Light-dependent Reaction - Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll in photosystem II. - An electron is excited into a higher energy level.

- The excited electron is passed along the electron transport system to Photosystem II. - Light energy also splits water into protons, electrons and oxygen. - The electron replaces the excited electron from chlorophyll. - The excited electron reaches Photosystem I and is excited again to a higher energy level. - The excited electrons lose energy as they move along ETC. - The energy is used to transport protons into thylakoid so thylakoid has a higher concentration gradient than the stroma. - Protons then move down concentration gradient into stroma via ATP synthase. - The energy from this movement is used to add inorganic phosphate into ADP, producing ATP. - Light energy is then absorbed by PS1, which excites the electrons to an even higher energy level. - The electrons then are transferred to NADP, along with a proton, forming reduced NADP (NADPH+). - This process produced reduced NADP, oxygen and ATP. - Through cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons from chlorophyll are not passed into NADP, but to PS1 via electron carriers. - This process does not produce reduced NADP or oxygen, only ATP.