D=2 m , chiu cao H=1,5 m,
Khi lng ring cua cht long 1000 kg/m3
n
D
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 3
(8.1)
Nu chuyn ng khng phu thuc vao thi gian th goi la chuyn ng dng. Ngha la :
v
=0
t
p
=0
t
=0
t
...
(8.2)
Trong ky thut thng gp cac dong chay khng dng, nhng nu trong thi gian u ln ma
cac thng s c trng cua chuyn ng t thay i th co th coi o la dong dng trung bnh theo
thi gian va cac ai lng c trng trung bnh theo thi gian chuyn ng loai nay c xet nh
cac thng s cua bai toan chuyn ng dng.
Nu phn t long chuyn ng va quanh truc tc thi i qua chnh no goi la chuyn ng
xoay. Chuyn ng nay c m ta bng phng trnh :
rot v = 2
(8.3)
rot v = 0
(8.4)
(8.5)
-Phng phap le nghin cu chuyn ng cua cht long tai cac v tr xac nh trong
khng gian. Trong phng phap nay chung ta co anh cua cac ai lng c trng (vn tc, ...). T
o chung ta xac nh c cac thng s khac. Chuyn ng c m ta bng phng trnh :
v = v (x,y,z,t )
(8.6)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v=
1
v.dt
T (T)
(8.8)
i vi chuyn ng dng cht long thc va dong co kch thc hu han chung ta thng
dung vn tc trung bnh trn thit din t ky hiu la vtb
v tb =
1
v.dS
S (S )
(8.9)
i vi dong kh ngoai vn tc, ap sut chung ta phai xet n cac thng s trang thai cua
no. S thay i cua cac thng s nay mi v tr trong dong chay phu thuc vao cac qua trnh.
8.3 Cac dang chuyn ng cua phn t long
Chuyn ng phc tap cua phn t long c Hemhn phn tch thanh ba chuyn ng n
gian la chuyn ng tnh tin, chuyn ng quay va chuyn ng bin dang. Sau y se ln lt
gii thiu cac loai chuyn ng o va s lin h gia chung .
Xet vn tc cac im ln cn trong cht long (hnh 8.2). Goi vo la vn tc im A
cua phn t long. Tai im ln cn G vn tc la v c biu din bng ham iu hoa :
v
v
v
v x = v o + x dx + x dy + x dz
x
y
x
v y
v y
v y
dz
dy +
dx +
v y = v oy +
z
y
x
v
v
v
v z = v oz + z dx + z dy + z dz
x
y
z
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
voz
vox
v
v ox + x dx
x
v oy +
v y
x
vo
A voy
G
vx
vy
v ox +
dx
v oy +
v y
x
dx +
v y
y
v x
v
dx + x y
x
y
z
x
y
Hnh 8. - 2
v x
y
v y
v x
0 va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t bin dang dai doc theo truc x
x
(hnh 8.4a). Vn tc bin dang dai la :
v
xx = x
(8.12)
x
v y
2- Nu
0 va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t bin dang trt doc theo truc
x
y, ng cheo AC quay khi phn t trt (hnh 8.4b).
1- Nu
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xy =
+ x
2 x
y
4- Nu
v y
x
(8.13)
Hnh 8 - 4
v x
va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t ch quay thun tuy (hnh
y
y
x
z =
y
2 x
(8.14)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
0
0
0
y
y x
x
2
2
x
A=
+
+
v x
v
1 v
1 v y v x
0
0 x y
+
0
(8..15)
x
2 y
y
2 x
x
=
xx
0
yy
xy
Ma trn th nht la bin dang dai, ma trn th hai la chuyn ng trt thun tuy, ma trn th ba
la chuyn ng quay.
Trong bai toan khng gian, phn t long co hnh dang la khi lp phng th bin dang dai
theo cac truc la :
v x
v
; xx = x
x
x
Bin dang trt thun tuy :
xx =
1 v
v y
xy = y = x +
x
2 y
xx =
; yz = zy =
v x
x
1 v y v z
+
y
2 z
(8.16)
; zx = xz =
1 v z v x
+
z
2 x
(8.17)
Vn tc quay cua cac mt phng :
1 v y
x
z =
y
2 x
; x =
1 v z v y
z
2 y
; y =
1 v x v z
x
2 z
(8.18)
= x2 + y2 + z2
(8.19)
v z
= zy +
y
v y
= y + z
x
v x
= xy + z
y
v z
= zx + y
x
v y
;
= yz + x
z
v x
;
= xz + y
z
(8.21)
Phng trnh (8.21) chnh la kt lun cua Hemhn : chuyn ng cua phn t long trong trng
hp tng quat no gm cac chuyn ng sau: chuyn ng tnh tin, chuyn ng bin dang (dai va
trt) va chuyn ng quay.
8.3 - Khai nim cua dong cht long
Trong nghin cu chuyn ng cua cht long ngi ta thng tin hanh trn dong nguyn
t, sau o m rng cho toan dong. Cac khai nim c ban v dong chuyn ng cht long la :
8.3.1- ng dong
ng dong la ng cong ma tip tuyn cua no tai mi im trn ng nay trung vi
vect vn tc chuyn ng cua cht long (hnh 8 - 5a). nghha la vect quang ng trung vi
vect vn tc : dsxv = 0
hay vit di dang nh thc bc 3 :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dx dy dz = 0
vx v y vz
hay
dx dx dx
=
=
vx vx vx
(8.22)
dS
v1
k
a)
b)
Hnh 8 - 5
V y ngha vt ly cua dong nguyn t, no biu din phng chuyn ng cua cht long tai
mt thi im va th hin s phn b cac vect vn tc trong mt khoang khc. Cac tnh cht cua
dong nguyn t:
- Dong nguyn t cua chuyn ng khng dng co hnh dang thay i theo thi gian.
- Cht long trong dong nguyn t ch chuyn ng doc theo dong nguyn t khng co hin
tng cht long chuyn ng xin qua dong nguyn t.
- Trn tit din cua dong nguyn t s phn b cac thng s thuy ng ging nhau.
- Ch trong chuyn ng dng th quy ao va ng dong trung nhau.
ng dong trong chuyn ng phng c biu din bi ham dong
(x,y) ma :
vx =
vy =
(8.23)
dy
dx
=
y
x
dx +
dy = 0
x
y
hay
; d = 0
(8.24)
y
B
dy
ds
vx
-dx A
vy
Hnh 8 - 6
Tht vy lu lng chay gia tit din AB cua hai ng dong A , B la :
B
Q = v x .dy v y .dx =
dy +
dx = d = B A
x
y
A
A
A
S
S
Hnh 8 - 7
- Chu vi t (ky hiu la ) : ng giao tuyn gia mt ct t va thanh rn cua dong
chay (hnh 8 - 8).
Hnh 8 - 8
- Ban knh thuy lc (ky hiu la Rh) la ty s gia din tch t va chu vi t:
Rh =
(8.25)
Cn chu y rng ban knh thuy lc khng phai la ban knh cua ng tron. Tht vy :
Rh =
.R 2 R d
= =
2. .R 2 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(8.26)
Q = v.dS
(8.27)
Mun tch phn (8.27) phai bit c quy lut phn b vn tc trn tit din t. Nu chung ta
dung khai nim vn tc trung bnh trn tit din t th lu lng:
Q = vtb S
suy ra
v tb =
1
S
(8.28)
v.dS
(S )
.x ds = dx dy dz = 0
x y z
hay
dx
dy
dz
(8.29)
trong o x , y ,z la nhng thanh phn vect vn tc goc theo cac truc toa d. Chung la ham cua
khng gian va thi gian .
Tp hp nhng ng xoay ta ln mt ng cong khep kn v cung nho trong mi
trng cht long tao thanh ng xoay nguyn t. Cht long chuyn ng trong ng xoay goi la si
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v.ds = v.ds.cox
(k )
(8.30)
(k )
dS
dS
ds
v
Hnh 8 .- 9
= 2. .dS
(8.31)
(S )
1 2
R .d = 2. . .R 2
2
0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(k )
(S )
(8.33)
(S )
(S )
(S )
Nu ng cong k bao gm cac ng cong k1,k',k2,k" trn(hnh 8 - 9a) hay trn (hnh 8 - 9b) th
lu s vn tc cung bng khng. Ta co 2,3 = 4,1 nn 1,2 = - 3,4 : ngc hiu nhau
nn chung trit tiu. Nu k1,k2 nm trn cac mt tit din cua si xoay va cac ng cong cung
chiu th:
12 = 43
(8.35)
Ngha la lu s vn tc tt ca cac tit din cua si xoay u co gia tr nh nhau. Kt hp vi
(8.32) ta co :
=2.1.S1=2.2.S2=...=2..S
(8.36)
M = .S
.dl = S dv = 4 .r2.dv
Tai im M ban knh cua no tao vi si xoay mt goc . T phng trnh trn ta co thanh phn
sin cua phn t si xoay :
dv =
.dl
sin =
.d
2
4. .r
4. .r
dl
a=r.sin
dl.sin=r.d
r
d
Hnh 8 - 10
v r.d = dl.sin ; ma r = a / sin nn :
dv =
. sin .d
4. .a
v=
sin .d =
4. .a 0
2. .a
(8.37)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(8.38)
vx =
; vy =
; vz =
z
x
y
(8.39)
th la nghim cua (8.38). goi la ham th vn tc. Vi phn toan phn cua no la :
d =
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z
(8.40)
(8.40) la cng cua phn t do mt lc gy ra dch chuyn phn t nay trn quang ng ds. i
vi dong th phng th ham th vn tc la (x, y). So sanh (8.23) va (8.39) ta co:
vx =
=
x y
vy =
=
x
y
(8.41)
dy
dx
dy
dx
= 1
(8.42)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x
y
x
y
y
x
.
.
v y 2
v
2
=
= 0
2 x = z
y
z
y
z
.
.
z
y
2
2
v
v
=0
2 y = x z =
x z.x x.z
z
Hnh 7 - 11
(9.1)
trong o s la entrpi.
Phong trnh trang thai vit di dang vi phn :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dp d dT
=
+
p
T
hay
dT dp d
=
T
p
(9.2)
Thay gia tr
dT p 1
+ d
T T
dT
t (9.2) phng trnh trang thai p=.r.T va r = cv (k-1) ta co :
T
dp d
1
ds = c v
+ (k 1). .d
(9.3)
ds = cv [ d (ln p) - k d (ln ) ]
(9.4)
hay:
p
ds = c v .d ln k
p
p
s s1 = c v ln k ln 1k
1
(9.5)
Suy ra :
k
p
= e
p1 1
s s1
c
(9.6)
Phng trnh (9.2) c vit thanh : d (ln p) = d (ln T) + d (ln ) ;. thay vao (9.4) va tch phn :
1
k
T 1
1
ds = c v .[d(ln T) + d(ln - k.d(ln )] = c v .(k 1)d
ln T ln = r.d ln
k 1
Tch phn :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T k 1
T1 k 1
(9.7)
ln
s s1 = r ln
hay :
T
=
1 T1
1
k 1
.e
s s1
r
(9.8)
T p
T
T
s 2 s1 = c v (k 1) ln 2 + ln 1 = c v (k 1) ln 2 . 1 = c v (k 1) ln 2 . 1
2
T1 p 2
T1 2
T1
p
s 2 s1 = r ln . 1
p2
V co tn tht nn p2 < p1 suy ra s2 > s1, ngha la entrpi lun lun tng trong qua trnh thun
nghch.
9.2 - Phng trnh lin tuc
Trong khng gian bao lu ( o khng co im ngum , im hut va o khng thc hin
cac phan ng hoa hoc tiu hao hay cung cp cht long) chung ta khao sat chuyn ng cua cht
long chay qua khi hp co cac canh c nh dx,dy,dz trong h toa oxyz (hnh 9 - 1).
Sau thi gian dt khi lng cht long chay vao khi hp nay la m1 va chay ra la m2 , khi lng
cht long con lai trong khi hp nay la : m = m1- m2 .
Tnh theo phong x , khi lng chay vao m1x = .vx dy dz dt ;
chay ra :
( v x )
m 2 x = .v x +
dx dy.dz.dt
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vx
vx +
( v x )
dx
x
Hnh 9 - 1
dm x = m 2 x m1x =
va
( .v x )
dx.dy.dz.dt
x
dm y =
( .v y )
y
dx.dy.dz.dt
dm z =
( .v z )
dx.dy.dz.dt
z
Khi lng cht long con lai trong khi hp la : dm = dmx + dmy + dmz
( v x ) (v y ) ( v z )
dm =
+
+
dx.dy.dz.dt
x
y
z
S thay i th tch cht long trong khi hp la do s thay i khi lng ring cua cht
long theo thi gian bi v cac canh cua khi hp c nh (theo nh lut bao toan khi lng).
Khi lng cht long trong hp :
m=.V=.dx.dy.dz
Sau thi gian dt se co s thay i :
dm =
( V )
dt =
dx.dy.dz.dt
t
t
Sau khi n gian cac s hang ging nhau chung ta co phng trnh lin tuc:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ div v = 0
t
( )
(v x ) (v y ) ( v z )
+
+
=0
x
y
z
(9.11)
( )
div v = 0
Nu cht long khng nen c ( = const) va chuyn ng n nh :
v x v y v z
+
+
=0
x
y
z
(9.12)
divv = 0
Phng trng lin tuc vit trong h toa tru (r, ,z) :
( .v r ) ( .v r ) ( .v r )
+
=0
+
+
r
r
r
t
(9.13)
trong o :
vz =
dz
dt
; vr =
dr
dt
; v =
d
r.dt
Phng trnh lin tuc cho dong nguyn t chuyn ng khng dng cht long nen c :
( .S ) ( .v.S )
+
=0
t
l
- Nu chuyn ng dng :
(9.14)
( .v.S )
hay
.v.S = const
(9.15)
=0
l
- Nu chuyn ng dng va cht long khng nen c
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(.v.S )
hay
v.S = const
(9.16)
=0
l
Nu cht long la cht long thc th vn tc trong dong mt chiu hu han se la vn tc
trung bnh trn tit din t.
9.3 - Phng trnh le thuy ng
Trong cht long ly tng chuyn ng chung ta trch mt phn t long co dang khi hp
vi cac canh la dx , dy , dz (hnh 9 - 2).Cac lc tac dung ln phn t long chuyn ng gm co lc
ap, lc khi va lc quan tnh.
a
p+
dz
p
dx
x
A
dx
dy
Hnh 9 2
Ap sut tac dung ln cac mt khi hp tai im A la : px = py = pz = p ; cac mt i din ap sut
thay i mt ai lng bng :
p+
p
dx
x
p+
p
dy
y
p+
p
dz
z
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dF px = p.dy.dz p +
dx dy.dz
x
p
dF py = p.dz.dx p +
dy dz.dx
y
dF pz = p.dx.dy p +
dz dx.dy
z
dFRx = R x . .dx.dy.dz
dFRy = R y . .dx.dy.dz
dFRz = R z . .dx.dy.dz
Lc quan tnh :
dFax = a x . .dx.dy.dz
dFay = a y . .dx.dy.dz
dFRa = a z . .dx.dy.dz
Phn t long cn bng theo nguyn ly almbe . Phng trnh cn bng phn t long vit theo
cac truc toa la:
p
p.dy.dz p +
dx dy.dz + R x . .dx.dy.dz a x . .dx.dy.dz = 0
x
p
p.dz.dx p +
dy dz.dx + R y . .dx.dy.dz a y . .dx.dy.dz = 0
y
p.dx.dy p +
dz dx.dy + R z . .dx.dy.dz a z . .dx.dy.dz = 0
z
hay :
1 p
+ Rx . = a x .
x
1 p
+ Ry = ay .
y
1 p
+ Rz . = a z
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v
v x
1 p
+ vz x = Rx
x
y
z
v y
v y
1 p
+ vz
= Ry
y
y
z
v
v z
1 p
+ vz z = Rz
z
z
y
(9.16)
(9.17)
(9.18)
Nu cht long chuyn ng u th chung ta co phng trnh le thuy tnh. Trong trng
hp nay ap sut cung phn b theo theo qui lut thuy tnh . Phng trnh (9.16) co th ap
dung cho bai toan chuyn ng tng i. Ch cn lu y rng gia tc khi luc nay gm co gia tc
khi co th , gia tc quan tnh cua chuyn ng theo, gia tc Crilt . (9.18) se la :
vgrad v = R + a w + a cor
grapp
(9.19)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dv
d 2
dr d 1 d (r. ) v r .v dv
a =
= r 2 + 2. .
= .
=
+
dt
dt dt r dt
r
dt
dt
y vn tc hng tm
vr =
dr
d
vn tc vong v = r
.
dt
dt
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xy = y =
+
x
y
v y
v
yz = zy = z +
(9.21)
y
z
v y v x
xy = y =
+
Do xut hin ng xut tip nn trong cht long thc ap sut thuy ng ch hng vao mt tac dung
nhng khng thng goc vi no. Thanh phn phap tuyn cua ap sut thuy ng c tnh theo cng
thc (8.5). Trong o ap sut thanh phn theo ba phng thng goc vi nhau la px , py , pz c tnh
theo cng thc :
px = p + x ; p y = p + y ; p z = p + z
(9.22)
vy
dy
yx
dx
vx
xy
x
Hnh 9 - 3
V phn t rt nho, lc khi la tch bc ba cua ai lng v cung nho nn chung ta co th bo qua.
Lc mt tac dung ln phn t c tnh theo cac ng sut t (9.21 va 9.22). Chung ta ve thm h
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9.23)
+
=
(9.24)
dv =
d +
v v
;
theo x , y , vx ,vy . Trc ht ta xac nh dv .
d =
v
x
dx +
v
y
(9.25)
dy
(9.26)
Tnh dx , dy t (9.26) ri thay vao (9.25) va thc hin phep bin i n gian ta co
v
v
v
v
dv =
cos +
sin d +
sin +
cos d
y
y
x
x
ly ao ham
v
x
v
x
sin +
v
y
cos
v y
v y
v
sin sin + x cos
sin cos
= x cos
y
x
x
v y
v x
v x v y
2
2
+
cos
sin
y
x y sin . cos
x
dv =
d +
d =
(9.27)
v
x
dx +
v
y
dy
(9.28)
Tnh dx, dy t (9.26) ri thay vao (9.28) va thc hin bin i.Ta co :
dv =
v
x
(cos .d + sin .d ) +
(cos .d sin .d )
v
v
v
=
cos
sin d +
sin +
cos d
y
y
x
(9.29)
Ly ao ham
v
x
v
y
v
x
cos
v
y
sin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x
x
y
v y
(cos
sin 2 ) +
v y
v
v x
sin . cos
cos 2 sin 2 + 2 x
y
y
Kt hp vi (9.21) ta co :
v y
sin . cos
(9.31)
x
y
Thay (9.31) vao (9.23) sau khi n gian va chng minh tng t cho cac h toa khac . Ta co :
v x
= xy (cos 2 sin 2 ) + 2
v y
v
p y p x = 2 x
x
y
v y v z
p z p y = 2
v
v
p x p z = 2 z x
x
z
(9.32)
T (9.32) suy ra ap sut thuy ng quy c (8.7) . T o suy ra cng thc tnh cac ap sut theo cac
truc toa :
v
2
.divv 2 . x
x
3
v y
2
p y = p + .divv 2 .
y
3
v
2
p z = p + .divv 2 . z
3
z
px = p +
(9.34)
T (9.34) ta co cac gia tr b sung cua ap sut thuy ng theo phng phap tuyn trong cht
long thc. Trong cht long thc ta trch mt phn t long co dang khi hp vi cac canh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dFax = a x . .dx.dy.dz
dFay = a y . .dx.dy.dz
dFRa = a z . .dx.dy.dz
Lc ap :
p
p
p y
p y
dy.dx.dz
dy dz.dx =
dF py = p y .dz.dx p y +
y
y
p
p
Lc ma sat :
y
dFx = y .dx.dz + y +
dy .dx.dz z .dy.dx + z + z dz .dy.dx
z
y
y z
dx.dy.dz
=
+
z
y
xy zy
dx.dy.dz
dFy =
+
x
z
yz yz
dx.dy.dz
dFz =
+
x
y
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 9.4
Phng trnh cn bng chuyn ng cua phn t nay theo truc ox :
dFRx + dFpx + dFx + dFax = 0
hay :
y z
p x
dx.dy.dz a x . .dx.dy.dz = 0
dx.dy.dz +
+
y
z
x
v
v
v
v
p x y z
a x = x + v x x + v y x + v z x th vao
;
;
t (9.21) va
Ly ao ham
x
y
t
x y
z
z
R x . .dx.dy.dz
( )
(9.35.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Ry
+
divv + 2 +
+
2
2
x
t
x
y
z
y 3 y
y
z
(9.35)
2
2
2
vz vz vz
v z
v z
v z
v z
1 p 1
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Rz
+
+
divv + 2 +
t
x
y
z
z 3 z
y 2
z 2
x
( )
( )
(9.36)
H phng trnh (9.35) hoc (9.36) la phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng cua cht long
v
thc. Nu = 0 phng trnh (9.35) se thanh (9.16). Nu chuyn ng dng
= 0 th du 0
t
th trong mt ct t cua dong chay ap sut thuy ng se phn b theo quy lut thuy tnh. Trong
dong chay bin i chm ng co cong khng ang k th kt lun nay vn ung. Do tnh cht
phi tuyn cua h phng trnh (9.36) n nay chung ta cha co c mt cach giai tng quat.
Trong ky thut ngi ta ap dung phng trnh nay giai mt s bai toan co iu kin bin n
gian, hoc bng mt s gia thuyt nht nh giam bt mt s s hang cua phng trnh ma
khng anh hng n kt qua tnh toan. co h phng trnh xac nh ngi ta kt hp thm
phng trnh lin tuc, phng trnh trang thai, phng trnh chuyn hoa cua cac quat trnh. Cac n
s cua h phng trnh nay la vx , vy , vz+ , p, . Chung la nhng ai lng phu thuc vao khng
gian va thi gian. Nu cht long khng nen c va chuyn ng dng th ta co h phng trnh:
2v
v
v
v
2vx 2vx
1 p
v x x + v y x + v z x = Rx
+ 2x +
+
x x
x
y
z
y 2
z 2
2vy 2v y 2v y
v y
v y
v y
1 p
(9.37)
vx
+
+ vy
+ vz
= Ry
+ 2 +
y x
x
y
z
z 2
y 2
2vz 2vz 2vz
v z
v z
v z
1 p
vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Rz
+
+
+
z x 2
x
y
z
y 2
z 2
9.5. Phng trnh Hemhn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v x
v
= 2. y + z
z
x
U
Thay (9.39) va R x =
x
( = const; divv = 0) :
v y
v x
= 2. z +
y
z
(9.39)
vao phng trnh th nht cua (9.37) cho cht long khng nen dc
v y
2v
v x
v
2vx 2vx
v
U 1 p
+ vx x + v y
+ v z z 2. z .v y + 2. y .v z =
+ 2x +
+
t
x
x
x
x x
y 2
z 2
x
v y
v x
v z
v2
Ta co : v x
+ vy
+ vz
=
x
x
x x 2
F v 2 p
Ky hiu :
= + U
x x 2
(9.40)
(9.41a)
2v y 2v y 2v y
F
(9.41b)
2. x .v z + 2. z .v x =
+ 2 +
+
2
2
x
t
y
y
z
Ly ao ham phng trnh (9.41a) theo y va phng trnh (9.41b) theo x, ri ly phng trinh hai
tru cho phng trnh th nht. Ta co :
v y
x y
z
z
v y v x
+ 2.v x
v
v
2
.
2
.
+
y
z
x + y
t x
y
x
y
2
v
v
2. ( x z + x z = 2
y
x
v y v x 2
x y + y 2
v
+ 2. z x + y
x
y
v y v x 2
x y + z
v y v x
x y
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v
v
v
x z + x z + z z
x
y
z
V :
2 z 2 z 2 z
=
+
+
2
2
x
y
z
z
z
z d z
+ vx
+ vy
+ vy
=
dt
t
x
y
z
x y z
1
+
+
= div rot v = 0
x
y
z
2
v x v y v z
+
+
= divv = 0
x
y
z
d y
(9.43a)
2 y 2 y 2 y
v z
+ z
+
+
+
x 2
y
z
y 2
z 2
(9.43b)
2 z 2 x 2 x
d x
v x
v x
v x
=x
+ x
+ z
+
+
+
2
dt
x
y
z
y 2
z 2
x
(9.43c)
dt
=x
v y
x
+ x
v y
(9.44)
T phng trnh Hemhn chung ta thy rng: i vi cht long ly tng (=0) , nu xut
hin chuyn ng xoay th no se khng t mt i. Nu dong chuyn ng khng xoay th vn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.6.1 Phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long ly tng
Chung ta nhn thy trong phng trnh (9.16) cac ai lng u biu din lc n v tac
dung ln mt n v khi lng cht long ang chuyn ng. Nu chung ta nhn vi quang ng
dch chuyn th se thu c cng n v. Trc ht chung ta thc hin theo phng x , nhn
phng trnh th nht cua (9.16) vi dx:
v y
v y
v y
v y
1 p
dx = R y .dx
dx + v x
.dx
+ vy
+ vz
x
y
z
y
t
Biu thc trong ngoc n la nng lng chuyn ng cua cht long. No gm nng lng chuyn
ng tnh tin va nng lng chuyn ng quay. tach ring chung ra chung ta cng va tr vao
v y
v
dx v z z dx
phng trnh nay vi biu thc : v y
x
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9.45)
1 p
.dx
= R y .dx
y
Biu thc trong ngoc n th nht chnh la nng lng chuyn ng tnh tin cua phn t long
doc theo truc x, biu thc trong ngoc n th hai la 2z va biu thc trong ngoc n th ba la
2.y . Gia tc khi R c phn tch thanh hai thanh phn ; gia tc khi co th R* va gia tc
Crilt Rc . Cac thanh phn cua chung theo cac truc toa :
Rtx =
U
x
; Rty =
U
y
; Rtz =
U
z
U
1 p
dx +
dx
dx + 2.(v y . z v z y )dx + 2.(v y . z v z y )dx = 0 (9.46a)
x
x
Tng t nh th ta co th vit phng trnh nng lng n v theo cac truc toa y,z.
v y
v2
y 2
U
1 p
dy +
dy
dy + 2.(v z x v x z )dy + 2.(v x z v z x )dy = 0
y
y
(9.46b)
v z
v2
dz +
t
z 2
U
1 p
dz +
dz
dz + 2.(v x . y v y x )dz + 2.(v x . y v y x )dz = 0
z
z
(9.46c)
dy +
Nng lng toan b cua phn t long chuyn ng la tng cac nng lng theo cac truc toa .
Sau khi cng (9.46a) , (9.46b) , (9.46c) va thc hin bin i n gian ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dp
+
dU +
v x [( z + z )dy ( z + z )dz ] + v y [( x + x )dz ( z + z )dx ] +
+ 2
. = 0
+ v x ( y + y )dx ( x + x )dy
v2
v
d l + d
t
2
(9.48)
nghin cu chuyn ng cua cac dong cht long chung ta thc hin tch phn (9.47)
hoc (9.48) theo cac iu kin cu th.
a. Tch phn doc theo ng dong
T (8.18) ta co : vx dy - vy dx = 0 ; vy dz - vz dy = 0 ; vz dx - vx dz = 0 . Thay cac biu thc
nay vao (9.47) :
v2
v
d l + d
t
2
dp
+
dU = 0
(9.49)
v2
v
+
d
l
d
t 2
dp
+
+ dU = const
(9.50)
hay :
dp
v
v2
d
l
+
+
U = const
t
2
(9.51)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9.52)
(9.53)
trong o :
2
ghqt =
1
v
dl
t
(9.54)
goi la nng lng quan tnh n v cua dong cht long nhanh dn u hay chm dn u. No
chnh la nng lng n v b tiu hao khc phuc lc quan tnh trn chiu dai cua dong chay.
v 22 v12
2
S thay i ng nng gia hai im hoc con goi la nng lng lam
1kg cht long thay i vn tc t v1 sang v2 - goi la ng nng n v.
p 2 p1
g(z2-z1)
S thay i ap nng, chnh la nng lng chuyn 1kg cht long t ap sut
p1 sang ap sut p2 - goi la ap nng n v.
Nng lng chuyn 1kg cht long t im co th nng g.z1 cua ngoai lc
sang im co th nng g.z2 - goi la v nng n v.
v x
= =
t t x x t
v y
t
y t
v z
=
z t
t
v
d l = dx + dy + dz = d
t
x t
y t
z t
t
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d + d
t 2
Tch phn (9.55) ta co :
dp
+
dU = 0
(9.55)
v 2
dp
+
+
U = C (t )
2
(9.56)
nu = const :
v 2 p
+
+ U = C (t )
2
t
(9.57)
v12 p1
v2 p
+
U1 = 2 + 2 U 2 +
2
2
t 2 t 1
(9.58)
= v.d l
(9.59)
v
= dl
t (l ) t
(9.60)
va
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9.61)
Phng trnh (9.61) ging (9.53) v hnh thc nhng tnh cht vt ly th khac nhau. Phng trnh
(9.53) th tch phn theo ng dong, con (9.61) th tch phn trong dong th vn tc (= - ).
c. Tch phn doc theo ng xoay
Cht long chuyn ng trong h toa tuyt i ( = 0) . T phng trnh ng xoay
(8.29) ta co :
v12 p1
v2 p
+
+ g .z1 = 2 + 2 + g .z 2
2
2
(9.63)
(9.63) la phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long ly tng, chuyn ng n nh,
cht long khng chu nen va lc khi co th la trong lc.
9.6.2 Phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long tht
Thc hin phep bin i tng t nh trn i vi phng trnh Navi-Stc ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
Phng trnh (9.64) khac (9.47) hai s hang cui cung. Chung biu din nng lng tn tht cua
mt n v khi lng cht long khi chuyn ng trn quang ng dl. Ky hiu tn tht nng
lng o la ght :
( )
1
g.ht = .grad divv .d l + .v.d l
3
(l )
(9.65)
Thc hin tch phn (9.64) doc theo ng dong cho hai tit din cua dong nguyn t, cht long
ch chu tac dung bi trong lc :
v12
v2
dp
dp
+
+ g .z1 = 2 +
+ g.z 2 + ghqt1 2 + ght1 2
2 1
2 2
(9.67)
v12 p1
v 22 p 2
+
+ g .z1 =
+
+ g.z 2 + ghqt1 2 + ght1 2
2
2
(9.68)
v12 p1
v 22 p 2
+
+ g .z1 =
+
+ g.z 2 + ght1 2
2
2
(9.69)
v12
p
v2
p
+ 1 + .z1 = 2 + 2 + .z 2 + ht1 2
2 g .g
2 g .g
(9.70)
C2 C1
C2
B1
C2
ng nng ly tng
B1
ng o ap
B2
B2
A1
A1
A2
O1
mt chun
O2
A2
O1
mt chun
O2
Hnh 9-5
+ z
d
.g
ip =
dl
(9.71)
ng nng c xac nh bng cach ve thm cac oan thng ng B1C1 , B2C2 , bng cao
v2 v2
vn tc 1 ; 2 . Ni cac im C1 , C2 ta c ng nng cua dong nguyn t long ly tng.
2g 2g
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ht
(9.73)
l
dc thuy lc cung la dc cua ng nng. T cac cng thc (9.71), (9.72) chung
ta thy rng dc o ap co th dng hoc m con dc thuy lc lun lun dng.Cung cn
thy rng dc o ap cua cht long ly tng khac dc o ap trong dong cht long thc. Trong
trng hp chuyn ng u ng cao ap va ng nng song song vi nhau.
itb =
9.6.3 - M rng phng trnh Bernoulli cho toan dong cht long thc
Dong cht long thc co kch thc hu han c coi la gm v s dong nguyn t c gii
han bi thanh rn (ng ng, knh dn...). Do tnh nht nn vn tc trn tit din t khng
ging nhau v th khng th ly nng lng toan phn cua dong nguyn t bt ky nao ai din
cho toan dong chay, ma chung ta phai xac nh gia tr trung bnh cua toan dong. Tuy nhin vic
m rng phng trnh Bernoulli cho toan dong chay ch thc hin c i vi dong chay u
hay dong bin i chm. n gian trong phn nay chung ta ch chng minh phng trng nay
cho cht long khng nen c.
Vit phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long thc vi khi lng cht long la
.v.dS ri sau o tch phn cho toan tit din dong chay :
v 22 p 2
v12 p1
. .v.dS
g
.
z
.
.
v
.
dS
g
.
z
gh
g
.
h
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
t
qt
2
2
2
( s1 )
( S 2 )
v2 p
. .v.dS
+
+
g
.
z
(s )
co :
p1
( s1 )
( s1 )
p2
(S2 )
(S2 )
(9.75a)
(9.75b)
Cac tch phn nay biu th nng lng th nng cua .Q khi lng cht long. Tch phn:
v2
2
(s )
. ..dQ d = E d
biu th ng nng cua dong chay. Mun tch phn c biu thc nay chung ta phai bit quy lut
phn b vn tc trn tit din t cua dong chay. Chung ta cung co th tnh ng nng cua donh
chay nay bng vn tc trung bnh trn tit din t:
E dtb =
1
.Q.v tb2
2
Ro rang E va Etb khng th bng nhau.S chnh lch nay c hiu chnh bng h s hiu chnh
E = Etb
ng nng (h s Crilt, ky hiu la ) :
T phng trnh nay suy ra :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E
(s )
= d =
(9.76)
E dtb
.v tb3 .S
Nu =const th
..dS
(s )
(9.77)
.v tb3 .S
=2
=1.01 1.10
Vy tch phn ng nng cua cht long trn mt ct t cua dong chay :
v12
2
( s1 )
.v 2
. .v.dS = 1 1tb .Q
v 22
2
( S 2 )
.v 2
. .v.dS = 2 2tb .Q
Tch phn
gh . .v.dS
t
(S )
la tn tht nng lng cua dong chay khi chay t tit din 1 n 2. Cac dong nguyn t khac nhau
se co g.ht khac nhau. S thay i cua chung khng co quy lut v th chung ta phai a khai nim
gia tr tn tht nng lng n v trung bnh. No co gia tr nh nhau cho moi ng dong nguyn t
trn tit din t va c tnh :
g.htb =
1
g .ht . .v.dS
.Q (
S)
hay
(9.79)
(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g.h
tqt
. .v.dS
(S )
la nng lng quan tnh cua dong chay khng dng. Kt hp (9.54) chung ta co th vit biu thc
tch phn trn nh sau:
2
1
v
E qt = g.htqt . .v.dS = g d l . .v.dS = g
v. .v.dS .dl
2 t ( S )
t
(S )
( S ) (l )
1
(9.81)
trong o biu thc trong ngoc n chnh la ng lng cua dong chay c tnh theo quy lut
phn b vn tc trn tit din t. Cung co th tnh gia tr nay theo vn tc trung bnh trn tit din
t :
K = v. .v.dS = .K tb
(S )
K tb = v tb . .v tb .S = .v tb2 .S
suy ra
(9.82)
v. .v.dS
(S )
.v tb2 .S
v. .dS
2
(S )
.v tb2 .S
= 4/3 cho vn tc dong chay phn b theo quy lut parabn (chay tng)
= 1,01 1,05 cho vn tc dong chay phn b theo quy lut lgart (chay ri).
Trong tnh toan thuy lc thng chon = 1. Sau khi s dung h s chung ta co th tch
phn biu thc trn nh sau:
2
g
1
v
v
1
. .vtb2 .S dl = g. ( .v tb .S ). tb .dl = .g. .Q . tb .d l
t
2 t
t
(l )
(l )
(9.83)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v tb
v
.d l = .g ..l. tb . .Q
t
t
(9.84)
Thay (9.75a,b), (9.78a,b), (9.79), (9.84) vao (9.74) phng trnh Bernoulli se co dang
1v12tb
2
v2
+ g.z1 .Q = 2 2tb .Q + 2 + g .z2 .Q + ghqt1,tb . .Q + ght ,tb . .Q
2
p1
.Q +
(9.85)
1 v12tb
2
p1
+ g .z 1 =
2 v 22tb
2
p2
(9.86)
dp
1 v12tb
2
p1
ln 1 + g .z1 =
k p1
. + g .z1 =
k 1 1
2 v 22
p2
(9.86)
k
2 v 22
2
1 v12tb
k p2
.
+ g.z 2 + ghqt1,tb + ght ,tb
k 1 2
(9.87)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T1 T2 = 0,001
k 1
= 0,001 :
r.T
v 22 v12
2
(9.88)
(9.89)
hay :
w12 p1
w2 p
+
+ ( g a z ).z1 = 2 + 2 + ( g a z ).z 2 + a x .( x 2 x1)
2
2
1
(9.90)
a
w
Hnh 9 - 6
w12 p1
w22 p 2
+
+ g .z1 =
+
+ g.z 2 + a.( x 2 x1)
2
2
1
(9.91)
T (9.91) ta thy rng : nu dong chay cung chiu vi chuyn ng cua ng th tn tht
nng lng do quan tnh chuyn ng lam giam nng lng chuyn ng cua dong cht long.
Nu cht long chuyn ng trong ng ngc chiu vi chuyn ng cua ng th tn tht nng
lng se giam. Khi ng khng chuyn ng th phng trnh tr v (9.63).
b - Nu cht long chuyn ng trong ng vi vn tc w con ng th chuyn ng quay
u (hnh 9 - 7).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 9.6
Thanh phn cua gia tc khi : Rr = r.2 ; Rz = -g ; R = 0
th
r . 2
g .z
2
Thay U va v=w vao (9.53) :
U = r. 2 .dr gdz =
w12 u12
p 2 w22 u 22
g .z1 +
+
= g .z 2 +
+
2
2
2
2
p1
(9.92)
g .z1 +
p1
w12 u12
p
w2 u 2
= g.z 2 + 2 + 2 2 + g.ht1, 2, w
2
2
2
2
trong o g.ht1,2,w la nng lng tn tht cua dong chay c tnh theo vn tc tng i w.
Phng trnh (9.93) c vit thanh :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ g.ht1,3, w = 0
g ( z 2 z1 ) +
2
2
Chung ta cung co th bo qua chnh lch cao hnh hoc cua dong chay nu ng quay vi
vn tc ln. Ky hiu = S2/ S1 va t phng trnh lin tuc ta co w1 = .w2 , tn tht thuy lc
w2
g.ht1, 2, w = 2 . Ta co :
2
u 2 p w22
=
+
1+ 2
2
2
u 2 2
w2 =
hay :
1+ 2
u 2 2
Q = S 2 .w2 = S 2 .
1+ 2
1 2 Q2
2
2
u 2 1 + = A B.Q
2
S2
Hnh 9 - 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p =
1
. u 22 u12
2
Phng trnh nay tng t nh trong trng hp bnh quay cua tnh tng i.
- Nu ap sut hai u ng nh nhau : p1 = p2 th : u2 = w2 , ngha la s thay i ct ap
vn tc tng i bng s thay i ct ap vn tc theo.
- Nu R1 = R2 th u = 0 khi vn tc dong chay trong ng tng ln th ap sut se giam.
Loai ng nay goi la ng Cnfus. Khi ap sut dong chay tng ta co ng difus.
Kt qua nghin cu cua bai toan nay c ap dung trong thit k cac loai may thuy kh
chung ta se nghin cu trong cac giao trnh chuyn nghanh.
- Mt s im chu y khi s dung phng trnh Bernoulli. Phng trnh nay c s dung
giai cac bai toan ky thut co lin quan n vn tc, ap sut. Khi vn dung phng trnh cn lu y.
- Lu lng khng thay i trn oan dong chay ang xet (theo chiu dong chay). Mt ct
dung vit phng trnh phai nhng ni co dong chay u hay bin i chm. i vi cht kh
cn phai bit quy lut bin i khi lng ring theo ap sut.
Vic chon mt ct, mt chun phai lam th nao trong phng trnh ch con mt n s.
Nu trong phng trnh co hai n s ma trong o co mt n s vn tc phai kt hp vi phng
trnh lin tuc.
Ap sut trong hai v cua phng trnh phai cung mt loai. Khi tnh n tn tht nng lng
cua dong chay phai bit chiu chuyn ng cua cht long. Nng lng n v tai mt ct thng
lu bao gi cung ln hn mt ct ha lu.
9.7.Phng trnh ng lng
Nhng bai toan khng th giai c bng phng trnh Bernoulli th phai dung n phng
trnh ng lng. Trc ht chung ta thanh lp phng trnh nay cho cht long ly tng va cht
long khng nen c, sau o se m rng ra cho cht long thc.
Phng trnh le thuy ng (9.16) biu din s cn bng cac lc n v tac dung ln phn
t long chuyn ng. Nu chung ta nhn no vi khi lng cua phn t th o la lc tac dung ln
phn t o. Mun xac nh cac lc tac dung ln b mt th tch V (trong h toa tuyt i) th ch
vic tch phn phng trnh le trong th tch o. Chung ta thc hin phng phap nay t cac
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v
(V )
v x
v
v
p
+ v y x + v z x . .dx.dy.dz = R x . .dx.dy.dz ..dx.dy.dz
x
x
y
z
(V )
(V )
(9.95)
G x = R x . .dx.dy.dz
(9.96)
(V )
lc ap :
F px =
(V )
p
..dx.dy.dz
x
(9.97)
Trnh t thc hin tch phn (9.97) c trnh bay trn hnh 9.8 . Trong h toa khng
gian cht long c trch t mt th tch V va gii han bi mt S. Trong o dSx la thanh phn cua
phn t mt dS chiu theo phng x, dSxy la hnh chiu cua dS ln mt phng (xy).
Hnh 9 - 8
2
F px = dy.dz
(S )
p
dx = dy.dz ( p 2 p1 ) = p.dS x
x
Sx
(S )
(9.98)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vx
v y v z
v
v x
v
v
+ (v y .v x ) + (v z .v x )
+ v y x + v z x = (v x .v x ) v x x +
+
y
x
y
z x
y
z y
x
Biu thc trong ngoc n th hai se bng khng divv = 0 . Lc dong theo phng x c phn
tch theo ba phng:
Fdx = Fdxx + Fdxy + Fdxz
Fdxx =
Fdxy =
Fdxz =
(V )
(V )
(V )
Vy
Biu thc trong ngoc n (9.99) la lu lng chay qua mt dS. Thay (9.96), (9.97),
(9.99) vao (9.95) va thc hin bin i tng t i vi truc y,z chung ta co h phng trnh :
( )
(v.d S ).v
(v.d S ).v
v.d S .v x = G x
(S )
= Gy
(S )
p.dS
(Sx )
p.dS
(9.100)
(S y )
z
= Gz
(S )
p.dS
(Sz )
( )
v.d S .v = G
(S )
p.d S
(9.101)
(S y )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 9 - 9
( S + S1 )
( S1 )
Biu thc
p.d S
( S1 )
la ap lc vt can tac dung ln dong chay. Con lc ma cht long tac dung ln vt can se la:
Fl ,t =
p.d S
(9.103)
( S1 )
( S + S1 )
(9.104)
(S )
Tch phn u tin la lc do s thay i ng lng cua cht long chay qua mt kim tra.
Biu thc trong tch phn cua (9.104) co th vit :
(9.105)
Trong o la goc gia hai vect dS va v. Nu <90o th (9.105) se co gia tr dng, ngha la cht
long chay ra khoi mt kim tra. Nu >90o th (9.105) se co gia tr m, cht long chay vao mt
kim tra.
G la lc khi cua cht long trong mt kim tra. Nu lc khi co th U th
G = . U .d S
(S )
(Sx )
G y = . U .dS y
(S y )
G z = . U .dS z
(Sz )
Fl ,t , y = (v.dS ).v y + G y
(S )
Fl ,t , z = (v.dS ).v z + G z
(S )
p.dS
(Sx )
p.dS
(9.106)
(S y )
p.dS
(Sz )
Phng trnh (9.104) hay (9.106) la lc dong chay tac dung ln mt kim tra. Trong qua
trnh tnh toan cn phai chon mt kim tra sao cho vic tnh toan c thun li.
Phng trnh (9.106) se c vit theo vect :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
( S + S1 )
(S )
(S )
v.d S = 0
va lc khi cung bng khng G = 0. Vy dong chay bao vt (khi S S1) th tac dung ln vt mt
lc chnh bng tch phn phn t ap lc theo b mt vt can ( S1 ) :
Ft ,l =
p.dS
(9.108)
( S1 )
Ap dung phng trnh (9.104) cho dong nguyn t (H 9.10); mt kim tra la ABCDA :
dFl,t+dFp+dG=.dQ.(v2-v1)
(9.109)
Hnh 9 - 10
Tch phn :
(v.d S ).v
( S + S1 )
c phn tch thanh bn tch phn mt : AD, BC, AB, CD. cac mt AB va CD vect vn tc
thng goc vi vect din tch nn tch phn tng ng cua chung bng khng. Con mt AD
vect vn tc va din tch tao thanh mt goc 180o nn kt qua tch phn cho gia tr m. V vn tc
trn tit din cua dong nguyn t co gia tr nh nhau nn tch phn dQ theo din tch dS . mt
BC th 0o nn gia tr tch phn se dng.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v
(V )
v x
v
v
+ vy x + vz x
x
y
z
. .dx.dy.dz =
p
R x . .dx.dy.dz ..dx.dy.dz + v x .dx.dy.dz
x
(V )
(V )
(V )
(9.110)
Cac biu thc th nht, th hai va th ba c thc hin tng t nh phn trc con biu
thc biu dien c ma sat cua cht long thc c thc hin nh sau. Chung ta ky hiu lc ma sat
:
F , x = v x .dx.dy.dz
(9.111)
(V )
( )
(v.d S ).v
(v.d S ).v
v.d S .v x = G y + F p , x + F , x
(S )
= G y + F p , y + F , y
= G z + F p , z + F , z
(9.112)
(S )
(S )
( )
v.d S .v = G + F p + F
(9.113)
(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9.114)
Trong khi s dung phng trnh tnh toan ngi ta thng ly =1 .Phng trnh nay
c s dung rng rai trong ky thut v no khng cn xet ti cu truc cua dong chay va nhng
bin i cua no ma ch xet t cac thng s dong chay trn mt kim tra.
9.8 - Phng trnh mmen ng lng
Mmen cua dong cht long tac dung ln vt t trong dong chay co th tch V va mt kim
tra S ( trc tin tnh mmen i vi truc z (hnh 9 - 11) :
Hnh 9 - 11
dMdz = x dFy - y dFx
Mmen cac lc cht long(lc khi va lc ap) i vi truc z:
Mdz = MRz + Mpz
Kt hp hai phng trnh trn ta co:
(9.115)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x.dF
(V )
(V )
(9.116)
(V )
Mmen lc ap :
p
M pz = x. dx.dy.dz y. dx.dy.dz = p( x.dSy y.dS x )
y
x
(S )
(V )
(9.117)
v y
v y
v y
v
v
v
y. v x x + v y x + v z x .dx.dy.dz
+ vy
M dz = . x v x
+ vz
x
y
z
x
y
z
(V )
v y
v y
v y
v
v
v
= . v x x
y x + v y x
y x + v z x
y x .dx.dy.dz
x
x
x
x
x
(V )
x
Mun tch phn c biu thc nay phai bin i biu thc trong ngoc tr thanh ao ham :
M dz
v y
v v y
v
y x +
y x
v x x
v y x
x y x
x
x x
= .
v y
v x
(V )
v
x
y
z
z
x
x
.dx.dy.dz
(S )
(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
(9.118)
(S )
Biu thc (9.118) la mmen ng lng cua dong cht long. Thay (9.116), (9.117) va
(9.118) vao (9.115) ta co mmen quay quanh truc z :
( )
(V )
(9.119a)
(S )
quanh truc x :
( )
(V )
(9.119b)
(S )
quanh truc y :
( )
(V )
(S )
( )( )
( )
. v.d S r v = r R .dV p r d S
(S )
(V )
(9.120)
(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
= . (v..d S )(x.v
= . (v..d S )(x.v
M ,x
(S )
M ,x
(S )
(V )
(S )
(V )
(S )
(V )
(S )
(9.112)
( )( )
( )
M c = v..d S r v + . r R .dV p. r d S
(S )
(V )
(9.122)
(S )
i vi cht long thc cac phng trnh (9.119) n (9.122) se b sung thm thanh phn
mmen do lc ma sat gy ra. M men cua lc ma sat c tnh theo cng thc :
M z = (x.dFy y.dFx ) = (x.v y y.v x ).dV
(V )
Phng trnh m men ng lng cho cht long thc vit di dang vect :
( )( )
( )
(V )
(S )
(V )
Nu vt can V1 c gii han bi mt S th m men dong cht long tac dung ln vt can :
(S )
(V )
(S )
(V )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------