1 Bi ging 1

040118060
Cht lng in nng
Ging vin: TS. Nguyn Quang Nam
2013 2014, HK1
http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~nqnam/lecture.php
nqnam@hcmut.edu.vn
2 Bi ging 1
Ni dung
Chng 1: Cht lng in nng (1 tun)
Chng 2: St in p v mt in p (1 tun)
Chng 3: Qu in p qu (2 tun)
Chng 4: Ha tn (1 tun)
Chng 5: Phn tch nh gi gim thiu nh hng ha tn (2
tun)
Chng 6: Thay i in p thi gian di (1 tun)
Chng 7: Cht lng in nng trong li in phn tn, li in
thng minh (1 tun)
Chng 8: Gim st cht lng in nng (1 tun)
3 Bi ging 1
Ch. 1: Cht lng in nng
Cht lng in nng l vn mang tnh thi s t
khong 2 thp nin qua, v ngy cng c quan tm n.
Vn thc ra khng phi l mi m, m tn ti ngay
t bui khi thy ca ngnh in.
Vn tr nn mi, thi s l do cch t vn hin
nay mang tnh h thng ha, ton cc, ch khng phi
cp n tng vn , tng hin tng mt cch ring r nh
trc y.
Vn c c bit quan tm n, khng chi trn
phong din nh cung cp (sn xut, truyn ti v phn
phi in nng), m cn trn phong din khch hng
(ngi s dng).
4 Bi ging 1
Bn l do quan tm n CLN
1. Khc vi cc thit bj thuc th h c, cc thit bj thuc th h
mi (s dng ph bin linh kin in t) hin nay nhy cm hon
nhiu i vi cc thay i ca ngun in.
2. Xu hng ngy cng nng cao hiu qu, hiu sut ca qu trnh
sn xut khin vic s dng thit bj mi (bin tn, mch loc tch
cc) cng tr nn ph bin. iu ny khin mc hoa tn trn
li tng cao hon nhiu.
3. Mi quan tm cng nh hiu bit ca khch hng v vn cht
lng in cng cao hon so vi trc y. Do , yu cu ca
khch hng i vi cht lng in cng kht khe hon.
4. Vic ni mng, lin kt cc thit bj tr nn ph bin trong qu
trnh sn xut. iu ny c ngha l mt phn t gp s c s
gy nh hng ln hon.
5 Bi ging 1
Cht lng in nng l g?
jnh ngha v cht lng in c th rt khc nhau, ty quan
im (quan im ca in lc thng nghing v tin cy
trong cung cp in, cn nh sn xut thit bj li thin v cc
thng s ca ngun in sao cho thit bj c th lm vic tt).
Cht lng in nng l vn c lin quan nhiu n ngi
s dng. Do , quan im ca ngi s dng phi c quan
tm n nhiu hon.
jnh ngha sau thng c chp nhn trong cc ti liu v
cht lng in:
Cht lng in l bt c vn no lin quan n in p,
dng in, tn s khin cho cc thit bj ca ngi s dng in
khng lm vic bnh thng hay thm ch h hng.
6 Bi ging 1
Cc nhn nhn khc nhau:
Hai biu di y cho thy mi quan tm i vi cng vn
cht lng in nng l khc nhau, ty t quan im ca khch
hng hay ca in lc:
Khch hng in lc
7 Bi ging 1
Cht lng in = Cht lng in p
Xt trn phong din k thut, in lc chi c th kim sot
c cht lng in p cung cp, v khng th kim sot dng
in m mt ti no tiu th.
V l do trn, cc tiu chun cho cht lng in thc ra c
xy dng trn co s m bo in p trong mt mc quy jnh.
Cht lng in c th hin qua bin , tn s, hnh sin ca
in p cung cp. Bt c sai lch no ca cc yu t trn u c
lin quan n vn cht lng in.
Tt nhin, gia p v dng lun c mi quan h mt thit. in
p do cc my pht ra hu nh lun c hnh sin, nhng dng
in qua cc ti khc nhau s khc nhau, v iu ny li c nh
hng ngc li i vi in p cung cp.
8 Bi ging 1
Cht lng in = Cht lng in p
V d mt s trng hp:
- Dng ngn mch lm cho in p st gim, ho!c b"ng 0.
- Dng do xung st to nn xung in p rt cao gy phng in
b# m!t, v c th d$n n hin tng ngn mch.
- Cc dng in b% mo dng do cc ti phi tuyn s& lm mo dng
in p. in p ny li nh hng n cc h tiu th khc.
V th, tuy in p l i lng sau cng c quan tm n,
trong thc t cn phi quan tm n dng in khi cp n
cc vn ca cht lng in nng.
9 Bi ging 1
V sao cn quan tm n cht lng in
Cht lng in c nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh sn
xut hin i, vi mc t ng ha, tin hoc ha ngy cng
cao, vi cc thit bj nhy cm hon nhiu i vi cht lng
in, so vi cc th h thit bj in co trc y.
Mt v d cho thy, chi cn mt tc ng ca my ngt cung cp
in cho mt KCN trung bnh, c th dn n thit hi khong
10000 USD v cn c 4 gi khi ng li tin trnh sn xut.
Cc in lc hin nay trong tin trnh phi c quyn, cng thc
r hon vn trn. Trong bi cnh cnh tranh gia cc in lc,
yu cu cung cp cho khch hng cht lng in cao nht l
mc tiu ca cc in lc.
Mi quan tm ca x hi n cht lng in ngy cng c
nng cao.
10 Bi ging 1
V sao cn quan tm n cht lng in
Cc nh sn xut thit bj ngy cng quan tm n vn , v
cn thit k, ch to cc thit bj ngy cng tinh vi hon, nhiu
chc nng hon, nhng gi thnh phi ngy cng r hon.
Tm li, vn cht lng in l ca moi bn, t cc
in lc, khch hng, cho n cc nh sn xut, ch to
thit bj, v ca x hi.
11 Bi ging 1
Cc tiu chu'n lin quan
IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), IEC
(The International Electrotechnical Commission), CIGRE
(Congrs International des Grands Rseaux lectriques Haute
Tension) c nhiu jnh ngha, tiu chun v cht lng in.
Tiu chun IEEE P1159
Bng sau lit k cc hin tng, cng nh cc c tnh lin
quan, theo cch phn loi ca IEC.
12 Bi ging 1
Cc hin tng gy ri lon in t( (theo IEC)
Hin tng tn s thp, do dn in
Hoa tn, lin hoa tn
H thng thng tin (ti ba)
Chp chn in p (flicker)
Vng in p v gin on in p
Mt cn bng in p
Dao ng tn s
Cm ng in p tn s thp
DC trong mng AC
Hin tng tn s thp, do bc x
T trng
in trng
13 Bi ging 1
Cc hin tng gy ri lon in t( (theo IEC)
Hin tng tn s cao, do dn in
in p/dng in cm ng dng sng lin tc
Qu theo mt hng
Qu dao ng
Hin tng tn s cao, do bc x
T trng
in trng
in t trng
Sng lin tc
Qu
Hin tng phng tnh in (ESD)
Xung in t ht nhn (NEMP)
14 Bi ging 1
Cc hin tng qu
Cc hin tng qu xy ra trong h thng in c th c
phn loi thnh qu xung (impulsive) v qu dao ng
(oscillatory).
Qu xung: cc thay i t ngt ca in p, dng in,
tn s khc vi tn s cng nghip, c cc tnh dong hoc m.
15 Bi ging 1
Cc hin tng qu
Qu dao ng: cc thay i t ngt ca in p, dng in,
tn s khc vi tn s cng nghip, c cc tnh dong v m.
V d di y l qu dao ng khi ng trm t b.
16 Bi ging 1
Cc thay i in p ko di
ANSI C84.1 quy jnh thay i in p l ko di khi khong thi
gian tn ti l ln hon 1 pht. Cc thay i c th l qu in p
hay thp in p.
Nguyn nhn thng l thay i ti hay thao tc ng/ngt.
Qu in p: khi in p tng n hon 110%, v ko di hon 1
pht. V d, ngt mt ti cng sut ln ra khi li; ng in
vo trm t b.
Thp in p: khi in p gim cn di 90%, v ko di hon 1
pht. V d, ng in mt ti cng sut ln; ngt in trm t
b.
Mt in ko di: khi in p bng 0 trong khong thi gian hon
1 pht.
17 Bi ging 1
Cc thay i in p trong thi gian ngn
Theo bng 2, cc thay i in p trong thi gian ngn c
phn loi theo thi gian tn ti: tc thi, khonh khc, v ngn
hn (tm thi).
Nguyn nhn thng l s c, khi ng ca ti ln.
Mt in p (interruption): khi in p gim cn di 0,1 pu, v
ko di khng qu 1 pht. V d, s c ng dy.
St in p (sag): khi in p cn 0,1 0,9 pu, v ko di khng
qu 1 pht. V d, s c 1 pha chm t hay m my ng co
cng sut ln.
Vt in p (swell): khi in p bng 1,1 1,8 pu, trong thi
gian khng qu 1 pht. V d, s c 1 pha chm t, ngt in
ti ln, hay ng in vo trm t b.
18 Bi ging 1
in p mt cn b"ng
in p mt cn bng xy ra khi mc lch in p khi gi
trj in p trung bnh vt qu mc quy jnh.
C th biu din mc mt cn bng in p qua % ca
thnh phn th t nghjch hay thnh phn th t khng. V
d mc mt cn bng c biu din qua t s U0/U1 v
U2/U1 ca mt pht tuyn trong 1 tun.
Nguyn nhn ca vic mt cn bng in p c th do s
c mt ca cc ti 1 pha trn li in (di 2%). in p
cng c th bj mt cn bng do n ch 1 pha ca dn t b
3 pha.
19 Bi ging 1
Mo dng in p
Mo dng in p xy
ra khi dng in p lch
khi hnh sin trong trng
thi xc lp, do c mt
cc hoa tn bc cao.
C 5 loi mo dng
in p chnh:
Phn cc DC
Hoa tn
Lin hoa tn
Khc in p
Nhiu
20 Bi ging 1
Phn c)c DC
Phn cc mt chiu l hin tng c s hin din
ca in p hay dng in mt chiu trong li in.
Nguyn nhn c th do cc bin i t hoc ca tri
t hay do ngun chinh lu bn sng.
S hin din ca thnh phn mt chiu trong li
in gy ra cc nh hng tiu cc n s hot ng
ca cc thit bj: mch t my bin p bj bo ha, v
lm tng tn hao thp cng nh lm gim tui tho ca
my; s n mn in ha ca cc mi ni tip ja.
21 Bi ging 1
Ha tn
Hoa tn l cc in p hay dng in hnh sin c tn s l
bi s ca tn s cng nghip (tn s co bn), do s hin
din ca cc ti phi tuyn trong li in.
Mc mo dng hoa tn c th biu din bng ph cc
bin v gc pha ca cc thnh phn hoa tn. mo
dng tng THD nh gi mc mo dng.
Dng in tiu th ca b bin tn l mt v d.
IEEE 519-1992 quy jnh cc mc cho php ca mo
dng in p v dng in trong li truyn ti v phn
phi, v jnh ngha thm mo dng tiu th TDD nhm
nh gi mc mo dng theo phn trm dng in jnh
mc, cn THD c tnh theo % ca bin co bn.
22 Bi ging 1
Lin ha tn
Thnh phn hoa tn c tn s khng phi l bi s ca tn
s cng nghip (tn s co bn), c goi l lin hoa tn.
Cc lin hoa tn c th dng cc tn s ri rc hoc l
mt di rng cc tn s.
Ngun sinh ra cc lin hoa tn l cc b bin i tn s,
cc ng co ng b, cc l cm ng v cc l h quang.
Thng tin ti ba cng c th c coi l lin hoa tn.
23 Bi ging 1
Khc in p
Hin tng xy ra khi ti in t cng sut chuyn dng
in t pha ny sang pha khc.
Hoa tn xut hin c th c bc rt cao. V d minh hoa
mt b chinh lu 3 pha, khi c hin tng trng dn.
24 Bi ging 1
Nhi*u
Nhiu c jnh ngha l tn hiu khng mong mun c
ph di 200 kHz, xut hin trn in p hoc dng in.
Nguyn nhn sinh nhiu c th l cc thit bj in t cng
sut, mch iu khin, thit bj to h quang, ti chinh lu
bn dn, v ngun chuyn mch.
25 Bi ging 1
Chp chn in p
ANSI C84.1-1982 jnh ngha chp chn in p khi ng
bao ca bin in p thay i trong khong t 0,9 n
1,1 pu.
Nguyn nhn c th
do nh hng ca l
h quang. Con
ngi c th cm
nhn s chp chn
vi bin 0,5% nu
tn s l 6 8 Hz.
26 Bi ging 1
ng cong CBEMA
Theo ANSI 446, l ng cong thng c dng nh
gi cht lng in. ng cong c thnh lp nhm
nh gi hot ng ca cc my tnh ln theo bin in
p v thi gian thay i in p.
Tuy rng cc my tnh th h mi c dung sai lm vic khc
so vi ng cong ny, n vn cn c dng lm tiu
chun nh gi cc thit bj nhy cm vi cht lng
in.
Cc im hot ng nm di ng bao di th hin
thit bj lm vic trong tnh trng khng cng sut. Cc
im lm vic nm trn ng bao trn th hin thit bj lm
vic trong tnh trng hng cch in, qu in p, bo ha
mch t.
27 Bi ging 1
ng cong CBEMA
28 Bi ging 1
ng cong ITI (2000)