M HNH QUAN H

Quch nh Hong
hoangqd@fit.hcmute.edu.vn
1/13/2014 1
NI DUNG
M hnh d liu
M hnh quan h
Lc quan h
Quan h
Cc rng buc
Rng buc kha
Ton vn thc th
Ton vn tham chiu
Rng buc min gi tr
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M hnh d liu
Mt m hnh d liu (data model) l mt tp
cc khi nim m t:
Cch biu din d liu
Cc rng buc trn d liu
Cc php ton trn d liu
M hnh (d liu) quan h (relational data
model)
Mi quan h l mt bng gm cc dng v ct
Mi quan h c mt lc m t cc ct ca n
M HNH QUAN H
C s d liu quan h (Relational Database)
da trn m hnh quan h (Relational Model).
Edgar F. Codd (1923-2003) l cha ca m
hnh quan h.
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PhD from U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Nhn gii thng Turing nm1981.
M HNH QUAN H
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Cc thuc tnh
(attributes)
Cc b
(tuples)
Tn quan h
(relation name)
M HNH QUAN H
A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
l cc thuc tnh (attribute)
D
1
, D
2
, , D
n
l min gi tr (domain) ca cc
thuc tnh
R = (A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
) l lc quan h
r c D
1
x D
2
x x D
n
l mt quan h trn R
t = (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
), vi a
i
e D
i
l mt b ca r
K _ R l siu kha ca R nu ch cc gi tr
trn K l xc nh duy nht mi b ca r.
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LC QUAN H
Lc quan h (Realtion Schema)
Lc quan h R gm tp cc tn thuc tnh
(attribute) X = {A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
} v nh x Dom:


V d
SUPPLY(SCODE, PCODE, QTY)
A
1
= SCODE, D
1
= Dom(A
1
) = char(2)
A
2
= PCODE, D
2
= Dom(A
2
) = char(2)
A
3
= QTY, D
3
= Dom(A
3
) = int
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{ }
1 2
1
: , ,...,
( )
n
n i
i
i i i
Dom A A A D D
A Dom A D
=
=
=
QUAN H
Quan h (Relation)
Quan h r trn lc R, k hiu r(R) l mt tp
cc nh x {t
1
, t
2
, , t
m
} gi l cc b (tuple).



V d (s dng lc quan h SUPPLY)
t
1
(A
1
) = S1, t
1
(A
2
) = P1, t
1
(A
3
) = 800
t
2
(A
1
) = S2, t
2
(A
2
) = P3, t
2
(A
3
) = 500

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{ }
1 2
1
: , ,..., ( )
( ) ( )
n
i n i
i
j i j i
t A A A D Dom A
A t A Dom A
=
=
e
QUAN H V LC
Lc quan h (Realtion Schema)
Lc quan h R gm tp cc tn thuc tnh
(attribute) X = {A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
} v nh x Dom:


Quan h (Relation)
Quan h r trn lc R, k hiu r(R) l mt tp
cc nh x {t
1
, t
2
, , t
m
} gi l cc b (tuple).
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{ }
1 2
1
: , ,...,
( )
n
n i
i
i i i
Dom A A A D D
A Dom A D
=
=
=
{ }
1 2
1
: , ,..., ( )
( ) ( )
n
i n i
i
j i j i
t A A A D Dom A
A t A Dom A
=
=
e
QUAN H V LC
Cho lc quan h PROJECT nh sau:
SUPPLY(SCODE, PCODE, QTY)
A
1
= SCODE, D
1
= Dom(A
1
) = char(2)
A
2
= PCODE, D
2
= Dom(A
2
) = char(2)
A
3
= QTY, D
3
= Dom(A
3
) = int
Cho quan h r(R) gm cc b t
i
nh sau:
t
1
(A
1
) = S1, t
1
(A
2
) = P1, t
1
(A
3
) = 800
t
2
(A
1
) = S2, t
2
(A
2
) = P3, t
2
(A
3
) = 500

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CC NH NGHA V K HIU
X = {A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
} l cc thuc tnh
D = {D
1
, D
2
, , D
n
} l cc min gi tr ca cc
thuc tnh A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
tng ng
R(X) hay R(X, D) l lc quan h R trn X
r l mt quan h trn R(X)
t = (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
), vi a
i
e D
i
l mt b ca r
t[A
i
] l gi tr trn A
i
ca b t
t[H], H _ X, l gi tr trn H ca b t
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CC NH NGHA V K HIU
Lc quan h R trn tp cc thuc tnh X
R(X), hay R(A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
) vi X ={A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
}
Lc CSDL
L mt tp cc lc quan h R
i

R = {R
1
(X
1
), R
2
(X
2
), , R
k
(X
n
)}
Quan h r trn lc quan h R(X)
L mt tp cc b t = (t
1
, t
2
, , t
n
) trn X
CSDL trn lc R = {R
1
(A
1
), R
2
(A
2
), , R
k
(A
n
)}
L mt tp cc quan h r =(r
1
, r
2
, , r
n
) vi r
i
l quan h
trn R
i
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CC RNG BUC
Rng buc (Constraint)
Nhng iu kin m cc quan h phi tha
Cc loi rng buc
Kha (Key Constraint)
Ton vn thc th (Entity I ntegrity Constraint)
Ton vn tham chiu (Referential I ntegrity
Constraint)
Min gi tr (Domain Constraint)
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RNG BUC KHA
Siu kha (superkey): mt tp thuc tnh ca lc
quan h xc nh duy nht mi b ca mt quan
h bt k trn lc ny.
Kha (key): l mt kha ti tiu.
Cho r(R) l mt quan h trn lc quan h R(A
1
,
A
2
, , A
n
). K l kha ca R khi v ch khi:
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{ }
1 2
( ) , ,
( ) , ,...,
( ) , , , ,
i j i j
n
i j i j
ii t t r t K t K i j
i K X A A A
iii H K t t r t H t H i j

( (

( (

e = =
_ =
c - e = =
RNG BUC KHA
Kha ng vin (candidate key): nu quan h
c nhiu kha, cc kha ny gi l kha ng
vin.
Kha ng vin c th c gi l kha th
cp (secondary key) hay unique.
Kha chnh (primary key): l mt kha c
chn t cc kha ng vin.
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TON VN THC TH
Gi tr NULL (NULL Value)
Mt gi tr t bit c s dng th hin gi tr
cha bit hoc khng tn ti hoc khng th p
dng cho mt b no .
Nu t = (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) l mt b thuc quan h r
ca lc R(A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
) th a
i
eD
i
= Dom(A
i
)
hoc a
i
= NULL (nu c php).
Ton vn thc th (Entity I ntegrity)
Gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong kha chnh
khng nhn gi tr NULL.
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TON VN THAM CHIU
Kha ngoi (Foreign Key)
Mt (mt tp) thuc tnh ca mt lc quan h
R khp vi kha ca mt lc quan h S khc.
Rng buc ton vn tham chiu (Referential
I ntegrity Constrant)
Gi s kha ngoi FK ca lc R tham chiu
n kha chnh PK ca lc S, khi , gi tr
chiu trn FK ca cc b trong R phi
Tn ti trong cc gi tr chiu trn PK ca cc b trong
S, hoc
L gi tr NULL.
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