Thiên Văn Hàng Hải

Bi ging Thin vn Hng hi
Phn 1/ Thin vn c s - 1
thin vn hng hi

phn th nht: thin vn c s
chng1 thin cu v cc h ta

1.1 Thin cu v cc ng im chnh trn thin cu

1.Khi nim
Vo nhng m thi tit tt khi
quan st ln bu tri ta cm thy tt c
cc thin th u nm trn mt mt cu
cn ngi quan st ng tm ca hnh
cu , trn thc t cc thin th cch
chng ta vi khong cch rt khc nhau.
Trong thin vn Hng hi ngi ta
khng s dng mi quan h v khong
cch gia cc thin th m s dng mi
quan h v gc gia chng vi mt mc
chung no t ngi ta a ra khi
nim thin cu Thin cu l mt qu
cu ton hc c bn knh bt k, tm ty trn ngi ta chiu v tr cc thin th
theo hng t thin th v tm hnh cu ng thi xy dng cc h ta
2. Cc ng, im chnh trn thin cu
- ng thng i qua tm thin cu song song vi a trc p
n
p
s
v ct thin
cu ti hai im P
N
P
S
gi l thin trc, im ct tng ng vi a trc p
n
l thin
cc bc P
N
, im ct tng ng vi a cc nam p
s
l thin cc nam P
S

- ng thng qua tm thin cu v song song vi ng dy ri gi l
ng thng ng, ng thng ng ct thin cu ti hai im, im tng ng
vi v tr ngi quan st (hay hnh chiu v tr ngi quan st ln thin cu) gi l
thin nh Z cn im kia l thin Z (hay n)
- Tt c cc mt phng cha thin trc gi l mt phng thin kinh tuyn,
mt phng thin kinh tuyn ct thin cu cho cc ng thin kinh tuyn, thin
kinh tuyn cha thin nh ngi quan st gi l thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st
E

P
S
Q

S

Q

W
o

N

Z

P
N
Z


- Mt phng i qua tm thin cu v vung gc vi thin trc gi l mt
phng thin xch o, giao tuyn ca mt phng thin xch o vi thin cu cho ta
ng thin xch o
- Mt phng i qua tm thin cu v vung gc vi ng thng ng gi l
mt phng chn tri tht, giao tuyn ca mt phng chn tri tht vi thin cu cho
ta ng chn tri tht. Mt phng chn tri tht ct mt phng thin kinh tuyn
ngi quan st cho ta ng N-S (hay ng t-ng) im gn thin cc bc P
N
l
im N, im gn P
S
l im S. Mt phng chn tri tht v mt phng thin xch
o ct nhau cho ta ng E-W, nu ng quay mt v hng N th bn phi l
im E, bn tri l im W.
- Cc mt phng cha ng thng ng gi l mt phng thng thng ng,
vt ct ca mt phng thng ng vi thin cu cho cc vng thng ng.Vng
thng ng i qua hai im E,W gi l vng thng ng gc
- Thin trc P
N
P
S
chia thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st lm hai phn, bn
vng cha thin nh Z gi l thin kinh tuyn thng, bn vng cha thin Z
l thin kinh tuyn h. Ty thuc vo v a l ca ngi quan st m thin cc
P
N
hay P
S
nm pha trn ng chn tri, thin cc nm pha trn ng chn tri
gi l cc thng, cn cc kia l cc h
- Thin xch o chia thin cu lm hai phn, phn cha thin cc bc P
N
gi
l bc bn cu, phn cha thin cc nam P
S
l nam bn cu. Thin kinh tuyn ngi
quan st chia thin cu lm hai phn, phn pha ng (cha im E) gi l ng
bn cu, phn pha ty (cha im W ) l ty bn cu.
Cc vng trn ph:
` Nhng mt phng // vi mt phng chn tri tht giao tuyn ca n vi
thin cu cho ta nhng vng trn nh gi l vng cao
` Nhng mt phng // vi thin xch o giao tuyn ca chng vi thin cu
cho ta cc vng thin v tuyn hay l vng xch v.

1.2 Cc h ta trn thin cu

1.H ta chn tri
Trong h ta ny ngi ta ly hng chnh l hng dy ri, hai mt
phng chnh l mt phng thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st v mt phng chn tri
tht.Mt thin th trong h ta ny c xc nh bi hai i lng l cao v
phng v
a. cao (Alttitude=Alt) ca thin
th h : L gc tm thin cu hp bi mt
phng chn tri tht v ng thng ni t
tm thin th vi tm thin cu, c o
bng cung ca vng thng ng cha thin
th tnh t mt phng chn tri tht n tm
thin th
cao thin th h bin thin t 0
n 90, ngi ta qui c h > 0 khi thin
th nm pha trn ng chn tri tht, h < 0
khi thin th nm pha di ng chn tri
tht.
Ngoi i lng cao h, ngi ta cn s dng i lng nh c Z = 90-h
l cung ca vng thng ng cha thin th tnh t thin nh cho ti tm thin
th, hay l phn ph ca cao. Z = 0 n 180
b.Phng v (Azimuth) ca thin th A: L gc nh din hp bi mt phng
thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st v vng thng ng cha thin th, c o bng
cung chn tri tht tnh t thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st ti vng thng ng
cha thin th
C ba h thng tnh phng v
- H phng v nguyn vng A: l gi tr cung chn tri tht tnh t im N
v pha E cho ti vng thng ng cha thin th. Phng v nguyn vng bin
thin t 0 n 360 v khng c tn gi, c vit di dng ba ch s 005,
075...
- H phng v bn vng A
1/2
:l gi tr cung chn tri tht tnh t kinh tuyn h
(N hoc S) ngi quan st v pha E hoc W cho ti vng thng ng cha thin th.
Phng v bn vng bin thin t 0 n 180 v mang tn: ch th nht
cng tn vi im mc chn (tn ca v ngi quan st), ch th hai cng tn
vi bn cu cha thin th (E hoc W). Cch ghi tn phng v nh sau u tin
ngi ta ghi tn ca im mc tip n gi tr ca phng v, sau cng l l tn ca
bn cu cha thin th.
- H phng v 1/ 4 vng A
1/4
: L gi tr ca cung chn tri tht c tnh t
im N hoc S vng v pha E hoc W theo ng gn nht ti vng thng ng
cha thin th
P
N
P
S
Z
Z
N S
C
h

h
A
0
C
60

A
Phng v 1/4 vng bin thin t 0 n 90 v mang tn ch th nht l tn
ca im mc, ch th hai cng tn vi bn cu cha thin th nhng cch ghi tn
khc vi h bn vng: ngi ta ghi gi tr ca phng v trc tip n im mc
(N/S) sau l tn ca bn cu cha thin th
V d thin th c : A= 240, A
1/2
= N 120W , A
1/4
= 60 SW
2. H ta xch o I
Trong h ta ny ngi ta ly
hng chnh l hng thin trc, hai mt
phng chnh l mt phng thin xch o v
mt phng thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st.
Mt thin th trong h ta ny c xc
nh bi hai i lng
a.Xch v (Declination=Dec)
L gc tm thin cu to bi ng
thng ni t tm thin th vi tm thin cu
v mt phng thin xch o, xch v c o bng cung thin kinh tuyn cha thin
th tnh t mt phng thin xch o ti tm thin th.
Xch v ca thin th bin thin t 0 n 90 v mang tn ca bn cu cha
thin th (N hoc S). Ngi ta quy c du ca c ly nh sau: khi xch v
cng tn vi v ngi quan st th > 0, ngc li khc tn v < 0
Ngoi i lng xch v trong thin vn Hng hi cn s dng i lng cc
c =90- l gi tr ca cung thin xch o cha thin th tnh t cc thng
ti tm thin th . Cc c bin thin t 0 n 180.
b. Gc gi t (Hour Angle=HA)
Gc gi ca thin th l gi tr ca cung thin xch o tnh t kinh tuyn
thng ngi quan st v pha Ty cho ti thin kinh tuyn cha thin th
Gc gi ny gi l gc gi thng hay gc gi pha W, gc gi bin thin t
0 n 360
Trong thin vn thc hnh ngi ta hay s dng gc gi thc dng ( t
E
, t
W
)
bin thin t 0 n 180 mang tn E hoc W ty theo thin th nm bn cu E
hay W. Gc gi thc dng l gi tr ca cung thin xch o tnh t kinh tuyn
thng ngi quan st v phia E hay W theo ng gn nht ti thin kinh tuyn
cha thin th
P
N
P
S
Q

Q

t
L
Trong tnh ton khi gc gi pha Ty t
W
> 180 th ta ly 360 tr i gc gi
Ty v i tn thnh gc gi ng (360-t
W
= t
E
)
3.H ta Xch o II
Trong h ta ny ngi ta ly
hng chnh l hng thin trc, hai
mt phng chnh l mt phng thin
xch o v mt phng thin kinh tuyn
qua im Xun phn . Mt thin th
trong h ta ny c xc nh bi
hai i lng
a.Xch v :
Hon ton ging nh h ta
Xch o I
b.Xch kinh (Right Ascension RA):
L gi tr ca cung thin xch o tnh t im Xun phn cng chiu vi
chuyn ng nhn thy ca Mt tri ti thin kinh tuyn cha thin th
Xch kinh bin thin t 0 n 360.Trong thin vn thc hnh ngi ta
cn s dng i lng Xch kinh nghch ( Sideral Hour Angle = SHA) l gi
tr ca cung thin xch o tnh t im Xun phn cng chiu vi gc gi pha
W ti thin kinh tuyn cha thin th. =360 -
H ta chn tri dng quan trc thin th xc nh v tr tu v xc
nh s hiu chnh la bn L, h ta xch o I, II dng lp Lch thin vn
Hng hi.
Ngoi cc h ta nh d trnh by trn trong thin vn Hng hi ngi ta
cn s dng mt h ta na l h ta Hong o s c trnh by phn
sau.

P
N
P
S
L

L

O

O

Th.xch o
Hong o
1.3 tam gic thin vn v cch gii

1.Tam gic thin vn
Tam gic thin vn cn c gi
l tam gic th sai c hnh thnh bi
ba vng trn ln l: thin kinh tuyn
ngi quan st, thin kinh tuyn cha
thin th v vng thng ng cha thin
th. Tam gic thin vn c cc nh l
thin nh ngi quan st Z, thin cc
P
N
(hay P
S
), v tr thin th C nn cc
yu t ca n c hnh thnh t h ta
xch o v h ta chn tri
Tam gic thin vn c cc cnh:
cnh ZP=90- , cnh PC=90- , cnh
ZC=90- h
Cc yu t gc ca tam gic thin vn: gc phng v A v tr thin nh,
gc gi a phng t
L
thin cc, gc th sai q v tr thin th
2. Cch gii tam gic thin vn
- V tam gic th sai (khng cn
thit v c thin cu), in cc yu t
bit v nh du cc yu t cn tm
- p dng cc cng thc lng
gic cu vit cc cng thc tnh nhng
yu t cn tm
- Xt du cc thnh phn ca cng thc ta phi da vo hm s lng gic
v gi tr ca cc gc xt du
+ Phng v A: trong tam gic th sai A l phng v bn vng bin thin t
0 n 180 do khi A < 90 tt c cc hm s lng gic u dng, khi A> 90
ch c hm sin(cosec) dng cc hm cn li u m
+Gc gi t
L
: y l gc gi thc dng bin thin t 0 n 180 c th mang
tn E hoc W vic xt du hon ton ging nh phng v A khng ph thuc tn
ca gc gi
+Gc th sai q: Bin thin t 0 n 180 , xt du ging nh phng v A
P
N
Z
90-

90-h

90-

C
q
A
t
L
P
S
Z
Z

Q

P
N
N S
C
Q

h
90-

90-
90-h

A
t
L
+ cao h: cao h bin thin t 0
o
n 90 khi thin th nm pha trn
ng chn tri h>0 th tt c cc hm s lng gic u dng, khi thin th nm
pha di ng chn tri h<0 ch c hm s cosin(sec) dng cc hm cn li m
+V ngi quan st bin thin t 0 n 90 khng ph thuc vo
ngi quan st N hay S bn cu nn tt c cc hm s lng gic u dng.
+Xch v thin th : bin thin t 0 n 90 mang tn N/S, khi cng tn
ngi ta quy c >0 nn tt c cc hm s lng gic u dng, khi khc tn
th <0 cho nn ch c hm cosin(sec) dng, cc hm cn li m (Xt du ging
cao h)
- Tnh ton : T nhng cng thc sau khi xt du s dng bng ton 5MT
Logarit ca cc hm s lng gic bng 3a Logarit ca cc tng hoc 3b
logarit ca cc hiu tnh ton.
Gi s c biu thc a b = a(1
a
b
) lg(a b) =lga + lg(1
a
b
)
t: lg(1 +
a
b
) = , lg(1 -
a
b
) = . Khi logarit ca tng v hiu s l
lg(a +b ) = lga + v lg(a - b) = lga+
Cc i lng , ch ph thuc vo t s
a
b
= 1:
b
a
tc l vo hiu logarit
lga - lgb ly hiu ny lm i s tra c (bng 3a) hay (bng 3b)
- Kim tra kt qu:C th kim tra trung gian, dng thin cu d kim tra
gn ng...

1.4 Cc h cng thc c bn tnh cao v phng v

1. i h ta xch o sang h ta chn tri
Trong h ta xch o ta bit , t
L
, v phi tm cao h, phng v A
` p dng cng thc cosin vi cnh 90- h ta c
cos(90- h) = cos(90- ).cos(90- ) + sin(90- ).sin(90- ).cost
L

sinh = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

` p dng cng thc 4 yu t lin tip
ctgA.sint
L
=ctg(90- ).sin(90-) - cos(90-).cost
L

ctgA.sint
L
=tg.cos - sin.cost
L

ctgA=tg.cos.cosect
L
- sin.ctgt
L

4. H cng thc Tg-Sec
a. Nguyn l xy dng
Dng mt cung vng ln qua thin th
c v vung gc vi kinh tuyn ngi quan st
ti D. Tam gic thin vn ZP
N
C s chia thnh
hai tam gic cu vung ZDC v DP
N
C.
t cung CD = y, cung QD = x,
cung P
N
D = 90-x, cung ZD = x -
Xt tam gic cu vung DP
N
C, p dng
cng thc Napier ta c
`cost
L
= ctg(90- ).ctg[90- (90- x)]
cost
L
= tg.ctgx
ctgx = cost
L
.ctg -> tgx = tg.sect
L

`cos[90- (90- x)] = ctgt
L
.ctg(90- y)
cosx = ctgt
L
.tgy
tgy = cosx.tgt
L
-> tgy = tgt
L
/ secx

Xt tam gic cu vung ZDC ta c:
`cosA = ctg(90- h).ctg[90- (x - )]
cosA = tgh.ctg[90+ ( - x)] -> tgh =
) ( 90 [
cos
x ctg
A
+
= cosA.tg[90+(-x)]
-> tgh =
A
x tg
sec
)] ( 90 [ +

`cos[90- (x - )] = ctgA.ctg(90- y)
ctgA=
) 90 (
)] ( 90 cos[
y ctg
x

+
-> tgA =
)] ( 90 cos[ )] ( 90 cos[
) 90 (
x
tgy
x
y ctg
+
=
+

-> tgA = tgy.sec[90+( - x)]
Bng cch s dng cng thc 4 yu t lin tip trong tam gic cu ta cng
thu c h cng thc trn.
Logarit cc cng thc lng gic trn v vit tt lg(tg) =T, lg(sec) =S th h
cng thc trn s l: T
X
= T
+ S
t

T
Y
= T
t
- S
X

T
h
= T
[90 + (
- x)]
- S
A

T
A
= T
Y
+ S
[ 90 + (
- x)]

S
90-h

z
N

P
N
Q

Q

90-

D

x-

90-x

x

y

c

A

t
L

E

b.Th t tnh ton
Trong tnh ton nn thc hin theo mu sau y
- Ghi cc gi tr , t
L
, vo mu trn
- Tra bng tm T
, S
t
, T
t

- Cng T
v S
t
c T
x
ri tm gi tr ca x v S
X

- Ly T
t
tr S
X
c gi tr T
Y

- Tnh [90+( ~ x)] sau tm gi tr T, S ca n
- Cng S
[ 90 + (
~ x)]
vi T
Y
c T
A
-> tm A v S
A

- Ly T
[ 90 + (
~ x)]
tr S
A
c T
h
-> tm c h.
c. Quy tc xt du
- x v lun cng tn, khi t
L
> 90 th x >90
- Khi x v cng tn biu thc ( ~ x) ly du (-), lun ly s ln tr s
nh. Khi x v khc tn biu thc ( ~ x) mang du (+).
- Phng v trong bng l phng v 1/4 vng nn ch th nht tn phng v
cng tn vi v ngi quan st khi x cng tn , ng thi x > ; cc trng
hp cn li u khc tn v . Ch th hai tn phng v cng tn vi gc gi
thc dng t
L
.
Chng 2 chuyn ng nhn thy ngy m ca cc thin th
2.1 c im chuyn ng nhn thy ngy m
1.Khi nim
Quan st ln bu tri vo nhng ngy thi tit tt ngi ta thy
- Tt c cc ngi sao u chuyn ng lin tc trn bu tri theo chiu t
ng sang Ty sau mt ngy m li chim v tr c trn bu tri- tc l cng
cao, phng v
- Qu o chuyn ng hng ngy ca cc thin th l nhng vng trn nh
nm trong mt phng // vi mt phng thin xch o. Trong chuyn ng hng
ngy thin th lin tc thay i cao, t cao ln nht khi thin th qua kinh
tuyn thng ngi quan st.
Sau qu trnh quan st khoa hc v c h thng ngi ta i n kt lun: Tt
c cc thin th trn thin cu u tham gia mt chuyn ng gi l chuyn ng
nhn thy hng ngy. Nguyn nhn ca chuyn ng ny l do ngi quan st cng
tri t quay xung quanh trc ca tri t theo chiu t W -> E, do tnh cht tng
i ca chuyn ng ngi quan st thy mnh ng yn cn thin cu chuyn
ng theo chiu t E -> W.
2. iu kin cc thin th i qua cc v tr c bit

Chiu thin cu ln mt phng thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st ta thu c
qu o chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy ca cc thin th l nhng ng thng
// vi hnh chiu ca ng thin xch o QQ, vng thng ng gc trng vi
ng thng ng ZZ, mt phng chn tri tht trng vi ng NS
90-
P
N
P
N
P
S
P
S
Z

Z

Z

Z

N

S
S

Q

Q

Q

Q

c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
c
4
c
2
c
1

O
E

c
3

N

d
3

d
3

d
3
d
1
d
3
d
2

d
2

O

O

O
O
a. iu kin mc ln ca thin th
T hnh v ta thy cung Qd
3
=
C3
, Qd
2
=
C2
,...cung QN = 90-
iu kin mc ln ca thin th xy ra khi qu o chuyn ng mhn thy
hng ngy phi ct ng chn tri tht hay hnh chiu ca qu o phi ct hnh
chiu ca ng chn tri tht (NS), iu ny ch xy ra khi xch v ca thin th
nm trong gii hn ca cung QS hoc QN.
Nh vy iu kin mc ln xy ra khi : < 90-
Khi > 90- thin th khng mc ( khc tn ) hoc khng ln ( cng tn
)
Khi = 90- nu cng tn thin th khng ln trong chuyn ng
hng ngy cao nh nht thin th ch tip xc vi ng chn tri, nu khc
tn thin th khng mc ch tip xc vi ng chn tri.
b. iu kin qua thin nh
cho thin th i qua thin nh th qu o chuyn ng nhn thy hng
ngy ti thi im qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st phi tip xc vi vng thng ng
gc hay hnh chiu ca qu o i qua hnh chiu ca thin nh Z. T hnh v ta
thy khi xch v ca thin th = v cng tn thin th s qua thin nh, khi =
nhng khc tn thin th qua thin Z
c. iu kin ct vng thng ng gc
Thin th s ct vng thng ng gc khi hnh chiu ca qu o chuyn
ng nhn thy hng ngy ct hnh chiu vng thng ng gc ZZ. iu ny xy
ra khi xch v ca thin th gii hn trong cung QZ hay QZ c ngha l <
- Khi cng tn thin th ct vng thng ng gc pha trn ng chn tri
- Khi khc tn thin th ct vng thng ng gc pha di ng
chn tri
3. c im chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy ca thin th i vi ngi
quan st cc v xch o
a. Ngi quan st xch o ( = 0)
b. Ngi quan st cc ( =90)

P
N

90
-

P
S

Z

Z

N

S

Q

Q

E

c
1
c
2
A
m

90

t
m
2.2 Mt s bi ton lin quan n chuyn ng nhn thy
hng ngy ca thin th
1.Mc ln tht ca thin th
Bi ton yu cu tm phng v ti thi im mc A
m

v gc gi mc ln t
m

Ti thi im mc th cao h = 0 -> nh c Z =
90 trong chuyn ng hng ngy ngi ta coi =
constant v v ngi quan st bit v khng i.
T tam gic th sai ZP
N
C
1
ta c :
` cos (90- ) = cos90.cos (90- ) + sin 90.sin
(90- ).cosA
m

m cos90= 0, sin90=1 nn ta c :
sin =cos.cosA
m
-> cosA
m
= sin.sec
` cos90 = cos(90- ).cos(90- )
+ sin(90- ).sin (90- ) cos t
m

sin.sin = cos.cos.cos t
m

-> cost
m
= - tg.tg cng thc c kho st du
theo quy tc chung ngha l t
m
gc phn t th I hoc II, nu tnh ton
c cost
m
< 0 th t
m
gc phn t II tr s ca gc gi t
m
= (180- t
m
Tnh
). Tn ca
gc gi l E lc mc, W khi ln.
2. Khi thin th qua vng thng ng gc
Ti thi im thin th qua vng thng
ng gc th phng v A = 90(270) tam gic
cu ZP
N
C
2
tr thnh tam gic cu vung . Bi
ton yu cu tm cao h
1
, gc gi t
L1
ca thin
th khi bit v , xch v
p dng cng thc Napier :
` cost
L
= ctg (90- ).ctg[90- (90- )]
cost
L
= tg.ctg
` cos(90- ) = sin[90- (90- h)].sin[90- (90- )]
sin = sinh.sin -> sinh
1
= sin.cosec
P
N

Z

c
2
A

90-
90-
90-h
Da vo cng thc ny ngi ta lp bng ton 21MT75 gi l bng cao
thin th trn vng thng ng th nht tnh trc cao ca thin th khi qua
vng thng ng gc - i s tra bng l v ngi quan st v xch v thin th .
3. Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st v mi lin h gia H, ,
Vo thi im thin th qua kinh tuyn
thng ngi quan st th gc gi a phng
t
L
= 0, phng v A = 0(180) v cao kinh
tuyn H t gi tr ln nht
- Xt thin th c
1
c
1
cng tn ,
cao kinh tuyn H
1
= SD
1
= SQ + QD
1

H
1
= (90- ) +
1

- Xt thin th c
2
c xch v
2
khc tn v ,
cao kinh tuyn H
2
= SD
2
= SQ - QD
2

H
2
= (90- ) -
2

Tng qut ta c : H = ( 90- )
Trong cng thc trn du+ khi xch v cng tn v
du - ly khi khc tn
Cng thc trn c p dng rng ri trong phn thin vn thc hnh xc
nh ring v ngi quan st
O
= 90- H khi o c cao thin th qua
kinh tuyn ngi quan st H.
Lu y: trong trng hp > v cng tn khi p dng cng thc H

= 90-
+ khi tnh c cao H > 90, cao thc t ca thien th H = 180- H.
4. Li gic ti a ca thin th (tham kho-khng dy )
Li gic ti a ca thin th l v tr thin
th cch xa kinh tuyn ngi quan st nht v
phng v
Bi ton yu cu xc nh phng v,
gc gi v cao ca thin th ti thi im t
li gic ti a . xc nh v tr li gic ti a
ngi ta vch vng thng ng tip xc vi qu
o chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy ca thin
th , im C
1
s l v tr li gic ti a ca thin
th c- v tr ny tam gic thin vn ZP
N
C
1
c
Z

N

P
N

P
S

Z

S

Q

Q

c
2
c
1
H
1
H
2
D
1

D
2
90-

N

P
N

P
S

Z

Z

S

Q

Q

c

c
1
gc th sai q = 90do vy tr thnh tam gic cu
vung. p dng cng thc Napier ta c:
` cost
L
= ctg[90-(90- )].ctg(90- )
cost
L
= ctg.tg
` cos[90-(90- )] =sin(90- ).sinA
cos = cos.sinA sinA = cos.sec
` cos(90- ) = sinh.sin sinh = sin. cosec

2.3 bin thin cao v phng v trong chuyn ng
nhn thy hng ngy
Trong chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy thin th lin tc thay i v tr ca
n so vi mt phng chn tri tht v mt phng thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st
c coi khng tham gia vo chuyn ng cng thin cu.
Chuyn ng hng ngy ca thin th din
ra trn qu o // vi mt phng thin xch o
nn xch v l khng i, im xun phn l
mc tnh xch kinh (hay xch kinh nghch )
quan h c nh vi thin cu v cng chuyn
ng cng thin cu v vy , khng i. Ngha
l h to xch o II khng i.
1. Bin thin cao
a.Phng php hnh hc: Xy dng mt mt
phng // vi mt phng chn tri tht v qua v tr c
2
,
mt phng ny s ct thin cu bng mt bng mt
cung trn i qua c
2
v vung gc vi vng thng
ng cha c
1
ti D. Tam gic cong c
1
D c
2
nh gn
ng coi l tam gic phng, trong tam gic gc
c
1
=90- q, cnh Dc
1
= h, cnh c
1
c
2
= - t.cos ( du
- biu th gc gi pha E gim, khi cao tng.
Cnh c
1
c
2
l di cung thin v tuyn nh hn cung
thin xch o cos ln)
P
S
P
N
O

O
1
R

r

c
1
c
2
t
1
t
2

Xt tam gic c
1
D c
2
: h = c
1
c
2
.cos c
2
c
1
D = c
1
c
2
.cos(90- q)
h = -t.cos.sinq (1)
T tam gic th sai tp dng hm s sin ta c :
cos
sin
cosh
sin
cos
sin q t A
= = -> sinq.cos = sinA.cos thay vo (1)
ta c : h = - sinA.cos.t
b.Phng php gii tch :
T tam gic th sai p dng hm s cosin cho cnh (90- ) ta c:
sin h = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost Vi phn cng thc trn theo h v t (
y coi v khng i trong chuyn ng nhn thy ngy m) c
cosh.dh = - cos.cos.sint.dt -> dh = -
cosh
sin . cos . cos t
dt (2)
T tam gic thin vn ta c :
cos
sin
cosh
sin
cos
sin q t A
= = ->
t
A
sin
sin
cosh
cos
=
thay vo
(2) gin c v chuyn vi phn thnh dng s gia ( khi tr s ca s gia h, t nh)
ta c:
h = - sinA.cos.t
Trong thc t bin thin cao h c tnh bng pht gc, cn bin thin
gc gi t c th c tnh bng , pht gc hoc pht giy thi gian. T mi
quan h gia thi gian v gc gi: Tri t quay 1 vng 360~ 24h
h = - 15 sinA.cos.T
m

h = - 0,25.sinA.cos.T
S
Da vo cng thc ny ngi ta thnh lp
bng 17.
MT75/TH86 S bin i cao thin th sau 10 giy thi gian- i s l A,
T cng thc trn ta c nhn xt :
` Khi ngi quan st xch o ( =0) : cos
max
=1 -> h = - sinA.t tc
bin thin cao ln nht so vi mi ngi quan st cc v tr khc
` Ngi quan st cc (=90) : cos = 0 -> h = 0 thin th khng thay i
cao trong chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy
` Ngi quan st v bt k :
+ Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st A=0(180) -> sinA = 0 -> h = 0
ti thi im qua kinh tuyn thin th khng bin thin cao.
+ Khi thin th qua vng thng ng gc A=90(270) -> sinA
Max
=1
P
N

Z

c

90-
90-
90-h
q

A

t
L
2. Bin thin phng v
p dng cng thc 4 yu t trong tam gic thin vn
ta c:
ctgA.sint = ctg(90- ).sin(90- ) - cos(90- ).cost
ctgA.sint = tg.cos - sin.cost ly vi phn cng thc
trn theo A, t ta c:
-
A
2
sin
1
.sint.dA + ctgA.cost.dt = sin.sint.dt
-
A
t
2
sin
sin
dA = (- ctgA.cost +sin.sint) dt
dA = A
t
t t ctgA
2
sin .
sin
sin . sin cos .
.dt
dA =
t
A t t A
sin
sin . sin . sin cos . cos
sinA.dt (3)
T tam gic thin vn p dng cng thc cosin cho gc th sai q ta c :
cosq = - cosA.cost + sinA.sint.cos(90- )
cosq = - cosA.cost + sinA.sint.sin Thay vo cng thc (3) ta c
dA = -
t
A q
sin
sin . cos
dt (4)
p dng cng thc sine:
cos
sin
cosh
sin
cos
sin q t A
= =
->
t
A
sin
sin
cosh
cos
=
thay vo (4) ta c :
dA = -
cosh
cos . cos q
dt (5)
p dng cng thc 5 yu t lin tip trong tam gic thin vn:
sin(90- ).cosq = sin(90- h).cos(90- ) - cos(90- h).sin(90- ).cosA
cos.cosq =cosh.sin - sinh.cos.cosA thay vo (5) ta c:
dA = -
cosh
cos . cos . sinh sin . cosh A
dt
dA = - (sin - tgh.cos.cosA)dt
Chuyn vi phn thnh s gia cui cng ta c :
A = - ( sin - tgh.cos.cosA)t
Du - trong cng thc th hin phng v nghch bin vi gc gi thc
dng. Trong thc t bin thin phng v A c o bng , pht gc cn bin
P
N

Z

c

90-
90-
90-h
q

A

t
L
P
N
P
S
E

Z

Q

Q

Z

1

2
N

S

Hoc A = - 0,25( sin - tgh.cos.cosA).T
S
T cng thc ny ngi ta thnh
lp bng 18 MT75/TH86 S bin i phng v sau 10 giy thi gian- i s ,
A, h
T cng thc A =- (sin - tgh.cos.cosA)t hay: A = (tgh.cos.cosA-
sin)t chng ta c nhn xt:
` Tc bin thin phng v ca thin th trong chuyn ng nhn thy
hng ngy khng u v ph thuc vo chnh phng v, tr trng hp c bit khi
thin th mc ln tht h= 0 v khi thin th qua vng thng ng gc A=90(270)
` i vi ngi quan st xch o ( = 0): cos =1, sin = 0 -> A =
tgh.cosA.t tc bin thin phng v ln hn cc v khc nhng khng u.
` Vi ngi quan st cc ( =90) : cos = 0, sin =1 -> A = t tc
bin thin phng v ( chnh xc l bin thin hng so vi vi mt im c nh
trong khng gian) t l vi thi gian.
` Ngi quan st v bt k :
-> cosA
Max
, cn v khng i. Do vy bin thin phng v A t
gi tr ln nht trong chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy.
+Khi thin th qua vng thng ng gc A=90(270) -> cosA= 0 v khi
thin th mc ln tht h = 0 -> tgh = 0 trong c hai trng hp A = - sin.t
phng v bin thin u
3. Gii thch chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy ca thin th
Tri t t quay xung quanh trc theo chiu
ngc chiu kim ng h nu quan st t cc P
N

vi vn tc gc
= 15/1h = 0,000073 rad/s. Phn tch
thnh
hai thnh phn
` Thnh phn
1
nm trong mt phng chn tri,
1
=

.cos thnh phn ny lm cho mt phng chn tri quay

xung quanh ng NS lm cho mt phng chn tri pha E i
xung, pha W i ln gy hin tng mc ln v bin thin cao
trong chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy.
` Thnh phn
2
trng vi ng dy di,
2
=
.sin thnh phn ny lm

cho mt phng kinh tuyn ngi quan st quay quanh ng dy di ZZ gy ln s
bin thin phng v ca thin th.
chng 3 chuyn ng nhn thy hng nm ca mt tri

3.1 c im chuyn ng nhn thy hng nm ca mt tri

Quan st lin tc v c h thng chuyn ng hng ngy ca cc thin th
trong vng mt nm ngi ta thy:
- im mc ln ca cc ngi sao khng thay i, cn im mc ln ca mt
tri lin tc thay i, nu ngi quan st N bn cu th ma Xun v ma H dch
ln pha N cn ma Thu v ma ng li dch chuyn v pha S
- cao qua kinh tuyn thng ca mt ngi sao no hu nh khng
thay i, cn cao kinh tuyn ca my tri thay i lin tc d nhn nht l t
ma ny qua ma khc
- Nu quan st lin tc trong vng mt nm ngi ta nhn thy s thay i
ca mt tri c tnh lp li.
T nhng hin tng trn ngi ta i n kt lun : Ngoi vic tham gia
chuyn ng ngy m cng thin cu mt tri cn tham gia mt chuyn ng
ring no . Lin tc xc nh xch kinh
O
, xch v
O
trong mt nm v nh
du v tr ca mt tri ln thin cu ngi ta thu c qu o chuyn ng nhn
thy hng nm ca mt tri gi l Hong o.Mt phng cha Hong o gi l
mt phng Hong o, Hong o nghing vi thin xch o mt gc = 2327
v ct thin xch o tai hai im gi l cc phn im
- im xun phn l giao im ca
Hong o v Thin xch o khi mt tri
chuyn ng t S bn cu ln N bn cu. Mt
tri ti vo ngy 21/3, ti Xun phn to
xch o ca mt tri l
O
= 0,
O
= 0
- im Thu phn l giao im ca
Hong o v Thin xch o khi mt tri
chuyn ng t N bn cu xung S bn cu,
mt tri ti Thu phn vo ngy 23/9, ti y
to ca mt tri
O
= 0,
O
=180
Hai im nm trn Hong o cch cc phn im mt gc 90 gi l cc ch
im, ti cc ch im mt tri cch xa thin xch o nht hay
O
t
O
Max
=
P
N
P
S

O

O

L

L
M
M

- im H ch L: l ch im N bn cu, mt tri ti H ch vo ngy 22/6,
ti H ch to xch o ca mt tri
O
= 2327N,
O
=90
- im ng ch L : l ch im S bn cu, mt tri ti ng ch vo
ngy 22/12, ti y to ca mt tri
O
= 2327S,
O
=270
Cc im , gi l cc phn im bi ti cc im y xch v
O
= 0 do
qu o chuyn ng ca mt tri phn pha trn ng chn tri bng phn
pha di ng chn tri vi tt c cc v , mi im trn b mt tri t c ngy
bng m.
Vo ngy 21/3 mt tri chuyn ng trn thin xch o sau tin dn v
pha N bn cu, ti ngy 22/6 mt tri chuyn ng v tuyn N ngoi cng
(2327N )-gi l ch tuyn, sau li dch chuyn v xch o v ngy 23/9 mt
ln na mt tri chuyn ng trn thin xch o ri tin dn v S bn cu cho ti
ny 22/12 th mt tri chuyn ng trn ch tuyn S (2327S).

3.2 cc hin tng lin quan ti chuyn ng nhn thy
hng nm ca mt tri
1. Cc i kh hu- cc ma trong nm
a.Cc i kh hu
Nng lng ca mt n v din
tch nhn c t mt tri ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t trong c yu t gc ti
ca nh sng mt tri. Khi gc ti vung
gc vi b mt din tch th nng lng nhn
c l ln nht.
Nh chng ta bit tri t c hnh dng l hnh Spheroid - gn ng coi l
hnh cu. Mt khc mt tri chuyn ng trn Hong o xch v thay i t
2327N n 2327S .
Do vy nng lng ca mt im trn b mt tri t nhn c t mt tri
s khc nhau ph thuc vo v v xch v mt tri. Do c im nh vy ngi ta
phn ra cc vng nh sau
- Vng nhit i: L nhng vng trn b mt tri t trong mt nm mt tri
qua thin nh ngi quan st hai ln, ti bin gii ca vng mt tri qua thin nh
ngi quan st mt ln.
p
N
p
S
Q

Q

O

T iu kin qua thin nh:
O
= v cng tn, m
O
= 2327N 2327S
do vy vng nhit i ko di t = 2327N 2327S
- Vng n i : l nhng vng trn b mt tri t m mt tri khng
bao gi qua thin nh ngi quan st, hng ngy mt tri c mc ln.
T iu kin O qua thin nh
O
=
-> O khng qua thin nh , loi
tr vng nhit i ta rt ra iu kin:
>
O
Max

T iu kin mc ln
O
< 90-
-> < 90-
O
Max

T hai iu kin trn ta rt ra vng n
i N bn cu : 2327N 6633N
S bn cu : 2327S 6633S
- Vng hn i (vng cc) : l nhng vng cn li trn b mt tri t, trong
vng ny c mt s ngy mt tri khng mc, mt s ngy mt tri khng ln.
b. Cc ma trong nm
Nh ni trn nng lng ca mt im trn b mt tri t nhn c t
mt tri s khc nhau ph thuc vo v v xch v mt tri, m tr s v du ca
xch v mt tri li thay i theo tng thi k trong nm. S tng quan gia tr s
v du ca xch v mt tri i vi v da phng c coi l du hiu thin vn
ca s bt u v kt thc bn ma, khi
O

v v ngi quan st cng tn s l
ma Xun v ma H, khi
O

v v ngi quan st khc tn s l ma Thu v
ma ng.
Vi quan im ngi ta chia ra 4 ma N bn cu nh sau:
2. Chuyn ng hng ngy v hng nm ca mt tri vi ngi quan st v
khc nhau
Cc hin tng lin quan n chuyn ng nhn thy ca O i vi ngi
quan st ph thuc vo tr s v du ca
O
i vi v ngi quan st . Trong
mt nm
O
thay i t 2327N 2327S do vy chuyn ng nhn thy hng
ngy ca O cng thay i lin tc.
Do c im chuyn ng ca O chng ta c nhn xt:
- Vi tt c mi ngi quan st khng ph thuc v vo ngy 21/3 v 23/9
trong chuyn ng hng ngyO mc ln cn im E, ln ln cn W, do
O
0 (
p
N
p
S
Vng nhit i

Vng n i

Vng n i

Vng hn i

Vng hn i

6633N

6633S

2327S

2327N

xch o

thc t gi tr
O
= 0 ch xy ra ti mt thi im trong ngy) nn chuyn ng hng
ngy din ra trn thin xch o, mi ngi quan st s c ngy bng m.
- T ngy 21/323/9 :
O
mang tn N nn O mc NE ln NW, t ngy
23/9 n 21/3 nm sau s mc SE ln SW.
a. Ngi quan st Xch o
- Ngy lun bng m v mt phng qu o vung gc vi mt phng chn
trido c chia lm hai phn bng nhau
- Vo ngy 21/3 v 23/9
O
=0nn mt
tri qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st vo lc gia
tra
- Sau ngy 21/3
O
mang tn N ng
thi tng dn tr s do cao kinh tuyn
gim dn t gi tr nh nht vo ngy 22/6
H
Min
= 6633, sau ngy ny cao kinh tuyn
H li tng dn..
ti thi im qua kinh tuyn nh c Z =
O

- Trong chuyn ng hng ngy khng bao gi O ct vng thng ng gc
(
O
> ) do ch qua hai phng tri.
b. Ngi quan st vng nhit i
(gia cc ch tuyn) <2327 N/S
- Hng ngy O c mc, c ln (
O

<90-)
- Trong mt nm O qua thin nh
ngi quan st hai ln, v tuyn ngoi cng ca
vng O qua thin nh ngi quan st mt ln
vo ngy 22/6 i vi = 2327N, ngy 22/12
i vi = 2327S.
- Khi
O
< mt tri ct vng thng ng gc, nu
O
cng tn mt tri
ct vng thng ng gc pha trn ng chn tri chuyn ng hng ngy s qua
4 phng tri, nu
O
v khc tn O ct vng thng ng gc pha di ng
chn tri chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy O ch i qua hai phng tri.
- Khi
O
> mt tri khng ct vng thng ng gc,phng v A
O
tng dn
t lc mc t gi tr ln nht (A
O
Max
) v tr li gic ti a sau gim dn n
P
S
S
QZ

O

O

P
N
N
QZ

S
Z

O

O

N
Z

P
S

P
N

Q

Q

0khi qua kinh tuyn thng ngi quan st sau tng dn ti A
O
Max
ri gim ti
lc ln.
c. Ngi quan st vng n i (2327N/S 6633N/S)
- Mt tri khng bao gi qua thin nh
ngi quan st v v lun >
O
Max

- Hng ngy mt tri c mc, ln v
O
< 90-
- Trong chuyn ng hng ngyO lun
ct vng thng ng gc
O
< nu
O
cng
tn mt tri ct vng thng ng gc pha
trn ng chn tri chuyn ng nhn thy
hng ngy s qua 4 phng tri,
O

khc tn s ct vng thng ng gc pha
di ng chn tri chuyn ng hng ngy ch qua hai phng tri

d. Ngi quan st vng hn i
( >6633)
- vng ny xy ra iu kin
O
> 90-
do c th quan st thy c mt s ngy O
khng ln khi
O
cng tn v , mt s ngy
mt tri khng mc khi
O
cng tn .
- S lng ngy mt tri khng ln
(ngy cc), ngy mt tri khng mc (m
cc) tng dn theo v
- Khi
O
cng tn trong chuyn ng hng ngy mt tri s qua 4 phng tri.
e.Ngi quan st cc ( = 90N/S)
- Xut hin 6 thng ngy khi
O
cng
tn vi cc ngi quan st ang ng, v 6
thng m khi
O
khc tn cc
- Trong chuyn ng hng ngy O
chuyn ng theo vng cao vi h
O
=
O

S
Z

O

O

N
Z

P
S

P
N

Q

Q

S
Z

O

O

N
Z

P
S

P
N

Q

Q

PZ

O

O

PZ

Q

Q

m cc

ngy cc

- cao ln nht ca mt tri quan st
c trong nm vo cc ngy ch im
h
O
Max
=2327

3.3 s thay i to xch o ca mt tri

1.Khi nim v h to Hong o
Hong o l qu o chuyn ng nhn
thy hng nm ca mt tri - l mt vng
trn ln trn thin cu. ng thng i qua tm
thin cu v vung gc vi mt phng hong
o gi l trc hong o, trc hong o ct
thin cu ti hai im gi l cc hong o, cc
gn thin cc bc P
N
gi l cc bc hong o
M(hay P
HN
) cn cc kia l cc nam hong o
M (hay P
HS
)
Tt c cc vng trn ln i qua cc cc ca hong o gi l cc vng v ,
h to ny ly hng chnh l hng trc hong o, hai mt phng chnh l mt
phng hong o v mt phng v qua im xun phn
Mt thin th trong h to ny c xc nh bi hai i lng
- V hong o : L gc hp bi ng thng ni t tm thin th vi
tm thin cu v mt phng hong o, c o bng cung v cha thin th tnh
t mt phng hong o ti tm thin th.
V hong o bin thin t 090 mang tn N hoc S tu thuc thin
th nm bn cu no.
- Kinh hong o L : L gi tr ca cung hong o tnh t im xun
phn cng chiu chuyn ng ca mt tri ti vng v cha thin th
Kinh hong o bin thin t 0360
T nh ngha trn ta thy v hong o ca mt tri lun bng 0 (
O
= 0)
2. S thay i to xch o ca mt tri
O
v xch v
O
cc v tr khc nhau
ca mt tri trn hong o.
P
N
P
S
Q

Q

L

L

M

M

O

L

C

Xt tam gic cu SD y l tam gic cu vung v SD l mt phn ca cung
thin kinh tuyn nn vung gc vi cung thin xch o, p dng cng thc Napier
ta c
` cos = ctgL.ctg(90-
O
) = ctgL.tg
O
-> tg
O
= cos/ctgL = cos.tgL
o hm cng thc theo , L ta c: dL
L
d . cos .
cos
1
cos
1
2 2

=
-> d =
L
2
2
cos
cos
.cos.dL (1)
` cos(90- ) = sin.sinL -> sin = sin.sinL . o hm cng thc theo , L :
cos.d = sin.cosL.dL -> d =
cos
cosL
sin.dL (2)
` cosL = sin(90-).sin(90-) -> cosL = cos.cos (3)
Thay (3) vo (1) v (2) ng thi chuyn vi phn thnh s gia ta c:
=
2
cos
cos
L v = cos.sin.L
Cn c vo tc bin thin kinh hong o L, to ca O vo nhng
ngy phn im, ch im ta c th tnh c tc bin thin
O
,
O

Bng cch tnh tng t vi s liu tng im ngi ta tnh c
` Bin thin hng ngy ca xch kinh
O
, bin thin xch kinh hng ngy
khng u t gi tr ln nht bng 666 vo khong ngy 24/12, v gi tr nh nht
bng 538 vo khong ngy 16/9, t tr s trung bnh 5914 - gn ng ly bng 1
` Tha nhn sin 0,4 v bin thin kinh hong o L c gi tr lin
tip 59 58, 57 ; gi tr xch kinh l 15, 44,73 ta s c
+ i vi ngy th 15 sau phn im
O
= 235 04 trong mt ngy m
+ i vi ngy th 45 sau phn im
O
+Ngy th 75 sau phn im
O
Tng t nh trn ngi ta tnh c bin thin 15, 45, 75 trc xun phn.
Trn c s s liu
O
,
O
v s liu to ca cc im c bit trn hong o
ngi ta v c th biu din to xch o ca O trong mt nm.

3.4 mt s bi ton gn ng v mt tri

1.Tnh gn ng
O
,
O
vo ngy thng cho
C s gii bi ton ny l to ca cc im c bit trn hong o
(ch im, phn im ) v s bin thin
O
,
O
trong mt ngy m, y ta ly
` Bin thin xch kinh
O
= 1 trong mt ngy m trong sut c nm
` Bin thin
O
= 04 trong 1 ngy m thng th nht trc, sau phn im

O
= 03 trong 1 ngy m thng th hai trc, sau phn im

O
= 01 trong 1 ngy m thng th nht trc, sau ch im
gii bi ton nn thc hin qua cc bc sau:
- Cn c vo ngy thng cho chn mc l cc ngy phn im hay ch
im gn nht, sao cho s ngy t mc ti ngy cn tnh khng vt qu 45 ngy
- Tnh lng bin thin to tng ng vi s ngy k t mc chn cho ti
ngy cn tnh
- Cng lng bin thin to vi to ca im mc
2.Tnh gn ng cao kinh tuyn H
O
vo ngy thng cho trc v cho
` Xt O vo thi im no trong nm
c xch v
1
cng tn vi v ngi quan st ,
cao kinh tuyn H
1
= Sd
1
= SQ + Qd
1

= (90- ) +
1

` Xt O vo thi im khc trong nm c
2
khc tn v ngi quan st , khi cao
kinh tuyn H
2
= Sd
2
= SQ - Qd
2

= (90- ) -
2

Tng qut ta c cng thc tnh cao
kinh tuyn ca O: H
O
= (90- )
O

y du + khi
O
cng tn v ngi quan st
du - khi
O
khc tn v ngi quan st
Nh vy vn cn li ca bi ton l tnh
O
vo ngy thng cho. Lu
khi p dng cng thc tnh cao H
O
c th xy ra trng hp
O
cng tn v
ng thi <
O
th kt qu tnh c H > 90 lc cao thc t H
O
=180-H
3. Xc nh ngy mt tri qua thin nh ngi quan st v cho trc
S
Z

O

O

N
Z

P
S

P
N

Q

Q

S
1
S
2
H
2
H
1
d
1
d
1
d
2
d
2
T iu kin thin th qua thin nh ngi quan st l = v cng tn.
Bi ton cho trc v do dn n vic xc nh ngy thng
O
t gi tr cho
trc. Lu l O ch qua thin nh ngi quan st vng nhit i do vy bi
ton c hai kt qu tr trng hp c bit ngi quan st cc ch tuyn
= 2327N/S
4.Tnh ngy bt u v kt thc ca ngy cc, m cc v cho trc
T iu kin mc ln ca thin th < 90- , khi / 90- thin th khng
mc, khng ln. Nh vy ngy cc, m cc xy ra khi
O
/90- , nu
O
cng tn
xut hin ngy cc, khc tn xut hin m cc.
Do
O
lin tc thay i, tnh gii hn bt u, kt thc ngy cc, m cc
ta s dng biu thc
O
= 90- . Khi
O
cng tn bt u/kt thc ngy cc, khi
O
khc tn bt u/kt thc m cc. Nh vy thc cht ca bi ton l tnh ngy
cho
O
= 90- .
Ta bit tr s
O
Max
= 2327 do vy v xut hin ngy cc/m cc
=90-
O
Max
-> /6633.

5.Xc nh v m ngy cc hay m cc ko di trong khong thi gian cho
Bi ton ny l bi ton ngc ca bi ton trn, bi vy iu kin p dng
bi ton
O
=90- .
3.5 quy lut chuyn ng ca tri t v cc hnh tinh
trong h mt tri
Qua nghin cu v tr ngi ta thy khng phi tt c cc thin th u
ng yn m c mt s thin th chuyn ng trong v tr - nhng thin th y
c gi l cc hnh tinh
Trong h mt tri ca chng ta th mt tri l c nh v c 9 hnh tinh ln
sp xp theo th t t O l : Thu tinh - Kim tinh - tri t - Ho tinh - Mc tinh -
Th tinh - Thin vng tinh - Hi vng tinh - Dim vng tinh. Trong s cc
hnh tinh k trn th thu tinh nh nht D
X,o
= 4840Km, Mc tinh ln nht
D
X.
=143800Km, tri t v Kim tinh kch thc xp x nhau 12756Km,12400Km.
Ngoi 9 hnh tinh ln trn cn mt nhm cc tiu hnh tinh nm gia Ho
tinh v Mc tinh
Tt c cc hnh tinh u chuyn ng xung quanh O v tun theo cc nh
lut ca Newton v Kepler

1.Cc nh lut gii thch quy lut chuyn ng ca tri t v cc hnh tinh
a.Cc nh lut ca Kepler (1571-1630)
- nh lut 1: Tt c cc hnh tinh trong h mt tri u chuyn ng xung
quanh mt tri theo mt qu o c dng l hnh Elp m mt tri l mt trong hai
tiu im.
- nh lut 2: Din tch c qut bi cc
bn knh vc t ca hnh tinh trong khong thi
gian bng nhau th nh nhau.
nh lut ny gii thch s chuyn ng
khng u ca cc hnh tinh trn qu o ca
chng, nhng v tr gn mt tri chuyyn
ng trn qu o nhanh hn nhng v tr xa
mt tri.
- nh lut 3: Bnh phng t s chu k sao ca cc hnh tinh quay xung quanh
mt tri bng lp phng t s khong cch trung bnh ca chng ti mt tri.

3
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
a
a
T
T
=
Trong : ` T
1
, T
2
l thi gian quay xung quanh qu o so vi mt ngi sao
no ca hnh tinh 1 v hnh tinh 2
` a
1
, a
2
l khong cch trung bnh ca hnh tinh1, hnh tinh 2 vi O
nh lut ny nhm gii thch tc chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh trn
cc qu o khng ging nhau, nhng hnh tinh gn mt tri chuyn ng nhanh
hn nhng hnh tinh xa O
b. nh lut ca Newton (1643 - 1727)
Mi phn t vt cht trong v tr ht phn t vt cht khc mt lc ( F ) t
l vi tch s khi lng ca chng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch
gia chng,
F = - k
2

2
.
r
M m
trong : ` m, M l khi lng ca hai phn t vt cht
` r l khong cch gia hai phn t c tnh bng
n v thin vn (1vtv = 149,5 x 10
6
km l k/c t
O - Tri t)
` k l hng s lc hp dn k=1/58

O
A

S
c
d
O

2.Chuyn ng ca tri t theo qu o

Sau khong 3 thng vo ngy 22/6 tri t ti v tr (II) trn qu o ngi
quan st thy O H ch L, v tr ny phn N ca trc tri t hp vi ng ni
tm O- tm tri t mt gc 6633
Khi tri t ti v tr (III) vo ngy 23/9 ngi quan st thy mt tri im
Thu phn , v tr ny tia ti t mt tri hp vi trc tri t gc 90
Cui cng ngy 22/12 tri t ti v tr (IV) trn qu o ngi quan st thy
mt tri ng ch L, v tr ny ng thng ni tm mt tri vi tm tri t ct
ch tuyn 2327S hay tia ti t O hp vi phn S ca trc tri t mt gc 6633.
Nh vy gc ti ca nh sng t mt tri vi trc tri t lin tc thay i do
vy nng lng nhn c t mt tri ca mt im c nh trn b mt tri t
cng lun thay i. Khi tri t chuyn ng t cc v tr I-II-III th bn cu N nhn
c nhiu nng lng hn do thi k ny N bn cu l ma Xun v ma H,
giai on tri t chuyn ng cc v tr III-IV-I th bn cu S s nhn c nhiu
nng lng hn do S bn cu thi k ny l ma Xun v ma H.
Xt s thay i tc chuyn ng ca tri t trn qu o: Tc chuyn
ng ca tri t trn qu o l khng u v tun theo nh lut 2 ca Kepler.
im gn mt tri nht vo khong ngy 03/01 quan st thy mt tri P trn
hong o vi kinh hong o L
O
282, bin thin hng ngy L = 612 bn
knh gc ca mt tri ln nht R
O
= 1615 (2R
O
= 3231). Khi tri t im a
trn qu o khong vo ngy 04/7- im xa mt tri nht ngi quan st s thy O
im A trn hong o bn knh gc nhn thy mt tri l nh nht 2R
O
= 3127,
ti v tr ny L
O
102, bin thin L = 572
Tc qu o ca tri t gn phn im (I,III) xp x tc trung bnh
ca tri t trn qu o bng 29,77Km/s, cn bin thin kinh hong o
L=59

3.6 cc hin tng lin quan n chuyn ng quay ca tri t
(Hin tng th sai, quang sai, tu sai, chng ng)
1.Tu sai

ng lc ht ca O,1 nu tri
t l hnh cu th cc lc ny b tit
tiu bi lc li tm. Xy dng mt
hnh cu ni tip tri t th s c hai
phn khi lng d m
1
v m
2
tp
trung xch o, di tc ng ca
O,1 ( v d O ) s sinh ra hai lc :
f
!
=
2
1
1
.
r
M m

v f
2
=
2
2
2
.
r
M m

V r
1
< r
2
nn f
1
> f
2

Hp lc ca hai lc trn l f = f
1
- f
2
s t cch tm O ca tri t mt
khong cch d v sinh ra mmen ngoi lc L = f.d mmen ny s lm cho u
mt ca vect mmen ng lng H dch chuyn theo phng vung gc vi ngoi
lc tc ng, cng chiu vi mmen ngoi lc, do trc tri t s quay (tin
ng) xung quanh trc Hong o - hin tng ny c gi l tu sai.
Tc chuyn ng ca trc tri t quanh trc hong o rt chm ( v L
nh) thc hin ht mt vng quanh trc hong o phi ht 25800 nm. Do c
hin tng tu sai nn im Xun phn di chuyn trn hong o ngc chiu quay
ca tri t mt nm l 503, ng thi tu sai cng lm cho gc nghing gia
hong o v thin xch o thay i c tnh theo cng thc = 232783 -
0468.t
Vi : t l s nm c tnh t nm 1900.

2.Chng ng
Nghin cu lc tc ng ca cc
thin th ln tri t , ngoi s tc ng ch
yu caO,1 tri t cn chu tc ng ca
cc hnh tinh v nhng thin th khc trong
v tr do vy lc f
1
,f
2
lun b thay i c v
hng v tr s v th lc tc ng ln trc
ca tri t din bin rt phc tp vng trn
tu sai khng cn l mt vng trn n
thun m l mt dao ng hnh sine khp
kn vi chu k 18,6 nm - Hin tng ny c gi l chng ng hay dao ng
a trc.
3.Th sai (tham kho)
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l
do ngi quan st cng tri t chuyn ng
trn qu o ca tri t, ti nhng v tr
khc nhau trn qu o tri t ngi quan
st thy thin th nhng v tr khc nhau
trn thin cu khi quan st cc ngi sao cch
tri t mt khong cch khng ln.
Ti mt thi im no tri t T
1
trn qu o quan st thy thin th c v tr
c trn thin cu, T
2
quan st thy thin th
c v trng vng mt nm s quan st thy thin th c vch ln thin cu mt
hnh Elp rt gn vi hnh trn
Gc ln nht t thin th nhn thy bn trc qu o tri t gi l th sai
hng nm ca thin th
Coi qu o tri t l hnh trn c bn knh bng bn trc a, khong cch t
mt tri ti thin th l D. Xt tam gic cT
1
S c :

D
a
T
x
a
x
D
T
= =
sin
sin sin sin
V x rt nh nn coi sinx = x.arc1
x.arc1 =
D
a
.sinT x =
" 1 .
sin .
arc D
T a
(1)
T cng thc ny ta thy x
Max
khi T 90nh vy theo nh ngha v th sai
ta c
sin =
D
a
hay: =
' 1 .arc D
a
thay vo cng thc (1) ta c : x = .sinT
T cng thc trn khi bit c th sai hng nm ta c th tnh c
khong cch ti thin th bng cng thc D =
" 1 ".arc
a

y a l khong cch trung bnh t tri t ti mt tri c gi l n v
thin vn [Astronomical Unit (AU)] = 149,5 x 10
6
Km, o nhng khong cch
di hn ngi ta s dng n v nm nh sng= 9,46 x 10
12
Km
4. Quang sai ca cc v sao ( tham kho)
knh c chiu di AB quan st thin th
c, trong khong thi gian T nh sng i t
BA th ngi quan st di chuyn n A
1
,
O
x
x
x
c
c
c
D
T
2
T
1
a

T

Thin cu
S

v vy hng quan st thin th l AC lch
vi AC mt gc y nn thin th s khng nm
ng tm ca ng knh. cho thin th nm
ng tm ca ng knh ngay thi im u tin
th ngi quan st phi t nghing ng knh
mt gc y cng pha vi chuyn ng qu o
ca tri t.
Xt tam gic ABB
1
c :
T C
u
T V
y
=
.
sin
.
sin
-> sin y =
C
V
.T v gc y rt nh nn coi
sin y = y.arc1 -> y =
" 1 .arc C
V
.sinu
t
" 1 .arc C
V
= k = 2047 gi l quang sai khng i v bng y khi u -> 90
y = k.sinu
Do c hin tng quang sai nh ca thin th trong vng mt nm s vch
ln trn thin cu mt hnh Ellip c kch thc ln hn th sai hng chc ln.
Chng 4 : chuyn ng nhn thy ca mt trng
v cc hnh tinh

4.1 c im chuyn ng ca mt trng (1 )

Quan st chuyn ng ca mt trng hng ngy ngi ta thy c mt s hin tng
- Di chuyn ca mt Trng v pha ng ln hn cc chm sao v mt tri
do gi qua kinh tuyn ca mt trng hng ngy b chm dn.
- cao kinh tuyn ca mt Trng lin tc thay i t ngy nt qua ngy khc
- im mc, ln ca mt Trng cng lin tc thay i trn ng chn tri
T nhng hin tng trn ngi ta i n kt lun: ngoi vic cng tham gia
chuyn ng cng thin cu mt trng cng nh mt tri cn c chuyn ng nhn
thy ring nhng chuyn ng ca 1 ln hn O
- Tit im xung : l giao im ca bch o v hong o khi 1 chuyn
ng t N bn cu xung S bn cu
Chuyn ng ca 1 trn thin cu cng theo chiu chuyn ng ring nhn
thy ca O nhng ln hn O, hng ngy 1 di chuyn trn bch o gn 13.
Nguyn nhn ca chuyn ng nhn thy ca mt trng l do chuyn ng tht ca
1 xung quanh tri t, v 1 l v tinh ca tri t. Qu o chuyn ng ca 1
quanh tri t l mt hnh Elip m tri t l mt trong hai tiu im ca Elip
khon cch trung bnh t 1 ti tri t xp x 384.400 km. Trn qu o ca 1
cn im tc chuyn ng ca 1 l nhanh nht tng ng vi bn knh gc
ln nht (167). vin im A chuyn ng ca 1 l nhanh nht, tng ng vi
bn knh gc l nh nht (147 ) - tr s bn knh gc trung bnh R
1
= 155.
Do mt trng l v tinh ca tri t tc l nm trong h thng O - tri t -
1 nn chuyn ng ca 1 khng tun theo cc nh lut ca Kepler v c cc hin
tng :
- Quy hi ca cc tit im ( s di chuyn ca cc tit im) ca 1 trn
hong o ngc chiu vi chuyn ng qu o ca 1 mi nm di chuyn c
193 do vy thc hin c mt vng trn hong o phi mt 18,6 nm
- Gc nghing gia hong o v bch o i dao ng t 459517
(i
tb
=508)
v tm sai ca qu o cng dao ng 1/14 n 1/23
Chuyn ng ca 1 rt phc tp, phng trnh biu din kinh ca mt
trng c ti 655 thnh phn, v khong 300 thnh phn.

4.2 Chu k chuyn ng ca mt trng , iu kin nhn thy trng.

1. Chu k chuyn ng ca mt trng
Chu k chuyn ng ca 1 l khong thi gian 1 thc hin chuyn ng
c mt vng xung quanh tri t.
Tu theo im mc chn m ngi ta c cc chu k khc nhau
- Thng sao (hay thng v tr): L khong thi gian lin tip gia hai ln
tm 1 ii qua tm mt ngi sao no ( T=27
d
7
h
43
m
27,32ngy)
- Thng trng (thng m lch) : l khong thi gian lin tip gia hai ln tm
1 i qua mt phng kinh tuyn cha tm O v tm tri t (T=29
d
12
h
44
m

29,53ngy)
Thng trng l c s ca thng m lch do mt nm m lch c : 12

thng
x 29,5 ngy/thng = 354 ngy. Trong khi mt nm nhit i c 365,2422 ngy,
nh vy nm m lch thiu ht 11ngy so vi nm dng lch nn cho thng
nht th trong vng 3 nm m lch li c mt nm nhun 13 thng m lch.
Mt trng chuyn ng ring vi tc nhanh, trong chuyn ng nhn thy
hng ngy th: + 1 di chuyn on ng so vi cc v sao l
d
O
32 , 27
360
=132 53m
+ 1 di chuyn on ng so vi cc mt tri l
d
O
53 , 29
360
= 122
49m
y chnh l nguyn nhn hng ngy mt trng qua kinh tuyn b chm
(hay mc mun) khong 50m,v vy l ngy m m lch = 24h50m - do vy gi
a phng khi 1 qua kinh tuyn khc nhau s khng ging nhau vi cc kinh
tuyn pha E s sm
15
2m
, cn cc kinh tuyn pha W mun
15
2m
so vi kinh
tuyn gc.
thin th trn qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st
cng mt thi im. Sau mt ngy m tri t chuyn
ng ti v tr T
2
trn qu o dng thi quay c mt
vng quanh trc, trong khong thi gian mt trng
bng chuyn ng ring dch chuyn v pha E c
132, O chuyn ng cng v pha E c 1 cn
hng ti ngi sao c xa v cng khng i. V vy
ngi sao c qua kinh tuyn P
N
a trc tin (v tr a
1
), tip
theo l O
(a
2
) v cui cng l 1 (a
3
). T tr s ca cc cung a
1
a
2
=1, cung a
2
a
3
= 122 ta thy
rng O s qua kinh tuyn chm sau cc ngi sao 4m, mt trng qua kinh tuyn
chm sau cc ngi sao 53m hay sau mt tri 49m.
Nguyn nhn ca thng trng v thng sao di ngn khc nhau:
Ti thi im no tri t T
1
trn qu o
khi tri t- mt trng- mt tri - ngi sao c xa v
cng nm trn mt ng thng, v tr khng trng- bt
u mt chu k chuyn ng ca mt trng.
Sau mt thng sao mt trng tr v v tr L
1
mt
27,32 ngy m, trong khong thi gian ny tri t di
chuyn ngc chiu kim ng h trn qu o c 27
n v tr T
2
trn qu o, v tr T
2
tri t - mt trng
(L
1
)- mt tri khng nm trn mt ng thng. tr
li mt thng trng c ngha l khi tri t - 1 - O phi
nm cng mt mt phng thng ng th mt trng phi
quay tip gc 27na ( tc l ti v tr L
2
). Nh chng ta
bit 1 di chuyn trn qu o mi ngy c 132, cn chuyn ng nhn thy
vi O mi ngy di chuyn c 1 trn qu o cng pha vi 1 cho nn mt trng
di chuyn nhiu hn mt tri l 132 - 1= 122, do vy phi mt mt khong thi
gian
` / 2 12
27
ngay
= 2,21 ngy na mi tr li mt thng trng. Hay ni mt cch

khc thng trng di hn thng sao 2,21 ngy.
2. Tun v tui trng- iu kin nhn thy trng
a. Tun (phase) ca mt trng: Trong thin vn s bin thin lin tc nh
ca mt hnh tinh (hay v tinh) c nhn t mt hnh tinh khc gi l tun (phase)
Pha ca mt trng l t s gia phn nhn thy
v ton b phn c th thy ca mt trng
Pha ca mt trng k hiu : =
' LL
LT

thay i t 01, c tnh cht chu k v c cho trong
lch thin vn Hng hi trn cc trang hng ngy.
O
O
P
N
P
N

O

S

c

c

27

L
1
L
2
T
1
T
2
O
27

L
1

L L
T

b. Tui trng (B)
L khong thi gian tnh bng ngy m k t khi trng non n v tr
cho ca mt trng.
Tui trng (Age ) bin i t 030 v c cho trong lch thin vn.
c. iu kin nhn thy trng
Mt trng l mt vt th ti c chiu sng bi mt tri, ngi quan st
trn b mt tri t ch c th nhn thy mt trng khi phn c chiu sng ca
mt trng hng v pha tri t.
Mt trng chuyn ng xung quanh tri t do cc v tr khc nhau ca
1 trn qu o m ngi quan st s thy mt trng c nhng hnh dng khc nhau.
Hnh v biu din thin cu ln mt phng Bch o, tm l tm tri t vi
vng trn bn ngoi l qu o mt trng, vng trn trong l hnh dng 1 nhn t
tri t.
v tr L
3
mt na phn c chiu sng ca mt trng hng v tri t,
ngi quan st nhn thy trng c dng mt na hnh trn (bn nguyt), v tr ny
B = 78 ngy, = 1/2, T
1
K
18h
V tr L
4
khong 3/4 phn c chiu sng ca 1 hng v tri t, ngi
quan st nhn thy trng c dng hnh thu knh li m pha li nhiu quay v
hng W. V tr ny tng ng B = 1112 ngy, = 3/4,
V tr L
5
tri t nm gia O v 1, ton b phn c chiu sng ca 1
hng v tri t, ngi quan st nhn thy trng l mt hnh trn. V tr ny ca 1
gi l thi k trng trn vi B = 15ngy, = 1, T
1
K
24h
V tr L
6
mt ln na ngi quan st thy trng c dng thu knh li, pha
li nhiu quay v E (ngc li v tr L
4
) , B =18 ngy, = 3/4.
V tr L
7
mt ln na nhn thy trng c dng hnh bn nguyt b cong
quay v E - thi k ny gi l h huyn vi B = 2223ngy, = 1/2, T
1
K
6h
Cui cng mt trng chuyn ng ti v tr L
8
, ngi quan st nhn thy
trng li c dng hnh li lim lng quay v E, B = 2728 ngy, = 1/4
Sau d mt trng tip tc chuyn ng v li bt u tr li thi k trng
non - hon thnh mt chu k chuyn ng xung quanh tri t.
3. Mt s bi ton gn dng v mt trng ( tham kho)
a. Tnh tui trng: B = M + N + D ( nu tnh c B > 30 th tr i 30 )
Trong : ` M l s trng - c cho theo tng nm - v d 2001: M = 2
` N l s th t ca thng dng lch
` D ngy dng lch
b. Tnh gi a phng 1 qua kinh tuyn thng: T
1
K
= 12h + B.0,8h
Trong : ` 12h l gi a phng gn ng khi O qua kinh tuyn thng
` 0,8h ( 49m) thi gian chm ca 1 qua kinh tuyn so vi O
c. Gi mc ln ca mt trng :
T
1
m
=T
1
K
- 6h T
1
L
=

T
1
K
+ 6h
d. Tnh gn ng
1
:

1
=
O
+ B.12
Trong : `
O
l xch kinh gn ng ca mt tri
` 12 S vt trc trong chuyn ng hng ngy ca 1 so vi O

4.3 Chuyn ng qu o v chuyn ng nhn thy ca hnh tinh

1.Chuyn ng qu o ca cc hnh tinh
Nh trong 3.5 gii thiu, trong h mt tri ca chng ta c 9 hnh tinh
(PL) ln c sp xp theo th t nh sau:
Mt tri (Sun) - Thu tinh (Mercure) - Kim tinh (Venus) - Tri t (Earth) -
Ho tinh (Mars) - Mc tinh (Jupiter) - Th tinh (Saturn) - Thin vng tinh
(Uranor) - Hi vng tinh (Neptune) - Dim vng tinh (Pluto).
Ngoi 9 hnh tinh trn cn c khong 1500 tiu hnh tinh nm gia qu o ca
Ho tinh v Mc tinh, v 32 v tinh ca cc hnh tinh trn trong c mt trng.
Ngi ta phn ra nhng hnh tinh c bn trc qu o nh hn bn trc qu
o ca tri t l nhng hnh tinh trong (Thu tinh,Kim tinh) v nhng hnh tinh c
bn trc qu o ln hn bn trc qu o ca tri t l nhng hnh tinh ngoi.
Tt c cc hnh tinh u chuyn ng cng mt chiu ( ngc chiu kim
ng h) xung quanh mt tri theo qu o l hnh Elip m mt tri l mt trong
hai tiu im v tun theo cc nh lut ca Kepler. Mt phng qu o ca cc
hnh tinh hp vi nhau nhng gc rt nh (7) v vy gn ng c th coi cc
hnh tinh chuyn ng trn cng mt mt phng tr Dim vng tinh c gc
nghing qu o i = 17.
Chuyn ng ca hnh tinh trn qu o c th chim nhng v tr c bit
so vi tri t nh sau:
` i vi hnh tinh trong:

- i vi hnh tinh ngoi c th chim cc v tr sau :
+ To thnh v tr giao hi trn (B) khi hnh tinh nm ngoi mt tri
+Chim v tr xung i (A) khi tri t nm gia mt tri v hnh tinh
Nh vy trong chuyn ng qu o ca hnh tinh trong ch c th t c
nhng gc ly gic nht nh, cn hnh tinh ngoi c th cch xa nhng gc bt
k(180)
Vic quan st hnh tinh t tri t vi nhm hnh tinh trong tt nht l v
tr li gic, hnh tinh ngoi tt nht l v tr xung i. Khi hnh tinh giao hi hay
gn giao hi khng quan st c hnh tinh.
2. Chuyn ng nhn thy ca hnh tinh.
Ngi quan st trn tri t thy chuyn ng ca hnh tinh khng phi i
theo mt chiu nht nh, c thi k nhn thy hnh tinh chuyn ng cng chiu
vi tri t (i xui), mt thi k khc li nhn thy hnh tinh chuyn ng theo
chiu ngc li. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn l do tri t v cc hnh tinh
chuyn ng trn qu o khc nhau vi tc khc nhau

Hnh trn gii thch chuyn ng nhn thy vi hnh tinh ngoi: Ti mt thi
im no tri t v tr T
1
trn qu o, hnh tinh v tr M
1
trn qu o ca
hnh tinh, ngi quan st t tri t s nhn thy hnh tinh P
1
trn thin cu. Khi tri
t ti v tr T
2
, hnh tinh M
2
v ngi quan st nhn thy hnh tinh P
2
trn thin cu
hng chuyn ng cng chiu vi chuyn ng ca tri t (oni xui a-b)
n khi tri t T
3
, hnh tinh
M
3
quan st thy hnh tinh P
3
trn thin
cu, lc hng chuyn ng ca hnh
tinh ngc chiu vi tri t (tng ng
on b-c). Ti khi tri t T
4
, hnh tinh
M
4
ngi ta thy hnh tinh P
4
th tri
t v hnh tinh li cng chuyn ng
cng chiu (tng ng on i xui c-d).
Vi hnh tinh trong cch gii thch
tng t nh hnh bn, ch lu y tc
ca hnh tinh ln hn tc ca tri t.
Trong thin vn Hng hi ngi ta ch yu s dng bn hnh tinh sng
nht l: Kim tinh, Ho tinh, Mc tinh v Th tinh. Vic nhn dng cc hnh tinh
cn c vo cc c im sau : Kim tinh lun gn mt tri v c nh sng trng (sao
Hm/Mai)
Ho tinh c mu da cam, Mc tinh c mu vng nht cn Th tinh c
mu trng. u khc bit ch yu vi nh l cc hnh tinh sng khng nhp nhy,
do qu o chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh trn gn Hong o nn
PL
bin thin
trong khong 0 27
N
/
S
.
Mt vi thng s ca cc hnh tinh (Tham kho)

O
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
M
1
M
4
M
2
M
3
P
1
P
3
P
2
P
4
21h 22h
23h
0
1h

O

10
5
15
20
5
N

15 345 330 315
Hong o
Qu o Mars

b
c
d
a

O

T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
V
5
V
4
V
3
V
2
V
1
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
Giao hi trn
Giao hi di

S
T
T

Tn hnh tinh -K
hiuTV
(tnh t O)
gc
nging
vi m.f
qu
o
T.t
Khong cch TB
ti mt tri
chu k quay
quanh mt tri
Tc
qu o
(Km/s)
Triu
Km
AU
1
2
Thu/Mercure
Kim/Venus
7002
3236
57,9
108,1
0,38
0,72
88d
224d16h
47,8
35,0
3 Tri t/Earth 0 149,5 1 365d 6h 9m 29,77
4
-
5
6
7
8
9
Ho/Mars
Nhm tiu H.tinh
Mc/ Jupiter
Th/ Saturn
Thin.vg/Uranos
Hi.vg/Neptune
Dim.vg/Pluto
1510
95(tb)
1184
2294
0464
1465
1706
227,8
418 (t.b)
777,8
1426,1
2869,1
4495,6
5929
1,52
2,8(t.b)
5,2
9,53
19,19
30,07
39,65
686d 2h33m
1,713,7Nm
12 nm
29 -
84 -
164 -
249 -
24,1
_
13,1
9,6
6,8
5,4
4,7

P
L
Chng 5: o thi gian

5.1 c s o thi gian

Thin th l i tng cng tc ca thin vn hc, trong qu trnh quan trc,
tnh ton vic cn thit l phi bit to ca thin th. Cc thin th lun chuyn
ng trn thin cu do to ca chng lin tc thay i, do mt trong cc
nhim v ca thin vn l thit lp mt thang o thi gian chnh xc. Xut pht t
tnh cht ca thi gian ngi ta a ra khi nim: Thi gian l mt i lng vt l
bin thin vi ng u nht v khng bao gi lp li.
Cng nh tt c cc i lng vt l o lng khc, o thi gian ca mt
thi im ngi ta phi so snh chng vi mt i lng n v. T thi xa xa
ngi ta bit da vo chu k sng ti hay mc ln ca mt tri - ngha l chu k
quay quanh trc ca tri t lm n v o thi gian v y l h thng thang o
thi gian u tin. c c khong thang o thi gian ln hn ngi ta s dng
chu k lp li ca thi tit, ca ma nc (sng Nill), ca chuyn ng nhn thy
mt tri - thc cht l chu k chuyn ng ca tri t xung quanh mt tri . Thng
l chu k chuyn ng ca mt trng xung quanh tri t.
Ngy m l h thng thang o thi gian u tin, sau vi mc ch tin
li cho sinh hot ngi ta chia nh ngy thnh n v nh hn l gi (12gi mang
tn theo tng con vt), khc...Mi cho n khi khoa hc bt u tin b ngi ta
chn n v o thi gian l giy 1
S
=
86400
1
ca ngy trung bnh.
Cho n nm 1960 khi pht hin ra s quay khng u ca tri t ngi ta
chn thang o c s l giy 1
S
=
97 , 925 . 556 . 31
1
nm nhit i
n nm 1967 mt hi ngh thin vn quc t quy c di ca giy l
9.192.631.770 chu k bc x tng ng vi tn s cng hng ca nguyn t
Cesi (Cs)133 trng thi t trng bng khng (trng thi siu dn)
Vc tnh ton thi gian phi da vo im mc, tu thuc vo mc chn m
c cc cch tnh khc nhau. ng vi mc l im Xun phn ngi ta c nm
Xun phn, gi sao. Vi mc l mt tri ta c nm nhit i , gi trung bnh.Trong
tng h thng ph thuc vo kinh tuyn mc chng ta li c gi a phng, gi
th gii...H thng thang o thi gian thit lp gn lin vi chuyn ng xung
quanh trc ca tri t, do c th thc hin vic so snh gia n v o thi gian
vi i lng o gc :

5.2 Ngy sao, gi sao - cng thc c bn ca thi gian
1.Ngy sao, gi sao
Trong h thng tnh gi sao ngi ta chn im mc l im Xun phn v
mt phng kinh tuyn ngi quan st lm mt phng khi im tnh
- Ngy sao (Sidereal Day) : L khong thi gian lin tip gia hai ln im
Xun phn i qua kinh tuyn thng ca mt kinh tuyn cng tn
T n v c bn trn ngi ta chia thnh nhng n v nh hn l : gi sao
1h(s) = 1/24 ngy sao, 1m(s) = 1/60 h(s) , 1s(s) = 1/60 m(s).
Chng ta bit do hin tng dao ng a trc tri t m im xun
phn mi nm di chuyn trn hong o mt on bng 503 v mt ngy s di
chuyn trn thin xch o c mt on l
2422 , 366
cos . 3 " 50
= 0126 = 0s.0084 v ngy
sao s ngn hn thi gian quay ca thin cu khong thi gian , trong thc t
sinh hot khong thi gian ny qu ngn cho nn ngi ta b qua.
- Gi sao (Sidereal Time = S) : L khong thi gian tri qua k t lc im
xun phn i qua kinh tuyn thng ca ngi quan st cho ti mt thi im no
, c tnh bng n v sao.
Khi gi sao c tnh t kinh tuyn gc Greenwich c gi l gi sao th
gii S
G
, tnh t kinh tuyn ngi quan st gi l gi sao a phng S
L
. T nh
ngha ca gi sao ta thy gi sao chnh l gc gi pha W ca im xun phn
Gi sao c ch bi thi k sao, n c s dng trong vic quan trc sao
v nh gi gc quay ca thin cu vi mt kinh tuyn no .
2. Cng thc c bn ca thi gian
Chiu thin cu ln mt phng thin xch o
` T hnh (a) ta thy: Q = QD + D
theo nh ngha v gi sao Q = S , theo nh ngha v gc gi trong h to
xch o1th Q = t
L
, QD = t
C
L
, cn theo nh ngha v xch kinh trong h
to xch o 2 ta c D =
C
, t ta rt ra : S = t
L
= t
C
L
+
C
(1)
` T hnh v (b) ta c : QQD + QD = 360 + Q
Cng theo cc nh ngha ca h to xch o 1& 2 ta c : QQD = t
C
L
,
QD =
C
, Q = t
L
= S vy t
C
L
+
C
= 360 + S (t
L
) Hay: S (t
L
) = t
C
L
+
C

Cng thc trn c vit cho thin th c bt k, cng thc ng vi mi
thin th v c gi l cng thc c bn ca thi gian:
S (t
L
) = t
*
L
+
*
= t
O
L
+
O
= t
1
L
+
1
= t
PL
L
+
PL

Ti mt thi im no gi sao bng gc gii pha W ca thin th bt k
cng vi xch kinh ca thin th
Trong LTV Hng hi ngi ta cho xch kinh nghch ca cc ngi sao
thng dng nht trong Hng hi tnh gc gi ca sao thng qua t
L
.

5.3 Ngy mt tri tht, ngy mt tri trung bnh,
gi trung bnh, thi sai
1.Ngy mt tri tht (Solar Day)
Ngy mt tri tht l khong thi gian lin tip gia hai ln tm mt tri tht
i qua kinh tuyn thng ca mt kinh tuyn cng tn.
Chng ta bit mt tri tht chuyn ng (nhn thy) trn Hong o vi
tc khng u, bin thin xch kinh thay i t 538 ( vo khong 18/ 9 )
n 666 ( vo khong 24/12). Do ngy m mt tri tht di hn ngy m sao
mt i lng bng chnh
O
trong mt ngy m. ng thi s xut hin ngy
di , ngy ngn khc nhau trong mt nm, lng chnh lch ny l 666 - 538 =
128 51s.
S thay i ny s v cng kh khn cho vic to nn thang o thi gian, do
vy khng th s dng thang o thi gian (gi, pht, giy) theo mt tri tht
phc v cho sinh hot, i sng.
Xt s khc nhau gia ngy mt tri v ngy sao :
Vo ngy 21/3 mt tri ti im
Xun phn (v tr I ) nn O v im qua
kinh tuyn thng ngi quan st cng mt
thi im gia tra, nh vy ngy mt tri
tht v ngy sao bt u cng mt thi im.
Sau mt ngy m O chuyn ng ti v tr
II trn thin cu cch im xun phn mt
khong
O
1 do im s qua kinh
tuyn thng ngi quan st trc, cho
mt tri qua kinh tuyn th tri t phi quay
tip mt gc
O
1hay 4m na mi
hon thnh xong mt chu k.
Cho n ngy 22/6 th ngy sao bt u vo bui sng ( 06h LT v nhanh
4m/ngy x 90ngy = 360m = 6h ) v nh vy n ngy 23/9 ngy sao s bt u vo
na m, n 22/12 ngy sao bt u vo 18h LT ngy hm trc 21/12, cho n ngy
21/3 nm tip theo ngy sao v ngy mt tri li cng bt u vo gia tra.
Vi nhng phn tch nh trn ta thy mt tri qua kinh tuyn thng ngi
quan st 365 ln trong mt chu k chuyn ng qu o ca tri t, th im Xun
P
N

P
S
O
O
O

Q

Q

L

L

I

II

p
n
p
s
0

phn s qua kinh tuyn thng ca ngi quan st 366 ln - Nh vy v mt s
lng nm xun phn c 366,2422 ngy sao, cn nm nhit i c 365,2422 ngy
trung bnh.
2. Ngy trung bnh, gi trung bnh
a. Mt tri trung bnh ()
Qua nghin cu mt tri tht chng ta thy ngy mt tri di ngn khc
nhau do s thay i xch kinh khng u (
O
= 538666). Nguyn nhn ca s
khng u ny do mt tri tht chuyn ng trn Hong o vi tc khng u
(L
O
= 572612), mt khc hong o nghing vi thin xch o mt gc
= 2327.
Vi mc ch thun tin cho sinh hot ngi ta chn khong thi gian trung
bnh ca ngy m tht trong mt nm lm c s o thi gian - T c khi nim
ngy trung bnh,v mt tri trung bnh.
Mt tri trung bnh () l mt im o
chuyn ng trn thin xch o cng chiu vi
mt tri tht vi tc u c lng bin thin
xch kinh hng ngy bng tr s bnh qun ca
lng thay i xch kinh mt tri hang ngy trong
mt nm

=
ngay 2422 , 365
360
= 5914/ ngy= 3
m
56
S
5/ ngy
b. Ngy mt tri trung bnh (Mean Solar Day):L khong thi gian lin tip
gia hai ln tm mt tri trung bnh i qua thin kinh tuyn h ca mt thin kinh
tuyn cng tn
Ngy mt tri trung bnh cn c gi l ngy trung bnh (Mean Day)
1 ngy TB c 24 h TB, 1 ngy trung bnh di hn ngy sao 3
m
56
S
5

c. Gi trung bnh (Mean Time) T: L khong thi gian tri qua k t khi
tm i qua thin kinh tuyn h ca ngi quan st cho ti thi im cho
Khi gi trung bnh c tnh trn kinh tuyn ngi quan st gi l gi a
phng T
L
, gi trung bnh c tnh trn kinh tuyn Greenwich gi l gi th gii T
G

1h trung bnh = 60m trung bnh, 1m TB = 60 s TB, ngoi ra ngi ta cn s
dng phn thp phn ca giy TB
Gi trung bnh T c tnh bng h, m, s bao gi cng km theo ngy, thng, nm

O

Thin xch o
Hong o
Trong thin vn Hng hi thng phi chuyn
i t gi trung bnh T sang gc gi ca mt tri tht
t
O
do vy cn phi bit hiu s gia gc gi ca mt tri trung bnh t
v gc gi
ca mt tri tht t
O
, hiu s c gi l thi sai - chnh l gi tr ca cung
thin xch o chn bi thin kinh tuyn cha v thin kinh tuyn qua O.
= t
- t
O
=
O
-

Thi sai > 0 khi trong chuyn ng hng
ngy pha trc O, < 0 khi ngc li.
Xut pht t nguyn l xy dng ngi ta a
ra cng thc tnh thi sai = y
1
+ y
2

Trong : y
1
= -2e.sin( L
O
- )
Vi: ` e l tm sai ca qu o tri t (e 0,0167)
` L
O
l kinh hong o ca O ti v tr ang xt
` l kinh hong o ti v tr O gn tri t nht.
Thnh phn y
1
quy O chuyn ng u trn Hong o
y
2
= - sin
2

2
.sin2L
O
hay gn ng y
2
= - 9,5.sin2L
O

Thnh phn y
2
a mt tri tht chuyn ng u trn hong o tr
thnh mt tri trung bnh chuyn ng u trn thin xch o.
Qua kho st ngi ta thy trong mt nm c 4 ln thi sai = 0 vo cc
ngy 15/4, 14/6, 01/9, 25/12 v cng c 4 ln t cc tr 11/02 ( +14
m
4), 26/7
(+6
m
4), 15/5 (-3
m
8), 03/11(- 16
m
4). Thi sai c biu din bng th di y
Khi bit c thi sai ta c th gii c mt s bi ton :
- Xc nh gc gi mt tri t
O
theo gi trung bnh T :
= t
- t
O
-> t
O
= t
- m t
= T 12h -> t
O
= T 12h -
- Tm gi trung bnh T lc O qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st :
T = t
O
12h +
Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn thng (t
O
= 0) -> T = 12h +
Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn h (t
O
= 180) -> T = 24h +
Trong LTV hng hi ngi ta cho thi sai vo lc 00h v 12h mc Eqn
of Time cui cc trang hng ngy.

Q
Q

Z
P
N
t
O
W E

O
t

O

5.3 thi gian trn cc kinh tuyn khc nhau

cc tit trc chng ta nghin cu hai h thng tnh gi d l gi trung
bnh T v gi sao S. Xut pht t vic chn kinh tuyn kinh tuyn khc nhau
tnh gi chng ta c khi nim gi a phng, gi th gii.
1. Gi a phng :
-Thi gian c tnh trn kinh tuyn a phng c gi l gi a phng.
Tng ng vi h thng gi sao ( Sidereal Unit) c gi sao a phng S
L
( Local
Sidereal Time), tng ng vi h thng gi trung bnh (Mean Unit) c gi trung
bnh a phng T
L
(Local Mean Time)
-Thi gian tnh trn kinh tuyn Greenwich gi l a phng Greenwich. Tng
ng vi gi sao c gi sao Greenwich S
G
, vi gi trung bnh c gi trung bnh
Greenwich, hay cn c gi l gi Th gii T
G
(GMT= Greenwich Mean Time).
2. Mi quan h gia gi a phng, gi th gii

Theo nh ngha v gi trung bnh, gi sao ta c: Q
1
= S
L1
, Q
2
= S
L2
,
Q
0
= S
G

Q
1
D = T
L1
, Q
2
D = T
L2
, Q
0
D = T
G

T hnh v ta thy : T
L1
> T
G
> T
L2
v S
L1
> S
G
> S
L2

T
L1
= T
L2
+ v S
L1
= S
L2
+
T
L1
= T
G
+
E
v T
L2
=T
G
-
W

T cc cng thc trn chng ta rt ra kt lun:
` Gi a phng ca mi ngi quan st trn cng mt kinh tuyn s nh
nhau khng ph thuc vo v ,
` Gi a phng ca ngi quan st cc kinh tuyn khc nhau s khc
nhau mt lng bng chnh hiu kinh gia h, ti mt thi im gi a phng
ca ngi quan st pha E bn cu ln hn gi a phng ca ngi quan st
W bn cu.
` Gi a phng ca ngi quan st E bn cu ln hn gi th gii mt
i lng bng chnh kinh ca h, ngi quan st W bn cu c gi a
phng nh hn gi th gii mt i lng bng kinh ca h.
Tng qut ta c : T
L1
= T
L2

E
W

T
L
= T
G

E
W


Lu :
- Khi thc hin php chuyn i t gi a phng kinh ny sang gi
a phng kinh khc c th thc hin hiu chnh vi hiu kinh gia h,
nhng trnh nhm ln nn thc hin phng php qua Greenwich.
- Khi thc hin php tnh ( cho gi trung bnh) nu kt qu nhn c ln
hn 24h th b i 24h gi li phn d nhng phi cng thm mt ngy.
3. Mt s v d
a. Tnh T
L
= 10640E lc T
G
= 09h21m ngy 4/ 5
T cng thc T
L
= T
G

E
W

-> T
L
= 09h21m +

15
' 40 106
= 09h21m + 7h06m40s
T
L
= 16h27m40s (4/ 5)
b. Tnh T
G
vo thi im T
L
= 18h17m (28/8) ca ngi quan st =
15637W
Ta c: T
L
= T
G

E
W
-> T
G
= T
L
7
E
W

T
G
= 18h17m +
15
' 37 156
= 18h17m + 10h26m28s
= 28h43m28s (28/8) -> 04h43m28s (29/8)
c. Tnh gi a phng T
L
ca ngi quan st = 13714E vo thi im
gi a phng ca ngi quan st 14228W l 08h16m ( 14/11)
- Cch 1: T cng thc T
G
= T
L
7
E
W
-> T
G
= 08h16m +
15
' 28 142

T
G
= 08h16m + 09h29m52s = 17h45m52s (14/11)
-> T
L
(E)
= T
G
+
E
= 17h45m52s +
15
' 14 137

= 17h45m52s + 09h 08m56s
= 26h54m48s
= 02h54m48s (15/10)
- Cch 2: Tnh (qua kinh tuyn gc) = 13714 + 14228 = 27942 (E)
-> T
L
(E)
= T
L
(W)
+
E
= 08h16m +
15
' 42 279

= 08h16m + 18h38m48s
= 26h54m48s (14/11) = 02h54m48s (15/11).

5.4 gi mi, gi lut, gi ma h

1.Gi mi (Zone Time) T
m
(T
Z
)
Gi a phng trn cc kinh tuyn khc nhau s khc nhau. mi vng
hay mi quc gia ngi ta ly gi a phng trn kinh tuyn i qua mt v tr c
bit no ( c th l mt lu i c tnh lch s, mt nh th ln, mt i thin
vn...) lm gi dng chung cho vng hoc quc gia. Vic chn gi nh trn r rng
l khng thun li cho sinh hot, sn xut c bit l trong lnh vc giao thng vn
ti v thng tin lin lc.
khc phc nhc im nm 1884 ti mt mt hi ngh thin vn quc
t chp nhn h thng gi mi do k s Fleming ngi Canada xut nm
1879 H thng ny sau ton th gii chp nhn v s dng cho n ngy nay.
Theo h thng ny ton b tri t c chia thnh 24 mi gi - mi mi
gm 15 kinh , cc vng lnh th trong phm vi ca mt mi s dng chung gi
ca kinh tuyn trung tm mi mi. Cc kinh tuyn trung tm cch nhau 15(tc l
1h chn)
Xut pht t kinh tuyn s 0 (kinh tuyn gc qua i thin vn Greenwich-
London) v hai pha E, W c nh s th t t 112. Lnh th ca mt mi gi
c tnh t kinh tuyn trung tm v hai pha E v W ti hai kinh tuyn gii hn
cch kinh tuyn trung tm 75.
T cch xy dng nh trn ta c nh ngha : Gi mi l gi a phng
trung bnh ca kinh tuyn trung tm c p dng cho ton b lnh th ca mi.
Cng t cch xy dng nh trn chng ta thy hai mi gi cnh nhau s hn
km nhau mt gi chn, kinh tuyn gii hn ca mi mi cch kinh tuyn trung
tm 75 do gi a phng ca mt im no trong mi khc gi mi mt
lng 30m, song trn thc t do c im v hnh chnh, a l ... ng phn
chia cc mi gi khng phi l ng thng trng vi kinh tuyn gii hn nn gi
a phng v gi mi mt s khu vc c th khc nhau mt lng > 30m nhng
khng nhiu lm v c trnh by trong bn gi (Zone Time Chart )
- Nu phn d >75 th s t t ca mi s bng phn nguyn ca thng s +1
Nh chng ta bit gi a phng pha E bn cu ln hn gi a
phng W bn cu, gi mi l gi a phng ca kinh tuyn trung tm do gi
mi pha E bn cu cng ln hn gi mi pha W bn cu. Gi mi N = 0 l gi
a phng tnh trn kinh tuyn s 0 y chnh l gi th gii T
G
- T chng ta
c mi quan h : T
Z
= T
G
N
E
W

V : T
L
= T
G

E
W
hay T
Z
= T
L
7
E
W
N
E
W

2. Gi lut (Legal Time):
mt s quc gia do c im v a l, chnh tr, lch s ... ngi ta ly gi
mi cng thm 30m hoc1h c php lut quy nh gi nh vy gi l gi lut.
V d : Trc y trn lnh th Lin X, hin ti l CHLB Nga ngi ta ly
gi mi cng thm 1h - ngha l dng gi ca mi E tip theo lm gi dng chung
cho mt vng. Hoc mt s quc gia nh n , Bangladesh...ngi ta ly gi
mi cng thm 30m. Hn quc, Singapore....ly gi mi +1h . Gi nh trn c
php lut ca mi quc gia quy inh gi l gi lut.
3. Gi ma h (Summer Time)
Mt s quc gia ngi ta ly gi mi cng thm 1h hoc 2h dng cho ton
b lnh th quc gia trong ma h - gi nh vy gi l gi ma h
V d : CHLB Nga, Anh , CHLB c, Ai Cp, New Zealand...Vic bt u
v kt thc gi ma h c thng tin trn phng tin i chng ca quc gia .

5.5 Gi tu - cch iu chnh ng h tu,
ng i ngy - cch i ngy

1.Gi tu, cch iu chnh ng h tu.
a. Gi tu (Ship Time) T
t
, T
Sh
: L tu l gi mi ca vng m tu ang
hot ng hoc gi c ly theo lnh ca thuyn trng.
T
t
= T
Z
= T
G
N
E
W
hoc T
t
= T
Z
= T
L
7
E
W
N
E
W

Gi tu c ch bi ng h tu, y l thi gian duy tr sinh hot v lm
vic trn tu.Trn bin thng gi tu c ly theo v tr xc nh ca tu, cng
thng dng gi ca cng
b. Cch iu chnh ng h tu:
Khi tu hnh trnh t mi gi ny sang mi gi khc, vo thi im vt qua
kinh tuyn gii hn ca mi gi phi iu chnh li ng h tu cho ph hp. Nu
tu i v pha E ( 0 < HT < 180) ly tng ln 1h, nu i v pha W gim i 1h.
Vic iu chnh li ng h tu do thuyn ph trc ca hoc thuyn ph ph
trch (Ph hai) xin lnh thuyn trng iu chnh li tt c cc ng h tu v
thng bo ti mi thuyn vin. Thi im iu chnh ng h tu c th ngay khi
tu vt qua kinh tuyn gii hn mi gi, i khi trnh xo trn cho sinh hot v
lm vic gi tu c i vo lc 12h00 hoc 24h00 ca ngy hm tu theo thuyn
trng. Khi i gi tu nht thit phi ghi vo nht k tu (Ships Log Book )
Vic i gi tu s lm thay i thi gian lm vic ca ngy hm , c th
l 25h, (nu +1h) hoc 23h (nu -1h) lng thi gian tng thm hay gim i tt
nht nn chia u cho cc ca trc mi ca 20m.
2. ng i ngy, cch i ngy
a. ng i ngy
Theo cch phn chia h thng gi mi nh trn th cc mi gi cnh nhau s
hn km nhau 1h, cc mi pha E c gi ln hn mi pha W. Nh vy mi 12
phn pha E v phn pha W s hn km nhau 24h - c nghi l cng mt gi
nhng khc nhau 1 ngy
Chiu thin cu ln mt phng thin xch o gi s vo thi im mi s
0 l 05h ngy 10/10 th mi N = 1E : 06h N = 4E : 09h
N = 2E : 07h .........
N = 3E : 08h N = 12E :17h (10/10)

Nh vy mi 12 u l 17h
nhng ngi quan st E bn cu (tc l
pha W ca kinh tuyn 180) l ngy
10/10 cn ngi quan st W bn cu l
ngy 09/10. Do kinh tuyn 180 ng
vai tr nh mt kinh tuyn i ngy.
Trn thc t kinh tuyn 180 khng
phi hon ton i trn bin do vy trnh
bt tin cho cc vng lnh th c ng
kinh tuyn 180 i qua, i ngy c
thay i mt cht cho hon ton i trn
bin - To ca cc im thay i cho
trong bn gi v nhiu ti liu Hng hi
khc (Browns N.A , Ocean passages for
the world ...)
Cch i ngy: Khi tu hnh trnh
qua ng i ngy vo mt gi no
nht k v cc ti liu ca tu vn ghi ngy
c cho n 24 mi thc hin i ngy.
- Khi tu chy v pha E (
0<HT<180), tc l chy t E bn cu
sang W bn cu vo lc 24h lp li ngy
c mt ln na.
- Khi tu hnh trnh v pha W ( tc
l chy t W bn cu sang E bn cu - vi
180<HT<360) vo lc 24 gi nht k v
cc ti liu ca tu phi ly tng ln mt ngy na
Vic thc hin i ngy phi c ghi vo nht k tu. Khong thi gian t
khi tu vt qua ng i ngy cho n na m (thi im i ngy) trnh
nhm ln trong vic xc nh gi th gii T
G
cc bi ton thin vn cn thc hin
cc php tnh vi kinh >180v gi nguyn tn

70N

65N
169W
5230N
170E
48N
5S
1530S
17230W
4530S
17230W
5130S
Sunday Monday
Phoenix Is
Fiji Is
New Zealand
180
U.S.A
Russia
Bering
Sea
Alaska

18h 5/5
00h 7/5
10h 5/5
00h 5/5
5.6 Khi nim v lch ( Tham kho )

t lu con ngi bit s dng nhng khong thi gian di hn thi
gian n v (Ngy m) o thi gian l
- Chu k quay quanh tri t ca mt trng l thng
- Chu k chuyn ng ca tri t quanh mt tri l nm
Chng ta bit rng nm nhit i bao gm mt s ngy chn (365) cng
phn thp phn ca n ( 0,2422 ngy) v thng cng vy ( 29,53 ngy). Mt yu
cu quan trng ca lch l thng, nm phi l nhng ngy chn mi thun li cho
sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi.
Trong lch s Ai Cp c i lc u da vo chu k thi tit v ma nc
sng Nill ngi ta p dng mt nm c 360 ngy, sau l 365 ngy. V vy
khong thi gian ca nm lch v nm nhit i chnh lch nhau ng k sau mt thi
gian gy xo trn v ma v thi tit. Cch tnh lch nh trn sau ny b loi b.
1. Lch Julian
Lch ny c hnh thnh t nm 46 trc cng nguyn theo ch th ca
Jules Cezar, nhng mi n nm 325 mi c gio hi chp nhn v nhiu nc
s dng, cch tnh lch ny nh sau: ph hp vi nm nhit i c 365,2422
ngy m lch Julian xy dng c ba nm thng 365 ngy/ nm, li c mt nm
nhun 366 ngy. Theo cch tnh trn th sai s tch lu trong 4 nm s l : [ 366 +
(3 x 365) ] - 365,2422 x 4 = + 0,0312 ngy
v sau 128 nm sai s l 1 ngy m hay 3,12 ngy m trong 400 nm cho
nn n nm 1582 sai s l 10 ngy m v im Xun phn chuyn sang
ngy 11/3 gy nn nhiu nhm ln trong cc l hi ca tn gio.
2. Lch Gregori :
Do s thiu chnh xc ca lch Julian, gio hong Gregory theo phng n
ca nh khoa hc Italian ra lnh thi hnh lch sa i, lch ny gi l lch Gregori
hay l Lch mi. Lch ny chnh l s thiu ht 10 ngy m lch Julian tch lu
trc (im Xun phn li tr v ngy 21/3) v cch tnh s ngy trong cc
nm cng ging nh lch Julian ngha l nm thng c 365 ngy, nm nhun cng
c 366 ngy. Nhng im khc bit c bn l cch tnh nm nhun khng tun t
bn nm mt ln nh Julian m nm nhun l nhng nm c s th t chia ht cho
4, tr nhng nm l bi s ca 100 ( hay l nhng nm c hai s cui l 00 ) th hai
s u ca s th t phi chia ht cho 4 mi l nm nhun.
V d : Cc nm 1992, 1996, 2000,....2400 l nhng nm nhun, cc nm
1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 u l nhng nm thng.
Sai s ca lch Gregori l 1 ngy m sau 3300 nm - iu ny khng nh
hng ti thc t.
Mt tn ti ca lch hin ang s dng l phn chia tu s ngy trong cc
thng nh: thng 1, 3, 5, 7, 8. 10, 12 c 31 ngy
thng 4, 6, 9, 11 c 30 ngy
thng 2 c 28 ngy nu l nm thng, 29 ngy trong nm nhun.
Cch phn chia s ngy nh trn c gi nguyn t thi quc La m.

Phn th hai : ti liu - dng c thin vn hng hi

Chng 6 : dng c o thi gian
cng tc phc v thi gian trn tu bin

6.1 Thi k v cc dng c ch thi gian trn tu

1. Khi nim
Tu bin c coi nh mt n v hot ng c lp cho nn vn phc v
thi gian ht sc quan trng m bo cho tu hot ng hot ng ng b, chnh
xc v lin tc.Ty thuc vo tnh cht ca cng vic m chng ta s dng n v
o thi gian c tnh chnh xc khc nhau
- gii cc bi ton thin vn Hng hi trn tu i hi phi c ch s gi
th gii T
G
(GMT) vi chnh xc 0.5
S
n 1
S

- Duy tr cho sinh hot, thng tin lin lc v cc yu cu Hng hi khc i
hi c chnh xc 10
S
n 1
m

Do cng tc phc v thi gian trn tu bao gm nhng vic sau:
- Duy tr thi gian mt cch lin tc v chnh xc
- Theo di s hot ng ca cc ng h v m bo cho chng c iu
kin hot ng tt
- Thu tn hiu thi gian t cc i b xc nh s hiu chnh ca thi k v
ng h hoc iu chnh li ch s ca chng.
2. Thi k v cu to thi k
Thi k (Chronometer) l mt loi ng h c cu to c bit dng ch
gi th gii T
G
vi chnh xc rt cao.
Hin nay tn ti hai loi thi k
a. Thi k c kh
Thi k c kh c cu trc nh mt ng h c kh bnh thng nhng c
ch to t vt liu rt tt v c mt s b phn cu to c bit m bo cho thi k
hot ng chnh xc, n nh,thi gian s dng lu di
Cc b c bit l :
- B phn cung cp nng lng (hay cn c gi l ng c):Cc loi ng
h c khi dy ct l b phn cung cp nng lng c truyn ng trc tip ti
trc, nhng thi k n c thng qua mt trng hnh nn m bo m-men ti
trc l khng i
- B phn iu chnh(con lc): c cu to t hai na vnh khuyn, cc
na vnh khuyn ny gm hai lp kim loi c h h s gin n nhit khc nhau
lun m bo cnh tay n ti trc khng i
- Ton b thi k c t trong mt chic hp thng qua h thng vng
cc-ng m bo cho mt phn nh ca thi k lun song song vi mt phng
chn tri v gim nh hng ca lc khi sng gi
b. Thi k thch anh
Ngy nay thi k v ng h thch anh ang dn thay th thi k c kh.
l loi dng c ch thi gian c cu to in hoc in-c kh phc tp thng s
dng nng lng l ngun in mt chiu dng khng i (Pin) dao ng iu ha
c to bi dao ng tun hon ca tinh th thch anh.Thi k thch anh c cu
to m bo s tin cy cao, ngoi ra cn c b phn ch bo nng lng d tr
ngi s dng bit c k hoch thay ngun
3. Cc loi ng h khc trn tu bin
a. ng h Boong : l loi ng h chnh xc kiu b ti c kim giy nhy
hai ln trong mt giy, lun ch gi th gii.Thng c dng quan st thin
vn trn Boong tu, trn cc tu nh n c thay th thi k
b. ng h tu: l loi ng h thng thng, c gn mt s ni trong
tu nh bung li, bung my, cu lc b, cc hnh lang....ng h tu duy tr thi
gian lm vic v sinh hot trn tu lm cc bi ton a vn, ghi nht k...Thng
thng ng h tu ch gi mi ni tu ang hot ng hoc gi ca quc gia ni
tu ang neo u v c ly theo lnh ca thuyn trng. Ring ng h t trong
bungVT thng ly theo gi GMT v phi c kim giy.
c. ng h bm giy: l loi ng h nh kiu b ti, dng o khong
thi gian ngn nn thng ch c kim pht v kim giy. ng h bm giy c
trang b trn bung li phc v cho vic gii cc bi ton thin vn, a vn v
cc mc dch khc
4. Cch c thi gian trn cc ng h
Khi c thi gian ca mt thi im quan st no dt khot phi c ch
s ca kim giy trc sau l kim pht cui cng mi l kim gi. s c ca
ng h chnh xc cn iu chnh cho kim giy v kim pht ng b vi nhau trnh
s nhm ln.
6.2 S hiu chnh thi k-Tch sai-Nht sai

1. S hiu chnh thi k
Thi k l mt loi ng h c cu to c bit, ch to tinh vi,c lm t
nhng vt liu tt nhng do qu trnh s dng, iu kin thi tit...nn thi k cng
mc phi sai s
Sai s thi k l s chnh lch gia ch s ca ca thi k v gi th gii
loi tr sai s ca thi k ngi ta s dng mt i lng c tr s bng
sai s nhng ngc du gi l s hiu chnh thi k - k hiu l U
TK

U
TK
= T
G
- T
TK

Trong : - T
G
l gi th gii chnh xc m tu nhn c t cc trm b
cung cp
- T
TK
l l ch s ca thi k t trn tu
Khi U
TK
> 0 th ch s ca thi k nh hn gi th gii(T
G
> T
TK
) ngha l
thi k chy chm, ngc li U
TK
< 0 l thi k chy nhanh
2. Xc nh s hiu chnh thi k trn tu
c c gi th gii chnh xc t ch s ca thi k th ngi s quan
Hng hi phi xc nh c s hiu chnh thi k U
TK
chnh xc v thng xuyn
a.Xc nh U
TK
bng tn hiu thi gian
Hin nay trn th gii tn ti hai chng trnh ch yu pht tn hiu thi
gian l chng trnh1, chng trnh 2. Ngoi ra M v Nht bn li pht theo
chng trnh ring ca mi nc nn cn c gi l chng trnh M, chng
trnh Nht
- Chng trnh 1 (cn gi l chng trnh c) : Theo chng trnh ny mi
i vo nhng gi n nh, trn tn s v knh pht nht nh ngi ta pht vo
5 pht cui cng ca gi, trc ngi ta pht hiu gi ca trm (i) v bt u
pht tn hiu thi gian t pht th 55
m
01
S
.Trong mi pht ngi ta pht 59 tn hiu
ngn () mi tn hiu ko di 0.1
S
v mt tn hiu di () ko di 0.6
S
vo giy cui
cng ca pht, cho n tn hiu di () cui cng l gi th gii chnh xc
Chng trnh ny tn ti mt vi nc chu u, Lin x c v khu vc
Nam M
- Chng trnh 2 (chng trnh mi) : Theo chng trnh ny ngi ta pht
vo 3 pht cui ca gi nh pht v tn hiu pht l nhm ch ci (thng l 3
ch) do mi nc nh ra
S pht nh sau (v d nhm ch ci XNG)
T 57
m
00
S
457
m
50
S
pht nhm tn hiu ch th nht(ch X cch nhau10
S
mt)

57
m
55
S
458
m
00
S
pht nhm tn hiu thi gian th nht 55
S
56
S
57
S
58
S
59
S
00
S

T 58
m
00
S
458
m
50
S
pht nhm tn hiu ch th hai (ch N cch nhau10
S
mt)

58
m
55
S
459
m
00
S
pht nhm tn hiu thi gian th hai 55
S
56
S
57
S
58
S
59
S
00
S

T 59
m
00
S
459
m
50
S
pht nhm tn hiu ch th bai (ch G cch nhau10
S
mt)

T 59
m
55
S
400
m
00
S
pht nhm tn hiu thi gian th ba 55
S
56
S
57
S
58
S
59
S
00
S

T 00
m
15
S
4 00
m
30
S
pht 16 tn hiu ngn () Hoc
T 00
m
10
S
4 00
m
30
S
pht 21 tn hiu ngn
Chng trnh ny tn ti khu vc bin ca Php, Italia, Th nh k, Nam
phi, n dng, Trung quc....
Cch thu nhn tn hiu thi gian:
Khi tu hnh trnh vng bin no m quynAdmiralty List of Radio
Signals Volume 2 (NP 282) mc Radio Time Signals (Lu trc 1998 mc
ny Volume 5 ) t ly ra gi lm vic, tn s pht, chong trnh.....sau
thng bo cho s quan VT nhng s li trn (nu trn tu c b tr s quan VT),
vic xc nh U
TK
do s quan ph trch m nhim (Trn tu Vit Nam thng
thng l thuyn ph hai)
- Trng hp cnh thi k c loa truyn sang phng hi hoc c th nghe
c tn hiu t phng VT th ti thi im nghe c tn hiu xc bo gi th
gii T
G
, khi c nht thit phi c giy trc ri mi c pht v sau cng l gi.
Khi s hiu chnh thi k U
TK
= T
G
- T
TK

- Trng hp ch t thi k khng th nghe c tn hiu thi gian s
quan ph trch phi mang ng h bm giy ti phng VT, khi nghe c tn
hiu xc bo T
G
th khi ng ng h bm giy ri nhanh chng tr v ch thi
k ti thi im c ch s thi k Stop ng h bm giy. Khi
U
TK
= T
G
- ( T
TK
- n ) Vi n l ch s ca ng h bm giy.
Sau khi xc nh s hiu chnh thi k phi ghi y vo nht k theo
mu sau:

Ngy,thng i
pht
Gi tu GMT T
TK
U
TK

Ch k ca
s quan ph
trch

b. Xc nh s hiu chnh thi k bng mt thi k khc
V mt l do no khng thu c tn hiu thi gian c th xc nh s
hiu chnh thi k theo mt thi k khc (trong trng hp cho php) khi bit
chnh xc s hiu chnh ca thi k -cch lm nh sau: c ch s ca thi k th
nht T
TK1
c s hiu chnh U
TK1
thng thng l thi im pht, giy chn khi
ng ng h bm giy ri nhanh chng tr v tu mnh ti ch thi k, ti thi
im c ch s thi k T
TK
th Stop ng h bm giy. Khi s hiu chnh ca
thi k l U
TK
= T
TK1
+ U
TK1
- (T
TK
- n)
c. Xc nh s hiu chnh thi k theo nht sai
Trong trng hp thi k ang s dng c s hiu chnh U
TK1
chnh xc
trc v c nht sai chnh xc th c th tnh s hiu chnh thi ti thi im
quan st theo cng thc U
TK
= U
TK1
+ .T
Ngay

6.3 tch sai, nht sai, nh gi cht lng thi k
1.Tch sai
Di tc ng ca p sut v nhit mi trng sai s (Hay s hiu chnh)
ca thi k cng b bin i theo thi gian. lng bin thin ca s hiu chnh thi k
trong mt khong thi gian no c gi l tch sai ca thi k - k hiu l U
TK

U
TK
= U
TK2
- U
TK1

Khi U
TK
< 0 th thi k chy nhanh v ngc li
V d : Ngy 05/11 xc nh c U
TK1
= 1
m
25
S
,ngy 08/11 xc nh c
U
TK2
= 1
m
10
S

U
TK
= 1
m
10
S
- 1
m
25
S
= -15
S
Thi k chy nhanh
2.Nht sai : L sai s ca thi k trong mt ngy m - k hiu l
=
Ngay
TK
T
U
Trong : T c tnh bng ngy v tnh chnh xc

ti 0.01 ngy
Khi : < 0 th thi k chy nhanh v ngc li > 0 th thi k
chy chm
V d : Vo lc T
G
= 09h 00 ngy 10/10 xc nh c U
TK1
= 2
m
05
S
, lc
T
G
=15h00 ngy 15/10 xc nh c U
TK2
= 1
m
43
S
.Hy tnh
- Tnh T = 15.00 (15/10) - 09.00 (10/10) = 5
d
06
h
=5.25 (ngy)
- Tnh U
TK
= 1
m
43
S
- 2
m
05
S
= -22
S

= -22
S
/5.25 = - 4
S
19
Nht sai ca thi k c kh v in-c kh chu nh hng ca p sut, nhit
,hao mn do thi gian s dng...nhng nh hng ln nht l nhit v vy
ngi ta a ra cng thc tnh nht sai
t
ti nhit (t
C
) no :
t
=
O
+(t- t
O
)+(t-t
O
)
2

Hoc :
t
=
O
+c(t- t
O
) +
200
s
(t- t
O
)
2
Trong : `
O
nht sai ti nhit t
O

trong l lch thi k
` ,c l h s gin n nhit
bc 1
` l h s gin n nhit
bc 2
` s l h s tch sai thi k
Tt c cc h s trn c xc nh trong phng th nghim v cho trong l
lch thi k (c kh).Tuy nhin trong thc t vic xc nh nht sai theo cng thc
trn khng ph hp vi iu kin Hng hi v p sut, nhit mi trng trong
mt ngy m thay i ng k, v vy bin php tch cc l thng xuyn kim tra
v xc nh s hiu chnh U
TK
t xc nh nht sai
2. nh gi cht lng thi k
nh gi cht lng thi k ngi ta a ra i lng =

2
-
1
gi l
sai s nht sai l hiu s ca hai nht sai lin tip nhau
- Thi k c nh gi l loi 1 nu : 2
S
, 0
S
2
- Thi k loi 2 (tubin thng dng) : 4
S
, 0
S
5


6.4 S dng, bo qun thi k v cc ng h trn tu

1. S dng v bo qun thi k
a. Bo qun thi k
Thi k l dng c ch thi gian chnh xc nht trn tu phc v cho
vic gii cc bi ton thin vn v duy tr thi gian chun, v vy vic bo qun thi
k phi c quan tm ng mc. lm gim ti mc thp nht nh hng ca p
sut, nhit , m mi trng, ca s rung lc, nh hng ca in-t trng...
thi k c treo trong mt mt hp g thng qua h thng vng Cc-ng, hp g
c t trong mt ngn t bit trn bn hi c lp nhung bo v. Khi c thi
k ch c qua lp knh bo v khng c m lp knh ra
b. Ln dy v thay Pin cho thi k: Thi k v cc ng h trn tu do mt
thuyn ph ph trch(ph 2) vic ln dy hay thay Pin cho chng c tin hnh
nh k v c k hoch
- i vi thi k c kh: Vic ln dy cho thi k c tin hnh nh k
hng ngy, hai ngy mt ln hay hng tun ty theo tng loi c nh ch to ch
dn. Dng tay tri lt ngc thi k cn tay phi tra kha vo ln dy, khi ln dy
xoay kha nh nhng theo chiu mi tn khc trn v. Lu khng c mang
thi k ra khi hp bo v v khng c ln dy qu cng c th lm hng dy
ct, vi thi k mi lnh hoc mi mang t xng v c th sau khi ln dy thi k
cha chy th phi dng hai tay xoay mnh (to xung) khi ng thi k.
- Vi thi k dng nng lng Pin thng thng c mt ca s ch bo
nng lng d tr, khi kim ch sang phn vch s quan ph trch phi thay Pin
ng loi vo ngn cha Pin sau gt cng tc chuyn ngun sang v tr mong
mun, khng nn tit kim ko di thi gian s dng Pin.
c.Vn chuyn v sa cha:
- Khi cn thit phi vn chuyn thi k thi k trong phm vi gn phi cht
hm cc vng Cc-ng, khi phi vn chuyn xa ngoi vic hm cc-ng cn phi
dng nm mn k pha di qu i trng. Trong c hai trng hp u phi vn
chuyn nh nhng
- Ni chung khi thi k b hng hay ch s khng tin tng khng c t
sa cha, tho lp m phi mang ti xng sa cha m nhim.


2. Cng tc phc v thi gian trn tu
Vic phc v thi gian trn tu do mt thuyn ph ( Tu Vit Nam l Ph 2)
ph trch
- Hng ngy phi xc nh s hiu chnh thi k, ln dy hay thay Pin thi k
theo nh k
- Hng ngy theo di s hot ng ng b ca cc ng h tu, cc ng h
tu phi c ch theo gi tu vi sai s khng qu 1
m
, ng h tu bung li,
bung my, phng VT sai s khng qu 15
S
. Phi nh k ln dy hoc thay Pin
cc ng h tu
- Khi tu qua kinh tuyn gii hn ca mt mi gi phi ly li gi tu, khi i
qua ng i ngy phi ly li ngy. C hai trng hp trn u phi xin kin
Thuyn trng ng thi phi ghi vo nht k tu v thng bo vic i gi cho
ton tu
- C ch bo dng thi k v cc ng h hp l. Ghi nht k thi k
u n
Chng 7: lch thin vn hng hi

7.1Khi nim v lch thin vn- cu to lch thin vn Hng hi

1.Khi nim
Khi nghin cu phn thin vn c s chng ta bit ta xch o ca
thin th lin tc thay i theo thi gian. Khi gii cc bi ton thin vn tm ta
ngi quan trc ngi ta phi bit xch v , gc gi t gii t
G
hay xch kinh
(hoc xch kinh nghch ) ca thin th .Vi mc ch cc trung tm tnh ton
tnh trc nhng ta , t, v nhng s liu khc ca thin th trn c s cc
cng thc c hc thin th v cc cng thc lin h vi thi gian vo nhng gi
nht nh ca ngy thng trong nm c gi l lch thin vn. Vy Lch thin vn
l mt ti liu tnh ton sn cc yu t ta xch o ca cc thin th nhng
thi im c chn
Lch thin vn c xut bn phc v cho cc i quan st thin vn gi l
lch thin vn hng nm, lch thin vn phc v cho ngi i bin gi l lch thin
vn Hng hi(The Nautical Almanac), cho ngnh Hng khng gi l lch thin vn
Hng khng (The Air Almanac). Hu ht cc nc c ngnh Hng hi pht trin
nh Anh, M, Nga, H lan Trung quc, Nht bn .....u xut bn Lch thin vn
Hng hi (LTV). Ni chung LTV ca cc nc u c ni dung ging nhau, ch
khc nhau v cch trnh by. i tu Vit Nam trc y (trc1985) s dng Lch
Thin vn Hng hi Vit nam, gn y ch yu s dng LTV Anh.
2. Cu to ca LTV
y l ni dung ch yu ca mi cun lch, hu ht LTV ca cc nc u
cho thng s ca cc thin th trong 3 ngy lin tc trn hai trang lin tip nhau.
Trong cc trang hng ngy ca LTV ngi ta cho t
B
, t
B
,
B
ca mt Tri O,
mt Trng1, Kim tinh(venus), Ha tinh(Mars ), Mc tinh(Jupiter ), Th tinh(
Saturn ) theo cc i s l gi th gii chn t 00
h
n 23
h
, hiu s xch v (d), qua
si hiu s (v) dng hiu chnh , t
G
theo phn l ca gi th gii (T
G
m,S
) i vi
mt tri v cc hnh tinh s bin i ta chm nn d,v cho tng ngy hoc 3 ngy
lin, ring i mt Trng bin thin ta nhanh nn d, v cho theo tng gi mt.
Ngoi ra trn cc trang hng ngy LTV cn cho bit
- Xch v , xch kinh nghch ca 57 ngi sao thng dng nht trong Hng hi
- Gi qua kinh tuyn (Mer.pass- T
K
) thng ca mt Tri v cc hnh tinh,
gi qua kinh tuyn thng (Upper) v h (Lower) ca mt Trng
- Th sai chn tri HP ca mt Trng theo tng gi mt, bn knh nhn thy R
(SD: Semi Diameter) ca mt Tri, mt Trng
- Thi sai hng ngy vo lc 00
h
v 12
h
, pha v tui trng
- Gi mc ln, gi bnh minh/hong hn dn dng v Hng hi t
= 72N n 60S
c. Cc bng ph
- Bng ni suy c bn ( Increments and Correction ) dng hiu chnh cc
s gia , t ca cc hnh tinh i s l phn l ca gi th gii T
G
t 00
m
00
S
n
59
m
60
S

- Bng tnh cao v phng v ca thin th rt gn (Sight Reduction Table)
- Cc bng hiu chnh cao thin th, bng tnh phng v sao Bc u,
tnh v ngi quan trc theo cao sao Bc u, bng i ra gi v ngc li
- Bn sao, bng tra , ca 150 ngi sao Hng hi v mt vi bng khc

7.2 Tnh gc gi v xch v ca cc thin th

1.Tnh gc gi ca im Xun phn ( Gi sao)
Trong
C
= 246 l bin thin ca
C
trong 1 gi (360 : 365,2422
d
: 24
h
x 60)Theo cng thc trn vi i s l gi th gii chn (T
G
Chn
) v ngy thng tra
bng chnh c t
B
cn s gia ca gc gi (t
B
) tra bng ni suy vi i s l

pht T
G
m
ca gi th gii hng ngang, cn giyT
G
S
ct dc
T ta s c : t
G
= t
B
+ t
B
v t
L
= t
B
+ t
B

E
W

Trong thc hnh nn thc hin theo s sau:
Lu : Gc gi trong LTV l gc gi pha W, khi tnh ton nu kt qu > 360
th tr i 360 v gi nguyn tn, nu t
TD

> 180 mun i tn th ly 360- t
TD

v i
tn.
2.Tnh gc gi v xch v ca nh tinh (sao)
T cng thc c bn ca thi gian:
Vic tnh t
L
trnh by trn.
Cc nh tinh xa v cng nn khng c chuyn ng ring, nhng do hin
tng tu sai, chng ng nn
*
,
*
vn c s thay i nh, trong LTV Anh
ngi ta cho
*
,
*
ca 57 ngi sao thng dng trong Hng hi phn cc trang
hng ngy, cn cc ngi sao cn li cho trong bng sao cui cun lch (sau bn
sao)-i s tra l tn sao v thng quan st. Trong thc hnh nn thc hin theo s
sau
3. Tnh gc gi, xch v ca mt Tri, mt Trng v cc hnh tinh
a. Tnh gc gi t
L
V mt Tri, mt trng, hnh tinh c chuyn ng ring nn xch v , xch
kinh thay i nhanh do vy khi tnh , t ngi ta phi hiu chnh i lng ny.
T cng thc c bn ca thi gian:
t
G
= t
G
*
+
*
= t
G
C

+
C
= t
G
O

+
O
= t
G
PL

+
PL
= t
G
1

+
1

t
G
O

+
O
= t
G
C

+
C

t
G
O
= t
G
C

+
C

-
O

t
G
O
= T
G
12
h

+
C

-
O

Trong :
` Thnh phn th nht (I) l gc gi bng t
B
ng vi gi tr gi th gii
chn(T
ch
G
) v gi tr trung bnh ca
O
ti cc gi tr chn ca gi th gii (
ch
O
),
gi tr xch kinh ca mt tri TB ti cc gi tr chn ca gi th gii (
ch
C
)
` Thnh phn th hai (II) l gi tr ca s gia gc gi t ng vi gi tr l ca
gi th gii (T
G
m,S
).Cc gi tr
C
,
O
c tnh trong khong thi gian gia hai
gi chn lin tip nhau nn
C
=

T
G
m,S
.
m
60

v
O
= T
G
m,S
.
m
60
nhm cc s
hng (
C
-
O
)

c th m, dng hay bng 0 ph thuc vo
O
, (II) lun
dng ngi ta bin i tip bng cch thm bt mt i lng
O
Max

t = T
G
m,S

+
C
-
O

= T
G
m,S
+ T
G
m,S
.
m
60

-

T
G
m,S
.
m
60

` t
1
l s hiu chnh th nht ca gc gi khng thay i theo ngy
thng
C
,
O
Max
c nh (
O
Max
=278/1h). t
1
c tra trongbn ni suy c
bn i s l T
G
m,S
pht (m) gc trang v giy (s) ct dc.
` t
2
l thnh phn h/ch th 2 ph thuc ngy thng. t
2
c tra bng ni
suy c bn i s l T
G
m
v qua si hiu s (quasi difference) =
O
Max
-
O
.Trong LTV Anh c k hiu l (v), ca mt tri v cc hnh tinh cho
theo tng ngy, cn vi mt trng tc thay i nhanh nn ngi ta cho theo tng
gi mt
Cui cng ta c : t
G
O
= t
B
O
+ t
1
+ t
2
t
L
O
= t
B
O
+ t
1
+ t
2

E
W
Vi mt trng v cc hnh tinh cch thnh lp hon ton tng t
Trong lch thin vn Anh cng thc tnh gc gi O bin i khc i cht
nn b qua thnh phn t
2
i vi O, thnh phn t
2
vi hnh tinh (trong) c th <
0 v t
2
= T
G
m

m
PL
Max
60

b.Tnh xch v

O,1,PL
=
B
O,1,PL
+ =
B
O,1,PL
+
m
60
.T
G
m

`Thnh phn
B
c tnh sn theo tng gi chn ca gi th gii T
G
,
B

c tra bng chnh i s l T
G
chn v ngy thng.
`Thnh phn s gia ca xch v =
m
60
.T
G
m
hiu chnh phn l ca gi
th gii, y l hiu s xch v trong khong thi gian 1
h
( trong LTV Anh k
hiu l d ). tra trong bng ni suy i s l T
G
m
v (d), vi O v cc hnh
tinh (d) cho bng chnh 3 ngy mt gi tr di ct DEC, cn i vi 1 do bin
thin nhanh nn (d) cho theo tng gi mt ngay cnh ct DEC.
Trong thc hnh nn thc hin bi ton tnh , t
L
theo s sau:

Lu : - cho nhanh chng tra lun mt lc bn thng s t
B
,
B
, (v), (d)
n
khi tra bng ni suy tra ht cc thnh phn cn li.
- Du ca ph thuc du ca d, nu tng theo thi gian th d>0
v ngc li.
- Trong LTV Anh i vi mt Tri ngi ta b qua thnh phn t
2
.
V d: Tnh t
L
v ca mt Tri, mt Trng, Kim tinh lc T
t
= 05
h
....
m
25
S

trong ngy ....ti v tr d on M
C
(
C
= 2030N,
C
= 10907E ). Bit ch s thi
k T
TK
= 10
h
....
m
22
S
, s hiu chnh thi k U
TK
= +05
S
.

7.3 Tnh gi qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st
ca cc thin th

1. Xc nh gi qua kinh tuyn ca mt Tri, mt Trng v cchnh tinh
Trong LTV Hng hi ngi ta cho gi qua kinh tuyn ca O,1v bn hnh
tinh ln trong h mt Tri l Kim, Ha, Mc, Th i vi ngi quan st kinh
tuyn gc. Cc thin th ni trn ngoi s tham gia chuyn ng cng thin cu
chng cn c chuyn ng ring, nh vy gi qua cc kinh tuyn khc nhau s
khng ging nhau. Do mun c kt qu chnh xc ngi ta phi hiu chnh
chng vi lng chuyn ng ring
a.Tnh gi qua kinh tuyn ca mt Tri v cc hnh tinh
Trong LTV Hng hi ngi ta cho gi th gii khi mt Tri v cc hnh tinh
qua kinh tuyn gc- cng chnh l gi a phng ca ngi quan st kinh
tuyn gc
Nh ni trn do c chuyn ng ring nn mt Tri v cc hnh tinh
qua cc kinh tuyn khc nhau s khc nhau v khi thin th qua kinh tuyn bt k
no th thin th chuyn sang v tr khc trn thin cu so vi thi im n i
qua kinh tuyn gc, tuy nhin s sai khc khng ng k nn ngi ta b qua, v
vy gi cho trong lch l gi a phng (T
K
L
) khi mt Tri v cc hnh tinh qua
mi kinh tuyn
Trong LTV cc trang hng ngy ngi ta cho gi qua kinh tuyn ca
O,1,PL gc pha cui trang (Mer.pass)-i s l ngy thng quan st v tn thin
th.Thng thng bi ton yu cu tm gi tu khi thin thin th qua kinh tuyn
T
t
K
( hay gi thi k T
K
TK
)
b. Tnh gi mt Trng qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st
Mt Trng c chuyn ng ring ln nn gi mt Trng qua kinh tuyn bt
k no bng gi qua kinh tuyn ca mt trng kinh tuyn gc (gi cho trong
LTV- T
K
Lch
) hiu chnh vi khong thi gian tng ng vi gc quay thm ca
thin cu mt Trng qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st (T
)
T
360
T
Du ca T
ph thuc vo du ca T, trong T l
bin thin thi gian trong mt ngy m ca mt Trng.
Chuyn ng ca 1 cng chiu quay vi tri t (v pha E) nn gi a
phng khi 1 qua kinh tuyn ca ngi quan st kinh E s sm hn so vi
ngi quan st kinh W do :

Nh vy gi a phng khi mt Trng qua kinh tuyn ( T
1K
L
) s l:
T
1K
L
= T
1K
Lch
+ T

Lu : Ngoi cch tnh lng hiu chnh T
nh trn cn c th tra T

bng ni suy theo kinh ( Tables for Interpolating Sunrise, Moonrise, etc.) cui
LTV- i s l , T
2. Tnh gi qua kinh tuyn ca nh tinh
T cng thc c bn ca thi gian: t
G
= t
G
*
+
*

Tnh trn kinh tuyn a phng s l : t
L
= t
L
*
+
*
khi thin th qua kinh
tuyn thng th t
L
=0(360) do t
L
=
*

M t
L
= t
G

E
W
v
*
=

360-
*

Nn t
L
= t
G

E
W
=

360-
*
t cng thc ta thy nu bit
*
(hay
*
) v
kinh ngi quan st th s tnh c t
G
ti ti im thin th qua kinh tuyn

thng ri tra ngc LTV s tnh c T
G
. n gin c th biu din bng s
sau:
*
(cho trong LTV)360-
*
t
L

7
E
W
t
G
Tra ngc LTV T

G

N
E
W
T
t

Trong thc hnh nn thc hin theo s sau:

t* 35960
- * bng chnh - i s: tn sao, ngy thng
t
L

7

E
W

t
G

- t
B
Tra ngc bng chnh T

G
chn

t
B
Tra ngc bng ni suy +T
G

T
G

V d : Tnh gi T
t
, T
TK
khi sao Vega qua kinh tuyn thng ngi quan st
= 10530E trong ngy 26/4. Bit U
TK
= +2
m
05
S

7.4 tnh gi mc ln ca mt Trng, mt Tri
gi bnh minh, hong hn
1.Khi nim
Hng ngy trong qu trnh chuyn ng khi tm ca thin th ct ng
chn tri l lc thin th mc ln, do c khi nim ng chn tri tht v
ng chn tri nhn thy nn cng c khi nim mc ln tht v mc ln nhn thy
- Mc ln tht l khi tm thin th ct ng chn tri tht
- Mc ln nhn thy l khi tm thin th ct ng chn tri nhn thy.
Thc t trn bin ngi quan st khng th xc nh c mt phng chn
tri tht ( mt phng vung gc vi ng dy di v i qua mt ngi quan st )
m ch quan st c ng chn tri nhn thy nghing vi mt phng chn tri
tht mt gc d- gi l nghing chn tri. Mt khc vic xc nh chnh xc tm
ca thin th rt kh khn do trong Hng hi ngi ta thng s dng khi nim
mc ln nhn thy mp trn hoc mp di ca thin th.
Do c hin tng khc x nh sng
nn ngi quan st c th nhn thy nh sng
ca O t khi cha quan st thy mt tri v
t c nh ngha : Hong hn v bnh
minh l hin tng nh sng ca mt Tri t
t gim xung khi ln (hong hn) hay t t
tng ln khi mc (bnh minh)
Theo mc ch s dng ta phn ra
` Bnh minh, hong hn dn dng
(Civil Twilight):l khong thi gian t khi
mp trn ca O tip xc vi ng chn tri nhn thy cho n khi tm ca O nm
di mt phng chn tri tht mt gc 6 (h
O
=-6)
` Bnh minh, hong hn Hng hi (Nautical Twilight): l khong thi gian t
lc tm O nm di mt phng chn tri tht mt gc 6 n 12
` Bnh minh, hong hn thin vn (Ceslestial Twilight): l khong thi gian
t lc tm O nm di mt phng chn tri tht mt gc 12 n 18
Gi mc ln, bnh minh gip ngi i bin chn thi im thun li nht
gii cc bi ton thin vn. Thc t cho thy thi gian thun li nht quan trc
nh tinh xc nh v tr tu l khong gia hong hn (bnh minh) dn dng v
hong hn (bnh minh) Hng hi, tc l h
O
= -3 n -9
O
O
O
O
chn tri tht
chn tri
nhn thy
Trong LTV ngi ta cho gi mc ln nhn thy, gi hong hn, bnh minh
cc v chn khc nhau t 72N460S
2. Tnh gi mc, ln ca O,1, gi bnh minh, hong hn
Thay cc gi tr cho trc, ca thin th trong ngy quan st, h tng
ng vi cao mc/ln, bnh minh (dn dng v hng hi) vo cng thc s tnh
c t
L
hay T
L

a. Tnh gi mc, ln ca O, gi bnh minh, hong hn
- Bi ton tnh gi mc, ln l tm thi im tnh s hiu chnh la bn
L.Trong LTV ngi ta cho gi (T
L
) mc, ln nhn thy ca O v chn khc
nhau, trn mi kinh tuyn. Khi v ngi quan st
C
khng trng vi v bng
B
phi ni suy theo v .
- Bi ton tnh gi bnh minh, hong hn thng l tm gi th gii T
G
lp
bu tri sao v chn thi im (T
t
) thc hnh quan trc sao xc nh v tr tu.
Cch tnh gi bnh minh, hong hn Dn dng ging nh cch tnh gi bnh minh,
hong hn Hng hi. Thng th khi lp bu tri sao lc bnh minh ngi ta lp vo
lc bnh minh Hng hi, cn khi lp bu tri sao lc hong hn ngi ta lp vo lc
hong hn Dn dng - lm nh vy c nhiu thi gian quan trc hn. Cng
ging bi ton mc, ln khi v
C
khng ging v bng th phi ni suy theo
v
Trong T
l lng hiu chnh thi gian theo v , T
c th tra bng
ni suy theo v (Tables for Interpolating Sunrise, moonrise- Latitude) i s l
T v
2
hoc tnh theo cng thc T
=
1

T
.
2

y: `
1
=
2
-
1
.vi
2
l v trong bng ln cn v ln hn
C
,
1
v
trong bng ln cn v nh hn
C

`
2
=
C
-
1
hoc
2
-
C

` T = T
2
bm,hh,ml
- T
1
bm,hh,ml

b. Tnh gi mc, ln ca mt Trng
Mt Trng c chuyn ng ring nhanh nn ngoi vic hiu chnh thi gian
theo v nh i vi mt Tri cn phi hiu chnh theo kinh T
ging nh bi
ton tnh gi qua kinh tuyn ca mt Trng. Do vy cng thc tnh s l:
T
360
T
Du ca T
ph thuc vo du ca T, trong T l
bin thin thi gian mc, ln trong mt ngy m ca mt Trng.
Chuyn ng ca 1 cng chiu quay vi tri t (v pha E) nn gi a
phng khi 1 mc,ln i vi ngi quan st kinh E s sm hn so vi ngi
quan st kinh W do :
+ Nu ngi quan st
E
th T = T
m,l
Ngy trc
- T
m,l
Ngy quan st

+ Nu ngi quan st
W
th T = T
m,l
Ngy sau
- T
m,l
Ngy quan st

V d : tm T
t
khi O, 1 mc v gi bnh minh Hng hi, hong hn Dn
dng v tr d on M
C
(
C
= 2048N,
C
= 106 42E ) trong ngy.....
Chng 8, 9
Chng 10: Hiu chnh cao thin th

10.1 s cn thit phi hiu chnh cao thin th

- Khi dng Sextant do cao thin th trong bn thn Sextant bao gi
cng c sai s dng c v sai s vch chun v vy c s o chnh xc cn phi
c cng thm lng hiu chnh i + s ca hai sai s ny.
- Thc t ngi quan st ng trn mt t hay mt bin vi cao e no
o cao thin th l gc hp bi ng thng ni t tm thin th v mt ngi
quan st v ng thng tip tuyn vi ng cong ca tia ti t ng chn tri
nhn thy ti v tr mt ngi quan st. Do vy phi hiu chnh thm mt lng
nghing chn tri d, do nghing chn tri lun lm tng gi tr cao v vy s
hiu chnh nghing chn tri lun m (- d). i khi ngi quan trc phi o
cao qua mp b hay mp nc ca con tu khc lc nghing chn tri d c
thay bng tia ngm .
- Lp khng kh bao bc xung quanh tri t gim mt o dn theo cao
(cho n khong 1100018000Km) nn mi trng chit sut qua tng lp khng
kh cng thay i v vy tia ti t thin th n mt ngi quan st cng b khc x
tr thnh mt ng cong lin tc, do ngi quan st nhn thy thin th theo
phng tip tuyn vi ng cong ti v tr mt ngi quan st, thin th t v tr
S b nng ti v tr S mt gc (gi l khc x thin vn). Trong iu kin tiu
chun p sut khng kh B=760mmHg, nhit khng kh t
O
C
= +10c khc x
thin vn c gi l khc x thin vn trung bnh
O

- Theo nh ngha cao thin th l gc tm thin cu hp bi ng
thng ni t tm thin th vi tm thin cu v mt phng chn tri tht, trong cc
bng ton ngi ta ly tm thin cu trng vi tm tri t. Nhng thc t ngi
quan st li ng trn b mt tri t o cao thin th- do vy cn phi hiu
chnh vi gc th sai nhn thy hng ngy P ( l gc t thin th nhn thy bn
knh tri t)
- Mt s thin th bn knh nhn thy ln khi lm chp nh ca chng vi
ng chn tri rt kh lm tip xc tm vi ng chn tri m ngi ta thng
phi o qua mp do vy cn phi hiu chnh mt i lng bn knh gc (R) ca
thin th.
- Do iu kin kh hu , thi tit lun thay i so vi iu kin tiu chun khi
lp bng v vy cn phi hiu chnh thm mt lng sai s cao (khc x) theo p
sut h
B
, theo nhit h
t
.
Vi tt c nhng nguyn nhn trnh by nh trn khi cao thin th
bng Sextant Hng hi bt buc phi hiu chnh cao o c tm ra cao
tht h. Cng thc hiu chnh tng qut s l
h = oc + i + s + (- d ) + (-
O
) + P R + h
t
+ h
B

10.2 Khc x thin vn - Khc x mt t

1. Khc x thin vn
L hin tng nh sng t thin th n mt
ngi quan st khng theo mt ng thng m
theo mt ng cong lin tc do ngi quan
st nhn thy thin th theo phng tip tuyn vi
ng cong ti v tr ngi quan st. Do hin
tng khc x thin vn cao ca thin th c
nng ln mt gc
a. Cc nh lut v khc x
- Tia ti v tia phn x cng nm trong trong mt phng cha php tuyn ca
mt phn chia mi trng
- Khi tia sng i vo mi trng chit quang hn th tia khc x bao gi cng
tin li gn php tuyn hn , do hin tng ny m cao ca thin th c nng
ln
- T s gia sine gc ti v sine gc
khc x bng nghch o t s h s khc
x hai mi trng

1
2
2
1
sin
sin
=
i
i

b. Tnh gc khc x thin vn :
2
i
2
i
1
A
H
H
z
h
h
z

c
c
Chia bu kh quyn xung quanh tri t thnh n lp v coi trong mimt lp
mt khng kh l ng nht. Ta bit mt khng kh ln nht l b mt
tri t v gim dn theo cao cho n lp ngoi cng ca b mt phn chia (lp
th n) th mt khng kh bng khng, ti th h s khc x
n
=1( khng b
khc x) tia ti i
n
song song vi ng thng ni tm thin th vi mt ngi quan
st - Ngha l i
n
= i
1
+. Ti lp trong cng th i
1
= 90- h
Do truyn qua cc lp khng kh khc nhau v mt nn tia ti t thin th
n mt ngi quan st tun theo cc nh lut v khc x v b b cong dn v
php tuyn. Gi h s khc x ca mi trng l
J
( J = 1 n ) v i
J
( J = 1 n ) l
cc gc ti v gc phn x i
n
l gc ti ca lp ngoi cng, i
n-1
l gc khc x ca
p ngoi cng ng thi l gc ti ca lp tip theo. Vit cng thc cho cc lp
khng kh ta c
` Lp ngoi cng:
n
n
n
n
i
i
1
1
sin
sin

=
` Lp tip theo :
1
2
2
1
sin
sin
=
n
n
n
n
i
i

................................................
` Lp trong cng :
1
2
1
2
sin
sin
=
i
i

Nhn ln lt v phi vi phi v
v tri vi tri ca cc ng thc vi nhau
theo th t t ngoi vo trong cui cng
ta c

1
1
1
sin
sin
= =
n
n
i
i
Thay i
n
= i
1
+ ta c
1
1
1
sin
) sin(
=
+
i
i

1
1
1 1
sin
cos . sin cos . sin

=
+
i
i i

cos +sin.ctgi
1
=
1
V gc rt nh nn coi cos = 1, sin = . arc1
1
=1+ . arc1ctgi
1
= 1+ . arc1ctg(90- h) = 1+ . arc1.tgh
-> = '
' 1
1
' '. 1
1
1 1
ctgh
arc tgh arc
=

diu kin tiu chun (t
o
C
=10c , p sut B= 760mmHg) th
1
= 1,002916
gi l h s khc x thin vn trung bnh, khi thay
1
= 1.002916 vo cng thc trn
ngi ta ta tnh c h khc x thin vn trung bnh
o
=1,0026.ctgh
T cng thc trn khi thay h = 0 ->
o
= nhng qua kho st thc t
o
=
35 s d c nguyn nhn trn l do khi xy dng cng thc chng ta n gin
ho cu to ca thnh phn kh quyn, thc t cng thc trn ch ng khi h > 15.
Khi iu kin quan trc khng ging iu kin chun ngha l t
C
10c, B
760mmHg th phi hiu chnh thm thnh phn b xung theo p sut v nhit
h
t
( hay
t
) tra bng 14a MT i s t
C
v h
h
B
(hay
B
) tra bng 14b MT i s B, h
Nh vy =
o
+ h
t
+h
B
.Trong thc t khi h/50 th lng hiu chnh b
xung theo p sut, nhit khng ng k ngi ta b qua.
2. Khc x mt t

Khi quan st cc mc tiu trn b mt t tia sng i t chng ti nhau
khng phi theo mt ng thng m theo mt ng cong do phi i qua mi
trng khng kh gia chng, hin tng gi l khc x mt t
Xt hai ngi quan st ng A v B vi
cao so vi b mt t l e
1
v e
2
h s khng
mhn thy nhau theo ng thng A-B m theo
ng cong AaB.
Ngi A s nhn thy B theo phng tip
tuyn vi ng cong ti A ( tc l theo hng
AB ) cn ngi B s nhn thy A theo hng
tip tuyn vi ng cong ti B ( hng BA). Gc
hp bi ng thng AB v cc tip tuyn ca
ng cong AaB l
1
v
2
do A cch B khng ln nn ngi ta coi
1
=
2
.
Gi O
1
l l tm ca cung AaB vi bn knh R
1
.T hnh v ta thy:
AB = R
1
.2
, A
1
B
1
= R
.C do e
1
, e
2
rt
nh so vi bn knh tri t R
nn coi AB
=A
1
B
1
hay R
1
.2
= R
.C vy
=
1
.
2
1
R
R
d
.C
t R
/R
1
= K gi l h s khc x ta c
=
2
1
.K.C

\
e
1
e
2
A

A
1
B
1
B

B

A

o

o
1

a

c

2

2

10.3 nghing chn tri - nghing tia ngm

1. nghing chn tri
- Chn tri hnh hc l vng trn tp hp ca tt c cc im to bi ng
thng t mt ngi quan st tip tuyn vi b mt tri t
- Chn tri nhn thy l vng trn tp
hp ca tt c cc im c to bi tia ti t
mt ngi quan st mt cao e no vi
b mt tri t
Thc t ngi quan st trn bin
khng th xc nh c chn tri tht H.H
m ch o c cao thin th vi ng
chn tri nhn thy, cao ny sai khc vi
cao o c trn chn tri tht mt gi tr
nghing chn tri d.
V vy c c cao thc ngi ta phi hiu chnh i lng ny.T
hnh v ta thy : d
O
= d +
m :
=
2
1
.K.C
Xt tam gic vung AOB c : cosd
O
=
e R
R
OA
OB
+
= (1)
p dng chui Macloranh cos x =
)! 2 (
) 1 ( ....
! 6 ! 4 ! 2
1
2 6 4 2
n
x x x x
n
n
+ + +
Phn tch cosd
O
thnh chui v gi li thnh phn bc 2 ta c :
cosd
O
= 1-
2
2
O
d
(2)
T (1) v (2) :
e R
R
+
= 1-
2
2
O
d
->
2
2
O
d
= 1 -
e R
R
+

d
O
2
= 2
e R
R
+
-> d
O
=
e R
e
+
2

M d
O
= ^ AOB = C C =
e R
e
+
2
hay
e R
e
+
2
= d +
= d +
2
1
K
e R
e
+
2

-> d = (1-
2
1
K )
e R
e
+
2
do cao mt ngi quan st e rt nh so vi bn
knh tri t R nn coi e + R R v vy d =
R
e K 2
)
2
1 (
H H
A
O
F
F
d
O
d
B
C.tri hnh hc
C.tri nhn thy
d
O
e
y
x
E
c
Tha nhn K= 0,16 , arc1= 1/3438 , R
=
' 1
1852
arc
m
= 6371 km cng thc c
vit di dng d = 1,766
) (m
e
hoc d = 0,97
) ( ft
e
nghing chn tri d
c thnh lp trong bng ton 11a MT vi i s tra e tnh bng m, hoc trong
bng Dip of horizon i s tra e tnh bng m hoc ft
2. nghing tia ngm ()
Khi quan st mc tiu nm gn hn ng chn tri nhn thy th gc hp
bi mt phng chn tri tht i qua mt ngi quan st v hng nhn ti mc tiu
gi l nghing tia ngm . Nh vy nghing tia ngm cng nh khi mc
tiu cng xa v t
min
= d khi mc tiu nm trn ng chn tri nhn thy. V
vy khi o cao thin th vi mp b bin hay mp nc ca mt mc tiu nm
gn hn ng chn tri nhn thy ta phi hiu chnh cao vi nghing tia
ngm thay cho nghing chn tri d. p dng hm s tg :
2
.
2
2
2
C
tg
B A
tg
B A
tg
B A
tg
b a
b a
=
+
=
+
cho tam gic AOF ta c :

e R
e
R e R
R e R
OF OA
OF OA
x y
tg
x y
tg
d d d
d d
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
=
+
2
2
2

M x + y + c = 180 nn
2
90
2
c y x
=
+

Thc t
2
x y
rt nh nn coi
2
x y
tg
2
x y

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c
2
).
2
(
2
2
2
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
)
2
90 (
2
c
tg
e
R
e
e
R
c
ctg
e
x y
c
ctg
x y
e
R
e
c
tg
x y
+
=
+
=
=
+
=

V c rt nh nn coi tg
2
c
=
2
c
v e rt nh so vi R nn coi R +
2
e
= R do
=
2
x y
c R
e
c
R
e
.
2
.
2
= (1)
ng thi ta li c
2
90
2
c y x
=
+
(2) Ly (2) tr (1) : x = 90-
2
c
-
c R
e
.
(3)
Mt khc t hnh v : x + +
= 90 -> x = 90- -
(4)
T (3) v (4): 90- -
= 90-
2
c
-
c R
e
.
-> = -

+
2
c
+
c R
e
.

= -
2
1
K.c +
2
c
+
c R
e
.

=
2
c
( 1 - K ) +
c R
e
.

Thay K = 0,16
R =
' 1
1852
arc
m
= 0,42D
n
+ 18,56
n
m
D
e
) (

D
n
= C (khong cch ti mc tiu tnh bng lin)
Cng thc trn c thnh lp trong bng 11
B
MT i s tra l cao mt
ngi quan st e tnh bng mt (m) v khong cch ti mc tiu D
n
tnh bng lin
3. My o nghing chn tri
c c cng thc tnh nghing chn tri d = 1,766
) (m
e
hoc
d = 0,97
) ( ft
e
ngi ta tha nhn h s khc x K = 0,16. Nhng thc t h s K
thay i 0,1 0,3 do vy nhng vng bin kn hoc nhng vng va c bo i qua
th s chnh lch gia nghing chn tri tra bng v nghing thc t kh ln
(i khi ti 2 ). khc phc tnh trng trn ngi ta ch to ra my o
nghing chn tri. Hu ht cc my o nghing chn tri u c nguyn l lm
vic l o gc thng ng ca hai pha chn tri i din qua thin nh ngi quan
st do vy gi tr thu c l 180+ 2d, mt s t my o qua thin gi tr thu
c l 180- 2d. Thc t do iu kin thi tit nn khng phi lc no nghing
chn tri hai pha cng bng nhau tuy nhin s sai khc ny khng ng k nn
ngi ta b qua.S nguyn l nh sau
Gi s c hai lng knh nh hnh v cc tia sng t ng chn tri pha tri
v phi i ti mt phn x ca hai lng knh ri phn x qua h thng thu knh hi
t ti mt ngi quan st . Nu ta thay i v tr ca cc gng xung quanh trc sao
cho nh ca cc tia phn x trng nhau th trn thc chia pht c lin h vi
trc xoay ca cc lng knh s c c gi tr ca nghing chn tri d


Trong thc t my o nghing chn tri khng c trang b ph bin
trn cc tu vn ti.

10.4 s hiu chnh th sai hng ngy- s hiu chnh
bn knh thin th

1. S hiu chnh th sai hng ngy P
Theo nh ngha cao thin th l gc tm thin cu to bi ng
thng ni t tm thin th vi tm thin cu v mt phng chn tri tht, c o
bng cung ca vng thng ng cha thin th tnh t mt phng chn tri tht ti
tm thin th. Thc t khi o cao thin th ngi quan trc ng trn b mt
tri t, mt khc trong cc bng ton v lch thin vn ngi ta xy dng thin cu
c tm trng vi tm tri t do vy cao thc t o c s sai khc vi cao
bng (v nh ngha) mt gc P - gi l th sai nhn thy hng ngy
Th sai nhn thy hng ngy l gc o c bn knh tri t t tm thin th
Gi s ngi quan st ng ti v
tr A trn b mt tri t, ti thi im T
quan st

thin th c thy thin th c
trn thin cu- cn nu ng ti tm tri
t s thy thin th c. Do vy cao
h o c tm O tri t s khc
cao ho c A trn b mt t mt
lng th sai P
T hnh v d dng thy h + P = h
gc th sai P t gi tr P
max
khi
thin th nm trn ng chn tri nhn
thy, c gi l th sai chn tri P
O
(hay
HP) v gim dn khi cao thin th
tng dn, ti khi thin th nm trn thin
nh ngi quan st th gc th sai Pmin = 0
c
1

c
1

c
c
c
2
c
2
c
2

c
1

c
c
2

0
A
R

h
h
p
max
p
H H
z
Mt khc gc th sai P cn ph thuc vo khong cch D t tm tri t ti tm thin
th. Nh vy gc th sai l hm s ca cao v khong cch P = f (h, D)
Tnh P :
T tam gic OAC ta c
D D
h
R
P
d
cosh' ) ' 90 sin( sin
=
+
=

vy sinP =
D
R
d
.cosh (1)
T tam gic OAC
1
c :
D
R
P
d
O
= sin (2)
T (1),(2) ta suy ra sinP = sinP
O
.cosh
V P v P
O
nh nn coi sinP = P.arc1 v sinP
O
= P
O
.arc1 do cng thc
c vit di dng P = P
O
.cosh
Thnh phn th sai chn tri P
O
c cho trong LTV vi mt tri th sai t
thay i ngi ta ly P
O
O
TB
= 015 , ca Kim tinh v Ho tinh cho theo tng khong
thi gian trong nm, cn ring i vi mt trng tc bin thin nhanh (P
O
= 54
615) nn LTV cho theo tng gi ct HP
2. S hiu chnh bn knh nhn thy ca thin th
Cc gi tr thng s to ca thin th u c ly t tm thin th, nhng
vi nhng thin th c bn knh nhn thy ln nh mt tri, mt trng vic xc nh
chnh xc tm ca chng rt kh m thng thng ngi ta phi o qua mp v vy
cao o c phi c hiu chnh vi bn knh nhn thy (hay bn knh gc) R
ca thin th: + R khi lm tip xc mp di
+ R khi lm tip xc mp trn
i vi mt tri bn knh thay i lin tc theo ngy thng t R
O
max
=163
vo khong ngy 03/1 v R
O
min
= 158 vo khong ngy 04/7 t gi tr R
TB
=16,
bn knh mt tri cho trong LTV ba ngy lin tc- i s l ngy, thng ct SD
(Semi Diameter ). Cn i vi mt trng bn knh thay i lin tc theo tng ngy
bin thin t R
1
max
=168 ( gn ngy trng non) n R
1
min
=147 ( gn ngy
trng trn) v t gi tr R
1
TB
= 155, bn knh mt trng cho trong LTV theo tng
ngy- i s ngy, thng ct SD.
Cc s liu khi hiu chnh cao phi c quy v tm thin cu, trong
c bn knh ca thin th (R). Trong thin vn thc hnh ngi ta ly tm thin
cu trng vi tm tri t, trn thc t ngi quan st trn b mt tri t quan trc
c bn knh R ca thin th khc vi R.
Vi mt tri v cc hnh tinh s sai
hc khng ng k nn ngi ta b qua,
nhng mt trng l thin th rt gn tri
t nn hiu s R=R- R c th ti 03
do vy c kt qu chnh xc chng ta
cn phi hiu chnh i lng ny. T
hnh v
sinR1=
D
R
tr

D =
O
d
P
R
sin
sinR1 =
d
tr
R
R
. sinP
O
Thay cc gi tr R
tr
, R
vo cng thc
ta c sinR1 = 0,2725 sinP
O

Cng thc trn c thnh lp trong bng 10MT (hiu chnh chung) hiu
chnh cao mt trng.

10.5 Hiu chnh cao thin th trn ng chn tri nhn thy

1.Trng hp tng qut
- cao nhn thy h sau khi c hiu chnh vi khc x thin vn v bn
knh gc R ca thin th (i vi mt trng, mt tri) gi l cao tht tm thin
th h
1

h
1
= h +(- ) R = h +(-
O
) + h
t,B
R = oc + i + s +(- d ) + (-
O
) + h
t,B
R
- cao tht tm thin th h
1
sau khi c hiu chnh vi gc th sai P gi l
cao tht a tm h ( hay h
S
) : h = h
1
+p = oc + i + s +(- d ) + (-
O
) +P R + h
t,B

Mt cch n gin cao tht tm thin th l cao nhn thy h c
hiu chnh vi cc thnh phn cn li [(-
O
) +P R + h
t,B
]
Trong cng thc trn cc thnh phn hiu chnh (tr i, s) bng ton
MT53/63 ngi ta thnh lp cc bng ton ring hiu chnh, t bng ton
MT75/TH86 cng nh lch thin vn Anh ch lp bng hiu chnh chung.
2. Hi chnh cao bng bng ton MT75/TH86
a. Hiu chnh cao mt tri :
` P = P
O
.cosh vi P
O
= P
O
O
TB
= 015
` R
O
= R
O
TB
= 1589 vo ma h (t ngy 01/4 30/9 )
= R
O
TB
= 1615 vo ma ng ( t 01/10 31/3 )
Do vy khng cn thit phi
hiu chnh R m vn m bo
chnh xc cho php sai s ti a
khng vut qu 014. S hiu chnh
chung h (OP ) cho trong bng 8 MT
75 i s l thng quan st, cao
nhn thy h v cnh (trn/di) ca O
h = oc + i + s + ( -d) + h +h
t
+ h
B

b. Hiu chnh cao mt trng
Mt trng l thin th rt gn tri t v chuyn ng nhanh do vy bn knh
gc v th sai nhn thy hng ngy cng thay i nhanh, c tnh theo cng thc
P = P
O
.cosh , R1= 0,2725.P
O
Do vy cng thc hiu chnh cao ca 1 s
l: h = oc + i + s + (-d) + (-
O
) + P
O
.cosh 0,2725.P
O
+h
t
+ h
B

Cng ging nh mt tri cao mt trng trong MT75 khng c phn hiu
chnh ring, ngi ta nhm cc thnh phn (-
O
) + P R =h (hay OP) gi l hiu
chnh chung. Do vy: - khi o cao vi mp di ca mt trng
h1 = (-
O
) + P + R
- khi o cao vi mp trn ca mt trng
h1 = (-
O
) + P - R
Thnh phn hiu chnh chung h1 ca
mt trng c tra trong bng 10MT75
i s tra l h , P
O
v mp ( trn/di )
ca mt trng- trong P
O
c ly t
lch thin vn i s l T
G
lc quan st.
Trong thc hnh nn thc hin theo s
bn.

c. Hiu chnh cao nh tinh (sao)
nh tinh l nhng thin th rt xa tri t v vy ngi ta coi bn knh
gc R=0, v th P=0 do cng thc hiu chnh i vi nh tinh l
h = oc + i + s +(- d ) + (-
O
) + h
t,B

oc s o ca Sextant
+i
+s -d bng 11a - i s cao e (m)
h
+h t
+h
t

+h
B
bng

oc s o ca Sextant
+i s h.
+s s h.c sai s dng c- l lch sextant
-d bng 11a h
+h bng 10-i s h, +h
t
bng 14a-
+h
B
bng 14b

thnh phn hiu chnh chung h (OP)
trong trng hp ny chnh l th sai
trung bnh (-
O
).
Trong thc hnh nn thc hin
theo s bn
d. Hiu chnh cao hnh tinh
Hnh tinh l nhng thin th
khng ln ng thi nm kh xa tri t nn ngi ta coi bn knh gc R=0,v vy
cng thc hiu chnh cao hnh tinh s l
h = oc + i + s +(- d )+ (-
O
) + P + h
t,B

Do vy vic hiu chnh cao
hnh tinh cng ging nh i vi nh
tinh tr Kim tinh v Ho tinh nm kh
gn tri t ngi quan st phi hiu
chnh thm thnh phn th sai P.
Thnh phn ny gi l hiu chnh b
xung theo th sai h
add
(hay h
P
) -
c thnh lp trong bng 9b MT75
i s tra l h v th sai chn tri P
O

trong LTV
3. Hiu chnh cao thin th bng LTV Anh
Cng ging nh bng ton MT75/TH86 trong cc bng hiu chnh cao
thin th LTV Anh ngi ta ch thnh lp cc thnh phn hiu chnh chung
Mt vi thut ng thng dng
- S o ca sextant sau khi c hiu chnh i, s gi l cao o Sextant
altitude (Sextant Alt)= oc + i + s
- cao o sau khi c hiu chnh vi nghing chn tri gi l
cao nhn thy Apparent altitude (App Alt) = oc + i + s +(-d)
- Thnh phn hiu chnh chung h(OP) gi l phn h/c chnh Main
correction
- Thnh phn h/c cao theo khc x b xung khi nhit v p sut quan
trc khc iu kin chun h
t,B
c gi l Additional refraction correction
a.Hiu chnh cao mt tri
Ngi ta nhm : hO =(-
O
) + P + R
oc
h
+h bng 9a-i s h
+h
t
bng 14a-i s h, nhit t
O
C

+h
B
bng 14b-i s h, p sut B
h

oc
+h bng 9a-i s h
+h
P
bng 9b- i s h v P
O

+h
t
bng 14a-i s h, nhit t
O
C

+h
B
bng 14b-i s h, p sut B
h

Do vy cng thc hiu chnh s l:
h= oc + i + s +(- d ) + h + h
t,B

Trong thc hnh nn lm theo s
b. Hiu chnh cao mt trng
Cng ging nh MT75 T cng thc tng qut
h = oc + i + s +(- d ) + (-
O
) + P R + h
t,B

Ngi ta nhm :
h1 =(-
O
) + P + R = - 1,0026 ctgh + P
O
.cosh + 0,2725.P
O

= - 1,0026 ctgh + 54cosh + (P
O
- 54).cosh +54.0,2725
+(P
O
- 54).0.2725
=-1,0026ctgh +54(cosh+0,2725) + (P
O
-54)(cosh+0,2725)
t : h =-1,0026ctgh + 54(cosh+0,2725) - i s tra cao nhn thy h
h
L
(h
1
P, R
) =(P
O
-54).(cosh+0,2725) - i s tra l h v th sai chn
tri P
O

-> h1 = h +h
L

Khi quan st cao mt trng mp trn:
h1 = (-
O
) + P - R =(-
O
) + P + R- 2R
= -1,0026ctgh + 54(cosh+0,2725) + (P
O
-54)(cosh+0,2725) - 2P
O
.0,2725
Tng t khi quan st mt trng mp di t:
h = -1,0026ctgh + 54(cosh+0,2725) - i s tra l h
h
U
(h1
P, R
) =(P
O
-54)(cosh+0,2725) - 2P
O
.0,2725 . thnh phn ny
lun dng ngi ta (+30) - do vy i vi s hiu chnh cao ca
mt trng khi o vi mp trn h1 = h + h
U
- 30
Trong thc hnh nn thc hin theo s trn.
Lu : khi hiu chnh cao mt trng o mp trn nht thit kt qu tra
c phi tr i 30.

c. Hiu chnh cao nh tinh
V nh tinh xa v cng nn P=0 , R=0 do vy cng thc hiu chnh s l
h = oc + i + s +(- d ) + (-
O
) + h
t,B

t h = -
O
nn
h = oc + i + s +(- d ) + h + h
t,B


d. Hiu chnh cao hnh tinh
Trong s cc hnh tinh th Kim
tinh (Venus) v Ho tinh (Mars) nm
tng i gn tri t do vy ngoi
vic hiu chnh ging nh i vi nh
tinh cn phi hiu chnh th sai b
xung h
add
(h
P
), s hiu chnh ny
c cho trong bng A
2
ct Stas and
Planets - i s tra l cao nhn thy
h v ngy, thng quan trc.
Do vy cng thc hiu chnh s l
h = oc + i + s +(- d )+(-
O
) + P + h
t,B

h = oc + i + s +(- d )+ h + h
P
+ h
t,B

10.6 cc trng hp c bit hiu chnh cao thin th

1.Hiu chnh cao khi o qua mp b
Khi o cao thin th qua mp b th nghing chn tri d c thay th
bng nghing tia ngm , c tra trong bng 11b MT75 hoc bng Dip of
shore horizone i s l cao mt ngi quan st e tnh bng m/ft v khong
cch ti b (hay mc tiu) D
n
tnh bng lin.Do cng thc hiu chnh cao s
l: h = oc + i + s +(- ) + (-
O
) + P R + h
t,B

Lu rng khong cch ti mc tiu D
n
c sau khi o c bng Radar
(hay phng php khc) phi c so snh vi tm nhn xa chn tri D = 2,08 e
nu:
D
n
< D th mi hiu chnh nghing tia ngm , cn nu D
n
> D th hiu
chnh nghing chn tri d. Cc thnh phn hiu chnh khc hiu chnh bnh
thng, i s cao nhn thy y h= oc + i + s +(- ).
2. Hiu chnh cao khi o qua thin nh
oc s o ca Sextant
+i s h.c vch chun- t xc nh
+s s h.c sai s dng c- l lch sextant
-d bng A
2
ct Dip - i s e (m, ft)
h
+h bng A
2
, A
3
- ct Stars Planet,/s h
+h
P
A
2
- ct Stars Planet- hngy, thng
+h
t,B
bng A
4
- i s h, t
O
C
, B (mb)
h
o cao qua thin nh thng c p
dng vi mt tri trong trng hp ng chn
tri pha di thin th b che khut bi my
m, tuyt...thng thng ngi ta o qua mp
trn ca mt tri. Khi o qua thin nh th
cao nhn thy h= [180- (oc + i +s -d )]
Do vy cng thc hiu chnh (chung)
cao l:
h = [180- (oc + i +s -d )] + h + h
t,B

3. Hiu chnh cao qua chn tri nhn to
Khi o cao qua chn tri nhn to th gi t thu c trn Sextant oc=2h
v nghing chn tri d = 0, do cng thc hiu chnh cao cu cc thin th
s l:
h =
2
1
( oc + i +s) + h + h
t,B

4. Hiu chnh cao khi s dng my o nghing : Nu trn tu c
trang b my o nghing chn tri khi s dng my o nghing d
o
th
nghing chn tri tra bng d c thay bng d
o
. Khi h= oc + i +s - d
o
v cng
thc hiu chnh cao thin th s l h = oc + i +s - d
o
+ h + h
t,B

Mt vi lu : - Khi cao nhn thy h>50thnh phn hiu chnh cao
b xung theo p sut, nhit h
t,B
rt nh ngi ta b qua
- cao mt ngi quan st e thay i theo trng thi ch
hng ca tng chuyn

Bi tp
1) Ngy 8/8...o cao ca mt tri c ocO =1815. Bit s hiu chnh
vch chun i = +03, s hiu chnh sai s dng c s = +01, nhit tc = +5c,
p sut B = 1015 mb, cao mt ngi quan st e = 11m5. Tnh cao h
2) Ngy....lc T
G
= 17h o cao mt trng c oc1 = 2719. Bit i+s = - 03,
tc = +15c, B = 1020 mb, e = 13m2. Tnh h
3) Ngy....lc T
G
= 13h o cao mt trng mp trn c oc = 4216. Bit
i + s = + 05, tc = +25c, B = 1030 mb , e = 52ft .Tnh h
4) Ngy... o cao Kim tinh c oc
PL
= 2432 , o cao sao Vega c
oc*= 3714 .Bit oi = 0006, tc = -15c, B = 1015mb, e = 15m3 . Tnh h

Chng 11 nh gi chnh xc ca cao o trn bin

11.1 Quy cao ca thin th v cng mt thin nh, mt thi im

1.Quy cao thin th v cng mt thi im
nh gi chnh xc ca php o cn phi c nhiu gi tr quan trc ti
mt thin th v sau so snh kt qu vi nhau, mt c nhn mun c nhiu s o
cao ca mt thin th phi c quan trc nhiu ln. Trong qu trnh quan trc
tri t khng ngng chuyn ng nn cao thin th bin thin lin tc v vy
kt qu o cc thi im khc nhau cao ca thin th s khc nhau, loi b
sai s cao do chuyn ng quay ca tri t gy ra ngi quan trc phi quy
cao ca cc thin th v cng mt thi im.
phn bin thin cao v phng v trong chuyn ng nhn thy hng
ngy chng ta thnh lp c cng thc bin thin cao h = - sinA.cos.t (
y t l bin thin gc gi thc dng gia hai ln quan trc). T mi quan h gia
gc gi t v thi gian T, nu ly hiu s thi gian gia hai ln quan trc l giy
cng thc bin thin cao s c vit di dng:h
T
=- 0,25.sinA.cos.T
S

(11.1a) cn ly hiu thi gian gia hai ln quan trc l pht th :
h
T
= -15.sinA.cos.T
m

T cng thc (11.1a) ngi ta t: K = - 0,25.sinA.cos -> h
T
= K.T
S

K c tra trong bng 16aMT63 i s v A, h
T
tra trong bng
16bMT63 i s l K v T
S
. Cn trong bng ton MT75 nhm gim s lng cc
bng t cng thc (11.1a) ngi ta lp bng 17MT75 vi hai i s phng v A ,
v tnh s bin thin cao thin th sau 10 giy thi gian
Lu : Bng ch thnh lp cho s bin i ca 10 giy thi gian, do phi
chuyn i thi gian gia hai ln quan trc thnh bi s ca 10 giy ri nhn vi
kt qu tra c trong bng ton MT.
Du ca h
T
c ly nh sau : khi quy cao t thi im trc v thi
im sau h
T
> 0 t khi mc n lc thin th qua kinh tuyn thng (t
E
L
), h
T
< 0
sau khi thin th qua kinh tuyn thng (t
W
L
). Cn khi quy cao t thi im sau
v thi im trc th ngc li

2. Quy cao v cng mt thin nh
xc nh v tr tu bng phng php thin vn s quan Hng hi phi
quan trc cao ca nhiu thin th hoc nhiu cao ca mt thin th ti cc
thi im khc nhau. Khi quan trc cao ca thin th th v tr ca tu cng
ngi quan trc lin tc di chuyn trn b mt tri t, do v tr ca thin nh
cng mt phng chn tri tht tng ng s thay i theo nn cao ca thin th
cng b thay i hon ton khng ph thuc vo chuyn ng quay ca tri t. V
vy kt hp cc cao vi nhau ta cn phi quy cao v cng mt thin nh.
Gi s ln o th nht vo thi im T
1
thin nh ngi quan trc Z
1
o
c cao ca thin th C l h
1
v nh c z
1
= 90- h
1
= Z
1
C. Ti thi im
T
2
= T
1
+ T thin nh ngi quan trc thin nh ngi quan trc ti Z
2
o c
cao h
2
ca thin th C -> nh c z
2
= 90- h
2
= Z
2
C nh vy bin thin cao
gia hai ln quan trc do s di chuyn ca tu l h
Z
=z
1
-z
2
=h
2
- h
1
.
Tnh h
Z
: T Z
2
h cung Z
2
D vung gc vi
Z
1
C , khong cch Z
1
Z
2
chnh l qung ng tu
chy c gia hai ln quan trc c o bng hi
l. Xt tam gic Z
1
DZ
2
c gc DZ
1
Z
2
= A- HT,
khong thi gian gia hai ln quan trc khng ln,
tam gic Z
1
DZ
2
nh nn gn ng coi l tam gic
phng v th: h
Z
= Z
1
D =s.cos(A- HT) hay
16MT 63/75 tnh lng bin thin cao theo thin nh trong mt pht
thi gian gi l bng a cao v cng mt nh - i s tra h
Z
l tc
tu V v gc mn ca thin th (A- HT). tnh s bin thin cao h
Z
khc mt
pht cn phi ly gi tr h
Z
tra trong bng nhn vi khong thi gian gia hai
ln quan trc tnh bng pht (T
m
).
cao ca thin th l hm s ca v ngi quan trc , gc gi t
L
v
xch v ca thin th h =f(, t
L
, ). Nh vy ngoi s ph thuc vo to ngi
quan trc v gc gi cao thin th cn ph thuc vo xch v , thc t xch v
ca mt tri, cc hnh tinh c bit l mt trng thay i lin tc theo thi gian do
cao o cc thi im khc nhau cng khc nhau khng ph thuc vo
chuyn ng quay ca tri t v chuyn ng ring ca ngi quan trc trn b
mt tri t. Do vy quy cao v cng mt thi im ngi ta cn phi quy
cao v cng mt xch v. Bin thin cao theo xch v ( h ) c tnh t vic vi
phn phng trnh cao: sin h = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L
theo h , v p dng
cc cng thc lng gic cu thch hp ta c h = .cosq
Trong : ` =
m
60
.T
m
l lng bin thin xch v trong khong thi gian
T
m
gia hai ln quan trc cao, l lng bin thin xch v
trong mt gi c tra trong LTV (lch Anh k hiu l d)
`q l gc th sai ca thin th c tnh t cng thc
sinq=
m
T
h
. 15
'
.sec
11.2 sai s trong o cao v cch xc nh

Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau cc kt qu o c lun sai khc vi gi
tr tht ca i tng c o mt gi tr no gi l sai s trong i lng o.
Da theo tnh cht ca sai s ngi ta phn ra l : sai s h thng, sai s ngu nhin
v nhng li lm.
1. Sai s h thng trong cao o : L loi sai s c tr s v du khng thay i
trong qu trnh o cao.
Ngun gc ca sai s h thng bao gm :
- Sai s ring ca ngi quan st ( hay cn gi l c tt) khi lm chp nh
ca thin th vi ng chn tri (cha ti hay vt qu)
hnh trnh cht ca vt tip xc nm hnh trng ca sextant, ...
- Sai s trong tr s tha nhn ca gc khc x thin vn ( cao nh )
- Sai s do tha nhn tr s ca bng tnh nghing chn tri d thay cho tr
s thc t ca n - thng sai s ny ln nht.
Vi nhng ngun gc sai s h thng nu trn vic loi tr hon ton sai
s h thng rt kh khn v thc cht n tn ti trong cc s hiu chnh cha chnh
xc. Tuy nhin c th lm gim ti a nh hng ca n bng cch kim tra chnh
l sextant thng xuyn, xc nh sai s vch chun nhiu ln sau ly gi tr
trung bnh, s dng my o nghing chn tri (nu c) thay cho dng bng...
2. Sai s ngu nhin
Sai s ngu nhin l nhng sai s xut hin khng theo quy lut c v du v
tr s
Sai s ngu nhin c mt s tnh cht sau :
- Xc sut xut hin nhng sai s c cng tr s nhng tri du l nh nhau
- Xc sut xut hin nhng sai s c tr s nh nhiu hn xc sut xut hin
nhng sai s c tr s ln
- Gi tr trung bnh ca mt chui ln cc sai s ngu nhin o trong cng
mt iu kin s tin dn ti 0
- Sai s c th c nhng tr s bt k nhng khng th vt qu mt gii hn
nht nh lin quan ti chnh xc ca php o.
Nguyn nhn gy nn sai s ngu nhin l :
- Do mt phng vnh chia ca sextant nghing khi mt phng thng
ng khi lm chp nh thin th, vi ngi quan st trung bnh sai s khong
1
=
02
- Sai s do vic lm chp nh vi ng chn tri khng chnh xc- ph
thuc vo khuych i nh trong th trng ng knh v kh nng phn bit ca
mt ngi quan trc,
2
= 012 vo ban ngy,
2
= 02 vo ban m
- Sai s do cch c cao trn nm hnh trng (ni suy bng mt)
3
= 012
bnh phng trung bnh l thuyt, qua kho st thc t vi nhng ngi quan
st c kinh nghim ban ngy gi tr trung bnh
h
= 07 cn ban m trung bnh
h
= 1. Vi nhng ngi mi lm quen th sai s cn ln hn nhiu
3. Xc nh sai s bnh phng trung bnh trong o cao
i vi mi ngi quan st cn phi tm cho ring mnh mt sai s bnh
phng trung bnh nh gi chnh xc ca php o, c bit vi nhng ngi
mi lm quen cn tnh mt cch c chu k sai s bnh phng trung bnh. Vo
nhng thi im thun li (thng l khi tu neo) o mt lot 57 ln cao ca
mt thin th, sau quy tt c cc cao y v cng mt thi im (thng l thi
im gia) bng bng ton hoc cng thc h
T
= - 0,25.sinA.cos.T
S
sau
` Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc s o h
TB
=
n
h h h
n
+ + + ...
2 1

` Tnh sai s ca cc ln quan st v
i
= h
i
- h
TB
(Theo cng thc ca Gauss v
i
=
a
i
- a
O
. Trong a
i
l

s o ln th i, a
O
l gi tr thc nhng thc t khi o cao
thin th khng c gi tr thc trc nn ly a
O
= a
TB
)
` Khi sai s bnh phng trung bnh khi o cao
h
=
1
1
2
=
n
V
n
i
i

V d v tm sai s bnh phng trung bnh : Tu neo ti v = 21N vo
cc thi im o cao O c cc s o (ghi trong bng di), ti thi im gia
phng v AO = 123. Hy tnh sai s bnh phng trung bnh

7
1
2
i
V = 1,89
Sai s bnh phng trung bnh
h
=
1
1
2
=
n
V
n
i
i
=
6
89 , 1
= 056

Phn th ba: thin vn thc hnh
chng 12: xc nh s hiu chnh la bn bng phng php thin vn

12.1 C s l thuyt xc nh s hiu chnh la bn bng
phng php thin vn

Sai s la bn l s chnh lch v tr s gia phng v tht ca mc tiu v
phng v la bn ca mc tiu. S hiu chnh la bn c tr s bng sai s nhng tri
du vi sai s, y s hiu chnh la bn L =HT-HL hay PT-PL

1. Phng php gi

tnh ton Ac ngi ta da vo vic gii
tam gic thin vn ZPC , p dung cng thc bn yu
t lin tip trong tam gic cu ta c:
cotgA sint
L
= cotg(90- )sin(90- )- cos(90- )cost
L

cotgA sint
L
= tg. cos - sin . cost
L

cotgA = tg . cos . cosect
L
- sin .cotgt
L
Khi tu hnh trnh ngoi i dng c th
cha bit c v tr chnh xc m ch c v tr d
on Mc nn cng thc cn c vit di dng:
cotgA = tg. cos c. cosect
L
- sin c. cotgt
L

T cng thc trn tnh c phng v A th phi c gc gi a phng
t
L
, xch v v v d on c
Nh vy vo thi im o phng v thin th A ly v tr d on ca tu
Mc v ghi li gi thi k Ttk. T Ttk (Utk) Tg (LTV) , tg (c) ,t
L
.Vi
cc i s l c, , t
L
thay vo cng thc trn hay vo bng ton chuyn mn s
tnh c Ac
2. Phng php cao:
T tam gic thin vn ZPC p dng hm s Cosin ca lng gic cu ta c
cos (90-) = cos (90-h).cos (90-) + sin (90-h).sin (90-).cosA
sin = sin h.sin +cos h.cos.cosA
cosA = sin.sec h.secc - tgh.tgc
T cng thc trn tnh c phng v Ac ngoi v d on
C
cn
phi c , h. Nh vy c ngha l ng thi vi vic o phng v A ngi quan
st cn phi o c cao h ca thin th v ghi li gi Ttk tnh do cng
vic s phc tp hn nn trong thc t ngi ta ch p dng trong trng hp c
bit l khi thin th mc ln tht (h = 0 ). Khi cng thc ch cn : cosA = sin
.sec c. Phong php ny ch yu p dng cho mt tri
3. Phng php cao v gi:
p dng cng thc hm s sin ca lng gic cu vo tam gic thin vn ta c

) 90 sin(
sin
) 90 sin(
sin
h
t A

=

h t A
t A
sec . sin . cos sin
cosh
sin
cos
sin
= =
T cng thc ta thy rng mun xc nh L phi ng thi o phng v
thin th A v cao ca thin th h v ghi li Ttk lc quan st. Do phng
php ny ch c p dng trong trng hp c bit l sao Bc u, v cao
ca cc hp = v ngi quan st, m sao Bc u c xch v = 8905 nn coi
sao Bc u trng vi thin cc Bc P
N
hay coi cao sao Bc u bng v
ngi quan st.V vy cng thc s l: sinA = cos.sint
L
.secc

12.2 nh hng ca sai s trong v tr d on
ti phng v tnh ton

Trong c ba h cng thc tnh phng v chng ta nghin cu u thy
rng A = f (,t
L
, ) hoc A = f (,h, ). Nh vy c ba h cng thc u c thnh
phn
C
v t(c),ngha l cc cng thc tnh phng v ph thuc vo to ca v
tr d on Mc(
C
,c).Trong thc t v tr thc ca tu Mo(o,o) khc vi v tr
d on Mc, cho nn phng v tnh ton trn c s (
C
,
C
) l Ac s khc vi
phng v Ao c tnh ton trn c s to thc (
O
,
O
) mt i lng A.
Khai trin A thnh chui v ly thnh phn bc nht
A=

A
d +

A
d +...
hay A = A + A
trong A ; A l s gia phng v theo v v kinh
1. nh hng ca sai s trong v d on ti phng v tnh ton

tnh A ngi ta o hm ring cng thc
A =sint
L
/cos h . sinA/sint
L
. sin h. A A = sinA.tg h.
T cng thc ta thy l A = 0 khi : + A = 0(180)
Khi thin th trn hng cc
+ h = 0
Khi thin th mc ln tht
Hai trng hp trn l iu kin li nht quan st xc nh L, cn trong
cc trng hp khc th A 0.Tha nhn trong trng hp chung sai s trong v
d on khng vt qu 20 Hi l (A 20 ~ 03 ) v sinA t Max bng 1
th sai s trong phng v ch ph thuc cao h : + nu h 18 A 01
+ nu h 35 th A 02
Trong thc t hng hi khi k phng v ngi ta b qua sai s ny ( m ch
k hoc lm trn ti 05 ). Nh vy trong iu kin hng hi thng thng sai s
trong v d on c th b qua khi tnh ton phng v ca thin th.
2. nh hng ca sai s kinh d on ti phng v tnh ton

T tam gic thin vn p dng cng thc 4 yu t
lin tip ta c :
cotgA.sin t
L
= tg.cos - sin.cos t
L

o hm ring cng thc trn theo A v t
L

A
2
sin
1
sin t
L
.dA + cotgA.cos t
L
.dt = sin.sin t
L
.dt
L
Z
C

908-
908-h

908-

A
t
L
q
p dng hm cosin vi gc th sai q trong tam gic thin vn ta c :
cosq = - cosA.cos t
L
+ sinA.sin t
L
.sin (90- )
- cosq = cosA.cos t
L
- sinA.sin.sin t
L
Thay vo cng thc (1) :
dA = - sinA.cosq.cosec t
L
(2)
T hm s sin : sinA/cos = sin t
L
/cosh = sinq/cos thay vo (2)
dA =
cosh
cos . cos
dt
L
dA = - cosq.cos.sech.dt
L
(3)
S dng cng thc 5 yu t lin tip:
sin(90-)cosq = sin(90-h).cos(90-) - cos(90-h).sin(90-)cosA
cos.cosq = cosh.sin - sinh.cos.cosA (4) .Thay (4) vo (3)
dA = - (sin - tgh.cos.cosA ) dt (5)
M t
L
= t
G

E
W
dt
L
= d( t
G

E
W
) dt
L
= d
E
W
Chuyn vi phn v dng s gia cui cng ta c:
A = 7 ( sin - tgh.cos.cosA )
E
W
(5)
A = 7 cosq.cos.sec h.
E
W
(3)
Trong thc t A 0. iu kin hng hi thng thng sai s trong c ly
ng Ty w khng vt qu 20 Hi l ( = .cos20 ) tc l v trung
bnh = 03 405 nu quan st nhng thin th c cao h35 th A 02
thc t c th b qua sai s ny.
T nhng phn tch cc phn trn ta rt ra kt lun:
- Sai s trong v tr on s nh hng khng ng k ti phng v tnh
ton khi quan st nhng thin th c cao nh ( y l iu kin tt nht quan
st )
- Trong iu kin hng hi thng thng sai s trong v d on v kinh
d on khng vt qu 03 khi o phng v nhng thin th c cao
h35th coi phng v tnh ton Ac l phng v tht A ca thin th.
- Khi tu hnh trnh Bc bn cu (= 1S 35N ) mc tiu quan st tt
nht l sao Bc u.

12.3 Nhng sai s khi o phng v ti thin th

Bt k mt gi tr o c cng c th mang sai s do nhng nguyn nhn
khc nhau chung quy li ngi ta nhm sai s thnh hai nhm l sai s h thng
v sai s ngu nhin chng ph thuc vo dng c quan st, phng php o, kh
nng o ca mi ngi ...
1. Sai s h thng
- Cc sai s gy ra do h thng gng bn l : Thng c s dng o
nhng thin th c cao ln, c bit vi mt tri cn phi dng thm h thng
knh mu. Dng biu xch quang hc o phng v ca cc mc tiu ny thay
cho vic o phng v thin th trc tip ngi ta o phng v vi nh thin th
trong gng. v tr ca gng bn l khng ng s gy sai s v c tnh theo
cng thc
A = ( K + L.tgh/2 +P.sech/2 ).tgh
Trong : + K l gc nghing ca trc xoay gng vi mt phng chn tri tht
+ L l gc gia trc xoay gng vi ng vung gc ca mt
phng ngm
+ P l gc gia trc xoay gng v mt phng phn chiu gng
Nu coi K=L=P=05 th A=03 khi h=15, A=14 khi h=45,A=24 khi
h=60
cotgA.sinK = cotgh.sin90- cos90.cosK
cotgA.sinK = cotgh cotgA = cotgh.1/sinK
Hay tgA = tgh.sinK . V A nh, K nh nn coi
tgK = K, tgA = A do cng thc s l:
A = K.tgh
T cng thc ta thy A = 0 khi h = 0 ( Mc ln tht), khi cao ca thin
th cng ln sai s cng tng.Theo cng thc ny ngi ta lp bng tnh sai s A
theo gc nghing K v cao h

2. Sai s ngu nhin.
Sai s ngu nhin trong khi o phng v ch yu gy nn do thao tc o -
bao gm :
- Sai s khi ngm ln thin th hay tm ca n
- Sai s do cch c ch s khng cng mt lc vi hng ch ca ch ngm
- Sai s do iu kin thi tit tc ng nht l khi thi tit c sng gi ln
Trong thc t sai s ngu nhin khi o phng v thng khng vt qu 03
v c tnh theo cng thc sai s bnh phng trung bnh m =
2 2
m m +
Tm li khi nghin cu nhng sai s c bn khi o phng v ngi ta rt ra
kt lun :
+Trc khi o phng v thin th phi kim tra v chnh l biu xch la bn
chu o
+Nu iu kin cho php khng nn dng gng bn l
+ gim bt sai s do mt la bn b nghing vi mt phng chn tri phi
kim tra s hot ng ca h thng vng Cc-ng, khng dng tay gi nghing
mt la bn
+nh hng sai s s nh khi o phng v nhng thin th c cao h15
+Khi o phng v nhng thin th c bn knh ln nh mt trng, mt tri
th vch ngm ca biu xch chia ng knh ca hnh ra lm hai phn hoc c th
o nhanh phng v hai cnh ca mt tri , mt trng ri ly gi tr trung bnh.
+o nhiu gi tr phng v (3,5,7) ri ly gi tr trung bnh.

12.4 Thc hnh xc nh s hiu chnh la bn trong
trng hp chung

1. Thc hnh xc nh L trong trng hp chung.
Khi tu hnh trnh trn bin nu iu kin cho php nn xc nh s hiu
chnh L mi ca mt ln nhng hng i khng i, trng hp tu thay i
hng th sau mi ln i hng nn xc nh L mt ln.
Ban ngy nn xc nh L bng mt tri vo bui sng hay chiu khi cao
ca mt tri cn thp. Ban m c th chn 1 ngi sao bt k c cao h15, nu
tu hnh trnh v = 0- 35N nn chn sao Bc u.
a. Cng tc chun b:
- Kim tra v chnh l biu xch la bn, nu iu kin cho php nn dng hai
biu xch vi hai ngi quan st
- So snh ch s v lm ng b ch s ca la bn chnh vi cc la bn phn nh
- Chun b dng c v ti liu: Xc nh s h/c thi k Utk, ng h bm
giy, cc bng ton lin quan, giy (s sch ), bt ghi chp...
-Chn thin th quan st
b. Quan st
- Theo thin th chn o mt lot 3 ln gi tr phng v (A) v ghi kt
qu chnh xc ti 02, ghi gi thi k chnh xc ti 1s
-T gi quan st trung bnh hoc gi quan st ln u t hng i, tc ly
v tr d on ca tu Mc (
C
,
C
)
c. Tnh ton:
-Tnh phng v la bn trung bnh PLtb ( A
tb
) v gi thi k trung bnh
Ttk.tb
-T Ttk.tb hiu chnh vi s h/c thi k Utk tnh c gi th gii lc quan
st Tg, a i s Tg vo LTV tra c ,t hiu chnh vi kinh d on c c
t , ca thin th
-T cc i v d on c, xch v thin th , gc gi a phng t
L
tra
vo cc bng ton chuyn mn hoc cc bng lng gic hay my tnh cm tay tra
hoc tnh c phng v Ac. Thng thng phng v tht ca thin th c tnh
bng cng thc hay bng ton l phng v bn vng hoc 1/4 vng v vy phi i
ra h nguyn vng PT sau tnh c s hiu chnh la bn
L = PT - PL hay: L = At - A
- Kim tra kt qu: bng cch so snh s h/c la bn L mi tm c vi s h/c
la bn s dng trc ( vi la bn t th L = + dhh = + dks +n.d).Trng
hp c s chnh lch ng k th phi kim tra li cc php tnh pht hin li
lm (tt nht nn dng bng ton khc, hoc cch tnh khc). Nu khng c lm li
phi kim tra li biu xch ri xc nh li L ln th hai- ch c php dng s
hiu chnh la bn L mi nu kt qu xc nh ln hai ging kt qu ln th nht.
2. Cc bng ton tnh phng v tht thin th
Hin nay c nhiu loi bng tnh ton phng v - hoc ng thi cao
phng v - cu to ca cc bng s c gii thiu phn sau. Trong phn ny ch
gii thiu cch s dng mt s bng thng dng:
a. Bng ton H0.214
Mt b bng nay gm 9 tp . Mi tp gm 10 v Tp 1:
019...Tp 9 :80 89 . Trong mi tp 1 v gm 1 s trang - trong mi
trang ca mt tp gc gi thc dng(tL ) cho cch nhau 1 ct dc , xch v ca
thin th cho cch nhau 30,130 hay 230 (tu thuc vo gi tr ca xch v ) cho
hng ngang
Khi v cng tn tra trang pha tri ,
v khc tn tra trang pha phi
Cch tra: Vi ba i s c, t, ta tm quyn tng ng vi c sau
m trang c
B
,
B
gn nht vi c,
B
- a hai i s B , tB ( vi B , tB l cc
gi tr gn nht vi * , tL* ) ta c Ac
Do bng nay khng c phn hiu chnh A theo , t , nn chnh
xc khng cao.
Lu : Phng v trong bng la phng v bn vng do ch th nht ca
phng v cng tn vi v ch th hai cng tn vi gc gi thc dng t
L
ca
thin th.
b. Bng ton MT : y l bng ton Hng hi, loi bng tnh lng gic.
Tu thuc vo yu cu tnh ( cao h, phng v A ) trn c s cc yu t bit
ca tam gic thin vn m vit cng thc tnh ton thch hp.Thng thng tnh
phng v trong trng hp tng qut ngi ta s dng cng thc
cotg A = tg. cos. cosect - sin c cotgt
go: tg.cos.cosect l thnh phn I
sinc cotgt l thnh phn II
Vi cc gi tr t,,c ta xt du ca tng thnh phn
Nu: thnh phn I cng du vi II tra bng 3a
I khc du vi II tra bng3b
Vi i s tra v l hiu loga H.lg = lgI - lgII (nu lgI >lgII )
H.lg = lgII - lgI (nu lgII >lgI )
C ngha l lun lun ly logarit ca thnh phn ln tr logarit ca thnh
phn nh hn. Khi :
lg cotg A = lgI +
hoc lg cotg A = lgI +
Sau tra i lgcotgA c phng v A. Lu khi lg(cotgA)>0 th A
gc phn t th nht (0<A< 90), trng hp lg(cotgA)< 0 th A gc phn t th
hai (90<A<180)
v cotg = - cotg (180- ) nn khi A = 180- A. Phng v thin th
tnh bng cng thc trn l phng v bn vng nn ch th nht tn phng v
cng tn v , ch th hai ca tn phng v cng vi tn gc gi thc dng t L
c. Mt s bng ton khc tnh phng v :
Hin ti c nhiu loi bng ton tnh phng v ca thin th hoc tnh
ng thi cao v phng v ca nhiu quc gia (Nga, M, Anh, Nht... ) vi
mc chnh xc cng khc nhau. Nhn chung cc bng ton tnh ring phng
v trong trng hp chung ( khng phi trng hp c bit ) cc i s a vo
bng l v ngi quan st c, xch v ca thin th v gc gi thc dng tL.
Trc khi s dng bng cn phi c k phn hng dn s dng v tham kho cc
v d trong bng.

3. Khi nim v s dng th tnh phng v
y l phng php n gin, nhanh chng vi chnh xc tho mn cc
yu cu Hng hi. Phn kh khn ca phng php ny l xy dng th
Phng php s dng th Weier (hay cn gi l B.A chart No 500 )
- Trn th vng trn ngoi cng bi th gi tr ca phng v A vi cch
tnh nguyn vng 360 vch cch nhau 1 mt vch v ghi cch nhau 5
Vng trn th hai ghi gi tr gc gi vch cch nhau 1(4m) mt v ghi cc
gi tr cch nhau 01h.
ng thi cn xy dng h thng cc ng Ellip cch nhau 1 biu din v
ngi quan st
Cch s dng : i s tra phng v thin th bng th Weier l c, , tL
- Theo ca thin th tm im C trn ng thng ng 0h - 12h
- Theo v ngi quan st c tm ng Ellip tng ng
- Theo gc gi thin th t tnh tm ng cong Hypecbol tng ng
giao ca ng cong hypecbol ny vi ng Ellip v ta tm c im T
- Dng thc // t ti hai im T,C sau dch chuyn thc qua tm O
ca th.Giao im ca thc vi vng trn ln ngoi cng cho ta phng v
nguyn vng A (Theo hng t T C )

12.5 Cc trng hp c bit xc nh s hiu chnh la bn L

1.Xc nh L bng mc ln tht ca mt tri :
Trong phng php cao ta c cng thc tnh P/V
cosA = sin.sec
C
.sech - tgh.tg
C
Khi mc ln tht th cao mt tri h = 0 nn tgh=0 , sech=1 do cng
thc s l :
cosAO = sinO . sec
C

Theo h cng thc ny ngi ta lp sn bng tnh phng v mc ln ca mt
tri trong bng ton Yushchenko v mt vi bng ton khc.
Vo gi quan st l gi mc ln c tnh t LTV v v tr d on
TL
m,l
= Tb + T + T
Vo gi quan st tnh ton o phng v ti tm O hoc o ti hai mp
tri,mp phi ri ly gi tr trung bnh c PL, ng thi ghi li gi th gii lc
quan st vo lch thin vn uc O .Vi hai i s O ,
C
tra vo bng ton
c PTO
Khi L = PTO - PLO
Trong thc t i vi ngi quan st c cao xp x 6m1 thay cho vic tnh
thi im mc ln ngi ta xc nh thi nh sau bng cch ch cho mp di
ca mt tri cch ng chn tri mt khong 3/4 ng knh th o phng v ca
O v ly lm phng v la bn PLO ti thi im mc ln tht.
- V mt l thuyt th vic xc nh chnh xc mp di ca mt tri cch
ng chn tri mt khong 3/4 ng knh O rt kh khn tuy nhin bi ton vn
c p dng v m bo chnh xc vi yu cu Hng hi.V khi nghin cu v
bin thin cao v phng v trong chuyn ng nhn thy hng ngy thnh lp
cng thc bin thin phng v
A = - (sin - tgh.cos.cosA ).t ; h = - sinA.cos.t v rt ra kt lun:Ti
thi im mc ln cao bin thin nhanh phong v bin thin chm, khi qua kinh
tuyn ngi quan st phng v bin thin nhanh cao bin thin chm. Do vy
trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn bin thin phng v l khng ng k vn
m bo chnh xc ca yu cu Hng hi.
- T cng thc hiu chnh cao mt tri mp di h = oc + i + s - d -
O
+p
+R +ht,p
Khi h = 0 oc = d + o - R - p (Coi: i , s , ht,p khng ng k) trong
trng hp h = 0, e = 6,1m th : d = 494, o=3595 , Rtb = 169, p = 0,14
do vy: oc = 494 +3595 - 169 - 091 = 2398 3/4 D (Dtb = 329
3/4.329=249)
2. Xc nh L bng mc ln nhn thy mp trn O
Khi mp trn ca O tip xc vi ng chn tri nhn thyth cao ca mt
tri h < 0 bi cc thnh phn sau :
- Do hin tng khc x thin vn nh ca mt tri b nng ln mt gc .
iu kin trung bnh (t =10c , p =760 mmHg ) th o = 355
- Do th sai hng ngy p = 015
- Do quan st mp trn cn phi hiu chnh mt lng bn knh R = 16
- Do nghing chn tri d .Khi e = 6m1 d = 44 , e = 12m d = 61
V vy cao ca mt tri trong trng hp ny s l
+ Nu e = 6m1 hO = -355 + 0,1 - 16 - 44 = -557
+ Nu e = 12m hO = -358 + 01 - 16 - 61 = -578
p dng hm s cosin vi cnh (90-h ) ta c :
cosA = sin.sec.sech - tg.tgh
m : cosA = 1 - 2 sin
2
A
= sin
cosh . cos
1
-
cosh . cos
sinh . sin

2 sin
2
A
= 1+
cosh . cos
1
(- sin +sin.sin h )
2 sin
2
A
=
cosh . cos
cosh . cos
+
cosh . cos
1
(- sin +sin.sin h )
2 sin
2
A
=
cosh . cos
1
(cos.cosh + sin.sin h - sin)

2 sin
2
A
=
cosh . cos
sin ) cos(
h

sin
2
A
=
cosh . cos 2
sin ) cos(
h

Thay gi tr h = - 557 vo cng thc ta c : sin
2
A
=
7 ' 55 cos . cos 2
sin ) 7 ' 55 cos(
+

y l cng thc lp bng 20a khi v cng tn, 20b khi v khc
tn trong bng ton MT53 tnh phng v nhn thy mp trn O.
Khi e ebng ,tttb ,PPtb th hhbng nn gi tr phng v thin th
cn phi hiu chnh mt i lng A ph thuc vo h = d +44 + +355.
(d v ly u m), A c tnh bng cch vi phn phng trnh
sin = sin.sinh + cos.cosh.cosA theo A v h
0 = (sin.cosh - cos.cosh.cosA) dh - cos.cosh.sinA dA
Chuyn vi phn sang dng s gia v coi cosh=1, sinh=0 v cao h 0 nn
A = - tg.cosech.h nh vy khi e > e bng th h < 0 A > 0
e < e bng th h > 0 A < 0
Ngi ta t K = tg.cosecA.1/60 v thnh lp trong bng 20c (i s l
v A ) Lng hiu chnh A c tra trong bng 20d i s l K v h.
Trong bng ton MT63 th cao h = -503 vi e = 0m
Trong bng ton MT75 th cao h = - 578 vi cao mt ngi quan st
e = 12m v cng thc thnh lp bng c bin i nh sau :

Nn tg
2
2
A
=

sin ) cos(
sin ) cos(
+ +

h
h
A = 2Arc tg

sin ) 8 ' 57 cos(
sin ) 8 ' 57 cos(
+
+

Th t tin hnh xc nh L
- Vo lc O tip xc mp trn vi ng chn tri nhn thy o phng v
la bn ca O A

.ng thi ghi gi thi k lc quan st
- T gi thi k lc quan st Ttk (Utk) Tg (LTV) O. ng thi cng
t gi quan st ly v d on
C
trn hi .
- Theo
C
v O tra bng 20a MT75( khi c cng tn ) hoc20b (khi
C

khc tn )
c phng v tnh ton Ac. y chnh l phng v tht ca mt tri PTO
- Khi s hiu chnh la bn L = Ac - A
3. Xc nh L bng sao Bc u

T tam gic thin vn, p dng h thc sin ca lng gic cu ta c:
) 90 sin(
sin

O
A
=
) 90 sin(
sin
h
t
O
L

sinA = sin.sint
L
.sech do phng v A v cc c l nhng gi tr rt nh
nn coi sin = , sinA = A v th cng thc s c dng A = .sint
L
.sech
Trong phn thin vn c s ta bit cao ca cc bng v ngi quan
st, v sao Bc u nm rt gn cc ( = 8905N) nn coi cao ca sao h*
nn cng thc s l A = .sint
L
.sec
C
T cng thc c bn ca thi gian SL(t
L
) = t
L
* + * t
L
* = t
L
- *.V vy
cng thc s l : A = .sin(SL-*)sec
C
. Ly gi tr trung bnh ca sao Bc u
O
,
O
ngi ta lp bng tnh sn phng v sao Bc u trong Lch thin vn Hng
hi vi hai i s l v ngi quan st
C
v gc gi a phng ca im Xun
phn t
L

Th t tin hnh bi ton xc nh L bng sao Bc u
- Vo thi im thun li o mt lot 3-5 gi tr phng v sao Bc u v
ghi gi thi k tng ng vi mi ln o
- Tnh gi tr phng v la bn trung bnh PL
TB
(Ao), gi th k trung bnh
T
TK
ng thi ly v tr on Mc (
C
,
C
) trn hi
- T gi thi k trung bnh T
TK
(U
TK
) T
G
(LTV) t
G
(
C
) t
L

- Vi hai i s l v d on c v gc gi a phng ca im Xun
phn t
L
tra vo POLARIS ( POLE STAR ) TABLE phn AZIMUTH cui Lch
thin vn Hng hi c phng v tht A
- Tnh s hiu chnh la bn: L = A - Ao
Chng 13: c s l thuyt xc nh v tr tu bng
phng php thin vn

13.1 Nguyn l xc nh v tr ngi quan st bng
phng php thin vn

Mt trong nhng nhim v
quan trng ca cng tc iu khin
tu l xc nh v tr tu Mo(
O
,
O
)
v nh du v tr ny ln hi
Trong thin vn Hng hi v
tr tu xc nh c nh quan trc
cao ca cc thin th v t
xc nh c v tr thin nh ca
ngi quan st, thng qua mi quan
h gia v tr thin nh v v tr ca
ngi quan st trn a cu m ta
xc nh c v tr ngi quan st
trn a cu
I, Quan h gia v tr ngi quan st v thin nh
Q

Q

Z
P
N
B
B

pn

ps

M

G

Z
G
E
O
e
O
e

E

E
1

C

Hnh v biu din thin cu c tm trng vi tm tri t, ngi quan st
ng ti v tr M trn a cu c to a l , chiuv tr ny ln thin cu theo
hng dy di c thin nh
ZM, tng ng vi im G (Greenwich) trn kinh tuyn gc ta c im ZG
trn thin cu. Xt thin th C trn thin cu ta c:
E E
1
= t*
L
(gc gi a phng ti thi im ang xt)
E
0
E
1
= t*
G

M e
0
e = E
0
E = t*
L
- t*
G
= t
L
- t
G
(Gc gi a phng ca im Xun
phn tr gc gi th gii ca im Xun phn )
Trn a cu th e
0
e chnh l kinh a d ngi quan st
M
t y ta c

M
= t*
L
- t*
G

Trong cng thc trn khi t
L
> t
G
th kinh ngi quan st
M
mang tn E
(du + ) v ngc li s mang tn W (du - )
Mt khc t nh ngha ca h to Xch o loi mt th EZ
M
=
ZM
(
Xch v ca thin nh ngi quan st ), trn a cu eM =
M
(V a d ngi
quan st)
Do chuyn hng ngy ca thin cu trong mt ngy m thin nh ngi
quan st s vch ln trn thin cu mt vng trn nm trong mt phng song song
vi mt phng thin xch o (cung BB ) do vy vic xc nh v tr ca thin nh
ngi quan trn thin cu t chuyn v tr xung a cu tm v tr tu ch l
tm v tr tc thi ca thin nh.V vy nht thit phi ghi li gi thi k (hoc gi
tu )lc quan st thin th.
II.Nguyn l xc nh v tr thin nh ngi quan st trn thin cu
hay v tr ngi quan st trn a cu.
Nh ta bit tam gic thin vn (hay cn gi l tam gic th sai) c hnh
thnh bi bi cc nh l : thin cc, v tr ca thin th trn thin cu lc quan st
v thin nh ngi quan st. tm v tr ngi quan st c ngha l tm to ,
ngi ta phi gii quyt mi lin quan gia to ngi quan st vi cc hm s
thu c t vic quan trc thin th, nh vy vi cc yu t ca tam gic thin vn
(h, , , t
L,
,....) cho php gii tam gic tm v tr ngi quan st. Hin nay c 3
phng php gii
1. Phng php gii tch
Thc cht ca phng php ny theo quan im ton hc thun tu tm
v tr ngi quan st th phi gii t nht h hai phng trnh u
1
= f
1
(,), u
2
=
f
2
(,) vi u
1
, u
2
l nhng hm s thu c t vic quan trc thin th c th l
cao hay phng v hoc ly gic ca hai thin th ng thi, cng c th l ca
mt thin th ti hai thi im khc nhau.Thc t hin nay xc nh v tr ngi
quan st ngi ta quan trc cao thin th - v vy hm s thu c hm cao
T h hai phng trnh trn vi cao h l cao thin th lc quan st
c o bng sextant sau hiu chnh, xch v , gc gi t
G
l to ca thin th
c tra t lch thin vn vi i s l gi th gii lc quan st ngi ta c th gii
h trn tm to ngi quan st , .Tuy nhin vic gii h phng trnh trn
rt phc tp nu khng c s tr gip ca my tnh v th trong Hng hi rt t c
p dng xc nh v tr tu m ch p dng trong nhng trng hp c bit
xc nh ring kinh
O
, ring v
O
. Khi ngi ta ch thu c mt gi tr u
1

hoc u
2
th ch tm c mt n s hoc - nu xc nh th coi nh bit (
thng coi =
C
), cn khi xc nh th coi nh bit ( coi =
C
)
a- Xc nh ring v
O
T phng trnh : sin h = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

lc thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st th cao h = H v t
L
= 0(180)
v vy phng trnh s c dng sinH = sin.sin + cos.cos
cos(90- H) = cos( - )
90- H = -
hay z = -
0
= z +
- Xch v ca thin th tra trong LTV t gi th gii lc quan st
- cao kinh tuyn H c o vo thi im thin th qua kinh tuyn
Tn ca v
O
ph thuc vo tng z+ , trong z ngc li tn chn tri
quan st
b. Xc nh ring kinh
O

T phng trnh : sin h = sin.sin +cos.cos.cost
L

cost
L
= sin h - sin.sin

cos.cos
Gii phng trnh trn ta c t
L
t tnh c
0
= t
L
- t
G

2. Phng php gii
T tam gic thin vn ta thy
quan trc cao ca thin th c
1
c
cao h
1
,tnh c nh c z
1
= 90- h
1
.
Xc nh v tr ca thin th trn thin
cu (,t
G
)ly thin th lm tm quay
mt cung trn bn knh z
1
= 90- h
1

c cung trn B
1
B
1
trn thin
cu.Cng bng phng php nyvi
thin th c
2
(quan st cng mt thi
im)
Lm tng t ta s c cung trn th hai B
2
B
2
giao ca hai cung ny cho ta
v tr thin nh ngi quan st. Chuyn v tr thin nh xung a cu s c v
tr ngi quan st.
Tuy nhin thc t Hng hi y l phng php khng kh thi v nu 1mm
trn qu cu tng ng vi 1( hay 1 Hi l ) ng knh ca qu cu s l:
360x60:3,14 = 6878.98 mm 7m .Vic lp t qu cu kch thc nh vy trn
tu, ng thi vi chnh xc rt thp (1 mm tng ng 1Hi l) l khng thch
hp.

13.2 ng ng tr, ng v tr trong thin vn,vng ng cao
v ng dng

1. ng ng tr v ng v tr trong thin vn
a. ng ng tr
L ng c vch ln trn thin cu hay hi biu din cc tr s
bng nhau ca mt i lng quan st ti mt thin th no vo mt thi im
cho trc.
b. ng v tr
Mt on ca ng ng tr ca hm s mt i lng vt l no gn
v tr d on v tng ng vi tr s o c ca ngi quan st vo thi im
cho gi l ng v tr.
i vi ngnh Hng hi xc nh v tr tu ngi ta thng o cao ca
cc thin th nn ng ng tr c gi l vng ng cao.
2.Vng ng cao v ng dng
a. Vng ng cao
Ti mt thi im no ngi quan st v tr bt k M trn b mt tri
t o cao ca thin th c xa v cng thu c cao h
tnh c nh c z = 90- h.
Do thin th xa v cng nn tia ti
t c n tri t s song song vi nhau, v
vy gc z hp bi ng dy di qua v tr
ngi quan st trn b mt tri t ( hay
cng chnh l php tuyn ca mt phng
chn tri tht ti v tr ngi quan st) v tia
ti t thin th c cng s bng gc z tm
thin cu. Dng mt mt nn quanh trc oc
vi ng sinh l ng dy di qua v tr
ngi quan st th mt nn ny s ct b mt
tri t theo mt ng trn MM
( y coi tri t l hnh cu, thc t tri t l hnh Spheroid nn giao
tuyn gia mt nn v tri t s phc tp hn)
Vng trn giao tuyn MM ny c l vng ng cao - Bt c mt im
no trn vng trn ny vo cng mt thi im u quan st thy thin th c di
cng mt cao nh nhau.
nh ngha vng ng cao : Vng ng cao l qu tch ca nhng im trn
b mt tri t m ti vo mt thi im s quan st thy mt thin th c cng
cao nh nhau.
b. Cc chiu sng ca thin th
Ta thy rng khi cao h tng dn th cc c z gim dn v nh vy th
vng ng cao thu hp dn cho ti khi h = 90 th z = 0 lc vng ng cao s thu
nh thnh mt im a trn b mt tri t,vo thi im ngi quan st s thy
thin th trn nh u ca mnh. im a c gi l cc chiu sng ca thin
th, v lc vng trn ln vung gc vi ng dy di s chia i thin cu
thnh hai na,mt na cha im a s c chiu sng - na cn li khng c
chiu sng.
Cc chiu sng a chnh l hnh chiu ca thin th trn b mt tri t theo
hng t tm thin th v tm tri t.
*
C
O
M
M
Z
h
h
Z
V tr ca im a trn b mt tri t c xc nh bng to a d
a
,
a
.
Cn to ca thin th trn thin cu c xc nh bng to xch o , t
G
- t
hnh v ta thy
a
= v
a
=t
G
. Nh vy ta thy rng to ca cc chiu sng v bn
knh z = 90- h l nhng thng s xc nh vng ng cao trn a cu.
c. ng dng vng dng cao trn thin cu.
- gii cu: y l mt dng c xc nh gn ng v tr thin nh
ngi quan st, n l dng hnh mu ca thin cu dng qu cu trn ngi ta
xc nh v tr ca cc ngi sao ( Cc vt lm ).thin xch o QQ c cc vch chia
tnh gc gi sao a phng, thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st cng chia
tnh xch v v v kinh tuyn ny di ng c. Ngoi ra cn cung thng ng n
trn c gn mu di ng dng tnh gi tr nh c z=90- h. xc nh vi tr
ti mt thi im no ngi ta tin hnh o cao ca hai thin th sau hiu
chnh c h
1
, h
2
sau trn thc thng ng n ly gi tr z
1
=90- h
1
, z
2
=90-h
2

ly v tr ca cc ngi sao lm tm quay hai cung trn bn knh z
1
, z
2
giao ca
chng ( gn v tr thin nh d on) s cho v tr thin nh ngi quan st. S
dng kinh tuyn di ng trng vi thin nh va xc nh c c xch v thin
nh =
Z
, cn t cung xch o ly c gc gi sao a phng S
L
, gc gi
sao th gii S
G
(hay gc gi th gii im Xun phn ) c tra trong LTV t gi
th gii lc quan st thin th = S
L
- S
G
. Phng php ny n gin nhanh
chng nhng chnh xc rt thp.
- th thin vn:
th ny biu din mt phn ca
bu tri trn xy dng mng li cc
ng ng cao cho tng thin th (ch
yu l nhng thin th thng dng trong
Hng hi) cho cc cao khc nhau sau
chiu mng li ny ln hi
Mercator.
Ti thi im T
TK
o cao ca thin th C
1
,C
2
c cao h
1
, h
2
ta s tm c
ng ng tr tng ng giao ca hai ng ng tr s cho ta v tr thin nh
ngi quan st sau dng giao im ny sang cnh ng ca khung bn ta tm
dc v , dng xung cnh ngang tm c gc gi a phng ca im Xun
phn. Khi = t
L
- t
G
, vi t
G
c tra trong LTV t gi th gii lc quan st.
chnh xc ca phng php ny ch yu ph thuc vo t l ca bn .
13.3 ng cao v tr-phng trnh ng cao v tr
cch v ng cao v tr
1. Hnh chiu ca vng ng cao trn hi Mecator
Trn thin cu v a cu (coi tri t l hnh cu) th vng ng cao l hnh trn,
nhng trn hi Mercator vng ng cao c biu din bng nhng ng cong
rt phc tp.Tu thuc vo v tr ca cc chiu sng v bn knh ca vng ng cao
m hnh chiu c cc dng khc nhau. Trn hnh (a) biu din ba vng ng cao vi
cc bn knh cu z
i
=90- h
i
,cc cc c
i
= 90-
i
cng v tr a l ca cc cc
chiu sng a
1
, a
2
, a
3
.Trn hnh (b) biu din hnh chiu tng ng ca cc vng
ng cao trn hi Mercator.
- Vng ng cao th nht (I) khng bao hm cc c ngha l z
1
<
1
hnh
chiu ca n trn hi Mercator l hnh ellip I.
- Vng ng cao II i qua cc -ngha l z
2
=
2
hnh chiu ca n c dng l
hnh ng cong m II
-Vng ng cao th ba III bao hm cc ngha l z
3
>
3
hnh chiu ca n c
dng gn ging hnh sine III
Qua nghin cu v kim chng ngi ta thy l: khi thin th c cao rt
ln (Trng hp I ) th hnh chiu ca vng ng cao trn hi Mercator c
cong ln, cn a s cc trng hp cong ca hnh chiu khng ln, mt on
nh (30-50 hi l) ng cong khc rt t so vi ng thng.
2.ng cao v tr
Vic biu din vng ng cao trn hi rt phc tp c bit vi nhng
vng ng cao c bin dng ln. Qua nghin cu s bin dng ca hnh chiu
vng ng cao trn hi Mercator ngi ta thy mt phn khng ln ca hnh
chiu vng ng cao c dng gn ging mt on ng thng- ngha l vi
khong cch ngn trn thc a hay hi (10-20 hi l) c th dng mt on
ng thng tip xc vi ng cong l mt phn nh ca vng ng cao.Trong
Hng hi ngi ta chn on thng tip tuyn vi ng cong gn v tr d on
M
C
thay th- t c nh ngha:
ng cao v tr l mt on ng thng thay th cho mt on ng
cong ca vng ng cao tip tuyn vi vng ng cao ti im gn v tr d
on ca tu
3. Phng trnh ng cao v tr
T phng trnh ca vng ng cao:
sin h = sin.sin + cos .cos.cost
L

h = arc sin[sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L
]
y h l cao thu c khi quan st thin th, v c o t v tr thc t
nn n c coi l cao tht - k hiu h
S
.
Cng t v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) ti thi im quan st thin th o
cao h
S
ta cng tnh ton c cao h
C
.Thc t v tr d on M
C
v v tr thc M
0

khng trng nhau nn cao thc h
S
s khng bng cao tnh ton h
C
, tuy nhin
s sai khc ny khng ln v c k hiu l h.
Khai trin hm s h
S
= arc sin[sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L
] thnh chui
Taylor ta c:
f
(X)
= f
(Xo)
+ f
(Xo)
(x-x
0
) +
! 2
' '
) (xo
f
(x-x
0
) +.....+
!
) (
n
f xo
n

(x-x
0
)
h
S
(
0
,
O
) = h
C
(
C
,
C
) + (

h
. +

h
. ) +
2
1
(
2
2

h
2
+
2
2

h
2
+

.
2
h

.) + ......

p dng h thc sine trong tam gic th sai :sinA/cos=sint
L
/cosh
sinA=
cosh
sin . cos
L
t

h/t = - cos.sinA
m: t
L
= t
G
ti mt thi im th t
G
= constant nn t = hay t
L
=
W

Gc gi ca thin th tnh ton t LTV l gc gi pha W n gin cng
thc ta tha nhn: t
L
= -
W
. Do - h/t = h/ = cos.sinA
Thay h/ = cosA, h/ = cos.sinA vo phng trnh (*) ta c:
h
S
(
O
,
O
) - h
C
(
C
,
C
) = cosA. + sinA.cos.
t gi tr hiu cao h
S
(
O
,
O
) - h
C
(
C
,
C
) = h
Cui cng ta c: h = cosA. + sinA.cos.
Phng trnh trn c gi l phng trnh ca ng cao v tr, gi tr ca
cc thnh phn bc bc cao t 2 tr ln chnh l sai s khi dng on thng thay th
on ng cong ca vng ng cao.phng trnh ng cao v tr l phng trnh
ng thng dng
x.cos + y.sin - p = 0
Trong : x = cos. = W ( C ly ng-ty)
y =
p = h = h
S
- h
C

= 90-A

4. Cc phng php v ng cao v tr trn hi Mercator
Nhng on nh ca vng ng cao c th dng c trn hi mt cch
kh chnh xc thng qua mt s im c tnh ton t phng trnh ng cao v
tr, tuy nhin vic tnh ton vi s lng nhiu im tng chnh xc ca vng
ng cao rt phc tp.Trn thc t ta c th coi mt phn nh ca vng ng cao l
mt on thng do vic dng n gin hn nhiu, on thng thay th cho mt
phn ca vng ng cao c gi l ng cao v tr.
T khi xut hin phng php ng cao v tr cho n nay c nhiu
cch v, nhng cho n nay cc phng php c cng nhn v s dng l
a. Phng php Sumner (phng php kinh )
Do thuyn trng Sumner ngi M xng vo nm 1833-1843.Bn
cht ca phng php ny l ngi ta tnh kinh cc im ca vng ng cao khi
cho trc v
Gi s ti mt thi im ta o cao h ca thin th c v ghi li gi thi k
lc quan st T
TK
, sau khi hiu chnh cao thin th c cao thc h
S
ng thi
t gi thi k T
TK
(U
TK
)T
G
(LTV) ,t
G
. Ly v tr d on ca tu M
C
(
C
,
C
)
T phng trnh : sin h
S
= sin.sin + cos.cos.cos(t
G
)
Vi h
S
l cao o c sau hiu chnh, t
G
, l gc gi th gii v xch v
ca thin th tra trong LTV t gi th gii lc quan st - l nhng i lng bit.
Cn , cha bit. tm , Sumner tm v tr d on ca tu M
C
sau thay
i gi tr
C
mt lng = 5- 10 (hoc 10- 20) khi
1
=
C
+ v
2
=
C
- .ri thay cc
gi tr
1
,
2
vo phng trnh sinh s tnh
c
1
,
2
tng ng t hai im 1(
1
,
1
)
v 2(
2
,
2
) ta c ng cao v tr. Nh vy
x
y

(W)
()
0
M
C

1
2

C
trong phng php ny ng cao v tr c
biu th bng dy cung ca mt on nh ca
ng cao v tr.
tm c v tr tu M
0
phi quan st thin th th hai v cc bc tin
hnh tng t giao ca hai ng v tr s cho v tr tu.
Phng php ny ch yu c p dng vi nhng thin th c phng v
gii hn 45 gn vng thng ng gc tc l (45< A
BV
< 135). Cn khi A<
45 v A>135 th kt qu km chnh xc- iu kin li nht xc nh ring
O

b. Phng php v (Phng php Paludan)
khc phc nhc im ca phng php kinh khi thin th nm
gn kinh tuyn (45>A>135) thuyn trng an mch l Paludan xng
phng php v .V mt nguyn l phng php ny ging nh phong php
kinh , nhng thay cho vic tnh
1
v
2
theo
C
ngi ta thay
1
=
C
+ v
2
=
C
- ( =10- 20) vo phong trnh: sin h
S
= sin.sin +
cos.cos.cos(t
G

W
) tnh
1
,
2

Sau khi tnh ton c 2 im M
1
(
1
,
1
) v M
2
(
2
,
2
) ni chng li ta c
ng cao v tr .
c. Phng php phng v ca Akimov
T h to chn tri ta bit rng
vng thng ng cha thin th s vung gc
vi ng chn tri tht, do vy cung ca
vng thng ng M
C
a l ng phng v ca
thin th s hp vi vng ng cao BB mt
gc 90. Nu ti M
C
k tip tuyn vi vng
ng cao th l ng cao v tr v lun
lun vung gc vi phng v. Nh vy ti
thi im o cao thin th sau khi hiu
chnh c h
S
ng thi ghi li gi th gii
lc quan stT
G
LTV,t
G
(
C
),t
L
v
C
t v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) tnh c A
C

Tnh K
1
bng phng php kinh khi thay
C
vo phng trnh
sin h
S
= sin
C
.sin + cos
C
.cos.cos(t
G
1
)
Sau dng ng v tr nh sau : T i K
1
(
C
,
1
) k phng v A
C
tip heo
dng ng vung gc vi A
C
ti K
1
c ng v tr I-I
Bng cch lm hon ton tng t khi quan st thin th th hai ta c
ng v tr
II-IIgiao ca chng cho ta v tr tu xc nh M
O

i vi thin th th hai lm hon ton tng t c ng v tr II-II.Giao
im ca hai ng v tr l v tr tu M
O
.

13.4 Phng trnh sai s- iu kin li nht xc nh ring
0
,
0

1.Phng trnh sai s
Khi gii tam gic cu v xy dng cng thc sin h = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

Vi h,,t
G
l cc i lng bit, cn v l cc i lng cn tm. i
vi mi thn th quan st ,t
G
c tra trong LTV t gi thgii lc quan st thc
t khng c sai s (nu s hiu chnh thi k tin cy), do vy sai s trong v tr xc
nh (
O
,
O
) ch ph thuc vo cao quan st h . Do khi cao quan st c sai
s th sai s s tc ng vo kinh
O
v v
O
mt lng nht nh
tm mi quan h gia sai s trong cao o h vi sai s trong kinh
v sai s trong v xc nh ca v tr xc nh M
O
(
O
,
o
) ta vi phn
phng trnh cao sin h dng ca hm s u = f(,) v thu c:
u = f . + f . y hm to f(,) = h(,)

l hm cao.
Nn h = h . + h .

- tnh h/ ta o hm ring phng trnh sinh theo h v , p dng
cng thc 5 yu t trong tam gic cu cui cng c h/ = cosA
- tnh h/ ta o hm cng thc sin h theo h v t ,p dng cng thc
sine trong tam gic cu cui cng c h/ = cos.sinA
(Phn h/,h/ c trnh by 13.3.3:phng trnh ng cao v
tr) thay vo phng trnh trn ta c phng trnh sai s l:
h = cosA. + cos.sinA.
T phng trnh sai s ta thy phng trnh ging phng trnh ng cao
v tr, iu c ngha khi trong bn thn ng cao v tr c sai s th n s dch
chuyn song song mt on bng chnh sai s.
2.iu kin li nht xc nh v tr tu bng 2 ng cao v tr
xc nh v tr tu ta phi cn t nht 2 ng cao v tr thu c t hai
cao quan st, vit phng trnh sai s tng ng vi hai ng cao v tr ta c:
h
1
= cosA
1
. + sinA
1
.cos.
h
2
= cosA
2
. + sinA
2
.cos.
Gii h phng trnh trn bng phng php nh thc ta c

h
1
sinA
1
cosA
1
h
1

h
2
sinA
2
cosA
2
h
2
= v w =
cosA
1
sinA
1
cosA
1
sinA
1
cosA
2
sinA
2
cosA
2
sinA
2

Trong Hng hi a vn ta c cng thc tnh sai s dch chuyn ca v
tr tu xc nh bng hai ng v tr khi c sai s tc ng l M = (
2
+ w
2
)
1/2

thay , w vo cng thc ta tnh c :
M = ( h
1
2
+h
2
2
- 2h
1
.h
2
.cos( A
2
- A
1
))
1/2
sin (A
2
-A
1
)
Cng thc cho ta thy s dch chuyn ca v tr tu M ngoi s ph thuc
s dch chuyn ca sai s ng v tr h
1
, h
2
cn ph thuc vo hiu phng v
ca cc thin th c quan st. R rng l khi A = A
2
- A
1
= 90 th M l nh
nht, cn khi A = 0(180) th M v cng ln.
3. iu kin li nht xc nh ring kinh
O
,v
O

a. Khi xc nh ring v
O

T phng trnh sai s h= cosA. + sinA.w
=
A
w A h
cos
. sin '
=
A
h
cos
'
- tgA.cos.
- Gi s = 0 , th = h/cosA
+Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st
A=0(180) cosA=1 =h
+ Khi thin th qua vng thng ng gc A=90(270) cosA = 0 =
- Gi s : h = 0 = - tgA.cos.
+ Khi A= 0(180) tgA = 0 = 0
+ Khi A = 90(270) tgA = =
T hai phn tch trn ta rt ra kt lun: iu kin li nht xc nh ring
v
O
l khi thin th nm trn kinh tuyn ngi quan st.
b. Khi xc nh ring kinh
O

T phng trnh sai s ng v tr h = cosA. + sinA.cos.
sai s trong c ly ng-ty l w = .cos = ( h/sinA) - cotgA.
- Gi s = 0 .cos = h/sinA
+Khi A = 0(180) sinA = 0 =
+Khi A = 90(270) sinA = 1 = h sec t gi tr nh nht
- Gi s h = 0 .cos = - cotgA.
+Khi A=0(180) cotgA = =
+Khi A =90(270) cotgA = 0 = 0
T y ta rt ra kt lun : iu kin li nht xc nh ring kinh
O
l
khi thin th trn vng thng ng gc, hoc gn vng thng ng gc.

Chng14: Phng php ng cao v tr
(phng php Saint-Hilaire)

14.1 Cc yu t ca ng cao v tr v cng thc gii

1. Bn cht ca phng php ng cao v tr- Cc yu t ca ng cao v tr
Trong tt c cc phng php vch ng cao v tr c a ra cho n
nay ch cn phng php vch ng cao v tr ca Saint-Hilaire xng cn
c ng dng do tnh hon thin ca n. Sau ny phng php c cc nh
khoa hc hon chnh bng l thuyt nn cn c gi l phng php Saint-Hilaire
hin i hay l phng php hiu cao(Intercept).
Bn cht ca phng php ny l ng cao v tr c vch trn hi hay
thin cu da vo hng dch chuyn ca hm s u = z
C
= f(,) vi hng dch
chuyn =A
C
v khong cch dch chuyn u = h = z
C
- z
S
= h
S
- h
C

Do vy yu t vch ng cao v tr trn thin cu l v tr thin dnh d
on z
C
, cung ca vng trn ln biu th hng ti thin th (z
C
c) v i lng
dch chuyn
h = h
S
- h
C

Trn hi Mercator th yu t vch ng cao v tr l :
- V tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) gn v tr thc M
0
ti thi im quan trc thin
th
- Phng v ti thin th (t v tr d on M
C
)
A
C
thng c gi l phnh v d on hay phng v tnh ton A
C

- i lng dch chuyn h =h
S
- h
C
hay cn gi l hiu cao (intercept).
Trong h
S
l cao thc t ca thin th o c sau hiu chnh, cn h
C

l cao ca thin th c tnh ton bng bng ton hoc cng thc hay my tnh
t cc thng s gc gi a phng ca thin th t
L
, xch v thin th v v d
on
C

2. Tam gic cu v tr v cc h cng thc ch yu tnh cao,phng v
Tam gic cu v tr hay cn c gi l
tam gic thin vn c hnh thnh t ba vng trn
ln l : vng trn thin kinh tuyn ngi quan st,
vng thng ng cha thin th v thin kinh
tuyn cha thin th. Ba vng trn ny ct nhau
to nn ba nh ca tam gic l thin cc P
N
(P
S
),
thin nh ngi quan st Z v v tr ca thin th
trn thin cu C. Cc yu t cnh P
N
Z =90- ,
cnh P
N
C = 90- v cnh ZC=90- h .Cc yu t gc l: gc thin nh l
phng v bn vng A, gc thin nh l gc gi thc dng t
L
v gc ti v tr
thin th l gc th sai q.
Theo phng php Saint-Hilaire ngoi cao thc t ca thin th c o
v hiu chnh h
S
chng ta cn phi tnh cao h
C
ti v tr d on M
C
v phng
v d on A
C
. tnh ton A
C
, h
C
ngi ta phi da vo tam gic cu v tr d
on v p dng cc cng thc lng gic cu thch hp. C cc h cng thc ch
yu sau:
(Cc h cng thc tnh cao v phng v di y c trnh by
2- chng 2 phn thin vn c s - yu cu hc sinh v xem li)
a. H cng thc cotgA
C
, sin h
C
P
N

p dng h thc cosine vi cnh ( 90- h
C
) ca tam gic thin vn ta c:
` cos(90- h
C
) = cos(90-
C
).cos(90- ) + sin(90-
C
).sin(90- ) cost
L

sin h
C
= sin
C
.sin + cos
C
.cos.cos(t
G

C
)
p dng cng thc 4 yu t lin tip vi tam gic thin vn ta c:
cotgA.sint
L
= cotg(90- ).sin(90- ) - cos(90- ).cost
L

cotgA = tg.cos.cosect
L
- sin.cotgt
L

- i vi cng thc sin h th , <90 nu khc tn trong tnh ton ngi
ta quy c < 0; gc gi a phng t
L
180 cost
L
> 0 qu trnh tnh ton nu sinh<
0 th h< 0 (thin th nm pha di ng chn tri), nu sinh> 0 th h> 0.
- i vi cng thc tnh phng v cotgA y l cng thc tnh phng v
bn vng do ch th nht tn ca phng v cng tn vi tn ca v ngi
quan st (N/S) cn ch th hai ca tn phng v s cng tn vi tn ca gc gi
thc dng (E/W) . Qu trnh tnh ton nu cotgA< 0 th A
C
= 180- A (V
cotg[180- ] = - cotg )
H cng thc sin h, cotg A l h cng thc thng dng nht tnh cao,
phng v.
b.H cng thc sine
` cos(90- h
C
) = cos(90-
C
).cos(90- ) + sin(90-
C
).sin(90- ) cost
L

sin h
C
= sin
C
.sin + cos
C
.cos.cos(t
G

C
)
` sinA
C
= sint
sin(90-) sin(90-h
C
)
sinA
C
= sint
L
.cos.sec h
C

S dng h cng thc sin tnh cao h
C
, phng v A
C
n gin hn h
cng thc cotgA, sin h v vn m bo chnh xc cn thit, tuy nhin khng
ng thi tnh c c A
C
v h
C
v trong bn thn cng thc tnh A
C
c mt thnh
phn h
C
do m phi sau khi tnh h
C
c kt qu ri mi tnh tip c A
C

T cng thc tnh A
C
ta thy sinA
C
lun lun dng do vy A
C
< 90( c
ngha l A
1/4
) vic xc nh tn ca phng v quy c nh sau:
- Ch th hai tn phng v lun cng tn vi tn ca gc gi thc dng t
L

- Ch th nht tn phng v cng tn vi v khi xch v cng tn v
ng thi > hoc < nhng cao ca thin th h> h
T
cao qua vng
thng ng gc.Ch th nht tn phng v s khc tn khi khc tn , hoc v
cng tn nhng < v h < h
T

Vi cao ca thin th qua vng thng ng xc nh bng cng thc
sin h
T
= cosec.sin (cho bng 21b MT63,TH86)
c. H cng thc sin
2
` cos(90- h) = cos(90- ).cos(90- ) + sin(90- ).sin(90- ).cost
L

cos Z = sin.sin +cos.cos.cost
L

1-2sin
2
2
Z
= sin.sin + cos.cos.(1-2sin
2
2
L
t
)
1-2sin
2
2
Z
= sin.sin +cos.cos - 2cos.cos.sin
2

2
L
t

1-2sin
2
2
Z
= cos(-) - 2cos.cos.sin
2
L
t

1-2sin
2
2
Z
= 1-2sin
2

2

- 2cos.cos. sin
2

2
L
t

sin
2
2
Z
= sin
2
2

+ cos.cos.cos
2
L
t

T h cng thc sine ta c sinA=cos.sech.sint
L

Vic xt du v tn phng v ca cng thc sinA tng t nh trn, cn Z
t cng thc ta thy lun dng (khng phi xt du) nhng lu khi cng tn
th > 0, khi khc tn th < 0.
d. H cng thc Tg-Sec
Xy dng cung vng ln b tr qua v tr thin th C v ng thi vung
gc vi kinh tuyn ngi quan st ti D
Xt tam gic cu vung ZDC
` cos [90-(x-)] = cotgA.cotg(90-y)
tgA = tgy.cosec[90+(-x)]
` cosA = cotg[90- (x-)].cotg (90- h)
cosA = cotg[90- (-x)].tgh
tgh = tg[90 +(-x)]/secA
Xt tam gic cu vung PCD :
`cos t
L
= cotg [90-(90-x)] cotg(90-)
cos t
L
= cotg x tg tgx =tg sec t
L

` cos [ 90-(90-x)] = cotg (90-y) cotg t
L

cos x = tg y cotg t
L
tg y = tg t
L
/sec x
Sau khi Logarit ho hai v v vit tt
lg(tg) = T, lg(Sec)=S
Ta c : Tx = T +St
Ty = Tt - Sx
T
Ac
= Ty +S [90+ ( ~x)]
T
hc
= T[90+(~x)] - S
A

H cng thc trn c thnh lp bng tnh cao v phng v thin
th-Bng hm s T.S
Trong thc hnh nn thc hin theo mu di y
........................ T
t
L
..................... + S .......................... T ..........................
x ................ Tx......................... - S ...........................

C
...................... Ty .........................
90+(x~
C
).............................................. + S .......................... T.......................
A
C
. T
A
................... - S .....................
h
C
Th
C
...................

Quy tc trong tnh ton
- Khi t
L
> 90 th x> 90, x v cng tn
- Khi x v
C
cng tn th (
C
~x) bng hai s tr cho nhau, lun ly s
ln tr s b. Khi x v khc tn th biu thc (
C
~x) bng hai s cng vi nhau
- Phng v trong bng l phng v A
1/4
.Tn ca ch th nht ch cng tn
vi
C
khi
C
cng tn x, ng thi x>
C
- ngoi ra u khc tn.Tn ca ch th
hai lun cng tn vi gc gi thc dng.
3. Cc bng ton dng tnh cao h
C
v phng v A
C
Hin ti c nhiu loi bng ton tnh cao h
C
v phng v A
C
do nhiu
nc xut bn vi chnh xc cng khc nhau, nhng nhn chung i s tra vo
bng u l v d on
C
, gc gi thc dng ca thin th t
L
v xch v ca
thin th .Trc khi s dng loi bng ton mi no cn c k phn gii thch
v hng dn s dng (Explanation and Instruction) ng thi tham kho cc bi
ton mu trong ti liu.Di y ch trnh by cch s dng hai loi bng thng
dng nht hin nay
a. Bng ton HO.214
y l bng ton tnh A
C
,h
C
ca Hi qun Hoa k. Mt b bng ton ny
gm 9 tp-mi tp bao hm 10 v ( Tp 1: 0-9, tp 2:10-19......tp 9:80-
89).Trong mi tp1 v bao gm mt s trang nh du l ca bng . Trong
mi trang gc gi thc dng t
L
ca thin th ghi cch nhau 1 ct dc, xch v
ca thin th ghi cch nhau 30 ,1,130...(tu thuc vo gi tr tng dn ca xch
v) ghi hng ngang. Khi v cng tn tra trang pha tri (Same name), cn khi
khc tn tra trang bn phi (Contrary name)
Vi cc i s
C
tm tp c v ph hp v trang v tng ng, t , t
L

tm trang c xch v bng
B
gn nht vi xch v ca thin th. a cc i s
B

v t
B
tra c 4 thng s l h
B
, d , t , A
B

Trong : d = 100.cosq ( nhn vi 100 nhn c d , t l s nguyn)
t = 100.sinA.cos
a cc i s:d , t , , A
B
vo cc bng hiu chnh( cui mi bng)
ta c cc s hiu chnh : h = d. Trong : = -
B

ht = t . t t = t - t
B

h = .cosA
C
=
C
-
B

Lu : ` h tra bng hiu chnh cao theo v d on ( Altitude
correction for D.R latitude ) vi i s l hng ngang v A
C
ct dc.
` h

v ht tra chung mt bng hiu chnh tng hp
(Multiplication table) vi i s d/ t ct dc, / t hng ngang
` Cc phn l ca , , t c tra phn b xung b tr bn cnh
phn hiu chnh
Cui cng ta c : h
C
= h
B
+ h + ht +h
A
C
= A
B

Quy tc ly du cc thnh phn hiu chnh
- Du ca h ph thuc vo du ca d. , du ca ht ph thuc vo
du ca t.t khi chng cng du th h> 0, ht> 0 ;cn khi khc du th h ,
ht s m (-)
Trong : + du ca d, l dng (+) nu trong bng in mu , l m (-)
nu trong bng in mu en.Trng hp bng khng in mu th xc nh gi tr h
gi tr ln cn ca nu chng ng bin th d dng( tng, h tng
d> 0) cn nghch bin s m. Du ca t lun m ( cao
thin th nghch bin vi gc gi thc dng h = - cos.sinA.t )
+ du ca ph thuc hiu s -
B
, t ph thuc t- t
B

- Du ca h ph thuc vo phng v A
C
v =
C
-
B
.Khi A
C
< 90
cosA
C
> 0 tc l h s cng du vi , cn nu A
C
> 90 th h khc du vi .
- Do khng c thnh phn hiu chnh theo , , t nn phng v bng
A
B
c ly ngay l phng v tnh ton A
C
( m bo chnh xc cn thit v cc
thnh phn hiu chnh rt nh). Phng v bng l phng v bn vng nn ch th
nht tn ca A
C
cng tn vi v
C
cn ch th hai cng tn vi gc gi thc
dng t
L
.
b.Tnh A
C
,h
C
bng lch thin vn Anh
K t nm 1991 trong lch thin vn Anh ( The Nautical Almanac ) ngi ta
thnh lp phn cui ca lch bng tnh cao v phng v thin th (Sight
Reduction Table ). Bng c cu to rt gn (32 trang) tuy nhin vic s dng c
phn phctp hn H.O 214
tnh h
C
, A
C
ca thin th ti thi im no v d on
C
phi
thc hin qua cc bc sau:
Bc 1:
- Xc nh gc gi th gii t
G
, xch v ca thin th bng LTV t gi th
gii lc quan st
- Chn v t chn gn nht vi v d on
- Chn kinh t chn gn kinh d on cho gc gi a phng
( t
L
= t
G
6w) l chn
Bc 2:
- Vo bng vi i s , t
L
ghi cc gi tr ca A, B, Z
1
v xt du ca B, B<
0 nu 90< t
L
< 270, du ca Z
1
cng du B
- t A= gi tr gn nht ca A; A= gi tr pht ca A
Bc 3:
- Xc nh du ca xch v : > 0 nu cng tn v , khi khc tn
th < 0
- Tnh F = B + , nu F< 0 th thin th nm pha di ng chn tri-
thng thng khi quan st c thin th tc l nm trn ng chn tri nn
coi F> 0
- t F = gi tr gn nht ca F ; F = l gi tr phn pht ca F
Bc 4:
- Vo bng chnh ln th hai vi i s A, F ghi cc gi tr H,P,Z
2

- t P= gi tr gn nht ca P , Z
2
= gi tr gn nht ca Z
2

Bc 5:
- Vo bng ph vi i s F v P c h
corr1

- Xt du h
corr1
: h
corr1
< 0 nu F< 90 v F> 29 hoc F> 90 v F< 30.
Ngoi ra h
corr1
> 0
Bc 6:
- Vo bng ph vi A v Z
2
ta c h
corr2

- Xt du h
corr2
: h
corr2
< 0 nu A> 30 . Cc trng hp khc h
corr2
> 0
Bc 7 :
- Tnh cao d on h
C
= H + h
corr1
+ h
corr2

- Du ca h
C
< 0 nu F< 0
Bc 8 :
- Xt du ca Z
2
: Z
2
< 0 nu F> 90.Nu F< 0 th chuyn Z
2
= 180- Z
2

- t Z = tng i s ca Z
1
v Z
2
v khng quan tm n du ca kt qu
(b du)
- Phng v A c tnh nh sau:
+ i vi v Bc : Nu t
L
> 180 A
C
= Z
Nu t
L
< 180 A
C
=360- Z
+ i vi v Nam : Nu t
L
>180 A
C
= 180- Z
Nu t
L
<180 A
C
= 180 + Z

14.2 Tnh cht ca ng cao v tr

1.Tnh cht gn ng ca ng cao v tr:
Vng ng cao c dng l mt ng cong, theo nh ngha ng cao v
tr l mt on ng thng tip xc vi vng ng cao ti im gn v tr d
on. Nh vy vic thay th mt on ng cong bng mt on ng thng s
dn n sai s. Mt khc v tr d on l im c tnh ton trn c s hng i,
tc tu, thi gian gia hai ln xc nh, cc yu t git gi - nc ....c th ni v
tr d on l v tr c la chn bt k ph thuc vo iu kin hnh hi.Trong
thc t hng hi ngi ta nh gi sai s thay th ny thng qua khong cch gia v tr
xc nh M
O
v v tr d on M
C
, s thay th ch cho php gii hn M
O
M
C
30
tc l sai s thay th ch cho php xc nh trong khong h =h
S
- h
C
25
Trng hp khi h> 25 hay khong cch gia v tr xc nh v v tr d
on M = M
O
M
C
>30 th bi ton phi dc gii li ln th hai, trong ln gii li
ln hai ny ngi ta ly to ca im M
O
va xc nh lm v tr d on M
C

cho tnh ton (
C
,
C
) v thao tc mi.
2. Tnh c lp ca ng cao v tr
Tc l ng cao v tr khng phu thuc v tr d on.Theo nguyn l ca
phng php Saint-Hilaire th yu t th hai v ng cao v tr l mt im bit
trc trn a cu (Hi ) khng nht thit l v tr d on M
C
- Nh vy ng
cao v tr khng ch nhn c t v tr d on M
C
m c th nhn c cc yu t
ca ng cao v tr t mt v tr bt k trn a cu. Nhng do tnh cht gn ng
ca ng cao v tr khong cch ca im tha nhn khng c cch vng ng
cao qu 30 ( gii hn ny c th dng to
C
,
C
bt k tnh A
C
, h
C
)

3. Tnh tng hp ca ng cao v tr
Trong trng hp chung khi phng v thin th l mt gi tr bt k trong h to kinh v
th ng cao v tr s l ng vung gc vi phng v
T phng trnh sin h
S
= sin.sin + cos.cos.cos(t
G
)
y cao h
S
bit, v t
G
tnh c t gi th gii lc
quan st nh vy t gi tr v cho trc thay vo phng trnh s
tnh c gi tr kinh tng ng v ngc li t .Trn
th c ng vi mt gi tr ca tm c im K tng ng v t
ng cao v tr ta tm c . Ngc li t s tm c tng ng.
Mt khc khi phng v thin th A= 90(270) th ng cao
v tr trng vi kinh tuyn, v khi A= 0(180) th ng cao v tr trng vi v tuyn.
4. Gradien ca ng cao v tr =1
Trong ton hc chng ta c nh ngha: Gradient l gii hn ca t s gia s gia ca
hm s vi s gia i s, dch chuyn trong hng vung gc vi hng dch chuyn ca hm s khi
s gia i s tin dn ti 0

g = lim u
n 0 n
phn trc ta chng minh c u = f(
0
,
0
) - f(
C
,
C
) = h
S
- h
C
= h cn n i
lng dch chuyn ca i s cng chnh bng h
g = lim h = 1
h 0 h
Cn hng dch chuyn s vung gc vi ng v tr c ngha l trng vi phng v A
C
ca
thin th t v tr d on.

14.3 S sp xp ca ng cao v tr so vi v tr d on - cch v
ng cao v tr trn hi v trn giy

1.S sp xp ca ng cao v tr
Nh ta bit cc yu t ca ng cao v tr l: M
C
(
C
,
C
) , A
C
, h
Trong : h = h
S
- h
C
= Z
C
- Z
S

- Khi h > 0 tc l Z
C
> Z
S
hay h
S
> h
C
do ng cao v tr s c t t
v tr d on M
C
trn ng phng v A
C
hng v pha thin th (hnh a)
- Khi h < 0 tc l h
S
< h
C
khi dng cao v tr t trn phng v A
C

ngc pha thin th (hnh b)
- Khi h = 0 tc l h
S
= h
C
hay Z
S
=Z
C
ng cao v tr s vung gc vi
phng v A
C
ti v tr d on M
C
(hnh c)

hnh a hnh b hnh c

2. Cch v ng cao v tr trn hi
Ti thi im T no tu v tr d on
M
C
(
C
,
C
) tin hnh o cao ti 2 thin th v
tm c yu t ca hai ng cao l h
1
, A
C1

v h
2
, A
C2
sau tin hnh thao tc trn hi
nh sau: T v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) trn hi
k phng v A
C1
v A
C2
, trn A
C1
t on h
1

xc nh c im K
1
qua K
1
k ng vung
gc vi A
C1
c

ng v tr I-I. Thao tc tng
t c ng v tr II-II giao ca ng v
tr I-I v ng v tr II-II l v tr tu M
O
(
O
,
O
).
3. Cch v ng cao v tr trn giy
Khu vc tu ang hnh trnh nu ang s dng hi dn ng
(1/50,0001/200,000) th thao tc trc tip ng cao v tr trn hi xc nh
v tr tu. nhng khu vc tu s dng hi c t l xch nh khi hng hi xa b
hoc khi quan st thc tp th ng cao v tr c thao tc trn giy,sau khi
tm c v tr tng ng vi v tr d on th chuyn v tr xc nh ln hi .
Ngi ta cng c th vch ng cao v tr trn hi khc c t l xch
ln hn hi ang hnh trnh nhng cng v - v tr d on c th chn bt
k vi v tng ng v d on
C
cn kinh tu chn mt kinh no
(thng l kinh chn) coi l kinh d on
C
,sau khi thao tc ng cao v tr
tm c v tr tu nh cch thng thng thao tc ng cao v tr trn hi th
xc nh , ri chuyn v tr ln hi dn ng.
Vic v ng cao v tr trn giy tu thuc vo vic chn thc t l m
c cc cch thao tc sau:
a. Dng thc t l gc
Thc t l gc c thit lp bng cch t mt v tr bt k trn t giy
thao tc (thng thng nn chn mt gc no ca t giy) dng mt gc c
gi tr bng v
C
. Trn trc nghing ca gc va dng chia thnh cc on
bng nhau, khong cch ca cc on tu chn(c th l 1cm, hoc ln hn), s
lng ca cc on tu thuc vo tr s ca hiu cao h tnh bng pht gc ( v
d: h=11 chia cnh nghing thnh 12 phn)
Trn cnh nghing ca thc ngi ta o h, , w.
Ti cc im chia ca cnh nghing ngi ta dng vung gc xung trc
nm ngang v ghi cc s tng ng, cnh ny dng o .
(Trn hnh v ca thc t l gc OE = OF .cos hay w =.cos , vic
o trn cnh ngang tm n v ch khng phi tm di)

Sau tin hnh thao tc - phng php tng t nh trn hi ly im v
tr d on M
C
l im bt k trong t giy (thng l im gia t giy) coi
ng thng qua M
C
v song song cnh thng ng ca t giy lm hng Bc tht
Nt k phng v A
C1
,A
C2
trn A
C1
t h
1
c im k
1
dng ng v tr I-I, trn
A
C2
t on h
2
xc nh dc im k
2
dng ng v tr II-II .Giao ca hai
ng v tr l v tr xc nh M
O
- tm to
O
,
O
ta lm nh sau
- K hai ng thng song song vi mp ngang ca t giy qua im hai
M
O
, M
C
ri o khong cch gia hai ng thng ny c
- K hai ng thng song song vi mp thng ng ca t giy qua hai
im M
O
, M
C
o khong cch gia hai ng ny c w.Sau t w ln cnh
nghing ri quay mt cung ct cnh nm ngang ti u th l gi tr ca .
Khi
O
=
C
+
M
O
=
O
=
C
+ To v tr M
C
(
C
,
C
) ly trn hi .
b. S dng thc t l thng
Vic s dng thc t l gc n gin nhng c nhc im l khi v
C
>60 th vic chia im trn trc ngang thiu chnh xc. khc phc ngi ta
s dng thc t l thng
Dng mt on thng bt k gc ca t giy thao tc chia on thng
thnh nhng phn bng nhau (s lng ca cc on ph thuc vo tr s hiu
cao h) trn ngi ta o h , ,w . Cch thao tc xc nh v tr v tm to
vi tr xc nh hon ton ging nh phng php dng thc t l gc ch khc
duy nht tm hiu kinh , tm ngi ta o w sau tnh bng cng thc
= w/cos =w.sec hoc tra bng 25 MT 63(75) vi i s w v
C

14.4 Sai s phng php ca ng cao v tr

Mt trong cc tnh cht ca ng cao v tr l khng ph thuc v tr d
on, tuy nhin m bo chnh xc cn thit trong Hng hi th v tr d on
hay v tr t chn khng c cch qu xa v tr thc thng thng M < 30.
Ngoi ra xut pht t cch v ng cao v tr trn hi Mercator cn xut hin
nhng sai s khc na c gi l sai s phng php ca ng cao v tr
1.Sai s do vch ng cao v tr trn phng v dng ng thng
Vng thng ng cha thin th l vng trn ln trn thin cu v vy hnh
chiu ca n trn hi Mercator l ng cong
Khi cc chiu sng ca thin th cch xa v tr d on th ng ni gia
cc chiu sng v v tr d on trn a cu cng l cung vng ln
Do vy phng v tnh ton A
C
l phng v Octor nn hnh chiu ca
phng v A
C
cng l ng cong v i lng h nh nn ta coi ng cong l
mt phn ca ng trn- nhng thc t ta li v l mt on ng thng tip
tuyn vi ng cong v t on dch chuyn h trn ng thng m l ra
phi t trn on ng cong c im K
O
, ng cao v tr chnh xc phi l
ng I
O
I
O
. Nh vy ng cao v tr v thng thng I-I v ng cao v tr v
chnh xc I
O
-I
O
khng trng vi nhau m hp vi nhau mt gc , ng thng ni
M
C
K
O
s hp vi ng phng v A
C
mt gc (gi l s hiu chnh Octor ) v
c tnh bng cng thc = 1/2 ..sin
TB

Vic tnh s hiu chnh Octor bng cng thc gn ng trn trong tng
hp ny khng p dng c v to im K
O
ta cha bit nn khng tnh c
v
TB
v vy phi bin i nh sau : V = w.sec
TB
m w = s.sinA
C
(
y s = M
C
K do h nh nn gn ng coi s = h) thay cc i lng trn vo cng
thc gn ng ta c
= 1/2 ..sin
TB
=1/2.h.sinA
C
.tg
C
.
Nu ti K
O
dng on thng tip tuyn vi ng cong, th tip tuyn ny
cng s hp vi M
C
K
O
mt gc v hp vi A
C
mt gc (gc tng ng vung
gc). M = 2 (Tng hai gc trong bng gc ngoi khng k) V vy cho
ng v tr I-I c hng ng vi ng v
tr I
O
I
O
th khng k phng v A
C
m k
phng v A = A
C
+ 2
Trn phng v locxo A t on h
tm c im k
1
, qua k
1
k vung gc vi
phng v Locxo A c ng v tr II
Thc cht II s khng trng vi
I
O
I
O
(hay k
O
khng trng vi k
1
) v k
O
nhn
c khi h t trn Octor l ng cong
nn khi t trn Locxo A l ng thng s
b ko di ra cht t (k
1
) .Nhng thc t sai s ny khng ng k trong thc hnh
ngi ta b qua.
Qua kho st cng thc tnh ngi ta thy thng thng h < 30 nu tu
hnh trnh v thp ( < 30) s hiu chnh Octor khng ng k c th b
qua (vn thao tc ng v tr I-I ) .Khi tu hnh v trung bnh 30< <70
nu h /15 hoc khi hnh trnh v >70 v h >7 th phi tnh s hiu
chnh Octor
2. Sai s do thay th ng ng cao bng ng thng tip tuyn
Theo phng php Saint-Hilaire th ng cao v tr l mt on ng
thng thay th tip xc vi vng ng cao ti im gn v tr d on ca tu. Nh
vy v tr tu xc nh bng phng php Saint-Hilaire l im M
O
s khng trng
vi v tr tht M
T
l giao im ca hai vng ng cao. Sai s ny mang tnh phng
php ca phng php Saint-Hilaire.
Ngi ta chng minh v a ra cng thc tnh sai s gia v tr xc nh
M
O
v v tr thc M
T
:
M
O
M
T
= ( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
- 2.x
1
.x
2
cos )
1/2

Trong : ' 1 ). cos . (
2
1 2
1
2
1
'
arc A tg tgh
l
x
C
=
x
2
=
2
2
2
l
(tgh
2
- tg
C
.cosA
2
).arc1
l
1
l khong cch K
1
M
O
dc tnh bng
pht v o trn hi
l
2
l khong cch K
2
M
O
c tnh bng
pht v o trn hi
Khi gc hp bi hai ng v tr 90
coi l
1
h
2
, l
2
h
1

Qua kho st ngi ta thy nu l = 10 v h < 75, <75 th x< 0.05 do
vy trong thc t ngi ta thng b qua sai s ny.

Kt lun:
- Sai s phng php do vic thay ng cong bng ng thng c th b
qua khi cao ca thin th h <75, <75 v h 10
- Khi thao tc phng v thin th trn hi Mercator v trung bnh
nu h >15 hoc v cao khi h >7 th cn phi hiu chnh vo phng v
tnh ton A
C
s hiu chnh Octor
- Trng hp v tr xc nh v v tr d on c sai s ln ( M > 30) th
bi ton phi gii li lc tha nhn v tr xc nh M
O
(
O
,
O
) lm v tr d on.

Chng 15: L thuyt ca phng php tm im v tr xc nh
khi c sai s tc ng ln ng cao v tr

15.1 Khi nim v sai s

Trong bt c kt qu quan trc no cng u c th mang sai s .Vic xc
nh v tr tu quan trc cao thin th lun b tc ng bi nhng sai s sau: sai
s phng php ca ng cao v tr nh ta va xt 14.4 , sai s ngu nhin v
sai s h thng tc ng ln hiu cao h =h
S
- h
C
, ngoi ra cn c th c li
lm, sai st khi quan st v tnh ton.
- loi tr sai s phng php ngi quan st phi tun th nhng ch dn
phn kt lun 14.4
- i vi sai s ngu nhin l nhng sai s xut hin trong cc ln o khng
tun theo mt quy lut nht nh c v du v tr s. lm gim sai s ngu nhin
ngoi nhng bin php thng thng nh nng cao trnh quan trc, chn v tr
quan st v iu kin thi tit thch hp v.v...ngi ta cn a ra khi nim sai s
bnh phng trung bnh nh gi chnh xc ca php o
a
(m
a
)
Trong : V
i
= a
i
- a
TB

V
i
2

a
= a
TB
=

` n l s ln o.
i vi mi ngi quan st cn phi tm cho mnh mt sai s bnh phng
trung bnh
a
c bit l nhng ngi mi lm quen.
- Sai s h thng l nhng sai s c nh hay bin thin c tnh quy lut v
tr s v du, (mc d sai s c tnh quy lut nhng ngi s dng khng bit trc
trit tiu, ch yu tn ti trong s hiu chnh dng c khng chnh xc). lm
gim sai s ny trc khi s dng ngi ta phi kim tra, chnh l chu o.
- loi tr nhng sai s t bin hay li lm thng i vi mt s o
ngi ta quan trc nhiu ln sau loi tr nhng kt qu no c tr s t bin

15.2 tm v tr tu khi c sai s h thng tc ng

Ta bit phng trnh ng cao v tr .cosA + .sinA.cos = h
Phng trnh trn l phng trnh ca ng cao v tr khi khng c sai
s.Trong thc t sai s lun lun tc ng vo php o, do phng trnh y
ca ng cao v tr s c dng : .cosA + .sinA.cos = h + +
h

Trong : - l sai s h thng
-
h
l sai s ngu nhin
Theo tnh cht ca ng cao v tr, khi mc phi sai s th bn thn ng cao
v tr s dch chuyn // vi n trn ng phng v mt khong bng chnh sai s.
Khi nghin cu v sai s h thng, n gin ngi ta coi sai s ngu
nhin
h
= 0
1. Khi xc nh v tr tu bng hai ng cao v tr
n-1
n
a
1
+a
2
+...+a
n
Tm v tr tu bng hai ng cao v tr l gii h hai phng trnh
.cosA
1
+ .sinA
1
.cos = h
1
+
1
(15.2a)
.cosA
2
+ .sinA
2
.cos = h
2
+
2

Do vic quan st c thc hin bng mt ngi, trn cng mt dng c v
trong cng mt hon cnh nn c th coi
1
=
2
= khi phng trnh s c
dng
.cosA
1
+ .sinA
1
.cos = h
1
+ (15.2b)
.cosA
2
+ .sinA
2
.cos = h
2
+
y l h c hai phng trnh m c 3 n s ( , , ) nn khng gii
c bng phng php i s thng thng, m ch c th gii c khi coi sai s
h thng = 0 khi h phng trnh s l:
.cosA
1
+ .sinA
1
.cos = h
1
(15.2c)
.cosA
2
+ .sinA
2
.cos = h
2

Sau da vo sai s nh gi chnh xc ca v tr tu xc nh c.
tm v tr xc nh M
O
ngi ta c 2 cch :
- Bng phng php gii tch:Gii h phng trnh trn bng nh thc
ngi ta tm c to ca v tr tu M
O
(
O
=
C
+ ,
O
=
C
+ ) .Trong

cosA
1
h
1

cosA
2
h
2
h
2
.cosA
1
- h
1
.cosA
2
h
2
.cosA
1
- h
1
.cosA
2

w = = =
cosA
1
sinA
1
cosA
1
.sinA
2
- cosA
2
.sinA
1
sin ( A
2
- A
1
)
cosA
2
sinA
2

= w.sec
C

- Bng gii ngi ta cng nhn c v tr tu xc nh M
O
(
O
,
O
) khi
khng c sai s tc ng l giao im ca hai ng v tr I-I v II-II
Nhng do tn ti sai s h thng nn v tr tu tm c khng phi M
O

.Do tnh cht ca sai s h thng l sai s c nh hay bin thin c tnh quy lut
nn sai s trong hai ng cao v tr s cng du (cng dng,hoc m)
` Nu sai s h thng > 0 ng v tr s dch chuyn v pha thin th,v
tr tu s nm ti M
2

` Nu sai s h thng < 0 ng v tr dch
ngc li pha thin th, v tr tu nm ti M
1

` Trng hp sai s h thng = 0 v tr tu M
O

Nh vy khi c sai s h thng tc ng th
v tr nm trn ng thng ni 3 im
M
O
M
1
M
2
.ng ny c gi l ng phn gic
thin vn.
2. Khi xc nh v tr tu bng 3 ng cao v
tr
Gi thit ch c sai s h thng tc ng ( sai s ngu nhin
h
= 0 ) v tr
tu xc nh bng 3 ng cao v tr tc l phi gii h 3 phng trnh
.cosA
2
+ w.sinA
2
= h
2
+
.cosA
3
+ w.sinA
3
= h
3
+ ( y n gin coi
1
=
2
=
3
= )
Trng hp = 0 bng phng php gii ta thu c v tr tu l giao
im ca 3 ng cao v tr. Khi 0 vi 3 phng trnh ta c th gii h trn
bng phng php i s tm cc n s l , , hoc bng phng php
gii khi thao tc 3 ng cao v tr s ct nhau hnh thnh mt tam gic - gi l tam
gic sai s. tm v tr tu trong tam gic sai s bng l thuyt v thc nghim
ngi ta chng minh c v tr tu l giao im ca cc ng phn gic thin
vn ca tng cp ng cao v tr - giao im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn l
v tr tu loi tr sai s h thng
Cch dng ng phn gic thin vn
- Ti giao im cc cp ng cao v tr ta k
cc mi tn v pha thin th, sau dng ng phn
gic ca cc gc c hnh thnh bi cc mi tn
s l ng phn gic thin vn.
- Dng du (+) biu th bin thin tng, du
(-) biu thi bin thin gim ca ng cao v tr,v
ng phn gic ca cc gc cng du.
-Phng php tng t nh trong a vn l dch chuyn cc ng cao v tr
i mt lng nh nhau v cng du - cc ng dch chuyn s hnh thnh mt tam
gic sai s mi, ni cc im tng ng cho ta v tr tu.
V tr ca im xc nh M
O
vi tam gic sai s
M
O
-

+

M
C
m

M
2
M
O
M
1
+

I
II
-

- Trng hp cc thin th chn nm v mt pha chn tri ( A
i
< 60)
th giao im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn s nm ngoi tam gic sai s.
- Khi cc thin th nm khp pha chn tri ( A
i
> 90) th giao
im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn s nm trong tam gic sai s.Trng hp
c bit khi A
i
= 120 giao im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn s l trng
tm ca tam gic u.

3. Khi xc nh v tr tu bng 4 ng cao v tr

Trong trng hp ny li tr sai
s h thng ngi ta v ng phn gic
thin vn ca tng cp ng cao v tr giao
im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn l
v tr tu xc nh ( loi tr c sai s h
thng) . Nhng nhanh chng v tin li
ngi ta lm nh sau: ly im gia ca cc
cnh v ni cc im i din vi nhau- giao
ca hai ng cho ta v tr tu xc nh M
o
.

15.3 Tm v tr tu khi c sai s ngu nhin .

1. Khi xc nh v r tu bng hai ng cao v tr
Gi thit sai s h thng bng = 0 . Trong ung cao v tr ch c sai s
ngu nhin tc ng . Gi h
1
, h
2
l cc sai s ngu nhin tc ng trong h
1
, h
2

.Khi phng trnh ng cao v tr s c dng:
.cosA
1
+ .sinA
1
.cos = h
1
h
1

.cosA
2
+ .sinA
2
.cos = h
2
h
2

n gin ta coi h
1
= h
2
= h . Th h phng trnh trn s l:
.cosA
1
+ .sinA
1
.cos = h
1
h
.cosA
2
+ .sinA
2
.cos = h
2
h

Bng phng php i s
khng th gii c phng trnh trn
I
I
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
a
c
b
M
o
O
N
t
M
C
I
I

II

M
O
A
C2
A
C1
v c ba n s ( , w, h) m ch c
hai phng trnh nn trong hng hi
ngi ta gii bng phng php gii
sau cn c vo sai s nh gi v
tr tu xc nh
Trong thin vn hng hi v tr tu xc nh khi c sai s ngu nhin tc ng
c nh gi bng elp sai s - Hng bn trc ln ca elp sai s l hng ca
ng phn gic ca gc nhn to bi hai ng cao v tr , cn hng ca bn trc
nh s vung gc vi bn trc ln ti giao im ca hai ng cao v tr .
Tr s ca cc bn trc c tnh theo cng thc .

- Bn trc ln a =
2
sin 2

h
= 0.7h.cosec/2
- Bn trc nh b =
2 / cos 2
h
=0.7h.sec/2
2. Khi xc nh v tr tu bng ba ng cao v tr .
V mt ton hc v tr tu thu c khi quan trc ng thi cao ca ba
thin th l gi h ba phng trnh :

.cosA
2
+ w.sinA
2
= h
2
h
.cosA
1
+ w.sinA
2
= h
3
h
y coi sai s h thng = 0 v sai s ngu nhin h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h .
H ba phng trnh c th gii c bng phng php i s song kh phc
tp nn trong hng hi thng thng ngi ta gi bng phng php gii : khi c
sai s ngu nhn tc ng nn ba ng cao v tr s hnh thnh mt tam gic sai s
- xc sut v tr tu s c nh gi bng din tch ca tam gic sai s, cn v tr
xc sut ln nht s l giao im ca cc ng i trung tuyn ( hay cn c gi
l ng phn trung tuyn)

ng trung tuyn chia hai
cnh lm hai gc khc nhau , t gc
ln uc chia bi ng trung tuyn
ta k vi cnh cn li mt gc bng
gc hp bi cnh kia vi ng trung
i tuyn
Trung tuyn
O
M
O
tuyn th ng va k l ng i
trung tuyn

3. Khi xc nh v tr tu bng bn ng cao v tr .
Khi xc nh v tr tu bng bn ng cao v tr nu mc phi sai s ngu
nhin th cc ng cao v tr s hnh thnh t gic sai s xc sut v tr tu s c
nh gi bng din tch ca t gic . im c xc sut cao nht s l giao im
ca hai ng thng ni im gia cc cnh i din ca t gic sai s .

15.4 nh gi chnh xc ca v tr xc nh .

Ta bit nu trn ng cao v tr c sai s tc ng th v tr tu s phn
b trn ng phn gic thin vn . Nu c sai s ngu nhin tc ng th v tr tu
s nm trong elp sai s m v tr c sc sut ln nht ( hay l v tr tin cy nht) l
giao im ca hai ng cao v tr M
O
, nu nh gi bng vng trn sai s th xc
sut v tr tu trong din tch vng trn s l :
+68,3 % Nu bn knh vng trn = M
+85 % Nu bn knh vng trn = 2 M
+Xp x 99 % Nu bn knh vng trn = 3 M .
Trong thc t v tr tu xc nh lun chu tc ng ca c sai s h thng
v ngu nhin. Do vy nh gi chnh xc ca v tr xc nh cn phi phn
tch v kt hp c hai loi sai s trn .
1.Trng hp c hai ng cao v tr:
- Nu nh khng c sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin tc ng th v tr
tu s giao im ca 2 ng cao v tr M
O

- Nu sai s h thng = 0 ch c sai s ngu nhin tc ng th xc sut v
tr tu s l din tch hnh elp cha M
O
.
2. Trng hp c 3 ng cao v tr .
Nhn xt: Nu hiu phng v ca tng cp thin th ngn bng 120
o
m
tam gic sai s c hnh dng u
hoc gn u th sai s h thng chim u th . Cn khi tam gic sai s khng u
th sai s ngu nhin chim u th.
Tu tng trng hp sai s h thng chim u th hay ngu nhin chim u
th m tm im v tr xc nh ph hp .
- Khi cc thin th nm khp pha chn tri th giao im ca ba ng phn
gic thin vn v ba ng i trung tuyn u nm trong tam gic sai s . Lc c
th ly mt trong hai v tr hoc im gia ca hai v tr lm v tr xc nh .
- Nu cc thin th nm mt pha chn tri th giao im ca ba ng i
trung tuyn nm trong tam gic sai s cn giao im ba ng phn gic thin vn
nm ngoi tam gic sai s. Ta ly v tr xc nh 1/3 khong cch ca ng ni
gia giao im ca ba ng phn gic thin vn v giao im ca ba ng i
trung tuyn tnh t giao im ca ba ng i trung tuyn nu sai s ngu nhin
chim u th. Cn khi sai s h thng chim u th th ly Im 1 /3 khong cch
k t giao im ca ba ng phn gic thin vn .
3. Trng hp c bn ng cao v tr :
Thng thng khi quan st bn thin th ngi ta chn cc cp thin th i
nhau hoc gn i nhau, v tr tu do sai s h thng v ngu nhin tc ng s nm
gn nhau, v tr xc nh c nh phng php kh sai s h thng bng giao
im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn .
Chng 16: Xc nh v tu bng phng php thin vn

16.1 c im khi xc nh v tr tu bng nh tinh .

- Xc nh v tr bng sao (hay nh tinh) l phng php ng thi c ngha
l ti cng mt thi im ngi quan st cng mt thin nh quan trc cao
ca hai ngi sao tr ln, nhng thc t o cao ca thin xc nh v tr tu
c thc hin bi mt ngi do vy ti mt thi im khng th quan trc c
cao ca hai ngi sao tr ln m phi o ring r trong mt khong thi gian no .
Mt khc ngi quan st li cng tu chuyn ng nn thin nh lin tc thay i
v vy cao o phi c quy v cng mt thi im , cng mt thin nh.
a cao v cng mt thin nh ngi ta c hai phng php :
+ Coi h
Z
nh mt lng hiu chnh trong cao c tnh bi cng thc:
h
Z
= S cos(A- HT) = V.cos(A- HT)T
m
/ 60
m

t: V.cos(A-HT) / 60
m
= K - l bin thin cao thin th trong mt pht.
K- c lp trong bng 16 MT 75 (hay TH 86) Bng cc a
cao v cng mt thin nh i s l V v ( A-HT)
Lc : h
Z
= K.T
m

+ Phng php v:
Thng thng ngi ta
quy v thi im sau nn
dch chuyn ng v tr th
nht trn HT mt khong bng
chnh qung ng tu chy
gia hai ln quan trc .
T hnh v ta thy rng nu khng
a cao v cng mt thin nh th v tr
tu M
o
- Nhng khi chuyn ng cao I-I
ti v tr I- I v tr tu s M
o
. C th
chng minh c khong dch chuyn
ng v tr bng h
Z
:
Xt tam gic NK
1
K.C K
1
N//HT Gc KK
1
N = A-HT.
Nn: KK
1
= K
1
N.cos KK
1
N
= S. cos(A-HT).
- Vic quan trc sao xc nh v tr tu ch c th tin hnh c hai thi
im trong mt ngy l lc bnh minh v hong hn hng hi (v lc ny cc
ngi sao xut hin v ng chn tri cn sng) thi gian ny kh ngn khong
t mi n mi lm pht do vy trc khi quan st phi thc hin cng tc chun
b chu o nh : Cc ti liu , Dng c, Thi k, Lp bu tri sao...
Lu : - Phng php quy cao v cng mt thin nh ch ng khi
khong thi gian gia hai ln qua st nh ( 15
m
) nu khong thi gian qua st ln
th ngoi sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin ng v tr I-I cn mc phi sai s
d on khi dch chuyn ng v tr.
- Khi tc tu nh hn 6 Knots , khong thi gian gia hai ln
quan st t 3 -5 pht , A-HT 0
0
(180
0
) th c th b qua h
Z
:
V D: Tc tu V= 6 Knots, T= 5 pht, A-HT= 0
o
[cos(A-HT) t gi
tr ln nht]

16.2 Th t cc bc xc nh v tr tu bng sao.

1. Cng tc chun b :
I

I
s
A
C1
HT
I
I
A
C
II
II
M
o
k
k
1
N
M
M
C
A-HT

o
o
- Chun b dng c quan st, kim tra v xc nh sai s ca n gm:
sextant, thi k, ng h bm giy, my o nghing chn tri (nu c)....
- Chun b cc ti liu phc cho vic tnh ton nh lch thin vn , bng ton
hng hi ...
- Chun b s hoc giy t ghi chp.
- Chun b dng c thao tc .
- Lp bu tri sao v chn sao quan st.
2. Quan st ;
- Trc khi quan st khong 10
m
n 15
m
mang sextant ra v tr quan st
la chn ch v theo di s xut hin ca cc ngi sao. khi cc ngi sao xut hin o
t 3 n 5 ln cao, ti mi ln o ghi gi thi k sau ly gi tr trung bnh (OC
TB

, T
TK
TB
)
- C th dng phng php ko nh trc tip hoc t trc cao, khi o
cn lu :
+ Quan trc cc ngi sao chnh ngang hay gn chnh ngang trc, nhng
ngi sao mi li o sau - khi khng phi quy thi im sau v thi im trc v :
(A-HT) = 90 h
Z
= S. cos(A-HT) = 0.
+K c bnh minh v hong hn lun quan st cc ngi sao pha ng
trc pha ty sau (v cc ngi sao pha ng mc trc v ln trc).Thi im
bnh minh quan st cc ngi sao m trc, cc ngi sao sng sau v cc ngi sao
sng ln sau ngi sao m ln trc. Cn bui chiu th ngc li .
3.Tnh ton : Bc ny c chia lm hai phn;
- Tnh A
C
, h
C
: T gi quan trc T
TK
(U
TK
) T
G
t
G
(
C
)t
L
(
>
) t
>
L
,
>
- Tnh h
Z
= S. cos(A
1
-HT) = V.cos(A
1
-HT).(T
2
T
1
)/60
- Ly v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) lc quan trc
- Vi cc i s
C
, t
L
, vo bng ton hoc tnh ton c A
C
, h
C

Kt thc bc tnh ton ta c : h
S1
, h
C1
, A
C1

h
S2
, h
C2
, A
C2

...........
M
C
(
C
,
C
)

4.Thao tc
Vic thao tc ng cao v tr c th tin hnh trn hi hoc trn giy
- nh du v tr ca v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) trn hi hoc giy thao tc
- T v tr M
C
k cc phng v A
C1
, A
C2
, ...
- Trn A
C1
t on h
1
= h
S1
- h
C1
, trn A
C2
t h
2
= h
S2
- h
C2
...c cc im k
1
, k
2

- Qua k
1
k ng thng vung gc vi A
C1
c ng v tr I-I, qua k
2
k
ng thng vung gc vi A
C2
c ng cao v tr II-II .Dch chuyn ng v
tr I-I theo hng tu chy HT c ng v tr I-I giao im ca cc ng v
tr I-I v II-II cho ta im c xc xut v tr tu ln nht.
5. nh gi chnh xc v tr xc nh
- Khi xc nh v tr tu bng hai ng cao v tr nu ng thi c sai s h
thng v ngu nhin tc ng th xc sut v tr tu nm trong gii hn ca ng
bao hnh tr sai s cn im c xc sut ln nht l giao im ca hai ng
cao.Tuy nhin n gin trong thc t cc s quan Hng hi thng nh gi bng
vng trn sai s c bn knh =
M
= 2.
h
.cosecA, tm l giao im ca hai
ng cao v tr.
- Khi xc nh v tr bng 3- 4 ng cao v tr nu c sai s tc ng th cc
ng v tr s ct nhau hnh thnh tam gic sai s, hoc t gic sai s xc sut v
tr tu l ton b din tch ca tam ( hoc t ) gic .Trng hp tu hnh trnh
trn hi c t l xch t 1/50.000 41/200.000 m cnh ln nht ca tam (t) gic
< 5 mm th c th coi tm ca hnh l v tr tu, nu cnh > 5mm th phi dng
phng php tm im v tr khi c sai s h thng v ngu nhin tc ng v kinh
nghim ca bn thn nh gi kt qu.
- Lu sau khi xy dng ellip (hay vng trn) sai s, hoc cc ng cao
v tr ct nhau hnh thnh tam (t) gic sai s th phi coi ton b din tch ca hnh
l xc sut v tr tu.Nu tu ang hnh trnh gn khu vc nguy him no th
coi im gn khu vc nguy him nht l v tr tu t c hnh ng trnh va thch
hp.
16.3 Xc nh v tr tu bng quan trc ng thi
cao ca hai sao
I. Nguyn l:
Ti mt thi im no tin hnh quan trc ng thi cao ca 2 ngi
sao, sau khi hiu chnh v tnh ton ta thu c 2 ng cao v tr c biu din
bng h phng trnh
n gin coi
1
=
2
= v
h1
=
h2
=
h
th h phng trnh s c vit
li l:
.cosA
1
+ .cos.sinA
1
= h
1
+ +
h

.cosA
2
+ .cos.sinA
2
= h
2
+ +
h

Bng ton hc khng th gii c h phng trnh trn(v c ti 4 n s
,,,
h
) trong thc t Hng hi ngi ta gii h bng phng php gii coi
sai s h thng = 0 v sai s ngu nhin
h
= 0 tm im c xc sut v tr tu
ln nht l giao im ca hai ng cao v tr, sau da vo tnh cht ca sai s
nh gi tin cy ca v tr xc nh.
II. Thc hnh xc nh v tr tu bng hai sao
1.Cng tc chun b:
- Chun b dng c quan st , kim tra v xc nh sai s ca n gm:
sextant, thi k, ng h bm giy, my o nghing chn tri (nu c)...
hng hi ...
- Lp bu tri sao v chn sao quan st - nn chn cc ngi sao c hiu
phng v A cng gn 90 cng tt (60< A < 120),cn cao cc thin th
trong khong 30 n 70
2. Quan st ;
m
15
m
mang sextant ra v tr quan st la
chn ch v Theo di s sut hin ca cc ngi sao. Khi cc ngi sao sut hin o
t 3 5 ln cao, ti mi ln o ghi gi thi k tng ng sau ly gi tr
trung bnh (OC
TB
, T
TK
TB
)
- C th dng phng php ko nh trc tip hoc t trc cao
- Nu quan trc nhng ngi sao khng chn trc th sau khi o cao cn
phi o phng v la bn PL ca n lm bi ton xc nh tn sao.
- Sau khi quan st phi ghi cc gi tr ca hng i HT, tc tu, p sut
v nhit khng kh , cao ca v tr quan trc so vi mc nc bin ng thi
ly v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) vo thi im quan trc trung bnh hay thi im quan
trc ln u.
3.Tnh ton :Bc ny c chia lm hai phn;
- Hiu chnh cao : h
S
= oc +i + s - d -
0
+ h
T,B

- Tnh A
C
, h
C

+T gi quan trc T
TK1
(U
TK
) T
G1
,t
G1
(
C
)t
L1
(
1
>
) t
L1
,
1

+ T gi quan trc T
TK2
(U
TK
) T
G2
t
G2
(
C
)t
L2
(
2
>
) t
L2
,
2

+Tnh h
Z
qui cao v cng mt thin nh (Thng qui v thi im sau)
+Ly v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) t gi quan trc ln u (hoc gi quan
trcTB )
+Vi cc i s
C
, t
L
, vo bng ton hoc tnh ton c h
C
, A
C
+ Kt thc bc tnh ton ta c :

Vic thao tc ng cao v tr c th tin hnh trn hi hoc trn giy
C
(
C
,
C
-T v tr M
C
k cc phng v A
C1
, A
C2

- Trn A
C1
t on h
1
+h
Z
= (h
S1
- h
C1
)+h
Z
c im k
1
, trn A
C2
t
h
2
= h
S2
- h
C2
c im k
2

- Qua k
1
C1
2

C2
c ng cao v tr II-II giao im ca cc
ng v tr cho ta im c xc xut v tr tu ln nht.(Thay cho vic tnh h
Z
c
th quy cao v cng mt thin nh bng phng php v )
5. nh gi chnh xc v tr xc nh
- Khi mc phi sai s h thng th v tr tu xc nh s nm trn ng phn
gic thin vn.
- Khi mc phi sai s ngu nhin v tr tu nm trong hnh thoi sai s hay
ellip sai s
- Khi xc nh v tr tu bng hai ng cao v tr nu ng thi c sai s h
thng v ngu nhin tc ng th xc sut v tr tu nm trong gii hn ca ng
bao hnh tr sai s cn im c sc xut ln nht l giao im ca hai ng
cao.Tuy nhin n gin trong thc t cc s quan Hng hi thng nh gi bng
vng trn sai s c bn knh =
M
= 1,4.
h
.cosecA, tm l giao im ca hai
ng cao v tr.
16.4 Xc nh v tr tu bng 3 sao

Xc nh v tr tu bng 3 sao u im hn xc nh v tr tu bng 2 sao v
c ng v tr th 3 kim tra chnh xc . Xc nh v tr tu bng sao c
tin hnh th t nh cc bc trnh by trong 16.2
I. Nguyn l:
Ti thi im no chng ta o ng thi cao ca ba thin th - Sau khi
hiu chnh v tnh ton ta thu c h phng trnh sau:
.cosA
1
+ .cos.sinA
1
= h
1
+
1
+
h1

.cosA
2
+ .cos.sinA
2
= h
2
+
2
+
h2

.cosA
3
+ .cos.sinA
2
= h
3
+
3
+
h3
.
II.Thc hnh xc nh v tr tu bng 3 ng cao v tr :
1. Cng tc chun b:
- Chun b dng c quan st, kim tra v xc nh sai s ca n gm:
sextant, thi k, ng h bm giy, my o nghing chn tri (nu c)...
hng hi ...
- Lp bu tri sao v chn sao quan st - nn chn cc ngi sao c hiu
phng v A cng gn 120 cng tt (90< A < 150), cn cao cc thin th
trong khong 30 n70
0
2. Quan st ;
m
15
m
mang sextant ra v tr quan st la
chn ch v theo di s sut hin ca cc ngi sao. Khi cc ngi sao sut hin o t
3 5 ln cao, ti mi ln o ghi gi thi k tng ng sau ly gi tr trung
bnh (OC
TB
, T
TK
TB
)
- C th dng phng php ko nh trc tip hoc t trc cao
- Nu quan trc nhng ngi sao khng chn trc th sau khi o cao cn
phi o phng v la bn PL ca n lm bi ton xc nh tn sao.
- Sau khi quan st phi ghi cc gi tr ca hng i HT, tc tu, p sut
v nhit khng kh , cao ca v tr quan trc so vi mc nc bin ng thi
ly v tr d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) vo thi im quan trc trung bnh hay thi im quan
trc ln u.
3.Tnh ton :Bc ny c chia lm hai phn;
- Hiu chnh cao : h
Si
= oc
i
+i + s - d -
0
+ h
t, B
.
- Tnh A
Ci
,h
Ci
:
+Tnh h
Zi
qui cao v cng mt thin nh
4. Thao tc:
- Vic thao tc ng cao v tr c th tin hnh trn hi hoc trn giy
C
(
C
,
C
- T v tr M
C
k cc phng v A
C1
, A
C2
, A
C3
.
- Trn A
C1
t on h
1
+ h
Z1
= h
S1
- h
C1
+ h
Z1
, trn A
C2
t h
2
+ h
Z2
= h
S2
-
h
C2
+ h
Z2
trn A
C3
t h
3
= h
S3
- h
C3
c cc im k
1
, k
2
v k
3
.
- Qua k
1
C1
2

C2
c ng cao v tr II-II , qua k
3
k

ng
thng vung gc vi A
C3
c ng v tr III-III cc ng v tr ct nhau ti
mt im cho ta v tr tu chnh xc (trng hp l tng).Thng th cc ng
cao v tr mc no t nhiu u mang sai s khi 3 ng cao v tr s ct
nhau hnh thnh tam gic sai s
Ngoi phng php cng h
Z1
vo dng cao v tr I-I , h
Z2
vo ng cao
v tr II-II quy cc cao v thin nh quan trc ln 3 nh trnh by trn
c th p dng
Phng php dch chuyn ng cao v tr theo hng HT mt on ng
gia hai ln quan st
5. nh gi chnh xc
Nu cnh ln nht ca tam gic 5mm, tu hnh trnh trn hi c t l
xch 1/50,000 n 1/200,000 th coi tm ca tam gic l v tr tu
- Khi mc phi sai s h thng th v tr tu xc nh s nm trn ng phn
gic thin vn.
- Khi mc phi sai s ngu nhin v tr tu s nm trn giao im ca cc
ng i trung tuyn .
Tu thuc vo sai s h thng hay sai s ngu nhin chim u th m xc
nh v tr tu khong no trn ng thng ni giao im ca cc ng i
trung tuyn v giao im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn.(xem phn trc).
Hoc im gia ca ng thng y nu coi sai s h thng v ngu nhin bng
nhau.
iu kin thun li nht quan st :
Khi xc nh v tr tu bng 3 sao giao im ca cc ng i trung tuyn
M
1
s trng vi giao im ca cc ng phn gic thin vn M
2
. Khi tam gic sai
s u tc l hiu phng v ca tng cp thin th A = 120
0
t y ta rt ra iu
kin li nht quan st l hiu phng v A = 120
0
.
m bo cho M
1
, M
2
cng nm trong tam gic sai s ngha l 3 thin th
nm khp pha chn tri th ti thiu 60
0
<A< 180
0
.
cao ca thin th quan trc h = 30
0
n 70
0
.

16.5 Xc nh v tr tu bng 4 sao
Tin hnh tng t nh 2; 3 sao.
Lu : Khi c sai s tc ng s hnh t gic sai s - kh sai s trnh by
16.3.
Khi chn thin th quan st t nht l chn thin th c tng cp i nhau -
iu kin l tng l hiu phng v ca tng cp ln cn xp x 90
0
.

16.6 Xc nh v tr tu bng quan trc khng ng thi
cao mt tri
I. Nguyn l:
Trong a vn ta bit khi c 2 , 3 mc tiu tr ln v tr tu c xc nh
bng phng php ng thi, khi ch c mt mc tiu ta xc nh v tr tu bng
phng php khong cch trc sau hoc phng v trc sau - hay cn gi l
phng php khng ng thi.
Trong thin vn cng vy ban ngy ch c mt mc tiu l mt tri . Do vy
v tr tu xc nh bng phng php khng ng thi. i khi ban ngy cng c
th xut hin mt trng v ta c th xc nh v tr tu bng phng php ng thi
cao ca mt trng v mt tri. Nhng chnh xc ca phng php ny khng
cao v khi quan st c mt trng vo ban ngy l quan st c mt trng vo
thi k u thng m lch, nn hnh nh ca mt trng khng trn, do vy vic lm
tip xc mp ca mt trng vi ng ng chn tri khng chnh xc .
Trong mc ny ch gii thiu vic xc nh v tr tu bng quan trc khng
ng thi bng cao mt tri :
- Ti thi im T
1
/TK
1
tu i theo hng HT v v tr d on M
C1
(
C1
,
C1
)
o cao OC
1
ca Mt tri ng thi ghi li gi thi k T
TK1
, nhit T
1
, p sut
khng kh B
1
.
- Ti thi im T
2
/TK
2
tu i theo hng HT v v tr d on M
C2
(
C2
,
C2
)
o cao OC
2
ca Mt tri ng thi ghi li gi thi k T
TK2
, nhit T
2
, p sut
khng kh B
2
.
Sau hiu chnh cao ta c:
h
S1
= oc
1
+i + s - d -
0
R + h
P
+ h
t1, B1
.
h
S2
= oc
2
+i + s - d -
0
R + h
P
+ h
t2, B2
.
T
TK1
(U
TK
) T
G1
t
G1
(
C
) t
L1
,
1

T
TK2
(U
TK
) T
G2
t
G2
(
C
) t
L2
,
2

Vi cc i s
C
, t
L
, vo bng ton hoc tnh ton c A
C
, h
C

Sau khi tnh ton ta c h
1
= h
S1
- h
C1
, A
C1
; h
2
= h
S2
- h
C2
, A
C2
. v M
C
(
C
,
C
).
Tin hnh thao tc nh sau :
T v tr d on M
C1
trn hng tht HT k phng v A
C1
, trn A
C1
t on
h
1
c im K
1
, qua K
1
k ng vung gc vi A
C1
c ng v tr I-I. T v
tr d on

M
C2
trn HT k phng v A
C2
v t
trn mt on h
2
c im k
2
, k
ng thng vung gc vi A
C2
qua k
2
c ng v tr II-II.

ng v tr I-I v II-II thu c hai
thi im khc nhau trong khong
thi gian ny ngi quan st cng tu
chuyn ng trn b mt tri t. Do
vy thin nh lun thay i, nn v tr
tu phi c quy cao v cng mt
thin nh. quy cao ngi ta c
hai cch :
- Coi h
Z
= s.cos(A-HT) nh mt s hiu chnh c a vo cao o
- Phng php gii: Thng qui cao o t thi im trc v thi im
sau . Do vy ngi ta tnh tin ng v tr I-I theo hng HT bng qung ng
tu chy c gia hai ln quan trc c ng v tr I-I .giao ca I-I v II-II l
v tr tu M
0
ti thi im quan trc ln hai.
C th chng minh vic thao tc cc yu t ca ng cao v tr I-I v tr d
on M
C2
l quy cao v cng mt thin nh quan st ln 2.

Ni M
C2
K
1
. Xt t gic
M
C1
M
C2
K
1
K
1
M
C1
II
H
M
C2
I
M
h
I
h
S
K
M
C
M
C1
K
1
K
1
I
I
A
C2
HT
S
I
h
Z
K
A
C1
h
1

II
M
0
II

h
2
I
Ta c: k
1
k
1
//M
C1
M
C2
:
k
1
k
1
=M
C1
M
C2
(theo cch dng)
M
C1
M
C2
K
1
K
1
l hnh bnh hnh .
M
C1
K
1
// M
C2
K
1
V M
C1
K
1
= M
C2
K
1
=
h
1
.
Do vy quy cao v cng
mt thin nh ta c cc cch sau:
- Coi h
Z
nh mt s hiu
chnh,trn A
C1
t on h
1
+h
Z
xc
nh c im K
1
dng ng v
tr I-I
-T K
1
k on thng // HT t K
1
K
1
= S qua k
1
dng ng v tr I-I
vung gc vi A
C1

T M
C2
k A
C1
ri t on h
1
K
1
.qua dng ng I-I vung gc
vi A
C1
.
II. nh hng ca sai s ti v tr tu xc nh bng phng php khng
ng thi:
Khi xc nh v tr tu bng phng php khng ng thi quy cao
quan trc v thin nh quan trc ln sau chng ta phi dch chuyn ng cao v tr
I-I theo hng tht HT mt on S l qung ng tu chy c gia hai ln quan
trc - do phng trnh ca ng cao v tr th nht s l
.cosA
1
+ w.sinA
1
= h
1
+ +h
1
+ h
Z

Vi : h
Z
= S.cos(A
1
- HT)
Nh vy ngoi sai s ngu nhin v h thng ca s quan trc v tnh ton
tc ng ln hai ng cao v tr nh khi xc nh v tr bng phng php ng
thi,khi xc nh v tr bng phng php khng ng thi ng cao v tr I-I cn
mc phi sai s dch chuyn ng cao v tr .Sai s trong h
Z
c tnh bng cch
ly vi phn ton phn cng thc h
Z
= S.cos(A
1
- HT) theo S v (A-HT) :
d(h
Z
) = cos(A-HT).ds + S.sin (A-HT).d(HT) chuyn vi phn sang dng
s gia ta c
z = s.cos(A-HT) + HT.sin(A-HT) (1)
T cng thc ta thy nhng sai s trong qung ng S v sai s trong
hng i HT s tc ng ln ng cao v tr I-I
1.nh hng ca sai s ngu nhin
V tr xc nh M
O
l giao im ca ng cao v tr I-I v ng cao v tr
II-II cho nn sai s bnh phng trung bnh ca n s l

2
h
1
+
2
h
2
=
sinA
Trong : - h
2
l sai s ngu nhin tc ng ln ng cao v tr v tr II-II
- h
1
l sai s ngu nhin tc ng ln ng cao v tr I-I tc
ng cao v tr I-I sau khi quy v cng thin nh ca ng v tr II-II do
h
1
= h
1
+
Z

Sai s trong vic dch chuyn ng v tr I-I v I-I c biu th bng
cng thc (1).Coi cc sai s z , s , HT l nhng sai s ngu nhin c c
trng bi sai s bnh phng trung bnh
Z
,
S
,
HT
ngha l

2
Z
= cos
2
(A-HT).
2
S
+ s
2
.sin
2
(A-HT).
2
HT

Do vy sai s ngu nhin ca im xc nh M
O
s l:

2
h
1
+
2
Z
+
2
h
2

M
=
sinA
T cng thc ta thy nh hng ca sai s s nh nht khi sinAMax tc
l khi hiu phng v A=90
0
v kim tra la bn , tc k cng nh hng, tc
ca cc yu t nh hng nh gi-dng... lm gim sai s d on.
c c hiu phng v ca mt tri A90
0
v trung bnh cn
khong thi gian khong 4 n 6 gi vi khong thi gian ny tu s di chuyn
c khong 50 n100 hi l (tu theo tc ) nn sai s d on c th ln ti 2
n7 hi l. Do vy trong thc t ngi ta chn 35
0
A60
0
(Tham kho bng 5-
trang 114 Thin vn tp 3), t c hiu phng v ca mt tri nh vy thi
gian li nht quan trc v trung bnh trong khong 2
m
n 2
h
30
m
trc v
sau thi im mt tri qua kinh tuyn thng, cn v thp khong 40
m
n
1
h
30
m
trc v sau khi mt tri qua kinh tuyn thng
Bng 5 - dng tham kho hiu phng v gia hai ln quan trc c li
nht khi v tr d on c sai s trong hng i v tc .

2. nh hng ca sai s h thng
Sai s h thng chung c biu din bng cng thc

1
2
+
2
2
- 2
1
.
2
.cosA
M =
sinA Trong trng hp ca bi ton
cng thc s l

Khi c sai s h thng tc ng ln v tr tu xc nh bng phng php
khng ng thi v tr tu s khng phn b trn ng phn gic thin vn nh
khi xc nh v tr bng phng php ng thi m nm trn ng nghing vi
ng phn gic thin vn mt gc ph thuc vo t s
Z
/ ( y coi
1
=
2
= ).

16.7 Thc hnh xc nh v tr tu bng quan trc
cao mt tri
1. Cng tc chun b:
- Chn thi im quan trc : phn thin vn c s chng ta chng minh
c cng thc bin thin phng v ca thin th trong chuyn ng nhn thy
hng ngy
A = - ( sin - cosA.cos.tgh ).t A = ( cosA.cos.tgh - sin).t
V c nhn xt bin thin phng v s ln nht khi A=0
0
(180
0
) tc l lc
thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st.V vy thi im thun li nht quan trc
mt tri xc nh v tr tu l thi im trc v sau khi mt tri qua kinh tuyn
thng khong 2
h
n 2
h
30
m

v trung bnh, khong 40
m
n 1
h
30
m
v thp.
- Kim tra, xc nh s hiu chnh ca :la bn L, ca thi k U
TK
, ca tc
k
TK
%
- Chun b dng c thao tc, ng h bm giy, lch thin vn, bng ton
Hng hi v cc ti liu lin quan cng s sch ghi chp
- Mang Sextant ra ngoi mi trng, kim tra chnh l Sextant (Nu cn),
xc nh s hiu chnh vch chun i
2. Quan trc v tnh ton ln th nht
a. Quan st ln 1
- Vo gi quan st nh o mt lot 3 n 5 gi tr cao ca mt tri ng
thi ghi gi thi k tng ng vi mi ln o, sau kim tra sai s t bin c th
xy ra ri ly gi tr trung bnh s o Sextant OC
TB
v gi thi k trung bnh T
TK
TB

- Ly v tr d on M
C1
(
C1
,
C1
) vo gi quan trc trung bnh hay gi quan
trc ln u, ghi li ch s tc k , hng i , p sut, nhit
b. Tnh ton ln 1
- Hiu chnh cao o ln th nht
h
S1
= oc
TB1
+ i + s - d -
O
+ p R + h
T1,B1
(Cng thc hiu chnh ring)
Hay : h
S1
= oc
TB1
+ i + s - d + h + h
T1,B1
(Cng thc hiu chnh chung)
- T gi thi k trung bnh T
TK
TB1
hiu chnh sai s c gi th gii T
G1
ri
tra vo lch thin vn c xch v mt tri
O
1
, gc gi th gii ca mt tri t
O
G1
sau
hiu chnh vi kinh d on
C1
s c gc gi a phng ca mt tri t
O
L1

T
TK
TB1
(U
TK
) T
G1
LTV
O
1
,t
O
G1
(
C1
)
O
1
,t
O
L1

- Vi cc i s :
C1
,
O
1
,t
O
L1
tra bng ton chuyn mn s c cao
tnh ton h
C1
v phng v tnh ton A
C1

Kt thc bc tnh ton ln 1 ta c hiu cao h
1
= h
S1
- h
C1
; A
C1

c. Tnh thi im quan trc ln th hai :
- Sau khong 15
m
(hoc 20
m
)t thi im quan trc ln th nht (T
TK
TB1
) o
phng v la bn ca mt tri ri chuyn sang phng v tht PT
O
= PL
O
+ L sau
tnh tnh bin thin phng v ca mt tri trong mt gi theo cng
thc:
m
T T
AC PT
h A
) (
1 /
1 2
1

Tu thuc vo hiu phng v theo yu cu thc t xc nh thi im quan
trc ln th hai sao cho hiu phng v gia hai ln quan trc 358 A 608.
- Cng c th tnh bin thin phng v O bng cch ly t
O
L
=15
0
w ( 15
0
l
gi tr bin thin gc gi ca O sau thi im qua kinh tuyn thng 1 gi ) cng
1
O
,
C1
tra vo bng ton c A
C
(Tc PT
O
) ri i ra h nguyn vng. Khi
bin thin phng v trong 1 gi s l : A
0
/1h = 0
0
(180
0
) - PT
O

3. Quan st v tnh ton ln th hai
Vo gi d nh quan st ln th hai c tnh o 3 n 5 ln cao mt
tri ng thi ghi gi thi k tng ng mi ln o, ghi li nhng yu t cn thit
khc nh p sut B
2
, nhit T
2
, ly v tr d on M
C2
(
C2
,
C2
)....
Sau tin hnh tnh ton hon ton tng t nh tnh ton ln th nht
c : Hiu cao ln th hai h
2
= h
S2
- h
C2
v phng v tnh ton ln hai A
C2

4.Thao tc
ng cao v tr c th c thao tc trn giy hoc trn hi . Khi thao
tc ng v tr I-I c th p dng 1 trong 3 phng php trnh by 16.6
- Ph bin nht ngi dng cch thao tc cc yu t ca ng
cao v tr I-I t v tr d on M
C2
.
5.nh gi chnh xc
Ngoi nhng sai s m cc ng cao v tr mc phi nh xc nh v tr
bng sao phng php xc nh v tr tu bng mt tri cn mc thm mt loi sai
s na l sai s do dch chuyn ng cao v tr
n gin ngi ta nh gi chnh xc ca v tr tu bng sai s bnh
phng trung bnh vi bn knh ca vng trn sai s
2
2
h
+
2
Z

sinA
Trong
2
Z
=cos
2
(A-HT).
2
S
+ s
2
.sin
2
(A-HT).
2
HT

16.8 ng dng mt ng cao v tr

1.Phi hp mt ng cao v tr v ng v tr khc
Trong thc t Hng hi c th gp nhng trng hp ch thu c 1 ng
v tr c th l phng v VT ca mt trm pht no , c th l phng v ca
mc tiu rt xa ...trong trng hp ban ngy c th o cao O
v ng cao v tr tm c kt hp vi ng v tr a vn. Nu iu kin
cho php nn chn gc hp bi gia hai ng v tr 90
0
lm gim sai s,
trong trng hp hai thng s hng hi khng thu c cng mt thi im th phi
quy chng v thin nh ca ng v tr th hai-thng thng thc hin bng phng
php gii tc l dch chuyn ng v tr th nht tho hng HT mt khong cch S
= V.(T
2
- T
1
)
m
/ 60
m
.
Khi nh gi chnh xc ca v tr xc nh thng c nh gi bng
sai s bnh phng trung bnh.Lu l chnh xc ca hai ng v tr khng
ging nhau , thng ng v tr a vn c chnh xc ln hn ng cao v tr .
2. iu chnh v tr d on

3. Ngn nga tu n gn ch nguy him
HT
- Khi tu hnh trnh theo hng dc theo nhng v tr nguy him cn phi
quan st nhng thin th v tr chnh ngang, sau khi tnh ton v thao tc trn hi
ng cao v tr s c hng song song vi nhng v tr nguy him-ty thuc
khong cch ca ng cao v tr vi khu vc nguy him c phng n iu
ng hp l.
- Khi tu hnh trnh n gn khu vc nguy him, cn quan st nhng mc
tiu mi hoc li-ng cao v tr s c hng vung gc vi hng i .Khong
cch gn nht t ng cao v tr ti khu vc nguy him (c tnh n sai s) cho
php s quan Hng hi nh gi mc an ton v c phng n iu ng thch
hp.
Tm li : Khi quan trc nhng thin th trng vi hng i th ng cao v
tr cho ta bit dt dc theo hng i, cn khi quan trc nhng thin th v tr
chnh ngang ng cao v tr cho bit dt ngang ca tu.
4. Tip cn im nhp b kh quan st

Gi s im A l im bt(d nhn
dng) nhp b nhng rt kh quan
st v l do thi tit ...
Ti mt thi im no tu
ang hnh trnh theo hng HT v
v tr d on M
C
tm chn mt thin
th c phng v // hoc gn song
song vi mp b, tin hnh o cao
ca thin th y qua hiu chnh,tnh
ton,thao tc c ng cao v tr I-I
c hng gn nh vung gc vi b .
Dng thc song song dch
chuyn dng cao v tr I-I i qua
im A c I-I.T K k hng //
vi HT v t trn mt on S l qung ng tu chy c trong ton b qu
trnh tnh ton, thao tc, dch chuyn ng cao v tr .....ta xc nh c im M
C

(S = KM
C
).T M
C
k hng HT
2
vung gc vi ng I-I giao im ca
HT
2
vi I-I cho ta dim M
C
. Khong cch M
C
M
C
chnh l qung ng S tu
s phi di chuyn trn hng HT
2
vi khong thi gian T=S/V-khi tu chy trn
I
I
I
I
M
C
M
C
M
C
K
HT
S
S
A

HT
2
lin tc theo di thi gian tu chy cho ti khi t T chuyn sang hng HT
3

= HT
2
+908 tu s hnh trnh trng vi hng b tr qua vi tr A.

16.9 Xc nh v tr tu bng nhng cao ca mt tri
c hiu phng v nh
Nh chng ta bit iu kin li nht xc nh v tr tu bng phng
php quan trc khng ng thi cao mt tri l hiu phng v gia hai ln quan
trc A= 35
0
n 60
0
v ty theo v cn khong thi gian t 1
h
n 3
h
.Trong
mt s trng hp iu kin khng cho php ch i n thi im quan trc ln
th 2 nh d tnh do nh my m hay hon cnh khn cp cn c v tr tu...
Trong nhng trng hp nh vy c th quan trc cao ca mt tri ln th hai
khi hiu phng v A < 30
0
. Phng php ny trong thc t ch cho v tr gn
ng , chnh xc cng thp nu hiu phng v cng nh.
Hin nay c hai phng php xc nh v tr tu khi hiu phng v A < 30
0
1. Phng php ng cao tng ng ( phng php v)
T hai phng trnh ng cao v tr thu c khi quan trc cao mt tri
hai thi im T
1
, T
2
l :
h
1
= .cosA
1
+ w.sinA
1

h
2
= .cosA
2
+ w.sinA
2
Vi w = .cos
Lp na tng v na hiu ca h phng trnh ny ta c
* ( h
1
+ h
2
)/2 = ( cosA
1
+ cosA
2
)/2 + w (sinA
1
+ sinA
2
)/2
= .cos((A
1
+A
2
)/2).cos((A
2
- A
1
)/2) + w.sin((A
1
+ A
2
)/2).cos ((A
2
-
A
1
)/2 )
= (.cosA
TB
+ w.sinA
TB
).cosA/2
( h
1
+ h
2
).sec(A/2) /2 = .cosA
TB
+ w.sinA
TB

* ( h
2
- h
1
)/2 = ( cosA
2
cosA
1
)/2 + w (sinA
2
sinA
1
)/2
=-.sin((A
2
+A
1
)/2).sin((A
2
-A
1
)/2)+w.cos((A
2
+A
1
)/2).sin((A
2
-A
1
)/2)
= - .sinA
TB
.sinA/2 + w.cosA
TB
.sinA/2
( h
2
- h
1
).cosec(A/2)/2 = - .cos( A
TB
+908) +w.sin( A
TB
+908)

t n = 1/2. ( h
1
+ h
2
).secA/2
m = 1/2 . ( h
2
- h
1
).cosecA/2
Ta c : n = .cosA
TB
+ w.sinA
TB

A
C1
A
TB
I

n

m

M
O
K

A
C2
O
m = .cos( A
TB
+90
0
) +w.sin( A
TB
+90
0
)
H phng trnh trn biu din
2 ng cao v tr vung gc vi
nhau,t y ta c phng php v
ng cao v tr nh sau:
- Ti thi im T
TK1
v T
TK2
o
cao ca mt tri c oc
1
v oc
2
sau khi
hiu chnh ,tnh ton c h
1
, A
C1
v h
2
, A
C2

- Tnh : n = 1/2. ( h
1
+ h
2
).secA/2
m = 1/2. ( h
2
- h
1
).cosecA/2
- T v tr d on M
C2
(
C2
,
C2
) k phng v A
TB
= 1/2. ( A
1
+ A
2
) trn A
TB

t M
C2
t on n ( Nu n > 0 t v pha thin th , n < 0 t ngc li ) xc nh
c im K , qua Kv ng thng vung gc vi A
TB
c ng v tr I-I
- Trn I-I t giao im K t on m v bn phi A
TB
( t M
C
nhn v pha
thin th ) nu m cng du n , t v pha tri nu m khc du n c v tr tu M
O
.
Vic tnh tr s ca cc i lng m,n tng ng nh vic dng hai ng
cao v tr, nhng khi tnh ton bng gii tch s chnh xc hn vch bng th.
2. Phng php tnh v , kinh theo bin thin cao
Ti thi im T
G1
v T
G2
o cao ca mt tri sau hiu chnh c h
1
,h
2
.
Tnh hiu cao h
2
- h
1
theo pht gc , hiu thi gian T
G1
- T
G2
theo giy thi gian.
Phn thin vn c s chng ta thnh lp c cng thc bin thin cao
h = sinq.cos.t m t = 0,25 T
S

nn sinq = 4.sec.(h
2
- h
1
)/ (T
G1
- T
G2
)
S
(1)
T tam gic thin vn ta c:
cos(90
0
-) = cos(90
0
-h).cos(90
0
- ) + sin(90
0
-h).sin(90
0
-).cosq
sin = sinh.sin + cosh.cos.cosq
V sint
L
/cosh = sinq/cos sint
L
= sec.cosh.sinq
`gii cng thc (1) tm c gc th sai q vi O c tra t
LTV i s l T
G1
(hoc T
G2
) trong khong thi gian ngn O
thay i khng ng k
`gii h sin = sinh.sin + cosh.cos.cosq
sint
L
= sec.cosh.sinq
ta tnh c v = t
L
- t
G
.Trong , t
G
tra t LTV vi i s T
G2

P
Z
C
q
90
0
-

t
L
90
0
-h
90
0
-

A
Phng php trn tnh ton kh phc tp nhng li cho kt qu km chnh
xc do sai s h thng v ngu nhin tc ng ti cao h
1
, h
2
lm cho hiu s
cao h
2
- h
1
i khi khc xa vi bin thin cao h . V vy trong thc t hu nh
khng c p dng
16.10 Xc nh v tr tu bng quan trc cao
mt tri ln hn 88
0
1. Nguyn l:
Khi nghin cu v hnh chiu ca vng ng cao trn hi Mercator ta
bit trng hp bn knh ca vng ng cao z nh hn cc c ca thin th th
hnh chiu ca vng ng cao l hnh ellip.Trng hp c bit nu bn knh
z 28 ( hay h/ 888 ) th hnh chiu ca vng ng cao c dng gn ging hnh trn.
Mt khc t thc t cho thy khi bn knh ca vng ng cao z > 2
0
( z >
120 hi l) th c th vt ra ngoi khun kh ca khung hi dn ng v vic
thao tc cung trn c bn knh ln nh vy cng khng thun li. c c bn
knh z 120 iu ny ch xy ra khi cao ca mt tri h
O
/ 88
0

Chng ta bit cc chiu sng (a) ca thin th trn a cu c ta
a
=
*
,
a
= t
*
G
vo thi im gn lc mt tri qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st o 3 gi
tr cao ca mt tri ng thi ghi gi thi k tng ng mi ln o, sau hiu
chnh cc gi tr o c cc cao thc h
S1
, h
S2
, h
S3
v tnh c bn knh ca
cc vng ng cao z
1
= 90
0
- h
S1
, z
2
= 90
0
- h
S2
, z
3
= 90
0
- h
S3
.T gi thi k lc quan
trc cc cao T
TKi
(+U
TK
) T
Gi
tra vo LTV
O
i
v t
O
i
, trn hi ly cc
cc chiu sng a
1
(
a1
=
O
1
,
a1
= t
O
1
)
a
2
(
a2
=
O
2
,
a2
= t
O
2
), a
3
(
a3
=
O
3
,
a3
= t
O
3
) lm tm quay 3 cung trn
bn knh z
1
, z
2
, z
3
v pha v tr d on ca tu 3 cung ny ct nhau cho ta v tr
tu M
O

2. Thc hnh xc nh v tr tu bng h
O
> 88
0
a.Tm diu kin p dng bi ton: Khi tu hnh trnh vng nhit i hoc
vng n i ln cn c 25
0
( N/S ) tnh gn ng
O
ngy hm hoc tra LTV
gi tr
O
vo lc gia tra
- T hng i, tc , thi gian ... tnh v d on
C
ca tu vo lc gia
bui tra
- Tnh gn ng cao mt tri qua kinh tuyn thng bng cng thc H =
90
0
-
C

O
nu cao ny ln hn 88
0
th bi ton p dng c. Lu trong
cng thc trn du + ly khi
C
cng tn
O
, du - khi
C
v
O
khc tn.Cng
c th tnh ring (
C

O
) nu(
C

O
) 2
0
th bi ton p dng c nhng cch
xc nh du ca trng hp ny ngc li vi trng hp trn.

b.Tm cc thi im quan trc:
- Thi im quan trc ln th hai l thi im mt tri quan kinh tuyn
thng ngi quan st,gi qua kinh tuyn c cho trong LTV l gi a
phng cho mi kinh tuyn thng thng tnh thnh gi tu hoc gi thi k
du v hai pha nhng on cch u nhau 15 (15 hi l ) v ln lt ghi cc gi tr
T
K
t
= T
K
Lich
7
E
W
N
E
W

T
K
TK
= T
K
Lich
7
E
W
- U
TK

- Hai thi im cn li i xng
vi nhau qua thi quan trc ln hai (
khong 2
m
n7
m
) cch tnh nh sau :
Trn hi k ng
a
=
O
, ly v
tr d on M
C
(
C
,

C
) giao im ca
C
vi
a
c coi l thi im quan
trc ln hai T
qs 2
(T
K
t
).Trn
a
nh
T
K
t
+1
m
, T
K
t
+ 2
m
,
T
K
t
+ 3
m
pha W; cc gi tr T
K
t
- 1
m

,
T
K
t
- 2
m

, T
K
t
- 3
m
pha E
Sau ni nhng im ny vi M
C
( Tng ng vi gi tr A
0
/1
m
).T hnh
v chn hiu phng v A theo yu cu ( A= 30
0
n 45
0
) s tm c cc thi
im quan trc T
qs1
= T
K
t
- T , T
qs2
= T
K
t
, T
qs3
= T
K
t
+ T
Ngoi cch tnh cc thi im quan trc ln 1v 3 nh trn ngi ta cn da
vo cng thc lp thnh bng bin thin phng v mt tri trong 1 pht vi hai
i s l h
O
,
O
tnh cc gi tr T.
c. Quan trc v tnh ton :
-Vo cc gi quan trc T
qsi
( i = 1 n 3 ) tnh ton ln lt o cao O
c cc gi tr oc
i
ng thi ghi gi thi k T
TKi
tng ng
- T cc s o Sextant oc
i
hiu chnh c cc cao thc h
Si
tnh cc z
i

= 908- h
Si
- T cc gi thi k T
TKi
hiu chnh (U
TK
) T
Gi
tra LTV

O
1
, t
O
G1

O
2
, t
O
G2

O
3
, t
O
G3

Thc t trong khong thi gian ngn ( 2
m
n 7
m
) xch v mt tri bin
thin khng ng k do ngi ta ch cn tnh
O
ti thi im quan trc ln th
hai (
O
2
) , n gin ngi ta cng ch tnh gc gi quan trc ln th hai ( t
O
G2
)
bng LTV sau sau i T
1
, T
2
ra pht gc t
1
, t
2
khi :
a1
= t
O
G1
=
t
O
G2
- t
1
v
a3
= t
O
G3
= t
O
G2
+ t
2

- Tnh qung ng dch chuyn : S
1
= V.T
1
, S
2
= V.T
2

d. Thao tc v nh gi kt qu:
Vic thao tc cc ng cao v
tr xc nh v tr tu c th c
thc hin trn hi hoc trn giy-
cch lm nh sau :
- K v tuyn
a
=
O
2

- Ly a
1
,

a
2
, a
3
lm tm quay cc cung trn bn knh z
1
= 90
0
- h
S1
, z
2
=
90
0
- h
S2
, z
3
= 90
0
- h
S3
. Ba cung ny ct nhau cho ta v tr xc nh
V tr tu xc nh bng h
O
> 88
0
khng mc sai s phng php ca ng
cao v tr , chnh xc ch yu ph thuc sai s o cao.
Chng 17: xc nh ring v
O
, kinh
O

ca v tr tu

17.1 Xc nh ring v
O
bng cao kinh tuyn

1.Nguyn l :
V l thuyt phng php ny c th p dng cho bt k thin th no khi
n i qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st. Nhng trong thc t phng php ny ch p
dng vi mt tri
Trong chuyn ng th thy
hng ngy khi thin th qua kinh
tuyn ngi quan st th gc gi t
L
=
0
0
(180
0
), phng v A = 0
0
(180
0
) v
cao t gi tr ln nht H = h
Max

(xt v mt hnh hc)
N

3
Z

P
S
1
H
1
z
1
S

2
P
N

c
1

c
2

c
3

Q

- Xt thin th c
1
: thin th ny
c xch v
1
cng tn vi v ngi
quan st , khi i qua kinh tuyn
thng th H
1
= 90
0
- +
1
=
90
0
- H
1
+
1

-
Trong cng thc trn
`du + c ly khi & cng tn( hoc cng tn Z )
`du - ly khi v khc tn (hoc khc tn Z ) v lun ly s ln tr
s nh, tn ca cng tn s hng ln.
- Xt thin th c
3
khi i qua kinh tuyn h ngi quan st th
O
= H +
.trng hp ny tn ca c xc nh theo tn ca H hay tn ca , vi nhng
thin th c khc tn s khng quan st c khi thin th qua kinh tuyn h.
2. Thc hnh xc nh
O
bng cao kinh tuyn Mt tri
- Tnh thi im quan trc:Thi im quan trc l thi im gi tu khi mt
tri qua kinh tuyn T
K
t
, mc chnh xc ca bi ton ph thuc rt nhiu vo
vic ly kinh d on
C
trong lch thin vn Hng hi ngi ta cho gi a
phng khi mt tri qua kinh tuyn T
K
Lich
do gi tu khi mt tri qua kinh tuyn
s l T
K
t
= T
K
Lch

E
W
7N
E
W

- Trc gi quan trc tnh ton khong 3
m
n 5
m
tin hnh o cao mt
tri ng thi lin tc duy tr nh ca n tip xc vi ng chn tri, vi s h tr
ca mt ng s ng thi im T
K
t
tnh th dng li ly kt qu.
Cng c th cao kinh tuyn H thng qua o cao ln nht h
MAX

bng cch lin tc iu chnh nm hnh trng gi nh mt tri lun lun tip
xc vi ng chn tri cho ti khi cao mt tri bt u c xu hng gim th
dng li v ly gi tr sau hiu chnh vi mt i lng a c
O
.
- T s o ca Sextant hiu chnh c cao tht H. Sau tnh nh c
Z=90- H . Lu rng tn ca nh c Z lun ngc li tn ca cao H (nu H
mang tn N th Z mang tn S v ngc li ), tn ca H l tn ca pha ng chn
tri (N/S) o cao.
Khi :
O
= Z

17.2 Xc nh ring v
O
bng cao h
Max

V mt hnh hc th cao kinh tuyn H s l cao ln nht h
Max
, nhng
thc t do thin th c chuyn ng ring v ngi quan st lun cng tu chuyn
ng thin nh ca h khng ngng thay i nn cao ln nht khng phi l
cao kinh tuyn H.
Hnh v biu th vm tri pha
S i vi ngi quan st c v
cng tn
O
, ng cong biu din
qu o chuyn ng hng ngy ca
thin th.V tr (1) l v trO trc khi
qua kinh tuyn, (0)l v tr qua kinh
tuyn cn (2) l v tr sau khi O
qua kinh tuyn.
- Bin thin cao theo xch v h
, h
> 0 hay h
< 0 ph thuc s bin

thin xch v (ngy, thng quan trc) v tn ca , - Hnh v gi thit ngi
quan st c v cng tn N vi
O
v thi gian quan trc trong khong t 21/3
n 22/6 do h
> 0
- Ngi quan trc cng tu chuyn ng vi tc V- nu thin nh dch
chuyn v pha thin th th bin thin cao theo thin nh h
Z
> 0 v ngc li.
- Bin thin cao trong chuyn ng hng ngy h
t
> 0 trc khi O qua
kinh tuyn thng , sau khi qua h
t
< 0 .
Hnh v gi thit tu chuyn ng v pha thin th (h
Z
> 0) v h

> 0
- Ti v tr (1) h
Z
> 0, h

> 0, h
t
> 0 do h
Z
+h
+h
t
> 0 nn cao
tip tc tng
- v tr (0) y l thi im O qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st nn h
t
= 0
cn h
Z
> 0, h

> 0 do h
Z
+h
+h
t
> 0 cao vn tip tc tng
- n v tr (2) thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st nn h
t
< 0 cn
h
Z
> 0, h

> 0. Nu h
Z
+h
+h
t
= 0 th cao t gi tr ln nht h
Max
, sau
tr s ca h
t
tng dn v cho ti khi h
Z
+h
+h
t
< 0 th cao gim.
T trn ta thy rng ph thuc vo khong thi gian bin thin ca ,v
quan trc v hng chy tu m ta c cao ln nht t trc hay sau khi thin
th qua kinh tuyn.
Xc nh khong thi gian gia thi im qua kinh tuyn v thi im t h
Max

Gi s chnh lch gc gi gia thi im mt tri qua kinh tuyn v thi
im mt tri t cao ln nht l t
O
. Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn ngi quan st
t
L
= 0, tm gc gi t
O
lc mt tri t cao h
Max

T cng thc sinH = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L
ta thy cc i lng H,
, v t
L
u bin thin

ph thuc vo thi gian T . Ly vi phn ton phn cng
thc sinH theo thi gian T ta c:
cosh h/T=(cos.sin - sin.cos.cost
L
)/T + (sin.cos -cos.sin.cost
L
)/T

- cos.cos.sint
L
t/T
Theo quy tc tm cc tr ca mt hm s - cao H t gi tr cc i h
max

khi o hm sinH= 0 v i du.Trong trng hp th t
L
= t
O
do vy:
(cos.sin - sin.cos.cost
L
)/T + (sin.cos - cos.sin.cost
L
)/T -
(cos.cos.sint
L
)t/T = 0
Hay : (cos.sin - sin.cos.cost
L
)/T + (sin.cos - cos.sin.cost
L
)/
T = (cos.cos.sint
O
)t
O
/T
V t
O
rt nh nn coi sint
O
= t
O
.arc1, cost
O
=1 nn
t
O
.arc1.cos.cos.t
O
/T=(cos.sin-sin.cos)/T+(sin.cos-
cos.sin)/T
t
O
.arc1
T
to
=

cos . cos
sin . cos cos . sin
(
T
-
T
)
t
O
.arc1.t
O
/T = (tg - tg).(/T - /T)
t
O
= (tg - tg).(/T - /T)
T
to
arc
' 1
1
( 17.2.a)
Ta c : t
G
= T
G
12h - nn t
L
= ( T
G
12h - )
E
W

t/T = 1- /T
E
W
/T
Do bin thin ca thi sai rt nh ( < 03/1h) nn ngi ta b qua
/T . V vy
t/T = 1
E
W
/T .Theo nh ngha gc gi ca thin th c tnh t
kinh tuyn thng v pha W, n gin vit cng thc dng s gia kinh v
pha W
t/T = 1 - /T Khai trin thnh nh thc Newton ta c
(1-/T)
-1
= 1
-1
- (-1)(1)
-2
. /T +...... = 1+ /T
Ly T = 1h = 15 =900 , arc1 =1/ 3438
= /T l tc bin thin ca tnh bng pht gc () trong 1h
= /T l tc bin thin ca tnh bng () trong 1h
Thay vo cng thc (17.2.a) c
t
O
= 3,82(tg - tg).(- ) (1- / 900)
Trong cng thc trn c ly trong LTV (d ) , ly trong bng 24
MT53/63 i s l v HT ; 3,82(tg - tg) ly t bng18a MT53/63 i s l
v .Du ca cc thnh phn trong cng thc c ly nh sau
lun mang du dng
mang du (+) khi c tn cng tn v v ngc li
mang du (+) nu thin th tin ti gn kinh tuyn , du (-) nu i ra xa
c du (+) khi H cng tn , ngc li mang du (-)
c du (+) pha ty (+
W
), du m pha ng (-
E
)
Thc hnh xc nh
O
bng cao h
Max

- Tnh thi im quan trc l gi tu khi mt tri qua kinh tuyn thng T
K
t

- Trc gi quan trc tnh 345
m
tin hnh o cao OC
Max
ca mt tri, ng
thi ghi li gi thi k lc quan trc T
TK

- T T
TK
U
TK
T
G
LTV
O

- T OC
Max
hiu chnh c cao ln nht h
Max

- Tnh
1
= 90- h
Max

O
- Tnh ( tg
1
- tg ) v (- ) tra bng 19

TH86 c
- Tnh
O
=
1
-
nh gi chnh xc : T phng trnh sai s h = .cosA + .cos.sinA
= (h/cosA)- .cos.tgA trong trng hp cao h
Max
th A
0(180) nn = h c ngha l sai s trong v ph thuc vo sai s trong o
cao

17.3 Xc nh ring v
O
bng cao cao thin th
gn qua kinh tuyn

1. Nguyn l
Trong thc t vic xc inh
O
bng cao kinh tuyn ch c tin hnh
ti mt thi im duy nht trong ngy (T
K
t
) , khi tu hnh trnh trn bin do iu
kin thi tit hoc v mt l do no khc m ngi quan trc khng tn dng c
th s khng c kt qu. Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy tc bin thin cao ca
thin th gn kinh tuyn nh v khng u t c th quy v cao kinh tuyn
H bng cch ph thm vo cao gn kinh tuyn h
G
mt lng hiu chnh r .T
hnh v ta thy H = h
G
+ r
kinh tuyn thng r rng l H > h
G
nn s hiu chnh r lun dng, cn
kinh tuyn h th ngc li, r lun m
2. Tnh s hiu chnh r
T phng trnh ca vng ng cao
sinh = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

Thay h
G
= H - r v cost
L
= 1- 2sin
2
2
t
ta c
sin( H-r ) = sin.sin + cos.cos.(1-2sin
2
2
t
)
sinH.cosr - cosH.sinr =
sin.sin + cos.cos.(1- 2sin
2
2
t
)
sinH.cosr - cosH.sinr =
sin.sin + cos.cos - 2sin
2
2
t
cos.cos
sinH.cosr - cosH.sinr = cos( - ) - 2sin
2
2
t
cos.cos (17.3a)
V r l nh nn thay sinr = r.arc1 , cosr = 1- 2sin
2
2
r
= 1- r
2
(arc1)
2
/ 2
sinH.[ 1- r
2
(arc1)
2
/ 2] cosH. r.arc1 = cos( - )- 2sin
2
2
t
cos.cos
M = z + ( khi cng tn Z th > 0 , khc tn < 0 )
nn : - = z cos( - ) = cosZ = cos( 90- H ) = sinH thay vo
(17.3a) ta c
N

P
S
P
N
z

O

O

c

c

H

h
G
r

S

sinH sinH.r
2
(arc1)
2
/ 2 - cosH. r.arc1 = sinH- 2sin
2
2
t
cos.cos
cosH. r.arc1= 2sin
2
2
t
cos.cos - sinH.r
2
(arc1)
2
/ 2
2 cos.cos sin
2
2
t
sinH.r
2
(arc1)
2
/ 2
r = -
cosH. arc1 cosH. arc1
r =
H cos
cos . cos
.
' 1
2
sin 2
2
arc
t
- tgH.r
2

2
' 1 arc

t : r
1
r
2
V vy ta c r = r
1
r
2

Thnh phn r
1
=
H cos
cos . cos
.
' 1
2
sin 2
2
arc
t
c bin i tip
=

cos . cos
) sin(
1
.
' 1
2
sin 2
2
arc
t
=

cos . cos
sin . cos cos . sin
1
.
' 1
2
sin 2
2
arc
t

=
tg tg
1
.
' 1
2
sin 2
2
arc
t
Nhn c t s v mu s vi 100
nhn c ( tg - tg) l s nguyn ta c
r
1
=
) ( 100
1
tg tg
.
' 1
2
sin 200
2
arc
t
(17.3b)
Cng thc (17.3b) c thnh lp trong bng ton 17b MT53 i s tra
bng l t
L
v
k = 100 (tg 7 tg) vi du (-) ly khi cng tn , du (+) khi khc tn

Thnh phn r
2
= tgH.
2
2
r
.arc1 c tnh gn ng r
2
= tgH.
2
2
1
r
.arc1
cng thc ny c thnh lp trong bng 17c bng ton MT53 i s l H v r
1
.
Thnh phn th hai (r
2
) ny rt nh ngi ta ch quan tm khi r
1
/15 v H > 45.
Sau khi tnh ton c thnh phn r
1
v r
2
th v ngi quan trc
O
s l
- Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn thng :
O
=( 90- H ) + =[ 90- ( h
G
+r
1
- r
2
) ] +
- Khi thin th qua kinh tuyn h :
O
= H + = h
G
- r
1
+ r
2
+
Hin nay trong bng ton Hng hi MT75(TH86) ngi ta b bng tnh r
1
, r
2

3. Thc hnh xc nh
O

a. Tnh gii hn thi gian quan trc :
V tc bin thin cao ca thin th khng tuyn tnh vi thi gian,
do vy vic tnh s hiu chnh cao gn kinh tuyn r b hn ch trong gii hn
quan st nht nh. nhn c v
O
sai s khng vt qu 1, tha nhn sai
s trong kinh d on 7 , sai s trong s hiu chnh thi k 30
S
. Ngi
ta tnh c gii hn quan trc thin th gn qua kinh tuyn l
T
GH
(m)
= 30
m
56
S
.( tg 7 tg )
Do vy khong thi gian quan trc l : T
K
t
- T
GH
(m)
< T
qS
< T
K
t
+ T
GH
(m)

b. Quan trc v tnh ton
- Vo gi quan trc d tnh o cao ca O ng thi ghi li gi thi k T
TK

- T s o ca Sextant OC hiu chnh c h
G

- T T
TK
U
TK
tra LTV ,t
G

C
,t
L
. Ly v d on lc
quan trc
C
,vi c i s , t
L
,
C
vo bng ton MT tnh c s hiu chnh r
- Tnh cao kinh tuyn H = h
G
+ r
-Tnh
O
= 90- H Hay
O
= Z (cch xc nh tn ca Z trnh
by 17.1.2)
c. Vch ng v tr
Ti thi im thin th qua kinh
tuyn ngi quan st th phng v A =
0(180) v gc gi a phng t
L
=
0(180). Nhng v tr thin th gn qua
kinh tuyn th A 0(180)

v t
L
0(180). gim bt sai s v coi
O
nh mt ng v tr ngi ta
xoay
O
ti giao im ca
O
v
C
mt gc bng phng v ca thin th A (A
c tnh bng phng php thng thng hoc bng ton hoc gn ng c th
coi A t
L
) s c ng v tr I-I

17.4 Xc nh ring v ngi quan st
O
bng cao
I

C
O

A

I

Nt

sao Bc u
1. Nguyn l
Trong phn thin vn c s chng ta
bit : cao ca thin cc trn ng chn tri
nhn thy bng v ngi quan st h
P
=
Nu nh ti mi cc ca thin cu c
mt thin th th ngi quan trc ch cn o
cao ca thin th y sau hiu chnh s c
v . Thc t ng ti thin cc khng c
thin th no, m ch rt gn thin cc Bc P
N

c mt nh tinh c gi l sao Bc u
hay sao Bc cc ( Polaris ).Qua nghin cu
ngi ta thy sao Bc u c mt s c im sau : Xch kinh 29 , xch v
8905N Cc c 55 ( S liu trn c kho st trc nm 1968, s liu
kho st nm 1977 = 3230 , = 8910N ).
Do vy trong chuyn ng hng ngy sao Bc u s vch ln xung quanh
thin cc Bc P
N
mt vng trn bnknh bng cc c .
Do c hin tng Tu sai , Chng ng nn cc Tri t dao ng quanh
v tr cn bng theo mt hnh ging vi hnh Sine khpkn vi chu k l 18.6 nm
v ht mt vng l 26,000 nm .V vy xch kinh , xch v ca sao Bc u
khng phi l c nh nn khng th lp bng tnh sn cho nhiu nm v vic so
snh cao s phc tp hn.
T hnh v ta thy : cao ca thin cc Bc P
N
bng cao ca sao Bc
u h
Polar
tr lng hiu chnh x ( h
Pn
= h
Polaris
- x )
` x = + khi thin th qua kinh tuyn thng
` x = - khi thin th qua kinh tuyn h
` x = 0 khi S
L
= 90+ hoc S
L
= 270+
Tnh s hiu chnh x:
Xt ti mt thi im no sao Bc u v tr C trn thin cu,t C h
ng CD vung gc vi ZP
N
.Tam gic cong P
N
CD gn ng c th coi l tam
gic phng nn
x = .cost
L

T cng thc sinh = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

Q

P
N
N

P
S
Z

Z

Q

S

h
P
Thay h = + x ta c : sin( + x) = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

sin.cosx + cos.sinx = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

V , x nh nn coi sinx = x.arc1 , cosx = 1-2sin
2
2
x

= 1-
2
2
x
(arc1)
2

sin = .arc1 , cos = 1-2sin
2
2
= 1-
2
2
(arc1)
2

Do vy ta c :
sin.[1-
2
2
x
(arc1)
2
] +cos. x.arc1 = sin.[1-
2
2
(arc1)
2
] + cos.
.arc1.cost
L

sin -
2
2
x
(arc1)
2
.sin + cos. x.arc1= sin -
2
2
(arc1)
2
.sin + cos
.arc1.cost
L

cos. x.arc1 = sin (
2
2
x
-
2
2
) (arc1)
2
+ cos. .arc1.cost
L

x = .cost
L
+ tg.(
2
2
x
-
2
2
).arc1
V arc1 = 1/3438 nn thnh phn th hai tg.(
2
2
x
-
2
2
).arc1 s rt nh gn
ng coi
tgh tg ( Trong LTV Anh ngi ta thay
C
)

v thay x = .cost
L
ta s c :
x = .cost
L
+
2
cos .
2 2 2
tL
tgh.arc1
x = .cost
L
-
2
cos 1
2
tL
.
2
tgh.arc1
x = .cost
L
-
2
2
.sin
2
t
L
.tgh.arc1
T cng thc c bn ca thi gian : t
L
(S
L
) = t
L
+
t
L
= t
L
-
x = .cos( t
L
- ) -
2
2
.sin
2
( t
L
- ).tgh.arc1
S dng gi tr trung bnh ca cc c trong nm lp lch l
O
v gi tr
trung bnh xch kinh sao Bc u trong nm lp lch
O
ng thi thm,bt mt i
lng
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
) thay vo cng thc trn s c :
x =
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
)-
2
2
O
.sin
2
( t
L
-
O
).tgh.arc1- [
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
)-
.cos( t
L
)]
V : = h
POL
- x
= h -
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
) +
2
2
O
.sin
2
( t
L
-
O
).tgh.arc1
+ [
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
) - .cos( t
L
- )]
t :` a
1
= -
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
) - y l thnh phn c bn c trng tr s trung
bnh ca s hiu chnh. i s tra a
1
l gc gi a phng im xun phn t
L

` a
2
= +
2
2
O
.sin
2
( t
L
-
O
).tgh.arc1-c trng cho cu ca tam gic
thin vn
i s tra thnh phn a
2
l cao h (hay v d on
C
) v t
L

` a
3
= + [
O
.cos( t
L
-
O
) - .cos( t
L
- )] - c trng cho s bin
thin hng ngy ca xch kinh , cc c . i s tra l thng quan trc v t
L

Nh vy ta s c :
O
= h
Polaris
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3

Trong lch thin vn Anh ngi ta tng s hiu chnh th nht ln mt
cho thnh phn ny lun dng v gi l a
O
( a
O
= a
1
+ 1 ) , thnh phn th hai (a
2
)
gi l a
1
,thnh phn th ba (a
3
) gi l a
2
. V vy cao sao Bc u sau khi hiu
chnh phi tr i 1 nn

2. Thc hnh xc nh ring v
O
bng cao Polaris
Khi tu hnh trnh trong khong v 0 n 70N vo thi im bnh minh,
hong hn hay nhng m c trng sng nu iu kin thi tit thun li c th o
c cao sao Bc u xc nh ring v
O
.Th t bi ton tin hnh nh
sau:
- o mt lot 3 n 5 ln cao ca sao Bc u ng thi ghi gi thi k
tng ng mi ln o.Sau ly gi tr trung bnh OC
TB
, T
TK[tb]
v v tr d on
lc quan trc M
C
(
C
,
C
)
- Tra vo bng Polaris : ` bng 1- vi i s t
L
(chn ) c a
O

` bng 2 - i s t
L
(dng theo ct) v
C
c a
1

I

O
Nt

I

Polaris

` bng 3 - i s t
L
(dng theo
ct) v thng quan trc c a
2

- T s o trung bnh ca Sextant
OC
TB
hiu chnh c h
Polaris

- Tnh v
O
= h
Polaris
- 1 + a
O

+ a
1
+ a
2

- Vch ng v tr : V sao Bc u khng nm ng thin cc Bc nn
ngi quan st v khc nhau s quan st thy bin thin phng v ca sao 0
n 27. c th coi
O
l ng v tr ngi ta quay
O
tai giao im ca
O
v
C
mt gc bng phng v ca sao Bc u

17.5 Xc nh ring kinh
O
ca v tr tu khi
mt tri qua kinh tuyn
1. Nguyn l
Ta bit t
L
= t
G

E
W
, khi thin th qua kinh tuyn thng ngi quan st
th t
L
= 0 hay t
G

E
W
= 0 nn
W
= t
G
v
E
= 360- t
G

Nh vy nu nh ta bit chnh xc gi th gii khi thin th qua kinh tuyn
v tra gi vo LTV vi ngy thng quan st s c t
O
G
t xc nh c
O
.
Trong LTV Hng hi cc trang hng ngy ngi ta cho gi th gii T
G
khi O qua
kinh tuyn gc, mt tri c chuyn ng ring nn gi a phng qua cc kinh
tuyn khc nhau s khng ging nhau tuy nhin s sai khc ny khng ng k v
vy gi cho trong LTV c coi l gi a phng khi O qua kinh tuyn bt k. Do
th gii khi O qua kinh tuyn a phng no s l T
K
G
= T
K
Lch

E
W
- nh
vy c c T
K
G
chnh xc th
C
phi chnh xc m y l iu ang cn tm
nn phng php ny khng p dng c.
tnh c T
K
G
chnh xc hn ngi ta lm nh sau : gi thit tc tu
V= 0, trong ngy quan st
O
= Constant nn h
Z
= 0 , h
= 0 khi cao kinh

tuyn H = h
MAX
cao ln nht do v tr ca thin th ( hay cao ) s i xng
vi nhau qua kinh tuyn mt khong thi gian nh nhau .V vy nu o cao h
O

trc khi qua kinh tuyn mt khong thi gian T no v ghi li gi thi k
T
TK1
,sau gi nguyn gi tr s o ca Sextant theo di s chuyn ng ca O ti
khi O c cao chnh xc bng s o th dng li ng thi ghi gi thi k T
TK2

.Theo tnh cht i xng nh phn tch trn th
T T

h
2
h
1
h
MAX
T
K
G
=
2
2 1 TK TK
T T +
+ U
TK

Thc t ngi quan st cung tu
chuyn ng vi tc V 0 v
O

const nn cao kinh tuyn H khng
phi l cao h
MAX
do vy thi im
T
K
G
va tnh bng
phng php trn l thi im O c cao h
MAX
.S chnh lch v gc gi
( hay thi gian ) gia thi im H
O
v h
O
MAX
c tnh bng cng thc
t
O
= 3,82 (tg - tg)(- )(1-
900

)
V nh vy : T
K
G
=
2
2 1 TK TK
T T +
+ U
TK
- T
O
(m)
vi T
O
(m)
=
15
'
O
t

2. Th t tin hnh bi ton
- Tnh gi tu khi mt tri qua kinh tuyn thng T
K
t
= T
K
Lch
7
E
W
N
E
W

- Trc thi im T
K
t
tnh khong 3
m
o cao h
O
1
v ghi li gi thi k T
TK1

- Ngay sau khi o cao h
1
dng Sextant th hai o cao h
MAX
v ghi li
gi thi k T
TK

- Mt ln na dng Sextant th nht (gi nguyn tr s) ch cho ti khi
h
2
= h
1
th ghi T
TK2

(C th s dng hai ngi cng phi hp o:Ngi th nht khi o cao h
1

v vn tip tc quan st O, vi s h tr ca ngi th hai ghi li gi thi k T
TK1
.
Ngay sau ngi th hai o cao h
MAX
ng thi ghi li gi T
TK
. Cho ti khi
ngi th nht quan trc c h
2
= h
1
th dng li v ghi gi T
TK2
)
- Tnh gi quan trc trung bnh T
TK.tb
=
2
2 1 TK TK
T T +
(T
TK.tb
phi gn bng T
TK

h
MAX
)
- T T
TK.tb
U
TK
LTV t
O
G
,
O
, (Trong LTV Anh l mc d cui
ct O)
- Tnh t
O
= 3,82 (tg - tg)(- ) )(1-
900

)
- Tnh
W
= t
O
G
- t
O
hay
E
= 360-
W

Phng php ny c u im l khng chi nh hng ca sai s trong
cao o nhng chnh xc khng cao v tnh ton gi qua kinh tuyn kh phc tp
v vy trong thc t ngi ta t p dng.

17.6 Xc nh ring kinh
O
khi thin th qua vng thng ng gc

1.Nguyn l
Nh chng ta bit : t
L
= t
G

E
W
nn
E
= t
L
- t
G
v
W
= 360 -
E
Nu ti thi im thin th qua vng thng ng gc ngi quan trc o
c cao h ca thin th v ghi li gi thi k T
TK
t y ta tra c t
G
, lc
s tnh c
O
nu bit t
L

Cch tm gc gi a phng ca thin th t
L
:
T phng trnh : sinh = sin.sin + cos.cos.cost
L

cost
L
=

cos . cos
sin . sin sinh

cost
L
= - tg.tg +sinh.sec.sec (17.6a)
Thay cost
L
= 1- 2sin
2
2
L
t
vo cng thc sinh ta s c : :
sinh = sin.sin + cos.cos.(1- 2sin
2
2
L
t
)
sinh = sin.sin + cos.cos - 2sin
2
2
L
t
cos.cos
sinh = cos( - ) - 2sin
2
2
L
t
cos.cos
sin
2
2
L
t
=

cos . cos 2
sinh ) cos(
=

cos . cos 2
) 90 cos( ) cos( h

=

cos . cos 2
cos ) cos( Z

sin
2
2
L
t

= - sin
2
Z +
.sin
2
Z
.sec.sec (17.6b)
T hai cng thc trn ta c th tnh c t
L
khi bit :
` v ly bng v d on
C
vo gi quan trc cao thin th
` t gi T
TK
lc quan trc U
TK
T
G
LTV
` t s o ca Sextant hiu chnh h
S
(hoc Z = 90- h
S
)
2. Tnh gii hn quan trc
Vic o cao ng ti thi im thin th qua vng thng ng gc rt
kh chnh xc, v vy phi xc nh gii hn thi gian quan trc trong khong
thi gian ng kinh xc nh
O
c coi l ng cao v tr . Qua tnh ton
ngi ta cho php khi sai s trong phng v A 2, trong trng hp qua vng
thng ng gc th A = 90(270) 2 th kinh
O
c coi l ng cao v tr
Khi nghin cu v bin thin cao & phng v trong chuyn ng nhn
thy hng ngy chng ta chng minh c cng thc A = - ( sin -
tgh.cos.cosA ).t , khi qua vng thng ng gc th A = 90(270) cotgA = 0
nn A = - sin.t
Ly gi tr ln nht A = 2 t = 2.cosec hay T
m
= 2 . 4
m
/
1

cosec = 8.cosec
3. Tm thi im quan trc
p dng cng thc 4 yu t trong tam gic thin vn ta c
cotgA.sint
L
= tg.cos - sin.cost
L
khi qua vng thng ng gc A
=90(270) cotgA=0 nn : tg.cos = sin.cost
L
cost
L
= tg.cotg
T cng thc trn ly bng v d on
C
thi im d nh quan trc,
vi ngy thng quan trc tra vo LTV s c tnh c gc gi t
L
, t tnh
c t
G
= t
L
7
E
W

Ly t
G
tra ngc LTV c T
G
: t
G

- t
B
G
T
h
G

t
G
+ T
m
G

T
G
N
E
W
T
t
(gi tu lc thin th qua vng thng ng gc)
Khi gi quan trc s l : T
t
- T
m
<

T
t
qs
<

T
t

+ T
m

4.Thc hnh xc nh
O
: V l thuyt phng php ny c th p dng cho mi
thin th nhng trong thc t ngi ta ch p dng i vi O
- Tnh gi d nh quan trc bng cch o hai ln phng v O ri tnh lng
bin thin phng v gia hai ln o t xc nh gn ng gi quan trc sao cho
A
O
90(270).T gi ny ly ta d on M
C
(
C
,
C
) v tnh
O
, vic ny nh
hng rt nhiu n tnh ton chnh xc thi im quan trc
- Tm thi im quan trc T
t
qs
nh trnh by trong mc 3
- Vo gi quan trc T
t
qs
o cao O c OC
O
ng thi ghi li T
TK

- T T
TK
U
TK
T
G
Tra LTV t
O
G
,
O

- T OC
O
hiu chnh h
O
S
Z =90- h
S

- Vi
C
,
O
, h(Z) a vo cng thc (17.6a) hoc (17.6b) tnh gc gi
a phng t
L
. Qua thc nghim ngi ta thy cng thc (17.6a) tnh t
L
chnh xc
khi t
L
> 60 , cn khi t
L
< 60 tnh theo cng thc (17.6b)
- Tnh
E
= t
L
- t
G
hoc
W
= 360-
E

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Bi ging Thin vn Hng hi

Bi ging Thin vn Hng hi

= 15/1h = 0,000073 rad/s. Phn tch

.cos thnh phn ny lm cho mt phng chn tri quay

.sin thnh phn ny lm

= 2,21 ngy na mi tr li mt thng trng. Hay ni mt cch

Trong : T c tnh bng ngy v tnh chnh xc

) tra bng ni suy vi i s l

ti ti im thin th qua kinh tuyn

Tra ngc LTV T

Tra ngc bng chnh T

l lng hiu chnh thi gian theo v , T

cho tam gic AOF ta c :

(cos.cosh + sin.sin h - sin)

Bi ging Thin vn Hng hi

Bi ging Thin vn Hng hi

< 0 ph thuc s bin

= 0 khi cao kinh

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