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Unit 1 Communication Networks and Services: Btech Extc Trim IX Faculty: Prof. Sonia Relan
Unit 1 Communication Networks and Services: Btech Extc Trim IX Faculty: Prof. Sonia Relan
Contents
Network functions Network Topology Basics of message switching Packet switching Circuit switching Cell switching Reference model ISO-OSI TCP/IP Overview
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Communication Networks
With a large number of devices it is not practical to connect each pair of devices
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Communication Networks
A communication network provides a general solution to the problem of connecting many devices: Connect each device to a network node Network nodes exchange information and carry the information from a source device to a destination device. Note: Network nodes do not generate information
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Communication Networks
A generic communication network:
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A Communications Model
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A Communications Model
Key elements of the model Source Entity that generates data Person who speaks into the phone, or computer sending data to the modem Transmitter Device to transform/encode the signal generated by the source The transformed signal is actually sent over the transmission system Modem transforms digital data to analog signal that can be handled by telephone network Transmission system Medium that will allow transport of signal from one point to another Telephone network for our computer/modem example Receiver Device to decode the received signal for handling by destination device Modem converts the received analog data back to digital for use by the computer Destination Entity that uses the data Computer on the other end of receiving modem
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Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Interfacing Signal generation Synchronization Exchange management Error detection and correction Flow control Addressing Routing Recovery Message formatting Security Network management
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Access to remote information(WWW etc) Person-to-person communication(Email, Instant Messaging etc, Phone) Interactive entertainment(Remote operated or online Games) Electronic commerce
Mobile Users Notebook computers, PDAs, Cell phones, etc Social Issues
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Networking Terminology
Media Client/Server Networks Peer to Peer LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN Network Operating System NIC: Network Interface Card Networking Hardware Physical Structures: Topology: Types of Connection: Point to Point, Multipoint Networking Software Virtual Private Networks Extranet Intranet VPNs can be intranet VPNs or extranet VPNs
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Network Hardware
Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Internetworks
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Physical Topology
Mesh Every node must be connected to every other node. For Ex. Node n must be connected to N-1 node, hence we need n(n-1)/2 links for duplex mode. Star Each device has a dedicated point to point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub. Controller act as an exchange. Less expensive then mesh. Used in LANs Bus One long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices in the network. Multipoint Nodes connected to cable by drop line and taps. Ring Each device has a dedicated point to point connetion with only the two devices on either side of it. Hybrid
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Transmission system the means for transmitting information across a physical medium: copper telephone wires, coaxial TV cable, optical fiber. Information representation the format of the information handled by the network, voice or bits. Addressing the means for identifying points of connection to the network: telephone number or IP address
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Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols
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Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
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Circuit Switching
In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated communication path is established between two stations through the nodes of the network The dedicated path is called a circuit-switched connection or circuit. A circuit occupies a fixed capacity of each link for the entire lifetime of the connection. Capacity unused by the circuit cannot be used by other circuits Data is not delayed at the switches Circuit-switched communication involves three phases: 1. Circuit Establishment 2. Data Transfer 3. Circuit Termination Busy Signal if capacity for a circuit not available. Most important circuit-switching networks: - Telephone networks - ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Networks)
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Circuit Switching
A node in a circuit-switching network
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Packet Switching
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences, so-called packets. Packets have the following structure:
Header and Trailer carry control information Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing) At each node the entire packet is received, stored briefly, and then forwarded to the next node (Store-and-Forward Networks) No capacity is allocated for packets Considerable amount of overhead to compensate for errors Additional bits to add redundancy and extra processing at each node for error detection and correction Average data rate of about 64kbps
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Packet Switching
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Comparison
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PROTOCOL
Merely sending the bit stream from one node to another and expecting a proper communication to occur ! Protocol defines: What is communicated; how it is communicated and When it is communicated. Set of rules governing the transfer of data between entities Used for communication between entities in different systems For two entities to communicate, they must speak the same language Communication must follow some mutually acceptable conventions, referred to as protocol Key elements of a protocol Syntax. Data formats and signal levels Semantics. Control information for coordination and error handling Timing. Speed matching and sequencing
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Protocol Architecture
Task of communication broken up into modules For example file transfer could use three modules File transfer application Communication service module Network access module
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OSI
Standard model for classifying communications functions Contains seven layers 1. Physical layer Transmits unstructured bit stream over transmission medium Mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural characteristics to access the medium 2. Data link layer Reliable transfer of information across physical layer Sends blocks/frames with synchronization, error control, and flow control 3. Network layer Separates data transmission and switching technologies from upper layers Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections
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OSI
4. Transport layer Reliable and transparent transfer of data between end points End-to-end error recovery and flow control 5. Session layer Control structure for communicating between applications Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections (sessions) between cooperating applications 6. Presentation layer Makes applications independent from differences in data representation 7. Application layer Access to the OSI environment Distributed information services
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Network Standardization
Whos Who in the Telecommunications World Whos Who in the International Standards World Whos Who in the Internet Standards World Two types of standards: a) De facto (By Fact) b)De Jure (By Law) i) Proprietary (closed standards) ii) Nonproprietary (Open standards;Developed by groups or committees)
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Standards Organizations
Standards are developed by cooperation between: Standards Creation committees, forums and government agencies Standards Creation Committees: a) ISO (International standards Organization,1947)
Provides models for Compatibility, improved Quality, increased productivity decreased prices)
b) ITU-T (International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standards Sector) United nation developed CCITT.
c) IEEE
It sponsored an important project for local area network called Project 802
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Classes of Members
National governments (members of United Nations) Sector members (Telecom, Computer, Media) Associate members (Smaller Organizations interested in a particular Study Group) Regulatory agencies (Controlling authorities)
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The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with
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are hibernating.
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Metric Units
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