Chapter 1: Characteristics of Life Characteristics of Life: 1. Living Things Are Organized 1. atoms (oxygen) 2. molecules (DNA) 3.

organelle (nucleus) 4. cell (heart muscle cell) 5. tissue (heart tissue) 6. organ (heart) 7. organ systems (circulatory system) 8. organism (human) 9. population (student population) = same species 10. community = different populations in the same area (Phoenix College) 11. ecosystem = community (living) + physical (non-living) environment 12. biosphere = regions of the Earth inhabited by living things Emergent properties = New properties that result from interactions between individual parts. The whole is GREATER THAN the sum of its parts. EXAMPLE =

2. Living Things Utilize Energy Ecosystems = living organisms + physical environment provide Energy Sun provides energy via photosynthesis Autotrophs = produce their own food (plants & photosynthetic algae & bacteria) Heterotrophs = rely upon other sources for their nutrients o Consumers Herbivores: eat plants Carnivores: eat other animals Omnivores: eat plants & animals o Decomposers = bacteria, fungi & worms that break down dead organic matter

3.

Living Things Regulate Metabolism = sum of all chemical reactions Enzymes = special proteins that regulate chemical reactions Homeostasis = maintain constant internal conditions (temperature, pH, moisture) Negative feedback (inhibition) slows or stops process Breakdown of sugar leads to formation of ATP = energy storage molecule When large amounts of ATP accumulate, the body stops breaking down sugar Positive feedback speeds a process up (blood clotting)

4. Living Things Respond Interact with surrounding environment to find food (energy) Respond to stimuli (movement) Affects behavior and survival Behavior = how organisms respond to environment 5. Living Things Reproduce Reproduction = ability of organism to make another organism like itself Bacteria, protozoans & other unicellular organisms: split into 2 = binary fission Multicellular organisms: union of sperm & egg = fertilization Genes & DNA Instructions (blueprints) encoded in genes (sequences of DNA) Genes = transmit information from parents to offspring DNA = double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic information Nucleotides (4 kinds) = building blocks of DNA (A, T, C, G) Genome = entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
4

6. Living Things Grow and Develop Genes inherited from parents control the growth & development of offspring

7. Living Things Adapt to their Environment 1. Adaptation = changing in response to environment 2. Natural selection = Individuals with traits best suited to environment will survive & reproduce 3. Evolution = change over time leads to development of new species = descent with modification a. All life forms have DNA & a common ancestor. b. Adaptations give rise to different species.

11

Themes that Unify Biology: 1. Cells = organisms basic unit of structure and function 2. Information is inherited in the form of DNA 3. Each level of biological organization has emergent properties = new properties gained from the interaction of individual parts 4. Structure determines function: hollow bones of birds aid in flight 5. Organisms interact with their environments 6. Life requires the flow of energy 7. Regulatory mechanisms maintain balance in living systems Hypothalamus = thermostat in brain that regulates body temperature 8. Diversity & unity (3 domains) 9. Evolution 10. Scientific method 11. Science & technology
6

Diversity & Unity (3 domains) Taxonomy = naming & grouping organisms from general to specific Father of Taxonomy = Carl Linneaus (18th century) Levels of Classification (Drunk Kings Play Cards on Fat Green Stools) Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific Name = Latin binomial name Genus species or Genus species (italicized) 3 Domains: Archaea = ancient bacteria Prokaryotes = bacteria Eukaryotes = animals, plants, fungi, protozoans Kingdoms Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes Prokaryote: pro (before) = no nucleus single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus (bacteria, rickettsia, cyano-bacteria) Eukaryote: eu = true nucleus organism whose cells contain a nucleus (plants, animals, fungi, algae, protozoans) Virus: small, non-living, non-cellular, infectious agent

Protozoans (Amoebas, paramecium, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma) Single-celled eukaryotes (nucleus) Usually found in water Capable of movement by: Pseudopodia (amoeba) = cell extensions that flow in direction of travel Cilia (paramecium) = short, hair-like protrusions that propel organisms Flagella (giardia) longer, whip-like extensions of the cell Examples: Plasmodium: causes Malaria Trypanosoma: causes African Sleeping Sickness Amoeba: causes diarrhea

Fungi Large: ~ 100 m up to 1 cm Eukaryotic (nucleus) Decomposers 64,000 species Examples: mushrooms, puffballs, mold, yeast, Athletes foot, Jock itch 3.5 miles long & covers 2200 acres (Oregon) 1500 acres & weighs 100 tons (Washington)

The Process of Science Science is the pursuit of knowledge Scientific Method: 1. Observations & Questions 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiments (Prediction) *If I do this, then this will occur 4. Results 5. Conclusions

Hypothesis = a prediction that can be tested Deductive reasoning = Ifthen Logic Inductive reasoning = generalizing based on many observations Experiments = used to study cause & effect relationships Independent variable (cause) = causes a change in other factors Dependent variable (effect) = changed by the independent variable Control = does NOT receive treatment; held constant for comparison Data = the results of an experiment Quantitative data = numerical measurements Qualitative data = recorded descriptions Conclusion If results = prediction, then hypothesis is SUPPORTED If results DO NOT = prediction, then hypothesis is REJECTED

KEY TERMS & CONCEPTS: Adaptation biology cell control data deductive reasoning dependent variable energy STUDY QUESTIONS: List and describe the properties of life: Properties of Life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

experimental design evolution homeostasis hypothesis inductive reasoning natural selection observation photosynthesis

Place the following levels of organization in the correct numeric order from simplest (1) to most complex (12): ___population (student population) ___organism (human) ___organelle (nucleus) ___atoms (oxygen) ___tissue (heart tissue) ___organ (heart) ___ biosphere = parts of Earth inhabited by life ___community = different populations in same area ___ecosystem = living + non-living environment ___organ systems (circulatory system) ___cell (heart muscle cell) ___molecules (DNA)

What is the MAJOR DIFFERENCE between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?

Identify the Steps in the Scientific Method: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

10