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w;s.re l=reKEf.dv msh;siai kdhl iajdkahka

jykafia isks

uydhdk nq o a O d.fuys fndfyda fokdf.a m% d :kdj

nq njg meK u ksjka lSughs' zznqoaOZZ" fndaZZ jeks
jpkj, woyi yyehg jgyd .; fkdyelsu ksid
uydhdkslfhda fndfyda ;ekaj, nqrcdKka jykafiaf.a;a"
fndai;a;ajhka jykafiaf.a;a ;;a;ajh tl iudk fldg
is;kakg mqrej is;s' f:arjdo nqoO
a Ouh;a" th m%ldYfjk
md,s NdIdj;a yye fkdkSu ksid f wjq,g Tjqka je
we;ehs is;'
wfma f:arjd fn!oaO fmd;mf;a yehg nqoaO;a;ajh
,nd .; yelafla p;=rdh i;Hh wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka
h' ta i|yd fndai;a;aj flfkla fndfyda > ld,hla oi
mdr;djka msh hq;= h' ta ;ukajykafia ixidlj f.fkk
f,daN fodaI fudaydfhka msreK is; thska bj;a lr .ekSug
h' tfia lsf Wkajykafia,d oY mdr;djka jYfhkao
f oYO mqKH l%shdjka ;sia wdldrhlska msh hq;= h'
tfia mdr;djka mq r k ld,h ;= < Wka j yka f ia , d
f:arjdohg wkqj ykajkafka fndai;a;ajjreka f,ig
h' fndai;a;ajjrfhl= lrkafka f,dalfhka w;=reokaj
mj;akd p;=rdh i;H kej;;a f,dalhg ykajd u
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i|yd wjYH udkisl oCI;djh we;slr .ekSu msKsi lrk

W;aidyhls' ta f,dalfha mj;akd iodld,sl ;;a;ajhla jQ"
wm ldf.aj;a ukfiys f fudfydf;a mjd iarj jegySula
ke;sj we;s fjkiajk iajNdjh wks;HNdjh .ek we;s
wjfndaOhla ke;slu wm Oufhka wE;ajkakg wE;a jkakg
u wfmkao ;j ;j;a wE;g bj;aj hk neks'
tfyhskA iir h olakjqka iska bka ug u. fmkajd
jod< nqrcdKka jykafia f,dalhg fy<slr ka p;=rdh
i;Hh Ouh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;slr .ekSug ks;r
foff,a nq.=K isys lrka is;ays l=i,a is;a we;slr
.ekSug;a ta u.ska is;ays Y%oaOdj jOkh lr .ekSug;a
W;aidy lsu w;HjYH nj ks;r is;sh hq;= h'
iika ug W;aidy lrkjqka iska nqoaOdkqiai;s"
fu;a;d" wiqN iy urKdkqiai;s hk Ndjkdjka ks;r
foff,a fufkys l< hq;= h' jeh hq;= h' wdfiajkh
lghq;= h'
ffu;% s h jefuka m>h k jQ ;ry is ; a we;s
fkdu;a" wiqNdkqmiaikdj jefuka rd.h we;s fkdu;a"
urKdkq i a i ;s h jefuka j;fha wks ; H;djh .ek
is;kakg mqre fuka urKhg fkdhj uqyqK ug;a iqiq
kqjK ,efnk neka" fuh zzi;r wdrCIdjZZhhs o lshkq
,ef' f i;r Ndjkdfjka hqla; mqoa.,fhda urKska u;=
iq.;s.d jk w;r ksjkg u. fy<s lr.kakjqka njg o
m;a fj;s'
tfia j;a fuys wdksYxi jYfhka nqrcdKka jykafia
tjekakkaf.a Okh iy hqKqj jefvk neo" Tjqkaf.a iem
myiql jejk neo ;% fkdjkakjqka mjd ;% ug iqiq
m ilia jk neo fmkajd we;' iudk is;ska iuj mska
fn!oaO <uhd

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oyyS fh iudkj i;=gqfuka mrf,dj jHNdjhka ,nd

tys o tjekakjqkg i;=g ,efnk nj;a jodrd we;'
fofofkl= jQ l, Tjqfkdjqka w;r we;sjk wiudk
l j<la j d.; yela f la fofok iuis ; s k a hq l a ; j
mskaoyys fhfuka i jdojdo mg,jd f.k .e
we;slr .ekSfuka fkdf' mska oyys fhfok g tajd
jdojdoj,ska f;drj lr.ekSug ;r iqiq jk wdldrfha
oy kSula <ud ld,fha u jeyshka weiqfrka ,nd.;
yels h' jeysfhda orejka" nd,hka flfrys wkqlmdfjka
ys;ldj mskaoyys fhdojd ;hg yqremqre lrjkafka
tneks' orejkag nd, ld,fha yye oy fkdb.
ekaf wdkj fndfyda h' tfyhska jdikdjka; ug oy
kqu we;slr .; hq;= h' wfmkao ta wjfndaOh ;j ;j;a
wE;g bj;aj hk neks'
l,a h;a h;au O Oudka;rdh meKSfuka" mj;akd
nq o a O Ouh jgyd .ekS u g;a " wjfnda O lr .ekS u g;a "
fudaydkaOldrfhka uq<d jQ i;a;ajhkag jv jvd;a wmyiq
jkafka Tjqka ldulaf,aYhkaf.ka uq<djg meK nqoafhka
yS k jk neks ' i;= k a f .a is ; a j ,s k a lduPka o h i
OuPkaohla tfia fudaykaOldrfhka uq<djk ld,j,
we;sjkafk fndfyda ,Nj h' tfia jQ ld,j, f,dalfhys
my<jkafka mfia nqjreka muKls' iud inqjreka my<
fkdu is; h' ta nqnjg m;af mj;akd wmyiqlu ksid
h' nqjreka f,dj my< jkafka l,am .Kka .;fuks'
ks;r foff,a nqjreka f.a my<ula ke;'
fndai;a;ajjreka f,dalfhys ieuodu my<j isk nj
lsjukd fkdf' nq nj m%d:kd lrk ljr flfkl=
jqj o fndai;a;ajjrfhla hhs yekah yels h' tfy;a
nqjrfhl=f.ka ksh; jrK ,nk ,o fndai;a;ajhka
jykafia u ienE fndai;a;aj flfkla jkafkda h' tjeks
fn!oaO <uhd

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fndai;a;ajjre ta ld,j, f,dalfhys Wm;s' tjekakkaf.a

bmu o isjkafka f,dalh yej mj;akd ld,j, h'
uydhdk rgj,g nqoaO Ouh ixl%uKh f we;sjqK
Ialr;djka ksid nq" mfianq" uyry;a iy fndai;a hk
W;=uka ms<sn| meye<s fmd wjfndaOh idudkH fn!oaO
ck;dj ;=<ska bj;aj fndai;a;aj ixl,amhla jeo.;a
;eklg meKsfha h'
flfia fj;;a fndai;a;ajhka jykafia,d nqiufhys
fldf;l=;a is;s' f:rjdofhys jqj;a uydhdkfhys jqj;a
Wkajykafia,d fn!oaOhkaf.a wl,xl f.!rjhg md;%fj;s'
u;= nqjk W;=ukajk neks' u;= nq nj ,nk W;=fuda
uy;a mska fldg nq nj ,nk neks' tfy;a nqnj ,eu
wfma fmd iudch is;k m;k ;r myiq ldhhla fkdjk
nj fuys i|yka lrkafka nq nj m;kakjqka ffOhj;a
lrug i wffOhj;a lrug fkdf'
f,dalfha nqjrfhl=g jvd Wiia ;j;a flfkla ke;af;a
h' fohl= u fyda n%yauhl= u fyda ukqIHhl= u mjd
uy;a wdhdihlska ,Nj ,ehhq;= fohla nj nqrcdKka
jykafia iska u jodrd ;sf' tfyhska foajd;sfoaj jQ"
n%yaud;sn%yau jQ" udrd;sudr jQ nqoaO;ajh ,eh yelafla
krrhka jykafia flfkl=g nj jodrd ;sf' tfyhska
foajd;sfoaj jQ" n%yaud;sn%yau jQ" fndai;a;ajhd lrk" lshk
iy is;k ishu ldh-jd.a-ukia hk ;sfodka isjk iEu
fohl u m%;sM, we;su iajNdjhhs' nqrcdKka jykafia
nqoaO;ajhg meK jodrd is;" ixLdr .; jQfha hhs m%S;s
jdlH my< lf<da ^ixLdr.;x ;a;x& Wka jykafia f.a
is; o iir m<uq jrg;a wjika jrg;a tfia jQ neks'
isf;ys lu mdl f i;H ke;sj f.dia is; ixLdr.;
jQ neks' Tn ieu o is; ta ;;a;ajhg m;a lr .kakg
W;aidy jv;ajd
fn!oaO <uhd

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fha mskska my< jQ

l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy mrejk

w;s.re ckdm;s uyskao rdcmCI ue;s;=ud 125 jk

l=ur;=`.= uqksoia Wm;a iurej fjkqfjka ksl=;a l<
fYaI mKsvhhs
fy< nia ila;s l=udr;=x. uqksodihka f.a 125 jk
ckau ixj;airh fjkqfjka fun mKsvhla ksl=;a
lrkqfha t;=uka f.a .=K iqj| isysm;a lsu i|yd fuka
u fy<hg l< uy fufyjrg .re ls jYfhks'
wm fy< nia ila;s ishjila wdhq fkd,o o l< uy
fufyjf ls;a hiia jir ish oyia .Kkla wdhq ,enqfha
fjhs' ta ls;=f.di fy<h o fy< ni o mj;sk ;=re fkd
ksfuhs' u;= kfhys ckhd fo rE fkdj l=ur;=`.= rej
u ta ;ekays ysjd je ms lrkq we;s nj uy i`.
rejk tod lSf t neks'
rchla ys jk g;a" rchla lrjk g;a" rch hk
jok fhdok ieu ;ekays u;a fu;=uka isys.ekah hq;=
nj wm jegySu h' ta wdKavqj hk jok fjkqjg rch
hk jok ksmojQfha l=udr;=x.hka jk ksid h' rch
lrjk we;a;ka muK o@ uy u`. md mefhka hfkk
fn!oaO <uhd

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u`.shdg o t;=uka wu;l l< fkdfya' mdmeh" frday,"

fyh" wKqj" mrudKqj" ne;s .Sh" uqo,a weKjqu" lgqj"
fju" mdovhd hkd fmd ck jyr ksmojQfha f nia
jvqjdKka jQ ksid h'
zzw;a w;a oE fkd;kk cd;sh f,dje fkd k`.SZZ
hkq t;=uka f.a rg m;< lshu
q ls' ,sfuys lfGdar j ;snQ
nia jyr weo l=o yer kud w;a joka ;ekQ l=udr;=x.hka
;kd kafka w;a fohls' kk oHdjka lSug" ,sug"
b.ekaug fy< ni fmdfydi;a nj fmkajd foka o
kj joka f.dkakla ;kka o merKs fmd; m; msmy
lrka o fy< yjq, k ix.uh uq fojka o isxy,h
jefvys fhdokakka f.a n, jvd ;snQ neka 1956
isxy,h rc ni njg m;a lsug yels h' fld<U by<
mjq,aj, fufylrejka f.a ni njg m;a j ;snQ fy< ni
rc ni f iudkfha jemqr we;af;a l=udr;=x.hkaf.a
fjfyi uykaish h'
l=udr;=x. uqksodihka f.a fufyjr werUqfKa ,lauj
f.a ksoyia igfka wrefKdaofha h' ta iufha foiaj,ska
.;a jdo o kd kd iuhkaf.ka u;= jQ jdo jdo o fndfyda
h' tfy;a u`. fyd|g ;ssh nej, hEu l=ur;=`.=jka
fkdis h' ta lsis kHdhl jdohl fkd we,S wk j
ujq f ksoyi me;=f h' fjfyiqfKa h'
t;=uka f.a iufha j;aufkys bkakd h;=kag ;sfnk
kj fuj, fyda lghq;= myiq lrk oE fkdjQfha h' bv
yir o fkd h' tfy;a fy<hdf.a lue<slug neg
hg msg tu w,am jQ ; ld,h ;=< u`.=,a lEu" y;a
mK" ySka ierh" ,laKs myk" iqni" myk jeks fmd;a
m;a i`.rd m;a;r /ila lrjQy' h yr ke;s t`vre .ila
fkd yr we;s M, we;s .ila u h'
fn!oaO <uhd

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l=udr;=x. uqksodihka ieh werUqf .=rejrhl=

jYfhks' miqj .=rekaf.a;a .=re jQy' ta y,am;s Oqrh
fia u ksgUqj" n,msh wd .=re wNHdi y,am;s njg
m;a fuks' t u;= fkdj t;=ukaf.a Wodr lghq;= fu rg
bkakd iEu .=rejrhl=g u ukd u`. fmkaula jkafka
h' y,am;s j ish isiqjl= ke`.+ mekhlg ms<s;=re
fidhkq isfhka l< mfhaIKh isxy, jHdlrKhg
kj t<shla ysf h' t n .=rejreka fkdfjo wmg
wejeis@
foi-/i-nig wdorh ksh hq;af;a hul= orejka
flfrys olajk wdorh u; h' foi-/i-ni hkq mq;=ka
iy kQmka orefjda h' rgg we,au we;af;da Tjqkag we
l< hq;af;da h' Tjqka f.a Wodr;ajh msKsi fufyjr
l< fufyh i,a h' iqi,a h' l=ur .S" y;a mK" u`.=,a
lEu" ySka ierh" YsCId ud.h tajd h' ySka ierh ui
fkdj ukei fufyhjd ksNS; j jev lsf wdkj
cd;shg W.kajhs' u`.=,a lEu l;df tk khd yd l=l=<d
orejkag lshd fokafka lmkag;a Tjqkaf.a iq nia"
pdgq niaj,g;a fkd/jfgkakg h'
tajd ni ukei u;= fkdj keKei o jvjkq wmg
fmfkhs' cd;shg wejeis m%{dj f .S l;d ;=< nyd ySka
ierfhaa ore mrmqf we;= yog ld jeoaojQ whqre ukr
h' l=ur wjfha ta fmd;a fm< lshjd ksis f,i jgyd
.;af;a k wm rg ;sia jila mqrd jHdc idu l;djkays
iy kd kd kka f.a f.dre ula njg m;a jkafka
ke;'
hla kexug k r;ajh uyd idOlhla jk nj
h kexug W;aidy refjda oks;s' wNsudkh ms<sn|
ye`.Sfuka cd;sfha yoj; ms ke;s k fld;r im;a
fn!oaO <uhd

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uy fmdf<dj u; ;snqK;a tu h ke`.S isgjkq fkdfya'

l=udr;=x.hka f.a fiajh jeo.;a jkafka t;ekays
h' cd;sfha wNsudkh cd;sfha mq;=kaf.a yoj;aj,g
ld jeoaoug l< fiajh wiuiu h' th tfia lsug
yelsjQfha uqksodihka f.a yoj; o r;ajfhka ms oE
wNsudkfhka To je ;snQ ksid h'
l=udr;=x.hka my< jQfha fha msfkks' tfia u hg
l< fufyfhka Tjqyq uy;a mska /ialf<da h' ksjka mqr
jeo iekfikakg fmr ta mskska Tjqyq fo f,dj .shdyq
k Tjqka f.k hk tla fohla fjhs' ta heishla ;r
ys jQ fy< ni h' fo f,djg .sh o f.k hd yels
;r fyd|g t;=uka fy< ni jkd fohla njg m;a
l< nj lshkafka uy;a f.!rjfhks'

wgk n,j;a o - ish ue is;= me;=uq;a

woyia m isf- ke;s je ue lsis wvqjla
;srej,aj lhd f.a zz;srelal=r<a ZZ k fou< ldjHhg YS% pd,aia o is,ajd
iQka l< zzis.ShZZ kue;s isxy, wkqjdofhks'

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YS% ,xldf wuoHm jHdmdrh

ish ji iurhs
uyr.u is jr[dK oy mdif,a m%Odkdpdh

Ydia;%m;s mKa; mQcH ylauk iqukis ysmdfKda

YS% ,xldf wuoHm igkg jir ishhla imsf' wm

rgg ksoyi ,nd.ekSf jHdmdrh;a iu`. l%shd;aul
jqKq ke;fyd;a ksoyia jHdmdrh i|yd mok jQ jev
ms<sfj<la f,i wdrN jQ ixOdkhla f,i wuoHm
jHdmdrh yekau ksje/ h' 1895 muK YSu
% ;a wk.dl
Oumd,;=ud iy t;=udf.a wkq.dl foaYysff;IS msi
iqoaoka iska isxy, cd;shg mqre lrjk ,o u;ah ksid
jk Wjr l Bg reoaO j l%shd ud.hla wdrN lr
;snqKs' 1912 wfm%a,a ui jHjia:dodhl iNdj u`.ska iqrdj
jHdma; lr,Su i|yd kj mk;la bm;a lrk ,' YS%
,xldf foaYfm%akag wrdcH frda wr.,hla lsug
fuh m%Odk ks;a;la h' fn!oaOhka w;r;a idudkH
uyckhd w;r;a u;ameka yeu" lsKSu" md lsu"
wkqkag u je<elau i|yd fYaI /iaula fld<U
wdkkao uyd oHd,hg le|jk ,oafoa 1912 uehs 25 k
h'
v' wd; o is,ajd ue;s;=ud f.a m%Odk;ajfhka
meje;ajqKq hf:dala; /iaug foHdaoh mfKdm;s
fn!oaO <uhd

10

kslsKs l,n

j jev iQ w;s.re uyf.dv [dKsiair kdyshka we;=

Yd, NsCIq msila o weulka cd;sl iS' ' iag%jqia"
wkS;s{ wema' wd' fiakdkdhl" ' tia' fiakdkdhl"
kS;s{ iS' ngqjka;=vdf" kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd" j,sisxy
yYapka" iS'' fm%asia" fyka wuriQh wd m%N+yq rdYshla
o iyNd.s jQy'
fuu uq, msu wkqj 1912 cQ,s ui 14 jk k fld<U
wdkkao uyd oHd,fha YS% ,xld wuoHm uyd iNdj
by; i|yka lrk ,o cd;sysff;ISka iska msysgqjd.kq
,enqfha iqrd frda igk n,j;a fldg t u`.ska cd;sl
ksoyi ,nd .ekSf wfmaCIdfjks' l,ska i|yka l<
m%N+kag wu;r j YS%u;a '' ch;s,l" t' v' wuriQh"
iS' ta' fyajd;drK" v,s fiakdkdhl" tia'v'wd''
nKavdrkdhl hk cd;sl kdhlhka f.a o mS' rdukdoka
jeks wfn!oaO kdhlhka f.a o l%shdld iyfhda.h g
fkdu| j ,enqKs' 1918 cd;sl ix.uh ys jkafka o
wuoHm iNdf u w;=re m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
wuoHm kdhlhka cd;s l ix.uh u`.s k a ks o yia
foaYmd,k igkg nei .ekSu ksid wuoHm iNdf
n,dfmdfrd;a;= uka u| fnd| hkakg mgka .;af;a
h' wuoHm ix.ufhka u;= jqKq foaYmd,k m%N=jrekg
wuoHm wruqK flka l wu;l j hk njla fmkqKs'
f fya;=j ksid wuoHm iNdj o wl%sh iajNdjhg m;a
h'
jir .Kklska miq wuoHm uyd iNdf kdhl;ajhg
m;a jQ j dyq w;s m Q c H lfld|hdf m[a [ dfia L r
uydkdhl udyshka jykafia h' ^1934 - 1977& iqrdj
msgqlSu i|yd;a wmrdO uokh i|yd;a .ula .ula mdid
fn!oaO <uhd

11

kslsKs l,n

jevu lrka OufoaYkd mj;ajka Wka jykafia .;a

W;aidyh ieneka u m%YxikSh h' iqrdfjka f;dr jQ YS%
,xldjla l wmj;a jkakg ,ef jd hs Wka jykafia
wjika ld,fha m%d:kd l<;a th bgq lr.ekSug
fkdyels h'
bka miq ta ;k;= r g m;a jQ j dyq w;s m Q c H ufya
m[a[diSy uydkdhl udyshka jykafia h' ^19772003& zzksyd yod rg yefZZ f;audj uq,a lr.kska
zwuoHm rgla Z yod .ekSu i|yd uq h u jeh l<
Wka jykafia wuoHm jHdmdrh jvd;a m%.;s udj;lg
f.k taug iu;a jQy'
j;a u ka y s wuoHm iNdf iNdm;s Oq r hg m;a j
is ka k dyq w;s . re ydia m ;a ; = f whjxYd,xldr
iajdkahka jykafia h' foaYnkaOq ,al .=Kfialr"
ffjoH wkq,d fiqkaor" mS''ta' idkdhl foaj.e;s;=ud
wd j;udk wuoHm igfka mqfrda.d msi iqrdfjka
f;dr fi!LHimka k iuDoa u;a iudchla we;s
lr.ekSug n,j;a fjfyila .kakd nj fkdryils'
wo zuyskao ka;kZ jev ms<sfjf<ys o zu;ska f;dr Y%S
,xldjlaZ ms<sn| n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla igyka lr we;'
tfy;a u;ah-uoajH Nd;fhys ;j u wvqjla olakg
ke;' wuoHm iNslhka muKla fkdj idOq i;amqreI
uyckhd o wfmaCIdfjka iskafka ta n,dfmdfrd;a;=j
bgq jk f;la h'

fn!oaO <uhd

12

kslsKs l,n

idrN cd;lh
fld<U YdLd oHd,fha Y%du,;a wdpdhdKs

,CIa fmfrd uyd;auksh

wm iud inqrcdKka jykafia for fjfyr

jev jik tla iuhl NsCIQka jykafia,dyg wmydi jk
f,i wu;k NsCIqjla isfha h' f ksid Wkajykafia
lsisfjl=yg m%sh ukdm fkdjQy' fuu NsCIqj m%sh ukdm
NsCIqka jykafia,d f.a cd;s" l=, u;=lrka wjuka
lf<a h' iefjdu ms<sl=,a l< tu NsCIqj yg nqrcdKka
jykafia wjjdo l< fial'
zzfkdirema joka ksiqkg muKla fkdj ;sika
i;=kag;a ms%h fkdjkafka h'ZZ
hkqfjka nqrcdKka jykafia jod< fial' fuu
wjjdoh meye,s lsu msKsi wm nqrcdKka jykafia
fuu idrN cd;lh jod<y'
wE; w;S;fha oUj .kaOdr k rdcHfhys .kaOdr
kka hq;a rc;=fula rdcH lf<a h' fuu rfgys .j
m ys nuqKka fuka u isgqjrfhda o ;ukg whs;s
f.dkqka f.a Yla;su;a nj fmkau i|yd ;r. jeKy'
ch ,nk .jhdf.a yslreg m`vqre f,i lyjKq oyi"
fooyi iqiq m ,nd kay'
fn!oaO <uhd

13

kslsKs l,n

ful, wm uy fndai;dfKda .j l=,hl Wm; ,oy'

tla nuqfKl=f.a .j mfha Wm; ,enQ fuu jiq
mehdg zidrNZ f,i k lr ;u orefjl=g fuka
i,lkq ,eK' fuu jiq mehd ;reK njg m;a jQ
g fydka kyjd" ljd fmdjd we;s l< uq;a" lsis
nr jevlg fhdod .;af;a ke;' b;d Yla;su;aj jevqKq
idrN ;reK .jhd" ;ud lfia fmdaIKh lrkakd jQ
nuqKdg l<.=K ie,lsh hq;=hs bgd .;s' nuqKdg ;ud
Yla;su;a nj ye`.h' nuqKd .j im;a ys isgqjrfhl=
fj; f.dia ;udg tljr .e,a ishhla weh yels .jhl=
iskdnj lSh' isgqjrhd zztfia k ;r.hg bm;a
lrkak' uu lyjKq oyila f.jZZ lSf h'
kshu lr.;a kfha .,a je,s msrjQ .e,a ishhla fm<
.iajd ;snqKs' nuqKd idrN .jhd kyjd" ljd" u,aud,d
m<|jd ;r. ug f.k f.dia zz;ud l= yrfll= hehs
is;j' ka l= yrld .e,a ishh weojZZ hkqfjka ierjer
h' ;udg l= yrld hehs kskaod l< ksid fuu .e, uu
fkdwzhs is;+ idrN .jhd mdo i;r fkd fid,ajd
ksi,j isfha h'
;u .jhd ;r.fhka mrdch jQ ksid nuqKd fYdalfhka
miq h' idrN meK zz fumuK l,la Tn ksjfia
ish ud l= yrfll= fuka yeis we;a o@ ZZ hkqfjka
weiS h' kqiqiq lsisjla Tn lf<a ke;ehs lS nuqKdg zzud
yg fydka l:d lrkafka k ;r.hg kej; bm;a
jkafkZZ idrN .jhd lSf h'
kej; isgqjrhd uqK .eiqKq nuqKd ;u .jhd kej;
bm;a lrk nj mejiS h' fujr ;E.s uqo, lyjKq
fooyils' idrN fndai;a .jhd .e,a ishh bhg
fn!oaO <uhd

14

kslsKs l,n

f.k f.dia ysi w; .E nuqKd" wdorfhka l;dfldg

zzmq; idrN" h f.k .e,a fma<sh wkakeZhs lS h'
tg idrN .e,a ishh tl myka u weo miq mi
u ;snQ .e, bhg f.k wdf h' kerug wd ksiqka
fndfyda uqo,a idrN .jhd fjkqfjka nuqKdg ,nd
kay' nuqKd b;d i;=gg m;ah'
hym;a jpkfhka" m%sh ukdm j ;ud weu;+ ksid
nuqKd yg idrN .jhd ch ,nd kafka h' tu.ska
nuqKd fmdaif;la h'
wkqkg wjudk lsug f.dia ;ud wjudkhg"
ms<sl=,g m;a jQ NsCIqj wu;d f cd;l l:dj nqroyq
foiQ fial' wjjdo ka fial' tk
zzieug u ms%h jpk ieug u lsj hq;= h' uqidjdo"
msiqK jpk" mreI jpk" immam%,dm fkdlsh hq;= h'
tfia lshkafkda fuf,dj;a mrf,dj;a miq;e,s fj;s'
msySug m;a fj;s'ZZ
f wjjdo Tn ieuyg fyd| <uhl= ug u`.
fmkajhs' tu ksid fyd| <uhl= ug Tn;a bgd .kak'
tl, n%dyauKhd k ka wdkkao f;rKqfjda h'
idrN .jhd nqrcdKka jykafia h'

fn!oaO <uhd

15

kslsKs l,n

is;a uq;=yr - 04

nig nqyquka lsu

.=re iShd isks

ujg" mshdg .re nqyquka lsu" jeyshkg" .=rejrekg

.re nqyquka lsu" isxy,hdg fn!oaOhdg wdfKsl jQ
is;ls' wfma wd.u oyka ta YsCIKh ck;djg ,e
we;' t moafoka u Tjqkg Wmldr jk" Tjqka Nd;
lrk fuj, wdhg o lsish wdldrhl nqyqukla
laug Tjqka yqre we;' f.d uy;d f.d;eka lsug
fmr;a wjika jQ miqj;a W,a,g je| wdpdr olajkafka
ta is;a wkqj h' <ud ld,fha mgka wms wm m; fmd;
lshjd wjika jQ miq th fih u; ;nd jeug mqre j
isuq' th wmg kqjK ,nd fok jkd u fuj,u jk
neks'
f lS f,iska" wm ,shk lshk NdIdjg;a .re nqyquka
lsu fmr. ksiqkg yqre jQ is;ls' tys,d o YS%
,dxlslhka jk wmg fYaIhla we;' {dkh ^kqjK& ,nd
fok wl=rg;a wl=ka ksudKh l< m;a fmd;aj,g;a
hg lS f,i wm .reire olajkafka t fyhsks'
Woh ue kskafoka
msis ;efkle
wl=rg nqyquka

kqjK jk fodr
fn!oaO <uhd

kef`.kak
bkak
lrkAk
ykak
16

kslsKs l,n

hkqfjka l=udr;=x. uqksodi m`;=ud zzwl=re

uysufhkaZZ orejkg fok f Tjd kqjKska i,ld
ne,sh hq;= h'
ksid Nd; lrk fuj, ^WmlrK& w;r
m%Odk;ajh .kafka NdIdjhs' ksid is;kafka NdIdfjks'
NdIdj ksrjq,a ke;ak ksid is;k foa;a wjq,a iy.;
jk njhs odYkslhka f.a u;h' wfkl ;uhs" lsish
cd;shl wkkH;dj mj;skafka ta cd;sh jHjydr lrk
NdIdj mok lrf.k u' isxy, cd;sh lshkafka
isxy, ni l;d lrk msig hs' fou< ni l;d lrk
ck iuQyhd fou< cd;sh hs' legf,dakshkajreka i|yka
lrkafka legf,dakshka NdIdj Tjqka f.a meje;af
wdOHd;al moku o jk nj hs'
f' ta' *sIauka kue;s jd.afhd Tyq f.a ''language
and Nationalism'' k fmdf;a i|yka ler we;s my;
i|yka m%ldYh <ud Tn f.a;a wjOdkh fhduq h hq;=
b;d jeo.;a woyils( zzwkHhl= f.a NdIdj cd;shla u;
megu Tjqka f.a b;sydih iq<f`.a md fldg heuls'
Tjqka f.a wkkH;dj ieu w;ska u uq,skqmqgd uls'
Tf ckau NdIdj wu;l fldg msg;a;rhka f.a
NdIdjla b.ekSu jy,alf my;a u ,dxPkh jkafka h'ZZ
^mj;kh ( uydpdh fla' tka'' Ouodi uy;d&
cd;shl ixialD;sl m%jdyfha;a m%Odk idOlh jkafka
NdIdj u nj wm fuys isysm;a l< hq;= hs' NdIdj jQ
l,s ljr jqj o cd;shl ixialD;sl m%ldYkh jk nj
iudc jd.afka f.a woyi hs'
NdIdj Od;= lr`vqjla fkd jqj;a NdIdjg wm nqyquka
l< hq;af;a wehs o hkak jgyd .ekSug by; i|yka
fn!oaO <uhd

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lreKq l jqj o m%udKj;a h' wl=re iys; m;s%ldjla"

mqj;am;a msgqjla u; ys| .ekSu mjd wYS,dpdr ls%hdjla
f,i me/Kshka i,ld we;af;a t fyhsks' l=udr;=x.
m`;=ud by; lS zzwl=re uysuhZZ me fmf<ys fufia o
i|yka lrhs'
kqjK ,nd fok
fofhda
wl=re he bka fkdjkq
fhda
t wl=re uekeka
fifhda
fj;s rg i,lk
lsfhda
wl=rg ^NdIdjg& ka hgy;a j fydka bf.k
.;af;d;a ta NdIdj miqj fufylrejl= Tng jev
i,id fok nj;a" Tf yeu woyia bgq jk nj;a oyia
.Kkska Tng iem o ie,efik nj;a tys i|yka ler
we;af;a fu moafoks'
wl=rg ka jkake
wl=re miq je f he
is fjhs Tn yeu
mefKhs iem odi

odi
odi
wodi
odi

mskaj;a orefjks" Tn Tn f.a NdIdjg .re nqyquka

lrkakd fia u" wka wh f.a NdIdjg .erySu o
fkdfydkd ls%hdjla nj is;g .kak' yeu cd;slhl= u
;ud f.a NdIdjg f.!rj lrk neks' Tn;a tf,i Tn
f.a isxy, NdIdjg .re nqyquka lrk flfkla hs u|la
is;d uid n,kq ueke'
zzud ni fy< ni wka lsis
nilg
ud /i fy< /i wka lsis
/ilg
ud foi fy< foi wka lsis
foilg
f ysi fkd ku" fkd ku lsis gZZ
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18

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Tjd fouq mryg

;ud iuf;ys msysgd isg
fldia.u" fnd,a,;dj YS% iqNd oy mdif,a Wm m%OdkdpdhdKs

Ydia;%m;s t't' iqcd;d kd,skS uyd;auksh

zzmskaj;a f.!;uhka jykai" wms oreu,a,ka we;s

lrk" iqj| ,jqka we`. .,ajk" b;d jkd ishq liS
i yk" rka uiqlyjkq Nd; lrka iqfLdamfNda.S
.sys ;hla .; lrk wh' fufia mial iem ka
fuf,dj b;d i;=ka j;ajk wmf.a urKska miq
mrf,dj ;h;a iqfjka i;=ka .; lsu i|yd wjYH
jk oyula foaYkd lrkak'ZZ hkqfjka jrla nqrka
fldfid,a rg foajdr k nuqKq .ug jevu l<
wjia:djl Wkajykafia yuqjg meKs foajdr .
jeishka nqrkag fufia wdrdOkd l<d'
Tjqka f.a wNsm%dh f;aref.k ta wdrdOkdj ms<s.;a
nqrka zfyd|hs lshkak ^Ndisiaid& tfiak wikak'
^;x iqKd:& wid fydka is;ays ;nd .kak' ^idOqlx
ukislfrda:& uekeka is;ays OdrKh lrf.k ta oyug
wkqj u. hym;a lr fuf,dj iqjm;a mrf,dj
h;a iemj;a lr .kakeZhs fof,dj hqKqj msKsi
fya;=jk" fnfyka Wmldjk foajdr k iQ;%
Ouh foaYkd l<d'
fn!oaO <uhd

19

kslsKs l,n

fndai;a f" mqf;a" nqmshdKka jykafia foajdr

jeishkag foaYkd l< ta iQ;%Oufha wvx.= oyu uekeka
is;ays OdrKh lr .ksuq' ^Odfr:& OdrKh lrf.k wfma
;;a hym;a lr .ekSug wIaGdk ;nd .ksuq'
f ;=< wvx.= jkafka m<uqj ;ud .ek is;d ta wkqj
wkqka .ek;a l,amkd fldg ms<smef l%ufohla'
th i|yka lr ;sfnkafka zzw;a;+mkdhsl OumhdhZZ
kka' wm j;ajk ixlSK iudc rgdj ;=< wmg
fuu`.ska b;d jkd mdvula W.kajkjd'
wms wfma ;hg b;d u wdofrhs' ms%hhs' t;r wdorhla
wm wkqkaf.a ;j,g olajkafka keye' urejl= mjd
uef f;kdjla wm ;=< iefKlska my<jkafka ta
ksihs' wm wm i;= foa mK fuka /l .kakd kuq;a wka
ika;l foa bv ,o iefKlska ;uka i;= lr .ekSug
miqng jkafka o ke;' wm wmf.a im;" i;=g flfrys
Wojk w;r ta im; i;=g u wkqka ;=< we;s nj gq
ieKlska Tjqkag BIHd lsug fm<fUkjd' f wmf.a
mD:.ack iajNdjhhs' nqrka foajdr iQ;%h weiqka"
wm ;=< we;s tjka my;a iajNdjhka bj;a lrjkafka
;ud u Wmud lr.kska" wm wdh ud.hg fhduq
lrjka'
zzuu j;a fjkak leu;shs' uu la kak leu;s
keye' uu fndfyda l,la j;afjkak leu;shs' uu
uefrkak leu;s keye' wka wh;a ta jf.auhs' tfyuk
wehs uu wkqkaf.a ; kdY lrkafka' wkqkaf.a
j;af whs;sh Wrd .kafka' fufyu ys;,d uu
m%dK>d;fhka fjkafjkjd' ^w;a;kd mdKd;smd;d
mrf;d fyd;s& wkqkq;a m%dK>d;fhka j<lajkjd'
fn!oaO <uhd

20

kslsKs l,n

^mfr p mdKd;smd;d fjruKshd iudofm;s& ta ;rla

fkfjhs" wkqka m%dK>d;fhka je<elau i|yd mrmK
fkdkeiSf w.h;a jKkd lrkjd' ^mdKd;smd;d
fjruKshd jKaKx Ndi;s& lsh,d f ;=ka wdldrhg u
mrmK keiSfuka je<lS isf ;%sO ldhiudpdrhhs
wm Ydka;skdhl nqmshdKka jykafia fuys m<uqfjka
u foaYkd lr jodf<a'
fojk Ou lreK jkafka fidrlka je<lSf
w.hhs' ud i;= foa hfula .kakjdg ud wlue;shs' hul=
ud i;= foa .;af;d;a ud Tjqka flfrys ;ry ffjr ne|
.kakjd' ysyer mSvd lrkak fm<fUkjd' ta jf.uhs
wka wh;a' Tjqka i;= foa ud .;af;d;a Tjqkq;a ta jf.au
ug ffjr lrd' ysyer la mSvd f.kfoa' ta ksid ud
wka i;= foa fidris;ska .ekSu iqiq keyeZhs is;d ;uka
fidrlka je<lS wkqkqka j<lajd fidrlf mdl"
fidrl fkdlsf wdksYxi m%ldY lr' lshk f
;=ka wdldrfhka fidrlfuka je<lSf ;%sO iudpdrh
f foaYkdfjka meye,s l<d'
jer l iem fkdfif w.h ;=kajk ldh
iudpdrh f,i f iQ;% Oufha wvx.= fjkjd' j;auka
iudch foi n,k g;a wmg fmkShk fohla ;uhs"
iudc rdpdrhg fya;=j jer ldu im;a flfrys
we,Su" .eu'
wm Ydka;skdhl ;sf,da.=re nqmshdKka jykafia
fmkajd ka f oy lreKq ;=k tk mxpiS,
m%;sm;a;sfha m<uqjk YsCId mo ;=k hfula wdrCId
lrkafka k ta iudch fl;r iodpdr imkak f
o hkak f ;=<ska ukdj meye<s fjkjd'
fn!oaO <uhd

21

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Wkajykafia foiQ m<uq oy lreKska mqoa., ;

wdrCIdj we;sfjkjd' fojekafkka foam< wdrCIdj
isfjkjd' ;=kajk lreKska ksoyia iduld iodpdr
imkak iudchla ys fjkjd' fndfyda fihska
iudchla Is; fjkafka fjdhska wE;ajk ghs'
h rgl kSuere" fidrl uxfld,a, lE"
ldudmrdO ke;ak ta rg jeishkag Wiia udkisl
ksoyilska hq;=j" ;ukaf.a ffoksl lghq;= lrf.k
hkakg mqjka' tfkod ;h ieye,a jk g
fuf,dj iqj i|yd mskal" l=i,a oy /ia lrkjd'
mrf,dj ;h;a iemj;a u i|yd ta mskal fndfyda
fihska Wmldr fjfkjd'
f fjoajdr iQ;%fha i|yka ;s%O ldh iudpdrh"
p;=O j iudpdrh" p;=O wdlxLkSh Ou hk
oy lreKq w;ka tlla muKhs' ta oy weiQ foajdr
jeishka b;du i;=gg m;ajqKd' wf is wmg ksjer
u`. lSug fu oyu ,ajQ mykla jf.hs' jer u`.l
.uka l< wm ksjer ud.h lald' fnfyka i;=gg
m;ajqKd'
b;ska f mqf;a" wms;a foajdr jeishka jf.a f
oyka m, fk<d .ksuq' wms wm w;ska isjk mlj,ska
je<fluq' wm weiqf isk whg l,HdK ;%hl=
Tjqkq;a jrka j<lajd .ksuq' ta muKla fkfjhs" jrka
je<lSf wdksYxi fmkajd f w;a;+mkdhsl Ou
mhdfhys fhfoka fuf,dj mrf,dj iqj iod wm
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk wjidk ksIaGdj jk ksjdKdjfndaOh
i|yd W;aidy lruq'
Tn ieug f;rejka irKhs'
fn!oaO <uhd

22

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fn!oaO <uhd
WmfoaYk uKavmh
zzoiqka ZZisks

uu b;sydih" idys;H" nqoaO Ouh jeks ,su ;sfnk

Ihj,g leu;shs' kuq;a .Ks;h" oHdj jeks fud<h
fjfyik Ihj,g wlue;shs' wfma mka;sfha iuyre
,shkak yu lue<shs' tfy;a fud<h fjfyid .Kka
yokak y leu;shs' f fjki l=ulao@
mskj
a ;a f" mqf;a" udkj oHdj wkqj wfma fud<fha msy
s u
O whg O wdldrhs' iuyreka f.a fud<fha msysu wkqj
ta wh Wm;ska u idys;H" l,d" ksudK wdhg keUqre fjkjd'
;j;a wh .eUqre ka;khg;a" ;j;a wh O ;dCIKhg;a
;j;a wh .Ks;h jeks fud<h ls%hd;aul jk lghq;=j,g;a
wd jYfhka O keUqre;d olajkjd' ta wkqj fud<fha msysu
ta ta whf.a rel;ajhg n,mE lrkjd' ta f,i u wmg l=vd
l, isg u ,enqKq h h wdNdihka wkqjo ta ta rel;ajhka
fjkia fjkjd'
f" mqf;a" fuys b;d u jeo.;a fohla ;uhs ;uka
oCI fCIa;%h f;dard.ekSu' yeu fokdg u ffjoHjreka"
bkafkarejka ug neye' ;u ;ukag iqfYaI jQ Ih
mdrdihla ;sfnkjd' foudmshka f.a n,mEu u; fyda iudc
;;a;ajh" ;%hskag n,mE wd fya;= ksid mq;=kag ksje/
fCIa;%h f;dard .ekSug fkdyels jqfKd;a wkd.f;a f,dl=
wudrejl jefgkakg bv ;sfnkjd'
fn!oaO <uhd

23

kslsKs l,n

yenehs ;u ;ukag iajdk Ih mrdihla f;dard .ekSug

yelshdj ,efnkafka wfma rf Wiia fm< wxYfha mq;=kag
muKhs' idudkH fm< Nd.h olajd mq;=ka uQ,sl Ihhka
iEu tllg u ,sh hq;= fjkjd' tys ;uka j, Ihhka
uekeka f;dard .kak' wmyiqfjka kuq;a tys je jefhka
wNHdifhys fhfokak' WodyrK f,i fud<h fjfyiSug
wmyiq flkd je jefhka .Kka iEu" oHd;aul iQ;%
iu jeo.;a' ,sug wmyiq flkd je jefhka rpkd"
pdr m%Yak wdh ,su jeo.;a' Wmu ksmqK;djla laug
fkdyels jqfjd;a miqng fkdjkak' i;=gqodhS b,lalhlg
<`.d h yels fjkjd' ta w;ru Tn fydka iu;al olajk
Ih fCIa;%h o wu;l fkdlrkak' i;;dNHdih ke;sjk
g ta yelshdjka o fudg hd' tys fydka ksr;j Wmu
oCI;djlg <`.d jkak'
;j o idudkH fm< Ih mrdih ;=< Wiiafm<" YajoHd,
wd .eUqre ugka Ih wOHkhla is jkafka keye' iEu
Ihlu mdfya uQ,sl ixl,am wOHhkhla ;uhs is jkafka'
tu ksid Tn re fkdjk Ih fCIa;%hl jqj o Wmu m%;sM,
,nd .ekSug fkdyelshdjla keye'
ish Ihhkg ztaZ idu:Hh .;a muKska oHd $ .Ks;
wxYj,ska Wiia wOHdmkh yeoEug blauka h hq;=;a keye'
fydka is;d n,d foudmsh .=rejr wdka f.a wjjdo o ,nd
Tf .uk Tn u ;SrKh lrkak' Wiia u m%;sM, ,nka
idudkH fm< lvhsu ch.;a orejka l,d wxYfhka Wiiafm<
yodrd id:l wkd.;hlg mshke`.+ wjia:d wmuKhs' mq;=ks
zzilafldaZZ .=Kh .ek lshk f fl lh fydka isysfha
;nd .kak'
mqjks mqjks - ug ne foa keye
kE nE jokla - uf.a fmdf;a keye

fn!oaO <uhd

24

kslsKs l,n