Vat Ly Dai Cuong A1 - Bai Tap

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
===== =====

SCH HNG DN HC TP
VT L I CNG (A1)
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)

Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2005
Gii thiu mn hc

2

GII THIU MN HC

1. GII THIU CHUNG:
Mn Vt l hc l mn khoa hc t nhin nghin cu cc dng vn ng
tng qut nht ca th gii vt cht nm c cc qui lut, nh lut v bn
cht ca cc s vn ng vt cht trong th gii t nhin. Con ngi hiu bit
nhng iu ny tm cch chinh phc th gii t nhin v bt n phc v
con ngi.
Vt l hc nghin cu cc dng vn ng sau:
Vn ng c: l s chuyn ng v tng tc ca cc vt v m trong
khng gian v thi gian.
Vn ng nhit: l s chuyn ng v tng tc gia cc phn t
nguyn t.
Vn ng in t: l s chuyn ng v tng tc ca cc ht mang
in v photon.
Vn ng nguyn t: l s tng tc xy ra trong nguyn t, gia ht
nhn vi cc electron v gia cc electron vi nhau.
Vn ng ht nhn: l s tng tc gia cc ht bn trong ht nhn,
gia cc nuclon vi nhau.
Trong phn Vt l i cng A1 ca chng trnh ny s xt cc dng vn
ng c, nhit v in t.
Do mc ch nghin cu cc tnh cht tng qut nht ca th gii vt cht,
nhng quy lut tng qut v cu to v vn ng ca vt cht, ng v mt kha
cnh no c th coi Vt l l c s ca nhiu mn khoa hc t nhin khc
nh ho hc, sinh hc, c hc l thuyt, sc bn vt liu, in k thut, k thut
in t -vin thng, k thut nhit..
Vt l hc cng c quan h mt thit vi trit hc. Thc t v ang
chng t rng nhng pht minh mi, khi nim, gi thuyt v nh lut mi ca
vt l lm phong ph v chnh xc thm cc quan im ca trit hc ng thi
Gii thiu mn hc

3
lm phong ph hn v chnh xc hn tri thc ca con ngi i vi th gii t
nhin v cng v tn.
Vt l hc c tc dng ht sc to ln trong cuc cch mng khoa hc k
thut hin nay. Nh nhng thnh tu ca Vt l hc, khoa hc k thut tin
nhng bc di trong trong nhiu lnh vc nh:
Khai thc v s dng cc ngun nng lng mi: nng lng ht nhn,
nng lng mt tri, nng lng gi, nng lng nc
Nghin cu v ch to cc loi vt liu mi: vt liu siu dn nhit
cao, vt liu v nh hnh, vt liu nan, cc cht bn dn mi v cc
mch t hp siu nh siu tc .
To c s cho cuc cch mng v cng ngh thng tin v s thm nhp
ca n vo cc ngnh khoa hc k thut v i sng.
2. MC CH MN HC:
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v Vt l trnh i
hc,
To c s hc tt v nghin cu cc ngnh k thut c s v chuyn
ngnh,
Gp phn rn luyn phng php suy lun khoa hc, t duy logich,
phng php nghin cu thc nghim,
Gp phn xy dng th gii quan khoa hc v tc phong khoa hc cn
thit cho ngi k s tng lai.
3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC:
hc tt mn hc ny, sinh vin cn lu nhng vn sau :
1- Thu thp y cc ti liu :
Bi ging Vt l i cng. V inh Chu, V Vn Nhn, Bi Xun Hi,
Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2005.
Bi tp Vt l i cng. V inh Chu, V Vn Nhn, Bi Xun Hi,
Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2005.
Nu c iu kin, sinh vin nn tham kho thm:
Gii thiu mn hc

4
a CD- ROM bi ging in t Vt l i cng do Hc vin Cng
ngh BCVT n hnh.
Vt l i cng; Bi tp Vt l i cng (tp I, II). Lng Duyn
Bnh, D Tr Cng, Bi Ngc H. Nh Xut bn Gio dc, 2003.
2- t ra mc tiu, thi hn cho bn thn:
t ra mc cc mc tiu tm thi v thi hn cho bn thn, v c gng
thc hin chng
Cng vi lch hc, lch hng dn ca Hc vin ca mn hc cng nh cc
mn hc khc, sinh vin nn t t ra cho mnh mt k hoch hc tp cho ring
mnh. Lch hc ny m t v cc tun hc (t hc) trong mt k hc v nh
du s lng cng vic cn lm. nh du cc ngy khi sinh vin phi thi st
hch, np cc bi lun, bi kim tra, lin h vi ging vin.
Xy dng cc mc tiu trong chng trnh nghin cu
Bit r thi gian nghin cu khi mi bt u nghin cu v th thc hin,
c nh nhng thi gian hng tun. Suy ngh v thi lng thi gian nghin
cu Tit kim thi gian. Nu bn mt qu nhiu th gi nghin cu, bn
nn xem li k hoch thi gian ca mnh.
3- Nghin cu v nm nhng kin thc ct li:
Sinh vin nn c qua sch hng dn hc tp trc khi nghin cu bi
ging mn hc v cc ti liu tham kho khc. Nn nh rng vic hc thng qua
c ti liu l mt vic n gin nht so vi vic truy cp mng Internet hay s
dng cc hnh thc hc tp khc.
Hy s dng thi quen s dng bt nh du dng (highline maker)
nh du cc mc v nhng ni dung, cng thc quan trng trong ti liu.
4- Tham gia y cc bui hng dn hc tp:
Thng qua cc bui hng dn hc tp ny, ging vin s gip sinh vin
nm c nhng ni dung tng th ca mn hc v gii p thc mc; ng
thi sinh vin cng c th trao i, tho lun ca nhng sinh vin khc cng
lp. Thi gian b tr cho cc bui hng dn khng nhiu, do ng b qua
nhng bui hng dn c ln k hoch.
5- Ch ng lin h vi bn hc v ging vin:
Gii thiu mn hc

5
Cch n gin nht l tham d cc din n hc tp trn mng Internet. H
thng qun l hc tp (LMS) cung cp mi trng hc tp trong sut 24
gi/ngy v 7 ngy/tun. Nu khng c iu kin truy nhp Internet, sinh vin
cn ch ng s dng hy s dng dch v bu chnh v cc phng thc
truyn thng khc (in thoi, fax,...) trao i thng tin hc tp.
6- T ghi chp li nhng chnh:
Nu ch c khng th rt kh cho vic ghi nh. Vic ghi chp li chnh l
mt hot ng ti hin kin thc, kinh nghim cho thy n gip ch rt nhiu
cho vic hnh thnh thi quen t hc v t duy nghin cu.
7 -Tr li cc cu hi n tp sau mi chng, bi.
Cui mi chng, sinh vin cn t tr li tt c cc cu hi. Hy c gng
vch ra nhng tr li chnh, tng bc pht trin thnh cu tr li hon thin.
i vi cc bi tp, sinh vin nn t gii trc khi tham kho hng dn,
p n. ng ngi ngn trong vic lin h vi cc bn hc v ging vin
nhn c s tr gip.
Nn nh thi quen c v ghi chp l cha kho cho s thnh cng ca
vic t hc!
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im

7

CHNG 1 - NG HC CHT IM

1.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau khi nghin cu chng 1, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Nm c cc khi nim v c trng c bn nh chuyn ng, h quy
chiu, vn tc, gia tc trong chuyn ng thng v chuyn ng cong.
2. Nm c cc khi nim phng trnh chuyn ng, phng trnh qu
o ca cht im. Phn bit c cc dng chuyn ng v vn dng c cc
cng thc cho tng dng chuyn ng.
1.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. V tr ca mt cht im chuyn ng c xc nh bi ta ca n
trong mt h ta , thng l h ta Descartes Oxyz, c cc trc Ox, Oy,
Oz vung gc nhau, gc O trng vi h qui chiu. Khi cht im chuyn ng,
v tr ca n thay i theo thi gian. Ngha l v tr ca cht im l mt hm
ca thi gian:
) ( = t r r

hay x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t).
V tr ca cht im cn c xc nh bi honh cong s, n cng l
mt hm ca thi gian s=s(t). Cc hm ni trn l cc phng trnh chuyn
ng ca cht im.
Phng trnh lin h gia cc ta khng gian ca cht im l phng
trnh qu o ca n. Kh thi gian t trong cc phng trnh chuyn ng, ta
s thu c phng trnh qu o.
2. Vect vn tc v
=
dt
s d
dt
r d

= c trng cho nhanh chm, phng chiu
ca chuyn ng, c chiu trng vi chiu chuyn ng, c ln bng:
dt
s d
dt
r d
v v

= = =

3.Vect gia tc
dt
v d
a
= c trng cho s bin i ca vct vn tc theo

thi gian. N gm hai thnh phn: gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn.
Gia tc tip tuyn
t
a
c trng cho s thay i v ln ca vect vn tc,

c ln:
a
t
=
dt
dv


8
c phng tip tuyn vi qu o, c chiu cng chiu vi vct vn tc v

nu chuyn ng nhanh dn, ngc chiu vi v
nu chuyn ng chm dn.

Gia tc php tuyn
n
a
(vung gc vi
t
a
) c trng cho s bin i v

phng ca vect vn tc, c ln
a
n
=
R
v
2
,
c phng vung gc vi qu o (vung gc vi
t
a
), lun hng v tm
ca qu o.
Nh vy gia tc tng hp bng:
t n
a a a

+ =

Nu xt trong h ta Descartes th:
k a j a i a a
z y x

+ + =

trong , a
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
dt
dv
x
= , a
y
=
2
2
dt
y d
dt
dv
y
= , a
z
=
2
2
dt
z d
dt
dv
z
= .
4. Trng hp ring khi R = , qu o chuyn ng l thng. Trong
chuyn ng thng, a
n
= 0, a = a
t
.
Nu a
t
= const, chuyn ng thng bin i u. Nu t
0
= 0, ta c cc biu thc:
at v
dt
ds
v
o
+ = =

2
at
t v s
2
0
+

2
0
2
2 v v s a - = .

Nu s
0
= 0 th s=
2
2
at
t v s
o
+ = , v
2
0
2
2 v v s a - = .
Nu a>0, chuyn ng nhanh dn u.
Nu a<0, chuyn ng thng chm dn u.
5. Khi R = const, qu o chuyn ng l trn. Trong chuyn ng trn, thay
qung ng s trong cc cng thc bng gc quay ca bn knh R = OM, ta
cng thu c cc cng thc tng ng:
Vn tc gc: =
dt
d

Gia tc gc:
dt
d
=
v cc mi lin h: R v

, a
n
= R a , R
t

2
.
Nu =const, chuyn ng l trn, bin i u (>0 nhanh dn u, <0
chm dn u), v cng c cc cng thc ( coi t
o
= 0):

9
2
0 0
t
2
1
t + + = , t
0
+ = ,
2
-
2
0
= 2
Nu
o
= 0, cc cng thc ny tr thnh:
2
0
t
2
1
t + , t
0
+ = ,
2
-
2
0
= 2
1.3. CU HI N TP
1. H qui chiu l g? Ti sao c th ni chuyn ng hay ng yn c tnh
cht tng i. Cho v d.
2. Phng trnh chuyn ng l g? Qu o chuyn ng l g? Nu cch
tm phng trnh qy o. Phng trnh chuyn ng v phng trnh qu o
khc nhau nh th no?
3. Phn bit vn tc trung bnh v vn tc tc thi? Nu ngha vt l ca
chng.
4. nh ngha v nu ngha vt l ca gia tc? Ti sao phi a thm khi
nim gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn? Trong trng hp tng qut vit
dt
dv
a
c ng khng? Ti sao?
5. T nh ngha gia tc hy suy ra cc dng chuyn ng c th c.
6. Tm cc biu thc vn tc gc, gia tc gc trong chuyn ng trn,
phng trnh chuyn ng trong chuyn ng trn u v trn bin i u.
7. Tm mi lin h gia cc i lng a, v, R, , , a
t
, a
n
trong chuyn ng
trn.
8. Ni gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u bng khng c ng khng?
Vit biu thc ca gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn trong chuyn ng
ny.
9. Chuyn ng thng thay i u l g? Phn bit cc trng hp:a = 0,
a >0, a< 0.
10. Thit lp cc cng thc cho to , vn tc ca cht im trong chuyn
ng thng u, chuyn ng thay i u, chuyn ng ri t do.
11. Biu din bng hnh v quan h gia cc vect
2 1 t
, , v , a , R ,

trong
cc trng hp
2
>

1
,
2
<

1
.
12. Khi vn tc khng i th vn tc trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian
no c khc vn tc tc thi ti mt thi im no khng? Gii thch.
1.4. BI TP V HNG DN GII BI TP
A. BI TP V D

10
Th d 1. Mt chic t chuyn ng trn mt ng trn bn knh 50m.
Qung ng i c trn qu o c cng thc:
s = -0,5t
2
+ 10t + 10 (m).
Tm vn tc, gia tc tip tuyn, gia tc php tuyn v gia tc ton phn ca
t lc t = 5s. n v ca qung ng s l mt (m).
Li gii
1.Vn tc ca t lc t: 10 t
dt
ds
v +
Lc t = 5s, v =-5 +10 = 5m/s.
Gia tc tip tuyn
2
t
s / m 1
dt
dv
a
a
t
< 0, do t chy chm dn u.
2.Gia tc php tuyn lc t = 5s:
2
s
m
2 2
n
5 , 0
50
5
R
v
a
3. Gia tc ton phn 2 12 , 1 25 , 0 1
2 2
s
m
n t
a a a = + = + =
Vect gia tc ton phn a
hp vi bn knh qu o (tc l hp vi
n
a
)
mt gc c xc nh bi:

Th d 2. Mt vt c nm ln t mt t theo phng thng ng vi
vn tc ban u v
o
= 20 m/s. B qua sc cn ca khng kh, ly gia tc trng
trng g = 10 m/s
2
.
a. Tnh cao cc i ca vt v thi gian i ln c cao .
b. T cao cc i vt ri ti mt t ht bao lu? Tnh vn tc ca vt
khi vt chm t.
Bi gii
a. Khi vt i ln theo phng thng ng, chu sc ht ca trng trng
nn chuyn ng chm dn u vi gia tc g 10m/s
2
; vn tc ca n gim
dn, khi t ti cao cc i th vn tc bng khng.
v = v
o
gt
1
= 0,
vi t
1
l thi gian cn thit vt i t mt t ln n cao cc i.
T ta suy ra: s
g
v
t
o
2
10
20
1
= = =
Ta suy ra: cao cc i:
1 o max
t v h = -
g 2
v
gt
2
1
2
o 2
1
= =20m
(Ta c th tnh h
max
theo cng thc v
2
v
2
o
=2gs.
' ' ' ' ,
,
26 63 48 25 63 2
5 0
1
o o
n
t
a
a
tg = =
+
= =
t
a

a
n


11
T : h
max
= s = m 20
10 . 2
20
g 2
v - v
2 2
o
2
= = )
b. T cao cc i vt ri xung vi vn tc tng dn u v=gt v
s=gt
2
/2=20m. T ta tnh c thi gian ri t cao cc i ti t t
2
:
s
g
h
t 2
10
2 20 2
2
= = =
.
max

Lc chm t n c vn tc
v= s / m 20 2 . 10 gt
2

Th d 3. Mt vlng ang quay vi vn tc 300vng/pht th b hm li.
Sau mt pht vn tc ca v lng cn l 180 vng/pht.
a. Tnh gia tc gc ca vlng lc b hm.
b. Tnh s vng vlng quay c trong mt pht b hm .
Bi gii
1
= ) s / rad ( 2 .
60
300
=10 (rad/s),
2
= 2 .
60
180
= 6 (rad/s)
a. Sau khi b hm phanh, vlng quay chm dn u. Gi
1
,
2
l vn tc
lc hm v sau mt pht. Khi
t
1 2
+ =
2 2 1 2
s / rad 209 , 0 - s / rad
60
4
-
t
-
=
= =
2
-0,21rad/s =
b. Gc quay ca chuyn ng chm dn u trong mt pht :
) rad ( 480 ).60
60
4
- ( 5 , 0 60 . 10 t
2
1
t
2 2
1
= + = + =
S vng quay c trong thi gian mt pht l:
240
2
n
vng
Th d 4. Mt t bt u chuyn ng nhanh dn u trn mt on
ng thng ox. t i qua 2 im A v B cch nhau 20m trong khong thi
gian = 2 giy. Vn tc ca t ti im B l 12m/s. Tnh:
a. Gia tc ca t v vn tc ca t ti im A.
b. Qung ng m t i c t im khi hnh O n im A.
Li gii
a. Chn gc to ti v tr xut pht x
0
= 0, thi im ban u t
0
= 0, vn
tc ban u v
0
= 0.
Gia tc ca t: a=

A B
A B
A B
v v
t t
v v
.
Ta suy ra v
B
-v
A
=a , vi v
B
=12m/s (theo u bi).

12
Khong cch gia hai im A v B: x = 20m.
p dng cng thc:
x . a 2 v v
2
A
2
B

Ta suy ra:
(v
B
v
A
)( v
B
+v
A
)=2a.x
v
A
+ v
B
=
A B
v v
x a
-
. . 2
=

. . 2
a
x a
=

. 2 x

v
A
=
. 2 x
- v
B
= s m / 8 12 -
2
20 . 2
=
b. Gi qung ng t O n A l x
0
, p dng cng thc:
a = =
-
A B
v v
2
8 - 12
=2m/s
2

0
2
0
2
. 2 - x a v v
A
=
Trong : v
0
= 0, v
A
= 8m/s, ta suy ra: m
a
v
x
A
16
2 2
8
2
2 2
0
= = =
. .

Vy, qung ng t i c t lc khi hnh n im A l: x
0
= 16m.
B. BI TP T GII CHNG I
1. Mt cht im chuyn ng theo hai phng trnh
x = 2 cost ; y = 4 sint
Tm dng qu o ca cht im .
p s: 1
16 4
2 2
= +
y x

2. Mt t chy trn ng thng t A n B vi vn tc v
1
= 40 Km/h,
ri quay li A vi vn tc v
2
= 30 Km/h. Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca t trn
qung ng kh hi .
p s: h Km
v v
v v
v / ,3 34
2
2 1
2 1
=
+
=
Hng dn
Theo nh ngha v vn tc trung bnh, v
tb
=(s
1
+s
2
)/(t
1
+t
2
). V s
1
= s
2
= s =AB, t
1
=s/v
1
, t
2
=s/v
2
. T , ta suy ra h Km
v v
v v
v / ,3 34
2
2 1
2 1
=
+
=
3. Mt vt ri t do t cao h = 19,6m.
a. Tnh thi gian vt ri ht cao .
b. Tnh qung ng m vt i c trong 0,1 giy u v trong 0,1 giy
cui cng ca s ri .
c. Tnh thi gian vt ri c 1m u tin v 1m cui cng ca qung ng.
B qua ma st ca khng kh. Cho g = 9,8m/s
2
.
v
o

x
o
A
A
x
v
B
B
x
v
x
O

13
p s: a. t= 2s; b. h
1
= 4,9cm, h
2
= 19,1m; c. t
1
= 0,45s, t
2
= 0,05s
4. Mt ng t chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i v i qua qung ng
gia hai im A v B trong 6s. Vn tc khi i qua A l 5m/s, khi qua B l
15m/s. Tnh chiu di qung ng AB.
p s: AB = 60m
Hng dn
Gia tc ca vt trn on ng AB:
6
5 15
t
v v
a
B A
1,66m/s
2
.
as 2 v v
2
B
2
A
,
suy ra: m 60
66 , 1 . 2
5 15
a . 2
v v
s
2 2
A B

5. Mt vt chuyn ng thng vi gia tc khng i a ln lt qua 2 qung
ng bng nhau, mi qung ng di s=10m. Vt i c qung ng th
nht trong khong thi gian t
1
=1,06s, v qung ng th hai trong thi gian
t
2
= 2,2s. Tnh gia tc v vn tc ca vt u qung ng th nht. T ni
r tnh cht ca chuyn ng.
p s: 1 , 3
) t t ( t t
) t t ( s 2
a
2 1 2 1
1 2
=
+
= m/s
2
, v
o
=11,1m/s
Chuyn ng chm dn u.
Hng dn
K hiu AB=BC=s. on ng th nht: s = v
A
.t
1
+
2
1
at
2
1
.
Suy ra: v
A
=
2
at
-
t
s
1
1

on ng th hai: s = v
B
.t
2
+
2
2
at
2
1
v
B
=
2
at
t
s
2
2

Ch l v
B
= a.t
1
+v
A
; Ta tm c v
B
- v
A
= a.t
1

v suy ra: a=
) t t ( t t
) t t ( s 2
2 1 2 1
1 2
+
.
6. T mt nh thp cao h = 25m ta nm mt hn theo phng nm
ngang vi vn tc ban u v
o
= 15m/s. B qua sc cn ca khng kh. Ly g
= 9,8m/s
2
.
a. Thit lp phng trnh chuyn ng ca hn .
b. Tm qu o ca hn .
c. Tnh tm bay xa (theo phng ngang) ca n.
d. Tnh thi gian hn ri t nh thp xung mt t.
e. Tnh vn tc, gia tc tip tuyn v php tuyn ca n lc chm t.
p s:


14
2 2
9 4
2
1
15 t gt y t x a , , ) = = =

18 2
2
2
2
2
), ( , ) parabol x
v
gx
y b
o
= =

c) x
max
= 33,9m ; d) t
r
=2,26s ; e) v =26,7m/s, a
t
= 8,1m/s
2
, a
n = 5,6m/s
2
.
7. T cao h =2,1m, ngi ta nm mt hn ln cao vi vn tc ban
u v
o
nghing mt gc = 45
o
so vi phng ngang. Hn t c tm bay
xa l = 42m.
Tnh:
a. Vn tc ban u ca hn ,
b. Thi gian hn chuyn ng trong khng gian,
c. cao cc i m hn t c.
p s:
a. v
o
= 19,8 m/s, b. t = 3s, c. y
max
= 12m.
8. Trong nguyn t Hydro, ta c th coi electron chuyn ng trn u
xung quanh ht nhn vi bn knh qu o l R = 0,5. 10
-8
cm v vn tc ca
electron trn qu o l v = 2,2.10
8
cm/s. Tm:
a. Vn tc gc ca electron trong chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn,
b. Thi gian n quay c mt vng quanh ht nhn,
c. Gia tc php tuyn ca electron trong chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn.
p s:
a. 4,4.10
16
rad/s,
b. 1,4.10
-16
s,
c. 9,7.10
22
m/s
2

9. Mt bnh xe bn knh 10cm quay trn vi gia tc gc 3,14 rad/s
2
. Hi
sau giy u tin:
a. Vn tc gc ca xe l bao nhiu?
b. Vn tc di, gia tc tip tuyn, php tuyn v gia tc ton phn ca mt
im trn vnh bnh xe l bao nhiu?
p s: a. v
o
= t = 3,14 rad/s; b.v = 0,314 m/s, a
t
= 0,314 m/s
2
,
a
n
= 0,986 m/s
2
.
10. Mt vt nng c th ri t mt qu kh cu ang bay vi vn tc
5m/s cao 300m so vi mt t. B qua sc cn ca khng kh. Vt nng s
chuyn ng nh th no v sau bao lu vt ri ti mt t, nu:
a. Kh cu ang bay ln theo phng trhng ng,
b. Kh cu ang h xung theo phng thng ng,
c. Kh cu ang ng yn,
d. Kh cu ang bay theo phng ngang.

15
p s:
a.8,4m/s, lc u i ln, sau ri thng xung t .
b.7,3m/s, ri thng;
c.7,8m/s, ri thng;
d.7,8m/s, c qu o parabol.
11. Mt my bay bay t v tr A n v tr B cch nhau 300km theo hng
ty-ng. Vn tc ca gi l 60km/h, vn tc ca my bay i vi khng kh l
600km/h. Hy tnh thi gian bay trong iu kin: a-lng gi, b-gi thi theo
hng ng-ty, c-gi thi theo hng ty-ng
p s:
a) t
1
=25pht,
b) t
2
=22,7pht,
c) t
3
=25,1pht.
12. Mt bnh xe bn knh 10cm, lc u ng yn v sau quay quanh
trc ca n vi gia tc gc bng 1,57rad/s
2
. Xc nh:
a. Vn tc gc v vn tc di, gia tc tip tuyn gia tc php tuyn v gia
tc ton phn ca mt im trn vnh xe sau 1 pht.
b. S vng bnh xe quay c sau 1 pht.
p s:
a.=94,2rad/s, v=9,42m/s,a
t
=0,157m/s
2
, a
n
=0,246m/s
2
, a=0,292m/s
2
,
b. 450 vng.
13. Mt xe la bt u chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u i qua trc mt
mt ngi quan st ang ng ngang vi u toa th nht. Cho bit toa xe th
nht i qua mt ngi quan st ht 6s. Tnh khong thi gian toa xe th n i
qua trc mt ngi quan st. p dng cho n=10.
p s:
n
= s 97 , 0 ) 1 10 10 ( 6 ) 1 n n ( 6
14. Mt vt c th ri t cao H+h theo phng thng ng DD (D l
chn cao ). Cng lc mt vt th hai c nm ln t D theo phng
thng ng vi vn tc ban u v
0
.
a. hai vt gp nhau h th vn tc v
0
phi bng bao nhiu?
b. Xc nh khong cch s gia hai vt trc khi gp nhau theo thi gian.
c. Vt th hai s t cao ln nht bng bao nhiu nu khng b cn bi
vt th nht?.
p s: a. v
0
= gH
H
h H
2
2
+
,

16
b. x = ) t gH 2 H 2 (
H 2
h H
+
, c. h
max
=
H
h H
4
2
) ( +
.
15. K lc y t H Ni (c g=9,727m/s
2
) l 12,67m. Nu cng iu kin
tng t (cng vn tc ban u v gc nghing) th ni c gia tc trng trng
g=9,81m/s
2
k lc trn s l bao nhiu?
p s: 12,63m.
16. Tm vn tc di ca chuyn ng quay ca mt im trn mt t ti
H Ni. Bit H Ni c v l 21
0
.
p s: v = Rcos = 430m/s.
17. Phng trnh chuyn ng chuyn ng ca mt cht im c dng:
x=acost, y=bsint. Cho bit a=b=20cm, =31,4 (rad/s). Xc nh:
a. Qu o chuyn ng ca cht im,
b. Vn tc v v chu k T ca cht im.
c. Gia tc ca cht im.
p s:
a. x
2
+y
2
= R
2
=0,04 (ng trn);
b. v = 6,28m/s, T = 0,2s,
c. a 197m/s
2
18. Mt vt ri t do t cao h xung mt t. Trong khong thi gian
= 3,2s trc khi chm t, vt ri c mt on 1/10 ca cao h. Xc nh
cao h v khong thi gian t vt ri chm t. Ly g = 9,8m/s
2
.
p s: t = 1,6s; h 12,5m.
19. Mt vt ri t do t im A cao H = 20m xung mt t theo
phng thng ng AB (im B mt t). Cng lc , mt vt th 2 c
nm ln theo phng thng ng t im B vi vn tc ban u v
o
.
Xc nh thi gian chuyn ng v vn tc ban u v
o
hai vt gp nhau
cao h=17,5m. B qua sc cn ca khng kh. Ly g =9,8m/s
2
.
p s: =
g
H ) ( h - 2
= 0,71s. v
o
=
H
= 28m/s.
20. Mt my bay phn lc bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc v =1440km/h
cao H=2,5km. Khi my bay va bay ti v tr nm trn ng thng ng
i qua u nng ca khu pho cao x th vin n c bn khi nng pho.
u nng pho cch mt t mt khong mt khong h=3,6m. B qua trng lc
v lc cn ca khng kh. Ly g =9,8m/s
2
.

17
Xc nh gi tr nh nht ca vn tc vin n v
o
u nng pho v gc
bn vin n bay trng my bay.
p s: v
o
= ) ( h H g v - 2
2
+ =457m/s.
gc bn phi c gi tr sao cho tg =
v
H g ) ( h - 2
= 0,55.

Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im

17

CHNG 2 - NG LC HC CHT IM

2.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Nm c cc nh lut Newton I,II,III, nh lut hp dn v tr, cc
nh l v ng lng v nh lut bo ton ng lng, vn dng c gii
cc bi tp.
2. Hiu c nguyn l tng i Galilo, vn dng c lc qun tnh
trong h qui chiu c gia tc gii thch cc hin tng thc t v gii cc
bi tp.
3. Nm c khi nim v cc lc lin kt v vn dng gii cc bi tp.
2.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Theo nh lut Newton th nht, trng thi chuyn ng ca mt vt c
lp lun lun c bo ton. Tc l nu n ang ng yn th s tip tc ng
yn, c nu n ang chuyn ng th n tip tc chuyn ng thng u.
Theo nh lut Newton th 2, khi tng tc vi cc vt khc th trng thi
chuyn ng ca vt s thay i, tc l n chuyn ng c gia tc
a
c xc
nh bi cng thc:

m
F
a
=
,
trong ,
F
l tng hp cc ngoi lc tc dng ln vt, gy ra s bin i

trng thi chuyn ng, gia tc
a
c trng cho s bin i trng thi chuyn

ng, m l khi lng ca vt, c trng cho qun tnh ca vt.
Nu bit cc iu kin ca bi ton, ta c th da vo nh lut Newton II
xc nh c hon ton trng thi chuyn ng ca vt. V th, phng
trnh trn c gi l phng trnh c bn ca ng lc hc.
Vn tc
v
c trng cho trng thi chuyn ng v mt ng hc, cn

ng lng
v m k

=
c trng v mt ng lc hc, n cho bit kh nng truyn
chuyn ng ca vt trong s va chm vi cc vt khc. Kt qu tc dng ca
lc ln vt trong mt khong thi gian t no c c trng bi xung
lng ca lc:

2
1
t
t
dt F


18
T nh lut Newton II ta chng minh c cc nh l v ng lng, cho
bit mi lin h gia lc v bin thin ng lng:
F
dt
k d

=
hoc
k
2
1
t
t
dt F

y l cc dng tng ng ca nh lut Newton II, nhng n tng qut
hn, n p dng c c khi ra khi c hc c in.
T cc nh l ny, ta tm c nh lut bo ton ng lng i vi h
cht im c lp, hoc khng c lp nhng hnh chiu ca lc tng hp ca cc
ngoi lc ln mt phng no b trit tiu. nh lut ny c nhiu ng dng
trong khoa hc k thut v i sng, nh gii thch hin tng sng git li
khi bn, chuyn ng phn lc trong cc tn la, my bay, cc tu v tr
2. nh lut Newton th 3 nu mi lin h gia lc v phn lc tc dng
gia hai vt bt k. l hin tng ph bin trong t nhin. Nh nh lut
ny, ta tnh c cc lc lin kt nh phn lc, lc mast ca mt bn, lc cng
ca si dy, lc Hng tm v lc ly tm trong chuyn ng cong
3. nh lut hp dn v tr cho php ta tnh c lc ht F gia hai vt bt
k (coi nh cht im) c khi lng m
1
, m
2
cch nhau mt khong r:

2
2 1
r
m m
G F
.
=

trong G l hng s hp dn v tr c gi tr G =6,67.10-
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
.
Cng thc trn cng c th p dng cho hai qu cu ng cht c khi lng
m
1
, m
2
c hai tm cch nhau mt khong r.
T nh lut trn, ta c th tm c gia tc trng trng ca vt cao h
so vi mt t:

2
h R
GM
g
) + (
=
trong R, M l bn knh v khi lng ca qu t. Ta suy ra gia tc
trng trng ti mt im ti mt t:

2
o
R
GM
g =
Cng t , c th tnh c khi lng ca qu t:

G
R g
M
2
o
=
Vn dng nh lut ny cng c th tnh c khi lng ca cc thin th,
vn tc v tr cp 1, cp 2 v.v

19
4. Cc nh lut Newton I v II ch nghim ng trong cc h qui chiu
qun tnh, l h qui chiu trong nh lut qun tnh c nghim ng.
Nguyn l tng i Galilo pht biu: Mi h qui chiu chuyn ng
thng u i vi h qui chiu qun tnh cng l h qui chiu qun tnh, ni
cch khc, cc hin tng c hc xy ra ging nhau trong cc h qui chiu
qun tnh khc nhau, do dng ca cc phng trnh c hc khng i khi
chuyn t h qui chiu qun tnh ny sang h qui chiu qun tnh khc.
C hc c in (c hc Newton) c xy dng da trn 3 nh lut
Newton v nguyn l tng i Galil. Theo c hc c in, thi gian c tnh
tuyt i, khng ph thuc vo h qui chiu. Nh , rt ra mi lin h gia cc
ta khng gian v thi gian x,y,z,t trong h qui chiu qun tnh O v cc ta
x,y,z,t trong h qui chiu qun tnh O chuyn ng thng u i vi O.
T ta rt ra kt qu:
t = t, l =l
Ngha l khong thi gian xy ra t ca mt qu trnh vt l v di l
ca mt vt l khng i d o trong h O hay trong h O.
5. Ta cng thu c qui tc cng vn tc:
V v v

+ ' = ,
v qui tc cng gia tc: A a a

+ ' = ,
trong v
v a
l vn tc v gia tc ca cht im xt trong h O, cn ' v

v ' a
l vn tc v gia tc cng ca cht im xt trong h O chuyn ng

vi vn tc V
so vi O. A
l gia tc ca h O chuyn ng so vi O.
Nu h O chuyn ng thng u i vi O (khi O cng l h qui
chiu qun tnh) th A
= 0, a a

= ' , do :
' = ' = = F a m a m F

Ngha l cc nh lut c hc gi nguyn trong cc h qui chiu qun tnh.
Nu h O chuyn ng c gia tc so vi h O th A
0, A a a

+ ' = . Trong
h O, nh lut Newton II c dng:
a m a m F

= ' = ' -mA

Ngha l ngoi lc a m F

= vt cn chu thm tc dng ca lc qun tnh

=
qt
F
-mA
cng phng, ngc chiu vi gia tc A
ca h qui chiu Ochuyn

ng so vi O.
2.3. CU HI N TP
1. nh ngha h c lp. Pht biu nh lut Newton th nht. nh lut
ny p dng cho h qui chiu no? Ti sao?

20
2. Phn bit s khc nhau gia hai h: h khng chu tc dng v h
chu tc dng ca cc lc cn bng nhau. H no c coi l c lp.
3. Nu ngha ca lc v khi lng. Pht biu nh lut Newton th hai.
Trng lng l g? Phn bit trng lng vi khi lng.
4. Chng minh cc nh l v ng lng v xung lng ca lc. Nu
ngha ca cc i lng ny.
5. Thit lp nh lut bo ton ng lng. Gii thch hin tng sng git
li khi bn. Vit cng thc Xincpxki v nu ngha ca cc i lng trong
cng thc.
6. Nu iu kin cn thit cht im chuyn ng cong. Lc ly tm l
g? C nhng loi lc mast no, vit biu thc ca tng loi lc mast.
7. Pht biu nh lut Newton th ba. Nu ngha ca n.
8. Pht biu nh lut hp dn v tr. Tm biu thc gia tc g ca mt vt
ph thuc vo cao h so vi mt t.
9. Nu vi ng dng ca nh lut hp dn v tr (tnh khi lng ca qu
t, ca mt tri..).
10. H qui chiu qun tnh l g? H qui chiu qun tnh trong thc t?
11. Lc qun tnh l g? Nu vi v d v lc ny. Phn bit lc qun tnh
ly tm v lc ly tm. Nu v d minh ha v trng thi tng trng lng, gim
trng lng v khng trng lng.
12. C hc c in quan nim nh th no v khng gian, thi gian?
13. Trnh by php tng hp vn tc v gia tc trong c hc Newton.
14. Trnh by php bin i Galilo v nguyn l tng i Galilo.
1. Mt vt nng nh trt khng ma st t nh A c cao h
1
xung chn
B ca mt phng AB nghing mt gc = 45
0
so vi mt phng ngang. di
ca mt AB l s
1
= 2,00m. Tnh vn tc v
1
ca vt nng khi n ti chn B ca
mt nghing AB. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
.
Sau , vt nng tip tc trt khng ma st vi vn tc v
1
t chn B ln
pha trn ca mt phng BC nghing mt gc = 30
0
so vi mt phng ngang.
Tnh cao h
2
ng vi v tr cao nht ca vt nng trn mt nghing BC. So
snh h
1
vi h
2
. Kt qu tm c c ph thuc vo v khng?

21
A
C
K
M
P
P1
P2
N1
P
P2
P1
N1
B
A
H
Hnh 2-1bt

p s: v
1
=
0
1
45 sin . . . 2 g s = 5,26m.
h
2
= s
2
. sin =
g 2
v
2
1
=1,41m.
h
1
= s
1
. sin =
g 2
v
2
1
= 1,41m = h
2
.
Kt qu ny khng ph thuc vo , :
2. Mt t khi lng m = 1000kg chy trn on ng phng. H s
ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng bng k = 0,10. Ly gia tc trng trng
g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh lc ko ca ng c t khi:
a. t chy thng nhanh dn u vi gia tc 2m/s
2
trn ng phng ngang.
b. t chy thng u ln dc trn ng phng nghing c dc 4%
(gc nghin ca mt ng c sin = 0,04).
p s: a. F
k
= m (a + kg) = 2980N
b. F
k
= mg (sin + kcos) 1371N.
3. Mt xe ti khi lng m
1
= 10 tn ko theo n mt xe r-moc khi
lng m
2
= 5tn. H xe ti v r-moc chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u trn
on ng phng ngang. Sau khong thi gian t = 100s k t lc khi hnh,
vn tc ca h xe ti v r-moc t tr s v = 72 km/h. H s ma st gia bnh
xe v mt ng l k = 0,10. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
.
a. Tnh lc ko F ca ng c xe ti trong thi gian t = 100s ni trn.
b. Khi h xe ti v r-moc ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v = 72kg/h th
xe ti tt my v hm phanh. Khi , h ny chuyn ng chm dn u v dch
chuyn thm mt on s = 50m trc khi dng hn. Tnh lc hm F
h
ca phanh
xe v lc F do xe r-moc tc dng ln xe ti.
p s:
a. F = (m
1
+ m
2
) (a + kg) = 17,7.10
3
N.
b. F
h
= (m
1
+m
2
) (a + kg) = -45,3.10
3
N.
(F
h
ngc chiu chuyn ng ca xe)

22
4. Mt bn g phng A c khi lng 5kg b p gia hai mt phng thng
ng song song. Lc p vung gc vi mi mt ca bn g bng 150N. H s
ma st ti mt tip xc l 0,20. Ly g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh lc ko nh
nht cn dch chuyn bn g A khi nng n ln hoc h n xung.
p s:
- Khi ko bn g A ln pha trn: F mg + 2kN (N l phn lc php
tuyn). F
min
= mg + 2kN = 109N.
- Khi ko bn g A xung, F 2F
ms
P = 2kN mg = 11N.
5. Mt vt nng trt trn mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng ngang
mt gc = 30
0
. Lc u vt ng yn. H s ma st gia vt v mt nghing
l k = 0,20. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a. Gia tc ca vt trn mt phng nghing.
b. Vn tc ca vt sau khi trt c mt on ng di s = 0,90m.
p s: a. a = (sin - kcos)g = 3,2m/s
2
.
b. v = 2as = 2,4m/s.
6. Mt tu in chy trn on ng thng ngang vi gia tc khng i l
0,25m/s
2
. Sau 40s k t lc khi hnh, ngi ta tt ng c v tu in chy
chm dn u ti khi dng hn. H s ma st gia bnh xe v ng ray l
0,05. Ly g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a. Vn tc ln nht v gia tc chuyn ng chm dn u ca tu in.
b. Thi gian chuyn ng ca tu in v on ng tu i c.
p s: a. v
max
= v
1
cui on ng, v
1
= a
1
T
1
= 10m/s;
T
1
= 40s; a
1
= 0,25m/s
2
. a
2
= -k.g = - 0,49m/s
2

b. T = T
1
+ T
2
= T
1

+ (
2
1
a
v
) = 60,4s, s = s
1
+ s
2
= 302m.
7. Mt t khi lng 2,0 tn chy trn on ng phng c h s ma st
l 0,10. Ly g = 9,80m/s
2
. Tnh lc ko ca ng c t khi:
a. t chy nhanh dn u vi gia tc 2,0m/s
2
trn ng nm ngang.
b. t chy ln dc vi vn tc khng i. Mt ng c dc 4% (gc
nghing ca mt ng c sin = 0,04).
p s: a. F = m(a + kg) = 5.960N.
b. F = mg (sin + kcos) 2.744N.
8. Mt bn g A c t trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng
ngang mt gc = 30
0
. Dng mt si dy mnh khng dn vt qua rng rc R,
mt u dy buc vo bn A, u dy cn li buc vo bn g B (Hnh.2-2bt).
Khi lng ca bn A l m
1
= 1,0kg v ca bn B l m
2
= 1,5kg. H s ma st

23
A
R
B
Hnh 2-2bt
Fms
a
Fms
a
F
P1
N1
Hnh 2-3bt
A
Hnh 2-4bt
T
T T
P2 P2
P1
m2
m1
P1
m2
m1
R1
C B C B
A
ca mt nghing l k = 0,20. B qua khi lng ca rng rc v ma st ca trc
quay. Ly g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a. Gia tc ca cc bn g A v B .
b. Lc cng ca si dy
p s: a. Gia tc ca a v b
a =
2 1
1 1 2
m m
g cos) . km sin . m m (
+

3,85m/s
2
.
b. T = m
2
(g a) 8,93N.
9. Mt xe khi lng 20,0kg c th chuyn ng khng ma st trn on
ng phng ngang. Trn xe c t mt hn khi lng 4,0kg. H s ma st
gia hn v sn xe l 0,25. Ln th nht, ko hn bng mt lc 6,0N. Ln
th hai, ko hn bng mt lc 12,0N. Cc lc ko u hng dc chiu
chuyn ng ca xe. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Trong mi trng
hp trn, hy xc nh:
a. Lc ma st gia hn v sn xe.
b. Gia tc ca hn ca xe i vi mt t.
p s: a. F
ms
= m
2
a = 5N = F
ms
.
b. Gia tc ca hn :
a
1
=
1
ms
m
F F
= 0,75m/s
2
.
Gia tc ca xe: a
2
=
2
ms
m
' F
= 0,40m/s
2
.
F
ms
l ma st ca hn tc dng ln sn xe: F
ms
= -F
ms
(theo nh lut
Newton 3).
10. Mt vin n c khi lng
bng 10g c bn theo phng ngang trong
khng kh vi vn tc ban u v
0
=
500m/s. Cho bit lc cn
c
F ca khng kh t
l v ngc chiu vi vn tc v ca vin
n:
c
F = - r . v , vi r = 3,5.10
-3
N.m/s l
h s cn ca khng kh. Hy xc nh:
a. Khong thi gian vn tc vin
n bng na vn tc ban u v
0
.
b. on ng vin n bay c theo

24
L
Hnh 2-5bt
P3 P3
T T
T
A
m2
B
C
P2
a
a
m3
m1
P1
a
m3
a1
a
a
a
P1
P2
R1
C
B
R1
A
m2
m1
Hnh 2-6 bt
M
m
v
phng ngang trong thi gian .

p s: a. =
r
m
l
n
(2)= 1,98s.
b. x =
r
mv
0
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
t
m
r

e 1 714m
11. Mt si dy vt qua mt rng rc tnh R
1
v mt rng rc ng R
2
. Mt
u si dy buc c nh ti im O v u kia treo mt qu nng khi lng
m
1
. Mt qu nng khi lng m
2
c treo vo rng rc ng R
2
(H.2-4bt). B
qua ma st, khi lng ca cc rng rc v ca si dy. Ly gia tc trng
trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh gia tc ca vt m
2
v lc cng ca si dy
khi m
1
= m
2
= 0,50kg.
p s: a
2
= g
m m 4
m m 2
2 1
2 1
+
=1,96m/s
2
.
a
1
=2a
2

T = m
1
(g a
1
) = 2,94N
12. Mt si dy vt ngang qua rng rc
tnh R
1
, mt u dy treo vt nng m
1
, v u
kia treo rng rc ng R
2
. Mt si dy khc
vt ngang qua rng rc ng R
2
v hai u
ca n treo hai vt nng m
2
v m
3
. Rng rc
tnh R
1
c treo vo gi bng mt lc k
l xo (H.2-5bt). Hy xc nh gia tc ca vt nng m
3
v s ch ca lc k l xo
khi m
1
= 500g, m
2
= 300g, m
3
= 100g. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
.
p s: a
3
= - g +
3
m 4
F
= 8,575m/s
2
.
vi F = 2T =
3 2 3 2 1
3 2 1
m m 4 ) m m ( m
g m m m 16
+ +
= 7,35N (chnh l ch s ca lc k).
13. Mt xe ch y ct c khi lng M = 5000kg
ang trn ng ray nm ngang. Mt vin n khi
lng m = 5kg bay dc ng ray theo phng hp vi
mt phng ngang mt gc = 36
0
vi vn tc v = 400m/s,
ti xuyn vo xe ct v nm ngp trong ct (H.2-6bt).
B qua ma st gia xe v mt ng. Hy tm vn tc
ca xe ct sau khi vin n xuyn vo ct.
p s: v
x
=
m M
cos . mv
+
0,32m/s.

25
Hnh 2-7bt
N
P
P
N
A
B
Hnh 2-8 bt
m
v
Fms
N
P
14. Mt ho tin lc u ng yn, sau pht kh u n ra pha sau vi
vn tc khng i u = 300m/s i vi ho tin. Trong mi giy, lng kh pht
ra khi ha tin bng = 90g. Khi lng tng cng ban u ca ha tin bng
M
0
= 270g. B qua lc cn ca khng kh v lc ht ca Tri t. Hi:
a. Sau bao lu, ho tin t c vn tc v = 40m/s.
b. Khi khi lng tng cng ca ha tin ch cn bng 90g, th vn tc ca
ho tin bng bao nhiu?.
p s: a. =
O
M
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

u
v
e 1 = 0,375s.
b. v = u l
n

O
M
= 330m/s.
15. Mt phi cng li mt my bay thc hin mt vng
nho ln c bn knh 200m trong mt phng thng ng.
Khi lng ca phi cng bng 75kg. Ly gia tc trng
trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a. Lc nn ca phi cng tc dng ln gh ngi ti
im thp nht v im cao nht ca vng nho ln khi vn
tc ca my bay trong vng nho ln lun khng i v
bng 360km/h.
b. Vi vn tc no ca my bay khi thc hin vng
nho ln, ngi phi cng bt u b ri khi gh ngi?
p s:
a. Ti im thp nht N = mg +
R
mv
2
= 4485N; N = 6p
Ti im cao nht N = m
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
g
R
v
2
= 3015N; N= 4p.
b. v = gR 159km/h = 44,3m/s
(Khi lc nn ca ngi ln gh bng khng)
16. Mt vt nh khi lng m = 1,0kg c t
trn mt a phng ngang v cch trc quay ca a mt
khong r = 0,50m. H s ma st gia vt v mt a
bng k = 0,25. Hy xc nh:
a. Gi tr ca lc ma st vt c gi yn trn
mt a khi a quay vi vn tc n = 12 vng/pht
(vg/ph). Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
.
b. Vi vn tc gc no ca a quay th vt bt u
trt trn a?

26
p s: a. F
ms
= a
ht
. m = m (2n
2
) r 0,79N.
b. w
r
kg
w
min
=
m
kg
2,2rad/s.
Chng 3 - Cng v nng lng

26
CHNG 3 - CNG V NNG LNG
3.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Nm vng khi nim cng v cng sut. Thit lp cc biu thc .
2. Nm c khi nim nng lng, mi lin h gia cng v nng lng,
nh lut bo ton v chuyn ho nng lng.
3. Nm c khi nim ng nng v th nng, cc nh l v ng nng
v th nng.
4. Nm c khi nim v trng lc th, th nng ca mt cht im
trong trng lc th, tnh cht ca trng lc th, c nng v nh lut bo ton
c nng ca mt cht im trong trng lc th.
5. Vn dng c hai nh lut bo ton c nng v nh lut bo ton
ng lng gii cc bi ton v va chm.
3.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Mt lc thc hin cng khi im t lc dch chuyn. Cng nguyn t
dA ca lc trn on ng ds bng:
dA= s d F

= F.ds.cos = =F
s
ds,
F
s
l hnh chiu ca lc ln phng dch chuyn ds. Cng ca lc trn c
on ng chuyn ng c tnh bng tch phn:
A =

) CD (
dA=

) CD (
s d F

c trng cho sc mnh ca ng c (my to ra lc), ngi ta dng
khi nim cng sut ca ng c, bng cng thc hin c trong mt n v
thi gian, k hiu l p:
P= v F
dt
s d F
dt
dA
. = =
n v ca cng trong h SI l Jun (J), ca cng sut l ot (W).
2. i lng c trng cho mc mnh yu ca mi dng chuyn ng
ca mt h gi l nng lng. Mi dng chuyn ng c mt dng nng lng
tng ng. Chuyn ng c hc c c nng, chuyn ng nhit ng vi ni
nng bin thin nng lng ca h bng cng m h nhn c:
A =W
2
W
1
= W
Khi W > 0, h nhn cng t ngoi, nng lng ca h tng.
Khi W < 0, h thc hin cng ln vt khc (ngoi vt), nng lng ca
h gim.

27
C nng W ca mt vt trong trng lc th gm ng nng W
(ph
thuc vo vn tc ca vt) v th nng W
t
(ph thuc vo v tr ca vt trong
trng lc):
W= W
+ W
t
Khi vt tng tc vi vt khc (ngoi vt), n trao i nng lng vi vt
khc, lm vn tc ca n thay i, do ng nng ca n thay i, bin
thin ng nng ca vt bng cng A
12
trao i gia vt vi ngoi vt:

2 12
W A = -
1
W =
2
mv
2
2
-
2
mv
2
1
(1)
Nu A
12
> 0 th ng nng ca vt tng, vn tc tng, l cng pht ng.
Nu A
12
< 0 th ng nng ca vt gim, vn tc gim, l cng cn.
Xt mt vt chuyn ng trong trng trng, di tc dng ca trng lc,
vt ri t cao h
1
n h
2
(h
2
<h
1
), vic xt chuyn ng ca cht im trong
trng trng u cho ta kt qu: cng ca trng lc P
bng gim th nng

mgh trong trng trng
A
12
= mgh
1
-mgh
2
(2)
Khi vt ri t cao h
1
xung cao h
2
th vn tc ca vt tng t v
1
n
v
2
. Kt hp vi biu thc ca bin thin ng nng, ta thu c:

2
mv
2
2
-
2
mv
2
1
= mgh
1
- mgh
2
(3)
hay
2
mv
2
2
+ mgh
2
=
2
mv
2
1
+ mgh
1
Ni cch khc, tng ng nng v th nng ca mt vt trong trng
trng l mt i lng khng i. Tc l:

2
mv
2
+ mgh = const
T cng thc (2) ta suy ra:
dA = F
s
ds = - dW
t

T ta rt ra: F
s =
ds
dW
t
-
hay F
s
=

s
W
t

(4)
Dng biu thc (4) ta d dng xc nh gii hn ca chuyn ng ca mt
vt trong mt trng lc th cho trc.
Cui cng, xt bi ton va chm ca 2 vt. C hai loi va chm: va chm
n hi v va chm khng n hi (hay va chm mm).
i vi va chm n hi, ng nng ca h trc v sau va chm bng
nhau (bo ton). i vi va chm mm, mt phn nng lng ca h dng
lm bin dng vt hoc to nhit khi va chm, do nng lng ca h sau va

28
chm nh hn trc khi va chm. Nu b qua cc ngoi lc (k c lc mast)
th ng lng ca h trong c hai loi va chm u bo ton trc v sau va
chm. i vi va chm mm th nng lng ca h trc va chm vn bng
nng lng ca h sau va chm, nhng sau va chm th ngoi ng nng ca h,
cn phi tnh n c phn nng lng b tn hao do to nhit hoc lm bin
dng vt.
3.3. CU HI N TP
1. Khi no ni lc thc hin cng. Vit biu thc cng ca lc trong trng
hp tng qut. Nu ngha ca cc trng hp: A>0, A<0, A=0.
2. Phn bit cng v cng sut. n v ca cng v cng sut?
3. Khi nim v nng lng, nh lut bo ton nng lng v ngha ca
n. Nu cc thnh phn ca c nng. Nu ngha ca ng nng v th nng.
4. Khi nim v trng lc th? Tnh cht ca trng lc th, p dng cho
trng lc th ca qu t?
5. Chng minh nh l ng nng v nh l th nng. ng nng ca mt
cht im c c xc nh sai khc mt hng s cng khng? Ti sao?
6. Chng minh nh lut bo ton c nng trong trng trng.
7. Ti sao ni th nng c trng cho s tng tc gia cc vt?
8. Thit lp nh lut bo ton c nng. Xt trng hp h gm cht im
v qu t.
1. Mt t khi lng 10 tn ang chy trn
on ng phng ngang vi vn tc khng i
bng 36km/h. Sau khi tt my v hm phanh, t
chy chm dn v dng li. H s ma st ca mt
ng l 0,30 v lc hm ca phanh bng 82.10
3

N. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy
xc nh cng ca lc ma st v on ng t
i c t khi tt my n khi dng li.
p s: A
ms
= - F
ms
.s - 20,9 . 10
6
J
s =
ms
c
F
A
+
h
F
355m.
2. Mt t khi lng 1 tn, khi tt my v chy xung dc th c vn tc
khng i v = 54km/h. nghing ca dc l 4%. Ly gia tc trng trng g =
Hnh 3-1bt
l
s
D
C
B
a1
m
A

29
9,80m/s
2
. Hi ng c t phi c cng sut bng bao nhiu n c th chy
ln dc trn vi cng vn tc v = 54km/h.
p s: 11,8kW.
3. Mt xe chuyn ng t nh xung chn ca mt phng nghing DC v
dng li sau khi i c mt on ng nm ngang CB (H.3-1bt). Cho bit
AB = s = 2,50m; AC = l = 1,50m; DA = h = 0,50m. H s ma st k trn cc
on DC v CB l nh nhau. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc
nh h s ma st v gia tc ca xe trn cc on DC v CB.
p s: 0,20; 1,24m/s
2
; -1,96m/s
2
.
4. Mt vin n c khi lng 10g bay vi vn tc 500m/s ti xuyn su
vo tm g dy mt on bng 5,0cm. Hy xc nh:
a. Lc cn trung bnh ca tm g tc dng ln vin n.
b. Vn tc ca vin n sau khi xuyn qua tm g nu tm g ch dy s=2,4cm.
p s: a. F
c
=
2s
2
mv
= 25. 10
3
N.
b. v =
m
s F
v
c
'
2
2
360m/s.
(s = 2,4cm)
5. Mt my bay c khi lng bng 3000kg v phi mt 60s bay ti
cao 1000m (so vi mt t). ng c my bay phi c cng sut bng bao
nhiu? Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
.
p s: 493kW.
6. Mt khu pho c khi lng 500kg bn theo phng ngang. Vin n c
khi lng 5,0kg v c vn tc u nng l 400m/s. Ngay sau khi bn, khu pho
git li mt on 45cm. Hy xc nh lc hm trung bnh tc dng ln khu pho.
p s: 4000N.
7. Mt vt khi lng m trt khng ma
st t nh S ca mt na mt cu bn knh
R = 90cm v ri xung mt phng ngang
(H.3-2bt). Hy xc nh cao h
1
ca im M
trn mt cu ti vt ri khi mt cu.
p s: h =
3
2
R = 60cm.
8. T cao h = 20m, ngi ta nm mt hn khi lng 200g vi vn
tc ban u bng 18m/s theo phng nghing so vi mt phng ngang. Khi ri
Hnh 3-2 bt
M
h1
O
H
S
Pn
P
N
m

30
chm t, hn c vn tc bng 24m/s. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
.
Hy tnh cng ca lc cn do khng kh tc dng ln hn .
p s: A
c
=
2
m
(v
2
v
2
0
) mgh = -14J:
9. Mt qu nng buc u mt si dy khng dn c
di l = 36cm. Qu nng cng vi si dy c quay trn
trong mt phng thng ng xung quanh u dy c nh ti
im O (H.3-3bt). Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s. Hy
xc nh vn tc nh nht cn phi truyn cho qu nng v
lc cng ca si dy ti im thp nht A.
p s: v
B
gl ,
v
Amin
= 5gl = 4,2m/s.
T
Amin
= 6mg = 29,4N.
10. Hai qu cu c treo u ca mt si dy di
khng dn song song v c di bng nhau. u cn li ca hai si dy ny
c buc c nh vo mt gi sao cho hai qu cu tip xc vi nhau v tm
ca chng u nm trn mt mt phng ngang. Khi lng ca hai qu cu ln
lt bng 200g v 100g. Qu cu th nht c nng ln cao 4,5cm v sau
c th ra n t chuyn ng n va chm vo qu cu th hai ang
ng yn. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. B qua ma st cc im treo
v lc cn ca khng kh. Hi sau va chm cc qu cu c nng ln ti
cao bng bao nhiu? Xt hai trng hp:
a. Va chm hon ton n hi.
b. Va chm mm (khng n hi).
p s: Va chm n hi: h
1
5,0mm; h
2
80mm.
Va chm mm: h
1

= h
2
20mm.
11. Tnh cng cn thit mt l xo gin thm 20cm, bit rng lc ko
gin l xo t l vi gin di ca l xo v mun l xo gin thm 1cm th phi
tc dng ln n mt lc ko bng 30N.
p s: A = 60J.
12. Mt qu cu khi lng 2,0kg chuyn ng vi vn tc 3,0m/s ti va
chm xuyn tm vo qu cu th hai khi lng 3,0kg ang chuyn ng vi
vn tc 1,0m/s cng chiu vi qu cu th nht. Hy xc nh vn tc ca hai
qu cu sau khi va chm trong hai trng hp:
a. Hai qu cu va chm hon ton n hi.
B
B
T
A
T

O
A
Hnh 3-3bt

31
b. Hai qu cu va chm mm. Khi nhit lng to ra trong qu trnh va
chm bng bao nhiu?
p s: a) v
1
= 0,6m/s, v
2
=2,6m/s
b) v=1,8m/s, Q = 2,4J.
13. Mt t khi lng 20 tn ang chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i trn
on ng phng nm ngang th phanh gp. Cho bit t dng li sau khi i
thm c 45m. Lc hm ca phanh xe bng 10800N. H s mast gia bnh xe
v mt ng bng 0,20. Ly gia tc trng trng g= 9,8m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a.Cng cn ca cc lc tc dng ln t.
b.Vn tc ca t trc khi hm phanh.
p s: a) A= -2,25.10
6
J. b)
m
2A -
=15m/s.
14. Tm cng cn thit lm cho on tu c khi lng 800 tn tng tc
t 36km/h n 54km/h.
p s: 54.10
7
J.
15. on tu c khi lng 800 tn ang chuyn ng vi vn tc 72km/h.
Tnh cng cn thit hm phanh on tu dng li.
p s: 16.10
9
J.
16. Nng mt vt c khi lng m =2kg ln cao h = 1m theo phng
thng ng bng mt lc F khng i. Cho bit lc thc hin mt cng
A=78,5J. Tm gia tc ca vt.
p s: 29,4m/s
2
.
17. Mt vt c khi lng m =1kg. Tm cng cn thc hin tng vn tc
chuyn ng ca vt t 2m/s ln 6m/s trn on ng 10m. Cho bit lc mast
khng i trn c on ng chuyn ng v bng 19,6N.
p s: 35,6J
18. Mt vt c khi lng m = 3 kg chuyn ng vi vn tc 4m/s n va
chm vo mt vt ng yn c cng khi lng. Coi va chm l xuyn tm v
khng n hi. Tm nhit lng to ra khi va chm.
p s: 12J.

32
19. o vn tc ca mt vin n, ngi ta dng con lc th n gm
mt bao ct nh treo u mt si dy khng dn c di l=0,5m. Khi vin
n bay vi vn tc v xuyn vo bao ct th n b mc li trong bao ct v
chuyn ng ln n cao h lm cho si dy hp vi phng thng ng mt
gc 20
0
. Cho bit khi lng ca vin n l 5,0g v ca bao ct l 3,0kg. B
qua sc cn ca khng kh. Xc nh vn tc ca vin n.
p s: v = sin
+
2
2 gl
m
M m
462m/s.
20. Hai qu cu c treo hai u ca hai si dy song song di bng
nhau. Hai u kia buc c nh sao cho hai qu cu tip xc nhau v tm ca
chng cng nm trn ng nm ngang. Cc qu cu c khi lng 200g v
300g. Qu cu th nht c nng ln n cao h v th xung. Hi sau va
chm, cc qu cu c nng ln n cao bao nhiu nu:
a.Va chm l n hi;
b.Va chm l mm.
p s: a) h
1
= 0,5cm; h
2
= 8cm.
b) h
1
=h
2
= 2cm.
Chng 4 - Chuyn ng ca h cht im v vt rn

33

CHNG 4 - CHUYN NG CA
H CHT IM V VT RN

4.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Nm c khi nim khi tm v cc i lng c trng cho chuyn
ng ca khi tm, qui lut chuyn ng ca khi tm.
2. Thit lp c phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt rn quanh mt trc
c nh.
3. Chng minh c nh l mmen ng lng v nh lut bo ton
mmen ng lng.
4. Thit lp c biu thc tnh cng v ng nng ca vt rn trong chuyn
ng quay quanh mt trc c nh.
5. Vn dng nh l bin thin ng nng gii thch cc bi ton trong
chuyn ng quay.
6. Gii thch hiu ng con quay.
4.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Vic xt chuyn ng ca h cht im c qui v vic xt chuyn
ng khi tm ca n. Kt qu cho thy: chuyn ng ca khi tm ca h cht
im ging nh chuyn ng ca mt cht im mang khi lng bng tng
khi lng ca c h v chu tc dng ca mt ngoi lc bng tng hp tt c
cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h.
Tht vy, phng trnh ng lc hc c bn ca chuyn ng ca khi tm
ca h cht im c dng ging nh phng trnh ng lc hc c bn ca cht
im:
trong a
, m tng ng l gia tc ca khi tm v tng khi lng ca c

h, F
l tng hp cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h.

2. Vt rn l mt h cht im trong khong cch gia cc cht im
lun khng i. Mi chuyn ng ca vt rn u c th phn tch thnh hai
dng chuyn ng c bn: chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay quanh
mt trc.
Phng trnh c bn ca vt rn chuyn ng tnh tin c dng ging nh
phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng ca cht im t ti khi tm ca h,

34
mang khi lng ca c vt rn v chu tc dng ca mt lc bng tng hp cc
ngoi lc tc dng ln cht im .
3. Trong chuyn ng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh , trong
cng khong thi gian t mi cht im ca vt rn u quay c mt gc
nh nhau, vch nn nhng ng trn nm trong nhng mt phng vung gc
vi trc quay v c tm nm trn trc . Ti mi thi im t, mi cht im
ca vt rn u c cng vn tc gc
v gia tc gc
.
Khi vt rn chu tc dng mt ngoi lc F
, ch c thnh phn
t
F
tip tuyn
vi qu o trn vung gc vi , nm trong mt phng qu o ny l c tc
dng lm cho vt rn quay quanh trc .
Thc nghim chng t tc dng ca lc
t
F
lm quay vt rn khng nhng

ph thuc vo ln ca
t
F
m cn ph thuc vo im t ca lc
t
F
, ngha l
ph thuc vo bn knh r ca qu o ca im t lc
t
F
. i lng c th
hin nhng ph thuc ny l vect mmen lc i vi trc quay
M
=
t
F r

trong , bn knh vect r
tnh t tm qu o n im t lc
t
F
, v
cng hng t tm qu o n im t lc
t
F
. Vect momen lc M
c:
phng: vung gc vi 2 vect r
v
t
F
, tc l vung gc v mt
phng qu o ca im t lc
t
F
,
chiu: sao cho ba vect r
,
t
F
, M
theo th t hp thnh tam din

thun,
ln: F r M
t
sin . .
, trong l gc hp bi 2 vect r
v
t
F
.
p dng cng thc ny cho phn t th i (c khi lng m
i
, cch tm O
mt on r
i
) ca vt rn, ta c:
i
M
=
i t i
F r

. Tng hp tt c cc vect
i
M
i
vi mi phn t ca vt rn, ta thu c phng trnh:
M
= I
.
l phng trnh c bn ca vt rn chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc
c nh, trong M
l mmen ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn,
l gia tc gc,
I =
i
2
i i
r m l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay . Phng trnh
ny c dng ging nh phng trnh a m F

i vi chuyn ng ca cht

35
im. Ba i lng M
, I c vai tr tng t nh ba i lng F
, a
,m trong
chuyn ng ca cht im, nhng ba i lng M
, I u ph thuc vo r.
4. Mmen qun tnh c tnh I theo cng thc I =
i
2
i i
r m nu cc
phn t ca vt rn phn b ri rc. Cn nu cc phn t ca vt rn phn b
lin tc th
I = dm r
vat toan
2

Da vo cc cng thc ny, ta c th tnh mmen qun tnh ca cc vt rn
quay quanh mt trc c nh
o
trng vi trc i xng ca vt rn v i qua
khi tm ca n. V d, vi
- khi cu: I
o
=
2
mR
5
2
,
- vnh trn rng (hoc tr rng): I
o
= m R
2
,
- thanh di ng cht: I
o
=
12
ml
2

- khi tr c, a c: I
o
=
12
ml
2
.
Nu trc quay khng trng vi trc i xng
o
v khng i qua khi
tm ca vt m cch khi tm mt on d v song song vi trc th theo nh
l Steiner-Huyghens:
I = I
o
+md
2

5. Vect mmen ng lng I L

c trng cho chuyn ng quay v
mt ng lc hc v t phng trnh c bn ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c
nh ta rt ra 2 nh l v mmen ng lng:
nh l 1: M
dt
L d

nh l 2: dt M L
2
1
t
t

(hoc t . M L

khi M
= const).
6. T hai nh l trn ta suy ra nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng: Vt
rn quay c lp hoc khng c lp nhng tng hp cc mmen ngoi lc tc
dng ln vt rn bng khng, th mmen ng lng ca vt rn c bo ton:
L
const. T nu cc phn ca vt rn c th dch chuyn i vi nhau lm

cho mmen qun tnh ca vt thay i th lm cho vn tc gc thay i, nhng
vect I L

khng i (bo ton).

36
Nu c nhiu vt rn c lin kt nhau thnh mt h vt rn cng tham gia
chuyn ng quay th nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng c dng:
Vn dng nh lut ny, ta gii thch d dng cc hin tng nh quay
ngi khi nhy cu bi, ma balc bit, da trn nh lut bo ton ny,
ngi ta thu c mt tnh cht quan trng ca con quay c trc quay t do:
trc quay t do ca con quay s gi nguyn phng ca n trong khng gian
chng no cha c ngoi lc tc dng lm thay i phng ca trc . Tnh
cht ny ca con quay c trc quay t do c ng dng lm la bn xc nh
hng chuyn ng ca cc tu bin, cc tu v tr ... i vi con quay c trc
quay c mt im ta c nh, da vo nh l v mmen ng lng, ngi ta
tm c mt tnh cht c bit, l hiu ng hi chuyn khi con quay ang
quay nhanh, nu tc dng vo trc quay mt ngoi lc F
th trc quay s dch

chuyn trong mt phng vung gc vi phng tc dng ca lc F
. Tnh
cht ny c dng gii thch chuyn ng tu sai ca con quay. Hiu ng
hi chuyn c ng dng bin cc chuyn ng lc ngang ca thn tu bin
(do sng gi va p mnh) thnh chuyn ng dp dnh dc thn tu, trnh cho
tu khng b lt.
7. Khi lm cho vt rn quay, mmen lc thc hin cng. Cng nguyn t
ca ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh bng:
dA = F.ds = r.F
t.
d = Md.
Thay M = I. = I.
dt
d
vo biu thc trn ta c: dA= I
dt
d
v cng
ton phn:
A
12
=

2
1
2
1
2
2
2
I
2
I
d I .
p dng biu thc (3-10) cho trng hp ny, ta c: A
12
= W
2
-W
1
, v
suy ra ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc:
W

=
2
I
2
.
Nu vt rn va quay va tnh tin, ng nng ton phn ca n bng tng
ng nng quay v ng nng tnh tin ca n:
W
=
2
I
2
+
2
mv
2

Nu vt rn ln khng trt th v = R. .
4.3. CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim v khi tm ca h cht im? So snh chuyn ng ca khi
tm vi chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn v chuyn ng ca cht im.

37
2. Thnh phn no ca lc c tc dng thc s gy ra chuyn ng quay
ca vt rn quanh mt trc c nh? Phn tch ti sao?
3. Thit lp phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng quay, nu ngha ca
cc i lng trong cng thc.
4. Nhng i lng no c trng cho chuyn dng quay ca vt rn xung
quanh mt trc c nh?
5. nh ngha mmen qun tnh ca vt rn, nu cch tnh mmen qun
tnh ca mt s vt rn. Vit cng thc tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt vt rn
ng cht quay quanh trc i xng v i qua khi tm ca n.
6. Khi nim v mmen ng lng v chng minh cc nh l v mmen
ng lng i vi vt rn quay xung quanh mt trc c nh.
7. Nu cc i lng trong chuyn ng quay c vai tr tng t vi cc
i lng trong chuyn ng tnh tin. S tng t ny th hin nh th no (
nhng cng thc no).
8. Chng minh v pht biu nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng. Cho
vi v d ng dng v gii thch. nh lut ny c tho mn trong nhng iu
kin no?
9. nh ngha con quay. Phn bit con quay c trc quay t do v con quay
c trc ta trn mt im c nh. Nu tnh cht ca cc con quay ny. Hiu ng
hi chuyn l g, chuyn ng tu sai l g, v c ng dng g trong thc t?
10. Thit lp cng thc tnh cng v cng sut trong chuyn ng quay ca
vt rn.
11. Xt trng hp mt vt rn ln khng trt. Chn mt v d minh
ho. Tm ng nng ca vt rn trong trng hp ny.
1. Mt trc quay hnh tr c bn knh 20mm v
khi lng 100kg c th quay quanh mt trc nm
ngang. Mt si dy khng dn c qun thnh mt
lp st nhau trn thn trc quay v u t do ca si
dy c treo mt vt nng khi lng 20 kg (Hnh 4 -
1bt). B qua ma st ca trc quay, lc cn ca khng
kh v khi lng ca si dy. Ly gia tc trng
trng g = 9,80/s
2
.
vt nng t n chuyn ng. Hy xc nh:
a. Gia tc ca vt nng.
b. Lc cng ca dy treo vt nng.

38
p s: a) gia tc a =
2
M
m
mg
+
=2,8 m/s
2

b) T
,
= T =
2
Ma
= 140 N. (M = 100 kg l khi lng ca trc quay).
2. Mt thanh nng thng c tit din u v di 0,70m
c th quay quanh mt trc nm ngang i qua mt u ca
thanh. Lc u, thanh c gi v tr nm ngang. Sau ,
n c th ra t quay (H.42bt). Ly gia tc trng
trng g= 9,80m/s
2.
. Hy xc nh gia tc gc ca thanh
ny lc bt u c th ri v lc i qua v tr thng ng.
p s: =
2
2
2
cos 3
s
rad
l
l
g
,
lc i qua v tr thng ng. = 0
3. Mt vt nng khi lng 100kg trt trn mt
mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng ngang mt gc
30
0
v lm quay mt bnh xe c dng mt tr trn bn
knh 0,26m v khi lng 25kg (H.43bt). H s ma
st gia vt nng v mt phng nghing l 0,25. B qua
ma st ca trc quay v khi lng ca si dy. Ly
gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a. Gia tc di ca vt nng v gia tc gc ca bnh xe.
b. Lc cng ca dy ko
p s: a) a =
m
M
g k
2
1
) cos sin
+

2,47m/s
2
.
=
R
a
9,5 rad/s
2.
b) T = T

=
2
Ma
30,9 N ; M = 25kg l khi lng ca trc quay.
4. Trn mt mt phng nm ngang nhn c mt
cht im khi lng m chuyn ng. Cht im
c buc vo mt si dy khng dn, u kia ca
si dy c ko qua mt l nh O vi vn tc
khng i (H.4 4bt).
Khi r = r
0
th vn tc gc ca cht im l
0
.
Hy xc nh s ph thuc ca lc cng ca si dy vo khong cch r gia
Hnh 4-3bt
Hnh 4-2bt
P
0 H
Hnh 4-4bt
0
m
P
T

39
cht im v l nh O.
p s: T =
3
4
0 2
0
. .
r
a
m .
5. Mt bnh (vlng) c dng mt a phng trn ang quay quanh trc
ca n vi vn tc 480 vng/pht th b tc dng mt mmen lc hm. Bnh
c khi lng 500kg v bn knh 20cm. Hy xc nh mmen ca lc hm
trong hai trng hp:
a. Bnh dng li sau khi hm 50s.
b. Bnh dng li sau khi quay thm c 300 vng.
p s: a) M = -
t
n R m
2
. .
- 10 Nm,
b) M
,
= -
600
) .( .
2
Rn m
- 7,0 Nm
6. Mt cun dy ch khi lng m t trn mt
mt phng ngang. Bn knh ca vnh cun ch l R,
bn knh ca lp dy ch ngoi cng qun trn li
cun ch l r (H.45bt). Ngi ta cm mt u ca si
dy ch v bt u ko cun ch ny bng mt lc
F khng i v hp vi phng ngang mt gc
nghing sao cho cun ch ln khng trt trn mt phng ngang. H s ma st
gia cun ch v mt phng ngang l k, mmen qun tnh ca cun ch i vi
trc ca n l I. Hnh xc nh:
a. ln v hng ca gia tc cun ch ln khng trt.
b. ln ca lc ko F .
c. Cng ca lc F lm cun ch chuyn ng ln khng trt trong thi
gian t giy u tin.
p s: a) a=
2
.
) cos . .( .
R m I
r R R F
+

; cos> ;
R
r

b) F
) sin . .( . ) sin (cos
) . _ ( .
2
2
k
R
r
R m k I
R m I mg k
+ + +

c) A =
2
2
2 2
.
.
) cos . .( .
.
2
1
t
R m I
r R F
+

,
7. Mt ngi ngi trn mt chic gh quay (gh Giucpxki) sao cho
phng ca trng lc tc dng ln ngi v gh trng vi trc quay ca gh.
Ngi giang hai tay v mi tay cm mt qu t c khi lng 2,0kg. Khong
cch t mi qu t n trc quay ca gh l 0,80m. Cho ngi v gh quay vi
Hnh 4-5bt

40
Hnh 4-8bt
L
Hnh 4-6 bt
P
vn tc 30 vng/pht. Mmen qun tnh ca ngi v gh (khng k cc qu t)
i vi trc quay l 2,5kg.m
2
.
Hy xc nh vn tc quay ca ngi v gh khi ngi co hai tay li
khong cch t mi qu t n trc quay ch cn bng 0,60m.
p s: 38,5 vng/pht.
8. Thit b dng xc nh cng sut ca ng c
gm hai kp c th kp cht vo trc quay ca ng c
(H.46bt). Hm kp pha trn gn vi mt tay n, cui
tay n, cui tay n ny c treo mt vt nng.Vt nng
c chn sao cho trng lng ca n cn bng vi lc
ma st v gi cho tay n nm ngang. Hy xc nh
cng sut ca ng c, nu trc ca ng c quay vi vn tc 120 vng/pht.
Trng lng ca vt nng ca vt nng bng 490N, di ca tay n k t tm
trc quay n im treo vt nng l 100cm. B qua trng lng ca tay n.
p s: 6,15KW
9. Trn thn mt ng tr khi lng 1,5kg, ngi
ta qun mt si dy khng dn thnh mt lp xt
nhau. u t do ca si dy gn trn gi c nh
(H.47bt,a). ng tr c th t chuyn ng di
tc dng ca trng lc. Khi lng v ng knh ca
si dy nh khng ng k. Ly gia tc trng trng
g = 9,80m/s
2
. Hy xc nh:
a) Gia tc ca ng tr.
b) Lc cng ca si dy.
p s: a) a =
2
g
= 4,9m/s
2
.
b) T = m (g a) =
2
mg
= 7,35N.
10. Mt tr c khi lng 2,50kg v mt vt nng khi lng 0,50kg c
ni vi nhau bng mt si dy khng dn vt qua mt rngrc (H.4-8bt). B qua
khi lng ca si dy, ca rng rc v ca khung gn vi tr c. Khi th vt
nng n t chuyn ng th tr c ln khng trt trn mt phng ngang.
H s ma st gia mt phng ngang v tr c bng 0,10.Ly gia tc trng
trng g = 9,80m/s
2.
Hy xc nh:
a. Gia tc ca vt nng.
Hnh 4-7bt

41
b. Lc cng ca si dy.
p s:
a) a =
2
3M
m
mg
+
= 1,15m/s
2
.
b) T = m (g a) 4,32N. Vi M l khi lng ca hnh tr c: M = 2,5kg.
Chng 5 - Cc nh lut thc nghim v cht kh

41

CHNG 5 - CC NH LUT THC NGHIM
V CHT KH

5.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Chng ny gii thiu cc i lng c bn, cc nh lut v cht kh. Do
hc vin cn nm vng cc i lng v phng trnh Mendeleev-Clapeyron.
5.2. TM TT NI DUNG
Kh l tng: cht kh l tng l cht kh trong p sut (P) th tch (V)
v nhit lin h vi nhau theo phng trnh:
PV= nRT (phng trnh Mendeleev-Clapeyron)
n=
m
: s mol cht kh
R= 8,31 J/mol K Hng s kh l tng.
Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng:
Khi nhit khng i (ng nhit): P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

Khi p sut khng i (ng p):
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V

Khi th tch khng i (ng tch):
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P

1. Vic xt chuyn ng ca h cht im c qui v vic xt chuyn
ng khi tm ca n. Kt qu cho thy: chuyn ng ca khi tm ca h cht
im ging nh chuyn ng ca mt cht im mang khi lng bng tng
khi lng
5.3. CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by cc khi nim c bn v: p sut; nhit v nhit giai.
2. Nu c im ca kh l tng? Trnh by phng trnh trng thi kh
l tng.
3. Nu ni dung nh lut, cng thc tnh ca cc nh lut thc nghim kh
l tng?
A. BI TP V D
Bi tp 1. C 10g kh oxi p sut 3 at. Sau khi h nng ng p khi kh
chim th tch 10l. Tm nhit sau khi h nng .Coi khi kh oxi l l tng.

42
Gii
m =10g=10 .10
-3
Kg
P
1
= 3 at = 3.9,81.10
4
N/m
T
1
= 10
o
C = 10+273=283 K
V
2
= 10l = 10.10
-3
m
3

T
2
=?
Qu trnh ng p ta c:
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P

1
1
2
2
T
V
V
T
T phng trnh Mendeleev-Claperon
P
1
V
1
=
mR
P
V
T
RT
m
1
1
1
1

mR
P V
T

1 2
2

Vi =32 g/mol = 32.10
-3
Kg/mol

K T 3 , 1133
31 , 8 . 10 . 10
10 . 32 10 . 81 , 9 . 3 . 10 . 10
3
3 4 . 3
2

Bi tp 2. Mt khi kh oxi chim th tch 3l, p sut 10at v nhit 19,5
o
C.
a) Tnh khi lng ring ca khi kh.
b) H nng ng tch khi kh n nhit 100
o
C. Tnh p sut ca
khi kh sau khi h nng.
Gii
V
1
= 3l = 3.10
-3
m
3
P
1
=10 at =10.9,81.10
4
N/m
2

T
1
= 19,5
o
C = 19,5+273 = 292,5 K
T
2
= 100
o
C = 100+ 273 = 373K
m
2 ?
P
2
?
a) Phng trnh Mendeleev-Clapeyron
P
1
V
1
=
1
1 1
1
RT
V P
m RT
m

Vi = 32g/mol = 32.10
-3
Kg/mol
Kg m 0387 , 0
5 , 292 . 31 , 8
10 . 32 . 10 . 3 . 10 . 81 , 9 . 10
3 3 4

b) Theo qu trnh ng tch ta c:
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
2 4
4
1
2 . 1
2
/ 10 . 81 , 9 . 75 , 12
5 , 292
373 . 10 . 81 , 9 . 10
m N
T
T P
P


43
hay P
2
= 12,75 at.
B. BI TP T GII
5.1. C 40 g kh oxy chim th tch 3l p sut 10 at.
a) Tnh nhit ca khi kh
b) Cho bit khi kh gin n ng p n th tch 4l. Tnh nhit ca khi
kh sau khi gin n.
5.2. Mt bnh cha 10 kg kh p sut 10
7
N/m
2
. Ngi ta ly bt kh
trong bnh v gi nhit kh khng i n khi p sut trong bnh cn
2,5.10
6
N/m
2
. Hy xc nh khi lng kh ly ra.
5.3. Bm kh nit vo mt bnh thp c th tch c nh V
1
= 8,3l n p
sut P
1
=15 at nhit T
1
= 27
o
C.
a- Tnh khi lng ca khi kh ny.
b- Nu h nng bnh kh ny n nhit T
2
= 127
o
C th p sut ca n l
bao nhiu?
5.4. Mt bng n dy tc cha kh tr nhit t
1
= 27
o
C v p sut
P
1
= 0,6at. Khi n sng p sut kh trong n P
2
= 1at. Hy tnh nhit t
2

ca khi kh trong n khi n sng.
5.5 Bnh A c dung tch V
1
= 3l cha mt cht kh p sut P
1
=2at. Bnh B
c dung tch V
2
= 4l cha mt cht kh p sut P
2
= 1 at. Ni hai bnh li vi
nhau bng mt ng dn nh. Bit rng nhit hai bnh nh nhau v khng xy
ra phn ng ho hc. Hy tnh p sut ca hn hp kh.
Hng dn, p s
5.1 . T
1
= 292,5K
T
2
= 390 K
5.2 .
m
= 7,5 Kg
5.3 . m = 0,137 Kg
P
2
= 20 at
5.4 . t
2
=227
o
C
5.5 . Gi p sut ring phn ca mi cht kh khi hai bnh thng nhau l
P
1
v P
2

Qu trnh ng nhit
P
1
V
1
= P
1
(V
1
+V
2
)
1
2 1
1
1
' P
V V
V
P
+

P
2
V
2
= P
2
(V
1
+V
2
)
2
2 1
2
2
' P
V V
V
P
+


44
P = P
1
+ P
2
= at
V V
V P V P
43 , 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
+
+
Chng 6 - Cc nguyn l ca nhit ng lc hc

44

CHNG 6 - CC NGUYN L CA
NHIT NG LC HC

6.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Chng ny kho st nng lng trong chuyn ng nhit v hai nguyn l
ca nhit ng hc t kho st hiu sut ca ng c hot ng theo chu
trnh Carnot.
6.2. TM TT NI DUNG
Thuyt ng hc cht kh lin h n tnh cht v m ca cc cht kh (p sut,
nhit ) vi cc tnh cht vi m ca cc phn t kh (tc , ng nng ).
Cng thc hin: A =
2
1
V
V
pdV
Nhit v ng nng: RT W
d
2
3

K= K J
N
R
A
/ 10 . 38 , 1
23
l hng s Bolztmann
Hiu sut ng c nhit:
1 1
2
1
Q
Q
Q
A
,
1
2
1
T
T

Hiu sut my lm lnh:
1
1 2

A
Q
A
Q

2 1
2
T T
T

6.3. CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by cc khi nim, cng thc tnh v: nng lng ca chuyn ng
nhit, ni nng, cng v nhit?.
2. Nu nguyn l, h qu, ngha ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc?.
3. Trnh by hn ch ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc?.
4. Nu nguyn l, biu thc ca nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc?.
5. Nu ni dung ca nh l Carnot?

45
1. BI TP V D
Bi tp 1: Mt ng c t c hiu sut nhit 22% . Trong mi giy n
hot ng 95 chu trnh v thc hin cng 120 m lc. Hy tnh trong mt chu
trnh ng c ny:
a) Thc hin mt cng bng bao nhiu?
b) Hp th nhit lng bao nhiu t ngun nng?
c) Thi ra nhit lng bao nhiu cho ngun lnh?
Gii:
a) Cng thc hin trong 1 giy:
A
0
=120746 = 89520 J
Cng thc hin trong mi chu trnh
A = 3 , 942
95
89520
95
0

A
J
b) Hiu sut
A
Q
Q
A

1
1

4283
22 , 0
3 , 742
1
Q J,
vy nhit ly t ngun nng Q
1
= 4283 J
c) Nhit thi cho ngun lnh
7 , 3340 3 , 942 4283
1 2
A Q Q J.
Bi tp 2: Mt ng c nhit hot ng theo chu trnh Carnot c cng sut
P = 73600W, nhit ca ngun nng T
1
= 100
0
C nhit ca ngun lnh
T
2
= 0
0
C.
Tnh: a) Hiu sut ca ng c,
b) Nhit lng m tc nhn nhn c trong 1 pht,
c) Nhit lng m tc nhn thi cho ngun lnh trong 1 pht .
Gii:
a) Hiu sut ng c: 27 , 0
373
273
1 1
1
2

T
T
hay = 27%

46
b) Trong 1s ng c sinh cng A
0
= 73600 J, nhit lng tc nhn nhn
c trong 1s l:

0
1
1
0
A
Q
Q
A

Nhit lng nhn trong 1 pht:
16470
27 , 0
73600
. 60 . 60 '
1 1
Q Q KJ
c) Nhit lng thi cho ngun lnh trong 1s

0 1 2
A Q Q
Nhit lng thi trong 1 pht

0 1 0 1 2 2
. 60 . 60 ) ( 60 . 60 ' A Q A Q Q Q =
0 1
. 60 ' A Q
= 16470 - 60.73,6 = 12054 KJ
Bi tp 3: Mt t lnh c hiu sut 4,7 rt nhit t bung lnh vi tc
250 J trong mi chu k. Vy trong mi chu k t lnh ny :
a) Nhn bao nhiu cng hot ng?
b) Nh ra bao nhiu nhit lng cho cn phng?
Gii:
a) Cng nhn vo: A = 53
7 , 4
250
2

Q
J
Cng ny c chuyn vo h, ta ni cng thc hin trn t lnh l +53
J hoc cng do h thc hin c l -53 J
b) Nhit to ra:
2 1
Q A Q + = 53 + 250 = 303 J
2. BI TP T GII
6-1. Mt ng c nhit l tng chy theo chu trnh Carnot nh cho ngun
lnh 80% nhit lng m n thu c ca ngun nng. Nhit lng thu c
trong mt chu trnh l 1,5 Kcal.Tm:
a) Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot ni trn.
b) Cng m ng c sinh ra trong 1 chu trnh.
6-2. Nhit ca hi nc t l hi vo my hi l t
1
= 227
o
C, nhit
ca bnh ngng l t
2
= 27
o
C .
Hi khi tn mt lng nhit Q= 1Kcal th ta thu c mt cng cc i l
bao nhiu?

47
6-3. Mt my lm lnh tiu th cng sut 36800w nhit ca ngun lnh
l -10
o
C, nhit ca ngun nng l 17
o
C. Tnh:
a) Hiu sut lm lnh.
b) Nhit lng ly c t ngun lnh trong 1giy.
c) Nhit lng nh cho ngun nng trong mt giy.
6-4. Khi thc hin chu trnh carnot, kh sinh cng 8600J v nh nhit 2,5
Kcal cho ngun lnh. Tnh hiu sut ca chu trnh.
6-5. Khi thc hin chu trnh carnot h nhn c nhit lng 10Kcal t
ngun nng v thc hin cng 15KJ. Nhit ca ngun nng l 100
o
C. Tnh
nhit ca ngun lnh.
Hng dn v p s
6-1. a)
1
2 1
1 Q
Q Q
Q
A
Vi Q
2
= 80%Q
1

Tnh c % 20
b) A= , 1 3 , 0
1
Kcal Q 254KJ
6-2.
1
2
1
1
T
T
Q
A
KJ A 7 , 1
6-3. a) 74 , 9
2 1
2 2

T T
T
A
Q

b) Q
2
= Cal Pt A 86000
c) Q
1
= Q
2
+ A 94800 Cal
6-4. % 45
1

+

A Q
A
Q
A

6-5. 36 , 0
1

Q
A

1
2
1
T
T
K T 239
2
.
Chng 7 - Trng tnh in

48

CHNG 7 - TRNG TNH IN

7.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Yu cu i vi ngi hc l phi nng vng nh ngha v hiu c
ngha vt l cng n v o ca cc i lng:
vct cng in trng,
in th,
hiu in th,
in thng;
2. Hiu v vn dng c nh lut Coulomb, nh l xtrgratxki
Gauss, nguyn l chng cht in trng gii cc bi ton tnh in;
3. Hiu nh ngha v tnh cht ca lng cc in; nh v vn dng c
biu thc m t mi quan h gia vct cng in trng v in th
7.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1) Lc tng tc Coulomb gia hai in tch im: F =
3
2 1
r
q kq
r
2) Vct cng in trng E =
q
F

Cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im q: E =
3
r
kq
r
3) Vct cm ng in (in cm) D=
0
E
4) nh l O G:
e
=
) (S
dS D =
i
i
q
5) Cng ca lc tnh in: A
MN
= q ds E
N
M
= q (V
M
- V
N
)
6) Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in:
) (C
ds E = 0
7) Hiu in th gia hai im M v N trong in trng
V
M
V
N
= ds E
N
M

8) in th gy bi mt in tch im V =
r
kQ

9) Lin h gia E v V: E
s
= -
ds
dV
hay E = -grad V.

49
7.3. CU HI N TP
1. Nu cc electron trong mt kim loi nh ng c th chuyn ng t do,
chng thng b chn li b mt kim loi. Ti sao chng khng chuyn ng
tip v ri khi kim loi?
2. Mt in tch im chuyn ng vung gc vi ng sc trong mt
in trng. C lc tnh in no tc dng ln n khng?
3. Hai in tch im cha bit ln v du cch nhau mt khong d.
in trng bng khng mt im nm trn ng thng ni chng. Ta c
th kt lun nh th no v cc in tch?
4. Bn quay mt lng cc in sao cho hai u ca n hon v cho nhau
trong mt in trng u. Cng m bn thc hin ph thuc nh th no vo
s nh hng ban u ca lng cc i vi in trng.
5. Mt mt bao trn mt lng cc in. in thng qua mt ny bng bao
nhiu?
6. Mt qu bng cao su hnh cu c mt in tch c phn b u trn
mt ca n. Khi qu bng c bm ln, cng in trng thay i nh th
no cho cc im (a) bn trong qu bng, (b) b mt qu bng v (c) ngoi
qu bng?
7. Electron c xu hng chuyn ng n ni c in th cao hay in
th thp?
8. Hai mt ng th khc nhau c th ct nhau khng?
9. Phn bit gia hiu in th v hiu th nng. Cho cc pht biu trong
mi thut ng c dng mt cch chnh xc.
10. Lm th no anh (ch) c th khng nh in th trong mt min cho
trc ca khng gian c cng mt gi tr trong ton min ?
7.4.1. Hai vin bi nh ging ht nhau, c in tch q
1
= 2.10
-6
C v
q
2
= 4.10
-6
C t cch nhau mt khong r trong chn khng th chng ht nhau
mt lc F = 0,8N.
a) Tnh khong cch r.
b) Cho chng tip xc nhau ri a v v tr c th chng s y nhau hay
ht nhau vi lc F bng bao nhiu?
p s: a) r = 30cm; b) y nhau vi F = 0,1N

50
7.4.2. t bn in tch im +q ging nhau bn nh ca mt hnh
vung cnh a. Hi phi t in tch im Q u, c ln v du nh th
no c nm in tch u ng yn?
p s: Q =
2 2 +1
4
q ti tm ca hnh vung
7.4.3. Theo gi thuyt Bohr, trong nguyn t Hydro, electron chuyn ng
quanh ht nhn theo qu o trn bn knh r = 0,53.10
-10
m. Tnh vn tc di v
tn s vng ca electron.
Hng dn:
Lc hng tm l lc tnh in Coulomb ke
2
/r
2
=
mv
2
r
, v = 2,2.10
6
m/s;
= v/r = 6,5 .10
15
s
-1
.
7.4.4. Hai vin bi nh ging ht nhau, tch in +q
1
v q
2
t cch nhau
2m trong khng kh. Mi vin gy ra cng in trng ti trung im M
ca on thng ni chng c ln E
1
= 150V/m v E
2
= 300V/m. Cho chng
tip xc nhau ri tr v ch c. Hy xc nh:
a) in tch ca mi vin bi.
b) Vct cng in trng ti M.
p s: a) q
1
= q
2
= -
50r
2
k
= -5,55.10
-9
C; b) E
M
= 0
7.4.5. Mt a trn, tm O, bn knh R, tch in u, mt in mt > 0.
Hy xc nh vct cng in trng ti mt im nm trn trc ca a v
cch tm O mt on h.
p s: E =
2
0
[1 -
1
1+(R/h)
2
] n
7.4.6. Xc nh vct cm ng in D do mt dy thng di v hn, tch
in u, mt in di > 0 gy ra ti im cch dy mt khong x.
p s: D =
2x
n
7.7. Gia mt phng rt rng, thng ng, tch in u, mt in mt
= +4.10
-6
C/m
2
treo con lc gm si dy khng gin, khng dn in v hn bi
khi lng m = 1g sao cho dy cng, thng ng. Tch cho hn bi in tch
q = 10
-9
C th dy lch gc bng bao nhiu so vi phng thng ng? (H
th nghim t trong khng kh).
Hng dn:

51
v tr cn bng
e
F + T + P = 0 vi
e
F = qE
t
e
F = P T + = Ptg, ta suy ra: tg = q/2
0
mg; suy ra: = 1
0
17
49
.
7.4.8. Bn trong mt khi cu tm O
1
, bn knh R
1
tch in u vi mt
in khi ngi ta khot mt l hng hnh cu tm O
2
, bn knh R
2
sao cho
hai tm cch nhau mt khong O
1
O
2
= a. Xt im M trong phn rng, c
hnh chiu ca on O
1
M xung phng O
1
O
2
l O
1
H = h. Hy xc nh cng
in trng ti M.
Hng dn:
Dng phng php chng cht in trng
M E =
3
0
=
2 1
O O =
0
3
a
= const

7.4.9. Ba in tch im q
1
= +12.10
-9
C, q
2
= -6.10
-9
C, q
3
= + 5.10
-9
C t
ti ba nh ca mt tam gic u c cnh a = 20cm trong khng kh. Xc nh
in th ti tm ca tam gic .
p s: 857,2V
7.4.10. Ba im A, B, C nm trong in trng u to thnh tam gic
vung ti C, trong :
AC = 4cm, BC = 3cm, E = 5.10
3
V/m.
Tnh: a) Hiu in th U
AC
, U
BC
, U
AB

b) Cng ca lc in khi di chuyn mt electron t A n B.

p s:
a) U
AC
= 200v, U
CB
= 0, U
AB
= 200V.
b) A
AB
= -3,2.10
-17
J
7.4.11. Tnh in th do mt a trn tm O bn knh R tch in u vi
in tch Q gy ra ti mt im nm trn trc ca a v cch tm mt on l h:
Hng dn: Tnh tng t nh bi 7.5
p s: V =
2kQ
R
2
( R
2
+ h
2
h)
7.4.12. Cn c vo kt qu bi tp 7.8, chn gc tnh in th v cc, hy
tnh in th im M.
Hng dn:
p dng bi ton 4 v phng php tng t bi 7.8, ta c:
Hnh 7-22.Cho bi 7.10
B
C A

52
V
M
=
6
0
2
[3(R
1
2
R
2
2
) + a(a - 2h)]
Chng 8 - Vt dn

52

CHNG 8 - VT DN

8.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Mc ch: Kho st cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in v ng
dng; Tm hiu khi nim in dung v cch tnh in dung ca t in phng;
Suy cng thc tnh mt nng lng in trng v cng thc tng qut tnh
nng lng in trng.
2. Yu cu: Sau khi nghin cu chn ny, sinh vin cn :
Hiu v chng minh c cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in.
Nm v vn dng tt cc cng thc tnh in dung ca vt dn c lp,
ca t in gii cc bi ton in.
Hiu v nh cng thc tnh
e
, W
e
.
8.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1) Lin h gia in th v in tch ca mt vt dn c lp
Q = CV
2) in dung ca mt qu cu kim loi (c lp)
C = 4
0
R
3) in dung ca t in phng
C =
0
S
d

4) in dung C ca mt b t in
Ghp song song C =
i
i
C
Ghp ni tip
1
C
=
i i
C
1

5) Nng lng ca t in phng
W =
1
2
QU =
1
2
CU
2
=
1
2

Q
2
C
=
1
2

0
E
2
Sd =
1
2

2
Sd

0

Chng 8 - Vt dn

53
6) Mt nng lng in trng
=
1
2

0
E
2
=
1
2
E D
7) Nng lng in trng trong th tch V
W =
1
2

V
D E dV.
8.3. CU HI N TP
8.3.1. C mt bc tng bng ng b nhim in m. Hy cho bit:
a) in tch phn b nh th no?
b) V tr no trong lng bc tng c in th cao nht?
c) V tr no trong lng bc tng c in trng mnh nht?
8.3.2. Khi t mt thanh nhm vo in trng th c phi tt c cc
electron t do trong thanh nhm u dn v mt u ca thanh hay khng?
Ti sao?
8.3.3. Nu t mt qu cu rng bng kim loi vo trong mt in trng
khng u th n s b lc in trng y v pha no? Ti sao?
8.3.4. T in phng khng kh c mc (ni) c nh vi c quy. Gi
s ta cho hai bn cc dch li gn nhau mt cht th cc i lng sau y
tng hay gim:
a) Tr s in tch trn mi bn cc.
b) Cng in trng trong lng t in.
c) Hiu in th gia hai bn cc.
d) Cc cu hi trn, sau khi t in ngt khi ngun in.
8.3.5. Hai t in phng khng kh, khong cch gia cc bn cc l nh
nhau nhng C
1
> C
2
. Hy so snh cc i lng S, Q, U, E ca chng nu
chng c ghp:
a) Ni tip
b) Song song
Chng 8 - Vt dn

54
8-1. Hai t in c in dung C
1
= 4F v C
2
= 6F mc ni tip vo
ngun hiu in th U = 2000V. Sau ngi ta tho b ngun ri mc chng
song song vi nhau. Tnh bin thin nng lng ca h t in.
p s: W
e
= 0,192J
8.4.2. T in cu gm hai mt cu kim loi ng tm, khong cch gia
chng rt nh. Mt cu nh bn knh R
1
, tch in +Q, mt cu ln bn knh R
2
,
tch in Q. Tnh in dung ca t cu ny.
Hng dn:
S dng cc cng thc C =
Q
U
, E
s
= -
dv
ds

v E = 0 khi r < R
1
, r > R
2
; E =
kQ
r
2
khi R
1
< r <R
2
.
p s: C =
k

R
1
R
2
R
2
- R
1

8.4.3. T in tr gm hai mt tr kim loi ng trc, chiu di L, khong
cch gia chng rt nh. Mt tr nh bn knh R
1
, tch in +Q, mt tr ln bn
knh R
2
, tch in Q. Tnh in dung ca t tr ny.
Hng dn: p dng kt qu ca bi tp 7.6 xc nh cng in
trng trong khong R
1
< r < R
2
, tc l E =
2
0
r
=
Q
2
0
Lr
, cn E = 0 khi
r < R
1
v r > R
2
. Cch tnh nh bi tp 8-7.
p s: C =
2
0
L
ln(R
2
/R
1
)

Chng 9 - in mi

55

CHNG 9 - IN MI

9.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Mc ch: Kho st hin tng phn cc in mi, tnh ton in
trng trong cht in mi v tm hiu tnh cht ca mt s cht c bit (cc
hiu ng p in thun, ngc trong in mi scnht).
2. Yu cu: Gii thch c hin tng phn cc in mi, hiu khi nim
vct phn cc in mi v phng php tnh in trng trong cht in mi.
Bit cc tnh cht ca in mi scnht v phn bit c s khc nhau gia
hiu ng p in thun vi hiu ng p in nghch.
9.2. TM TT NI DUNG
in mi l cht khng c in tch t do nn khng dn in. C hai loi
cht in mi: in mi c phn t t phn cc v in mi c phn t khng
phn cc. Khi t in mi trong in trng ngoi th xy ra hin tng phn
cc in mi: xut hin cc in tch phn cc (hay lin kt) nh x trong khi
in mi. Vct phn cc in mi
e
P c trng cho mc phn cc ca cht
in mi v hnh chiu ca n ln phng php tuyn ca b mt gii hn c
ln bng mt in tch phn cc ca mt gii hn .
ln ca in trng trong lng cht in mi s gim i ln so vi
in trng ngoi E
0
hay in trng trong mt mi trng bt k s gim i
ln so vi cng in trng y nhng trong chn khng.
ng sc in trng b gin on khi i qua mt phn cch gia hai
lp in mi, cn ng cm ng in th khng. Cc cht in mi Scnht c
nhiu tnh cht c bit v cc hiu ng p in thun, p in nghch u c
th xy ra trong chng.
Cc cng thc cn nh
Lin h gia vct cng in trng E v vct cm ng in D
D =
0
E
nh l O G trong in mi:

0

) (S
dS E =
i
i
q
Vct phn cc in mi Pe =
0
E v D=
0
E + Pe
Lin h gia Pe v : = P
en
=
0
E
n
.
Chng 9 - in mi

56
9.3. CU HI N TP
9.3.1. Chng minh rng in trng trong cht in mi gim i ln so
vi trong chn khng.
9.3.2. Hy gii thch ti sao ngi ta dng mui Scnht ch to cc t
in c in dung rt ln nhng kch thc nh gn?
9.4.1. Mt t in phng khng kh c S = 100cm
2
, d = 10mm. Ta a tm
kim loi phng c b dy b = 8mm vo sao cho n song song vi hai bn cc
ca t in.
a) Tnh in dung ca h thng .
b) Thay tm kim loi bng mt tm in mi c cng kch thc v c
hng s in mi = 5. Tnh in dung ca h thng mi.
p s: a) C
a
=
0
S
d - b
= 44,25pF
b) Xem h thng l ba t ghp ni tip C
b
=
0
S
d - b (1 - 1/)
= 24,58pF
9.4.2. Mt t in phng, hai bn cc cch nhau d = 10mm, v c lp
y bng cht in mi c = 4,5. Mun cho mt in tch lin kt trn
mt in mi l 6,2 x 10
-8
C/m
2
th cn phi t vo t in mt hiu in th
bng bao nhiu?
p s: U =
'd
0
(1 - 1/)
= 90,1V
9.4.3. T in phng khng kh, khong cch hai bn cc d = 10mm, mt
in mt
1
= 0,666 x 10
-5
C/m
2
v
2
= 0,333 x 10
-5
C/m
2
. Ta t tm in mi c
b dy a = 5mm, hng s in mi = 2 vo trong lng t in sao cho n song
song vi cc bn cc. Hy tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t in.
p s: U =
1
-
2
2
0
[d a(1 -
1
)] = 1412V
9.4.4. Gi s c mt t in phng, din tch mi bn cc l S, khong
cch hai bn l d, t thng ng trong khng kh, c tch in n hiu in
th U
0
, ri ngt khi ngun. Sau ta nng bnh ng cht in mi lng c
hng s in mi t di ln sao cho in mi ngp ng mt na chiu cao
Chng 9 - in mi

57
mi bn cc. Coi mt phn cch gia in mi v khng kh l phng v b qua
cong ca ng sc ti mt phn cch. Tnh:
a) in dung ca t in.
b) Hiu in th gia hai bn cc.
c) Cng in trng trong phn khng kh v in mi.
d) in tch trn mi phn v tng din tch ca t in.
e) bin thin nng lng ca t in. bin thin ny
chuyn ho thnh dng nng lng no?
Hng dn: Xem h thng l hai t mc song song vi nhau.
p s:
a) C =
0
S
2d
(1 + )
b) U =
2
1 +
U
0

c) E
1
= E
2
=
U
d
=
2
1 +

U
0
d
=
2
1 +
E
0

d) Q
1
= C
1
U =
0
SU
0
d(1 + )
, Q
2
= C
2
V =
0
SU
0
d(1 + )
, Q
1
+ Q
2
= Q =
0
SU
0
d

e) W = W - W
0
=
1
2
CU
2
-
1
2
C
0
U
0
2
=
0
SU
0
2
2d

1 -
1 +
< 0 (v > 1).
(chuyn ho thnh nhit nng Jun Lenx).
Chng 10 - Dng in khng i

58

CHNG 10 - DNG IN KHNG I

10.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Mc ch ca chng ny l nghin cu v dng in khng i: xem
xt bn cht ca dng in, trnh by cc i lng c trng ca dng in,
kho st nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchhoff v gii thiu khi nim sut in
ng ca ngun in.
2. Hc xong chng ny, yu cu i vi ngi hc l nm vng cc nh
ngha v cng dng in, vct mt dng in; hiu v vn dng tt cc
cng thc ca nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchhoff gii cc bi ton v mch
in mt chiu.
10.2. TM TT NI DUNG
Di tc dng ca in trng cc in tch s chuyn ng c hng v
to thnh dng in. Chiu ca dng in c qui c l chuyn ng ca cc
in tch dng. c trng cho mnh ca dng in qua mt tit din no
ca mi trng dn ngi ta dng i lng cng dng in i = dq/dt; c
trng cho mnh v phng chiu dng in ti mt im no l vct
mt dng in j vi j = dI/dS
n
. duy tr c dng in trong mch in
cn phi c ngun in vi sut in ng l i lng c trng ca n. Sut
in ng ca ngun in c trng cho kh nng sinh cng ca trng l tn
ti trong ngun. gii cc bi ton v dng khng i ta c th s dng cc
nh lut Ohm (cho on mch thun tr, cho on mch c ngun in) hoc
nh lut Kirchhoff (cho nt hoc cho vng kn).
Cc cng thc quan trng:
Cng dng in qua mt mt S: I =
s
ds j
Vct mt dng in do hai loi ht ti in to nn:
j = n
01
q
1 1
v + n
02
q
2 2
v
Sut in ng ca mt ngun in: =
) (c
E *ds
nh lut Ohm:
Cho on mch: I =
U
R

Cho on mch c ngun: U
AB
= I(R + r) .

59
Dng vi phn: j = E
nh lut Kirchhoff
Cho nt:

j
j
i
i
I I

Cho vng kn:
i
i i
R I
=
j
j

10.3. CU HI N TP
10.3.1. Con chim nh u trn dy in cao th m khng b git. V sao?
10.3.2. t on dy dn AB vo in trng
khng i nh hnh bn. R rng l V
A
> V
B
v V
A
V
B

= const > 0. Nh vy, theo nh lut Ohm phi tn ti
mt dng in khng i chy t A n B. iu c
xy ra khng? Ti sao?
10.3.3. Chui n trang tr gm nhiu bng n pin
mc ni tip sao cho mi bng chu mt hiu in th
3V (v c chui c mc vo hiu in th 220VAC chng hn). Khi mt
bng b hng, bn tho n ra khi gi (ui n) v nn chm tay vo hai cc
ca gi th in b git rt mnh (nguy him, ng chm vo!). Ti sao?
10.3.4. Dy kim loi ng cht, in tr sut = 1,6x10
-8
m, tit din u
S = 10mm
2
, mt electron t do n
0
= 2.10
28
/cm
3
. Cho dng in c cng
I = 1,6A chy qua y. Hy tnh:
a) S lng electron i qua tit din dy trong mt giy.
b) ln mt dng in.
c) in tr ca mi mt chiu di ca dy.
d) Vn tc trung bnh c hng ca cc electron t do.
p s:
a) 10
19
;
b) j = 1,6 .10
5
A/m
2
;
c) R = 0,0016;
d) v = 0,05mm/s.
10.3.5. Mch in nh hnh v, bit
1
= 3V,
2
= 6V, r
1
= r
2
= 1, R
1
= R
2
= 5, in tr vn
k v cng ln. Hy cho bit s ch ca vn k.
Cho cau hoi 10-2
E
A
B
- +
- +
A
1 1 1
R , r
B
r , R
2 2 2

V
Bi 10.5
Cu 10-2

60
Hng dn: Dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho vng kn xc nh dng in
chy trong mch ( ln v chiu). Sau dng nh lut Ohm cho on mch
c ngun tnh. U
BA
= 4,5V.
10.3.6. Cho mch in nh hnh v, bit
1
=
2
= 1,5V; r
1
= 0,2; r
2
= 0,3, C
1
= 0,3 F;
C
2
= 0,6F; R = 0,5.
a) Kho K m, tnh cng dng in
qua R v in tch Q
1
, Q
2
mi t in.
b) ng kho K li, tnh in lng chuyn
qua kho K.
p s: a) I = 3A; Q
1
= Q
2
= 0,3.10
-6
C;
b) q = 0,18.10
-6
C.
10.3.7. Cho mch in nh hnh v, bit
1
= 3V,
2
= 6V, r
1
= r
2
= 1,
R
1
= R
2
= 5, in tr ampe k A khng ng k, b qua in tr ca dy ni.
Hy cho bit s ch ca ampe k.
p s: I
A
= 1,5A

Bi tp 10-7
2 2 2
R r ,
B A

1 1 1
R , r
+ -
A
R
- + - +
A
C
1
C
2
B
r , r ,
2 2 1 1
k
Bi tp 10-6
Chng 11 - T trng ca dng in khngi

61

CHNG 11 - T TRNG CA
DNG IN KHNG I

11.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau nghin cu chng ny, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Hiu c v nh cc nh lut: Ampre, Boit-Savart-Laplace, cc nh
l: Oxtrogratxki-Gaux v t thng qua mt kn, nh l Ampre v dng in
ton phn.
2. Vn dng c cc nh l v nh lut trn tnh c t trng gy
bi: dng in thng, dng in trn, cun dy hnh xuyn, cun dy thng di,
khung dy in kn...
3. Xc nh c t trng gy bi ht in chuyn ng v lc Lorentz
tc dng ln ht in chuyn ng trong t trng.
11.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Thc nghim xc nhn c lc tng tc gia cc dng in tng t nh
tng tc gia cc nam chm. Lc ny c gi l t lc.
Ampre a ra nh lut thc nghim: lc t F d
do phn t dng I l d
tc
dng ln phn t dng
o o
l d I

cch n mt khong r c xc nh bi tch vect
kp (11-3):
F d
4
o
3
0 0
r
) r l Id ( l d I

(1)
trong ,
o
l hng s t:
o
= 4.10
-7
H/m.
2. Dng in gy ra xung quanh n mt t trng, t trng truyn lc
tng tc gia cc dng in, n tc dng ln bt k dng in no t trong
n. i lng c trng cho t trng v mt tc dng lc l vect cm ng t
B
v cng t trng H
.
Phn t dng in l Id
gy ra vect cm ng t B d
ti im M cch n mt
on r c xc nh bi nh lut Biot-Savart-Laplace (11-6):
B d
0
3
4
.
Idl r
r
(2)
Nh vy, lc do phn t dng l Id
tc dng ln phn t dng

o o
l d I

biu
din qua cm ng t l: F d
=
o o
l d I

B d
(3)

62
Ngi ta cn a ra vect cng t trng H
c trng cho tc dng

ca t trng, trong trng hp mi trng ng nht v ng hng, lin h
vi vect B
theo biu thc: B
=
o
H

3. T trng tun theo nguyn l chng cht:

) L (
B d B

hay B
i
i
B

T cng thc (2), ta tm c ln ca vect cm ng t B
gy bi mt
on dy dn in thng c dng in I ti im cch n mt on a bng:
) cos (cos =
2 1
o
-
a 4
I
B
Nu dng in thng di v hn th

a 2
I
B
o
= suy ra
a 2
I
H =
Cng t (2) ta tnh c cm ng t do dng in trn cng I bn knh
R gy ra ti im nm trn trc cch tm O mt khong h (11-17):
B=

. .
( )
/
0
2 2 3 2
2
I S
R h
+
=
m
p
h R
.
) ( 2
.
2 / 3 2 2
0
+

trong S I p
m
= l mmen t ca dng in trn, c phng trng vi trc

ng trn, c chiu trng vi chiu ca vect B
. Nu cho h=0, ta tm c
cm ng t B
gy bi dng in trn ti tm O.
4. T (2), nu ch n mi lin h l Id
= nqv
, vi n l tng s ht in
trong phn t dng l Id
ta d dng tm c vect cm ng t do ht in q
chuyn ng vi vn tc v gy ra ti im cch n mt on r (11-19):
3
0
q
r
r v q
4
B

5. biu din t trng mt cch trc quan, ngi ta a ra khi nim
ng sc t trng (ng cm ng t). Khc vi ng sc ca trng tnh
in, ng sc t l nhng ng cong kn. Do t thng qua mt kn S
bng khng:
S d . B

= 0 v suy ra divB
= 0.
l nh l O-G i vi t trng. nh l cho thy cc ng sc t l
nhng ng cong kn.
6. Tnh cht xoy ca t trng cn c th hin nh l v dng in
ton phn (nh l Ampre) (11-32):

H dl
C
.
( )
n
1 k
k
I

63
trong ,
n
1 k
k
I l tng i s cc dng in xuyn qua din tch gii hn bi
ng cong kn C. nh l Ampre gip tnh ton thun li cm ng t B v
cng t trng H ti mt im bn trong ng dy in hnh xuyn:
B=
o
R
nI
2

trong , n l tng s vng dy qun trn ng, R l bn knh ca vng trn
tm O ca vng xuyn i qua im tnh B.
T ta tnh c cm ng t gy bi ng dy thng di v hn c s
vng dy trn mt n v di n
o
:
B =
o
n
o
I
7. T biu thc (3) ta suy ra lc t F d
tc dng ln phn t dng l Id
t
trong t trng c cm ng t B
:
B l Id F d

Ta suy ra mt on dy dn di l c dng in I t trong t trng c cm
ng t B (trn l vect B
= const) s chu tc dng mt lc t:

B l . I F

l lc Ampre. T ta suy ra hai dng in I
1
, I
2
song song nhau s
ht nhau nu cng chiu, s y nhau nu ngc chiu. Lc do dng in ny
tc dng ln mt on di l ca dng in kia l (11-39):
F
21
=

0
2 d
I
1
I
2
.l = F
12

8. Mt khung dy in kn c dng in I t trong t trng B s chu tc
dng ca mt mmen lc M
(11-40):
M
=
m
P

B
trong , S I p
m
= l mmen t ca ca dng in I chy trong khung dy.

Khung dy nh vy trong t trng B s c mt th nng:
W
m
= - B P
m

.
9. Khi t thng qua mch in thay i, lc t thc hin mt cng:
A= I(
m2
-
m1
) =I
m,
trong ,
m
l bin thin t thng gi qua din tch ca mch in c
cng dng I khng i.
10. Nu ht in q chuyn ng trong t trng
B
vi vn tc v s chu tc
dng ca lc Lorentz:
L
F
=qv


64
Lc Lorentz
L
F
vung gc vi v
v B
, nn cng ca lc ny bng khng,

n ch lm i phng chuyn ng ca ht in, khng lm cho ng nng ca
ht in thay i v ng vai tr ca lc hng tm. Nu t trng l u v vn
tc v
vung gc vi B
th ht in s chuyn ng theo qu o trn trong mt

phng vung gc vi B
, cn nu v
hp vi B
mt gc th ht in s chuyn
ng theo ng xon c c trc cng phng vi B
, cng chiu vi B
nu l
gc nhn, ngc chiu vi B
nu l gc t.
11.3. CU HI N TP
1. Nu th nghim minh ho tng tc gia dng in v nam chm,
gia dng in v dng in.
2. Pht biu nh lut Ampre, vit biu thc B d
gy bi phn t dng l Id

ti mt im trong t trng ca n. Nu r phng chiu v ln ca B d
.
3. Pht biu nguyn l chng cht t trng. p dng nguyn l ny nh
th no tnh t trng gy bi cc dng in.
4. Tnh cm ng t B v cng t trng H gy bi dng in thng ni
chung, dng in thng di v hn, bi dng in trn.
5. Xc nh cm ng t B gy bi in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v.
6. nh ngha ng sc t v t ph. Nu tnh cht ca ph ng sc t.
V ph cc ng sc ca t trng gy bi mt vi dng in.
7. nh ngha t thng, rt ra nh l O-G i vi t trng.
8. Ti sao ni t trng c tnh cht xoy? Vit biu thc ton hc th hin
tnh cht xoy ca t trng.
9. nh ngha lu s ca vect cng t trng H
. Thit lp nh l
Ampre. Cho v d minh ho nh l ny.
10. ng dng nh l Ampre v dng in ton phn tnh cng t
trng H (v tnh B) ti mt im bn trong cun dy hnh xuyn. T suy ra
biu thc ca cng t trng H v cm ng t B gy bi ng dy in
thng di v hn.
11. Vit biu thc lc Ampre ca t trng B tc dng ln phn t dng
in l Id
. Nu r phng chiu ln ca lc ny.

12. Tm lc tc dng gia hai dng in thng song song di v hn cng
chiu v ngc chiu nhau.
13. Tnh cng ca t lc khi lm di chuyn mt mch in kn trong t trng.
14. Tm t lc tc dng ln ht in q chuyn ng trong t trng (lc Lorentz).

65
15. Ht in q chuyn ng vi vn tc v c qu o nh th no trong
trong t trng B
= const? Xt trng hp v
, v trng hp v
hp vi B

mt gc .
1. Mt dng in cng I = 6A chy trong mt dy dn in un thnh
hnh vung ABCD c cnh a = 10cm . Xc nh vect cm ng t B v cng
t trng H ti tm O ca mch in . Chiu dng in ngc chiu kim
ng h.
p s: B
1
=
( )

OM 4

sin + sin
.
.
.
; Trong : OM = a/2
B
1
= T
5
2
7
10 . 69 , 1
4
sin
4
sin
10 . 5
6 . 10

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

Vy B = 4B
1
= 6,67.10
-5
T
V H=

=
4 . 10
10 . 67 , 6
7
5
= 53,50 A / m.
2. Mt dy dn ng knh d = 1mm qun thnh mt ng dy thng sao
cho vect cm ng t B
trong ng c gi tr bng 3.10

-2
T .Cng dng
in chy trong ng dy bng 6A. Cun dy c my lp, bit rng cc vng dy
qun st nhau.
p s: p dng cng thc: B=
0
n

Trong n
o
l s vng qun trn mt n v di (tc l s vng qun trn
mt di ca ng dy bng 1 m).
T cng thc trn, ta rt ra: n
o
= 4000
6 . 10 . 4
10 . 3
.
7
2

B
vng / m
Nu ng knh d ca si dy l 10
-3
m th mi lp trn 1m s c:

3
3
10
10
1 1

d
vng
Vy s lp phi qun l: 4
1000
4000
lp
3. Mt dy dn c un thnh mt hnh tam gic u, mi cnh l a =
50cm. Dng in chy trong dy dn c cng I=3,14 A. Tnh cng
ca vect cm ng t B
v cng t trng H ti tm ca tam gic .

p s: B = 1,13.10
-5
T ; H = 9 A/m.
4. Mt dng in cng I chy trong mt dy dn un thnh hnh ch
nht c cnh l a v b. Xc nh cc vect B
v H ti tm 0 ca hnh ch nht

66
. Cho bit I=12A, a=16cm, b = 30cm . Chiu dng in ngc chiu kim
ng h.
p s: B =
( )
T 10 . 68 a b
ab 2
2
6 - 2 2
= +

Chiu ca B
v H vung gc vi mt hnh v v hng ra pha ngoi.

5. Cho hai dng in thng di v hn song song vi nhau t cch nhau
5cm, cng ca hai dng in bng nhau v bng I=10A. Xc nh vect
cm ng t B
gy bi cc dng din ti mt im A nm gia hai dng in

trong cc trng hp:
a) Cc dng in chy cng chiu.
b) Cc dng in chy ngc chiu nhau.
p s: a) B=0; b) B=1,6.10
-4
T.
6. Mt ng dy in thng c qun bng mt si dy dn ng knh
d=1mm, dng in chy trong dy dn l 4A. S lp qun trn ng dy l 3 lp.
Tnh s vng dy qun trn mt n v di ca ng. Tnh cng ca vect
cm ng t B
v cng t trng H bn trong ng.

p s: n = 3000 vng/m; B= 150,8.10
-4
T; H=12000A/m
7. Tm cng t trng ti mt im cch mt dy dn thng di v hn
2cm c dng in cng I=5A.
p s: H= m A
a
/ 8 , 39
10 . 2 . 14 , 3 . 2
5
2
2

8. Tm cng t trng ti tm mt dng in trn bn knh 1cm c
dng in cng bng 1A.
p s: H = m
R
/ 50
10 . 2
1
2
2

.
9. Hnh v (h 9) biu din tit din ca hai
dy dn in thng di v hn c mang dng
in I
1
, I
2
. Khong cch gia hai dy dn bng
10cm, I
1
=20A, I
2
=30A. Tm cng t
trng gy bi cc dng I
1
v I
2
ti cc im
M
1
, M
2
, M
3
. Cho bit AM
1
=2cm, AM
2
=4cm,
BM
3
=3cm.
p s: H
1
=120 A/m; H
2-
=159A/m; H
3
=135 A/m.

10. Gii bi tp trn, vi iu kin cc dng in I
1
v I
2
chy cng chiu.
p s: H
1
=199A/m; H
2
=0A/m; H
3
=183 A/m.
11. Hnh v (h11) biu din tit din ca ba dng in thng di v hn.
M1
M3
M2
A
I1
B
I1
A
I2
B
I3
C
(h9)
(h11)

67
Cho bit: AB = BC = 5cm, I
1
=

I
2
= I v I
3
=2I. Tm mt im trn AC ti
cng t trng gy bi ba dng in bng khng.
p s: R rng l trn an BC, t trng tng hp gy bi ba dng in
khng th bng khng v ti c ba t trng
1
H
,
2
H
,
3
H
u cng phng
chiu. im M cn tm ch c th nm trong an AB. t AM=x.Ta vit c:
H
1
- H
2
+H
3
= 0;
( ) ( )
0
x - 10 2
I 2
x 5 2
I
x 2
I
= +
-
-
Php tnh cho ta: x = cm 3 , 3
15
50

12. Cng bi ton trn, nu c ba dng in I
1
, I
2
, I
3
u cng chiu.
p s: Trong trng hp ny, im N cn tm khng th nm ngoi
on AC v khi
1
H
+
2
H
+
3
H
lun lun khc khng. im N cn tm ch c

th nm trn ng thng AC trong cc khang AB hoc BC. t AN=x, ta
vit c:
1
H
+
2
H
+
3
H
= 0,
3 2 1
H H H +
( ) ( )
x - 10 2
2
x - 5 2
I
x 2
I
+ =
Ta thu c mt phng trnh bc hai cho x, v c nghim bng: x
1
=1,8cm ;
x
2
= 6,96cm.
13. Hai dng in thng di v hn song song
t cch nhau 5cm. Dng din chy trong cc dy
cng chiu v c cng cng I
1
= I
2
=10A .Tm
vect cng t trng gy bi hai dng in ti
im K cch u mi dng 3cm (Hnh 11-13bt).
p s:
H
2
=
2
1
H +
2
2
H +2H
1
H
2
cos (1)
Trong :
H
1
= H
2
=I/2 a (2)
d
2
=
2
1
a +
2
2
a - 2a
1
a
2
cos =2a
2
-2a
2
cos (3)
Rt cos t (3) v H
1
, H
2
t (2) v thay vo (1), ta c:
H =
2 2
2
4
2
d a
a
I
= 58,68 A/m
14. Cho hai dng in di v hn nm trong cng mt
mt phng v vung gc vi nhau. Cng hai dng
K
a
M N
H
H
k
1
2 1
a
H
2
Hnh 11-13bt
I
I
A
B
C
D
Hnh 11-14bt

68
in u bng 5A v c chiu nh hnh v 11-14bt. Tm cng t trng H
gy bi hai dng in ti cc im cch u hai dng 10cm .
p s: H
B
=H
1
+H
2
= 2
a
I
2
=
1
10 . 14 , 3 . 2
5 . 2
=15,92A/m
T trng ti D c phng vung gc vi mt phng hnh v v c chiu
hng vo pha trong hnh v, c ln bng:
H
D
=15,92A/m, H
C
= H
A
=0
15. C mch in nh hnh v (Hnh11-15bt), dng in
chy trong mch bng I =10A. Xc nh cm ng t B ti
im O. Cho bit bn knh R ca cung trn bng R= 10cm v
gc
0
60 .
p s: B= T T
R
I
9 , 6 10 . 9 , 6
12
1
4
3
6

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

16. Ngi ta ni hai im A v B ca mt vng
dy dn hnh trn vi hai cc ca mt ngun in.
Phng ca cc dy ni i qua tm ca vng dy. B
qua nh hng ca cc on dy ni. Xc nh cng
t trng ti tm ca vng dy (Hnh11- 16bt).
p s: H
0
=0.
17. Hai vng dy dn trn c tm trng nhau v
c t sao cho trc ca chng vung gc vi nhau,
bn knh mi vng dy bng R=2cm. Dng in chy qua chng c cng I
1

= I
2
=5A . Tm cng t trng ti tm ca cc vng dy .
p s: H=
2
2
2
1
H H + = 176 A/m.
18. Hai vng dy ging nhau bn knh
r = 10cm c t song song, trc trng nhau
v mt phng ca chng cch nhau mt on
a=20cm (hnh 11-18bt). Tnh cm ng t ti
tm mi vng dy v ti im gia ca on
thng ni tm ca chng trong hai trng hp:
a) Cc dng in chy trn cc vng
dy bng nhau v cng chiu.
b) Cc dng in chy trn cc vng dy bng nhau v ngc chiu.
A
I
B
_
+
O
Hnh 11-16bt

2

1
C
O
R
L
Hnh 11-15bt
B
b )
a
a )
M
B2
B1
01 02
02 01
B1
B2
M

69
p s: a) Trng hp cc dng in cng chiu: Ti mt im bt k trn
trc vng dy, ta c:
B=
( ) ( ) [ ]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,
+
+
+
2 / 3
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2
2
h a R
R
h R
R

T suy ra ti O
1
, h=0 ; ti O
2
, h=a.

[ ]
T
a R
R
R
B B
o o
5
2 / 3
2 2
2
2 1
10 . 1 , 2
1
2

]
]
]
]
,
,
,
+

Ti M, h=a/2 ta c:
( )
T
a R
R
B
M
5
2 / 3
2 2
2
10 . 35 , 1 .
2

b) Trng hp cc dng in ngc chiu: Ti mt im bt k trn vng
dy, ta c:
( ) ( ) [ ]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,
+
2 / 3
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2
2
h a R
R
h R
R
B

T suy ra: Ti O
1
, h = 0,
[ ]
T
a R
R
R
B
o
5
2 / 3
2 2
2
1
10 . 7 , 1
1
2

]
]
]
]
,
,
,
+

01
B
hng cng chiu vi

1
B
. Ti o
2,
h = a,
2 O
B
hng cng chiu vi

2
B
.
Ti M, h = a/2, B
M
= 0.
19. Xc nh cng in trng ti cc im nm bn trong v bn
ngoi mt dy dn hnh tr c di v hn c dng in cng I chy qua.
Cho bit bn knh tit din thng ca hnh tr l R.
p s: H= . .
2
2
r
R
(
,
\
,
(
j
(H t l bc nht vi r), Vi 0<r<R

H=
r 2
(H t l nghch vi r), Vi: r > R.

20. Tm cng t trng H gy bi mt an AB ca dy dn thng
mang dng in ti mt im C nm trn ng trung trc ca AB, Cch AB
mt an a=5cm. Dng in c cng I=20A. an AB c nhn t im
C di gc 60
0
.
p s:
Gi M l trung im ca an AB, gi gc l gc =ACM=BCM=30
0
.
Ta c: H
c
= ( ) m A
a
/ 8 , 31
10 . 5 . 14 , 3 . 4
2
1
2
1
. 20
sin sin
4
2

]
]
]
,
,
+
+
.

70
21. Cho mt ng dy in thng di 30cm gm 1000 vng dy. Tm cng
t trng trong ng dy, nu cng dng in chy qua ng dy bng
2A. Coi ng knh ng dy rt nh so vi di ca ng.
p s: H= m A n / 6670
3
10 . 2
2 .
10 . 3
1000
4
1
0

.
22. Dy dn ca ng dy in thng c ng knh bng 0,8 mm. Cc vng
dy c qun st nhau. Coi ng dy rt di. Tm cng t trng bn trong
ng dy, nu cng dng in chy qua ng dy bng 1A.
p s: H= m A n / 1250
3
10 . 2
1 .
8 , 0
1000
4
0
.
23. Mt ng dy in di khi dng in chy qua trong cun bng 0,3A th
gy ra trn trc ca ng mt t trng c cm ng t B = 3,15.10
-3
T. Tm
ng knh d ca si dy in qun quanh ng, cho bit ng dy c qun
mt lp v cc vng dy qun st nhau. ng dy khng c li.
p s: mm 2 , 0 m 10 . 2 , 0
10 . 15 , 3
5 , 0 . 10 . 4 . 1
B
I
d
3
3
7
0
= = = =
-
-
-

24. Mt dng in thng di v hn cng I
1
= 10A t
cnh mt khung dy in un thnh hnh vung mi cnh di l
= 40 cm. Cnh gn nht ca khung dy cch dy mt khong
bng a = 2cm. Dng in I
2
chy trong khung c cng I
2
=
2,5 A. Tnh lc tc dng ca dng in thng di v hn ln
khung cho bit chiu dng in nh hnh v (H.11-24bt).
p s: l I I )
1 a
1
a
1
(
2

F F F
2 1
0
4 3
+
= = - - = N 10 . 52 , 9
a ) 1 a ( 2
l I I
5
2
2 1 0 -
=
+
.
Kt qu l khung b ht v pha dng in I
1
.
25. Mt dng in thng di v hn cng I
1
t cnh mt khung dy
dn un thnh hnh ch nht, cnh ngn l a, cnh di l b, cnh ny song song
vi dng in I
1
. Cnh gn nht ca khung cch dng in mt on d c dng
in ngc vi I
1
. Tm lc F tc dng ln khung. Lc l lc y hay lc ht.
Cho bit dng in chy trong khung l I
2
.
p s:
d d a
ab I I
F
) ( 2
2 1 0
+

26. Mt dy dn thng di 70 cm t trong mt t trng u c B = 0,1T.
Dy dn hp vi ng sc t gc = 30
0
. Tm t lc tc dng ln dy dn khi
cho dng in I = 70 A chy qua.
p s: N IlB F 45 , 2
2
1
. 7 , 0 . 70 sin
I 1 I 2
C
D A
B
Hnh. 24bt
Hnh 11-24bt

71
27. Mt ht in c vn tc v = 10
6
m/s bay vo trong mt t trng u c
cm ng t B = 0,3T. Vn tc ca ht vung gc vi cc ng sc t trng.
Tm bn knh R ca vng trn qu o ca ht v chu k quay ca n.
p s: V vn tc v
vung gc vi B
, lc Lozentz B v q F
q
gi vai tr
ca lc hng tm F
q
= qvB = mv
2
/R. Do bn knh qu o R bng:
m
qB
mv
R
2
19
6 27
10 . 7
3 , 0 . 10 . 2 , 3
10 . 10 . 64 , 6

Chu k quay T bng: s
v
R
T
7
6
2
10 . 4
10
10 . 7 . 14 , 3 . 2 2

28. Mt ht electron c vn tc 10
7
m/s bay song song vi mt dy dn
thng mang dng in i v cch dng in mt on d = 2mm. Tm lc t ca
dng in tc dng ln electron, cho bit dng in chy trong dy dn bng
10A.
p s:
Cm ng t gy bi dng in i ti mt im cch dy mt on d bng:
d 2
I
B
0 0
= . Lc Lozentz tc dng ln ht lectron chuyn ng trong t trng
bng: F
L
= evBsin, y = /2. Ta c:
N 10
10 . 2 . 14 , 3 . 2
10 . 10 . 14 , 3 . 4 . 10 . 10 . 6 , 1
d 2
i ev
F
15
3
6 7 19
0
L
-
-
-
= = =
-
.
29. Mt electron c tng tc bi hiu in th U =10
3
V bay vo trong
mt t trng u vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca n. Cm ng t
B = 1,19.10
-3
T. Tm:
a) Bn knh cong ca qu o lectron.
b) Chu k quay ca electron trn vng trn.
c) Mmen ng lng ca electron i vi tm qu o.
p s:
a) Vn tc ca lectron trc khi bay vo t trng c xc nh bng h
thc eU = mv
2
/2. Lc Lorentz tc dng ln ht e gi vai tr lc hng tm
mv
2
/R = evB. T rt ra:
m
eB
mU
R
2
2
10 . 9
2

b) Chu k quay khng ph thuc vo vn tc ca lectron
s
eB
m
T
8
10 . 3
2

c) Mmen ng lng i vi tm qu o bng

72
s kgm mRv
R
v mR
I L / 10 . 5 , 1
.
2 24
2

Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t

72

CHNG 12 - HIN TNG CM NG IN T

12.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Nghin cu xong chng ny, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Hiu v gii thch c cc th nghim v cm ng in t.
2. Thit lp c biu thc nh lut c bn v cm ng in t. Nm v
vn dng c nh lut Lentz xc nh chiu ca dng in cm ng.
3. Vn dng c cc nh lut trn gii thch cc hin tng cm ng
in t, hin tng t cm, h cm trong thc t v gii cc bi tp.
4. Nm c khi nim v thit lp cng thc tnh nng lng ca t trng.
12.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Khi t thng gi qua mt mch in kn bin i th trong mch s xut
hin mt dng in cm ng. Chiu ca dng in ny c xc nh theo nh
lut Lentz: Dng cm ng lun c chiu sao cho t trng ca n lun chng
li nhng nguyn nhn sinh ra n. Sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong
mch c xc nh bi biu thc (12-1):
c
= -
d
dt
m
. Du tr - th hin nh
lut Lentz.
Mt khi vt dn t trong t trng bin thin, trong vt dn s xut
hin dng in cm ng. Dng in ny c gi l dng Foucault, hay dng
in xoy. Dng in xoy c vai tr quan trng trong k thut.
2. Nu nguyn nhn ca s bin thin t thng trong mch li do s bin
thin dng in trong bn thn mch gy ra th dng in cm ng lc c
gi l dng t cm.
Sut in ng gy ra dng t cm c gi l S t cm, n c xc
nh bi biu thc (12-1):

c
= -
d
dt
m

trong t thng
m
c xc nh bi (12-2)
m
= L.I, L c gi l h
s t cm ca mch in, n ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc ca mch
in, vo tnh cht ca mi trng bao quanh mch. Do :

tc
= -
d L I
dt
( . )

Trong trng hp L= const, ta c:

73

tc
= - L
dI
dt

Hin tng t cm c nhiu ng dng trong k thut: Dng ti b mt
kim loi; Khi c dng in cao tn chy trong mt dy dn, dng in gn nh
ch tp trung b mt dy dn, do tit kim, ngi ta dng dy dn rng.
3. Vi hai vng dy dn t gn nhau, nu dng in trong chng bin
thin theo thi gian th gia chng c s cm ng ln nhau, l hin tng h
cm. Sut in ng h cm xut hin trong cc mch c xc nh theo
(12-10) v (12-11):
trong mch (C
2
) l:

hc2
= -
d
dt
m
12
= - M
dI
dt
1

v trong (C
1
) l:

hc1
= -
d
dt
m
21
= - M
dI
dt
2

trong , M c gi l h s h cm gia hai mch, c cng n v vi
h s t cm L v do cng c tnh bng n v Henry (H).
4. Cun dy in thng di c dng in I c nng lng (12-12):
W
m
=
2
1
LI
2
; Nng lng ny tch tr bn trong t trng ca cun dy. cng
chnh l nng lng ca t trng bn trong ng dy. Nu lin h vi cc i
lng c trng cho t trng, ta c mt nng lng t trng bn trong
ng dy thng di:
m
=
W
V
m
=
1
2
2
LI
V
=
1
2
0
2
2
( . )
n S
l
I
lS
=
1
2
0
2
2
2
. .
n
l
I
Cm ng t B trong ng dy l: B =
0
.
n
l
I , ta suy ra biu thc mt
nng lng t trng
m
=
1
2
2
0
.
B
(12-13)
Biu thc (12-13) ng i vi t trng bt k, t ta suy ra nng lng
ca t trng bt k c th tch V:
W
m
=
1
2
) (
.
V
dV H B

=

) V ( 0
2
dV
B
2
1

=
2
H
(V)
0
dV
2
1

(12-15)

74
12.3. CU HI N TP
1. M t th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t.
2. Pht biu nh lut Lentz, nu mt v d minh ho nh lut ny.
3. Thit lp biu thc c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t.
c
= -
dt
d
m

4. Trnh by nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu. Thit lp biu thc
dng in xoay chiu
i=I
o
sin (t+)
5. Nu hin tng t cm. Nu mt s mch in minh ho cho hin
tng ny.
6. Thnh lp biu thc sut in ng t cm. Vit biu thc h s t cm
ca cun dy. C th thay i h s t cm bng cch no?
7. Trnh by hin tng h cm gia hai mch in. Vit cng thc S
h cm gia hai mch in.
8. Thit lp biu thc nng lng t trng trong ng dy, t thit lp
biu thc nng lng ca t trng bt k.
1. Mt cun dy gm 100 vng dy kim loi quay u trong mt t trng
u, vect cm ng t B
c gi tr bng 0,1T. Cun dy quay vi vn tc 5

vng/s. Tit din ngang ca cun dy l 100 cm
2
. Trc quay vung gc vi trc
ca cun dy v vi phng ca t trng. Tm gi tr cc i ca sut in ng
cm ng
c
xut hin trong cun dy khi n quay trong t trng.
p s: V n NBS 14 , 3 . 2 .
max

2. Trong mt t trng u c cng t trng
H, ngi ta treo mt vng dy dn phng sao cho mt
phng ca vng dy vung gc vi cc ng sc t.
Vng dy c khp kn bng mt in k. Quay vng
dy mt gc quanh phng thng ng. Tm quan h
gia gc quay v in tch q chy qua in k. p
dng bng s q = 9,5.10
-3
C, H = 10
5
A/m, in tch
vng dy S=10
3
cm
2
, in tr vng dy R = 2. Cho
o
= 4.10
7
H/m.
p s: cos = 1-
HS
Rq
0
= -0,5. = 120
o
.

G

H

75
C
B
1

2
L
b
+ - - +
3. Trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B = 0,4T, ngi ta t mt ng
dy gm N = 300 vng. in tr ca ng dy R = 40, din tch tit din
ngang ca vng dy S = 16 cm
2
. ng dy c t sao cho trc ca n lp mt
gc
o
60 so vi phng ca t trng. Tm in tch q chy qua ng dy khi
t trng gim v khng.
p s: q = NBScos /R = 2,4.10
-3
C
4. Trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B, c mt thanh kim loi c
di l quay vi tn s n quanh mt trc thng ng, trc quay song song
vi t trng B
. Mt u i qua trc. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin

ti u thanh.
p s:
t
t n l B

. . .
2
= -B. n l . .
2

5. Mt my bay bay theo phng nm ngang vi vn tc 900 km/h. Tm
sut in ng cm ng xut hin trn hai u cnh my bay, nu thnh phn
thng ng ca vect cm ng t B
Tri t bng 0,5.10

-4
T. Cho bit khong
cch gia hai u cnh l = 12,5m.
p s: 156 , 0 . .
B v l
t
V, (i n v vn tc ra m/s).

6. Cng bi ton trn, nhng xt khi my bay bay vi vn tc 950 km/s,
khong cch gia hai u cnh bng 12,5m. Ngi ta o c sut in ng
cm ng xut hin hai u cnh . 165mV Tm thnh phn thng ng ca
cm ng t tri t.
p s: B = 10
-5
T.
7. Mt vng dy dn c din tch S = 10
2
cm
2
c ct
ti mt im no v ti im ct ngi ta mc vo mt t
in c in dung C = 10 F . Vng dy c t trong mt
t trng u c cc ng sc vung gc vi mt phng
ca vng dy. Cm ng t B bin thin u theo thi gian
vi tc 5.10
-3
T/s. Xc nh in tch ca t in.
p s: C
dt
dB S
C C q
10 3 2 6
10 . 5 10 . 5 . 10 . 10 . 10
.
. .

8. Mt khung dy dn hnh ch nht c cnh ngn l
L c t trong mt t trng u c cng t
trng H. T trng H vung gc vi mt khung v
hng ra ngoi hnh v. Mt thanh kim loi ab trt trn
khung, lun lun song song vi cnh L, vi vn tc v.

76
in tr ca thanh l R. B qua in tr ca khung. Xc nh cng dng
in xut hin trn ab.
p s: v . L . H .
dt
dx
. L . H .
R R
i
o o

2 1
= = = = ( A )
9. Mt thanh dy dn di l = 10cm chuyn ng vi vn tc v = 15 m/s
trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B = 0,1T. Tm sut in ng xut hin
trong thanh dn, bit rng thanh lun lun vung gc vi ng sc t trng
v phng dch chuyn.
p s: 15 0 10 0 15 1 0
, , . . , l . v . B
dt
dx
. l . B
dt
d
= = = = = V
10. Mt khung dy dn hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a t trong t trng
ca mt dy dn thng di v hn, dng in c cng l i. Khung dch
chuyn v pha phi ca dng in vi vn tc v. Cc cnh AD v BC lun lun
song song vi dng in. Trong khi dch chuyn, khung lun nm trong cng
mt phng vi dng in. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong khung
nh hm ca khong cch x tnh t dng in.
p s:
) a x ( x .
a . v . i . .
dt
d
o m
+
= =
2

2

11. Mt a bng ng bn knh r = 5cm c t vung gc vi ng
sc ca t trng u c cm ng t B = 0,2 T. a quay vi vn tc gc 3
rad/s. Cc im a, b l nhng im tip xc trt dng in c th i qua a
theo bn knh ab.
a. Tm sc in ng cm ng xut hin
trong mch.
b. Tm chiu ca dng in cm ng nu cm
ng t B vung gc t pha trc ra pha sau hnh
v v a quay ngc chiu kim ng h.
p s: a)
2
3 . 2 . 10 . 25 . 2 , 0
2
. .
4 2

r B
dt
d

= 4,7mV
b) Dng in chy t a n b.
12. Mt mch in trn bn knh r c t trong mt t trng u c
cm ng t B. Mt phng ca mch in vung gc vi t trng. in tr
mch in l R. Tm in lng chy trong mch khi quay mch mt gc
o
60 .
p s: q =
R
r B
2
.
2

a
b


77
13. Trong mt t trng u c cm ng t 0,05T, ngi ta cho quay mt
thanh dn c di l = 1m vi vn tc gc khng i bng 20 rad/s. Trc quay
i qua mt u thanh v song song vi ng sc t trng. Tm sut in
ng xut hin ti cc u thanh.
p s: T thng
m
do thanh qut trong khi quay bng:
m
= B.S = B
2
.l
trong l l di thanh. Gi n l tn s quay bng ta c:
5 , 0
2
. .
2
. . . . . .
2
2 2

n l B
l B n l B
V
14. Tm h s t cm L ca mt cun dy gm 400 vng trn di 20 cm.
Tit din ngang ca cng bng 9 cm
2
. Tm h s t cm L ca cun dy ny,
nu ta a mt li st c 400 vo trong ng.
p s: L = 360 mH = 0,36 H.
15. Mt ng dy in gm N vng dy ng, tit din mi si dy bng S
1
.
ng dy c di bng l v in tr bng R. Tm h s t cm ca ng dy.
p s:
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
2
4

4

. l .
S R
.
. l
S . r .
. r . .
l
N
. S . l n . . L
o o o o
= = = =
16. Tm h s t cm ca mt cun dy c qun 800 vng dy. di ca
cun dy bng 0,25m, ng knh vng dy bng 4cm. Cho mt dng in
bng 1A chy qua cun dy. Tm t thng gi qua tit din ca cun dy.
Tm nng lng t trng trong ng dy.
p s: H s t cm L = mH
l
S N
4
4
04 , 0 .
.
25 , 0
800
. 10 . 4
2 2
7
2
0

T thng gi qua tit din cun dy:

6
3 2
10 . 5
800
1 . 10 . 4 .

N
i L
Wb
Nng lng t trng gi qua ng dy in:

3
2 3 2
10 . 2
2
1 . 10 . 4
2
Li
W

J
17. Mt khung dy in phng kn hnh vung to bi dy ng c tit
din 1mm
2
t trong mt t trng bin thin c cm ng t B = B
o
.sint,
trong B
o
= 0,01T. Chu k bin thin ca cm ng t l T = 0,02s. Din tch
ca khung bng S= 25 cm
2
. Mt phng ca khung vung gc vi ng sc t
trng. Tm gi tr cc i v s ph thuc vo thi gian ca:
a. T thng gi qua khung.
b. Sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong khung.
c. Cng dng in chy trong khung.

78
p s:
a. T thng = BS = B
0
S.sin . t = B
0
S.sin t
T
2
= B
0
S.sin100 t (Wb)
trong :
5 4
max
10 . 5 , 2 10 . 25 . 01 , 0 .

S B
o
Wb
b. Sc in ng cm ng xut hin trong khung:

dt
d
B
0
S.100 cos(100 t) (V)
trong :
3 5
max
10 . 85 , 7 314 . 10 . 5 , 2 100 . .

S B
o
V
c. Dng in i xut hin trong khung
i=
R
t
R
) . 100 cos( .
max

trong :
R
i
max
, R l in tr ca khung c tnh bng R= l p. / S

0
vi
l = 4.5.10
2
cm= 0,2m l chu vi khung v S
0
l tit din dy ng.
Thay in tr xut ca ng bng 1,72.10
8
m v S
0
= 10
2 6
m
, ta tm
c in tr khung dy R =34,4.10
4
. Cui cng php tnh cho ta cng
dng in cc i trong khung:
3 , 2
max

R
i

A
18. Mt ng dy dn thng gm N = 500 vng t trong mt t trng sao
cho trc ng dy song song vi ng sc t trng. Tm sut in ng trung
bnh xut hin trong ng dy, cho bit cm ng t B thay i t 0 n 2T trong
thi gian t = 0,1s v ng knh ng dy d = 10 cm.
p s: V ,
t
B d
N
t
B S
N
t
N 5 78
2
= = = =
19. o cm ng t gia hai cc ca mt nam chm in, ngi ta t vo
mt cun dy N = 50 vng, din tch ngang mi vng S = 2cm
2
. Mt phng
cun dy vung gc vi ng sc t trng. Cun dy c khp kn bng mt
in k o din lng q phng qua. in tr cc in k R = 2.10
3
. in
tr ca cun dy rt nh so vi in tr ca in k nn c th b qua. Tm cm
ng t B gia hai cc ca nam chm, bit rng khi rt nhanh cun dy N ra
khi nam chm th in lng q phng qua in k bng q = 10
-6
C.
p s: T
N S
R q
B 2 , 0
50 . 10 . 2
10 . 2 . 10
.
.
4
3 6

20. Trong mt ng dy c h s t cm L = 0,021 H c mt dng in bin
thin t i i
o
sin , trong i
o
= 5A, tn s ca dng in l f = 50 Hz. Tm sut
in ng t cm xut hin trong cun dy.
p s:
t cos - t . cos . . . , - t . cos . Li
dt
di . L
-
tc
100 33 50 2 5 021 0
0
= = - = =
trong : 33 =
max tc
V
Chng 13 - Trng in t

79

CHNG 13 - TRNG IN T

13.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau khi nghin cu chng ny, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Hiu c hai lun im Maxwell. Thnh lp c phng trnh Maxwell-
Faraday, phng trnh Maxwell-Ampre dng tch phn v dng vi phn.
2. Nm c khi nim trng in t v nng lng ca trng in t.
3. Nm c khi nim sng in t v nhng tnh cht c bn ca n.
13.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Nghin cu bn cht ca cc hin tng in t, Maxwell nhn thy
in trng v t trng bin thin theo thi gian c th chuyn ho ln nhau.
T ng khi qut thnh hai lun im.
Lun im 1: Mi t trng bin i theo thi gian u lm xut hin
mt in trng xoy. ng sc in trng xoy l nhng ng cong kn.
Cc in tch nm trong in trng xoy s dch chuyn theo nhng ng
cong kn to thnh dng in. Dng in ny c gi l dng in cm
ng. Hin tng ny c thc nghim xc nhn.
Lun im 1 c biu din nh lng bi phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday:
Dng tch phn

E dl
C
.
( )
= - S d .
t
B
) S (

Dng vi phn rotE
= -
t
B

Lun im 2: Mi in trng bin thin theo thi gian u lm xut
hin mt t trng. Xt v mt gy ra t trng th in trng bin i theo
thi gian tng ng vi mt dng in. Maxwell gi dng in ny l dng
in dch. Trong mch in xoay chiu, trong lng t in, dng in dch ni
tip dng in dn lm cho dng in khp kn trong ton mch.
Lun im 2 c biu din nh lng bi phng trnh Maxwell-
Ampre:
Dng tch phn (13-13)

H dl
C
.
( )
+
) S (
S d ).
t
D
J (

Chng 13 - Trng in t

80
Dng vi phn (13-14) rotH
J +
t
D

2. in trng v t trng bin thin theo thi gian chuyn ha ln nhau
v to thnh trng thng nht, gi l trng in t. Trng in t c biu
din nh lng bi h cc phng trnh Maxwell. H phng trnh Maxwel
bao hm tt c mi hin tng in t. in trng tnh v t trng dng ch
l trng hp ring ca trng in t.
3. Trng in t lan truyn trong khng gian to thnh sng in t. Sng
in t lan truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc c = 3.10
8
m/s v lan truyn trong
mi trng vi vn tc v= c/ . Sng in t l sng ngang, hai vect H , E

vung gc vi nhau v vi phng truyn sng, tc l H E

, , v E

v H

.
Phng trnh sng in t c dng:
Phng trnh truyn sng ca vect cng in trng
E
2
-
2
v
1
2
2
t
E

= 0. (13-36)
Phng trnh tng t i vi vect cm ng t
B
2
-
2
v
1
2
2
t
E

= 0. (13-37)
4. Sng in t c nhng tnh cht c bn sau y:
Sng in t truyn i trong mi trng cht v c trong chn khng.
Vn tc truyn sng in t trong chn khng l: c = 3.10
8
m/s, trong
mi trng ng nht, ng hng c v vn tc ny l: v=
n
c
,
vi n= l chit sut tuyt i ca mi trng.
Sng in t mang nng lng, mt nng lng sng in t c
tr s bng: w =
2
0
2
O
H
2
1
E
2
1
+
5. Sng in t n sc l sng in t pht ra bi ngun c tn s (hoc
chu k T) xc nh. Trong mt mi trng nht nh, sng in t c mt bc
sng xc nh. Bc sng lin h vi vn tc theo cng thc: =vT, trong
chn khng:
o
=cT, l bc sng ca sng in t trong chn khng.
Chng 13 - Trng in t

81
6. Maxwell cng a ra gi thuyt coi nh sng l sng in t. Gi
thuyt ny v sau c thc nghim xc nhn. nh sng thy c c bc
sng nm trong khong t 0,44m (mu tm) n 0,78m (mu ).
13.3. CU HI N TP
1. Pht biu lun im Maxwell. Phn bit s khc nhau gia trng tnh
in v in trng xoy.
2. Thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell Faraday di dng tch phn v dng
vi phn.
3. Chiu ca in trng E
v chiu ca dng in cm ng thay i th no

khi tc bin thin ca cm ng t
t
B
thay i (xt khi 0 >

t
B
v 0 <
t
B
).
4. Pht biu lun im 2 ca Maxwell. Dng in dch l g? Nu s khc
nhau v ging nhau gia dng in dch v dng in dn.
5. Chng t rng dng in dch ni tip dng dn trong khong khng
gian gia hai bn t in.
6. Thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell Ampre di dng tch phn v dng
vi phn.
7. Nu chiu ca cm ng t B
thay i th no khi tc bin thin

t
E

thay i (xt khi 0 >
t
E
v 0 <
t
E
).
8. Trng in t l g? Sng in t l g? Vit cc phng trnh biu
din nh lng chng. Nu tnh cht ca sng in t.
1. Mt t in c hng s in mi 6 c mc vo mt hiu in th
xoay chiu t U U
o
cos vi U
o
= 300 V, chu k T = 0,01s. Tm gi tr ca mt
dng in dch, bit rng hai bn t cch nhau 0,4 cm.
p s:

200 sin .
10 . 4
200 . 300 . 6 . 10 . 85 , 8
sin .
3
12
t
d
U
J
o o
di
A/m
2
.

di
J
= 2,51.10
-3
.sin200 ( A/m
2
)
2. in trng trong mt t in phng bin i theo quy lut t E E
o
sin
vi E
o
=200V/cm v tn s f = 50Hz, khong cch gia 2 bn d = 2cm, in
dung ca t in C = 2000 F . Tm gi tr cc i ca dng in dch.
Chng 13 - Trng in t

82
p s:
4 - -
= = = 10 . 512 , 2 50 . 2 10 . 200 . 10 . 2 . 10 . 2000 f 2 . CdE i
12
o
max
di
2 -2
mA.
3. Xc nh mt dng in dch trong mt t in phng khi hai bn
c dch chuyn song song vi nhau v xa nhau vi vn tc tng i u, nu:
a) in tch trn mi bn khng i.
b) Hiu in th U trn hai bn khng i.
Khong cch d gia hai bn trong khi dch chuyn rt nh so vi kch
thc hai bn.
p s:
a. bit:
o
o o di
t t
E
t
D
J
. ,trong : .
S
q
V q khng i v
khi dch chuyn hai bn lun lun song song vi nhau, nn S khng i, do
khng i. Vy trong trng hp ny
di
J
= 0.
b. Nu trong khi hai bn dch chuyn, hiu in th U gia hai bn khng
i th:
d
U
t t
E
t
D
J
O o di

( )
u
d
U
d
t
.
d
1
. U j
2
o
2 o di
=
=
4. Mt mch dao ng gm mt t in c in dung C = 0,025 F v mt
ng dy c h s t cm L = 1,015 H. B qua in tr thun ca mch. T in
c tch mt in lng q = 2,5.10
-6
C.
a) Vit cc phng trnh ( vi cc h s bng s ) biu din s bin thin
ca hiu in th trn cc bn t in v cng dng in trong mch theo
thi gian.
b) Tm cc gi tr ca hiu in th gia cc bn t v cng dng in
trong mch vo cc thi im T/8; T/4 v T/2.
p s: a) ( ) t U
3
10 . 2 cos 100 V,

( )
t 10 . 2 sin 7 , 15 t sin q
dt
dq
i
3
o o o
= = = mA
b) U
1
= 70,7 V v I
1
= -11,1 mA
U
2
= 0 v I
2
= -15,7 mA
U
3
= -100 V v I
3
= 0.
Chng 13 - Trng in t

83
5. i vi mch in trong bi ton trn:
a) Vit cc phng trnh (vi cc h s bng s) biu din s bin thin theo t
ca nng lng in trng, nng lng t trng, nng lng ton phn.
b) Tm cc gi tr ca nng lng in trng, nng lng t trng, nng
lng ton phn ti cc thi im: T/8; T/4 v T/2.
p s: a) ( ) t qU W
e
. 10 . 2 cos . 10 . 5 , 12
2
1
3 2 5
J
( ) t Li W
M
. 10 . 2 sin . 10 . 5 , 12
2
1
3 2 5 2
J
W = W
M
+ W
E
= 12,5.10
-5
J
b) W
E1
= 6,25.10
-5
J; W
M1
= 6,25.10
-5
J; W
1
= 12,5.10
-5
J
W
E2
= 0 ; W
M2
= 12,5.10
-5
J; W
2
= 12,5.10
-5
J
W
E3
= 12,5.10
-5
J; W
M3
= 0 ; W
3
= 12,5.10
-5
J
6. Cho mt mch in LC. Cho bit phng trnh biu din s bin thin
theo t ca hiu in th trn cc bn t in c dng t U
4
10 cos 50 (V), in
dung C ca t bng 0,1 F . Tm:
a) Chu k dao ng T ca mch.
b) H s t cm ca mch.
c) nh lut bin thin ca cng dng in trong mch.
d) Bc sng tng ng vi mch dao ng .
p s: a) LC s T
2 10 . 2
10
2 2
4
4

b) 15 , 10
4
2

C
T
L
( mH )
c) t t C
dt
dU
C
dt
dq
i
4 4 4
10 sin 157 10 sin . 10 . 50 . ( mA )
d) = cT = 3.10
8
.2.10
-4
= 6.10
4
( m ).
7. Phng trnh biu din s bin thin theo thi gian ca cng dng
in trong mch dao ng c cho di dng: t i 400 sin . 02 , 0 (A), h s t
cm L ca mch bng 1H. Tm:
a) Chu k dao ng.
b) in dung C ca mch
c) Hiu in th cc i trn cc bn t in.
d) Nng lng t trng cc i.
e) Nng lng in trng cc i.
Chng 13 - Trng in t

84
p s: a) s T
3
10 . 5
400
2 2

, b) F
L
T
C
7
2
2
10 . 3 , 6
4

c) U
max
= 25,2 V, d) J I L W
M
4 2
max
10 . 97 , 1 .
2
1

e) J CU W
E
4 2
max
10 . 97 , 1
2
1

8. Tm t s gia nng lng t trng v nng lng in trng ca
mch dao ng LC ti thi im T/8.
p s: U = U
0
cos t . ;I = t CU
dt
CdU
dt
dq
. sin .
Do : W
M
= t U LC LI . sin
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
0
2 2
; W
M
= t CU CU . cos
2
1
2
1
2 2
0
2

Ta c: t tg LC
t
t LC
W
W
E
M
.
. cos
. sin
2 2
2
2 2

Ti thi im t = T/8, sin t . = 2 / 2 ; cos t . = 2 / 2 .
Ngoi ra, v: LC = T
2 2 2
/ 1 4 /
Nn cui cng ta c: 1
cos
sin
2
2

t
t
W
W
E
M

9. Mt mch dao gm mt t in c in dung C= 7 F , mt cun dy c
h s t cm L = 0,23H v in tr 40. T in c tch mt n lng
bng q= 5,6C. Tm:
a) Chu k dao ng ca mch.
b) Vit phng trnh biu din s bin thin ca hiu th trn hai bn t.
c) Tm gi tr ca hiu th ti cc thi im T/2, T, 3T/2 v 2T.
p s:
a) s LC T
3 8
10 . 8 10 . 7 . 23 , 0 14 , 3 . 2 2

b) ( ) V t e t e U U
t t

250 cos . 80 cos . .

87
0

c) U
1
= -56,5V; U
2
= 40V; U
3
=-28V; U
4
= 20V
10. Mt mch dao ng gm t in c in dung C= 0,2 F , v cun cm
c h s t cm L= 5,07.10
-3
H.
Tm in tr R ca mch khi .
p s: 1 , 11
10 . 2
22 , 0 . 10 . 07 , 5 . 2
T
L 2
R
4
3
= = =
Chng 13 - Trng in t

85
11. Mt mch dao ng in t gm t in c in dung C = 250 F v
mt cun cm c h s t cm L = 100 H . Hi mch dao ng ny cng hng
vi bc sng in t no gi ti.
p s:
Khi mt sng in t gi ti mt mch dao ng LC no , n s kch
thch trong mch mt dao ng in t cng bc. Khi tn s ca sng in
t kch thch trng vi tn s ring
LC
o
1
ca mch, th hin tng cng
hng in t xy ra. Khi tng tr Z ca mch bng:
R
C
L R Z
o
o

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
1
2

V cng dng in trong mch s cc i:
R
U
I
o
o

max
. Nhng tn s t
l vi chu k v chu k t l vi bc sng, do c th ni hin tng cng
hng in xy ra khi chu k ring T
o
ca mch trng vi chu k T ca sng
kch thch hay bc sng
o
ca mch bng bc sng ca sng kch thch.
Ta c:
LC c T c
o o
2 . . =300m.
Trong : c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn t sng in t trong chn khng .
12. Mt mch thu v tuyn c t in bin thin vi in dung bin i
trong cc gi hn t C
1
n C
2
= 9C
1
. Tm di tn s cc sng m my thu c
th bt c nu in dung C
1
tng ng vi bc sng
1
= 3 m.
p s:
Di tn s cc sng m my thu c th bt c nm trong gii hn:
1 1 1
. 2 LC c cT v
1 1 2 2 2
3 . 6 . 2 LC c LC c cT
Trong
1
T v
2
T l cc chu k b nht v ln nht ca mch dao ng, c l
vn tc lan truyn sng trong chn khng L l h s t cm ca mch dao ng.
Vy di tn m my thu c th bt c ng vi cc bc sng t
1
= 3m n
2
= 9m.

86

PHN PH LC

CC K HIU THNG DNG
Th t Tn i lng K hiu Chng
1 p sut p 5, 6
2 Cm ng in D, D
7
3 Cm ng t B, B
11, 12, 13
4 Cng ca lc, ca mmen lc A 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12
5 Cng sut P 3, 4
6 Cng in trng E, E
7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13
7 Cng t trng H, H
11, 12, 13
8 Cng in trng l E
*
, E
*
10
9 Cng in trng xoy E
*
, E
*
12, 13
10 Cng dng in I, i 10, 11
11 Chu k quay T 1
12 Din tch S
, S 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
13 in dung C 8
14 in th V, 7
15 in tch, in lng Q, q 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
16 in thng
e
7
17 in tr R, r 10
18 ng lng K, K
2
19 ng nng W
3, 11
20 Gia tc A 1, 2, 3, 4
21 Gia tc gc 1, 4
22 H s h cm M 12
23 H s t cm L 12
24 Hiu sut 6
25 Hiu in th U 7
26 Khi lng M, m 2, 3, 4
Phn ph lc - Cc k hiu thng dng

87
27 Lc F, F
2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11
28 Mt in tch di 7
29 Mt in tch mt 7
30 Mt in tch khi 7
31 Mt dng in J, J
10
32 Mt nng lng in trng
e
8
33 Mt nng lng t trng
m
12
34 Mmen lc M, M
4, 11
35 Mmen qun tnh I 4
36 Mmen t p
m
,
m
p
11
37 Mmen ngu lc
M

7, 11
38 Mmen ng lng L, L
4
39 Mmen lng cc in
e
p
,
e
P

7, 9, 11
40 Nng lng t trng W
m
11, 12, 13
41 Nng lng in trng W
e
8, 12, 13
42 Nng lng W 3, 8, 11, 13
43 Nhit lng Q 6
44 Nhit tuyt i T 5, 6
45 Ni nng U 5, 6
46 Qung ng dch chuyn s, l 1, 3, 4, 11
47 Sut in ng 10
48 Sut in ng cm ng
c
12
49 Sut in ng h cm
hc
12
50 S bc t do I 5, 6
51 Tn s F 1
52 Th nng W
t
3
53 Th tch V 5, 6, 7, 10, 12
54 Thi gian T 1, 2, 3, 4
55 T thng
m
11, 12, 13
Phn ph lc - Cc k hiu thng dng

88
56 Vn tc gc 1, 4

MT S HNG S VT L THNG DNG

Th t Tn hng s K hiu Tr s
1 Gia tc ri t do g 9,8m/s
2
2 Hng s hp dn G 6,67.10
-11
Nm
2
/kg
2
3 S Avgadr (s phn t trong
1 kilmol)
N
o
6,025.10
26
kmol
4 Th tch ca mt kilmol
iu kin tiu chun
V
O
22,4m
3
/kmol
5 Hng s cc kh R 8,31.10
3
J/kmol.K
6 Hng s Bolzman k 1,38.10
-23
J/K
7 in tch electron e 1,602.10
-19
C
8 Khi lng ngh ca electron m
e
9,11.10
-31
kg
9 Hng s in mi
o
8,86.10
-12
F/m
10 Hng s t
o
1,257.10
-6
H/m =4.10
-7
H/m
11 Vn tc nh sng trong chn
khng
c 3.10
8
m/s
12 Khi lng ngh ca proton m
p
1,67.10
-27
kg

Phn ph lc - Mt s hng s vt l thng dng

89

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Vt l i cng. Tp I, II - Lng Duyn Bnh, D Tr Cng, Bi Ngc H.
Nh xut bn Gio Dc - 2003.
2. C s Vt l. Tp I, II, III, IV, V - Hallidy, Resnick, Walker. Nh xut
bn Gio Dc - 1998.
3. Vt l i cng. Tp II - Nguyn Hu Th. Nh xut bn Tr - 2004.
4. Tuyn tp cc bi tp vt l i cng - L.G Guriep, X.E Mincova
(bn ting Nga). Matxcva - 1998.
5. Bi tp Vt l i cng tp I, II - Lng Duyn Bnh. Nh xut bn
Gio Dc - 1999.

Ti liu tham kho

90

MC LC

Gii thiu mn hc.......................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Gii thiu chung....................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Mc ch mn hc................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Phng php nghin cu mn hc................................................................................................ 4
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im............................................................................................................ 7
1.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 7
1.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 7
1.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 9
1.4. Bi tp v hng dn gii bi tp............................................................................................... 9
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im 17
2.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 17
2.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 17
2.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 19
Chng 3 - Cng v nng lng 26
3.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 26
3.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 26
3.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 28
Chng 4 - Chuyn ng ca h cht im v vt rn 33
4.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 33
Mc lc

91
4.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 33
4.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 36
Chng 5 - Cc nh lut thc nghim v cht kh 41
5.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 41
5.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 41
5.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 41
Chng 6 - Cc nguyn l ca nhit ng lc hc 44
6.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 44
6.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 44
6.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 44
Chng 7 - Trng tnh in 48
7.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 48
7.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 48
7.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 49
Chng 8 - Vt dn 52
8.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 52
8.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 52
8.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 53
Chng 9 - in mi 55
9.1. Mc ch, yu cu................................................................................................................................ 55
9.2. Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................................. 55
9.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 56
Chng 10 - Dng in khng i 58
Mc lc

92
10.1. Mc ch, yu cu............................................................................................................................. 58
10.2. Tm tt ni dung............................................................................................................................... 58
10.3. Cu hi n tp..................................................................................................................................... 59
Chng 11 - T trng ca dng in khng i 61
11.1. Mc ch, yu cu............................................................................................................................. 61
11.2. Tm tt ni dung................................................................................................................................ 61
11.3. Cu hi n tp..................................................................................................................................... 64
11.4. Bi tp v hng dn gii bi tp............................................................................................ 65
Chng 12 - Hin tng cm ng in t 72
12.1. Mc ch, yu cu............................................................................................................................. 72
12.2. Tm tt ni dung................................................................................................................................ 72
12.3. Cu hi n tp..................................................................................................................................... 74
Chng 13 - Trng in t 79
13.1. Mc ch, yu cu............................................................................................................................. 79
13.2. Tm tt ni dung................................................................................................................................ 79
13.3. Cu hi n tp..................................................................................................................................... 81
Phn ph lc: - Cc k hiu thng dng 86
- Mt s hng s vt l thng dng 88
Ti liu tham kho 89

Mc lc

Vat Ly Dai Cuong A1 - Bai Tap

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Vat Ly Dai Cuong A1 - Bai Tap

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

= c trng cho s bin i ca vct vn tc theo

c trng cho s thay i v ln ca vect vn tc,

nu chuyn ng chm dn.

) c trng cho s bin i v

l tng hp cc ngoi lc tc dng ln vt, gy ra s bin i

c trng cho s bin i trng thi chuyn

c trng cho trng thi chuyn ng v mt ng hc, cn

l vn tc v gia tc ca cht im xt trong h O, cn ' v

l vn tc v gia tc cng ca cht im xt trong h O chuyn ng

= ' = ' -mA

= vt cn chu thm tc dng ca lc qun tnh

cng phng, ngc chiu vi gia tc A

ca h qui chiu Ochuyn

phng ngang trong thi gian .

bng gim th nng

, m tng ng l gia tc ca khi tm v tng khi lng ca c

l tng hp cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h.

lm quay vt rn khng nhng

theo th t hp thnh tam din

l mmen ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn,

, I c vai tr tng t nh ba i lng F

const. T nu cc phn ca vt rn c th dch chuyn i vi nhau lm

th trc quay s dch

tc dng ln phn t dng

c trng cho tc dng

theo biu thc: B

= l mmen t ca dng in trn, c phng trng vi trc

tc dng ln phn t dng l Id

= const) s chu tc dng mt lc t:

= l mmen t ca ca dng in I chy trong khung dy.

, nn cng ca lc ny bng khng,

th ht in s chuyn ng theo qu o trn trong mt

. Nu r phng chiu ln ca lc ny.

trong ng c gi tr bng 3.10

v cng t trng H ti tm ca tam gic .

v H vung gc vi mt hnh v v hng ra pha ngoi.

gy bi cc dng din ti mt im A nm gia hai dng in

v cng t trng H bn trong ng.

lun lun khc khng. im N cn tm ch c

hng cng chiu vi

hng cng chiu vi

(H t l bc nht vi r), Vi 0<r<R

(H t l nghch vi r), Vi: r > R.

c gi tr bng 0,1T. Cun dy quay vi vn tc 5

. Mt u i qua trc. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin

Tri t bng 0,5.10

, R l in tr ca khung c tnh bng R= l p. / S

v chiu ca dng in cm ng thay i th no

thay i (xt khi 0 >

thay i th no khi tc bin thin

250 cos . 80 cos . .

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