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Lpyooqpto kotvuvtkq Av0puno\oyto
1qo loopto, Apoto\oyto kot kotvuvtkq Av0puno\oyto
ovcntoqto Ccooo\to
t\c\\qvuv & Apyovouuv
8o\o 38221
1q\.: 2421074797
Lmall: epl[uLh.gr
www.epl.uLh.gr

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tkq 8ov Mnouoocv (ov. Ccooo\to)
1ooou\o 8cpcvtuq (tooptko)
Mopto Covonou\ou (LkkL)
kuvoovtvo Mno (ov. luovvtvuv)
Ltpqvq nkou (ov. Ccooo\to)
ou\o ovo(q (AC)
Mopto cnouoq (AC)
L\covopo zkoucpq-Atook\ou (AC)
ltupyo 1otu\q (ov. kpqq)
o0qq xov(opou\o (ov. Atyotou)

zc\tonotqoq, layouL: xptotvo Mqoonou\ou
Mokco cuu\\ou: xptotvo Mqoonou\ou, Ccq n\\o
uoypoto cuu\\ou: kuoq Apuytovkq

xopqyot: ovcntoqto Ccooo\to (Lntponq Lpcuvuv, 1qo l.A.kA, 1qo
Aptckovuv Mqovtkuv), Aqo 8o\ou (Atcu0uvoq Apctuv, Mouoctuv kot
8t\to0qkuv), LkkL

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8o\o, 2013
[7]

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39 Mouocto kot npooptkc opuptc: cvuvouvovo vqc kot ococt
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361 u (ouoov ot nonnouc o vo cknotcutko nctpoo npooptkq
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387 Av0puno\oyto, npooptkq toopto kot cknotcuoq: koopt(ovo c\\ovtkou
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[1]

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343 Lnovopqoct kot cnovonpoocyytoct opctokou u\tkou npooptkq toopto
o nopctyo cvo corpus tooptuv (uq ooqoupyuv
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[11]

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tkq 8ov Mnouoocv, ovcntoqto Ccooo\to

. q npooptkq toopto nopct vo ytvct coo yto o cooqotoo
ooo ou ncptcocvou ooo kot ou okonou q toopto. Mnopct vo
pqotonotq0ct yto vo o\\ct ov npooovoo\too q tto q
toopto kot vo ovotct vcc ncptoc cpcuvo, nopct vo onoct ou
poyou ot ococt ook\uv-o0quv, cou uv ycvcuv, cou
uv cknotcutkuv tpuuv kot ou cu kooou. kot oq ouyypoq
q toopto - ctc oc t\to, ctc oc ouocto, q oo potouvo kot oov
ktvqooypo - nopct vo uoct n\t to kcvptkq 0coq oou
ov0punou nou qtoupyqoov kot tuoov qv toopto (1hompson
2002:31)

1o \oyto ou ou aul 1hompson ctvot nvo cntkotpo. pyot, ono
o c\q q ckocto ou 1970, o tc0vc pcuo q npooptkq
toopto ouvco\c c notkt\ou ponou oov ckqokpotoo kot oov
cov0puntoo q toopto, co\c oo npookqvto ou oovct q
toopto, tvov ou to uvq q onoto oc no\\c ncptnuoct
ovcpcc o qycovtk oqyqoo kot oqyqoc oc vco koovoqoq ou
tooptkou kot kotvuvtkou ytyvco0ot oo cupucpo kotvo. Mto ckocto
opyocpo, o Mlchael lrlsch, oo t\to c t\o A 5boteJ Aotbotlty (1990)
npoupqoc o npoooyo yto ckqokpotoo q toopto cvo qo
noponcpo, cntoqotvovo t ouv vtoc ococt couoto cou
cpcuvquv kot toypooucvuv kot npoctvovo qv tootq oucoq
uv unokctcvuv q cpcuvo ot ovo oq ouvcvcuq o\\ kot oqv
cpqvcto kot oo c\tko npotov q cpcuvo. 1ouopovo, ono vupt
tounu0qkov kpttkc cntoqvoct yto o cpyo q npuq ycvt
cpcuvquv q npooptkq toopto, ttu octk c ou ktvuvou
cvo cv0ouotuou o\\ kptou \otktoou (Abrams 2010:134), o\\
kot c t ouv 0ctktotkc ovo\uoct ou npooptkou u\tkou. 1o
npuonoptoko cpyo q Aout(o ooocptvt kot ou zvpo opc\\t cctc
ot ot npooptkc opuptc cv t\vc ono ovc ou kot cv
onoko0toouv on\u o kcv q yponq toopto. Lot oqyq0qkoc oc
to npuq oqovtkq opoq oqv ovnuq q npooptkq toopto,
to opoq npo q c\cq q npooptkoqo, q oqyqotkoqo,
q tp0puoq q vqq kot q unokctcvtkoqo. zqcpo, ouo o
cvtocpov, nou cot(ct oo voqoo nou onotouv ot n\qpoopqc
o ot cnctptc ou, cct toopu0ct oc to kuptopq oq ot
kotvuvtkc kot ov0puntotkc cntoqc, uocpo ono qv ckpqq
vqq nou oqctu0qkc ono o 1990 kot c kot oqyqoc oq
Ltooyuyq

[12]

toopuoq cvo vcou - tcntoqovtkou - cpcuvqtkou nctou, t
onouc vqq. zo ycpovouvo, kuptu, upo, ouo o cvtocpov
yto o voqoo (uq uv toypooucvuv, cct oqyqoct oc cotpctk
cvtocpouoc 0cupqtkc kot c0oo\oytkc npooct octk c qv
ov\uoq oqyqotkuv ouvcvcucuv (\. cvctktk 8osenLhal 1993,
1otu\q 2006). Mto nto npoooq kpttkq oo npuo kuo npooptkq
toopto ouvtooot oq tontouoq ot cv opkct q toopto ono o
ku. Cnu \cct q Lynn Abrams (2010:161) npokctcvou vo
c\cqoouc qv couoto ot kotvuvtc o, q cpcuvo npooptkq
toopto npcnct vo opoct kot npo ckctvou nou \ovouv t
onooct nou cnqpc(ouv t (uc o. Lvtocpovo nopoctyoo
ouq q toopto ono o nvu ncpt\ovouv q c\cq uv kuk\uv
ou pqototkou kco\otou ou Aovtvou, clty llves, kot qv npooptkq
toopto q o\uoto no\ukoooquv 1esco.
1
Mto c\cuoto cc\tq
nou ot(ct vo ovocpouc cu ctvot ot cntnuoct nou cct q qtokq
cnovoooq ooo oov pono nopoyuyq, tooq kot opcto0cqoq
uv npooptkuv opuptuv ooo kot oo ncptcocvo ou. opo\o nou q
to0cotoqo npoountkuv oqyqocuv (uq cou ou Atotkuou
otvcot vo unoocot ov n\qpq ckqokpotoo q npoktkq q
npooptkq toopto kot q toypotkq cpcuvo, cyctpovot no\\
cpuqoo covo\oytkou, c0oo\oytkou kot cntoqo\oytkou
opokqpo.
2

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Lvo ono ou okonou ou ouvcptou ou 8o\ou qov vo cotkctuoct
ou vcou cpcuvqc nou cvtocpovot yto qv npooptkq toopto c
qv noponvu npo\qotkq, o\\ kot vo oto\oyqoct t cc\tct oov
oco ouo oqv L\\o, ctkoot povto uocpo ono q topyvuoq uv
npuuv cntoqovtkuv ouvovqocuv yto qv npooptkq toopto oq
ckocto ou 1990.
?ocpo ono o npuo qoo nou votov q Mc\nu Mcp\tc oq
ckocto ou 1930 c qv tpuoq ou kcvpou Mtkpoototkuv znouuv
kot q A\kq kuptoktou-ncoopo oq ckocto ou 190 oo C, oqv
L\\o q ko0tcpuoq q npooptkq toopto u cntoqovtkou nctou
nopouotooc oqovtkq ko0uocpqoq oc ocoq c ov oyy\ooouvtko

1
hLLp:.bl.ureshelplnhelpresLypesounohlsLohnlsohclLclLylles.hLml.
hLLp:.bl.ureshelplnhelpresLypesounohlsLohnlsnlsLescoLesco.hLml.
2
to to oktoypqoq uv oqovtkocpuv coontocuv oo tc0vq upo q
npooptkq toopto ko o c\cuoto ptvo povto, \cnc ers 1homson 2006:1-11
tkq 8ov Mnouoocv

[13]

upo.
3
npuq c\\qvtkq cntoqovtkq qootcuoq yto q toypotkq
npoocyytoq qov cvo 0cupqtko p0po q Mopto Covonou\ou kot q
Moptvo cpovuq (197) nou qootcuqkc oqv nt0eppop
kotvvtkv peuvv. ko\ou0qoov o c0oo\oytk octvpto nou
topyvuoc o k\qq nouptq ono o 19 oov 1oco uo\oyto ou
ovcntoqtou uovvtvuv o onoto ouncpt\ovov kot q toypotkq
cpcuvo ot 0cotkc ou. zq ckocto ou 1990 npoyoonotq0qkov
to octp ono oqovtkc cntoqovtkc ouvovqoct c kcvptko 0co
q 0cupto kot q c0oo\oyto q npooptkq toopto, qv tooptkq
vqq kot o ontkookouotk opcto. 1o opo votc o 1993 o
zuvcpto q L1 c t\o n ou6op rv onrtkookouortkv opelv orp
topop rp toroptkp vpp, kot ov cnocvo povo topyovu0qkc
oo 1qo kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto ou ovcntoqtou ou tyotou
tqcpto c 0co Apyportkrpro, loroplo kot Av0pnooylo
(Mncvcvtoc opoc\\q 1994, 1999). 1o 1997 o 1qo oopto kot
poto\oyto ou ovcntoqtou 0qvuv opyvuoc, c npuoou\to q
\cko Mnou(ouq, tc0vq qcpto c t\o Mopruple oe pprtke kot
ktvo0eve onorunoet npyp rp toroplo, q onoto coto(c kuptu
oqv ovnuq q npooptkq toopto oo cupunotko upo. 1o
npoktk qootcu0qkov ov cnocvo povo ono t ckooct kopt. 1o
1999 o L0vtko kcvpo Lpcuvuv opyvuoc to oqovtkq qcpto c
t\o npooeyylovro rpv npooptkp toroplo orpv oo opepo. rooet
kot epeuvprtkp totkoolo. t ovokotvuoct ouq q qcpto cotooov
oq ocoq cpcuvqqn\qpoopqq, oc cntoqo\oytk (qqoo uv
npooptkuv opuptuv, kot oqv kotvutko-no\ttkq ontkq ou. Lntoq
nopouotoqkov opuptc cpcuvquv kot ovoopc oc npooptk
opcto. t ovokotvuoct qootcu0qkov oc cttko cuo (107
, 2002) q
nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv (cntc\cto .Mnou(ouq kot
M.Covonou\ou), c t\o Det rp npooptkp toroplo orpv oo
4
.
1o 2000 o ovcntoqto uovvtvuv, c npuoou\to q kuvoovtvo
Mno, topyvuoc yto npuq op to qcpto c kcvptko 0co qv
ontkq ou\\oytkq vqq (n vpp rou enoptoko0 oortko0 rnou kot
ronlou. ro Ayplvto ept rp ekoerlo rou 60). 1qv tto cnoq (1999-2000)
ot npooptkc opuptc onoc\coov yto npuq op oqovtkq
ouvtouoo uv ouvcptuv nou topyovu0qkov, oqv L\\o kot oo
cucptko, c qv oopq uv ncvqvo povuv ono o c\o ou
cu\tou no\cou. Lkoc cnpcnc vo ncpoouv cvvt povto cpt vo
topyovu0ct ov cvo tc0vc ouvcpto oqv 0qvo octk c qv
npooptkq toopto, okono ou onotou qov vo ovonuct cvo

3
to qv cc\tq q npooptkq toopto kot q toypotkq npoocyytoq oqv L\\o,
\cnc ttu Mnou(ouq Covonou\ou 2002, Mno 8ov Mnouoocv 2002:23-2,
1otu\q 2012.
4
hLLp:.rsr.rprele.phpcl29
Ltooyuyq

[14]

cntoqovtko t\oyo ovcoo oqv npooptkq toopto kot ov
ovouocvo tcntoqovtko k\o uv onouuv vqq. 1o ouvcpto
ctc t\o Mvpovtke onoue kot npooptkp toroplo. ytorl o
evtoepet ourp p ouvovrpop, kot topyovu0qkc ono o Mconutoko
poypoo ou 1qoo oopto kot poto\oyto ou ovcntoqtou
0qvuv, oc ouvcpyooto c o uropean ocLoraLe ln oclal lsLory. 1o
c\cuoto povto cnotov oqovtko po\o kot o 0cotk octvpto yto
conutokou otqc kot unoqtou tkopc nou
topyovuvovot k0c povo ono o 1qo kotvuvto\oyto ou
ovcntoqtou kpqq, oo onoto ouncpt\ovcot kot q toypotkq
cpcuvo. 1c\o, 0o npcnct vo ovocpouc ot oq ckocto ou 1990
qtoupyq0qkov kot topc oc npooptkq toopto, c
0cupqtko kot 0cotko kuptu npooovoo\too, ot onotc ou cv
vcov oo povo. t 0cotkc nou kuptpqoov oqv ncptoo ouq
qov q ckocto ou 1940, q covocuoq, q toopto uv yuvotkuv kot q
ontkq toopto.
uo nou cct ttotcpo oqooto ctvot ot kot oqv L\\o, onu
kot oo cucptko, q npooptkq toopto ovou0qkc u cvo (uvovo
tcntoqovtko upo c\cq q tooptkq kot kotvuvtkq
npoyotkoqo, onou ouvovuvot cpcuvqc toopctkuv
cntoqovtkuv k\uv, kouo\uvo o(t ou toopctkc cpcuvqtkc
nopoooct octk c qv cpcuvo nctou kot o cpyo\cto q. op q
(uvovq nopouoto ouq ono q ckocto ou 1990 kot cncto, uouu
q 0cotkq unooqptq unqpc ncvtpq cu qotvq. 1o cpcuvqtk
npoypoo nou pqoooq0qkov ono c0vtkou q cupunotkou
nopou qov c\too, c onoc\coo vo o0ct yto nvo cvo oqovtko
qo q c\\qvtkq tooptkq k\qpovot. Mo\t ko qv c\cuoto
ckocto ptoc vo cvououvcot q npooptkq toopto kot q
toypotkq cpcuvo oo npoypoo onouuv uv c\\qvtkuv
ovcntoqtuv. zqcpo q npooptkq toopto tokcot, kuptu u
0qo cnt\oyq q u ouvtouoo ycvtkocpou o0qoo yto qv
nototkq cpcuvo oo ovcntoqto ovtou, tyotou, uovvtvuv kot
0qvuv, c cotpcoq o ovcntoqto Ccooo\to onou q npooptkq
toopto ctvot 0qo kopou kot oo ovcntoqto tyoto onou ctvot
unopcutko 0qo. kot ctvot qq opoo o ktvuvo vo coovtoouv
kot ou o o0qoo oo n\ototo q ycvtkq cnt0coq ot
ov0puntotkc cntoqc. zq 8ootkq kot Mcoq Lknotcuoq couv ytvct
oqovtkc npuoou\tc ono covucvou cknotcutkou, onu
cctc kot o ouvcpto ou 8o\ou, ot onotc ou oct\ovot kuptu oo
npoountko cpkt uv ouykckptcvuv ook\uv kot ko0qyquv.
ko0uocpqoq q cvtoq q npooptkq toopto oqv
L\\o oct\cot oc no\\ou nopyovc. Lvo oqovtko nopyovo
ctvot q c\\ctq (t\toypotkq q \\ou unou) cvqcpuoq octk c
tkq 8ov Mnouoocv

[13]

t tc0vct cc\tct oo 0cupqtko kot c0oo\oytko cntnco. Ltoou
oqovtko qov, onu cntoqovc kot o vuvq Atko oo ouvcpto ou
8o\ou, q uontoq q kot c0ptkq ooq uv tooptkuv octk c qv
otontoto q npooptkq opupto. zuuvo c o Atko, nop q
coopoq nou oqctu0qkc kot oqv L\\o ko t ckoctc ou
1970 kot 190 npo qv kotvuvtkq toopto, c cooq oqv ov0puntvq
cnctpto, oou tooptkou q cono\tcuoq kuptpqoc o c\qo vo
ono\\o0ouv ono ou tco\oytkou u0ou ou nopc\0ovo kot q oq
cntoqovtkonotqoq q tooptoypoto. npooptkq toopto,
npotov q to\oytkq ocoq ovcoo oc cpcuvqq kot n\qpoopqq,
0cupq0qkc ono no\\ou q cntoqovtkq c0oo, cocvou ot yt
ouou q cpqvcto q toopto cykctot nputou oou ko cnyyc\o
tooptkou. Lot, q ootokq ovoyvuptoq q npooptkq opupto u
cykupq cntoqovtkq nqyq oct\cot nputou oqv cntpooq q
kotvuvtkq ov0puno\oyto kot oc cvo cucpo oto oq opoq - kot
ot tooptkc onouc - npo q c\cq q kotvuvtkq vqq kot q
unokctcvtkoqo. 1o vco cvtocpov uv tooptkuv yto qv toopto uv
ouvoto0quv ctvot to \\q, nto npoooq, nuq ouq q cc\tq.
op t cvooct ouc uv tooptkuv, ono t opc q
ckocto ou 1990 q c\\qvtkq t\toypoto ovcctc oqovtkc
cpyootc ot onotc ot npooptkc nqyc onoc\coov o kcvptko
cpyo\cto ov\uoq q kotvuvtkq kot tooptkq npoyotkoqo.
3

1ouopovo, ptoov vo qootcuovot kot ououotc ou\\oyc
npooptkuv opuptuv, ot onotc c q octp ou nopouv vo
poooqoouv qv tooptkq kot kotvuvtkq cpcuvo (n.. kouvto-opt\to
nop 199, 8ov Mnouoocv 1999, ntotko 2003).

6, $7285+#, /,7 9:3,7

ovonokptoq oqv npook\qoq yto o ouvcpto ou Moou 2012
uncpcq t nto o\qpc npoooktc o: \oc nvu ono 100
npooct ono okoqotkou, unoqtou tkopc, conutokou
otqc, cknotcutkou, o\\ kot c\q ontkuv kotvoquv. Cov
cktvqooc o octooo ou ouvcptou, ko0optooc ncvc ootkou
ooou:

no cpouc oc cnoq cpcuvqc ono toopctk cntoqovtk
ncto, no\\ot ono ou onotou cv 0cupouv ov couo ou
ovoykootk u cpcuvqc npooptkq toopto, o\\
ooo\ouvot c q ouykcvpuoq kot c\cq npooptkuv

3
to cvo cvctktko novopoo, \cnc 1otu\q 2012. to qv nto npoooq nopoyuyq
\onp nopoctyoo ypoq onoc\ouv o t\to q Aqqpo Aonponou\ou (2009)
kot q o0qq ov(opou\o (2012).
Ltooyuyq

[16]

opuptuv. uo o ooo cntcu0qkc tkovonotqtk: ot
npooct nou \oc npocpovov ono tooptkou,
ov0puno\oyou, kotvuvto\oyou, \ooypou, uo\oyou,
utopou, cknotcutkou kot ouocto\oyou, o\\ kot ono
opctovoou, optckovc kot no\ttkou cntoqovc.
no novpcouc qv no\t poup uv cpcuvquv
npooptkq toopto, onu oktoypoctot noponvu, c q vco
ycvt q onoto ovok\uc nto npoooo qv oto uv
npooptkuv opuptuv. kt cu q ctkovo ctvot 0ctkq, cocvou
ot ot no\tot \\ov onoc\ouoov q ctoqto uv
ouvcpuv.
no ouvcoouc qv okoqotkq kotvoqo cpcuvquv
npooptkq toopto c t vcc ontkc oc nou
qtoupyq0qkov o c\cuoto povto oqv 0qvo, oo 8o\o, oo
ovt kot o\\ou oqv L\\o. to ouo o okono opyovuooc qv
c\cuoto cpo ou ouvcptou uo cttk nvc\, onou q o
pooptkq oopto kuc\q (k) kot q o ovtuv
nopouotooov q ou\ct ou, cvu cu ono o upo ou
ouvcptou \ctoupyqoc to q\ckpovtkq ck0coq, onou ot
cntokcnc nopouoov vo nopoko\ou0qoouv tvcookonqcvc
q qoypoqcvc opuptc nou ouykcvpu0qkov ono ontkc
oc npooptkq toopto. Lkoc qtoupyq0qkov kot \\c
oc, oqv 0qvo, o\\ kot oc nto onookpo cpq, onu q
Avpo kot q kopto. Ltvot to no\u cvtocpouoo cc\tq, q
onoto ot(ct vo cv0oppuv0ct. po o nopov, ou, q cy\q
n\ctoqto uv cpcuvquv nou ooo\ouvot c qv npooptkq
toopto q q toypotkq cpcuvo ctvot okoqotkot q
cknotcutkot.
no ovonuouc o t\oyo ovcoo oo toopctk
0cupqtk pcuoo npoocyytoq uv oqyqocuv (uq.
kot c\o, vo toopuoouc to tcntoqovtkq kotvoqo
o\uv ouuv coo ono q qtoupyto to cnoyyc\otkq
cvuoq npooptkq toopto. uo o ooo cntcu0qkc qv
c\cuoto cpo ou ouvcptou. cvtkq zuvc\cuoq uv
tputkuv c\uv q Lvuoq pooptkq oopto (L) ou(qqoc
kot cvckptvc o octo kooootkou, oo onoto ncptypovot ot
ooot kot ot ponot \ctoupyto q Lvuoq. zq ouvccto
npocq oqv ck\oyq npoouptvou Atotkqtkou zuou\tou. L
ovoyvuptoqkc cntoqo ono o puotkcto 8o\ou ot 27
Moptou 2013 kot cct cpo o 8o\o.

tkq 8ov Mnouoocv

[17]

;# <=>%/#.8? /,7 $72=5+0,7@ 28=? /4$=#?

t ovokotvuoct ou ouvcptou ovcctov opkcc vcc 0cotkc kot
cpcuvqtkc oct oc ocoq c q ckocto ou 1990. cnctpto ou 8
oykootou o\cou kot ou c\\qvtkou Lu\tou nopcctvc to
oqovtkq 0cotkq, cntcotuvovo o kptoto po\o uv npooptkuv
opuptuv oq tpqoq uv otunuv nou ko\unouv ouq qv ncptoo
oqv L\\o \oyu uv o0tuv n\qyuv ou Lu\tou. op\\q\o ou
ovoctqkov kot vcc 0cotkc, onu q 0pqokcto, ot covoocutkc
kotvoqc ncpo ono qv o\ovtkq, ot cntnuoct q otkovotkq kptoq
(ovcpyto, ocyot), q oo0cvcto. Lvo cucpo vco ootcto qov kot q
ouovocvq pqoq uoypotkou u\tkou oc ouvuooo c npooptkc
opuptc kot q pqoq qtokuv couv yto qv nopouotooq
npooptkuv oqyqocuv oc qootou upou (ouocto, toooc\tc,
qqtkot ncptnoot). ko pto \oyo 0tqkov vco c0oo\oytk
(qqoo ncpo ono q ocoq cpcuvqqn\qpoopqq, onu q
cucpoycvq ov\uoq ouvcvcucuv kot q cpqvcutkq uvoq q
oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq. totcpo uvotkq qov kot q nopouoto uv
cknotcutkuv, ot onotot ovc\uoov oc uo upto nvc\ q uvoq q
npooptkq opupto u cknotcutko cpyo\cto. Lko ouou,
ovoct0qkov kot \\ot oct, oou onotou q pqoq q npooptkq
opupto nopct vo notct cvo ttotcpo oqovtko po\o ncpo ono o
ocv n\ototo q okoqotkq cpcuvo: oqv cvuvuoq uncpq\tkuv
coo ono qv ovono\qoq, oqv uo0cponcto kot oo ouocto.

6, $7285+#, $/1 $7&.7+0% /1? .+0$1?

1o ouvcpto c\oc cpo oc to ncptoo o0ct kotvuvtkq kot
no\ttkq kptoq, ot ovo oqv L\\o, o\\ kot ot ncptooocpc \\c
cupunotkc upc. Co nopouoc vo ovopuq0ct kovct ko nooo q
cpoto ovonokptoq ou ouvcptou ouoct(cot c ouqv okptu q
ouykupto. Co o\ok\qpuou ouq q ouvoq ctooyuyq c knotc
okcct nou ouvcouv ou ct ootkou 0cotkou ovc ou
ouvcptou c o oqcptv tokucuoo q cnoq o oqv L\\o.

Mvqq. Lv q q ckpqq vqq \ctoupyct u ovtoo oqv
covtoq uv (uvovuv kotvoquv vqq, onu unooqptc o
tcp nop, oc 0o nopouoc vo uno0coct kovct ot ouo o
ovtoo cct ttotcpo po oc to kotvuvto nou cct
koouvtoct o0t coo oo uo t nto cnuuvc ovovqoct
q octk c cvo nopc\0ov nou coko\ou0ct vo t(ct kot vo
n\qyuvct.

Ltooyuyq

[1]

Lknotcuoq: noto ctvot o po\o q npooptkq toopto oc cvo
cknotcutko ouoqo nou ovonopyct c0vtk qycovtk
oqyqoo kot ono0oppuvct qv kpttkq okcq uv o0quv oo
0qo toopto kot cttkocpo, noto ctvot q ocoq q
ouotootkq onouoto q toopto ou 8 oykootou o\cou
oq cucpo0to cknotcuoq c qv ctooo ou vcovo(tkou
kooo q puoq uyq oq 8ou\q uv L\\qvuv

pooptkoqo: q uontoto oncvovt oou nopoootokou
no\ttkou 0coou kot q kotvuvtkq opyq cct onc\cu0cpuoct t
uvc uv on\uv no\tuv kot ovoqtoupyqoc kotvotkou
coou nou ctov coo0cvqoct q coovtoct t npoqyoucvc
ckoctc. 1o Atotkuo kot o qtok kotvuvtk tkuo
topotoov oqovtko po\o oq totkooto ouq. op\\q\o,
q cc\tq ouq ovo(unupuoc o cvtocpov yto q qooto
ovonopoooq ouuv uv ouuv uvuv c qtok coo.

nopouoo kptoq, q onoto oc no\\c ncptnuoct ovonooyupt(ct
t npoooktc to o\ok\qpq ycvt, ckovc nto opoq qv oto
uv ootkuv oqyqocuv (uq oov npovotouo cpyo\cto yto
qv ov\uoq uv poyotuv kotvuvtkuv o\\oyuv nou
ovotop0uvouv ou0cc\o t kotvuvtc o.

Mc oq t noponvu okcct, 0cupu ot o ouvcpto cctc ponou
ouvcoq ou nopovo ooo c o nopc\0ov ooo kot c o c\\ov.
poon0qoc vo ouvc0ct c qv k\qpovot q ckocto ou 1970,
ouvcovo qv toopto c qv kotvoqo kot qv kotvuvtkq poq, cvu
ouopovo votc o ncto yto qv ccupcoq vcuv 0cupqtkuv kot
c0oo\oytkuv cpqvcutkuv cpyo\ctuv kot vcuv ponuv otonotqoq
uv npooptkuv nqyuv oc qtok ncpt\\ovo.

tkq 8ov Mnouoocv

[19]

pvtkp 6t6toypolo

8ov Mnouoocv, tkq. 1999. nepoooe noe npe, koplrot ou.
0qvo: \c0pov.
Covonou\ou, M M. cpovuq, M. 197, 8toypotkq poocyytoq: Mto
\\q npoooq yto qv kotvuvto\oytkq 0cupqoq q ov0puntvq
cnctpto, nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv 64: 20-41
kouvto-opt\to, Lptko \ncpo nop. 199. npooptke opruple
6polv rp Oeoooovlkp yto ro Ooko0ro. Ccooo\ovtkq:
opoqpqq.
Aonponou\ou, Aqqpo. 2009. Otkoot. Ot ov0pnot nou ertoov rpv
oo. 1950-1967. 0qvo: 8t\topoo.
Mno, kuvoovtvo tkq 8ov Mnouoocv. 2002. Ltooyuyq. zo .
1hompson, 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp toroplo. M.
.8ov Mnouoocv - n. ootvo. 0qvo: \c0pov, 17-2.
Mncvcvtoc, tko Ccoupo opoc\\q. 1994. Apyportkrpro,
loroplo kot Av0pnooylo. Mut\qvq, 1qo kotvuvtkq
v0puno\oyto, ovcntoqto tyotou.
Mncvcvtoc, tko Ccoupo opoc\\q. 1999. Atopoe kot 1not
rp Mvpp. 0qvo: \cvpcto.
Mnou(ouq, \cko Mopto Covonou\ou. 2002. npooptkq toopto
oqv L\\o. t cnctptc to uoko\q nopcto. nt0eppop
kotvvtkv peuvv, cttko cuo 107 . Det rp npooptkp
toroplo orpv oo, 3-21.
ntotko 8oot\q. 2003. Mopruple A6ovv Merovoorv. 0qvo:
uooco.
1hompson. aul. 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp toroplo. .
M. .8ov Mnouoocv - n. ootvo 0qvo: \c0pov.
1otu\q, tupyo. 2006. lorople p kot 6toypotke opypoet, n
6toypotkp npooeyytop orpv kotvvtooytkp npooptkp epeuvo.
0qvo: Lkooct kpttkq.
1otu\q, tupyo. 2012. to qv npooptkq toopto kot q toypotkq
c0oo oqv L\\o: c oopq cvo ouvcpto. Auyp 20.3.12.
hLLp:enLhemaLa.orpress.com20120320Lslolls
ov(opou\o, o0qq. 2012. zte0ovro rpv unoroyp. Ot eto0e
otktoke epyorpte orpv oo ro npro to rou etkooro0 otvo.
0qvo: ono(qoq.

Ltooyuyq

[20]

-evp 6t6toypolo

Abrams. Lynn. 2010. Otol nlstoty 1beoty. 8ouLlee.
lrlsch, Mlchael. 1990. A 5boteJ Aotbotlty. ssoys oo tbe ctoft ooJ Meooloq
of Otol ooJ lobllc nlstoty. e or: LaLe nlerslLy o e or
ress.
ers, 8oberL AllsLalr 1homson. 2006. rlLlcal eelopmenLs. zo
8.ers A.1homson (es), 1be Otol nlstoty keoJet, 2
n
e.
8ouLlee, 1-13.
8osenLhal, abrlele. 1993. 8econsLrucLlon o Lle Lorles. rlnclples o
elecLlon ln eneraLlon Lorles or arraLle 8loraphlcal
lnLerles. ln 8.!osselson, A Llebllch (es) 1be Nottotlve 5toJy of
llves. ol. 1. Lonon: ae, 39-91.

!V"#

AB;CDE)C) 6;F CFG"HBI;F

A%2=*#$/(>#, J=$$%30%?

HI"JG"C CFG"HBI;

!"#$%&'(')*+ )-+ ."'-/+0 1-"2-3)45('-67)4)* 6*- *#4.83"-+ 9:8+ 3)('
;<
(
*-&'*= >%(#(%-68 ?3)(%@* 6*- ABB"+ C-(D-3)(%@"+

A%2=*#$/(>#, J=$$%30%?K 9:3,? LMNLO P%Q,7 LRSL

O. 0B+@G=6. *B2A @136 0'.-A +* 0B8ME:36 02( G6*8A=>H0(
G63-602(8.+6'7; '.6+A2(2*; 3=3B+(2J+ -.B *01.:./+2*6 83 2(+
-=.>.=6'7 602.=&*4 26; 0-.BG@; 8+78(; '*6 2( M6.?=*>6'7 -=.0@??60(
026; '.6+H+6'@; 3-602783;C t=3B+(2@; *-A G6*>.=326'E 3-602(8.+6'E
-3G&* 1=(068.-.6./+ H; B:6'A 26; 602.=&3; qH7; ?6* +* G63=3B+70.B+ 26;
M6H8@+3; 38-36=&3;4 26; -.::*-:@; G6*830.:*M7036; 2.B '.6+H+6'./ 02.
*2.86'A4 2.B; '.6+H+6'E '*6 602.=6'E -=.0G6.=608@+.B; 2=A-.B;
0B?'=A2(0(; 2(; B-.'3683+6'A2(2*;C -=.>.=6'7 602.=&* '*6 (
M6.?=*>6'7 -=.0@??60( *+*G36'+/.+2*6 H; -=.+.86*'E 3=?*:3&* ?6* +*
83:32(D./+4 832*F/ E::H+4 .6 2=A-.6 83 2.B; .-.&.B; 2* G=J+2*
B-.'3&83+* 3-3F3=?Eq.+2*6 '*6 G6*136=&q.+2*6 =*?G*&3; '.6+H+6'@;
832*M.:@; '*6 =7F36; 02(+ '*D(83=6+A2(2E 2.B; 38-36=&3; .G/+(;4 -.B
0132&q.+2*6 83 G6*G6'*0&3; -.:626'7; 7 .6'.+.86'7; '=&0(;4
832*+E023B0(; 7 -=.0>B?6E;4 *-.GA8(0(; 2H+ 3=?*06*'J+ 01@03H+ '*6
*-.0/+D30(; 2.B '.6+H+6'./ '=E2.B;C -=.>.=6'7 602.=&* 0B+G@D('3
3-&0(; 83 2.+ 3'G(8.'=*2608A 2(; 602.=&*; '*6 2(+ *+EGB0(
B-.'368@+H+ -.B 3&1*+ *-.':36023& *-A 2(+ 602.=6'7 *>7?(0(C K*2E
-A0. @1.B+ *+*?+H=6023& ( 0B+360>.=E *B27 '*6 ( *F&* 2(; -=.>.=6'7;
602.=&*; H; 60A268. 83 E::* 602.=6'E -3G&*
r2A1.; 8*; 3&+*6 +* '*2*?=Ed.B83 26; 0(8*+26'@; 3F3:&F36; -.B
0(836JD('*+ '*2E 2(+ 23:3B2*&* G3'*32&* 02. -3G&. *B2A 02.+ 3::(+6'A
1J=. '*6 +* 26; 3+2EF.B83 026; D3H=(26'@; '*6 83D.G.:.?6'@; 0Bq(27036;
-.B G63FE?.+2*6 02. G63D+7 1J=.C s+* '3+2=6'A 3=J2(8* -.B D* 8*;
*-*01.:7036 3&+*6 2. '*2E -A0.+ ( D3086'7 *+*?+J=60( 2(; -=.>.=6'7;
602.=&*;4 '*DJ; '*6 ( b@'=(F( 8+78(;c '*6 ( 1=70( 2H+ +@H+ d(>6*'J+
231+.:.?6J+ 02* 8@0* 8*q6'7; 3+(8@=H0(; @1.B+ *-.8*'=/+36 2.+ ':EG.
poo\qoq ou zuvcptou

[22]

ono ou optkou ooou ou: vo ou\ct oqv kpttkq npoocyytoq
uv kotvuvtkuv otvocvuv, oqv kotvuvtkq o\\oyq kot oq ouvcoq q
tooptkq kot kotvuvtkq cpcuvo c t kotvoqc nou c\cct (yto to
octkq ou(qqoq, \cnc hLLp:.lohaneL.orebaLe). zqv cnoq
kptoq nou tovuouc, ouo o cpuqo ctvot ttotcpo cntkotpo.
Mc q oucoq kopuotuv cpcuvquv kot ono o cucptko, o
ouvcpto t\ooct vo \ctoupyqoct u upo ouvvqoq, to\oyou kot
ovo\\oyq yvuocuv, c0oo\oytkuv kot 0cupqtkuv npoocyytocuv
ovcoo ot no\otocpc kot vcocpc ycvtc cpcuvquv. Lot o t\o
ou ouvcptou cupuvovo t ycvtc oop ouopovo qv tto
qv npoktkq q oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq, coo ono qv onoto
cot(ovot yvuoct kot voqoo ono q to ycvt oqv \\q, kot q
ouvvqoq uo ycvtuv cpcuvquv oo upo q toypotkq
npoocyytoq. Lvo cucpo ooo ou ouvcptou ctvot q tpuoq
c\\qvtkq cotpto npooptkq toopto kot q cvoq q oq Atc0vq
Lvuoq pooptkq oopto (lCA), q onoto tpu0qkc o 1996 kot cct
nopopqoo oc o\o ov kooo.

Mc ouo o okcntko oo ko\ouc vo oucocc c ovokotvuoq oo
ouvcpto, cot(ovo cttkocpo oqv ttoopto uv npooptkuv
opuptuv u nqyq yvuoq nou nopct vo utoct cpt upo yvuoc
nuc uv kotvuvtuv o, coo ono q ouvvqoq q
unokctcvtkoqo uv n\qpoopquvptuv o c t ou\\oytkc
totkootc q toopto kot q kotvuvto.

U cvctktkc 0cotkc ou ouvcptou npoctvouc t cq ncvc:

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% .%# 1 .,#2:/1/%
oqcptvq cnoq opokqpt(cot ono to okpoto oq ootktoou,
o\\ nop\\q\o ovouovot vcc ou\\oytkoqc nou tcktkouv to
uvq oo qooto upo. zo n\ototo ouo, q cvvoto q kotvoqo
onok vco oqooto nou tocpct no\u ono qv no\t nopooq
uv communlLy sLules. Lpuqoo nou o cvtocpouv
ttotcpo ctvot: o) u nopouv ot ootkc oqyqoct vo
ou\ouv oq qtoupyto to oto0qoq ou ovqkctv oc to
kotvoqo ) Mc noto pono ou\\ct q npooptkq toopto oqv
cvuvuoq (ontkuv q noykootonotqcvuv) kotvoquv uoc vo
ovtcuntoouv t npok\qoct ou nopovo y) oto ctvot q
ouvctoop q npooptkq toopto oq c\tuoq q oototo
koovoqoq toocvuv q no\uno\ttotkuv kotvoquv ) u
nopouc vo cntopcouc oqv kotvoqo o onoc\cooo
cpcuvuv nou tcyovot yto ouqv oc okoqotk n\ototo c) u
pook\qoq ou zuvcptou
[23]

nopouv ontkc kotvoqc vo qtoupyqoouv t tkc ou
oqyqoct yto o nopc\0ov, o nopov kot o c\\ov

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% .%# ,# T1-#%.8? /=U2,3,&0=?
cn\uoq uv qtokuv cvo\oytuv cct o\\ct ou0cc\o o
onto, ot ovo oo upo q toypotkq cpcuvo, o\\ kot oo
MML, oo ouocto kot oo soclal mela nou cntkotvuvouv cou
Atotkuou. zqv cvoqo ouq 0o 0c\oc koop vo ouc
nopoctyoo otonotqoq uv qtokuv cvo\oytuv oq tooq
npooptkuv opuptuv oo cupucpo kotvo, n.. cou ouoctokuv q
qtokuv ck0cocuv, q oc q\ckpovtkc ou\\oyc npoootc cou
Atotkuou. op\\q\o 0c\ouc vo co0uvouc oq ocoq ouq c
cpuqoo onu: o) otc vcc (c0vtkc q noykootonotqcvc)
ococt couoto, o\\ kot notc vcc opc ovtoooq
qtoupyouvot coo ono q pqoq uv qtokuv cvo\oytuv )
oto nopct vo ctvot q ouvctoop uv vcuv cvo\oytuv oqv
ovnuq to ov0puno\oyto uv oto0qocuv 1t kcpt(ouc kot t
vouc c qv npoo0qkq to ontkq ctkovo y) ko nooo
qtok coo onu o ou1ube ou\\ouv oq qtoupyto vcuv
kptuv qycovtkuv oqyquv ) u ovotoopuvcot q
cvvoto ou opctou coo ono q ouykpoqoq ontkookouotkuv
opctuv

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% $= =*,U8? .+0$1?
cvoqo ouq oop ocvo cnoc kptoq ou nopc\0ovo (n..
no\cuv, cu\tuv ouykpouocuv, kooopouv), kot occpou q
oqcptvq kptoq nou 0tyct o\c t kotvuvtc ou kooou, o\\
ttotcpo qv Lupunq. L\\o nou ptokcot oo t ou kuk\uvo
ouq q kptoq o\\(ct poyoto kot onoc\ct c\qotkq
ncptnuoq yto t kotvuvtkc kot no\ttkc cntnuoct nou nopct vo
cct ouq q o\\oyq kot oc \\c upc. U ck ouou onoc\ct cvo
npovotouo ncto cpcuvo octk c t vcc kotvuvtkc uvotkc
nou qtoupyct q kptoq. oto nopoctyoo couc oov oco ouo
c q pqoq npooptkuv opuptuv kot nu nopouc vo
kooypouc ouc t cnctptc

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% $/12 =.*%05=7$1
tc0vq cnctpto cct ctct ot q ctooyuyq npoypouv
npooptkq toopto oqv oo\tkq cknotcuoq, kot cttkocpo oqv
tooptkq, nopct vo cct cotpctk onoc\cooo, ot ovov u npo
qv cvtouoq ou cvtocpovo uv o0quv yto q o0qotokq
totkooto, o\\ kuptu u npo qv ko\\tcpycto kpttkq tooptkq
yvuoq, okcq kot tkovoquv tooptkq cpqvcto, ootcto nou
poo\qoq ou zuvcptou

[24]

nopct vo couv 0ctkc cntnuoct yto qv ovtcuntoq kptotuv
kotvuvtkuv (qquv, onu q ncpt0uptonotqoq c0votkuv ouv,
covoouv kot \\uv ctovoquv, o\\ kot kotvuvtkuv
pouuv, onu ou nou ovtcunt(ouv o0t toocvc
kotvuvtc c ono cu\tc ouykpouoct. Mo cvtocpouv
ttotcpo q nopouotooq npounuv npoypouv npooptkq
toopto ooo oov upo q oo\tkq cknotcuoq ooo kot oc
novcntoqtok npoypoo onouuv nou ono\cnouv oqv
ovtootq koptoq kot cntopuoq cknotcutkuv, ko0u kot q
nopouotooq vcuv 0cupqtkuv ovo(qqocuv kot ovtootuv
cpcuvuv. ko cucpo \oyo, 0o 0c\oc vo ou(qqoouc o po\o q
npooptkq toopto oqv kooypoq cknotcutkuv npoktkuv ou
nopc\0ovo kot uv o\\oyuv nou utoovot oqcpo. zo oqcptvo
n\ototo q noykooto ovotp0puoq q cknotcuoq ouuvo
c o npouno q nco Aqooto Atoctptoq, cotou unou
cpcuvc onokouv ttotcpq oqooto.

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% .%# ,# $*,758? >2(>1?V
no q ckocto ou 190 kot c q npooptkq toopto kot q
toypotkq cpcuvo couv ou\ct ouotootk oq ko\ucpq
koovoqoq uv totkootuv ouykpoqoq q ootkq kot
kotvuvtkq vqq. Uoooo, ko t c\cuotc ckoctc o
okoqotko cvtocpov otvcot vo cct coontoct npo q
c\cq q qooto vqq (n.. onot vqq, no\ttkc q
vqq). uo o upo uv onouuv vqq onvto ouvot\ct c
t 0cupqtkc npooct q npooptkq toopto kot okoo
onovtocpo pqotonotct npooptkc opuptc u nqyq yvuoq.
u nopouc vo ycupuoouc ouo o oo knoto ono o
0coo nou 0o nopouoov vo o onooo\qoouv oopouv q ocoq
cou ootkq kot ou\\oytkq vqq, ov po\o q unokctcvtk
tucvq cnctpto oc ocoq c t cupucpc kotvuvtkc kot
no\ttotkc totkootc kot ot cvtkc ov\uoq uv npooptkuv
opuptuv.

I ORAL HISTORY AND MUSEUMS

[27]

P,7$=0% .%# =*#$.8*/=? $/12 =*,U( /1? gh#,>1U%20%?i /1?
>2(>1?
vpoq ko(q
1

\jklmnol

Moseoms ooJ vlsltots lo tbe memoty loJostty eto

1be lost to JecoJes bove ltoesseJ o memoty boom blcb bos
moolfesteJ ltself lo o votlety of octlvltles socb os commemototloo
cetemooles, tbe foooJotloo of mooomeots ooJ moseoms, tbe obllcotloo
of coootless ottlcles, boos, fllms, etc. 1bls memoty loJostty, lt bos beeo
otqoeJ, moy be seeo os o teoctloo to tbe loc of memoty. As llette Noto
bos ot lt, e tol so mocb oboot memoty becoose ls Joes oot elst
ooymote. 1bos, be otqoes, tbete ote toJoy mooy lleo Je mmolte,
becoose tbete ote oo mllleo Je mmolte ooymote. bot ls tbe osltloo of
moseoms ltblo tbls ftome bot loJ of memoty Jo tbey teteseot bo
qlves sboe to lt bo ls lt oJJtesseJ to 5tottloq ltb tbe ossomtloo
tbot tbe moseom ls ooe of tbe sltes of memoty ot ecelleoce, o slte of
losctltloo ooJ tetoJoctloo of collectlve memoty lo ottlcolot, tbls cbotet
sets oot to eomloe bo moseoms oJJtess tbe votloos osects of memoty
ooJ bot vlsltots moe oot of tbls.

"#$%&'&#.4 $U:3#%
o\ocvo ouovocvq cvooo\qoq c q vqq nou opokqpt(ct t
c\cuotc uo ckoctc cct opokqptoct u kuo vqq, u
tovooto vqq, okoo kot u toqovto q vqq
2
.
ptocvot c\cqc 0cupouv ot q cnoq o noct ono vqovtkq
uncpkonuoq
3
kot unooqpt(ouv ot q vqq cv onct\ctot n\cov ono q
toypoq n\qpooptuv, o\\ ono qv uncpo0ovto ou
4
.
opoq ou cvtocpovo yto q vqq cct, ncpotcpu,
oqyqoct oqv ovnuq uv \cyocvuv onouuv vqq
3
cvo nctou
cpcuvo o onoto t\ocvct npoocyytoct ono toopctkc
cntoqovtkc nct0optc: vcupo-cntoqc, uo\oyto, uov\uoq,

1
1qo Lntkotvuvto, Mcouv kot o\ttoou, vcto ovcntoqto, aazl[oLeneL.r.
2
8\. ovtootu lou kot kansLelner (2006: 23), uyssen (1993: 3-6), Lee kleln (2000:
127).
3
uyssen (1993: 3-6).
4
1ovopo (199).
3
to to ovo\utkq ctooyuyq ot onouc vqq \. Cllc eL al (2011). to to ouvontkq
ycvtkq ctooyuyq \. 8oeler an WerLsch (200).
vpoq ko(q

[2]

kotvuvtkc cntoqc, toopto, ov0puno\oyto, no\ttotkc onouc,
\oyocvtkq kpttkq, ouocto\oyto, k.\n.
ouqcvq ouq cvooo\qoq c q vqq kot t toopctkc
ckoc q cpqvcucot c topou ponou. totcpq cntppoq cct q
npoocyytoq ou ora (199:7), o onoto unooqpt(ct ot unpouv
oqcpo rnot q vqq (lleo Je mmolte), q\oq onot oou onotou
koocuyct kot onokpuoo\\uvcot q vqq, onu o ouocto, cnctq
cv utoovot n\cov (uvov nept6oovro vqq (mllleo Je
mmolte). ko0u q nopoootokq vqq oqvct kot q toopponto q
nopooq kot uv c0tuv ovopcncot, oto0ovoooc qv ovykq vo
toqpqoouc k0c u\tko ko\otno, k0c vokoucvo, opupto,
uoypoto, c uo \oyto k0c opoo ootcto nou tou ovct pqoto
oo c\\ov. noq ouq ctkovoypoct ko\ q cooq ono cvo
n\ototo (uq onou q cnctpto ctvot okoq (uvovq, tuvcot oo nopov
kot cotcot npooptk, oc cvo \\o n\ototo onou q onooooq ono
qv coo tucvq cnctpto cnt\\ct vcou ponou kooypoq kot
cooq q. t onot q vqq - vqcto, qpuo, ovovqoqptc
c\cc, ouocto - cnqouv ono (q unqpcouv) no\\c ovykc: vo
tqoouc o nopc\0ov, vo q oqoct q ovvqoq cvo ycyovoo q cvo
npoounou, vo toqpqoouc qv ouoq o, vo couoouc
vqovtkq u\q ot cnocvc ycvtc, vo qv coouc...
no q to, cnocvu, q vqq ot(ct vo ovo(unupuvct qv
ovykq yto o ou0cvtko, o ovotko, o toqpqco. no qv \\q, q
koouyq ot ovovqoct q okoq kot q cokccvq koookcuq ou
o cntpcnct vo onoopcouc o npoouno o ono o nopov kot vo
opcoooc c vooo\ytkq ot npo o nopc\0ov (1ovopo 199).
?npct kot to c\cuoto nopcpo nou oop oqv
ouovocvq cvooo\qoq c o (qqoo q \cyocvq uoko\q
k\qpovot kot q toctptoq ou oo nopov: opkcot c\cqc
unooqpt(ouv ot ntou ono qv ko0tcpuoq cncctuv, qv ovcycpoq
vqctuv q q qtoupyto ouoctokuv ck0cocuv c 0co totou
ckontoou, ycvokovtc kot \\o poytk cnctooto q ouypovq
tc0vou toopto, kpucot q ovykq ct\cuoq yto t ooptc ou
nopc\0ovo kot out\tuoq oo nopov.
1o kctcvo nou oko\ou0ct cntctpct vo oktoypoqoct o onto
nou toopuvcot oqcpo oo upo uv onouuv vqq c cooq
oq toctptoq q vqq ono o ouocto, ko0u kot ot cnctptc nou
tuvouv ot cntokcnc ko q ouvvqoq ou c o vqovtk tvq oo
ncpt\\ov ou ouoctou.

Mouocto kot cntokcnc oqv cnoq q toqovto q vqq

[29]

6% .,#2'2#.4 *3%0$#% /1? >2(>1?@ $733,&#.(K .,#2'2#.(K *,3#/#$>#.(
>2(>1
opo\o nou 0o cctvc kovct vo 0cupqoct ot ot tcpyootc q vqq
couv npoountko q ouotoypotko opokqpo, o npyoo cv ctvot
okptu cot: q vqq \ctoupyct nvo coo oc cvo ouykckptcvo
kotvuvtko kot no\ttotko n\ototo, o onoto cv ko0opt(ct ovo q
totkooto cv0uqoq, o\\ kot qv optkq totkooto cnccpyooto kot
ono0qkcuoq q n\qpoopto ono o oo.
zuuvo c ov Maurlce albachs (1932, 1997), cvov ono ou
npuou kotvuvtkou cntoqovc nou c\cqoc q ou\\oytkq vqq, q
ootkq vqq oct\ct qv unopq q oq ou\\oytkq vqq, ko0u ot
ovovqoct cvo ooou ouvcovot coo c o kotvuvtko n\ototo
(otkoycvcto, 0pqokcutkq kotvoqo, kotvuvtkq q) coo oo onoto (ct.
ko0u o\ot ccouc oc oc kot kotvoqc, otpo(oooc cvo ouo
yvuocuv kot ovovqocuv c ouc. k0c op c nou ctocpoooc oc
to vco kotvoqo onokc kot otpo(oooc - cou \\uv - vcc
vqc, coo ono to totkooto nou o Zerubael (1997) cct ovooct
vqocvtkq kotvuvtkonotqoq. tto, \too, unooqpt(ct ot o t
0uoooc kot o t cvc ko0opt(cot ono kotvuvtkou kovovc kot ot
no\\c kotvuvtkc toopc nopouv vo c\cq0ouv ko\ucpo cv t
ovtcuntoouc u vqovtkc c octk c o t npcnct vo
\qoovq0ct kot o t npcnct vo toqpq0ct oq ou\\oytkq vqq. C upo
uv ouoctuv cct npoocpct opkc nopoctyoo cotuv ouv
ko t uo c\cuotc ckoctc.
1o oo, \otnov, ono0cct t ovovqoct ou oo n\ototo q
npoountkoq ou kot q npoountkq ou (uq. op\\q\o, ou, u
c\o to oo nopct vo ouccct oqv cv0uqoq onpoounuv
(yto o tto o oo) ovovqocuv oo o0o nou ouc cvtocpouv qv
oo
V
cvououvct - c \\o \oyto - kot otkctonotctot q ou\\oytkq
vqq ouq q oo. uc ot uo opc vqq ouv ctocpovot
q to oqv \\q. ootkq vqq nopct vo oqptct oq ou\\oytkq
vqq, vo ovtkoooo0ct ono ouqv, vo ncpcuct q kot vo outoct c
ouqv, yto vo cntcotuoct ouykckptcvc ovovqoct, yto vo t
tcukptvtoct q okoq kot yto vo yctoct knoto kcv. ou\\oytkq vqq,
ono qv \\q, couk\ctct t ootkc vqc, o\\ cv out(cot c
ouc (Movoy\ou 2012:43-44).
optoo q ou\\oytkq vqq, uoooo, cv ctvot ouovoqo.
cvtk nopouc vo 0cupqoouc ot to vqq ctvot kotvuvtkq q
ou\\oytkq cnctq q otp(cot to oo oouv, cnctq o oo
ou c(qoov o(t o tto ycyovo q cnctq ckp(ct ouo\tk ou
ponou opyvuoq to kotvuvto (Movoy\ou 2012:22). to ov ora
(197), q ou\\oytkq vqq ctvot ouo nou cvct ono o nopc\0ov oo
n\ototo ou tuoo uv ouv q u ouo nou ot oc qtoupyouv
vpoq ko(q

[30]

c o nopc\0ov ou. Luren (1997:9) unooqpt(ct, cttkocpo, ot q
ou\\oytkq vqq koookcu(cot cou ctkovuv, ovtkctcvuv kot
ovonopooocuv. C\o ou, tcukptvt(ct, ctvot cvo\oytc vqq kot
ot octo q vqq coo oo onoto totuvct q vqq no0qtk.
opootu, o WerLsch (2002) unooqpt(ct ot q ou\\oytkq vqq
qtoupyctot ono qv o\\q\cntpooq uv ov0punuv c o no\ttotk
cpyo\cto q c t cvo\oytc q vqq nou ctvot k0c op to0coto
oc cvo ouykckptcvo kotvuvtko kot no\ttotko n\ototo. ou\\oytkq
vqq oot(cot oc to kotvq cpyo\cto0qkq, q onoto onoc\ctot ono
notkt\c cvo\oytc vqq, onu ctvot o ouocto, ot otvtc, o
vqcto, ot uoypotc, o totkuo, o oo\tk cyctptto, ot ctkovc,
o MML, ot qootc oqyqoct, k.\n. (WerLsch 200).
opo\o, cnocvu, nou q vqq cktv u to npoountkq
cnctpto, oqv nopcto toopuvcot u kt no\u cupucpo, cooov ot
npoountkc vqc oqot(ovot kot cooqot(ovot coo oc cvo
ouykckptcvo, kotvuvtko, n\ototo ovoop. no no\ttotkq noq,
ypct o hanen (2004:167-16), q vqq ctvot cvo kotvuvtko
ouo\oto, to ouvcq tonpoycuoq cou uv ov0punuv oc
ocoq c o t onooot(ouv vo pv coouv kot n o toopuvouv
yto qv uocpoqto.
zqv npq, cotu, uncptouct ouvq0u q ou\\oytkq vqq
to optocvq oo cvo q kotvoqo
V
ouvq0u ckctvq q
oo q onoto c\cyct o coo q no\ttotkq nopoyuyq q q
onoto q yvuq cct cyo\ucpq opuqo (Cllc 1999:33-339). Co ctc,
cnocvu, cyo\ucpo voqo vo t\c yto ou\\oytkc vpe nop yto
to kotvq ou\\oytkq vqq. Lu ctoycot q cvvoto q oueyevp
vpp qv onoto npokptvouv optocvot c\cqc ovt q ou\\oytkq
vqq. oun (1993:xl-xll), yto nopctyo, 0cupct ot q vqq to
kotvoqo cv nopct vo ctvot cvtoto, cooov k0c c\o q kotvoqo
toqpct toopctkc ovovqoct. Ltvot npotocpo, unooqpt(ct, vo
opt(ouc q ou\\oytkq vqq to kotvoqo u o 0potoo uv
oueyevv ovovqocuv uv c\uv q (nou cvtoc ctvot toopctkc
cou ou). uo nou cvonotct q vqq q kotvoqo ctvot o kotvo
vpo nou q onotcot kot o onoto ncpv ono q to ycvt oqv
cnocvq cou q nopooq, uv c\coupytuv kot uv 0couv
6
.
voqoooqoq q vqq ctvot, cv c\ct, o ootcto ckctvo nou
ovoucot u kcvptko oqv npoon0ct o vo koovoqoouc o
ctptoo q vqq oc cntnco ootko, kotvotko, c0vtko.

6
to to kpttkq onotqoq uv 0cupqtkuv npoocyytocuv oqv cvvoto q ou\\oytkq
vqq, \. kansLelner (2002).

[31]

;# $*,758? >2(>1?
opoootok, q c\cq q vqq cc(ct q \ctoupyto npoktkuv,
onu ctvot ot ovovqoqptc c\cc, ot cncctot, o vqcto kot o
ouocto, coo oo n\ototo ou c0vou-kpou kot ovt(ct q oqooto
nou couv ot k0c ctou ovovqoqptc c\coupytc yto q qtoupyto
kotvuv ponuv 0cooq kot cnctpto q nopooq.
t ovovqoqptc c\coupytc, cttkocpo, onoc\ouv yovto
ncto cpcuvo ko t c\cuotc ckoctc kot couv c\cq0ct kot
c\cuvot c no\\ou ponou. totcpo qot\q oncct0q q
npoocyytoq nou cykotvtoqkc c q qootcuoq ou k\ootkou, n\cov,
t\tou uv obsbam kot 8aner n entvpop rp nopooop, onou
ovo\ucot q \ctoupyto ouuv uv npoktkuv coo oo c0vo-kpo.
pyot, o\q q totkooto nou oop ot ovovqoqptc c\cc, ot
cncctou, k.\n., oop - oc cy\o o0o - oq qtoupyto to cvtoto
kot cvonotqtkq ckoq ou nopc\0ovo nou nopcct ko0qouootkc,
ou\\oytkc oqyqoct tkovc vo ovon\qpuoouv to ocvq oto0qoq ou
ovqkctv. ?n ouo o nptoo, o ouocto cvooovot oc cvo n\cyo
couv cntkotvuvto (onu q cntoqq oo\tkq toopto, o vqcto, o
ktvqooypo, k..) c oqotvovo po\o oq totkooto
(cnovo)oqotoou q nopooq kot oq qtoupyto kotvuv ponuv
npoo\qq ouq q nopooq.
ko0u, ou, ot ouypovc kotvuvtc ctvot n\cov uoko\o vo
oq0ct to kotvq, qooto vqq, o cpcuvqtko cvtocpov opccot
n\cov oq c\cq q vqq nou toopuvouv topc oc q
ou\\oytkoqc, ovt ckctvq nou toopuvouv o kpq. npoocyytoq
ouq ovtcunt(ct q totkooto ovvqoq u to n\q q
tonpoycuoq cou ovtt0ccvuv oqyqocuv kot cntoqotvct ot q
uvotkq uv ovovqoqptuv c\coupytuv ncptcct to topkq cvooq
cou q qtoupyto, q toqpqoq kot q kooopoq q
vqq.
uq q npoocyytoq oqyqoc ootok oc cvo ouovocvo
cvtocpov yto t npoountkc opuptc, oqooouvo to ptq
0cupqtkq npoocyytoq nou tvct n\cov po oo oo. t
ovovqoqptc c\coupytc (cttk, \too, ooc oopouv oou uo
noykootou no\cou) ovo\uovot u npoon0cto ncv0ou kot,
ouopovo, u ononctpo cnovop0uoq q uo\oytkq kot q uotkq
(qt nou npok\q0qkc.
1o c\cuoto povto ytvovot npoon0ctc ouyk\toq ouuv uv
ptuv 0cupqtkuv pcuuv c qv ovoyvuptoq q no\un\okoqo uv
ococuv nou ovonuooovot ovcoo ot toopctkc n\cupc,
ouykckptcvo ouc q ttutkq vqq, q vqq nou
toopuvcot oo n\ototo q kotvuvto uv no\tuv kot ckctvc uv
vpoq ko(q

[32]

c0vtkuv ovovqoqptuv c\coupytuv nou opyovuvovot ono o kpo.
zqcpo tvcot cyo\ucpq cooq oq uvooqo vo tokptvouc
cou q vqq toopuv ouv (n.. c0vtkq, ou\\oytkq, cu\q,
otkq, ttutkq vqq), kt nou cnovocpct oo npookqvto q cpcuvo
t onoct ou albachs ot q vqq ouykpoctot ou\\oytk. uc ot
vcc npoocyytoct yto q vqq couv ncpotcpu cvtou0ct ono q
ou\ct ou ora kot q oo ou yto ou vqovtkou onou.
cy\q tooq cncctuv, ovovqoqptuv c\cuv, vqctuv,
ouoctuv, k.\n., nou oqctu0qkc ono q ckocto ou 1990 kot cncto,
ko0u kot q cvtoq no\\uv, toopctkuv kot ovtt0ccvuv ouv
(otkuv, u\ctkuv, c0vtkuv, ocouo\tkuv, 0pqokcutkuv, k.\n.) ot
onotc npoono0ouv vo ko0tcpuoouv q tkq ou ckoq ou
nopc\0ovo yto vo npou0qoouv q tkq ou o(cvo oo nopov, kvct
cntoq cntkotpq q tkptoq cou vqq kot ovt-vqq, q onoto
ctkovoypoct q ocoq cou to kuptopq, qycovtkq oqyqoq kot
\\uv ovonopooocuv (\. oun 1993, 1999). LlpslLz (1990:213)
opt(ct qv ovt-vqq u cvov pono vo 0uoooc kot vo cvc nou
cktv ono o ontko, o coo kot o npoountko. zc ovt0coq c t
tooptkc oqyqoct, nou cktvouv ono qv o\oqo q ov0puntvq
cnctpto kot cncto cvooouv ouykckptcvc npct kot ycyovoo
coo oc ouq qv o\oqo, q ovt-vqq cktv ono o ouykckptcvo kot
o cttko kot koontv ovotycot npo o cu npo to ouvo\tkq toopto.
uc ot vqc uv ctovoquv, onu t ovo(ct o ora (2004),
oct\ouv qv ovuoq ou oov ckqokpotoo q toopto kot q
ouvoko\ou0q ono-onotktonotqoq nou cnq\0c oc cntnco tc0vc,
coucptko kot tco\oytko.
?n ouo o nptoo, q ou\\oytkq vqq nopct, u cvo o0o
ou\toov, vo 0cupq0ct ovcpqq ono t kuptopc oc q okoq
kot ovtt0ccvq oc ouc. zc ouo o n\ototo, \otnov, cvtocpct q
c\cq kot q ov\uoq ncptnuocuv onou q npoon0cto ovvqoq
ycyovouv otvcot vo ncptpovct t cntoqc, kpotkc
ovonopoooct. vo\uoct ouou ou ctou cc(ouv - cou \\uv
- q tn\q toooq nou nopoqpctot cou q oyopoto toctptoq
q qooto vqq ono o kpo kot q ouykpoqoq vqq ono
topc oc. c\cq ouou ou unou ouv ovt\ovcot q
ou\\oytkq vqq u notrtotkp vpp, ko0u optocvot c\cqc
unooqpt(ouv ot ptokoooc oc to oq coontoq ono qv
entkotvvtokp vpp (ouq uv ov0punuv nou couv coq yvuoq uv
ycyovouv) oqv notrtotkp vpp, to vqq nou 0coo0cctot cou
no\ttotkuv npoktkuv, onu ctvot ot ovovqoqptc c\cc, o
vqcto, o ouocto, k\n., c ooo q tooq ouykckptcvuv
no\ttotkuv qvuuv (\. Assmann 1993, 200).

[33]

1o c\cuoto povto - kot cttk c ono q t\uoq q npuqv
zotctkq Lvuoq - no\\on\oot(ovot ot c\cc nou ovo\uouv ouo
nou cct ovoooct opyovucvq \q0q, q onoto opokqpt(ct t
ovonopoooct ou nopc\0ovo nou cknopcuovot ono o kpo,
o\\ kot t ovt-vqc nou cnttuoov nop qv cntoqq nponoyvo
q, okoq, t upttkc opc ouoqo nou ovou0qkov oc no\\c
upc q votoovoo\tkq Lupunq oq co-koouvtotkq cnoq.
ko0u ot kuptopc oc kot q qycovtkq tco\oyto topuvovot, o
nopc\0ov onok vco voqo oc ocoq c cvo nopov nou covt(cot
toopoycvo, cntoo\c q kot poytko. Mcoo oc cvo coto n\ototo q
vqq kot ot ovovqoqptc pooqptoqc ytvovot oqovtkc u
nqyc npoountkq kot ou\\oytkq ouoqo
7
.
Mcoo oc ouo o n\ototo, cnocvu, o ouocto cnttukouv
oqcpo o\o kot ncptooocpo vo ctptoouv ov n\oupo\too q vqq,
tvovo uvq kot qo oc oc nou onotouv cvcpy cvov po\o oo
nopov. u, ou, ouvto\cyovot coo oo ncpt\\ov cvo ouoctou
ot ootkc c t ou\\oytkc q ou\\cycvc vqc q kot c t ovt-
vqc kot t ctvot, c\tk, ouo nou npoo\ovct o cntokcnq

) 5#%U=0+#$1 /1? >2(>1? %*: /% >,7$=0%
opoootok, o ouocto qtoupyct to cvtoto kot cvonotqtkq ckoq
ou nopc\0ovo kot nopcct ko0qouootkc, ou\\oytkc oqyqoct,
tkovc vo ovon\qpuoouv to ocvq oto0qoq ou ovqkctv, q
kotvoqo. Lntn\cov, o ouocto qtoupyct kotvou ponou 0cooq kot
cnctpto q nopooq. t cntc\qc uv ouoctuv, cntoqotvct q
kaanah (2000:9), kupto\cktk toopuvouv qv toopto cnt\cyovo
noto ovtkctcvo ot(ct vo onoc\coouv cpo to ouoctokq ou\\oyq
- kot, ko cnckooq, to ck0coq - kot noto ot, kot ko0opt(ovo c
ouo ov pono t 0o onoc\coct cpo q vqq kot t 0o cooct.
Lnt\cyovo kot toooovo o vqovtk tvq c ponou nou
cunqpcouv t tco\oytkc kot no\ttkc cntoyc ou nopovo, o
nopoootoko ouocto topoot(ct, cot, cvcpyo po\o kot oqv
cvtouoq q ou\\oytkq ovqoto. no qv \\q, n\t, o ouocto
nopct vo ko\\tcpyqoct to vooo\ytkq npoocyytoq oo nopc\0ov,
npoocpovo cvo ooo\c koouyto ono t cyvotc q
ko0qcptvoqo kot ono qv kootytotkq poq n\qpooptuv nou
oopt(ct o ouypovo v0puno
.

7
cntokonqoq nou npoqyq0qkc oot(cot oq tcotkq ou(qqoq q MlzsLal (2003:126-
132).
to to ovo\utkq ou(qqoq uv ponuv toctptoq q vqq ono o ouocto, \.

ko(q (2010).
vpoq ko(q

[34]

Uoooo, ckct nou knoc ncptcvoc ono o ouocto vo o
nouv t cytvc, upo nc oo ouocto yto vo couc to cnctpto nou
o cntpcnct vo 0uq0ouc o nopc\0ov, okoq kt ov ouo ouvcq
no\u nptv vo ycvvq0ouc. 1o ouocto nopouv oqcpo vo o kvouv
0uoo q cnt(uvc, oucoou oo nopc\0ov ot onotot tuvouv
qv toopto ono npuo cpt coo oo ctkovtko ncpt\\ov ou ouoctou.
o\\ ouocto qtoupyouv to cnctpto yto ov cntokcnq ncpo ono q
cooq yvuoq yto o nopc\0ov. zc no\\c ncptnuoct, \too, q
uvooqo ou cntokcnq vo cct cvo ouykckptcvo cto cnctpto,
otvcot ot onoc\ct ootko qo to cupucpq no\ttkq
out\tuoq (La 2006:11).
zqcpo opkc ouocto ouo-npootopt(ovot ot ooo u upot
nou oko\ou0ouv to ouykckptcvq cntoqovtkq nct0opto o\\
ncptooocpo u vqovtkot onot, ovovok\uvo q cooq ono t
kuptopc ouoptkc oqyqoct oc to opt(ovto, tuotkq ocoq
cou onou, vqq kot kotvoqo. 8ootko opokqptotko ouuv uv
ouoctuv ctvot ot uto0couv opoqytkc 0coptkq ovonopoooq yto
vo npoko\coouv ouvoto0qotkc ovtpoct ck cpou uv
cntokcnuv. zuv o ooo ctvot q ouvoto0qotkq cn\okq qkot
outoq ou cntokcnq c 0uoo q ovotono0ouvc. zq totkooto
ouq o ovtkctcvo cv ovtcunt(ovot n\cov onok\ctotk u
onopyoo ou nopc\0ovo, o\\ copcnovot oc u\tk ckqpto
nou oq0ouv qv ovk\qoq kotvuv ovovqocuv kot voquv cou q
oqyqotkoqo kot q cntc\cotkoqo nou o ncpt\\ct upo oo
ncpt\\ov ou ouoctou vqq.
Atvovo uvq oc o,t cct nopoootok ctvct cko cntoqq
toopto kot ouoctokq oqyqoq, notkt\c - kot cvtoc ovtkpouocvc
- oqyqoct ptokouv upo upo oo ouocto, o onoto ot(ct vo qv
cnttukct n\cov q to kot ovotkq, o\totkq ouv0coq. oq ouq
opokqpt(ct q poyoto ovnuq ontkuv ouoctuv, ouoctuv
kotvoquv, ouoctuv-vqctuv kot \\uv onuv k\qpovot, ko0u
kot qv nop\\q\q cvtoq u\uv, qtokuv, opuv ou\\oyq kot
ck0coq oo totkuo. oq ctvot vo o0ct uvq oou cu upo
oqcvou oo ncpt0upto q toopto, ko0u o vco ouocto cnttukct
oc cy\o o0o vo cnovop0uoct t otktc ou nopc\0ovo (MarsLlne
2006:19).
ko0u q no\t tcpopto cou cntc\qqck0cq, ovtkctcvou
kot 0coq ootok oovct, covt(cot o\ocvo kot nto uvotk q
cvvoto q kotvoqo ot on\u u oucoou o\\ kot u
qtoupyou q ouoctokq cnctpto. 1t nopct vo oqotvct ouo
o\\ vco ouocto cnovonpootopt(ouv qv onooo\q ou u
onot vqq yto ouykckptcvc kotvoqc. zo ouocto ouou ou
unou ot ootkc tooptc onokouv to toooq nou ccuyct ono qv

[33]

ko0op ttutkq: q ouotoypotkq oqyqoq onoc\ct cpo q
opoqytkq ou ouoctou ocvo vo uoct uvq oc oc kot oo
nou cockov cpt oqcpo oo ncpt0upto q cntoqq toopto kot
ovonopoooq kot occpou vo copcct t vcucpc ycvtc oc
ouonc pupc. 1o ovtkctcvo ono ovo ou cv nopouv vo
tkovonotqoouv ouo ov ooo. Lot, o ouocto koocuyct oqv
otonotqoq to octp oqyqotkuv kot cntc\cotkuv couv nou
qtoupyouv to cvovo tuotkq cnctpto kot cn\ckouv
ouvoto0qotk ou cntokcnc (Anermann an Arnol-e lmlne
2012:7). t ncptooocpot c\cqc ovoyvupt(ouv ot q vqq, kot cttk
ckctvq nou oop oc kotv tucvc pouotkc cnctptc, cotcot
ono ycvt oc ycvt okoq kot oc tocoo\oqcvq opq (\. lrsch
2001, Assmann 2004). \cyocvq co-vqq, ko q lrsch
(2001:10), ytvcot cot ovopotkq, uto0cqcvq ouoto. Lansber
(2004:2), cttkocpo, 0cupct o ouocto u tuotkou onou ot onotot
tvouv q uvooqo oou cntokcnc vo uto0cqoouv vqc
ycyovouv u npoo0ctkq vqq. o\\ot c\cqc nopoqpouv ot
ouq q unopcuoq vo 0uoooc vct kupto\cktk oo kpo,
ko0u ot cntokcnc ko\ouvot ouotootk vo uto0cqoouv vqc cot,
uoc vo ovonokpt0ouv ouvoto0qotk oo nopc\0ov (Anermann an
Arnol-e lmlne 2012:).
npoocyytoq ouq cct cct octo kpttkq oc topo cntnco.
1o npuo oop oqv tto qv nopooq nou ptokcot ntou ono q
qtoupyto uv ouoctuv ouuv, ot q\oq ovq q tooptkq yvuoq cv
opkct yto vo onoponouv pouotk ycyovoo oo c\\ov kot ot ovo q
ovnuq to tuotkq ocoq ou cntokcnq nopct vo cv0oppuvct
qv ovoq kot to o0ucpq koovoqoq uv tooptkuv kot kotvuvtkuv
npo\quv. Mto \\q kpttkq oop, ncpotcpu, oqv oto0qtkq q
ovonopoooq nou oqv ouoto npoocpct onooctpucvc ckoc uv
ycyovouv q ou ov0puntvou novou.
onLa (2003) pqotonotqoc ov opo ouocto vqq
ovooptk c o Mouoelo Ookouroro oqv uotvykov, o 6pok
Mouoelo oo 8cpo\tvo kot o oJ osbem oqv cpouoo\q. zqcpo o
opo ouo opokqpt(ct kot \\o ouocto, o\\ o ouocto ou
\okouuoo qtoupyqoov cvo n\ototo ovoop kot ko0tcpuoov
cvo npouno oqyqoq kot ovonopoooq q \cyocvq uoko\q
k\qpovot ov ov kooo. Wllllams (2007:), ono qv \\q,
pqotonotct ov opo ouocto-vqcto yto vo opokqptoct to
ouykckptcvq koqyopto ouoctuv nou touv q vqq o(tkuv
okpoquv. zqcpo unpouv topc uno-koqyoptc ouuv uv
ouoctuv, o onoto ou otp(ovot oc cy\o o0o kotvc
opoqytkc ovonopoooq (Arnol-e lmlne 2012:16).
vpoq ko(q

[36]

zc k0c ncptnuoq, o ouocto onookpuvovot o\o kot
ncptooocpo ono qv, cvtoc \opcutkq, ctkovo ou nopoootokou
vqctou, cnttukovo qv oto0qtkq ou ovt-vqctou. ptocvot
c\cqc, \too, ovtcunt(ouv o ouocto vqq u to
ovouocvq opq ovt-vqctokoqo (Anermann an Arnol-e
lmlne 2012, Arnol-e lmlne 2012). pyot, knoto ouocto
qtoupyouvot copq c qv npo0coq vo \ctoupyqoouv u ovt-
vqcto. zc ou, nopoqpct q rane (2006:103), o ctptoo q ovt-
vqq cv cct o 0ptocutko ovo q vqctonotqoq. vt0co, o
kcvpo pou tvcot oqv ovonopoooq q onu\cto, ou pouoo
q q ouvoto out\tuoq c o nopc\0ov. 1o Mouoelo rp tppvp
oq lroshlma kot o Mouoelo rp Arotkp 6o oo aasal, yto
nopctyo, cp(ouv qv oqyqoq ou oc to ou\\oytkq vqq nou
oot(cot oqv oto0qoq ou 0uoo, tvovo cooq oo 0uoo q
ootkq oo, cvu, qv tto otyq, kootk(ouv oq \q0q o 0uoo
nou qoc q no\ctkq qovq q onuvto oc \\c upc (n.. kopco,
ktvo) qv tto cnoq. zc \\c ncptnuoct q tto q optckovtkq ou
ouoctou cnttukct vo co\cct ov cntokcnq ono qv cpqvcutkq
oo\cto nou ou npooccpc o nopoootoko ouocto, onu, yto
nopctyo, ouotvct oo 6pok Mouoelo oo 8cpo\tvo, onou o
cokccvo kcv oo upo unoq\uvouv o npoyotk kcv q
onouoto uv 0uuv.

X2/#.=0>=2%K >%+/7+0=? .%# =*#$.8*/=? $/, >,7$=0,
t ncptooocpot v0punot nqyotvouv oo ouocto koopqv yto vo ouv
o u\tk ckqpto q vqq (ovtkctcvo nou ouvcovot c knoto
tooptko ycyovo q npoouno, ovtkctcvo q ko0qcptvq (uq
no\otocpuv cnouv, memorabllla, k.\n.). qyotvouv, cntoq, ytot o
ovtkctcvo (q ot ctkovc) nou \cnouv ou u0ouv vo qtoupyqoouv
tkc ou, cootkcucvc, ovovqoctvqc ono o nopc\0ov, nou
\ctoupyouv u qooto kot u ootkq vqq. uo nou cct oqooto
ctvot q uvooqo ou cntokcnq vo onoctct q yvqotoqo ouou nou
unppe - oov vo qov kot o tto ckct.
zc \\c ncptnuoct ot cntokcnc 0uouvot kot ovooupouv
tuoo, okcct, ouyktvqoct. uo ytvcot kuptu cou q cntk\qoq
q coq, npoountkq cnctpto, ouq q onoto nopct vo
cvcpyonotq0ct c q 0co q, knoc, kot c qv oq ou0cvtkuv
ovtkctcvuv coo oo ouocto. 1o ovtkctcvo ouvtoouv oo0cp
oqcto ovoop nou onoc\ouv ouo\o ouvccto q (uq kot
oqoooouv topo ot q. zo ncpt\\ov ou ouoctou o
ovtkctcvo \ctoupyouv u toot nou o cntpcnouv vo cntokcouc
ck vcou oqovtkc cnctptc (uq ono o nopc\0ov. nkou (2010:73)
ovocpct o nopctyo q uoypoto to on\q kou\o oc

[37]

ck0coq uoypotuv oo Mouocto Mncvkq, q onoto npok\coc
ttotcpq ouyktvqoq oq qcpo q, ko0u q 0utoc o ouootto ou
Lpu0pou zoupou ov kotpo q kooq.
zuv nopoqpouc, cntoq, nu ckc0ctcvo ovtkctcvo tvouv
oopq yto ou(qqoq cou uv c\uv to toycvcokq oo, onu
ctvot q otkoycvcto, onou ot ovovqoct uv cyo\ucpuv oc q\tkto c\uv
oq0ouv ou vcucpou vo 0ouv cou ou otpooo q
cnctpto.
zc k0c ncptnuoq o ovtkctcvo oo ouocto nopct vo ctvot
opct ouvoto0quv, ouyktvqoq, pucpoqo, o\\ kot uoko\to,
vponq, k.\n. A\\oc o ovtkctcvo nopct vo ouvcovot c qv
oto0qoq q ouoqo kot q ncpqvto. opokqptotk, q kaanah
(2000:106) ovocpct o nopctyo knotuv q\tktucvuv oypouv q
ncptoq ou 8elasL oq opcto p\ovto nou nopoto(ov o okotvt
ooo\cto yto vo oyytouv ov kot vo q\otoouv o popo nou
nopouot(ovov oc ck0coq oo \ooypotko ouocto ou lsLer -
ovtkctcvo nou o ctov ou\cct to (uq kot ou ctvov to oto0qoq
ouoqo.
1o ovtkctcvo, c \\o \oyto, onokouv voqo ovo ov
ouvc0ouv c q (uq kot c t ovovqoct ouykckptcvuv ov0punuv
nou o pqotonotqoov q ouvc0qkov c knoto pono o(t ou.
vtkctcvo nou ctvot on\, ko0qcptv kot onctv, koo\qyouv vo
ouo\t(ouv cnctptc (uq, npoooktc, ouoqc. upt o
ovtkctcvo, ot tooptc ou ouoctou ocpouvot oqooto. upt t
tooptc, o ovtkctcvo nopocvouv ou. Mo(t, ou, o ovtkctcvo
kot ot tooptc t onotc ovoko\ouv, oqyouv ov cntokcnq oc cvo
ott onou o ko0qcptvo kot kotvoono copcncot oc otooqctuo
kot onou q toopto onok ov0puntvo npoouno. Mc ouo ov pono o
u\tko nopct vo t\qoct yto o u\o (ouvoto0qoo, okcct, c\ntc,
tocuoct) kot o npoountko vo ovo0ct oc ou\\oytko.
zo ouocto kotvuvtkq toopto, cttkocpo, ctvot covq q
opoq ono qv ovtkctcvokcvptkq ontkq oc npoktkc nou \ovouv
un otv qv notkt\to uv qvuuv kot uv ovovqocuv npoyotkuv
ov0punuv. 1o Mouoelo rou ctoyJoo oo Aovtvo, yto nopctyo,
0cupctot npouno ouoctou nou cct 0coct t vqc kot t tooptc
(uq uv vontuv oov nupqvo q \ctoupyto ou, pqotonotuvo -
cou \\uv - oc cy\o o0o t ovovqoct ouykckptcvuv oouv
yto qv ckqptuoq uv ovtkctcvuv. c0oo ouq uto0cq0qkc,
cntoq, oq ovtq ck0coq ou Mouoelou zotkp p oo ovt, onou
npooptkc opuptc cv0qkov oqv ck0coq u opyovtko qo q
oqyqoq q cytvov ot ttc ck0coo tvovo uvq oc 0coo q
ck0coq nou cv couv oqoct on, u\tk tvq, onu, yto nopctyo, q
tupto (tkovoou ko(q 2007). Lu cvooovot, cntoq,
vpoq ko(q

[3]

ncptnuoct ouoctuv, onu ctvot o Mouoelo lsttlct 5l oo kcqn
1ouv, cvo ouocto nou qtoupyq0qkc u upo ouvvqoq yto ou
npuqv kootkou q ncptoq, ot onotot ctov o(tk ckontoct ono o
ko0cou ou aparLhel. kcvptko ck0co onoc\ct o \cyocvo 0ooo
rp vpp cnvu oo onoto ot npuqv kotkot q ncptoq
onounuvouv ovovqoct kot tuoo (o uooo vct oqcpo o 300
cpo), cyypovo c ouo ov pono t ootkc vqc oq
ou\\oytkq vqq q ncptoq (Mcachern 2007).
A\\o ouocto, kot ttu o ouocto kotvuvtkq toopto,
cvccot vo nopouot(ouv onootunqcvc q toopctkc vqc.
pokctot ouv yto tocoo\oqcvc cnctptc vqq, ttotcpo
covct oo ouocto nou ctpt(ovot (qqoo uoko\q
k\qpovot q pouotkc tooptkc ncptoou. zo znlrt rou 1pou
oq 8ouoncoq, yto nopctyo, q koouyq ot opuptc cnt(uvuv
ou vo(totkou kot ou koouvtotkou ko0couo onoc\ct q ootkq
opoqytkq oqyqoq c ooo vo ounvtoct ouvctqoct kot vo
toqpqoct (uvovq q vqq ouuv uv uo ncptouv q toopto q
upo.
1t ouotvct, ou, oov o ouocto nopouot(ct o vqovtk
tvq c pono nou 0cct oc otoqqoq q cpcot oc ovt0coq c t
kuptopc vqc
zq c\cq ou yto o nu q cntc\qtkq npoktkq toopuvct
t ouv0qkc ckctvc nou cvccot vo oqyqoouv ou cntokcnc oc
uoko\c ouvovqoct coo oo ncpt\\ov to ck0coq, o lmon
(2011:433) tokptvct pct ncptnuoct. Mnopouc, koopqv, vo
0cupqoouc ot to ck0coq npoocpct to uoko\q cnctpto, oov
ovoyk(ct ou cntokcnc vo otoqqoouv t nopoootokc
npoooktc ou ono o ouocto kot t cpqvcutkc ou uvooqc.
uo cvccot vo ouct, ov to ck0coq nopouot(ct notkt\c q kot
ovtkpouocvc 0cupqoct cvo ycyovoo, upt vo npoocpct to
ootoycvq ouvo\tkq oqyqoq kot upt vo koo\qyct oc ouykckptcvo
ouncpooo. zqv ncptnuoq ouq ot cntokcnc vtu0ouv
ncpccvot, ouv c onoyoqcucvot q kot 0uucvot npoo oqv
c\\ctq to nto ouotkq (kot 0o \cyoc ovokoutotkq)
oqyqoq
9
. zc \\c ncptnuoct to ck0coq cvccot vo
ovtcuntoct u uoko\q, ov npoko\ct opvqtk ouvoto0qoo, onu,
yto nopctyo, ou nou cpvouv vponq yto q oucoq q

9
zq ctpocpq ncptnuoq o ouocto 0o koqyopq0ct nu \cct qv toopto \0o, onu
ctkovoypoct q ootuoq q ck0coq qv onoto octo(c o aLlonal Alr an pace
Museum ou mlLhsonlan lnsLlLuLlon oqv uotvykov yto qv 30q cnccto ou
ooptoou q tpooto ono o ocptkovtko oqtko ocpooko oolo oy
(ovo\utkocpo oo ko(q 2010, onou kot t\toypoto).


[39]

kotvoqo q ou c0vou oo onoto ovqkct o 0coq oc pouotk
ycyovoo.
?npouv, uoooo, ncpt0upto ouykcpooou uv toopctkuv
ovoyvuocuv q uvuv oqyqoq, onu ctvouv ot ncptnuoct
ck0cocuv ot onotc q cntoqq, toupq vqq ovtnopo\\cot c
ovcntoqc, npoountkc vqc c pono nou oqvct ncpt0upto yto
okcq kot ovoooooo. 1o kevrpo Mvpp rv Oovtkv Avorotkv
lvtv oo Apvc, yto nopctyo, ctvot cvo kotvotko ouocto,
qtoupyto uv covoouv o\\ovtkq kooyuyq nou qp0ov oqv
\\ovto c ono qv kqpuq q ovcopqoto q vovqoto. zqv
ck0coq oopto uv \\ovtkuv voo\tkuv vtuv unpct to
ot0ouoo otcpucvq oov o\co q vcopqoto oqv vovqoto
(1943-1949), onou q nop0coq uv tooptkuv ycyovouv c q opq
povoypoq oq to n\cup ovtnopo\\cot c uoypotc kot
npoountkc opuptc cnt(uvuv ot \\c n\cupc, cyypovo qv
npoountkq ovvqoq oqv cntoqq no\ttkq oqyqoq.
opocvct, nvu, o (qqo ou nu o cntokcnq ctpt(cot t
toopctkc, onoonoootkc q kot ovtkpouocvc oqyqoct nou
ouvov oqcpo o\o kot ncptooocpo oo ouocto, oc ovt0coq c qv
cvtoto, ouvcktkq oqyqoq ou nopc\0ovo nou onoc\ouoc ov kovovo
no\otocpo. ptocvot c\cqc 0cupouv ot ouo oqyct ov cntokcnq
oc ouyuoq. Uoooo, o npoyotko rno rp vpp - onu ctvot q
oct\ct vo ctvot o ouocto - cv cct voqo nop ovo ov cyctpct
cpuqoo, qtoupyct npo\qotoo kot npoocpct cukotptc yto
okcq kot kpttkq ono0cqoq oncvovt oo nopc\0ov.
Lv kook\ctt, k0c op nou nqyotvouc oc cvo ouocto (yto
to npuq cntokcq, yto no\\ooq op, ovot q c nopco) ovo(ouc
o toqpqcvo nopc\0ov ck vcou. cpvouc o(t o oqv ck0coq t
ouooupcucvc cnctptc (uq nou onoc\ouv qv npoountkq o
ouoqo. op\\q\o, ou, o0otvouc oo ouocto yto \\c
cnctptc (uq cou uv ovtkctcvuv, uv n\qpooptuv kot uv
oqyqocuv nou o ouvocuouv. zc to coto totkooto cv
koovoouc on\u, o\\ uto0couc to ncptooocpo npoountkq,
tuotkq vqq cvo ycyovoo nopo\o nou cv o (qooc. \cyocvq
npoo0ctkq vqq nou npokunct ono ouq qv cnctpto o oq0 vo
ooooouc kot vo toopuoouc q kot vo ovo0cupqoouc t
onoct kot qv tco\oyto o.

vpoq ko(q

[40]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
pvyoop
ko(q, vpoq. 2010. Atopoct q vqq oo ouocto. zo
tko Mcpouoq, Luoyyc\to zcovq kot Moptvvo ntko\otou
(cnt.), llz Meere orp vpp rp ko0pyprpto Ayyetkp
ntop-nonoorepylou, Ccooo\ovtkq: Lkooct kopvq\to
zoktovkq, 343-361.
Movoy\ou, Avvo. 2012. Mvpe. Arotke zuoytke loroptke.
0qvo: Lkooct ono(qoq.
nkou, Ltpqvq. 2010. Mouoelo, lorople kot loroplo. 0qvo: nqoo.
tkovoou, Mopto ko(q, vpoq. 2007. pooptkoqo, vqc
ono o oo\cto kot vcc cvo\oytc: qtoupyto q npuq
ck0coq ou Mouoctou zo\tkq Zuq noou ovtuv. Atc0vc
Lntoqovtko zunooto 1evooylo vot, nopooop voloke,
npooptkrpro, rontke kotvvle vee revooyle, Mouocto
Auvooq, cpoovqoo, kpqq: ckooq oc -8om.
onLa, usan. 2003. noporppvro rov nvo rv ov. 0qvo:
Lkooct crlpLa.
1ovopo, 1ocov. 199. t koopqoct q vqq. zo vc
8opuv-8oop (cnt.) 6pokp toroplo kot vpp. 0qvo: o\t,
149-19.

-evyoop
Anermann, !ens an Arnol-e lmlne, lle. 2012. lnLroucLlon:
Memory, ommunlLy an Lhe e Museum, 1beoty, coltote
5oclety 291:3-13.
Arnol-e lmlne, lle. 2012. Memory Museum an Museum 1exL.
lnLermelallLy ln alel Llbeslns !elsh Museum an W.. ebals
Aostetllt, 1beoty, coltote 5oclety 291:14-33.
Assmann, Alela. 2004. lour lormaLs o Memory: lrom lnllual o
ollecLle onsLrucLlons o 1he asL. zo hrlsLlan men al
Mlley (es) coltotol Memoty ooJ nlstotlcol cooscloosoess lo tbe
etmoo-5eoloq otlJ sloce 1500. vol. 1, 8ern: eLer Lan, 19-3.
Assmann, !an. 1993. ollecLle Memory an ulLural lenLlLy, Ne
etmoo ctltloe 63:123-133.
Assmann, !an. 200. ommunlcaLle an ulLural Memory. zo AsLrl rll
Ansar unnln (es) A comooloo to coltotol Memoty 5toJles.
8erlln: e ruyLer, 109-11.
rane, usan. 2006. 1he onunrum o phemerallLy: 1lme, Memory an
Museums. zo haron Maconal (e) A comooloo to Moseom
5toJles, 8lacell ubllsher, 9-10.

[41]

lou, laulo an kansLelner, Wul. 2006. 1he ollLlcs o Memory an Lhe
oeLlcs o lsLory. zo 8. e Lebo, Wul kansLelner an laulo
lou (es), 1be lolltlcs of Memoty lo lostot otoe, ue
nlerslLy ress, 24-310.
albachs, Maurlce. 1932. les coJtes 5ocloo Je lo Mmolte. arls:
resses nlerslLalres e lrance.
albachs, Maurlce. 1997. lo Mmolte collectlve. lLlon crlLlque eLablle
par erar amer. arls: Albln Mlchel.
lrsch, Marlanne. 2001. urlln lmaes: olocausL hoLoraphy an Lhe
Wor o osLmemory, 1be ole ootool of ctltlclsm 14:3-37.
obsbam, rlc kot 8aner, 1erence. (cnt.) 2004. n entvpop rp
nopooop. 0qvo: Ccc\to.
uyssen, Anreas. 1993. lteseot losts. tboo lollmsests ooJ tbe lolltlcs
of Memoty. Lanor: Lanor nlerslLy ress.
kansLelner, Wul. 2002. llnln Meanln ln Memory: a MeLhoololcal
rlLlque o ollecLle Memory Lules, nlstoty ooJ 1beoty 41:179-
197.
kaanah, aynor. 2000. teom 5oces, Memoty ooJ tbe Moseom,
LelcesLer: LelcesLer nlerslLy ress
Lee kleln, kerln. 2000. Cn Lhe merence o Memory ln lsLorlcal
lscoursepK keteseototloos 69:127-130.
Lansber, Allson. 2004. ltostbetlc Memoty. tbe 1toosfotmotloo of
Ametlcoo kemembtooce lo tbe Aqe of Moss coltote. e or:
olumbla nlerslLy ress.
La, !ane M. 2006. lnLroucLlon: ulLural Memory, Lhe asL an Lhe LaLlc
o Lhe resenL, Acto Otleotollo lloeoslo 71-2:7-12.
LlpslLz, eore. 1990. 1lme lossoqes. collectlve Memoty ooJ Ametlcoo
loolot coltote. Mlnneapolls: nlerslLy o MlnnesoLa ress.
MarsLlne, !aneL. 2006. lnLroucLlon ln !aneL MarsLlne (e.) Ne Moseom
1beoty ooJ ltoctlce. Malen, MA: 8lacell, 1-33.
Mcachern, harmalne. 2007. Mappln Lhe Memorles. ollLlcs, lace an
lenLlLy ln Lhe lsLrlcL lx Museum, ape 1on. zo hella WaLson
h. (e), Moseoms ooJ tbelt commooltles, Lonon: 8ouLlee, 437-
47.
MlszLal, 8arbara. 2003. 1beotles of 5oclol kemembetloq. Malenhea
hllaelphla: Cpen nlerslLy ress.
ora, lerre. 197. Memolre collecLle. zo !acques Le o, 8oer
harLler !acques 8eel (es) l nlstolte Noovelle. arls: 8eLz, 73-
106.
ora, lerre. 199. 8eLeen Memory an lsLory: les lleo Je mmolte,
keteseototloos 26:7-23.
ora, lerre. 2004. 8easons or Lhe urrenL psure ln Memory, an
arLlcle rom .eurozlne.com.
vpoq ko(q

[42]

Cllc, !erey. 1999. ollecLle Memory: 1he 1o ulLures, 5ocloloqlcol
1beoty 173:333-34.
Cllc, !erey, eL al 2011. lnLroucLlon. zo !erey Cllc, vere vlnlLzy-
eroussl anlel Ley (es) 1be collectlve Memoty keoJet. Cxor:
Cxor nlerslLy ress 3-61.
8oeler, enry L. an WerLsch, !ames. 200. reaLln a e lsclpllne
o Memory Lules, Memoty 5toJles 11:9-22.
lmon, 8oer . 2011. A hoc Lo 1houhL: uraLorlal !umenL an 1he
ubllc xhlblLlon o 'llculL knolee, Memoty 5toJles 44:432-
449.
hanen, Anre. 2004, 8esearch on Memorlals an MonumenLs,
Aooles Jel ostltoto Je ovestlqoclooes stetlcos, xxvl4:163-172.
Luren, MarlLa. 1997. 1ooqleJ Memotles. allornla: allornla nlerslLy
ress.
oun, !ames. 1993. 1be 1etote of Memoty, ale nlerslLy ress.
oun, !ames. 1999. Memory an ounLer-Memory. 1he n o Lhe
MonumenL ln ermany, notvotJ eslqo Moqoloe 9,
hLLp:.s.harar.euresearchpubllcaLlonshmbac9you
n.hLml.
WerLsch, !ames. 2002. olces of collectlve kemembetloq. ambrle,
ambrle nlerslLy ress.
WerLsch, !ames. 200. ollecLle Memory an arraLle 1emplaLes,
5oclol keseotcb 731:133-136.
Wllllams, aul . 2007. Memotlol Moseoms. 1be lobol kosb to
commemotote Attocltles. Cxor: 8er ubllshers.
Zerubael, laLar. 1997. 5oclol MloJscoes. Ao ovltotloo to coqoltlve
5ocloloqy. ambrle, Mass.: arar nlerslLy ress.

[43]

C7251>#,7+&q2/%? >#% >,7$=#%.( 8.<=$1 &#% /1 >=/%24$/=7$1@
>%<1/8? .%# &,2=0? 5#=+=72,r2 /+:*,7? 8.<=$1? #$/,+#q2 s'(?
>=/%2%$/q2 $/, >,7$=#%.: *=+#h433,2

Mopto 8\okq
marlalachal[yahoo.r

Xjklmnol

co-cteotloq o moseom eblbltloo oo mlqtotloo. stoJeots ooJ oteots
elote oys to teseot lmmlqtoots llfe stotles lo o moseom

1be sblft of otol blstoty teseotcb lotetest tootJ Jlffeteot etboo-coltotol
commooltles blstoty lloes lo tlme ltb tbe oeoloq of tbe moseom
otqoolotloos to btooJet ooJleoces, tbe tomotloq of Jloloqoe tocesses
ooJ tbe so-colleJ commoolty moseoloqy. 1bls oet teseots
osectsetsectlves of tlmoty scbool cbllJteo ooJ tbelt oteots,
lmmlqtoots ooJ ootlves, bo ottlcloteJ lo otqoolloq moseom
eblbltloos oo mlqtotloo. 1be teseotcb sobects octloq etsoos lo octloo
teseotcb toqtommes ltb o teflectlve mooJ soqqest oys to ose
lmmlqtoots llfe stotles ot tbe moseom ooJ coottlbote to sboe o Jyoomlc,
ttoosfotmotlve eJocotloool ftomeot, blcb tomotes eool
ottlclotloo, lotetcoltotol lotetoctloo ooJ coltotol emotby.

"#$%&'&(

opoq ou cvtocpovo q npooptkq toopto oqv toopto
toopctkuv c0vono\ttotkuv ouv cvopovt(cot povtk c o
cyctpqo ou ovotyoo uv ouoctuv oc cupucpc oc kotvou,
q to\oytkonotqoq uv ouoctokuv \ctoupytuv kot qv kotvotkq
ouocto\oyto. ouykckptcvq ctoqyqoq nopouot(ct onoct nottuv
oo\tkq q\tkto kot uv yovcuv ou, covoouv kot yqycvuv, nou
oucctov oqv opyvuoq ouoctokuv ck0cocuv c 0co q
covocuoq oo n\ototo cpcuvuv poq. 1o cpcuvqtk unokctcvo -
puvo npoouno c ovoooootkq t0coq- ovocpouv ponou
otonotqoq uv tooptuv (uq covoouv oo ouocto kot ou\\ouv
oq toopuoq cvo uvotkou cooqototkou notoyuytkou
n\ototou, oo onoto npoycot q tootq oucoq, q tono\ttotkq
o\\q\cntpooq kot q no\ttotkq cvouvoto0qoq.

Mopto 8\okq

[44]

; 28,? .,#2'2#.:? .%# =.*%#5=7/#.:? *+,$%2%/,3#$>:? /'2 >,7$=0'2

kupto opokqptotko uv ouoctuv ono o coo ou ctkooou otuvo oc
opkcc upc q Auoq onoc\ct q unoupqoq uv cy\uv
oqyqocuv kot q ovtkooooq ou c t tooptc uv ontkuv
kotvuvtuv.
1
oq ouq cvopovt(cot c qv onoooq npuoou\to
oo oo yto qv ovnuq q kotvuvto. kotvuvtkq ovnuq
\too q ckocto ou 1990 ouvccot c qv cupucpq kotvuvtkq
oucoq, unoq\uvovo cou kot ov t ncpt0uptonotqcvc u
oc oc, onu ou covoc.
ctooo oov ctkooo npuo otuvo ptokct ou ouoctokou
opyovtoou vo ovooouvot cnqpcoocvot ono t oct kot t
otc q coovcpvo cnoq: octkoqo q u\q, q
unokctcvtkoqo kot q no\\on\oqo q o\q0cto, q ocotoqo kot q
toopctkoqo. ycvtkq oto0qoq q pcuooqo nou cntcpct ouv
qv onou0onotqoq ou ouoctokou opyovtoou (Mou\tou kot
Mnouvto 1999:33), ouvto ouopovo oqovtkq ouykupto
ovo(uoyovqoq kt onok\uq vcuv uvooquv ou.
C cvtoto upo kot povo ountc(ovot kot pq ot vcc
cvo\oytc ovoctkvucot q ouopovq unopq no\\uv upuv kot
povuv. poyoonotctot q cooq ono ov kotvo, ooycvonotqtko
povo oou toopctkou kot npoountkou povou. vtooto q
toopto ck\ovcot u to on\q ouv0potoq ycyovouv c npoountkq
toooq (eller kot leher 199:3). Atvcot cooq oo ootko
nopc\0ov kot oqv ovctq ou cou ovtkctcvuv kot ou\\oyuv nou
tcuko\uvouv q ouvcoq c ouo kot npoko\ouv qv ovk\qoq ou.
koovoqoq ou nopovo npouno0cct qv ovotqoq ou nopc\0ovo
kot qv kooypoq c kpttkq okont uv ponuv nou o c\cuoto
cntp oq toopuoq ou npuou cou ou cnovooqotoou uv
tcuv, q cnovotonpoycuoq uv ococuv kot qv o\\oyq uv
npoktkuv (ooper-reenhlll 2007:36).
zc ovt0coq npo qv oq q no\ttotkq ooycvonotqoq c
qv onoto ncptooocpo ono k0c \\q ncptoo onct\ctot q ootkq
ouoqo, o ouocto ko\ouvot vo ou\ouv oqv no\ttotkq kot

1
zo upo uv Mouoctuv o cvtocpov yto qv ovnuq kotvuvtkq no\ttkq
ntoonotctot qq ono o 1972 c qv npoyoonotqoq q cttkq cntoqovtkq
ouvvqoq ou Atc0vou zuou\tou ou Mouoctou (lCM) oq t\q (anLlao) kot q
tounuoq q ovoykotoqo cvouuoq ou ouoctou u ovonoonooou cpou ot
ontkc kotvuvtc. Lvu uo povto opyocpo (1974) oq Aovto (koncyyq) ovt(cot oov
toopoucvo oc optoo uv ouoctuv q \ctoupyto ou u q kcpookontkou,
ovtou opco nou ptokcot oqv unqpcoto q kotvuvto kot q ovnuq q kot
ctvot ovoto oo kotvo (lCM, 1974).
zuvqtoupyuvo to ouoctokq ck0coq yto q covocuoq
[43]

kotvuvtkq ouoyvuoto oo n\ototo q ontkq qokpoto kot q
qooto ouvctop (Walsh 1992:160). vco ouocto\oyto
ouvccot c qv kotvuvtkq npooo, qv kotvuvtkq ovoycvvqoq (soclal
reeneraLlon), tcuko\uvovo qv ovonopoooq kot qv cpqvcto.
2

cntk\qoq q cvvoto q kotvoqo oc ocoq c qv ov0punokcvptkq
ovnuq kot qv kotvuvtkq no\ttkq ctvot nto ouvq.
3
1o ouocto
tokptvovot yto cuopccto kt ovotq, tootq cntkotvuvto c
ncptooocpc oc kotvou. M\too, q ouykckptcvq
qokpotkocpq npo0coq tcnct k0c cntcpou \ctoupyto ou
ouoctou ono qv cpcuvo kot q ouykpoqoq uv ou\\oyuv u qv
ck0cotokq ovonopoooq kot qv cknotcuoq. 1o ouocto cykoo\ctnct
ov oupkq, ouopooooucvo po\o ou kot cntctpct o\ocvo kot nto
ouv vo opct o pu0o kot ov npo\qotoo q ouypovq
kotvuvto. Lnovoqtoupyct q cntkotponotct o ncptcocvo uv
ck0cocuv kot /uv pooqptoquv ou kot cnttukct vo ytvct
ncptooocpo ckq\o cvcpyo opco q kotvuvtkq o\\oyq (anell
2007:24).
Lvctktkq q cnovotonpoycuoq uv oouv kot uv
npocpotoquv uv ouoctuv ctvot q npooyuyq ou cknotcutkou
po\ou ou u nputoq oqooto (Ler kot LanneLL 2001). zo
cyctpqo to ovoooootkq ouokpttkq ouvctqonotctot q
uvooqo yto o ouoctoko ncpt\\ov vo ouvto n\ototo topku
ovovcoucvuv tcuv, nopcovo t ko\\q\c ouv0qkc yto qv
otoqqoq uv nopouoto(ocvuv ovotkuv cpqvctuv (oLLer kot
Leone 196:9). M\too q qtoupyto vcuv voquv ouvto cvo cto
q0tkq (eln 2000), o onoto o ouocto, cntctpuvo qv
cnovotonpoycuoq q ocoq ou c o kotvo, oct\ouv vo
ovo\oytoouv, uoc, ovcpqo ono o cto uv ou\\oyuv ou, vo
cntkcvpuvovot ot oo ovtkctcvo o\\ kuptu oou ov0punou kot
ot tcc nou ot ttot kuoopouv.
zo n\ototo q tto kocu0uvoq nou npoyct q octkoqo
uv cpqvctuv ouvctqonotctot q ovoykotoqo coontoq ou
cvtocpovo ono qv unooq uv cntokcnuv (processes o recepLlon)
oqv nopoq cukotptuv cvcpyou oucoq kot koookcuq q yvuoq
(processes o consLrucLlon) (ooper-reenhlll 1993). yvuoq ctvot
pcuoq, topku coo\\ocvq kot kookot c toopctkou

2
opo nco Mouocto\oyto ( ne Museoloy) pqotonotq0qkc yto npuq op oc
tc0vq ouvvqoq oo Cuebec o 194 ocv ouvuoocvq c qv cvtouoq q
kotvotkq ouvctqoq kot qv kotvuvtkq npooo (Mayran 193). C opo kotvuvtkq
ovoycvvqoq (soclal reeneraLlon) pqotonotctot cntoq ouv oq t\toypoto.
3
ouykckptcvq o\\oyq cutkptq kuptu ot ... kot oq 8pcovto opokqpt(cot
u cooq ono qv kpotkq cptvo (sLaLe care) oqv kotvotkq cptvo (communlLy
care) (rooe 2007: 33).
Mopto 8\okq

[46]

ponou, cntpcnovo q oucoq ot ovo q \oytkq o\\ kot ou
ouvoto0qoo, q\oq q unokctcvtkoqo. vtooto, kot q 0qoq
copcncot ono to totkooto ouooupcutkq oc to totkooto c
ovot onoc\cooo (open-ene), cnotkooqtkq oc ocoq c t
ootkc cnctptc kt cpqvctc cotpovo qv ov\qq npuoou\tuv
yto poq kt cot(ovo oqv ovnuq q ouoyvuoto.
pokptvcot ootok ono ou ouypovou ouoctokou
opyovtoou cvo ovc\o ouvo\tkq cntkotvuvtokq npoocyytoq, o
onoto cv onookonct oqv cvtouoq q ou0cvtkq cpqvcto, oov
c\cyo kot oqv cnto\q o\\ oq ouvcq tonpoycuoq uv voquv
c qv nopouotooq uv ov0punuv oc toopctk upo-n\ototo (arey
199:23). Mc ouq qv npoontkq q ouvcou tonpoycuoq
nukvuvouv okoq ncptooocpo ot uvc yto qv ovykq cknuoq ou
cttkou, pqoptkou, ou0cvtkou \oyou o\\ kot yto qv npoon0cto
to\oytkonotqoq o\uv uv \ctoupytuv ou ouoctou (ooo\tq
2001:220).
zuvoko\ou0o q 0qoq oo ouoctoko ncpt\\ov cv
onookonct onok\ctotk oq yvuoq, q ou\\oyq kot q cooq
tcpopqcvuv otuv, oocuv kot opuv ouncptop q oqv
nopoyuyq cvo ouykckptcvou npounou ooou (sher eL al 1997).
op q oqoq yvuoq octkq c ov couo kot ovoctkvuct cou
q ouvcou tonpoycuoq ot ot ouoqc cv ctvot
ovotooc kot ootkc o\\ no\\on\c kot ovotc oc k0c
cpc0too, oc k0c o\\oyq.
1o cpt oqcpo ovocpocvo oq t\toypoto nopoctyoo
ovotyoo uv ouoctuv oqv ontkq kotvuvto cvooovot oo
n\ototo to kotvotkq ouocto\oyto (communlLy museoloy)
(rooe 2007:10) kot npoo\ovouv uo kuptc opc: ctc onoc\ouv
copoyc cttkuv npoypouv npoocyytoq uv kotvoquv ono qv
n\cup uv ouoctuv ctc ckq\uoct cvtocpovo ono t ttc t
kotvoqc yto qv no\ttotkq ou k\qpovot kot q ouoctokq
pooqptoqo.
ko qv npuq ckoq o ouocto cntctpqoov ctc coo ctc
ccoo vo ytvouv opct kotvuvtkq poq ou\\ovo oqv
kotvuvtkq cvouuoq (soclal lnLeraLlon). U coc kpt0qkov ot
poct uv ouoctuv nou cpyoqkov cvcpy otonotuvo q ocvq kot
q ouoqotkq ouvcpyooto c o\tyoc\ct oc ctovckouvuv
oouv q kotvoquv kot kvovo ouotootkq pqoq q uvooq
ou vo cntkotvuvouv, vo cknotcuouv kot vo cnqpc(ouv q qooto
yvuq.
zq cucpq ckoq (kotvotkq ouocto\oyto) opkcc
kotvoqc nou nopccvov o0coc ovo(qqoov cvov qooto upo
c\cu0cpq ckpooq, cvtouoq kt ovonopoooq q ouoq ou.
[47]

zc c\toc uoooo ncptnuoct o0qkc q uvooqo oo c\q q
ouvcpyo(ocvq kotvoqo vo ouccouv qtoupytk oq
ouykpoqoq ouoctokuv ou\\oyuv kot vo ovo\\ouv cnctptc c
\\o c\q.
4
vtootc npooct q kotvoqo yto ouvcpyooto c
ouocto ncptoptoqkov oc cvo cto ouonopouotooq q no\ttotkq
ou k\qpovot upt uoooo vo koop0uoouv vo ktvqonotqoouv o
cvtocpov kot qv cntkotvuvto c c\q \\uv kotvoquv kot vo
qtoupyqoouv to uvotkq (uvq cnoq (conLacL zone). Lntnpoo0co,
cntoqv0qkc ooopq ovoko\ou0to uv oouv ou ouoctou kot q
t\ocvoucvq oc ouo kotvoqo ko qv copoyq cotou ctou
ouvcpyotkuv npoypouv. U ck ouou, opkcc oc cntctpqoov
ovcpqc poct toopuvovo ou tkou ou ouoctokou
upou, npokctcvou vo nopouotoouv c tkou ou opou qv toopto
kot qv no\ttotkq ou k\qpovot.
cntkotvuvto ouoctou kot ontkuv kotvoquv opokqptoqkc
oc no\\c ncptnuoct ono ncptoootokoqo kot onoonoootkoqo
(MarLln 1999). U kuptc ottc 0cupq0qkov q unopqoooqoq kot q
c\\ctq oktkou cttkou npoountkou ooo yto qv tcoyuyq kotvuvtkq
cpcuvo ooo kot yto qv cntcuq q toouvcoq ouoctou kot
kotvoquv (ooper-reenhlll 1997:7), q ocvq cpqoq ono t
no\tctokc cntoyc (rooe 2007:136), q c\\ctq oototo
cntooouvq kotvoqo kot ouoctou o\\ kot ot kpootc okoq
npokoo\qct yto o po\o ou ouoctou (anell 2002:3).
Lntoq cv ctvot \tyot ooot okoq toctvovot ot ctvot
oqovtko ot pooqptoqc ou ouoctou vo ncptoptoouv oc o,t ctvot
cukptvu kt otyu no\ttotko, onu ctvot q cknotcuoq kot q
uoyuyto (Macechnle 2001:117). M\too cv ctvouv nvoc
npo0uot vo ononotq0ouv ov ouccpo kt ovtkctcvtko po\o ou,
okoq kt ov ouq q ouccpoqo cpqvcucot u onooootonotqoq q kot
cntcotuoq uv kotvuvtkuv npokoo\qcuv kot ocpounuv.
tocuouv cntnpoo0co ot o ouocto cv couv q uvooqo vo
npoko\ouv t kuptopc ovt\qct q ncptypoc, c t onotc ctvot
ocv ouvcccvo (allam LreeL 2000:131). Acv nopouv vo
unooqpt(ouv qv kotvuvtkq o\\oyq kot vo ou\\ouv onooototk oc
ouq. \\ kot oov \\o no\o q cntkotvuvtokq kot q cpqvcutkq
totkooto, no\\ot cntokcnc npoocpovot oo ouocto c qv tco
kot qv npoookto ot o c\cuoto tvouv ok\ovqc kot topovtk
o\v0ooc onovqoct (Maconal 2002: 241 anell 2007:27).

4
Mto ono t cotpcoct onoc\ct o Mouocto lsLrlcL lx Museum. pu0qkc o Ackcpto
ou 1994 oo Lko Aqotko Atocptoo ou ape 1on, nou ouvto topovtk to
no\uno\ttotkq ncptoq. hLLp:.lsLrlcLslx.co.za (1c\cuoto cntokcq 1072011).
Mopto 8\okq

[4]

^ %2%*%+4$/%$1 /1? >=/%24$/=7$1? $/, >,7$=0,

nopouotooq ou no\ttoou uv covoocutkuv kotvoquv,
ouuvo c opkc nopoctyoo ouoctuv, npoc\cnc optk qv
cntk\qoq kptqptuv npocpocvuv ouv ono o kuptopo ouoqo
npounuv kt opuv q upo unooq ovoctkvuovo ncptooocpo q
toopctkoqo kot cvtouovo o touptoo. zuvco\c \too oq
toopuoq to ocvq ovt\qq yto qv cvvoto ou no\ttoou uv
covoocutkuv kotvoquv. pokctot yto cvov no\ttoo ootko,
uptk kot c0votk ncptoptocvo (verma an 8aley 194). vt0co, o
no\ttoo ouvto to totkooto cntqkuvocvq kot cn\out(ocvq oc
ono kot povo nou cct qv ovykq q ouvctoop o\uv uv
kotvuvtkootkovotkuv ouv kot k0c c\ou ouuv cupto.
M\too npouno0cct qv cvcpyqtkq, tuotkq oucoq uv oouv,
qv o\\q\cntpooq cou ou. 8aymon Wllllams (191:10) ovocpct
opokqptotk ot o no\ttoo ctvot to totkooto ovnuq ou
nvcuoo nou tcnct o\o ov pono (uq kot npoyoonotctot cou q
poq k0c ooou.
1o c\q uv c0vono\ttotkuv kotvoquv 0cupq0qkov ot ctvot
cyk\utocvo oqv c0vono\ttotkq ou ouoqo upt q uvooqo
ktvqtkoqo cko uv otkctuv optuv, ovt0co npo qv ovt\qq ot
k0c oo ctvot tkovo vo onokqoct toopctkc cnctptc nou
cntpcnouv qv ovcpqq toopuoq q ouoq ou (8auman
1993).
M\too q ouypovq covocuoq, oc ovt0coq npo o
no\otocpo covoocutk pcuoo, cv npouno0cct qv optotkq
tppqq uv couv c qv upo kooyuyq. t covoc ktvouvot
oc cvo ouvcu cootko upo oko\ou0uvo cvov topku
cvo\\oooocvo pono (uq nou cntpcnct qv ovnuq to tkq,
upttkq kou\oupo (llc chlller eL al 1992, annerz 2007) kot
ouoqo (Moo\ou 199, ntotko 2006).
C\c ot o\\oyc oov ono totuoq kot pooqptonotqoq k0c
ooou ovovok\uvot oqv ouoq ou, nou ytvcot ouvcnu
uvotkq kot no\unuq (anahl 2003:). zuvoko\ou0o ytvcot
ovt\qno ot q ouoqo cv ouvtooot ovo ono qv c0votkq
kooyuyq. ?npouv ncptooocpc unoyuyc, onu o u\o, q q\tkto, q
opuoq kot o cvtocpovo, q cnoyyc\otkq ttoqo, nou ocvo
npootopt(ouv cvo ouykckptcvo oo kt cntpcnouv qv ccupcoq
kotvuv ootctuv cntkotvuvto c ou \\ou, kot occpou
tooo\t(ouv, c q ouv0coq o\uv, q ovotkoq ou (Moo\ou
199).
U npo qv ovonopoooq q covocuoq oo ouoctoko
ncpt\\ov tokptvovot pct toopctkc oct:
[49]

o) cvouuoq q covoocutkq toopto u to cntcpou
0cotkq cvoqo ou ouoctokou oqyqoo to upo q to
ncptoq, onu cntctpctot oo ouocto toopto. npoocyytoq q
covocuoq kot q ounopouotooq q c \\c oqovtkc ncptoou
q toopto cvo onou ouvto cvo cto ovoyvuptoq q
onouotoq q. kupto oo0cp oc ouq qv npoocyytoq ctvot o ono
u upo unooq covoouv. pokctot yto to ouyk\tvouoo ontkq
c oqcto ouyk\toq qv ncptoq cykooooq ov0punuv toopctkq
kooyuyq (reen 2004:43). Lntnpoo0co q npoocyytoq ctvot ouykpttkq,
ko0u nopouot(ovot ot toopctkc topoc nou oko\ou0qoov
v0punot q covoocutkc oc ov\oyo c q upo kooyuyq
ou. 1o ootcto nou cntovt(cot, o\ovot cv ctvot cnttukocvo, ctvot
q c0votkq ou kooyuyq.
zuvq0u ou tontouvcot ot cv unpct o ncpt0upto
cpt0ou tcpcuvqoq ou 0coo kot ccooq ou oo cntnco ou
ooou. povtkq, cc\tktkq nopouotooq, q onoto tcnq o
ouocto\oytko oqyqo cv cntpcnct qv cotooq oqv npoountkq
toopto. Lntoq ko0u cv unpct nvoc q uptkq q povtkq
uvooqo vo ovovcu0ouv o ck0coo, ot ncptnuoct covocuoq
nou otonotouvot nopouot(ovot u ovtnpoouncutkc, cntovt(ovo
ouypovu qv outoq ouykckptcvuv c0votkuv ouv c qv
ttoqo ou covoq.
) 1o cttk 0cotk ouocto ncptypouv q covocuoq
otonotuvo q coop ou ottou. opouot(ouv tcotk o\o
o oto ono ov onouptoo ou covoq ono qv nopto ou kot
ono ou otkctou ou u t 0ctkc ouvcnctc q covocuoq ou
oqv upo unooq. 1o ouykckptcvo ouocto kvouv covoocutkq
toopto (mlraLlon hlsLory) c kpo- kot tkpo-cntncou ov\uoq. t
ck0coct ou ovocpovot ot n\q0uotokc o\\oyc kot t
coktvqoct n\q0uouv yto cy\c ncptoou. 1ouopovo nopccot
q uvooqo ovctq ncptooocpuv covoocutkuv tuuv kt
cpqvcutkuv npoocyytocuv \oyu q oktkq kot ocvq ouvcpyooto
c t kotvoqc uv covoouv.
8coto c\\ocuct kot oqv ncptnuoq ouq q koqyopto
ouoctuv vo cvo0ouv ot npokoo\qct, ytot ot npo nopouotooq
oc cnt\cyovot c kupto kptqpto qv c0votkq ou kooyuyq. Cu,
onu nopoqpct kot q oono (200b), ko0u ot ouoqc cv ctvot
noc noyucvc kot ootkc, cv nopct vo cpct kovct nvoc qv
ttoqo ou covoq q ou cntyovou ou covoq. Lntnpoo0co q
ck0coq q covoocutkq toopto to upo oc cttkou
ouoctokou upou ouvto ouou cvo cto ouoncptoptoou kt
cvcocvu unotqoq q.
Mopto 8\okq

[30]

y) ptq ck0cotokq oq oop qv ccoq tonpoycuoq
q covocuoq. Acv cntctpctot q ovctq ou no\ttoou uv
c0vono\ttotkuv kotvoquv, o\\ q nopouotooq 0cuv nou
cvtocpouv ooo ou yqycvct ooo kot ou o\\oc0vct. pokctot yto
(qqoo nou couv u kotvo nopovoooq qv kotvuvtkq otkto kot qv
ckc\\cuoq ou ov0punou kot cnttukcot q ktvqonotqoq o\uv yto
qv npoontoq uv ov0puntvuv tkotuuv. zc ouq qv koqyopto
ouykoo\cycot cvo tkpo ouykpttk opt0o ouoctuv nou cct
ko0optoct u nputoou ooou qv ovtcuntoq ou pootoou kot
qv npou0qoq uv ov0puntvuv tkotuuv.
3
1o ouocto ouq q
koqyopto uncpotvouv o opto ou ontkou q ou c0vtkou kot onokouv
noykooto onqqoq. op\\q\o cnttukcot q cnoq c t ctovotkc
kotvoqc, npokctcvou vo ov\ouvot 0coo kot vo cn\out(ovot ot
cpqvcutkc ckoc.
8coto kot oq ouykckptcvq ck0cotokq oq unpct o ktvuvo
q ouvcoq uv covoocutkuv ouv c qv nopootkoqo q qv
o0coq n\cup q kotvuvtkq (uq to ncptoq, cvctvovo
ncptooocpo o opvqtk ocpcouno kot t npokoo\qct.
Lntnpoo0co okoq kt oov ot covoc, kuptu yuvotkc kot nott,
nopouot(ovot u 0uoo ckc\\cuoq q kokonotqoq cyctpovot
ouvoto0qoo \unq, upt uoooo vo otpcot q touptotkq ypoq
kot q onooooq ovcoo oo cct kot o ouot, ytot cv unpct
coo cvtocpov.
ouoctokq ovonopoooq ou covoq o\ovcucot ouv
ovcoo oq 0uoonotqoq ou kot oqv qpuonotqoq ou, ctc u
no0qtkou ckq npo\quv cnoko\ou0uv q otkovotkq ucoq
kot q no\ttkq oo0cto oq upo kooyuyq, o\\ kot poototkuv
ckq\uocuv uv yqycvuv kootkuv oq upo unooq, ctc u
cntuqcvou oyuvtoq oc to uoko\q topoq (uq oq vco yq.
covoq npo\\cot cntoq u opco to ounoyou
kot oc\qq c0vono\ttotkq ouoqo upt vo ovoctkvucot q
ovo\\oyq kot q ouv0coq u uotko onoc\coo q o\\q\cntpooq c
ou yqycvct oq upo unooq. Acv ck\ctnct cntoq ouv q
on\otkq, cntovctokq nopouotooq q no\ttotkq ou k\qpovot.
zov cntoqo ouoctoko \oyo couv ncptoptocvq 0coq ot
yuvotkc. 1o npouno ou covoq nou npo\\cot ot ouvc\ct oqv
ovnuq q upo unooq ctvot kuptu o vpo covoq,
o\ovot ot oototkc c\cc oc tc0vc cntnco ovoctkvuouv ot ot

3
opoctyoo onoc\ouv o lsLrlcL lx Museum (oto ptkq), o Museum o
1olerance (..), o Museum o 8elllous Lle an ArL (zkuto), o Museum o uman
8lhLs (kovo) kot nto npoooo o Museum o Worl ulLure (zouqto).
[31]

yuvotkc cntctpouv c qv tto ouvoqo covoocutkc ktvqoct.
6

ovc\q onouoto cntoqotvcot oqv ncptnuoq uv nottuv, ov kot
tuvouv ctoou c o cvq\tko c\q to otkoycvcto q totkooto q
covocuoq, q cykooooq kot q npoon0cto npooopoyq
oo vco kotvuvtko kot no\ttotko ncpt\\ov. ovctq q uvq
ou kot uv tkuv ou tooptuv ouvccot c qv ovoyvuptoq q
oqooto uv cnctptuv ou, u unokctcvuv nou couv \oyo, yvuoq
kot tuoo kot cn\ckovot cvcpy oou kotvuvtkou kooou (!ames
an rouL 1990, Mayall 1994).

) *=+#&+%-:>=21 8+=72% .%# 1 U+($1 /'2 #$/,+#q2 s'(? /'2
>=/%2%$/q2

cpcuvo nou nopouot(cot oo n\ototo q nopouoo ctoqyqoq
npoyoonotq0qkc oc pto toopctk kotvuvtk, tooptk kot
no\ttotk n\ototo oc topt0c ncptoc q L\\o c ouqcvq
nopouoto covoouv ono upc q 8o\kovtkq kot q npuqv
zotctkq Lvuoq ko qv c\cuoto ckocto, o\\ kot
covoocutkc ktvqoct uv yqycvuv npo upc q utkq Lupunq
q ckocto ou 60 kot npo qv cptkq oo c\q ou 19
ou
otuvo.
7

cpcuvo ctc u okono q c\tuoq uv ococuv cou yqycvuv nottuv
kot nottuv covoouv npooo\tkq kot oo\tkq q\tkto cou q
copoyq npoypouv npooptkq toopto npooopoocvuv ot
ovykc ou ctyoo uv ouccovuv nottuv kot t ttotcpc
ouv0qkc oc k0c ncptoq, onou copooqkov. k0c npoypoo
npooptkq toopto ncpt\ovc qv cpcuvo yto q ouykpoqoq
ou\\oyq tooptuv (uq covoouv, ouypovuv kot no\otuv, kot qv
ccupcoq ponuv ck0coq uv tooptuv ou oo ouoctoko ncpt\\ov,
uoc vo npoycot q tootq cntkotvuvto kot q tono\ttotkq
o\\q\cntpooq.
ncptypoocvq cpcuvo u cpcuvo poq oqpt0qkc oqv
ovctq uv uvuv ooo uv yqycvuv nottuv ooo kot uv nottuv
c covoocutko nopc\0ov npooo\tkq kot oo\tkq q\tkto ko0u
cntoq uv yovcuv ou u tootuv ouvcpcuvquv kot oqv
cnotkooqtkq otonotqoq uv npoountkuv yvuocuv kot cnctptuv
ou okoq kot oq \qq oqovtkuv onoocuv nou oopouoov ou
cntcpou ooou uv npoypouv kot ou ponou u\onotqoq
ou. pokctot yto to oqovtkq o\\oyq oqv cotooq nou npoyct q

6
Lvctktk o 30 uv covoouv noykootu ctvot yuvotkc kot \too ot
ovonuycvc upc uncpotvouv ov ovtooto opt0o uv ovpuv (32) (nlLe
aLlons 2006).
7
pokctot yto q zkt0o, q nco Mqovtuvo kot q Ccooo\ovtkq.
Mopto 8\okq

[32]

npooptkq toopto: 1o ovtkctcvo q c\cq copcncot oc uvotko
unokctcvo (Whlncop 196:47).
Lvo okoq opokqptotko q cpcuvqtkq kpttkq kot
ovoooootkq totkooto nou oko\ou0q0qkc onoc\coc q
cv0ppuvoq q otoqqoq kot q ck vcou tonpoycuoq
nopococvuv otuv kot kovovuv, onu o ou0cvtko ouoctoko
\oyo, ou\\ovo ouopovo oqv ovoyvuptoq ou no\ttotkou
kco\otou o\uv uv ouccovuv.
otpoq cntkotvuvto kot q tootq tonpoycuoq, u
cnttukocvot ooot uv npoypouv npooptkq toopto,
onoc\coov ootkc npouno0coct yto qv ovctq no\\on\uv
cpqvctuv kot o0couv nuuv q covocuoq.
zo n\ototo q nopouoo ctoqyqoq kooypovot ot kuptocpc
onoct uv ouccovuv oqv cpcuvo nottuv kot uv yovcuv ou
cttkocpo u npo ou ponou nopouotooq uv tooptuv ou ot
ouoctokc ck0coct nou u\onotq0qkov. voctkvuovot ot cvotooot
kot ot tkc ou npooct, onu kooypqoov oc ootk q ootk
qcpo\oyto q ou(qq0qkov ot oc cpyooto nou qtoupyq0qkov.
t onoct ou otonotq0qkov ouotootk, ko0u ovopoooqoov
qtoupytk ov optko octooo uv ck0cocuv.

;# *+,/4$=#? /'2 $7>>=/=U:2/'2 $/12 8+=72% *%#5#q2 .%# &,28'2K
>=/%2%$/q2 .%# &1&=2q2K &#% /12 8.<=$1 /'2 >=/%2%$/=7/#.q2
#$/,+#q2

zuuvo c t cntoqvoct opkcuv ouvcpcuvquv nottuv,
yqycvuv kot covoouv, ot covoocutkc tooptc nou
nopouoto(ovov ot ck0coct ctc c q opq \c(vo (ypon) ctc oc
tvcookonqcvq opq cv npooc\kuov o cvtocpov uv cntokcnuv.
zuuvo c ov Cn (1997:99) ooo q ypoq ooo kot q cucpoycvq
npooptkoqo uv q\ckpovtkuv couv, nou oqpt(cot oq ypoq
coucptkcuct q okcq kt onoovuvct ov couo ono ou \\ou.
vt0co, q npooptkq ckpooq cct to toopctkq uouvotkq
toooq, ko0u tooo\t(ct qv ocooqo kot npouno0cct qv
o\\q\cntpooq kot qv cntkotvuvto.
Lntnpoo0co u npo t tooptc nou ckc0qkov oc
tvcookonqcvq opq nopoqpq0qkc ot opkc nott cntokcnc
cv ouykpqoov o ncptcocvo uv oqyqocuv. M\too \oyu q
ccoq nopouotooq ou cuoov qv cvunuoq ot cv qov o\q0tvc.
zuuvo c ou lerln lal (199:63) q pqoq uv vcuv
cvo\oytuv ko qv nopouotooq uv tooptuv (uq cvcocvu vo
cnot(ct qv ou0cvtkoqo q cnctpto.
[33]

1o nott ouvcpcuvqc npoctvov ooo q t\ocvto
ncptooocpuv (uvovuv ouvcvcucuv ooo kot q uvooqo npoo0qkq
ono ou cntokcnc cvo cvo\\oktkou c\ou q oqyoucvq
toopto, otonotuvo cvcocvu otkcto tuoo, onu oqv
ncptnuoq uv cntokcnuv covoouv. tookcuq to\oyuv kot q
pooonotqoq onoc\coov cntnpoo0cc cknotcutkc
pooqptoqc, ot onotc oucctov o nott cntokcnc uv
ck0cocuv kot cvtouoov qv oto0qoq q ouvqtoupyto uv
oqyoucvuv tooptuv u onoc\coo o\\q\cntpooq ovcoo oo
tto kot ou n\qpoopqc. pkc ono o nott nou cntokcqkov qv
ck0coq opokqptoov t tooptc nou ovoct0qkov cou uv
ouvcvcucuv ot onotc nqpov cpo kot t pooonotqcvc
tooptc u tkc ou.
tcoyuyq (uvovuv ouvcvcucuv ko q tpkcto uv
ouoctokuv ck0cocuv ouvco\c cntoq oqv npok\qoq uv ocpcounuv
kot qv o\\oyq uv oocuv uv yqycvuv cntokcnuv yto ou
covoc \\ou. A\\uoc cvo ono ou cvotooou nou
ckpoqkov ono ouvcpcuvqc yovct kot nott c toopctkq
c0votkq kooyuyq onoc\coc ot ot ck0coct 0o cvtouov t
cntkpoouoc ocpcountkc ovt\qct yto ou covoc.
q npoo\q ou npoounou unqpc to ono t kuptc
cntu\ct nou ckpoqkov ono ooou n\qpoopqc koc0coov q
tkq ou covoocutkq cnctpto. Lvo\\oktk npo0qkc q ck0coq
to qoypoqcvq opupto u covucvou ck0coo.
Atontou0qkc \too ot ot tooptc (uq nopouv vo onoc\coouv ono
ovc ou tkov ck0coo, uoc vo npooc\kuoouv o cvtocpov uv
cntokcnuv nop q tkpq ou q\tkto. pkc nott toto0qtk
koovoqoov ootcto q npoountkoqo o\\ kot t ooct uv
oqyquv upt vo cnqpcooouv ono cucptk opokqptotk ou.
ouykckptcvq tontouoq cpcot oc ovt0coq c q ouvq0q
ovtkctcvokcvptkoqo ou ouocto\oytkou oqyqoo kot qv
co\uotkq q oun\qpuotkq otonotqoq uv u\uv ckqptuv,
nou oqpt(cot oqv cnt\oyq no\\uv cntc\quv vo \cnouv okoq t
ck0coct ou u ontkc cnctptc q onococvot ot o qqtk
cpc0tooo nopouv vo oo0ouv ovo ou oc to ck0coq (ay 1999:94).
M\too ouuvo c q ouykckptcvq ck0cotokq oktkq
pqotonotouvot tkp onoonooo kot cv tooo\t(cot ot ot
uvc uv ov0punuv nopouv vo okouoouv (es 2004:43).
ck0coq uv qoypoqcvuv opuptuv u covucvuv
ck0cuv npo0qkc ono o nott ouvcpcuvqc kot yto ooou
n\qpoopqc cv tc0cov npoountk ovtkctcvo q cv0uto ono
npoouno oq upo kooyuyq ou. Lvo nott, covoq npuq
Mopto 8\okq

[34]

ycvt ovccpc opokqptotk: el 0yoe 6toortko kot ev nppoe
rlnoro ol o. Mvo ,rt ep vo n.
ko q tpkcto tcoyuyq uv ck0cocuv kooypqkc q
npo0coq opkcuv cntokcnuv c covoocutkq cnctpto vo
koo0coouv t tkc ou nopootc q kot toopctkc cnctptc,
uvooqo nou cv ctc npo\c0ct ko ov optko octooo uv
ck0cocuv. to nopctyo u npo o 0co q ovtcuntoq uv
covoouv ono ou yqycvct ko ov cpoo ou oqv L\\o
t\ocvq0qkov kot cnctptc nou ovcpcov qv optkq ouvotvctkq
ouocto\oytkq nopouotooq. pqoq uv tooptuv (uq \\uoc oct\ct
vo qv cntcotuvct npoko0optocvc cpcuvqtkc uno0coct o\\ vo
ctvot ovopcntkq, npok\qtkq uncpotvovo o opto q ovocvocvq
vooo\yto (unsurprlsln nosLalla) (ers 2004:44).
Mto okoq npoooq oopouoc q uvooqo ounopouotooq
ncptooocpuv nop\\q\uv oqyqocuv yto o tto 0co. Mto qcpo
o\ovtkq kooyuyq nou 0o q0c\c vo ovocp0ct kot q tto oov pono
ccupcoq t(o yto qv L\\o ovccpc opokqptotk: kt ey e vo
n kort. Aev elvot p vp toroplo. ouvunopq toopctkuv tooptuv
nopctc q uvooqo ovctq toopctkuv cpqvcutkuv
npoocyytocuv kot q ouopovq npoo\q q ootkq kot q
ou\\oytkq cnctpto.
ouvck0coq covoocutkuv tooptuv oopouoc ooo t
cnctptc uv ouypovuv covoouv oqv L\\o ooo kot uv L\\qvuv
covoouv npo utkocupunotkc upc (ckocto 1960) kot npo qv
cptkq (c\q 19ou otuvo). ouvck0coq ouvco\c oqv
oncvoonotqoq q covoocutkq ttoqo kot oq q ouvcoq q
c ouykckptcvo npoouno. koq ouvco\c oq ouvcq ovovcuoq ou
ouocto\oytkou oqyqoo c vco u\tk kot u\o ck0coo.
Lvo cvotooo nou tounu0qkc ooo ono nott ooo kot ono
yovct covoc nou oucctov ot npoyoonotq0ctoc cpcuvc
poq onoc\coc q q onok\ctotkq ovctq q covoocutkq
ttoq ou. Lvo vpo n\qpoopqq, nou q cnctpto ou
kooypqkc ono o nott-ouvcpcuvqc ko q oq ouykpoqoq
q ou\\oyq covoocutkuv tooptuv, kot oov onoto ovocp0qkc q
uvooqo nopouotooq q toopto ou oo n\ototo q ck0coq,
cncoqovc: npoppooe orp p o. oue ooet. o tpo yto
ro rpo. Aev elot vo erovoorp.
ovykq q cotooq oqv ttoqo ou covoq q oq
toopctkq c0votkq kooyuyq u0qoc oqv ovctq npoountkuv
cvtocpovuv kot \\uv unoyuyuv uv n\qpoopquv onu o u\o,
q q\tkto, cntpcnovo qv npoo\q kot kotvuv ootctuv c ou
cntokcnc uv ck0cocuv Lntnpoo0co npo0qkc q nopouotooq uv
tooptuv c ooo q ou(qqoq 0cuv nou cv oopouv onok\ctotk
[33]

ou covoc, onu o 0co q t\to, q ovot o\\ kot q
ovcpyto.
npoooq tcoyuyq ncptooocpuv ouvcvcucuv ko q
tpkcto uv ck0cocuv npoockpouoc oov cvotooo opkcuv
covoouv yovcuv kot nottuv vo ckc0ouv (uvov. Mto qcpo
ono q zupto ovccpc opokqptotk: Aev epoue ov 0o ooouv
oroop onevovrl o. o vo erot otvoore. Lvo\\oktk o nott
nou oucctov oq ou\\oyq kot qv cnccpyooto uv ouvcvcucuv u
ouvcpcuvqc npoocp0qkov vo cocpouv qv cnctpto kot o
ouvoto0qoo uv covoouv n\qpoopquv ctc cncqyuvo uov
ooctc ctc cn\out(ovo c otkctc cnctptc t oqyqoct onu
ot ncptnuoct uv nottuv covoouv. \uoq ou no\ttotkou
tocoo\oqq npo0qkc okoq yto ooou n\qpoopqc ovccpov
ot cv qcpov vo t\ouv ko\ qv kuptopq y\uooo ttotcpo npoo
oc \\ou. zuvcctvc oq oqovtkq ctuoq q ovoo\cto
(lnLerculLural communlcaLlon uncerLalnLy: 8erer 1992) o\\ kot q
tooktkoqo q ou oou ko qv cntkotvuvto kot qv
o\\q\cntpooq (lnLerculLural communlcaLlon apprehenslon) (eullep
Mcrosey 1997).

9%$#.8? $7>*=+%$>%/#.8? <8$=#?

tcupucvq oucoq uv nottuv, yqycvuv kot covoouv kot uv
yovcuv ou oc o\c t oct q cpcuvqtkq totkooto ko q
tpkcto copoyq uv npoypouv npooptkq toopto ouvco\c
oq topkq ovopoooqoq uv oouv uv ouoctokuv ck0cocuv kot
oqv ovovcuoq ou c vco u\tk kot u\o ck0coo kot cpqvcutkc
npoocyytoct.
cn\okq uv nottuv covoouv kot uv yovcuv ou oq
\qq onoocuv yto o ncptcocvo uv ck0cocuv kot cttkocpo yto
ou ponou ck0coq uv tooptuv ou ouvco\c ouopovo ocvo
oqv ovctq ncptooocpuv kot ouv o0couv nuuv ou
covoocutkou nopc\0ovo kot occpou oq tctouoq oqv
ov0puntvq cnctpto, q onoto ouv cntokt(cot ono to ycyovoo\oytkq
ouocto\oytkq oqyqoq. M\too q tctouoq ot cnctptc oouv c
toopctkq q\tkto, u\o, c0votkq kooyuyq, kou\oupo,
cnoyyc\otkq kot kotvuvtkq 0coq ouvcctvc oqv npoo\q q
ttotcpoqo q ootkq ouoqo kot qv no\un\okoqo q
koookcuq q u to ovotkq ouv0coq toopctkuv
opokqptotkuv, q onoto onok\tvct ono t ocpcountkc ovt\qct
nou ouvcovot c to ouykckptcvq c0vono\ttotkq oo.
Lntnpoo0co q ccupcoq ponuv ouvunopq toopctkuv kot kotvuv
tuuv onoc\coc ootkq npouno0coq yto qv npou0qoq q
Mopto 8\okq

[36]

tono\ttotkq o\\q\cntpooq kot cntkotvuvto, q onoto onoc\coc
kupto yvuptoo uv ouoctokuv ck0cocuv nou npoyoonotq0qkov.
uvotkq cn\okq o\uv uv c\uv to kotvoqo oq
tounuoq o\\ kot qv u\onotqoq uv oouv to tooptkq kot
ouocto\oytkq cpcuvo cntcotuoc okoq ot q npooptkq toopto
ckctvcot ncpo ono to ouvq0q cpqvcutkq totkooto kot nopct
ocvo vo ou\ct ouotootk oqv koookcuq to nto oucotkq
kot qokpotkq toopto kot occpou vo cntuct oqovtkc
kotvuvtkc o\\oyc, onu q c\tuoq uv oocuv kot uv ococuv
cou yqycvuv kot covoouv c\uv to kotvoqo.

9#h3#,&+%-0%

pvyoop
Mo\ou, tv. 199. Ot ovtke rourrpre, p.C. 1ponou\q,
0qvo: Ukcovto.
Mou\tou, Mp\cv Mnouvto, \cvpo. 1999. Mouoctokc ck0coct.
Lpqvcutkc npoocyytoct oq ouoctokq 0cupto kot npoktkq,
Apotooylo 1eve, 73:33-3.
ntotko, 8oot\q. 2006. Ltoqyqoq oo Lntoqovtko zunooto c 0co:
nounotrtotkrpro kot erovooreuop orpv oo. 0vortke
ooe, rourrpre, ovonopoorooet kot npokrtke orpv enop rp
noykootonolpop, 0qvo, vcto ovcntoqto, 2-10-2006.
ooo\tq, pqyopq. 2001. no o ouocto ou no\ttoou oov
no\ttoo ou ouoctou. zo zko\o M. (cnt.). n Mouoetooylo
orov 1
o
ot.. Oeplo kot npop, poktk Atc0vou zunootou,
Ccooo\ovtkq, 21-24 nocptou 1997, Ccooo\ovtkq: Lkooct
Lvcukqptou, 212-220.

-evyoop
8auman, ZymunL. 1993. Maln an nmaln o Lraners. lreme ln
er osLmoernen esellschaL. zo arzl, ., kot 8aeLhzel, .,
lJetstoecbe Jes Moltloltotollsmos, ambur: ArumenL, 3-21.
8erer, .8. 1992. ommunlcaLln ner ncerLalnLy. zo uyunsL W.
8. klm .. (es.) keoJloqs oo commoolcotloq ltb 5ttooqets. e
or: Mcra- lll.
arey, !ames. 199. commoolcotloo os coltote. ssoys oo MeJlo ooJ
5oclety. nlln yman. 8osLon, 13-36.
rooe, llzabeLh, 2007. Moseoms ooJ commoolty. Jeos, ssoes ooJ
cbolleoqes. e or: 8ouLlee.
ay, AnneLLe. 1999. LlsLenln allerles: uLLln Cral lsLory on lsplay,
Otol nlstoty, 271: 91-96.
[37]

lerln, Lynn lal !ohn. 199. Aulence an AccesslblllLy. zo
1homas, MlnLz, A., 199, 1be lttool ooJ tbe keol. MeJlo lo tbe
Moseom, WashlnLon: Amerlcan AssoclaLlon o Museums.
llc chlller, lna, 8asch Llna 8lanc-zanLon, hrlsLlna.1992. 1ootJs
o 1toosootloool letsectlve oo Mlqtotloo. koce, closs, tbolclty, ooJ
Notlooollsm kecooslJeteJ. : e or Acaemy o clences.
rele, 8onal. 2007. Cral lsLory as lence. zo harlLon, 1., Myers, L.,
harpless, 8. (es.), nlstoty of Otol nlstoty. oooJotloos ooJ
MetboJoloqy. lymouLh: AlLa Mlra ress, 9-32.
reen, nancy. 2004. Ot pot rp erovooreuop. z0ypove 0epprtke
npooeyyloet. 0qvo: zo\o.
oono, kaLherlne.200. xhlblLlons lorms an lnluenLlal
lrcumsLances. zo oono k. Aman . (es). 5cooJloovloo
Moseoms ooJ coltotol lvetslty, Museum o Lonon an 8erhahn
8oos, 230-243.
allam, llzabeLh 8rlan LreeL. (es). (2000). coltotol ocoootets.
keteseotloq Otbetoess. Lonon e or: 8ouLlee.
annerz, l. 2007. cosmoolltoolsm. zo uenL . vlncenL !. (es.) A
comooloo to tbe Aotbtooloqy of lolltlcs, Cxor: 8lacell, 69-3.
eln, lle. 2000. 1be Moseom lo 1toosltloo. A lbllosoblcol letsectlve,
WashlnLon: mlLhsonlan lnsLlLuLlon.
eller, Anes kot leher, lerec. 199. 1be lost-moJeto lolltlcol cooJltloo.
e or: olumbla nlerslLy ress.
ooper-reenhlll, llean. 1993. Moseoms, MeJlo, Messoqe. Lonon an
e or: 8ouLlee.
ooper-reenhlll, llean. 1997. coltotol lvetslty. eveloloq Moseom
AoJleoces lo 8tltolo. Lonon an WashlnLon: LelcesLer nlerslLy
ress.
ooper-reenhlll, llean. 2007. Moseoms ooJ Jocotloo. lotose,
leJoqoqy, letfotmooce. : 8ouLlee.
!ames, Alllson rouL, Alan. 1990. A ne paralm or Lhe ocloloy o
hllhoo zo !ames rouL (es), coosttoctloq ooJ kecoosttoctloq
cbllJbooJ, Lonon: 1he lalmer ress, 7-37.
MarLln, al. 1999. lnLroucLlon. Moseom ltoctlce, 11:70-71.
Maconal, haron. 2002. 8ebloJ tbe 5ceoes ot tbe 5cleoce Moseom.
Cxor an e or: 8er.
Macechnle, Marle. 2001. arLnershlps an a share responslblllLy. zo
o, ! anell, 8. (es), ocloJloq Moseoms. letsectlves oo
Moseoms, olletles ooJ 5oclol oclosloo. LelcesLer: 8esearch enLre or
Museums an allerles, eparLmenL o Museum Lules.
Mayall, 8erry. 1994. cbllJteos cbllJbooJs. ObsetveJ ooJ etleoceJ.
Lonon: lalmer ress.
Mopto 8\okq

[3]

Mayran, lerre. 193 1he ne museoloy proclalme, Moseom 14:
200-201.
neullep, !ames.W. Mcrosey, !ames.. 1997. 1he eelopmenL o a
.. an enerallze LhnocenLrlsm cale. commoolcotloo keseotcb
keotts 14: 33-39.
nlLe aLlons. 2006. opular llslon o Lhe nlLe aLlons ecreLarlaL,
1teoJs lo 1otol Mlqtoot 5toc. 1be 005 kevlsloo,
(C8Ml8e.2003),
hLLp:.un.oresapopulaLlonpubllcaLlons2006MlraLlon8epexec
sum.p.
Cn, WalLer. 1997. npooptkrpro kot eyypooroo0vp. pk\cto:
ovcntoqtokc Lkooct kpqq
es, !aler. 2004. Cral hlsLory: lnLroucLlon, Moseom ltoctlce, 43:49-63.
ers, 8oberL. 2004. ln oo volce, Moseom ltoctlce, 23:44-47.
oLLer arer Leone Mar. 196. LlberaLlon nor 8epllcaLlon:
Archaeoloy ln Annapolls analyze, ootool of tbe osbloqtoo
AcoJemy of 5cleoces, 762: 97-103.
anahl, !eLLe. (2003). M: eoLlaLln lenLlLles,
hLLp:.neme.or271neoLlaLln-lenLlLles (1c\cuoto
cntokcq 672011).
anell, 8lchar. 2002. Museums an Lhe ombaLln o oclal lnequallLy:
8oles, 8esponslblllLles, 8eslsLance. zo anell, 8. (e.). 2002.
Moseoms, 5oclety, oeoollty, 8ouLlee: Lonon.
anell, 8lchar. 2007. ommunlLy erlce, Moseoms ootool, 1, 24-27.
Ler, abrlelle LanneLL, AnneLLe. 2001. Moseoms, keyotets ooJ
llfelooq leotoloq. 5boteJ ltoctlce lo lve cooottles, vlenna: 8uro ur
kulLurermlLLlun.
sher 8obln, 8ryanL lan., !ohnsLon 8ennle.1997. AJolt Jocotloo ooJ tbe
lostmoJeto cbolleoqe. leotoloq 8eyooJ tbe llmlts. Lonon:
8ouLlee.
verma, a[enra 8aley, hrlsLopher. 194. (es). koce kelotloos ooJ
coltotol lffeteoces. Lonon: room elm.
Walsh, keln. 1992. 1be keteseototloo of tbe lost. Moseoms ooJ
netltoqe lo tbe lost-moJeto otlJ. Lonon: 8ouLlee.
Wllllams, 8aymon. 191. coltote. Lonon: lonLana aperbacs.
Whlncop, Aprll. 196. sln Cral lsLory ln Museums lsplays, Otol
nlstoty, 142: 46-30.

[39]

P,7$=0% .%# *+,-,+#.8? >%+/7+0=?@ "2572%>q2,2/%? >2(>=? .%#
$U8$=#?

Lo0qp zo\ouv
1

\jklmnol

Moseoms ooJ otol blstotles. emoetloq memotles ooJ soclol telotloos

o tbe cootet of tbe teceot tlse of otol blstoty lo moseoms ooJ eblbltloos,
tbe oet elotes some lotetestloq ottemts to oeqotlote tbe
teteseototloo of tbe so-colleJ Jlfflcolt coltotol betltoqe, l.e. obects ooJ
tolcs tbot moy coose ttoomos, lJeoloqlcol coofllcts ooJ soclol tototes.
no Jo moseoms coottlbote tbtooqb tbe ose of otol blstoty to tbe
stteoqtbeoloq of tles beteeo soclety ooJ tbose qtoos blcb ote ootmolly
ecloJeJ ftom offlclol blstoty ooJ, tbetefote, ftom most moseom
oottotlves no coo moseoms moe tbe most of tbelt otol blstoty otcblves
lo otJet to emoet eoles seose of belooqloq to o loce ooJ o
commoolty, to teolt ttoomotlc memotles ooJ ot to tecooclle

1q opoq ouq nou oko\ou0ct q toopto t c\cuotc ckoctc npo
ou ovuvuou npuoyuvtoc, qv toopto ono o ku onu
ouvq0t(cot vo \cycot, kot o uoko\o 0coo npo npoycuoq, ou,
q\oq, nou ou\toov ccou novot no\ttkuv (qquv ou
nopovo, cv 0o nopouoov vo oyvoqoouv o ouocto, ttu ou nou
oopouv o nopc\0ov. ou(qqoq uv c\cuotuv povuv yto o
ov0punokcvptko ouocto (ov0punokcvptko ooo u npo o 0co
ou, ooo kot u npo ov pono q npoycuoq ou) cct \\uoc
kotvc ocqptc c to toopto nou cv cot(ct ovoykootk kot ovo
oo \cyocvo ok\qp cocvo: oqv ncptnuoq uv ouoctuv npokctot
yto t 0cupoucvc u ototoqqc notoqc uv ovtkctcvuv,
nou ouv npoocyyt(ovot c qv cntooq to onq, oqv kupto\cto,
ovtkctcvtkoqo. Lot, ov cntko\coouc t ovo(qqoct q
ouypovq (q ko \\ou vco) ouocto\oyto, ouo nou o
cvtocpct ctvot vo t\qoouc yto o ouoctoko ck0co coo ono ov
po\o ou oqv ov0puntvq cnctpto (8oss 2004). Mc ouqv qv cvvoto,
cooq tvcot ot ovo oov knoc qtoupyo kot pqoq ou
ovtkctcvou kot oq ouvoq tooptkq n\qpoopto kot yvuoq o\\ kot
oov cntokcnq: q tkq ou cnctpto oov ouoctoko upo oct(cot c
onoct, npoountk tuoo kot vqc, ootcto c oupo(ocvo
cntoq tooptk.

1
ovcntoqto uovvtvuv, esolomon[cc.uol.r.
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[60]

no qv \\q, q ouykcvpuoq npooptkuv opuptuv cvoocot
oq ouoctokq poq c notkt\ou ponou: u cpo q cpcuvo kot
q cknotcuoq, u npooovoo\totko kptqpto yto o nou npcnct vo
ktvq0ct q ou\\cktkq no\ttkq cvo ouoctou, u opctoko ckqpto
oct(ocvo coo c qv ckqptuoq uv ovtkctcvuv kot q toctptoq
uv ou\\oyuv, u kot q cntkotvuvto c to kotvoqo cou
totkuokuv toooc\tuv kot uv couv kotvuvtkq tkuuoq (Ltk. 1
kot 2). A\\uoc, o ouocto nou ncpt\ovouv npooptkc opuptc
ot ck0coct ou ctvouv vo ptokouv ttotcpq onqqoq oo kotvo,
to kot q nopouoto ou tvct uvq oo ovtkctcvo, cvooct qv
ov0puntvq nopcpo oqv cpqvcto uv ck0cuv, ouypovt(ct
cntoqc kot ovcntoqc uvc q toopto, cvu ctvot oc 0coq vo
coopuoct kot q ouoctoypotkq opyvuoq to ck0coq c qv
cvouuoq oc ouqv qqtkuv kot ontkuv ckqptuv kot q
ouvoko\ou0q pqoq vcuv, ouv topootkuv, cvo\oytuv.
2

zo n\ototo ouo ounopcuoq ouoctuv kot npooptkq
toopto, q cpyooto nou oko\ou0ct cot(ct ot uvooqc nou
npoocpct q otonotqoq q npoountkq opupto, ooov oop qv
cvoq oq ouoctokq oqyqoq kotvuvtkuv ouv cpt npoooo
onok\ctocvuv ono qv cntoqq toopto. Atcpcuvuvot q\oq
ncptnuoct, ot onotc ot uno ck0coq u\tkc opuptc oct(ovot c
to uoko\q k\qpovot ou nopc\0ovo, qtoupyuvo
cvcocvu tco\oytkc ovtnopo0coct, no\cou vqq,
kotvuvtkc toc q okoo kot ouykpouoct. 1c\o, ytvcot ovoop

2
to q ocoq ouoctuv kot npooptkq opupto unpct to topku ouovocvq
t\toypoto nou nopoko\ou0ct qv ouqoq octkuv ck0cotokuv cyctpquv
tc0vu, \. cvctktk Lubar 1997, ay 1997, reen 199, he 2002, aou 2003,
o\tkt 2006, 1homas 200. to t npoooc cc\tct ovooptk c ov po\o q
npooptkq toopto oo ouocto (o\\oyc oov pono ou\\oyq opuptuv, vcc
cvtkc qtonotqoq, copoyc oc ktvq q\cuvo k\n, \. o octko otcpuo ou
ncptotkou Moseom ltoctlce (13112011, 1he chanln ace o oral hlsLory, aL
hLLp:.museumsassoclaLlon.ormuseum-pracLlceoral-hlsLory, npooooq
3122012). zqv L\\o, cotpctk cvtocpovo nopoctyoo ouoctokq
otonotqoq npooptkuv opuptuv (oc optocvc \too ncptnuoct q cknovqoq
npoypouv npooptkq toopto ouvc0qkc ottok c qv tpuoq ou octkou
ouoctou) onoc\ouv: q ouykpoqoq ou pctou pooptkuv Mopuptuv kot q
otonotqoq oo 8toqovtko Mouocto q Lpouno\q, onou nopouot(ovot oct q
cpyooto oq toqovtkq zupo (onoocovkq 2002, 2003), o Mouocto pooptkq
oopto oo ovt (\. cnouoq vpcou 2010, cnouoq 2011), q ck0coq ou
Aooypotkou kot L0vo\oytkou Mouoctou Mokcovto-Cpkq Av0punot kot
ovtkctcvo: zcoct (uq - nco onokqoo ono upcc oo Mouocto (2009), q
ontkookouotkq cykooooq nou oun\qpuvct qv ck0coq 3.000, 13.000, 200.000
povto nptv. Mto ck0coq yto q (uq oqv npotooptkq Mokcovto oo poto\oytko
Mouocto Ccooo\ovtkq, oqv onoto pct tokckptcvot opoto\oyot t\ouv yto o
npotooptko votkokupto oqv ncptoq q Mokcovto, ovocpocvot oc oo\c kot
ponou cpcuvo k..
Mouocto kot npooptkc opuptc
[61]

oov out\tutko po\o nou nopouv u cvo o0o vo notouv o
ouocto oc ncptnuoct ovonopoooq cnuuvuv q ot\cyocvuv
ycyovouv, otonotuvo ovcoo oo oqyqotk ou cpyo\cto kot
ouo q npooptkq opupto.

"#.V SV tnuvk [wkvxyz{kl |SSS
1o cpyo ouo ou !ames 8osenqulsL, cvo non ko\\tcvq q ckocto ou 1960,
ovo(cot l111 (ctk. 1). kvct ovoopc oov no\co ou 8tcv, ov
koovo\utoo, qv oyopootkq cuotovto kot \\c n\cupc q ocptkovtkq
kotvuvto q cnoq. Lnovckt0cot oo Museum o Moern ArL q nco
?opkq, ot ovo oko\ou0uvo q uptkq opyvuoq uv cvoquv ou ko qv
npuq nopouotooq ou oc yko\cpt o 1964 o\\ kot ouvocuocvo ono u\tko
nou npocpcot ono opupto ou ko\\tcvq yto o voqo q ouv0coq, q
pqoq uv u\tkuv k\n. pokctot yto cpo cvo cupucpou npoypoo ou
MM, o onoto cou q ouykcvpuoq npooptkuv opuptuv cnttukct vo
kvct . koovoqc oo cupu kotvo t tcc, t npo0coct, t c0oou
qtoupyto uv ko\\tcvuv, kot o,t ouvcnycot q ko\\tcvtkq ou
nopoyuyq.
3
uncu0uvq opctovoo ou MM Mlchelle llloLL tkoto\oyct
o cyctpqo ouo q npooptkq toopto u opokqptotko cvo cupucpou
opctokou nupcou: cyypoo kot ouvcvcuct, oo onoto no\tocpo ctov
npooooq ovo ot cttkot cntoqovc, ctvot n\cov to0coto oo totkuo. 1o
MM npot0cot vo ovopqoct oqv toooc\to ou onoonooo ono
ouvcvcuct ko\\tcvuv o\\ kot vo o npo\ct oou ck0cotokou ou

3
AL hLLp:arLnes.rlnex.phpopLloncomconLenLlearLlclel2269:-
momacaLl3:nealLeml399 (npooooq: 2432012).
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[62]

upou, o\\(ovo cvc\u o cocvo q 0cooq kot q cpqvcto uv
cpyuv (ooe 2011).

"#.V LV Av0punot kot cpyo\cto Mouoctou L\\qvtkq Aotkq 1cvq

ck0coq ou Mouoctou L\\qvtkq Aotkq 1cvq Av0punot kot cpyo\cto
ncptypct oct q cpyooto oqv npotoqovtkq L\\o, cpt kot q
ckocto ou 30 (ctk. 2). voctkvuct q uvq uv kotvuvtkuv unokctcvuv,
kuptu uv pqouv uv ckt0ccvuv cpyo\ctuv kot uv cvtuv. Lvoqc
onu q pqoq uv cpyo\ctuv, ot npoountkc n\cupc q tucvq cnctpto, ot
opot uv otkovotkuv ouvo\\oyuv oo novqyupto q o otvocvo q o0qcto
oo k0c \oyq cpyooqpto ut(ovot cou q ko0coq octkuv opuptuv
(ntkqoptou 2003).

X*: /, %2/#.=0>=2, $/,2 3:&, }.%# %2/#$/+:-'?~

ocoq uv ouoctuv c o,t opokqpt(cot uoko\q no\ttotkq
k\qpovot onoc\ct cvo npovotoko ncto ouocto\oytkq cpcuvo o
c\cuoto povto. C opo oct\cot oqv kotvuvtkq ov0puno\oyo haron
Maconal kot oov t\o ou t\tou q llculL erlLae, o onoto
npoyocucot qv npoo\qq kot ovonopoooq ou u\tkou no\ttoou
ou vo(totkou ko0couo oqv no\q q nupccpyq kot o\\ou. to
qv Maconal, npokctot yto cvo nopc\0ov nou ovoyvupt(cot oo
nopov u oqotvov o\\ nou ouopovo ctvot npo\qotko, opo kot
cnuuvo kot uoko\cuct, oc ou\\oytko cntnco, q out\tuoq c to
0ctkq, ouocntcotoucvq ouoqo (Maconal 2009:1-3). poko\ct
kotvuvtkou touptoou, koto op cto\tkou, kot cv ovqkct oc
[63]

kt nou 0o 0c\oc, ot ncptooocpot ou\toov, vo ytopoouc,
0cupuvo o u oto\oyo nopc\0ov cvo onou.
Ltvot npoovc ot ouocto otcpucvo oc 0coo onu q
toopto q cpyooto, o ocouo\tko npooovoo\too, q ovonqpto, q
ou\cto, q onotktokpoto, q covocuoq, q npoouyt, o no\ttoo
tokptuv c0votkuv kot 0pqokcutkuv ouv, ot no\cot kot o
cyk\qoo c o onoto ouvq0u ouvocuovot vouv oov nupqvo
ouou nou ot 0cupqtkot ou u\tkou no\ttoou ovo(ouv opotooylo
rv ouykpo0oev (conllcL archaeoloy), c ou ouypovou
cnoyyc\otc uv ouoctuv vo ovooknouv oc upou ou
nopc\0ovo yto vo pouv o u\tk ko\otno tokptocuv kot
ovtnopo0cocuv.
4

ouoctokq \otnov ovonopoooq to uoko\q k\qpovot
ctvot ouotootk to tovoqtkq kot npoktkq okqoq toctptoq
ovtnopot0ccvuv kotvuvtkuv ouoquv, cnt\oyuv nou oct(ovot c
ooo onooot(ouc vo nouc q vo onootunqoouc oov ouvq0u
otontoo kot ocooo upo cvo ouoctou (zo\ouv 2012). zct(cot
cntoq c (qqoo cntctq cuoto0qoto npo ou q npovotouou,
cvoq ou kotvou oo cntoqovtko ytyvco0ot, ckqokpotoou uv
cntoquv (ovcoo ot onotc q ouocto\oyto onoc\ct
opokqptotko nopctyo to kotvuvtk npooovoo\tocvq
ouyk\toq ovcoo oc kotvo kot cttkou), kt okoq, c (qqoo
pkctvyk kot ouptotkq npoo\q, ko0u ot ouoctokc
ovonopoooct notkt\uv ckvocuv ou no\ttoou cn\ckovot oq
toctptoq q ctkovo cvo onou nou ot(ct (q ot) vo cntokcct kovct.
Mc t opou ou ytvcot q ouykcvpuoq, kooypoq kot
cvouuoq q npooptkq opupto oc tooptkc kot \ooypotkc-
c0voypotkc ck0coct Co nopouoc vo nct knoto ot, ck npuq
ocu, q 0coq ou cv tocpct no\u ono qv ov\oyq oc cvo tooptko
t\to nou pqotonotct (kpttk kot ko ncptnuoq) n\q0upo nqyuv
yto vo ouykpoqoct ov \oyo ou npo ov ovoyvuoq, oqv ncptnuoq
o npo ov cntokcnq, cou uv onotuv kot ot vqc oouv c(qoov
ycyovoo, cnoc, onou, 0coou, ovtkctcvo.

4
8\. yto nopctyo o 0coo uv ctoqyqocuv nou nopouotoqkov oo ouvcpto q
lMA kot q lAM1, uv cntponuv, q\oq, ou lCM yto o tooptk kot
opoto\oytk ouocto (L\otvkt 2011), c 0co llculL herlLae: oou\ot\to,
c0votkc kot u\ctkc toc, otko onok\ctoo k.\n. (aL
hLLp:.lcmah2011.neLlnex.hLml, npooooq 22112012, cntoq Mo(opkq-tvtv
2012 kot zo\ouv (uno ckooq), yto nopouotoct ou ouvcptou). to qv opoto\oyto
uv ouykpouocuv, cvo tcntoqovtko cyctpqo nou ktvctot ovcoo ot onouc ou
u\tkou no\ttoou, qv ov0puno\oyto, qv kotvuvtkq ycuypoto kot t onouc
no\ttotkq k\qpovot , o onoto pqkc ttotcpq onqqoq oq c\cq q oqooto
uv nctuv ouv kot uv koo\otnuv ou (baLLlelel archaeoloy), \. auners
2004.
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[64]

Uoooo, ot cknotcutkc npo0coct uv ouoctuv, q ocoq ou
c cvo no\u cupu kotvo o\uv uv q\tktuv, o qooto opokqpo ou,
q cpqoq ou ono ontkc, kpotkc q tokpotkc pqoooqoct
kot c\o q ovtkctcvokcvptkq ou ouoqo -cvo ouocto ctvot ko
kupto \oyo to oqyqoq yupu ono to ou\\oyq npoyuv 0cct
knotc ttotcpoqc. pokctot yto ootcto nou cpvouv t
npooptkc opuptc oc ovoyuvtotkq ocoq c o ovtkctcvo kot
cyctpouv ou(qqoct yupu ono qv cnto\q q n\qpoopto oc cvo
ouocto nou ootok cykoo\ctnct qv u\tkoqo uv opuptuv ou.
votoqqo, q ck0cotokq otonotqoq uv npooptkuv
opuptuv cntpcnct cvo ono o no\\ (qoucvo ooo q tooptkq ooo
kot q ouocto\oytkq cpcuvo: q ouv0coq to ko o uvoov nto
n\ouoto kot no\uuvtkq nopouotooq ou nopc\0ovo, coto nou
vo nopct vo ovtnopo0coct toopctkc cpqvctc, ontkc kot vqc.
8cotu, to coto npoocyytoq, nop t otvocvtk 0ctkc
npo0coct q, 0cct ouv t\qoo kot q0tkou ncptoptoou. to
nopctyo, q ck0coq t\cp kot ot cpovot. L0vo kot cyk\qo nou
opyovu0qkc oo ooptko Mouocto q cpovto o 2010, okono q
onoto qov vo cqyqoct o tooptko kot no\ttotko unoo0po q \otkq
unooqptq oov t\cp ono o 1933 cu o 1943, c0coc no\u ootk
t\qoo kot yq oou cntc\qc q, oqyuvo ou c\tk oqv
onoooq vo onok\ctoouv q pqoq qqtkuv vokoucvuv c \oyou
ou t\cp, q cpovuv no\tuv nou tuoovunooqptov q tkoopto
ou 1ptou t (rpel 2011)
3
(ctk. 3). u tvct kovct uvq oov 0uq
u ovtcunt(cot o ktvuvo cttoou nou cvcct q nopouotooq ou
\oyou ou kot nu o \oyo ouo out(cot c qv ckpooq
ocooou npo qv tooptkq vqq uv 0uuv oyuvto \too ou
cntc\qq ctvot no\u cvovocpq oov cvououvct o \oyo ou 0uq oc
tooptkc ck0coct nou opyovuvovot oc vqovtkou onou, onu yto
n.. ouq oo opoonco ou 8aensbruc c t\o "1he auxlllary" (Ot
6op0ol rv 55) nou ovocpcot oov po\o uv yuvotkuv u\kuv ou
opooncou, cvo upo ouo\tkq cntc\coq q vqq (rpel 2011),
cpvovo oo uo\o o qv ooo ouv ovocpocvq poq ou aul
1hompson ot oc c\cuoto ov\uoq, k0c ctou toopto ko0opt(cot
ono ov kotvuvtko q okono (197:1).

3
ck0coq cykotvtoqkc ov kupto ou 2010. pooooq: 22112012:
hLLp:.hm.eaussLellunenhlLler-un-le-euLschenenaussLellun.hLml, kot
hLLp:.lmpunlLyaLch.oruploaserllleslle8eporLmlnlconerenceMemorlallsaLlon.p,
c\cuoto npooooq 22112012. 8\. cntoq ou octkou npo\qotoou nou
ovonu0qkov oq qcpto 1he lnolemenL an represenLaLlon o lcLlms an
perpeLraLors ln memorlallsaLlon processes yto qv ovonopoooq ou po\ou ou 0uq
ko0u kot yto cupucpo (qqoo toctptoq q vqq uv 0uuv no\ctkuv kot
no\ttkuv ouppcuv.
[63]

"#.V V no qv ck0coq t\cp kot ot cpovot. L0vo kot cyk\qo, ooptko
Mouocto q cpovto. (uoypoto: Anreas 8enLzeLLy lmaes urope)

vokunct cnocvu q cq ovtooq: cvu ono q to cnt0uouc vo
onouyouc outoct c o\ok\qputkc \oytkc tokptocuv (ot
ncptnuoct nou npokctot yto ou kokou q toopto), ono qv
\\q, otonotouc oo cnokpo qv npooptkq opupto kot ooo ovo
ouq npoocpct, n.. ootcto ou \oyou c opuvouoo cpqvcutkq
oqooto nou cv onounuvovot oo opt, q ouyktvqoq, qv ncpqvto
k\n, ot ncptnuoct tooptkuv ck0cocuv c t onotc cv cnttukouc
ovo vo koo\ouc o nopc\0ov, onu ouvq0u topovuvouv ot
kvouv o tooptk kot opoto\oytk ouocto, o\\ kot vo
kouqptoouc o knoc koku kctcvo, vo cknotcuoouc q vo
cuoto0qonotqoouc o kotvo yto \cyovo kotvuvtk kot no\ttk
(qqoo ou kotpou o coo ono ovoopc oc nopc\0ovo povo. Lot,
q ck0cotokq nopcto oo potko Mouocto ou 8cpo\tvou koo\qyct oc
cvov cuptoo ck0cotoko upo c t\o lL Was As lmple As 1haL, oov
onoto ot npooptkc opuptc not(ouv kupto po\o (ctk. 4). Lkct nopct
kovct vo ccpcuvqoct qv cnctpto uv Lpotuv q cpovto, q
L\cto kot q uopto ono o 1943 cpt oqcpo. pokctot yto o
nopov cvo cnuuvou nopc\0ovo, c npoountkc kot kpu
npoounonotqcvc tooptc: o ot\uv ctvot ono\uu tokpto coo
oqv ootkoqo q oqyqoq ou, cvu o ouocto, onu npoooo
unooqpt0qkc, tvct cooq oov ycpovtko cpotoo u 0ctko
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[66]

ouootko to ouypovq (co-c0vtkq) ckoq ou ycpovtkou
c0vtkou oqyqoo (hameLzy 200:216). koontv, oko\ou0ct to
ot0ouoo uno\oytouv onou ot cntokcnc onovouv oc cpuqoct
octk c t onoct ou yto q 0coq uv covoouv, yto cvootk
kot poototk otvocvo, okoo kot yto q 0coq q 1oupkto cvo q
cko q Lupunotkq Lvuoq. pokctot yto qv tq ovtcuntoq q
opupto ovcoo oo ckqpto kot qv cknotcuoq, qv tooptkq
cpqvcto kot qv ovykq yto cuoto0qonotqoq ou no\tq, cvctktkq q
ckooq q ouv onpo\cnq oo ouocto ton\okq ovcoo oqv
toopto kot q vqq, oov cpcuvqq kot o 0co ou, oo nopc\0ov kot
qv ovonopoootkq ou tcu0cqoq oo nopov.

"#.V V lL as as slmple as LhaL. (uq c o 1943, Lpotko Mouocto
8cpo\tvou. (uoypoto: 1homas 8runs)

Lntoq, no\u \oyo ytvcot yto q uvooqo nou knoto ouocto
nopcouv oov cntokcnq vo (qoct o ouvoto0qoo uv yvuouv
npuoyuvtouv q toopto, o ktvqpo uv npcuv ou k\n. zuuvo
c qv aynor kaanah, o ouocto \ctoupyct ot ncptnuoct ouc
kot u ovctptko upo (Jteom-soce), ono onou q vqq kot o
nopc\0ov nououv vo ouvtoouv tokptc cntkpctc, ko0u
oun\ckovot oc to ovotkq cnctpto, ouqv q cntokcq (kaanah
2000). Lv0oppuvouc ov cntokcnq vo ovoko\coct tkc ou ovovqoct
q \\c npooptkc oqyqoct yto o uno npoycuoq 0co, ov
nopopuvouc vo ouvcoct o ck0coo c \\o nou o tto yvupt(ct,
pqotonotct q 0uot. nocoooc, onu unooqptc o helon
Annls qq ono q ckocto ou 190, ot cko ono q yvuoq kot qv
kotvuvtkoqo, q ovooto, q ouyktvqoq, ot oto0qoct kot ot ovovqoct
[67]

onoc\ouv cntoq ootk ootcto q ouoctokq cntokcq (Annls
197). Ltvot ycyovo ot o ouocto c o\ou ouou ou ponou
cn\okq ou cntokcnq ot cpqvcutkc ou totkootc npoocpcot
ttotcpo yto qv nopoko\ou0qoq q topkou totkooto
ovooqootooqoq ou nopc\0ovo kot ou u\tkou ou no\ttoou,
ooo ono qv n\cup ou oqyqq ooo kot ono qv n\cup ou okpooq.
uc coto kt ouq q oq uv ouoctuv cvct ooo\tooq.
usan rane oc cvo cvtocpov p0po q yto q ocoq ouoctuv kot
vqq ovocpct q uoopto uv cntokcnuv onu ouq ckpoqkc
oc ocoq c ov ootctuq unovqotoo to ck0coq tvtvtkq
cvq oo Mouocto v0puno\oyto q 8pcovtkq ko\oto oov
kovo. 1o ouocto (qouoc ono o kotvo vo koo0coct o tk ou
tuoo kot onoct yto o ck0coo (rane 2012: 304), cvu knotot
noponovtouvov c oo\to ou oo t\to cntokcnuv ot o okono q
cntokcq ou qov vo o0ouv yto o ovtkctcvo kot ot vo koo0coouv
npoountkc cpqvctc. A\\uoc, 0o ovopuq0ct kovct, u nou 0o
oqoouc ov cntokcnq vo ovopcct q ootkq ouoctokq oqyqoq,
0c\ovo vo unookouc (ck uv cou cv, c\cyocvo c) ov
qycovtko o \oyo
1c\o cvo oqovtko (qqo nou ouvccot c q pqoq
opuptuv oo ouocto kot nou oct(cot c ov\oyou
npo\qotoou q npooptkq toopto ctvot q oun\qpuotkoqo
q q uv ckqptuv ouuv c \\c nqyc tooptkq yvuoq, kuptu o
ovtkctcvo. Mc t opou ouvu(ovot ot uo ouc koqyoptc
ckqptuv opo\\ovot vtnopot0cvot q pqotonotouvot o cv
u ctkovoypqoq (0o \cyoc kot poypopop) uv c to nopctyo,
couc ncptnuoct cvopqopucvq ouvunopq ou, onu o
Mouocto Mcovocuoq oo llls lslan (lrlsch 1990) q o Mouocto ou
lsLrlcL lx oo ape 1on q noto ptkq, ncptoq u\ctkuv
ckontocuv qv cnoq ou onoptv (8asool rosalenls 2001).
Louctooptkou upou nou (uvovcuouv coo ono t uvc oouv
knoc octo0qkov o(t ou, onu ot tooptkc u\okc ou asLern
LaLe oq t\oc\cto uv vucvuv o\tctuv (ctk. 3).

Lo0qp zo\ouv

[6]

"#.V MV u\okc asLern LaLe enlLenLlary, t\oc\cto,
1o oupovtotko kooqo ou asLern LaLe oq t\oc\cto uv vucvuv
o\tctuv (asLern LaLe enlLenLlary). zo cntokcto kqpto uv u\okuv
nopct kovct vo okouoct t kooypocvc uvc no\tuv u\kuv,
kpooucvuv kot kootkuv q ncptoq, ouvopuvo c k0c op c to
uoypoto ou upou, oo nvu cpo q onoto nopct kovct vo tooct
qv optkq poq cvo octkou qqtkou vokoucvou. (uoypoto: 8ean
lorresL)

\\ couc kot \\ou upou nou oqpt(ovot onok\ctotk (q
kuptu) ot opuptc, onu o ck0cotoko upo ou vqctou ou
\okouuoo oo 8cpo\tvo (ot uoto, npokctot yto ck0coq nou
ouvocuct cvo vqcto) q ot ck0coct, ncptocuouoc kot ln slLu, ou
cpcuvqtkou npoypoo looJoos olces ou Mouoctou ou Aovtvou:
optocvc ono ouc cv ncptc\ovov ko0o\ou ovtkctcvo, q, yto vo
ctooc okptcocpot, o ovo ck0coo ou qov ot qqtkc kot
ontkc cykooooct onou nopouoc kovct vo okouoct kot vo ct ou
oqyoucvou npuoyuvtoc to no\uopq npooptkq toopto.
6

6
1o Mouocto ou Aovtvou unqpc npuonopo oq ouykcvpuoq kot otonotqoq
npooptkuv opuptuv ono kootkou ou Aovtvou, qq ono q ckocto ou 190.
zuvcpy(cot c n\q0o ontkuv kotvoquv, opyovtouv, ko\\tcvc k.\n., cvu oq0
no\ttotkou kot cknotcutkou opyovtoou ov ov kooo ooov oop q ouykpoqoq
kot tooq npoypouv npooptkq toopto oo ouocto, o totkuo, oc oo\cto
kot kotvotkou upou. 1o cpyo looJoos olces npoyoonotq0qkc qv ptcto 2001-
2004 kot ncpt\ovc ckooku unocpyo-cvoqc ovooptk c ou ponou ou\\oyq
kot otonotqoq q npooptkq toopto oc ocoq c o nopov kot o nopc\0ov uv
kootkuv q no\uc0vtkq pcovtkq npucuouoo.
[69]

kt cvu q ovunopto ovtkctcvuv onookpuvct ou upou ouou ono
qv koqyopto uv ouoctuv, cyctpovo nt0ovc ou(qqoct yupu ono q
totkooto ono-u\onotqoq uv ck0cocuv kot cnto\q oc ouc q
qtonotqcvq n\qpoopto, q otonotqoq uv opuptuv ou 0cct
oqv npuonopto q no\uou\\cktkq oqyqoq tucvuv cnctptuv,
ou ovoooooou kot q tooptkq cknotcuoq. pq kot oc
ouykckptcvc ouoctoypotkc cnt\oyc, ot opuptc koo\ovouv
q 0coq cvo ck0coo nou voqoooctot c notkt\ou ponou,
\cktkou, ontkou, qqtkou kot upootkou ono ov cntc\qq q
ck0coq, ov n\qpoopqq, ov cntokcnq q o c\q to kotvoqo.

E:&,? %2%$/,U%$/#.:?@ 51>#,7+&q2/%? $/, >,7$=0, g.,#2:/1/=?
>2(>1?i

vouc cot oo kptoto yto ou ouoctokou opyovtoou cpuqo,
o onoto t0cot oo n\ototo q covcucptkq ou(qqoq yto ov
cntoqovtko kot kotvuvtko ou po\o (Walsh 1992, Maconal 2003,
rlor 2006): v o ouocto npyot ou\\ouv oqv ovnuq
kotvuvtkuv couv cou uv toopuv ouv nou oct(ovot c o
ckooc ckt0ccvo ovtkctcvo, nu nopouv vo toctptoouv cou
q pqoq npooptkuv opuptuv t nt0ovc ovt0coct cou
toopctkuv quv ou kotvou
Ltvot ycyovo ot o ouocto nou otonotouv q qtoupyouv
opcto npooptkq toopto ou\\ouv oq ouykpoqoq kotvoquv
vqq, q\oq kotvuvtkuv ouv nou oto0vovot vo ou ouvcct
cvo kotvo nopc\0ov kot nou cou q ouoctokq oqyqoq ou tvcot
q uvooqo cntc\coq q ouoq ou. pokctot yto q
qtoupyto ouou nou o !ames 8ooLh (2006) kot no\\ot \\ot ovo(ouv
memory communlLles, oc nou ko0toovot opct to
ouykckptcvq no\ttkq ouoqo, oto0vovot uncu0uvc yto o
nopc\0ov kot 0coou\okc ou oo c\\ov kot, cotu, nopyouv q
tkq ou ouykpoqtkq oqyqoq unopq. otonotqoq uv
npooptkuv opuptuv oc ouocto ouv q onuv (n.. to no\q,
cvo uptou k.\n.) tvct ot kotvoqc q uvooqo ouonopouotooq
ou o\\ kot q cncooq oq cnttukocvq toopuoq to
ctkovo npo o cu, c o c\q ou vo ypouv o tto qv toopto ou
kot kuptu vo pqotonotouv o tko ou \ct\oyto. 1ouopovo,
cv0oppuvcot q cpcuvo oc tkpq k\toko, onu yto nopctyo q
otkoycvctokq kot ycvco\oytkq toopto, o t\oyo cou okptvuv
cou ou q\tktokuv ouv k\n. (kaanah 1996, 2000, 8ov
Mnouoocv 2006). Apoct ouou ou unou otuvouv qv unopq to
uvq oo tqvckc, npo cntcotuoq uv 0cupqtkuv q no\ttotkq
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[70]

k\qpovot nou unooqpt(ouv ot q cotpctkq oqooto nou tvcot oq
ouqpto uv koo\otnuv ou nopc\0ovo kot q outoq c ou
ouot(ouv c qv oq q ouypovq tooptkq ouvctqoq vo
toou(ct c ocov 0pqokcutkq cu\cto opcto k0c ctou (\. ora
199, LoenLhal 199, 8olans 2002). 1o ouocto ko0toovot cvo
npovotoko upo yto q t\oootkq tcpcuvqoq q ouypovq
ov0puntvq ouv0qkq, cvo pono vqctonotqoq q oo oc
nctoo uv uvuv nou t\vc yto ov 0voo ou nopc\0ovo q okoo
kot yto ov 0voo ou cyu (uyssen 1993, np\. 8uLler 2006: 466).
Uoooo, ovoputcot kovct, q k0c kotvoqo nou tcktkct q tkq q
no\ttotkq k\qpovot oct\ct vo ctvot o oqyqq q toopto q oc
cvo ouocto yto qv tto nou tpucot ono qv tto yto vo o
cntokcnovot ot... \\ot q npcnct vo ypcot-ouvt0cot ono ou
cttkou kt okoo, ctvot ou\ct uv ouoctuv vo \ctoupyouv
out\tutk npo ovtnopot0ccvo qoo ou kotvou
onvqoq ctvot ouv0cq. Ct uoto, o c\cuoto povto q
ouocto\oytkq kot ov0puno\oytkq t\toypoto nopoko\ou0ct qv
ovnuq ou cvtocpovo yupu ono ov out\tutko po\o q
no\ttotkq k\qpovot kot qv onoooq oc ouq to ttoqo
0cponcutkq (8uLler 2011). t 8uLler kot 8olans ouvcouv qv
npoocyytoq ouq c o cupucpo otvocvo ovtcuntoq ou
no\ttoou u ttokqoto, onu ouo toopu0qkc t c\cuotc
ckoctc (8uLler 8olans 2012). Lvo no\ttoo ouv cpcot vo
cct nvcuotk tkotuoo nou npcnct vo tou\o0ouv. vqkct
oc knotoukot ot u\tkc ou ckq\uoct cn\ckovot oc notkt\c
toc kot tcktkqoct, npoon0ctc c0votkq kot cupucpo
kotvuvtkq ovoyvuptoq nou oocuouv oov onok\ctoo ou A\\ou
(Lolce 1993) qkot q too\toq cvo ko\ucpou c\\ovo. no qv
\\q, oc cnoc kotvuvtkq oo0cpoqo q toctptoq q ou\\oytkq
vqq, oo n\ototo q onoto ovonocuko cvooovot ot ouoctokc
oqyqoct, npoono0ct \\oc ckouoto kt \\oc okouoto vo u0toct t
pouotkc vqc to oo oc no\ttotkq ovqoto (8uLler
8olans 2012), cv0oppuvovo, oc pqoptko ou\toov cntnco, qv
kotvuvtkq out\tuoq kot qv cnou\uoq pouuv (8o[olc Lollc
2010).

[71]

"#.V V Mouocto !anus annonlus
Apoq out\tuoq: 1o Mouocto !anus annonlus oo c q uyyopto
opyvuoc cvo cpcuvqtko-ck0cotoko npoypoo yto ou cpovou kootkou
q upo nou uncoqoov tuct kot ou\\oytkc tuptc c ov 8
oykooto o\co. Mc ono cntoocvc npoon0ctc, ot \tyooot cnt(uvc
cqkov vo t\qoouv yto o ycyovoo q cnoq oc to npuq qooto
ko0coq cnuuvuv ovovqocuv, ot onotc, uno o po no\ctkuv kot
upono\ctkuv ouv0qkuv, ou ccpvov nvoc oc otunq\q oqovto yupu
ono qv c0vtkq kot c0votkq ou ouoqo. t opuptc ou otonotq0qkov
ono o ouocto cou to poq cuoto0qonotqoq ou vcovtkou kotvou.
Mopuptc kot ovtkctcvo nou upq0qkov oo ouocto nopouotoqkov oc
octkq c o 0co ck0coq, cpvovo kov cpovou kot uyypou cpcuvqc
(korenchy-Mlsz 2009: 6-7).

Uoooo, onu unooqpt(cot o\o kot nto ouv (8ooLh 2006), q
out\tuoq cncpcot ovo c qv onoooq kotvuvtkq tkotoouvq
kot ot cou to ko\\tcpyoucvq (kot, ovo otvocvtk, ovuuvq)
\q0q. zq totkooto ouq, o ouocto kot q c0voypotkq cpcuvo
(ootko ou\\ckq npooptkuv opuptuv kot ouvcvcucuv)
ovo\ovouv ccovo po\o, cvu q tkptoq cou ou kotvuvtkou kot
cntoqovtkou ouoctokou \oyou koo\qyct ot ovo ovctkq o\\ kot
tu voqo.
Lot, nptv ono \tyo povto, oo L0vtko Mouocto q uopo\to
oqv koncpo topootoqkc -kot koontv ypqkc- to ttotcpq
no\ctkq toroplo (yupu ono qv toopto q) vpp. 1o ouocto, o
onoto tpu0qkc o 2001 c okono vo nopouotoct qv toopto, ov
no\ttoo kot o ncpt\\ov q uopo\to, copq q\uvct ot q
cnoq cou uv t0oycvuv n\q0uouv kot oouv cooov oqv ncptoq
c o 17 nqpc toopctkq opq ko onou, ycyovo nou \\oc
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[72]

oqovc ouykpouoq kot \\oc ouvcpyooto cou uv uo ootctuv.
7

zo n\ototo q ccooq q ocoq cou t0oycvuv kot onotkuv,
ko0optotkq yto qv koovoqoq q ouopo\tovq toopto, cvoocot
kot to npo0qkq ovooptk c ov \cyocvo no\co oq yq Wlra[url oo
8aLhhursL o 124. npo0qkq npok\coc ovtpoct kot ckcvq oo\to
yupu ono q okontoq q kot qv cykupoqo uv nqyuv q, c
knoto ono ou vo ovocpovot oc to cvc\u koookcuoocvq
toopto, cvu \\o c\q ou kotvou touvqoov c qv noponvu
kpttkq, \cyovo nu o cntokcnq ouotootk cv nopon\ovot ono q
ouykckptcvq ouoctokq nopouotooq. toq cot(ct cntoq oqv
ck0cotokq otonotqoq to npooptkq opupto cvo q\tktucvou
Wlra[url o 2000, ouuvo c ov onoto o opotutko voo nou
cnco\ov ot 8pcovot o 124 oqv ncptoq \ctoupyqoc u tkoto\oyto
yto ou cvon\ou cnotkou kot opotuc npokctcvou vo okouoouv
ckoovc Wlra[url oc to oppo, ovco ou yuvotkc kot
nott.
t kpttkot q ck0coq cntoqotvouv ot cv nopct vo

pqotonotctot ono ov cntc\qq q npooptkq opupto cvo t0oycvq
kot \too cv onouoto \\q cntoqq tooptkq opupto, cvu o
ouocto ovtnopo0cct c\cc ono \cukou tooptkou, ck uv onotuv o
cvo novcntoqtoko (q u\ctkq kooyuyq kot q cnoyyc\otkq 0coq
uv tooptkuv not(ouv cu ttotcpo po\o), o onoto q\uvct ot o
voucpo uv 0uuv q ooyq kot ot ouv0qkc ku ono t onotc
cytvc cv nopouv vo onoct0ouv cvooovot, ou, oc cvo n\q0o
ovtnopo0cocuv kot ouykpouocuv ckctvq q ncptoou kot nt0ovooo
ot vqc ouc uv onoyovuv uv Wlra[url vo couv oq. tto o
cntc\qq nou nqpc q ouvcvcuq ono ov q\tktucvo vpo 0cupct
ot q npooptkq nopooq uv ouypovuv Wlra[url ctvot ocooq, u
ouo okptu nou o ouocto qv npo\\ct, q\oq u uvq to
t0oycvou ontkq pouotkq vqq.

7
1t n\qpooptc yupu ono o ouocto c0coc unoq ou q conutokq ou otqpto
zoto ktyko, qv onoto cuoptou 0cp.
hLLp:.nma.o.auaLaasseLsplle00191901MuseumsrepresenLullcolour.p
kot hLLp:nma.o.auschoolsbellsallsmaln.hLml (npooooq: 3122012).
[73]

"#.V OV L0vtko Mouocto uopo\to, koncpo
cntoq npo0qkq yupu ono t ouykpouoct oq yq Wlra[url o 124.
npo0qkq, o ck0coo, q cpqvcto uv ycyovouv, ot nqyc uv cttkuv kot q
oqooto q npooptkq opupto nopot0cot ovo\utk ono o ouocto kot
ov cntc\qq oo n\ototo octkq ctkovtkq ncptqyqoq.
hLLp:.ryebuc.com.auelearnln-resourcesbellsallsmaln.hLml, (npooooq:
3122012).

nootoc \otnov vo qtoupyqoct cvo cknotcutko npoypoo c
n\q0o ootctuv kot cpuqocuv kot to topootkq copoyq nou
cntpcnct oc o0qc kot ctkovtkou cntokcnc vo oqotoouv qv tkq
ou noq yto o ctptoo q npooptkq opupto ono o ouocto
kot qv ck0cotokq ouykpoqoq q oqyqoq. opo0cct cntoq o
kptqpto ou tooptkou kot ou ouocto\oyou npokctcvou q kptoq ou
cntokcnq-onouooq vo ctvot ko o uvoov nto ckqptucvq (Ltk. 7
kot ) . Lot nopct kovct vo npoocyytoct o ck0coo kot ou \oyou
yto ou onotou cnc\cyqoov, vo kptvct q ouvct ou c qv toopto,
vo tooct kot vo oo\toct o kctcvo kot t \c(vc q npo0qkq, vo
ccoct qv nt0ovq cntpooq nou cct q upootkq toq uv
ck0cuv kot o esln, vo tcpcuvqoct ov unpct npo0coq
onootunqoq q uno0toq q oqooto knotou ckqptou kot cv
c\ct vo unooqptct qv oto q vqq kot q npooptkq opupto -
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[74]

okoo kot ou 0pu\ou - ko qv oqyqoq cvo pouotkou
nopc\0ovo.
Co c\cyc kovct ot q ncptnuoq ou ctptoou ono o
ouopo\tovo ouocto q toq yupu ono ov no\co oo Wlra[url
kot ov po\o q npooptkq opupto u nupqvo q kotvuvtkq
vqq cct to cupucpq oqooto. ?no\\ct ponou c ou onotou
cvo ouocto nopct vo ouvto\cyct c o kotvo kot t toopctkc
koqyoptc nou o onopt(ouv, oo n\ototo q ouovocvq no\ttotkq
no\uopto uv ouypovuv kotvuvtuv (kot uv ouvoko\ou0uv
ovtooquv). kuptu, ou, o ctvct nu q ouoctokq otonotqoq q
opupto ko\\tcpyct o kpttko nvcuo oncvovt oq ovonopoooq ou
nopc\0ovo: o tto o ouocto oo(cot nvu oq ocoq vqq kot
toopto, cntpcnov o vo ovopuq0ouc kot vo c\cqoouc ot
ovo t oqyqoct ou o\\ kot qv tto q to\cktkq q poq ou.

,.B03&* '*6 -=.>.=6'@; 8*=2B=&3;
!an#

"#.V C -B::EG6. 3=?*0&*;C 6 0-.BG*02@; '*:./+2*6 +* *+*:/0.B+ 2(+
*8>6:3?A83+( -=.D7'( 2.B tD+6'./ ,.B03&.B 2(; K*8-@=*; '*6 +* '*2*D@0.B+
*-Ad36; ?6* 26; G6*>.=326'@; .-26'@; '*6 2=A-.B; b?=*>7;c 2(; *B02=*:6*+7;
602.=&*;C
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[76]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

pvyoop
Av0pnot kot ovrtkelevo. zeoet p eo onokrporo on pee
oro Mouoelo. 2009. ko\oyo q ouvuq ck0coq.
Ccooo\ovtkq: Lkooct Aooypotkou kot L0vo\oytkou Mouoctou
Mokcovto-Cpkq.
8ov Mnouoocv, tkq. 2006. pooptkq oopto kot Mouocto o\cuv,
v 22: 110-113.
8uLler, 8eerley 8olans, Mle. 2012. o\ttotkq k\qpovot. zo
L\cvo to\oupq (cn), tk notrto. n ov0pnooylo orp
po rv npoyorv. 0qvo: \cvpcto, 123-130.
Mo(opkq-tvtv, t\tnno. 2012. Mouocto kot uoko\q no\ttotkq
k\qpovot, 1erpoto Mouoetooylo : 72-76.
ntkqoptou, \cvpo. 2003. Av0punot kot Lpyo\cto. cpqvcutkq
npoocyytoq q vco ck0coq ou Mouoctou L\\qvtkq Aotkq
1cvq, 1erpoto Mouoetooylo 2: 43- 30.
onoocovkq, Aqo. 2002. 1o pcto pooptkuv Mopuptuv ou
8toqovtkou Mouoctou Lpouno\q. Zqqoo ckqptuoq yto
ov kooo q cpyooto. zo ptotvo yptovuvq Aqo
onoocovkq (cn), 1ekppto topovtkp loroplo, poktk 3
q

ovc\\qvto Lntoqovtkq zuvvqoq 1.l...l.. (Lpouno\q,
20-22 kuptou 2000), 0qvo, 191-200.
onoocovkq, Aqo. 2003. npooptkq toopto oo Mouocto. Mto
ononctpo kooypoq npooptkuv opuptuv ono ov kooo q
cpyooto oo 8toqovtko Mouocto q Lpouno\q, 0voypotko
12-13: 119-131.
cnouoq, Mopto. 2011. pooptkq oopto kot Mouocto - Mto npuq
npoocyytoq, oo hLLp:creLaaulLeuc.rblop377.
cnouoq Mopto vpcou op (cnt). 2010. npooptke torople.
vo opy npooptkp toroplo yto rpv eknoleuop kot rpv
kotvrpro. ovt: nooptokq uototkqoq ovtuv ptooc\cto
ovcntoqto Ccooo\ovtkq.
zo\ouv, Lo0qp. 2012. 1o ouocto u 'ovtkctcvo. vo(quvo
ponou npoocyytoq. zo L\cvo to\oupq (cnt), tk
notrto. n ov0pnooylo orp po rv npoyorv, 0qvo:
\cvpcto, 73-124.
zo\ouv, Lo0qp. (uno ckooq). Atc0vc ouvcpto Moseoms ooJ lfflcolt
netltoqe (L\otvkt 16-1 ouvtou 2011), llsslo, 0qvo: 8u(ovtvo kot
ptotovtko Mouocto.
o\tkt, A\kqoq. 2006. Lqoto ouvcpto lM-lCM. npooptkq
toopto oo ouocto. Ccupto kot npq (noun\to, 1-23 kuptou
2003), 1erpoto Mouoetooylo 3: 67-69.
[77]

-evyoop
Annls, helon. 197. 1he museum as a sLaln roun or symbollc
acLlon, Moseom 131: 16-171.
8ooLh, Wllllam !ames. 2006. commooltles of Memoty. Oo ltoess,
Jeotlty, ooJ ostlce. l0oko: ornell nlerslLy ress.
8oo, lmona, klrsLen lbbs, MarherlLa anl (cn). 2009. Moseoms os
lloces fot otetcoltotol loloqoe. 5electeJ ltoctlces ftom otoe,
MA or l roup (hLLp:.maporl.lLanbooMAorl.p,
npooooq: 16112012).
8o[olc, la[ana Lollc, Ana (cn). 2010. Moseoms os lloces of
kecooclllotloo (roceelns o Lhe Lh olloqulum o Lhe
lnLernaLlonal AssoclaLlon o Museums o lsLory), 8c\typt.
8uLler, 8eerley. 2006. erlLae an Lhe resenL asL. zo hrls 1llley,
Webb keane, usanne kuchler, Mle 8olans, aLrlcla pyer (es),
nooJboo of Motetlol coltote, Aovtvo: ae, 463-479.
8uLler, 8eerley. 2011. erlLae as pharmaon an Lhe Muses as
econsLrucLlon: roblemaLlsln uraLle Museololes an erlLae
ealln. zo . uley eL al (es), 1be 1bloq oboot Moseoms.
Obects ooJ etleoce, keteseototloo ooJ cootestotloo, Aovtvo:
8ouLlee, 334-371.
ooe, rlca. 2011. lor Lhe recor: MoMAs oral hlsLory pro[ecL,
Moseoms 230 (aL hLLp:.LhearLnespaper.comarLlcleslor-
Lhe-recor:-MoMA2099s-oral-hlsLory-pro[ecL2314.
hameLzy, eLer. 200. oL haL e xpecLe: 1he !elsh Museum
8erlln ln racLlce, Moseom ooJ 5oclety 63: 216-243.
he, 8on. 2002. ollecLe sLorles: 1he rlse o oral hlsLory ln museum
exhlblLlons, Moseoms Nes, aL hLLp:.aam-
us.orpubsmnM02ollecLeLorles.cm .
rane, usan. 2012 [1997]. Memory, lsLorLlon, an lsLory ln Lhe
Museum. zo 8eLLlna Messlas arbonell (e), Moseom 5toJles. Ao
Aotboloqy of cootets, opq: 8lacell, 303-316.
ay AnneLLe. 1999. LlsLenln allerles: uLLln Cral lsLory on lsplay,
Otol nlstoty 271: 91-96.
rpel, lmone, 2011. erpeLraLors on lsplay. azl lcLaLorshlp an WW ll
erpeLraLors ln xhlblLlons. toqyqoq oo npoktk ou ouvcptou
Moseoms ooJ lfflcolt netltoqe (L\otvkt, 14-16 ouvtou 2011).
lrlsch, Mlchael. 1990. Aulence xpecLaLlons as 8esource an hallene:
llls lslan as ase Luy. zo Mlchael, lrlsch, A 5boteJ Aotbotlty.
ssoys oo tbe ctoft ooJ Meooloq of lobllc nlstoty. C\novu:
ress, 213-224.
reen Anna. 199. 1he xhlblLlon LhaL peas or lLsel: Cral lsLory an
Museums. zo 8oberL ers AllsLalr 1homson (es), 1be Otol
nlstoty keoJet, Aovtvo: 8ouLlee, 44-436.
Lo0qp zo\ouv

[7]

uyssen, Anreas. 1993. 1lllqbt Memotles: Motloq 1lme lo o coltote of
Amoeslo. nco ?opkq: 8ouLlee.
kaanah, aynor. 1996. Maln lsLorles, Maln Memorles. zo
aynor kaanah (e), Moloq nlstotles lo Moseoms, Acocp:
LelcesLer nlerslLy ress, 1-14.
kaanah, aynor. 2000. teom 5oces, Memoty ooJ tbe Moseom.
Acocp: LelcesLer nlerslLy ress.
korenchy-Mlsz, Anl. 2009. 1he necomers le: lnLerculLural laloue
an unarlan museums. zo lmona 8oo, klrsLen lbbs,
MarherlLa anl (es), Moseoms os lloces fot otetcoltotol loloqoe.
5electeJ ltoctlces ftom otoe, MA or l roup, 74-7, to0coto
oo hLLp:.maporl.lLanbooMAorl.p.
kushner, 1ony. 2001. Cral lsLory aL Lhe xLremes o uman xperlence:
olocausL 1esLlmony ln a Museum eLLln, Otol nlstoty 292: 3-94.
LoenLhal, al. 199. 1be netltoqe ctosoJe ooJ tbe 5olls of nlstoty.
kcnpt(: ambrle nlerslLy ress.
Lubar, Leen. 1997. xhlblLln Memorles. zo Amy enerson
Arlenne L. kaeppler (cn), blbltloq llemmos. ssoes of
keteseototloo ot tbe 5mltbsooloo, uotykov-Aovtvo:
mlLhsonlan lnsLlLuLlon ress, 13-27.
Maconal, haron. 2003. Museums, aLlonal, osLnaLlonal an
1ransculLural lenLlLles, Moseom ooJ 5oclety 11:1-16.
Maconal, haron. 2009. lfflcolt netltoqe. Neqotlotloq tbe Nol lost lo
Notembotq ooJ 8eyooJ. Antvykov: 8ouLlee.
aou, lrene. 2003. Cral hlsLory, Museums an lsLory ucaLlon,
Ltoqyqoq oo ouvcpto coo Otol nlstoty Moe Obects 5eo
(noun\to, 1-21 kuptou 2003,
aL hLLp:lcme.lcom.museumlleamlnuseruploap2003naou.p.
ora, lerre.199. 8eLeen Memory an lsLory: les Lleux e Memolre,
keteseototloos 26:7-23.
rlor, lc. 2006. osLmoern 8esLrucLurlns. zo haron Maconal
(e), A comooloo to Moseom 5toJles, opq: 8lacell, 309-
324.
8asool, lra[ rosalenls, anra. 2001. kecollloq commoolty lo coe
1oo. cteotloq ooJ cototloq tbe lsttlct 5l Moseom. kcqn 1ouv:
1he lsLrlcL lx Museum.
8oss, Max. 2004. lnLerpreLln Lhe e Museoloy, Moseom ooJ 5oclety
22: 4-103.
8olans, Mle. 2002. erlLae an ulLural roperLy. zo vlcLor 8uchll
(e), 1be Motetlol coltote keoJet. opq - nco ?opkq: 8er, 103-
114.
anell, 8lchar (e). 2002. Moseoms, 5oclety, oeoollty. Aovtvo - nco
?opkq: 8ouLlee.
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auners, lcholas, !. (cn). 2004. Mottets of coofllct. Motetlol coltote,
Memoty ooJ tbe ltst otlJ ot. Antvykov: 8ouLlee.
Lolce, verena. 1993. 1alln ulLure: e 8ounarles, e 8heLorlcs o
xcluslon ln urope, cotteot Aotbtooloqy 361: 1-24.
1homas, elma. 200. rlaLe Memory ln a ubllc pace: Cral lsLory an
Museums. zo aula amllLon Llna hopes (es), Otol nlstoty
ooJ lobllc Memotles, t\oc\cto: 1emple nlerslLy ress, 7-
100.
1hompson, aul. 197. 1be olce of tbe lost. Otol nlstoty, opq :
Cxor nlerslLy ress
Walsh, keln. 1992. 1be keteseototloo of tbe lost. Moseoms ooJ
netltoqe lo tbe lost-moJeto otlJ. Aovtvo - nco ?opkq:
8ouLlee.

[0]

I ,

ORAL HISTORY, AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES AND
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

[3]

Pvuwmkonvk@ vvm{uvxlk {x vvvx{x wzm kvxkv w nov
1oby 8uLler
S

A=+031T1
Mvporonlo. netpooro orpv e6o0uvop rp olo0pop rou rnou
1o kelevo oooelrot e rpv ovoorooortkp npokrtkp rp ptoupylo
vev tvrtokv topov vpp nou ouveovrot e ouykekpteve
rono0eole, e okon rp po0erpop rp npooptkp toroplo. O 1oby
8otlet pto0pypoe to oetpo on topoe vporonlv nou
eppve0ouv rou potou pou e rp 6op0eto koroypov pv kot
npooptkv opruptv. nopouotoovrot ot netpoortool rou oro vo
oet vp orou opeptvo0 kot noto0 korolkou rou Aovlvou
orpv eppvelo rv poyolv ooyv nou opetvovrot ort yetrovte
rp np.

1he sLory o ho l oun mysel ln a roln boaL, lnLensely
olloln a plece o rubblsh loaLln ln Lhe rler 1hames or lLeen mlles, ls
oln Lo Lae some Lellln. lL belns aL Lhe Museum o Lonon, here l
ore as an alsor on a soun arL lnsLallaLlon, calle Llne, by Lhe
arLlsL raeme Mlller. 1hls as a Lrall hlch ran alonsle Lhe M11 lln roa
ln acney, Lhe slLe o Lhe blesL anLl-roa proLesL 8rlLaln ha eer seen.
1he Lrall as mae up o oral LesLlmony rom people ho ha losL Lhelr
homes ln Lhe process o Lhe moLoray consLrucLlon, broacasL rom lamp
posLs ln Lhe sLreeLs alonsle Lhe ne roa. AL cerLaln polnLs on Lhe al
you llsLen Lo Lracs aL specllc locaLlons usln aulo equlpmenL borroe
rom local llbrarles, a llLLle lle Lhe museum aulo ules LhaL mosL people
are amlllar lLh, buL use ln Lhe ouLsle lanscape.
1hls as my lrsL experlence o a soun al - a Lrall LhaL you
ollo usln some ln o aulo equlpmenL, usually a alman, an M3
player or a receler o some sorL. l laLer ubbe als LhaL lnole oral
hlsLory recorlns 'memoryscapes - lanscape lnLerpreLe an lmalne
usln Lhe memorles o oLhers.
l arrle aL Lhe museum hen Lhls proramme as ln ull sln
an l as seL Lo or alsln on Lhe lnLerle-aLherln process rom
reslenLs an proLesLors an laLer ealuaLln Mlllers or (8uLler 2003). l
Lhen ecle Lo eelop Lhe lea o Lhe aulo al concepLually, as an
acLle an lmmersle ay Lo unersLan an map Lhe culLural lanscape,

1
1oby 8uLler ls senlor lecLurer ln hlsLory aL Lhe 8aphael amuel lsLory enLre, nlerslLy
o asL Lonon. L.buLler[uel.ac.u.
1oby 8uLler
[4]

an more pracLlcally as a poLenLlal melum or oral hlsLorlans Lo use or
presenLln or Lo Lhe publlc. l seL ouL Lo consLrucL Lo oral hlsLory Lralls
or memoryscapes o my on near my home - hlch aL Lhe Llme as a
houseboaL moore o a small lslan ln Lhe 8ler 1hames ln WesL Lonon.
Cne o Lhe lrsL hurles Lo consLrucLln a Lrall ls Lo ecle on a
meLho o choosln a rouLe - Lhrouh Lhe lanscape as ell as Lhe sub[ecL
maLLer. ALer orln on raeme Mlllers Llne pro[ecL l as heally
lnluence by hls approach o usln a rouLe ay - ln hls case a moLoray -
as a ay o llnln a serles o osLenslbly unrelaLe places an lea LhaL has
also been aopLe ln llLeraLure. AuLhors hae mae many creaLle
aLLempLs Lo LreaL LransporL rouLes as esLlnaLlons ln Lhemseles, orLhy o
commenL an sLuy. 1hus Lhe aleloscoplc, een chaoLlc accumulaLlon o
lmpresslons ln laLLs leoJvllle. A 8loqtoby of tbe A40 les us many Laes
on reallLy cumulaLlely e eel LhaL e someho 'no Lhe roa by Lhe
Llme e reach Lhe en o Lhe boo (laLL 2001). laln lnclalrs looJoo
Otbltol. A ol AtoooJ tbe M5 (lnclalr 2003) an aLrlc WrlhLs 1be
klvet, tbe 1bomes lo oot 1lme (WrlhL 1999) boLh use a rouLe Lo oranlse
relecLlons. sln Lhe concelL o a [ourney ls a qulcly unersLanable ay
o oranlsln narraLle lL has an aesLheLlc o lLs on LhaL can embrace Lhe
unusual an Lhe unexpecLe ln a creaLle ay.
aln lle on Lhe 1hames ln a houseboaL or Len years, l as
acuLely aare LhaL Lhe rler ln Lonon as an enLlLy ln lLsel lLh a culLure
o lLs on, yeL many Lononers seeme Lo spaLlally comprehen Lhe rler
more as a borer, an amlnlsLraLle an culLural llln llne beLeen
norLh an souLh. Maps o conseraLlon areas an local oernmenL
bounarles oLen ene up ln Lhe mlle o Lhe rler. l happene Lo lle
Lhere, Lhls le Lo absurlLles - or example l oLe an pal my local Laxes
Lo a local auLhorlLy on Lhe norLh sle o Lhe rler, yeL all my serlces, such
as rubblsh collecLlon ere prole by anoLher auLhorlLy on Lhe souLh sle
o Lhe rler. A reporL by Lhe Lonon 8lers AssoclaLlon summe up Lhls
racLure approach Lo Lonons rler:
1he opposlLes LhaL sLrucLure Lhe mlnseLs o Lhe plannln an bullL enlronmenL
secLors, localsLraLelc, naLuralurban, bronlelreenlel - an een
aLerlan - serlously hanlcap our ablllLy Lo Lhln abouL urban aLer spaces an
Lhelr relaLlonshlp lLh Lhe clLy an beyon. 1he zones, hlerarchles (o pollcy,
plans an sLraLeles), secLoral boxes an checllsLs LhaL resulL rom, an relnorce
Lhls approach eecLlely unermlnes Lhe spaLlal conluraLlons an naLuralness
o rlers hlch reuse Lo conorm Lo Lhe soclally consLrucLe llnes on plans an ln
sLraLeles (as many o Lhe annually looe Lons an clLles no conLen).
(MunL !al[ee 2002:73)
WlLh Lhls ln mln, l anLe Lo ln a ay o acnoleln Lhe spaLlal an
naLural lmenslons o Lhe rler by eelopln a more arLlsLlc an lnLulLle
approach Lo sLrucLurln my lel or. l eelope a meLho o usln Lhe
Memoryscapes: experlmenLs ln eepenln our sense o place
[3]

currenL o Lhe rler Lo ln my 'sample o rler lnLerleees an physlcally
lln Lhelr lles up. A loaL as mae ouL o rlLoo an oLher rler-
carrle maLerlal, usln a esln borroe rom hyrololsLs LhaL use loaLs
Lo Lrac currenLs ln rlers an oceans ({. 1). l olloe Lhe loaL or many
ays, Lracln lLs rouLe Lhrouh Lonon, an noLln here lL collle lLh
Lhe ban (or any oLher lnLeresLln Lhln). ln Lhls ay l anLe Lo
experlence Lonon rom Lhe rler, eelln lLs lo an usln a naLural
phenomenon as a memory paLh Lhrouh Lhe moern clLy.

|{V SV 1he rlLln loaL use Lo ln lnLerleees ln WesL Lonon
Many o Lhese colllslon polnLs became soun polnLs on Lhe al,
as more oLen Lhan noL a poLenLlal lnLerleee oul become apparenL -
Lhe loaL oul hlL a boaL or a properLy LhaL as one by someone, or a
place here an lnllual as orln or resLln, an people ere
enerally lllln Lo be recore. sually Lhls meanL an ln-epLh lnLerle
aL Lhelr home or place o or aL a conenlenL Llme. 1he meLho
presenLe some seere challenes. Moln aL Lhe pace o Lhe rler, oLen
ln a roln boaL, Loo a reaL eal o paLlence (ln some sLreLches lL moe
aL less Lhan 110Lh o mlle an hour, or een loe bacars lLh Lhe
Lle). ome places Lhe loaL hlL seeme so barren LhaL lL became a real
challene Lo ln a connecLlon lLh human culLure, buL l oun LhaL l l
alLe lon enouh an looe har enouh a connecLlon coul oLen be
mae. An ol ouLall plpe o a lsuse aLerors le Lo an lnLerle lLh
a reLlre aLer enlneer, or example. 1he lo o Lhe rler suesLe
quleL an nolsy polnLs. 1urns ln Lhe rler usually presenLe me lLh more
1oby 8uLler
[6]

colllslons, lerenL lsLas an encounLers lLh hole amllles o oLher
loaLln ob[ecLs, each lLh lLs on unnoable source, sLory an
Lra[ecLory.
1he lanscape o Lhe bans o Lhe 1hames ln Lonon also conLalns
some o Lhe mosL lmposln archlLecLure ln 8rlLaln, as successle pollLlcal
an economlc poerhouses ere bullL alon Lhe presLllous aLerronL
(palaces, brles, parllamenLs an corporaLe heaquarLers). Many o Lhese
bulllns hae such sLron hlsLorlcal an lsual cenLres o ralLy on Lhe
rlerscape LhaL Lhey are all buL lmposslble Lo lnore. eL Lhe loaL manae
Lo o so. Cn lon, sLralhL sLreLches Lhe loaL oul moe asL,
lsrearln royal palaces, hole lnusLrles, enLlre locallLles. 1he lo
ae me a sLrane, unamlllar sLrucLure Lo my beachcombln o rler-
relaLe memorles. lL orce me Lo consler Lalln Lo people LhaL l oul
noL hae LhouhL o orlnarlly an lL ae me a resh seL o memory
places.
1hls as Lhe laLesL ln a lon llne o pracLlces LhaL ln some ay
challene omlnanL culLural pracLlces assoclaLe lLh naLlonal places o
memory by prolln an alLernaLle. ou may ell be amlllar lLh or
lnole ln many such pracLlces: nelhbourhoo Lours, parlsh mapplns,
publlc arL, arenln pro[ecLs (1lll 2003:294-296).
1he resulL as a careully consLrucLe Lhree mlle al lLh 12
lerenL soun polnLs alon Lhe rouLe, conLalnln a LoLal o an hour o
memorles rom 14 lerenL people ({. 2). 1he soun Lracs ere also
layere lLh blnaural recorlns o Lhe rler ban - recorlns mae lLh
a sLereo Lo-parL mlcrophone LhaL ls place ln each ear o Lhe recorer,
hlch plcs up soun ln Lhe exacLly Lhe same ay as Lhe human hea.
When Lhe blnaural recorln ls llsLene Lo lLh heaphones, Lhe resulL ls a
sLarLlln 'surroun soun - l ooLsLeps are recore behln you, lL lll
soun as l someone ls behln you hen you llsLen. 1hls les Lhe al an
ae Lemporal lmenslon, as Lhe llsLener ls hearln Lhe pasL o Lhe soun
recorln alon Lhe rouLe (compleLe lLh roers, ucs, sans an
pushchalrs) alon lLh Lhe pasL o Lhe memorles LhaL Lhey are hearln. 1he
lea as Lo senslLlse people Lo eery ay souns an remln Lhe llsLener
LhaL Lhelr rlL alon Lhe rler oul necessarlly be lerenL or each
person LhaL oes lL. Walln spee an pace play a ery lmporLanL parL ln
Lhe al Loo. 1he number an cruclally Lhe locaLlon o Lhe rlLln soun
polnLs correspone Lo Lhe lo paLLern o Lhe rler, so lL ls a ery unusual
Lra[ecLory. 1he hole esln o Lhe al as meanL Lo slo people on,
Lo Lae more noLlce o haL surrouns us an Lhereore mae place more
meanlnul. l ecle aalnsL conLlnuous aulo Lo allo people Lo relecL,
process an hae Lhelr on aenLure beLeen soun polnLs. C course,
Lhe melum also allos Lhe aler Lo slp or llsLen aL Lhelr on pace, an
some people en[oye Lhe al ln a ery lerenL ay, or example by
[7]

alln an llsLenln non-sLop. 1he oerall eecL has been escrlbe by
one releer as beln a llLLle lle a Zen oan 'a lul paLLern o mulLlple
aenas, eecLln an beln eecLe by Lhe 1hames an lLs soclal,
pollLlcal hlsLorlcal an economlc secLors. ach locaLlon an narraLor ls
accompanle by Lhe rlers on muslc, lLs aural ebbs an los, Lhe
crealn o ooen boaL [olnLs, Lhe ash, a LuboaL LooL, boyln Lhe
orl o a ma[or urban rleray (lrleman 2006).

|{V LV osLer aerLlsln Lhe rlLln Lrall
1he rlLln loaL meLho use Lo ln lnLerleees became
unorable ln Lhe easLern parL o Lonon. 1he auLhor aLrlc WrlhL
rouhly lle up rler culLure lnLo Lo secLlons - 'uprler people ho
bellee LhaL Lhe 1hames sLarLs ln a lel ln Lhe oLsols an maes lLs
ay beLeen Lea rooms an LhaLche pubs on Lo Lonon, an
'onrler people ho bellee LhaL Lhe Lonon 1hames Lruly sLarLs aL Lhe
sea an ors lLs ay up Lhe esLuary. My onrler loaL ouhL braely
on rom Lhe lrsLlasL Llal loc aL 1elnLon an oL abouL as ar as
kelmscoLL ouse, Wllllam Morrlss home ln ammersmlLh. lrom Lhere Lhe
loaL became lmposslble Lo ollo Lhe rler as Loo le, Llal an sLron
loln or Lhere Lo be enouh polnLs o lmpacL lLh Lhe ban. 1he loaL
elLher shoL alon Lhe ml-lo o Lhe rler or as propelle bacars or
hours as Lhe Lle came ln. 1o see Lhls sLrane eecL, al alon Lhe
1hames ln asL Lonon ln March an aLch Lhe hrlsLmas Lrees loaLln up
1oby 8uLler
[]

an on, Lrappe ln a sLrane, slo Llal ance aLer beln Losse ln Lo
monLhs earller ln Lhe aln hope LhaL Lhe rler oul Lae Lhem aay.
1o hae conLlnue lLh my earller meLho oul hae Laen
monLhs. lor Lhe ocers Lrall l use Lhe same sLyle o a rler-culLure base
al, usln blnaural recorlns o Lhe rouLe, buL Lhls Llme l re on a rare
collecLlon o 200 lnLerles lLh oc orers, no archle aL Lhe
Museum ln oclans buL recore oer 20 years ao hen Lhe Lonon
ocs ere shuL on.
1he rouLe runs rom plcLure-posLcar reenlch, sLarLln aL Lhe
remalns o Lhe uLLy ar Lea cllpper, an runs alon Lhe quaysles o Lhe
reenlch penlnsula Lo en up aL Lhe exLraorlnary Mlllennlum MoLel,
parL reasy spoon cae, parL ypsy campslLe, ln Lhe shaos o Lhe ome.
1he memorles use encompass ramaLlc eenLs, such as hen Lhe
reenlch ooL Lunnel as use a shelLer aalnsL Lhe Zeppelln rals, buL ls
mosLly concerne lLh lle ln Lhe ocsle communlLles rom chllhoo Lo
orln on Lhe bares, cranes an arehouses near Lhe rler. 1he
experlence o sLanln ln ronL o Lhe rulns o an ol crane, an hearln Lhe
prle ln Lhe olce o a crane rler ho Lells us he coul plc up anyLhln
'rom an elephanL Lo a paceL o plns les a sLrane sensaLlon o brlnln
Lhe pasL presenL ln a ery lrecL ay LhaL no memorlal or lnormaLlon
boar can Louch - l you lslL Lhls ebslLe you can hear hls ors
(.memoryscape.or.uocers03.hLm) ({. 3).

|{V V Loells har - crane base ln 2007
(no esLroye an replace by aparLmenLs)
[9]

|{V V Loells Whar - as Lhe crane looe ln Lhe 1930s
lnce maln Lhe Lrall, Loells Whar ({. 4) an Lhe Mlllennlum
MoLel hae boLh been emollshe Lo mae ay or aparLmenL blocs. l
hope LhaL alers are len Lhe chance Lo mae meanln o a conusln
posL lnusLrlal lanscape unersLan a llLLle o Lhe culLure LhaL as once
Lhere, an relecL on Lhe acL LhaL Lhe lasL remalns o Lhls lnusLrlal
lanscape are llely Lo lsappear oreer. 1he experlence ls noL necessarlly
nosLallc Lhe presenL lnusLry on Lhe rler an Lhe exlsLln (an chanln)
lle alon Lhe rouLe, boLh naLural an human, Lemper Lhe pull o Lhe pasL
Lo some exLenL an a recenL lnLerle lLh Lhe oner o Lhe Mlllennlum
MoLel aL Lhe en o Lhe al les a poslLle le o Lhe reslenLlal
eelopmenL o some ery erellcL areas. l hope Lhe arleLy o olces an
sLorles le a nuance an complex lmpresslon o Lhe area raLher Lhan a
holly nosLallc or eeloper-happy lmpresslon o noLhln buL les an
proress.
Cne o Lhe LrlclesL elemenLs o eslnln Lhe als as eclln
ho much narraLlon Lo lnclue. 1he lrsL erslon o Lhe al l noL hae
any narraLlon, because l anLe Lo eL as ar aay as posslble rom Lhe
auLhorlalLour ule sLyle. eople [usL ha Lo use Lhe maps an or ouL
haL Lo o. ln Lhe plloL sLuy lL as clear LhaL some people lle lL, buL a
loL o people ere noL sure haL as oln on. 1he hole rlLln
experlmenL oL losL people anLe Lo no hohy people ere
lnclue an Lhey anLe Lo eel LhaL Lhey ere ln Lhe 'rlhL place. ArLlsLs
lle raeme Mlller celebraLe Lhe lea o eLLln a blL losL because LhaL ls
1oby 8uLler
[90]

hen you sLarL Lo hae a blL o an aenLure. lL ls Lhe opposlLe o mosL
peoples lnsLlncL, parLlcularly o curaLors ln museums ho Lae reaL eorL
Lo mae Lhlns as accesslble as posslble. 8aslcally some people lll hae a
reaL Llme, buL a loL o people [usL o noL eL lL or eel ery lnsecure
lLhouL beln ule. l anLe Lhe al Lo appeal as lely as posslble,
an Lhe hole polnL as Lo locaLe Lhe memorles, so ln Lhe en e puL ln
Lhe narraLlon. l Lhln lL ors parLlcularly ell on Lhe rlLln or, hlch
as a hlhly personal plece - lL ae me Lhe chance Lo eL LhaL across an
lay bare some o Lhe mechanlcs o Lhe rlLln experlmenL. ln some ays
Lhe process o usln archle recorlns or Lhls al as more llculL
Lhere ere some onerul sLorles LhaL ere lmposslble Lo locaLe, noL
leasL because many people ore ln lerenL ocs brle caLaloue
summarles mae hunLln or releanL maLerlal ery Llme consumln an
Lhe quallLy o Lhe recorln became more lmporLanL Lhan usual or use
lLh a alman ln a nolsy enlronmenL. 1hls meanL LhaL some nlce
recorlns ha Lo be re[ecLe purely on soun quallLy rouns.
eerLheless, many olces LhaL oul hae remalne sllenL ln Lhe archles
can no be hear aL or near Lhe places here Lhe memorles ere born.
nl { vwv unv w {l
l mae a parLlcular eorL Lo eL my soun als lnLo Lhe publlc omaln,
maln sure LhaL Lhey ere aallable on a ebslLe, ln local booshops,
museums, llbrarles an LourlsL lnormaLlon cenLres, an publlclsln Lhe
als ln Lhe local press an on local ralo. ln le monLhs aL leasL 3000
people looe aL Lhe ebslLe ln a meanlnul ay, 600 onloae a al
or bouhL Lhe s an aL leasL 330 people acLually ale Lhe Lo hour
als (as oppose Lo llsLenln aL home or onllne). 1hese may noL be
enormous lures, buL lLh no mareLln bueL an a small amounL o
promoLlonal eorL Lhe clrculaLlon has ron ar beyon Lhe expecLe
reaershlp o many [ournals or local hlsLory boos an a year on aL leasL
7000 people hae encounLere Lhe memoryscapes ln one ay or anoLher.
l hae conucLe aulence ealuaLlon usln quesLlonnalres an
lnLerles lLh nearly 130 aulLs. AlmosL eeryone as ery poslLle
abouL Lhe experlence, hlch boes ell or uLure or LhaL ls alme aL a
le publlc aulence. 1he ealuaLlon process reeale some lnLeresLln
benelLs Lo Lhe memoryscape concepL. eeral people remare LhaL Lhey
elL empaLhy Loars Lhe people LhaL Lhey llsLene Lo esplLe Lhe acL LhaL
Lhey ere rom a lerenL ae, class or culLure. 1hls 'normallsaLlon eecL
seeme Lo come rom a comblnaLlon acLors lncluln Lhe conLenL o Lhe
recorlns, Lhe sLyle o spealn, an Lhe acL LhaL Lhe llsLener coul noL
see Lhe lnLerleee. LlsLeners seeme Lo respon parLlcularly ell Lo Lhe
arleLy o olces use: mosL people seeme Lo en[oy hearln rom 'real
[91]

people as oppose Lo a mono-ocal ule, an Lo preer shorLer Lracs LhaL
use more Lhan one lnLerleee.
lor me Lhe mosL exclLln lnln as LhaL Lhe als seeme Lo
enener a eelln o lenLlLy lLh Lhe lanscape. 8esponenLs reporLe
LhaL usln a arleLy o senses, lmalnaLlon, an reerences ln Lhe
lanscape, all helpe Lo mae Lhe experlence more meanlnul an
Lhereore memorable. reaLln Lhese connecLlons, or llns Lo place seem
Lo hae ha le Lo a eelln o closeness, or rooLeness or some people.
Cne necomer Lo Lonon roLe 'no l no a sense o a belnnln
aLLachmenL. AnoLher aler escrlbe Lhe process beauLlully as
'eepenln my aLLachmenL Lo Lhe rler. Lle rooLs shooLln o lnLo Lhe
soll. eeral people Lale abouL Lhe experlence aln a ne reallLy, or a
ne lmenslon o reallLy Lo Lhe exlsLln lanscape. lurLhermore, anyone
ho lslLs Lhe lanscape aaln can use Lhose llns Lo remember someLhln
o Lhe sLorles LhaL Lhey hear. 1hus:
'Memotyscoe bos moJe me cooslJet tbe ott tbe tlvet bos loyeJ lo so mooy
eoles llves. tblo oboot tbls beoevet vlslt tbe tlvet sloce llsteoloq to tbe
tecotJloq Jtlftloq.
erhaps Lhls aspecL o Lhe experlence coul be o lnLeresL Lo Lhose lshln
Lo encourae eellns o belonln an lenLlLy ln a parLlcular communlLy
or locaLlon.
Cn Lhe oLher han, Lhe lnLlmacy o some o Lhe recorlns
comblne lLh hearln Lhem ouLsle someones house or orplace mae
some people eel uncomorLable, parLlcularly l Lhe memorles lnole
reerre Lo recenL clrcumsLances. lor example, one Lrac eaLure a
number o nelhbours Lalln abouL a ne house ln Lhe area - Lhe
ooLpaLh as locaLe opposlLe Lhe house LhaL ha enormous plaLe lass
lnos an you coul see lnsle. earln eLalls o Lhe house an
peoples les o lL seeme Lo become more poerul hen sLoo ouLsle
Lhe house lLsel, an Lhere ls a aner LhaL usln oral hlsLory ln Lhls ay
coul ere on Lhe oyeurlsLlc. oeer, as Lhe memoryscape process
lnole llsLenln, unersLanln, consenL an empaLhy l Lhln lL ran
conLrary Lo an acL o oyeurlsm, hlch ls base on Lhe poerlessness o
Lhe sub[ecL - buL l Lhln lL ls orLh polnLln ouL as a poLenLlal concern lLh
locaLlon base oral hlsLory.
AnoLher lnLeresLln lssue LhaL came up as ho conersaLlonal
recorln can become qulLe a lerenL beasL hen llsLene Lo ln specllc
locaLlons. lor example, one couple ha escrlbe Lo me ho Lhelr lylllc
rlersle bunalo suere rom seerae looln, ue Lo Lhe seers
beln oer-run by Lhe sheer number o properLles bullL ln Lhe area. 1he
lnLerleees ob[ecLe Lo Lhe lncluslon o Lhe seerae sLory, because Lhey
1oby 8uLler
[92]

elL LhaL lL mlhL aecL Lhe prlce o Lhelr properLy l a poLenLlal buyer Lrle
Lhe al. ln Lhe en Lhe cllp as epL ln lLh Lhe areemenL LhaL Lhelr
names an Lhe exacL locaLlon o Lhelr house oul noL be menLlone, buL
Lhls as an lnLeresLln example o ho Lhe ne conLexL or Lhe recorln
can lnLrouce a hole ne seL o eLhlcal llemmas.
`v zlzmv w lv uvuwmkonv
LocaLlon-base Lechnoloy ls becomln lesprea. ln-car saLelllLe
nalaLlon an M3 players are no almosL ublqulLous. o ne
eneraLlons o locaLlon aare LableL compuLers an phones lLh ps chlps
such as Lhe l-phone are sellln ln Lhelr mllllons, an e are alreay seeln
local, naLlonal an een orlle rls o lnormaLlon. A lon aalLe
uropean sysLem lll eenLually mae nalaLlon more accuraLe Lhan
eer beore ne locaLlon base ames an enLerLalnmenLs lll be comln
LhaL mae use o Lhese locaLlon aare sysLems moblle lnLerneL serlces
are becomln cheaper an ln some clLles Lhey lll be ree an Lhe soun
al, memoryscape or lLs mulLl-mela equlalenL lll be raplly eolln
as lerenL lsclpllnes an secLors explore lLs poLenLlal.
Memoryscapes are alreay beln [umpe on companles lnLeresLe
ln promoLln bran aareness Lhrouh ne Lechnoloy. Alas hae
sponsore soun als o ralLl alls ln Lhe 8ronx ln e or an ln
laso 1ennenLs Laer commlsslone a reely onloaable M3
alln Lour o lasos muslc enues more recenLly seeral local
auLhorlLles an herlLae oranlsaLlons hae commlsslone slmllar 'app
base Lralls ellere by moblle phone. ompuLer manuacLurers an
soLare eelopers such as eleLL acar hae lon lnesLe ln
research an eelopmenL or or ouLoor, moblle compuLln hlch
lnclues locaLlon-base compuLer ames LhaL can eoraphlcally locaLe
players ln real Llme usln ps. onLenL lll be arle accorln Lo oLher
real-orl sensors, such as hearL raLe, lrecLlon an llhL usln blo
mappln Lechnlques (ol 2006). ln 8rlLaln a 8Al1A (our equlalenL o Lhe
Cscars) as aare Lo a 88 proucer or creaLln a serles o aulo als
(llne Lo Lhe oasL ocumenLary serles), an Lhere are arlous eb-base
porLals or local roups or oranlsaLlons Lo pocasL Lhelr on als -
LerrlLory alreay beln raplly omlnaLe by oole arLh an oole
Maps.
1he melum shoul cerLalnly noL leL solely or Lhe mareL an
lare lnsLlLuLlons Lo omlnaLe. AL besL, Lhls culLural, hlsLorlcal an
eoraphlcal lnormaLlon sysLem can be use Lo lnLrouce mulLlple olces
an conllcLln realns o Lhe lanscape (an Lhose LhaL moe an lle ln
lL). lL can also be an empoerln an expressle use o Lechnoloy or Lhe
aze aL (or llsLene Lo). !usL as slmple ebslLes can be consLrucLe by
[93]

lnlluals or small roups, soun als can be mae lLh mlnlmal
Lralnln an aln easy exposure on Lhe lnLerneL (or examples o sLuenL
or see .raphael-samuel.or.u). A al has none o Lhe pracLlcal
problems assoclaLe lLh exhlblLln lanscape-relaLe conenLlonal arL
or or sculpLure, because no exhlblLlon space or plannln permlsslon ls
necessary. ln Lhe pasL Lhls has proe Lo be a serlous lmpelmenL Lo
communlLy-base lnlLlaLles LhaL o noL sLem rom local oernmenL or
Lhe arLs esLabllshmenL an Lhe melum has Lhe poLenLlal Lo be relaLlely
lnclusle.
lor example, l hae been orln on 'orLs o all, a communlLy
pro[ecL near Lhe Clymplcs 2012 slLe ln asL Lonon. nbelleably eham,
Lhe borouh lLh conLrol o LraLor, oes noL een hae a museum an
Lhe 8oyal ocs an lLs surrounln communlLles are almosL compleLely
eol o any herlLae lnLerpreLaLlon ln publlc areas. 1he 8oyal ocs,
once Lhe buslesL ln Lhe orl buL no ln a sLrane phase o erellcLlon an
reeelopmenL, are ln seere aner o beln Lhe lcLlm o Lhe spllnLere
urbanlsm LhaL characLerlse much o Lhe eelopmenL o Lhe lsle o os
an anary Whar. remlum slLes such as Lhe xcel conerence cenLre an
Lonon lLy AlrporL eelop excellenL connecLlons an aclllLles, buL are ln
aner o becomln eecLlely aLe communlLles, lealn a poor,
racLure communlLles physlcally or psychololcally exclue rom
supposely publlcly accesslble spaces. 1he Lralls LhaL e hae been
creaLln lLh local people lll hopeully encourae connecLlons beLeen
Lhe lerenL parLs o Lhe ocs an psychololcally 'unaLe Lhese
premlum slLes by lncorporaLln Lhem as Lrall locaLlons, an ln Lurn
encourae lnLernaLlonal lslLors Lo enLure beyon Lhe Laxl ran.
1oby 8uLler
[94]

|{V MV Walers experlencln a memoryscape aL Lhe 8oyal ocs
opeully Lhe process o creaLln an alln Lhe Lralls lll also
prole opporLunlLles or people Lo bull lenLlLy an empaLhy lLh Lhelr
surrounlns - LhaL eelln o 'rooLeness , parLlcularly or subsLanLlal
proporLlons o Lhe local populaLlon LhaL are ery ne Lo Lhe area (ne
ocsle eelopmenL reslenLs school chllren nely arrle eLhnlc
roups sLuenLs comln Lo Lhe nlerslLy o asL Lonon). ln charLln Lhe
areas culLural, lnusLrlal, marlLlme an naLural hlsLory beore lL ls one
oreer, e are also seLLln ouL Lo lnenL Lhe LralLlons o a susLalnable
uLure hlch bulls on raLher Lhan lsrears local resources, boLh
enlronmenLal an human. Cur alm ls Lo o Lhls ln an acLle, parLlclpaLory
ay hlch les local people ne sllls hllsL aL Lhe same Llme lln
some ln o conLexL Lo Lhe ler process o reeneraLlon hlch or Lhe
lrsL Llme ls brlnln lare numbers o mlle class proesslonals Lo lle an
or aroun Lhe ocs. 1he pro[ecL really oes hae Lhe poLenLlal Lo le
pasL an presenL reslenLs a olce ln one o Lhe mosL raplly eelopln
urban areas ln Lhe orl.
We shoul all be eepln a close eye on Lhe locela phenomenon,
hlch coul hae an lmpacL as bl as Lhe lnenLlon o Lhe prlnLln press.
WhaLeer Lechnololes eole, Lhey lll all nee one Lhln - lnLeresLln,
locaLe (local) conLenL. ln Lhe uLure l can oresee reaL eman or people
lLh exlsLln sllls ln local an oral hlsLory, parLlcularly or people ho
[93]

hae experlence o recorln an elLln an can manae Lhe Lechnlcal
an eLhlcal challenes LhaL creaLln publlc oral hlsLory enLalls. e
proucers lll also come lnLo Lhe lel, an Lhey lll nee ulln an
Lralnln ln Lhe pracLlcallLles an eLhlcal aspecLs o recorln local people.
ArchllsLs may also ln LhaL Lhere ls much more eman or local an oral
hlsLory archle recorlns. llnally, an perhaps mosL lmporLanLly, Lhls
melum lll le communlLles, roups an lsclpllnes an alLernaLle
'ouLpuL LhaL can be lmmersle, complex, mulLl-ocal, accesslble an lLh
real publlc appeal.
1he Lo memoryscape als, 'rlLln an 'ocers can be
onloae (or experlence onllne) aL .memoryscape.or.u an Lhe
laLesL orLs o all Lralls are aallable rom .porLsocall.or.u Lralls
creaLe by sLa an sLuenLs on Lhe MA ln erlLae Lules: lloce,
Memoty ooJ nlstoty, LhaL l lea, can also be oun aL .raphael-
samuel.or.u

{j{wmn
8uLler, 1. 2003. Llne: a Lanmar ln oun, a ubllc Wal o ArL.
coltotol eoqtobles, 121:77-.
lrleman, !. 2006. Mela 8ele: rlLln, rom Memoryscape Aulo
Wals. rouce by 1oby 8uLler. Otol nlstoty kevle, 331:107-
109.
Mlller, . (ArLlsL). 2003. lloeJ. o looJmot lo 5oooJ, oo ovlslble Attot,
o ol [oun lnsLallaLlon].
MunL, l., !al[ee, 8. 2002. osLscrlpL. ln klvet collloq. tbe NeeJ fot tboo
otet 5oce 5ttoteqles. Lonon: Lonon 8lers AssoclaLlon.
ol, . 2006. 8lo Moloq. hLLp:blomappln.neL 8eLrlee 24 March,
2006
laLL, . 2001. leoJvllle. A 8loqtoby of tbe A40. Lonon: lcaor.
lnclalr, l. 2003. looJoo Otbltol. Lonon: enuln.
1lll, k. 2003. laces o Memory. ln k. M. !. Ane, . C'1uaLhall (.),
comooloo to lolltlcol eoqtoby, Cxor an ambrle:
8lacell, 29-301.
WrlhL, . 1999. 1be klvet. tbe 1bomes lo Oot 1lme. Lonon: 88 8oos.

[96]

[97]

^{klwm nx |{u@ \x \z{wN{kzn cnlnjnkv wm wklNnm \mo{lvolzmv nx
lv {l {x mvvov

Laros Allrals
1
eore apaonsLanLlnou
2

A=+031T1

n onrtkookouortkp 6oop eoevv yto rpv eronoetkp optrekrovtkp
kot np orpv oo

n ovokolvop tepeuvo rpv evvoto rou opelou eoo on rp ouykprpop
noueotkv 6ooev eoevv yto rpv optrekrovtkp kppovoto kot
rpv np. n epeuvo oopo orpv oto0prtkp kot teooytkp ouykprpop rou
opelou loro, oro elo rp nppooplo nou touoooerot kot
eroeperot oro evvotooytk nept6oov rp 6oop eoevv, oo
kot orpv lto rpv opyportkp tkovrpro rp kot rv uvororprv nou
npooepet p o0ypovp revooylo yto noone opypoet. Mlo
ntortkp 6oop eoevv on epvtko enlkotpo rv ekoertv 1950 kot
1960 rou .O.A. ouykporel rpv ttrunp ulo l0o nou eeroovrot ro
lvp rv epeuvprtkv eprporv. 1o noplooro ovrtnpoone0ouv
oueto nou 6plokerot oe eetp

Yxlmwzol{wx
1hls paper rearesses Lhe concepL o Lhe archle lLh reerence Lo Lhe
represenLaLlon o archlLecLure an Lhe clLy la Lhe moln lmae. ere,
some lnlLlal remars rom on-oln research conucLe aL LA,
eparLmenL o ArchlLecLure, nlerslLy o 1hessaly lll be presenLe ln
brle. 1he pro[ecL ls une by Lhe 8esearch ommlLLee o Lhe nlerslLy o
1hessaly. sln Le Manolch an mberLo cos semlnal or on Lhe
aLabase an Lhe llsL respecLlely as a polnL o eparLure, Lhls research
examlnes ho our unersLanln o Lhe clLy an lLs archlLecLure can be
shape usln Lhe moln lmae as our prlmary resource. lor Lhls purpose,
Lhe pro[ecL lnoles Lhe seLLln up o an on-llne mulLlmela aLabase.
lnlLlally, Lhe plloL proLoLype lll be usln archlal maLerlal rom Lhe
collecLlons o Lhe ellenlc aLlonal Aulolsual Archle rom Lhe 1930s an
1960s, hen Lhe ree urban lanscape experlence unpreceenLe
consLrucLlon acLllLy. 1hls enLalls hanlln approxlmaLely 230 nesreels
LhaL eplcL ally lle, soclal eenLs an olclal sLaLe ceremonles ln ALhens

1
osL-oc 8esearch AssoclaLe, LA, eparLmenL o ArchlLecLure, nlerslLy o 1hessaly,
emall: sa346[oLeneL.r
2
AssoclaLe roessor, LA, eparLmenL o ArchlLecLure, nlerslLy o 1hessaly,
emall: papaon[arch.uLh.r
Laros Allrals eore apaonsLanLlnou
[9]

an oLher ma[or ree clLles. orLs lll be mae Lo enrlch Lhe aLabase
lLh complemenLary maLerlal rom prlaLe collecLlons LhaL narraLe Lhe
lnormal hlsLory o Lhe clLy. 1he paper lscusses Lhe concepLual rameor
or seLLln up Lhe pro[ecL, compllln Lhe aLabase, an annoLaLln Lhe
mela lles lLh meLaaLa.

^{klwm nx {xvun

lsLory ls LhaL cerLalnLy prouce aL Lhe polnL here Lhe lmperecLlons
o memory meeL Lhe lnaequacles o ocumenLaLlon. (8arnes 2011:30)

Arlan llnns -one o !ullan 8arness maln characLers rom 1be 5eose of oo
oJloq (2011)- aphorlsm -aLLrlbuLe ln Lhe noel Lo aLrlc Larane, a
lcLlonal characLer o lrench escenL (exLon 2011:30-31) - eems
hlsLorlcal research posslble solely by lrLue o our lnLeral lnablllLy Lo
recor, recall an communlcaLe Lhe pasL -een Lhe recenL pasL- lLh a
cerLaln eree o eLall. 1emporal lsLance rom Lhe acLual eenLs on Lhe
one han an Lhe lnherenL sub[ecLllLy o lnLerpreLaLlon on Lhe oLher han
are boun Lo challene ones ablllLy Lo ocumenL hlsLory as accuraLely as
posslble. 1hls oes noL necessarlly consLlLuLe a shorLcomln as ar as
recorln an recounLln hlsLory ls concerne. 8aLher, 8arnes appears Lo
quesLlon exlsLln, lely hel les abouL hlsLorlcal LruLh, by unermlnln
such absoluLe Lerms as Lhe hlsLorlcal acL an by conslerln narraLlon as a
cruclal aspecL an lnLeral elemenL o eery hlsLorlcal recor. lnlcaLlely,
8arnes proLaonlsL noLes: 'l l can'L be sure o Lhe acLual eenLs any more,
l can aL leasL be Lrue Lo Lhe lmpresslons Lhose acLs leL (8arnes 2011:12).
8arnes ls nelLher Lhe lrsL nor Lhe only auLhor Lo unermlne boLh Lhe
preomlnance o Lhe olclal narraLle an Lhe crelblllLy o Lhe
proLaonlsL-narraLor.
3
lermenLaLlons LhaL Loo place oer a lon span o
Llme boLh lLhln an across Lhe sclenLllc lels o hlsLory an
hlsLorloraphy aclllLaLe haL can be escrlbe as Lhe LranslLlon rom
lsLory Lo hlsLorles an rom olclal, ormal sources Lo Lhe lle sLorles o
oral hlsLory. lurLhermore, Lhese eelopmenLs rener Lhe acL o resorLln
Lo lmpresslons -lLh reerence Lo Lhe narraLlon o hlsLorlcal eenLs- as a
enerally accepLe pracLlce. ence, accorln Lo 8arnes, human
lmperecLlon -a allln memory an Lhe mulLlpllclLy o lnLerpreLaLlons-
allos or Lhe asclnaLln narraLlons LhaL characLerlse conLemporary
hlsLorles, een beyon Lhe llLerary, lcLlonal renerlns o reallLy, ell
lLhln Lhe realm o sclenLllc eneaour.

3
ln lt bost (2007), aLhan Zucerman, hlllp 8oLhs elerly proLaonlsL rom Lhe
Zucerman serles, ls beLraye by hls allln memory an resorLs Lo lcLlon Lo compensaLe
or Lhe lac o concreLe acLs ln hls ally lle.
lsLory an lllm
[99]

lnema an hlsLory hae been olloln lnLerLlnln paLhs eer slnce
clnema as concele as a ehlcle or Lellln coherenL sLorles abouL lle.
Cn occaslon, hoeer, Lhelr crossln Lra[ecLorles Lrler lnLeresLln
ebaLes abouL Lhelr sLaLuses as apparaLuses or capLurln an
represenLln, or raLher reconsLrucLln, reallLy. Cne such lnsLance ls
hrlsLlan Zlmmers 1974 crlLlque on clnema LhaL ocuses on Lhe melums
ablllLy Lo coney an llluslon, an lmpresslon o reallLy, a quallLy lnherlLe
rom phoLoraphy. 1hls consLlLuLes, accorln Lo Zlmmer, boLh a reaL
lrLue an an lnLrlnslc la. Zlmmer aLLrlbuLes Lhe perslsLence o
llluslonslmpresslons ln clnema Lo Lhe boureols leoloy o Lhose lnole
ln llmmaln an lLs perasleness Lo Lhe maLchln leoloy o Lhose or
hom Lhe moles are lnLene (Zlmmer 1976:92). . l. rossoel, ln hls
lllumlnaLln rele o Zlmmers sLuy, noLes LhaL or Lhe laLLer: '[L]he
moLlon plcLure ls lnole ln a elnlLlon o hlsLory lnasmuch as lL ls a
recor, heLher LhaL recor be ocumenLary or arLlsLlc (rossoel
1973:32). rossoels commenL bears parLlcular elhL as Lhls sLuy
lshes Lo emphaslse Lhe bllaLeral osmosls beLeen clnema an hlsLory,
boLh ln Lerms o Lhelr sub[ecL-maLLer an ln Lerms o Lhelr meLhoololes.
ln 1976, Marc lerro publlshes hls ploneerln or on clnema an
hlsLory (lerro 1976 lerro 1993). 1hls, accorln Lo lerro, mars a
slnllcanL mllesLone or clnema Lheory an lnLerpreLaLlon as lL ls Lhe lrsL
Llme hlsLory becomes lnLeresLe ln narraLle clnema, LhaL ls, Lhe lrsL Llme
a llm ls beln conslere boLh as a hlsLorlcal aenL an as a hlsLorlcal
ocumenL (e 8aecque elae 199 1oplln 2002 elae ulueno
2004 e 8aecque 200 8uroyne 200). ere, lerro acnolees Lhe
aoremenLlone aspecL o clnemas leololcal uncLlon an esLabllshes
Lhe acL LhaL Lhe reallLy o eery llm consLlLuLes an leololcal consLrucL
orLh relslLln, een l only Lo sLuy ho socleLles percele Lhemseles
on screen. leally, our sLuy lll explore Lhe exLenL an Lhe arlous ays
clnema lnorms our hlsLorlcal consclence an oul conLrlbuLe reaLly Lo
Lhe on-oln lscusslon on a sub[ecL LhaL lerro Lerms 'Lhe llmlc rlLln o
hlsLory (lerro 1993:197-203). ome LhlrLy years laLer, ln 2003, lerro
reLurns Lo hls aourlLe sub[ecL-maLLer lLh upaLe relecLlons on Lhe
represenLaLlon o Lhe pasL, Lhe presenL an Lhe uLure ln clnema an lLs
role ln comprehenln hlsLory (lerro 2003).
A ecae aLer Lhe publlcaLlon o Zlmmers polemlc on clnemaLlc
exeeses by lrLue o purely aesLheLlc -Anre 8azlns approach- or purely
Lechnololcal -!ean MlLrys approach- means (Zlmmer 1976:93), lrench
LheorlsL aul vlrlllo prouces hls semlnal or on clnema an ar (vlrlllo
194). ere, vlrlllo lscusses Lhe moln lmae noL as a recor buL raLher
as a caLalysL o reallLy. e sLresses LhaL Lhe or prouce by mlllLary
phoLoraphlc an llm companles -such as Lhe Army lcLorlal erlce,
esLabllshe ln 1942 by eneral eore . Marshall (10-1939) lLh a le
[100]

Lo proucln eucaLlonal an propaana llms or Lhe army an Lhe
eneral publlc- lers slnllcanLly rom Lhe use o Lhe moln lmae 'as
an lnlrecL slhLln elce complemenLln Lhose aLLache Lo Lhe eapons
o mass esLrucLlon (vlrlllo 2000:1): a melum or enablln hlsLory ln Lhe
maln. lnee, Lhe mlsuse o clnemaLlc Lechnlques ln Lhls case coul
slnllcanLly alLer Lhe course o a hlsLorlcal eenL.
analan-Amerlcan hlsLorlan aLalle Zemon als, ln her roun-
brealn sLuy on slaery ln clnema, embars rom slmllar sLarLln polnLs
Lo lerro she challenes hlsLorlans preerence or explanaLlons an sLrlcL
accounLs oer enaln narraLlons -a pracLlce esLabllshe as early as
erooLus an 1hucyles Llmes- an quesLlons haL conLemporary
llLeraLure on hlsLorloraphy accepLs as all hlsLorlcal ocumenL. er
aluable conLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe Loplc o hlsLory an clnema can be plnpolnLe
Lo her ablllLy Lo aress Lhe 'llms poLenLlal or Lellln abouL Lhe pasL ln a
meanlnul an accuraLe ay on seeral oerlappln leels: Lhe llms
sub[ecL-maLLer, lLs sLory an ploL an lLs narraLololcal mechanlsms.
lurLhermore, als successully examlnes ho all o Lhe aboe aclllLaLe
Lhe consLrucLlon o clnemaLlc represenLaLlons o hlsLorlc eenLs. 1hese
oLen enLall employln research an represenLaLlonal sLraLeles Lyplcally
assoclaLe lLh Lhe conLemporary pracLlces o 'mlcrohlsLory (als
2000:1-13). Moreoer, she sees Lo lmplemenL her lnnoaLle approach Lo
narraLle, lcLlon llms an noL ocumenLarles, hlch, by elnlLlon, mae
lerenL clalms on reallLy. ln Lhls respecL, als or becomes a source o
lnsplraLlon an seLs Lhe benchmar or slmllar uLure eneaours.
als approach slnposLs Lhe ay Loars relslLln clnemaLlc LexLs
lLh a le Lo reappralsln Lhelr conLrlbuLlon Lo lllln -complemenLln or
conLralcLln- Lhe aps o hlsLorlcal narraLle. er meLhoololcal LoollL
may be puL Lo eecLle use ln a crlLlcal reconsleraLlon o Lhe or o Lhe
renone ree llmmaer 1heo Anelopoulos (1933-2012), ho ha
sysLemaLlcally aresse Lhe represenLaLlon o hlsLorlcal eenLs on Lhe
canas o Lhe screen (!ameson 1997:7-93 emopoulos Llappas
2001:16-22 orLon 1999:33-72102-126). Anelopoulos screen
ocabulary, rammar an synLax hae parLlcular bearln on Lhe clnemaLlc
reconsLrucLlon o hlsLory or Lo maln reasons. llrsL, he ha been
experlmenLln sysLemaLlcally lLh ormal sLrucLures LhaL resemble Lhe
narraLle ormaLs o 'mlcrohlsLory. econ an mosL lmporLanL, he
conslsLenLly use alLernaLle sources o hlsLorlcal lnormaLlon or
lnsplraLlon -oral LesLlmonles ln parLlcular recore by Lhe lrecLor hlmsel
or press cllpplns-hlch ore Lhelr ay lnLo Lhe lnal scrlpL an,
eenLually, Lhe mole (Anelopoulos 2006:36-63). Cne ls boun Lo mae
speclal menLlon Anelopoulos lrsL eaLure llm kecoosttoctloo (reece,
1970). ere, lnLerles lLh local lllaers on Lhe sub[ecL o lmmlraLlon
conucLe by Lhe llm cre saly counLerpolnL lmaes o a plcLuresque
lsLory an lllm
[101]

buL, neerLheless, nelecLe ree mounLalnous hlnLerlan. Cur ormal
Lralnln on Anelopoulos or, relslLe la Lhe LheoreLlcal LoollL
prole by als, shapes Lhe lscusslon ln Lhe olloln secLlon on
lcLlonal llm or narraLle clnema an oral hlsLory.

Zmn ^{klwm nx lv dw{x Yunv

Cller llels -Mle Mllls proLaonlsL rom Lhe 8eqlooets (2010) playe by
an Mcreor- lnherlLs ArLhur, hls aLhers o, aLer Lhe eaLh o Lhe
laLLer, playe by hrlsLopher lummer. As he lnLrouces ArLhur Lo hls ne
enlrons, Cller embars on a poeLlc, hlhly llosyncraLlc an elllpLlcal
escrlpLlon o hls an hls parenLs lle an Llmes:

jOllvet lelJs] Attbot, yoo ote comloq to llve ltb me oo. Ok 1bls ls my cot. 1bls ls
tbe Jlooloq-toom bete eole come ooJ eot sometlmes. 1bls ls tbe llvloq-toom.
1bots tbe botbtoom. jlotetool moooloqoe] 1bls ls 00J. 1bls ls bot tbe soo loos lle
ooJ tbe stots, ootote, tbls ls tbe lteslJeot ooJ tbls ls tbe soo lo 1955 ooJ tbe stots ooJ
ootote ooJ cots ooJ booes ooJ movles ooJ tbe lteslJeot. 1bls ls bot ets looeJ
lle. 1bese ote flteots. 1bls os smoloq. 1bls ls bot lt looeJ lle beo eole
lsseJ, beo tbey ete boy, beo tbey ete soJ.
4

llels lnLernal monoloue ls counLerpolnLe lLh hlhly eocaLle lmaery
conslsLln o sLlll shoLs eplcLln ranom ramenLs o ally lle rom mole
publlclLy an promoLlonal maLerlal, prlnLe aerLlsemenL, posLcars an
amlly memorabllla. oul Mllls clnemaLlc experlmenL lLh memory,
hlsLory an Lhe moln lmae be lnLerpreLe as a poLenL sLaLemenL abouL
our socleLys roln rellance on Lhe arlous proucLs o popular culLure
or Lhe eecLle reconsLrucLlon o our recenL pasL l Lhls ls Lhe case, Lhen
one has Lo acnolee Lhe comparaLle aanLae o Lhe moln lmae
as an expressle melum or capLurln, preserln an communlcaLln Lhe
splrlL o our Llmes. urrenLly, Lhe prolleraLlon o Lhe use o arlous
recorln apparaLuses ls boun Lo lea Lo Lhe crlLlcal reappralsal o Lhe
melums role ln ocumenLln lle. oneLheless, Lhe acL LhaL, by an
lare, conLemporary aulences are moln lmae mela llLeraLe [usLlles
Lhe enurln appeal o Lhls semanLlcally rlch resource.
3

lerro appears Lo be raLher lrm abouL Lhls Lhe moln lmae has
prealle. lL ls malnly Lhe Anlo-axons an chlely Lhe anLhropololcal

4
Mlll -ln compleLe accorance lLh currenL Lrens LhaL call or cerLaln amblulLy hen
recallln pasL eenLs an een eenLs o Lhe recenL pasL- has hls proLaonlsL a: 'lx
monLhs laLer my aLher Lol me he as ay. e [usL Lurne 73. l alays remember hlm
earln a purple seaLer hen he Lol me Lhls buL acLually he ore a robe.
3
varlous oranlsaLlons aroun Lhe orl research ho people, especlally chllren,
unersLan an analyse moln lmaes an explore Lhe poLenLlal or explolLln Lhelr
expressleness: hLLp:.molnlmaeeucaLlon.or or hLLp:melae.or.u [lasL
accesse: 230412].
[102]

sLules LhaL hae embrace Lhe use o llm as a heurlsLlc research Lool,
hoeer, Lhese pracLlces beln Lo ro eomeLrlcally. oaays, llLal
camcorers -LhaL hae replace Lhe leo cameras an Lhe leo
recorers o Lhe 190s-enable myrlas o clnemaLlc pro[ecLs LhaL call orLh
memorles an oral LesLlmonles ln orer Lo narraLe Lhe hlsLory o our Llmes.
1hese conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe proucLlon o a counLer-hlsLory, an unolclal
hlsLory, ree rom Lhe llmlLaLlons lcLaLe by Lhe ormal hanlln o
LralLlonal archlal ocumenLs. 1hus, Lhls ln o clnema -a clnema LhaL
counLerpolnLs olclal hlsLory lLh heay osaes o sub[ecLllLy an
relaLleness- can uncLlon as a poLenL hlsLorlcal aenL lnsoar as lL
conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe ormulaLlon o our hlsLorlcal consclousness (lerro
2002:24-23).
8ecenL aLLempLs by research lnsLlLuLlons ln urope an across Lhe
ALlanLlc emonsLraLe LhaL Lhe acaemlc communlLy has Laen on, raLher
enLhuslasLlcally, Lhe responslblllLy o eelopln a rameor or ealln
lLh soun an Lhe moln lmae as a lLal resource. 1hls lnoles Laclln
boLh pracLlcal aspecLs -publlshln common seLs o ulellnes or
proesslonal pracLlces, Lechnlcal requlremenLs an leal lssues- an
reulaLln Lhe concepLuallsaLlon process. 1hls lnoles a le-raln
lscusslon LhaL LhemaLlses, amon oLher aspecLs, clnemas arlous LruLh
sLaLuses. Cne such example ls Lhe -une collaboraLle pro[ecL enLlLle
'1A: 1ralnln or Aulolsual reseraLlon ln urope (2003-200).
6
1he
pro[ecL publlshe a number o reporLs -aallable onllne- LhaL ocumenL ln
eLall boLh Lhe processes lnole ln ealln lLh Lhe moln lmae as a
hlsLorlcal aenL an Lhe poLenLlal ouLcome.
7
lmllarly, oranlsaLlons such
as Lhe lnLernaLlonal Cral lsLory AssoclaLlon an Lhe lnLernaLlonal
AssoclaLlon o oun an Aulolsual Archles are conLrlbuLln Lo Lhe
esLabllshmenL o broaly accepLe sLanars or Lhe eLhlcs an Lhe coes
o oral hlsLory.
ln accorance lLh Lhese eelopmenLs, Lhe 8rlLlsh Cral

lsLory ocleLy
9
lssemlnaLes reporLs on Lhe collecLlon, preseraLlon,
llLlsaLlon an eecLle explolLaLlon o aulolsual maLerlal or Lhe
reconsLrucLlon o Lhe recenL pasL. 1he or prouce by Lhe ouLh asL

6
1A - 1ralnln or Aulolsual reseraLlon ln urope: hLLp:.Lape-onllne.neL [lasL
accesse: 230412].
7
lor releanL lnormaLlon please reer Lo: Aallable Cnllne:
hLLp:aallableonllne.orpress.com Alllance o llLal umanlLles CranlzaLlons:
hLLp:.llLalhumanlLles.or 1he ArLs an umanlLles aLa erlce:
hLLp:.ahs.ac.ulnex.hLm !l - llLal reseraLlon 8ecors ManaemenL
roramme: hLLp:.[lsc.ac.uhaLeoprorammespreseraLlon.aspx [lasL
accesse: 29042012].
lnLernaLlonal Cral lsLory AssoclaLlon: hLLp:lohaneL.orlnex.php lnLernaLlonal

AssoclaLlon o oun an Aulolsual Archles: hLLp:.lasa-eb.or [lasL accesse:
010312].
9
(8rlLlsh) Cral lsLory ocleLy: hLLp:.ohs.or.u [lasL accesse: 290412].
lsLory an lllm
[103]

Aulolsual Mappln LraLey ro[ecL (MLA) uncLlons as a plloL
proLoLype or Lhe compllaLlon, preseraLlon an accesslblllLy o soun an
moln lmae resources, or Lhe escrlpLlon o unln an lelslaLle
rameors an or Lhe ouLllne o poLenLlal sLraLeles or uLure
eelopmenL an urLher lnLeraLlon.
ln reece, Lhe neLor o arlous sLaLe an prlaLe ounaLlons LhaL
presere Lhe counLrys aulolsual culLure consLlLuLes a raLher uncharLe
area lLh aryln acqulslLlon an ocumenLaLlon pollcles an accesslblllLy
proLocols. 1he ellenlc aLlonal Aulolsual Archle, no operaLln uner
Lhe aels o Lhe LaLe 1elelslon an 8alo 8roacasLln ompany Archle
(81),
10
hols Lhe bul o Lhe counLrys nesreels an a subsLanLlal number
o ocumenLarles. 81 consLlLuLes reeces maln reposlLory or aulolsual
pro[ecLs prouce by Lhe arlous LaLe-run Lelelslon an ralo channels.
1hls lnclues boLh ln-house proucLlons an co-proucLlons lLh arlous
proucLlon companles ln reece an abroa. 1he laLLer are llculL Lo eL
hol o because o copyrlhL llmlLaLlons. 1he on-llne search enlne
malnLalne by 81 ls a hue sLep orar ln Lhe lrecLlon o ocumenLln
an sharln moln lmae resources lLh Lhe acaemlc communlLy an
Lhe eneral publlc. oeer, reLrleln releanL conLenL can be rusLraLln
aL Llmes. CLher, prlaLe broacasLln companles malnLaln archles lLh
Lhelr on proucLlons, hlch are noL publlcly aallable. 1he ree lllm
Archle lounaLlon
11
ls aLLempLln Lo complle a collecLlon o ree moln
lmae proucLlons -eaLure llms, ocumenLarles, shorL moles,
anlmaLlon- buL ls nohere near compleLln lL or maln lL aallable on-
llne. 1he lllm Archle an ubsllary eparLmenLs (hoLoraphlc Archle -
llLlsaLlon LaboraLory) o Lhe lplomaLlc an lsLorlcal Archles o Lhe
MlnlsLry o loreln Aalrs
12
has a relaLlely small collecLlon o clnemaLlc
ocumenLs rom 190 Lo 1974 on a arleLy o lnLernaLlonal an omesLlc
Loplcs. alnln access Lo Lhe archle ls relaLlely llculL, hoeer, Lo
publlcaLlons on Lhe collecLlon (1omal 2011 konsLanLopoulou 2000) an a
number o publlshe conerence proceelns on clnema an hlsLory -hel
beLeen 2001 an 2003- emonsLraLe Lhe rane an ealLh o Lhe
eparLmenLs acLllLles. 1he War Museum o Lhe MlnlsLry o aLlonal
eence
13
ls home Lo a llmlLe buL lnaluable collecLlon o moln lmae
pleces eplcLln mlllLary an hlsLorlc eenLs, accesslble only locally. llnally,

10
ellenlc aLlonal Aulolsual Archle: hLLp:mam.aarchle.rporLal ree 8alo
1elelslon Archle: hLLp:.erL-archles.r [lasL accesse: 010312].
11
1he ree lllm Archle lounaLlon:
hLLp:.LalnloLhll.r2lanenlnexlnex [lasL accesse: 010312].
12
lplomaLlc an lsLorlcal Archles, MlnlsLry o loreln Aalrs:
hLLp:.ma.renlplomaLlc-an-hlsLorlcal-archles [lasL accesse: 010312].
13
War Museum, MlnlsLry o aLlonal eence:
hLLp:.armuseum.renllsh [lasL accesse: 010312].
[104]

arlous sLaLe aencles an boles an oLher culLural lnsLlLuLlons, such as
Lhe eneral LaLe Archles, Lhe konsLanLlnos . karamanlls lounaLlon,
Lhe Mellna Mercourl lounaLlon, Lhe Mlchael acoyannls lounaLlon
14

an Lhe ree aLlonal 1ourlsm CranlsaLlon (1C),
13
malnLaln more
speclallse collecLlons o moln lmae resources. ln !une 2011,
Atcblotolo, Lhe [ournal o Lhe onLemporary oclal lsLory Archles
(Akl),
16
publlshe an lssue on Lhe Lheme o clnema an hlsLory. 1he lssue
shocase suesLle research conucLe lLh aulolsual archlal
maLerlal ln reece Loay. 1he quallLy an Lhe rane o Lhe presenLe or
mars a roln lnLeresL ln explorln Lhe hlsLorlcal alue o Lhe moln
lmae archle. Moreoer, Akl hosLs a slnllcanL collecLlon o oral
LesLlmonles as parL o Lhelr eer-expanln aulolsual archles.
As parL o our research aL LA, e are currenLly releln releanL
llLeraLure on locaLln, llLlsln, sLorln, annoLaLln lLh meLaaLa an
recyclln aulo an moln lmae resources or Lhe use lLh Lhe eneral
publlc an researchers lLh a speclal lnLeresL ln Lhe represenLaLlon o
archlLecLure an Lhe clLy la Lhe moln lmae. ln oln so, Lhe pro[ecL
also alms Lo map Lhe neLor o releanL prlaLe an publlc aulolsual
archles an collecLlons ln reece an relLallse exlsLln or open ne
channels o communlcaLlon beLeen Lhe arlous lnsLlLuLlons lnole ln
Lhe saeuarln o Lhe counLrys aulolsual herlLae. lL ls noL expecLe Lo
lere slnllcanLly rom currenL, esLabllshe lnLernaLlonal pracLlces an
norms as ar as obLalnln, ocumenLln, llLlsln an sLorln mulLlmela
lles are concerne. oneLheless, eLermlnln hlch moln lmae asseLs
mlhL be releanL Lo Lhe Las aL han escrlbes a poLenL an orllnal area
o research LhaL requlres urLher clarllcaLlon an ocumenLaLlon. eL
anoLher polnL o eparLure rom Lhe releanL llLeraLure on manaln
archles ls Lhe pro[ecLs propose en-proucL. 1he eparLmenL o
ArchlLecLure aL Lhe nlerslLy o 1hessaly lnLens Lo seL up, populaLe an
malnLaln an on-llne aLabase comprlsln mulLlmela asseLs on Lhe ree
clLy an lLs archlLecLure. A pro[ecL-specllc, user-rlenly raphlc lnLerace
lll enable Lhe remoLe lnLeracLor Lo lscoer lerenL ays o explorln
Lhe aLabase an eneraLe mulLlple narraLlons across Lhe mulLlmela

14
eneral LaLe Archles:
hLLp:.a.rronLolceporLal.aspcpaeCcnoe1clan1 konsLanLlnos
. karamanlls lounaLlon: hLLp:.aramanlls-ounaLlon.r Mellna Mercourl
lounaLlon: hLLp:.mellnamercourlounaLlon.or.r Mlchael acoyannls
lounaLlon: hLLp:.mc.ren [lasL accesse: 010312].
13
1he sLuy o 1Cs archle o LourlsL ocumenLarles has been one o Lhe sub[ecLs o Lhe
on-oln research pro[ecL enLlLle 'osLar Moernlsm conucLe by Lhe chool o
ArchlLecLure, aLlonal 1echnlcal nlerslLy o ALhens, uner Lhe superlslon o roessor
anayoLls 1ournlloLls (Allrals 2011).
16
onLemporary oclal lsLory Archles:
hLLp:asleb.eulnex.phplanenlLeml313 [lasL accesse: 010312].
lsLory an lllm
[103]

asseLs o Lhe aLabase. 1hereore, exlsLln ooLae, source rom a le
rane o conLenL prolers, lll be reconlure creaLlely an place ln a
ne narraLle conLexL. 1hls lll be mae posslble by colnln a seL o
parameLers or Lhe rlorous annoLaLlon o Lhe pool o mela lLh
escrlpLle meLaaLa. 1hese are escrlbe ln eLalls ln a orLhcomln
publlcaLlon, as Lhey excee Lhe scope o Lhls paper. A lerenL seL o
parameLers lll lnLeraLe spaLlal lnormaLlon (shooLln locaLlons,
realns) an shape Lhe archlLecLural rameor or Lhe nalaLlon o Lhe
aLabase. 1he premlses or Lhese are brlely lscusse ln Lhe olloln
secLlon o Lhls paper enLlLle 'aLabase narraLle.

cnlnjnkv bnmmnl{v

co arues LhaL a llsL ls much more Lhan a compllaLlon o lLems boun
LoeLher by cerLaln aLLrlbuLes, share ln common uner Lhe preLexL o a
muLual enomlnaLor. 1he llsL ls a poerul arL orm lLh lmmense
sLoryLellln poLenLlallLy (co 2009:217-221). 8rlLlsh llm-lrecLor an llLal
mela arLlsL eLer reenaay has been experlmenLln lLh Lhe llsL as a
sLoryLellln mechanlsm eer slnce hls lrsL eaLure-lenLh mole enLlLle
1be olls (k, 190). reenaay uses llnear narraLles as a sLeppln sLone
or hls mulLl-ocal clnemaLlc narraLlons, hlch Lranscen Lhe expressle
conlnes o llm an splll oer Lo nelhbourln arLlsLlc lels such as opera,
arL exhlblLlons, happenlns an arL-boos (reenaay 199). ls moln
lmae experlmenLs lllusLraLe haL Manolch Lerms 'Lo compeLln
lmalnaLlons ln ne mela culLures: aLabase an narraLle (Manolch
2001:233). Manolch suesLs LhaL sequenLlal, cause-an-eecL, slnle or
mulLlple sLoryllne Lra[ecLorles (narraLle Lhreas) an unsLrucLure, non-
hlerarchlcal collecLlons o lLems (aLabases) Lae on lerenL sLaLuses as
ar as conLemporary compuLer culLure ls concerne. aLurally, he preers
Lhe laLLer oer Lhe ormer, as aLabase narraLles puL lnLo eecLle use
uncLlonallLles aore by currenL Lechnololcal aances lLh compuLer
soLare an elecLronlc appllances.
aLabases may conslsL o unsLrucLure mela lles -l.e. asseLs LhaL o
noL conorm Lo sLrlcL hlerarchlcal sLrucLures- buL Lhe nalaLlon o Lhe
aLabase relles heally on complex seLs o preelne rules escrlbe by
Lhe auLhor an manlpulaLe -Lo a cerLaln exLenL- by Lhe poLenLlal user.
Manolch, commenLln on hls mulLlmela lnLeracLle proucLlon enLlLle
5oft cloemo, noLes LhaL:

[L]he v as eslne an proramme so LhaL Lhere ls no slnle erslon o any o
Lhe llms. All Lhe elemenLs -lncluln screen layouL, Lhe lsuals an Lhelr comblnaLlon,
Lhe muslc, Lhe narraLle, an Lhe lenLh- are sub[ecL Lo chane eery Llme Lhe llm ls
lee. (Manolch eL al. 2002-3)
[106]

Marsha klner aLLempLs Lo prole Lhe olloln orln elnlLlon or
aLabase narraLles:

aLabase narraLles reers Lo narraLles hose sLrucLure exposes or LhemaLlzes Lhe
ual processes o selecLlon an comblnaLlon LhaL lle aL Lhe hearL o all sLorles an LhaL
are cruclal Lo lanuae: Lhe selecLlon o parLlcular aLa [.] rom a serles o aLabases
or paralms, hlch are Lhen comblne Lo eneraLe specllc Lales. (klner 2002:2-13)

Cur pro[ecLs alms ls Lo eneraLe mulLlple lLlnerarles across Lhe aLabase
asseLs by eelopln a pro[ecL-specllc 'selecLlon o parLlcular aLa -
Lranscrlbln an molyln exlsLln spaLlal caLeorles rom releanL
llLeraLure on urban Lheory anor elsln ne classes- LhaL perLalns Lo
Lhe creaLle reconsleraLlon o aspecLs o urban orm. Llllsln soLare
or Lhe manual an auLomaLe annoLaLlon o our aLabase lLems -lLh
escrlpLle meLaaLa abouL Lhe clLy- ls expecLe Lo enable a more creaLle
-een arLlsLlc- use o Lhe archle an resulL ln a beLLer unersLanln an
explolLaLlon o lLs aluable conLenLs. 1hls aspecL o Lhe pro[ecL ls reerre
Lo as mela recyclln an escrlbes an exLremely poLenL an currenL area
o arLlsLlc eneaour. 1he pracLlce o usln an reusln ooLae ln lerenL
sLoryLellln rameors ls alrly common, especlally lLh parLlcular Lypes
o proucLlon (nesreels, ocumenLarles, experlmenLal moles, muslc
leos, aerLlsemenLs). ln Lhe 1920s, soleL llmmaer zla verLo
(196-1934), or example, use Lo recycle hls on maLerlal -an een
ooLae capLure by colleaues- lnLo ne proucLlons, malnly ue Lo Lhe
scarclLy o ra maLerlals an Lhe LlhL Llme consLralnLs seL by on-oln
arare (verLo 194). oeer, a pracLlce LhaL as born ouL o necesslLy
soon became a maLLer o aesLheLlc cholce.
17
ln Lhls conLexL, reLrleln,
orerln sequenLlally an preleln aLabase lLems LhaL meeL specllc
crlLerla -l.e. shoLs, sequences anor scenes LhaL aress keln Lynchs
noLlon o Lhe 'ee (Lynch 1960) or rener lsually haL archlLecL an
LheorlsL 8ernar 1schuml escrlbes as an 'eenL (1schuml 1994)- rom a
much larer pool o mela lles, coul lllusLraLe ne ays o orln lLh
llLal, moln lmae archles. 1he [uxLaposlLlon o mela lles rom
lerse sources, lcLaLe by a specllc seL o monLae rules, mlhL brln
orLh oLherlse unaLLalne analoles or conLralcLlons beLeen Lhe asseLs
o Lhe aLabase.

17
ee or example las Mettoollses or hubs 1be oll of tbe komooov yoosty.
lsLory an lllm
[107]

wxoz{x [vunmk

lenLly, Lhe lnal ellerable o Lhls pro[ecL lll be a user-rlenly, eb-
base plaLorm, here poLenLlal users -boLh researchers an Lhe eneral
publlc- lll be able Lo locaLe, conlure on Lhe ly an prele a successlon
o shoLs LhaL hae been source rom lerenL narraLololcal conLexLs
(ocumenLarles, lcLlon llms, nesreels, amlly leos). 1helr orerln lll
be lcLaLe by user-elne, pro[ecL-specllc spaLlal caLeorles. leally, Lhe
plaLorm oul sere as a place here people can uploa amaLeur llms or
home leos an conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe loln o baslc escrlpLle meLaaLa.
1he Lechnoloy or someLhln lle Lhls alreay exlsLs. ln 2007, Lhe
Amerlcan elecLronlc mela arLlsL erry 8ar lnlLlaLe a parLlclpaLory
reorln o verLos 1be Moo ltb tbe Movle cometo (8, 1929) oer
Lhe lnLerneL. he eelope a eb-base appllcaLlon here lnllual
users can:

[l]nLerpreL verLo an uploa [.] ooLae Lo [Lhe] slLe Lo become parL
o Lhe aLabase. [1hey] can conLrlbuLe an enLlre scene or a shoL or
mulLlple shoLs rom lerenL scenes. [.] ery ay a ne erslon o
Lhe llm ls complle rom shoLs uploae Lo Lhe slLe.
1

8ars pro[ecL ls parLlcularly releanL Lo our research as lL manaes Lo
successully comblne Lhe analysls an lnLerpreLaLlon o an exlsLln moln
lmae or on Lhe one han an lnnoaLle an arLlsLlc experlmenLaLlon
lLh lsual communlcaLlon on Lhe oLher han. lmllarly, LAs propose
eb-base appllcaLlon lll enable Lhe poLenLlal user Lo relslL an reassess
Lhe clLys recenL pasL la Lhe creaLle reconluraLlon lLs lmae on llm. 1he
process escrlbe here allos Lhe users Lo become parL o Lhe clLys
hlsLory by conLrlbuLln Lo Lhe mulLlple urban narraLlons lLh Lhelr on
conLenL. opeully, our plloL, proo-o-concepL proLoLype lll sLlmulaLe
an prompL Lhe user Lo lmalne poLenLlal uLures or Lhe ree clLy.

1
Man lLh a Mole amera - 1he arLlclpaLory lobal 8emae:
hLLp:zla.perrybar.neL [lasL accesse: 00312].
[10]

{j{wmn

Allrals, Laros enz, lranols, 2006. paLlal lalecLlcs: MonLae an
paLlally: Cranlse arraLle ln Lorles lLhouL uman Leas,
lqltol cteotlvlty 174: 221-233.
Allrals, Laros enz, lranols. 2011. lramenLe Loplas -
ArchlLecLure, LlLeraLure an Lhe lnemaLlc lmae o Lhe leal
oclallsL lLy o Lhe luLure: zla verLos 'Man lLh a Mole
amera. ln !onaLhan arrls 8lchar !. Wllllams (es),
keqeoetotloq coltote ooJ 5oclety. Atcbltectote, Att ooJ tboo
5tyle ltblo tbe lobol lolltlcs of clty-8tooJloq. Llerpool:
Llerpool nlerslLy ress 1aLe Llerpool, 117-141.
Allrals, Laros, enz, lranols Wllllams, ou. 2006. J.4, lott ,
ltoJoctloo teott. combtlJqe clty 5ymbooy [pro[ecL reporL].
ambrle: e Mela - e Mlllennlum.
Allrals, Laros. 2010. clty 5ymbooles - kesttoctotloq tbe tboo
looJscoe. lqo ettovs Moo ltb tbe Movle cometo ooJ tbe
clty of tbe otote [npubllshe h 1hesls]. ambrle:
eparLmenL o ArchlLecLure, nlerslLy o ambrle.
Allrals, Laros. 2011. 8ranln Lhe 'WhlLe lLy: 1ourlsLlc lllms an Lhe
orLrayal o Moern ALhens ln Lhe 1930s an 1960s, 1ootboolsm.
6tb coofeteoce of tbe otetootloool otom oo tboolsm (o)
[elecLronlc publlcaLlon, l8: 97-4-137-620-7]. 8arcelona,
paln: lnLernaLlonal lorum on rbanlsm (llo).
Anelopoulos, 1heo. 2006. ynLhesls ln lnema [lnLerle lLh Laros
Allrals], 5ctooe. combtlJqe Atcbltectote ootool 1: 36-63.
8arnes, !ullan. 2011. vo konoto 1eo [1he ense o an nln]. 0qvo:
Mcotto.
8uroyne, 8oberL. 200. 1be nollyooJ nlstotlcol llm. Malen, MA
Cxor, k vlcLorla, AusLralla: 8lacell ubllshln.
als, aLalle Zemon. 2000. 5loves oo 5cteeo. llm ooJ nlstotlcol lsloo.
Mlsslssaua 1oronLo, CnLarlo: vlnLae anaa.
e 8aecque, AnLolne elae, hrlsLlan (es). 199. e lnlstolte oo
clomo. arls: LlLlons omplexe.
e 8aecque, AnLolne. 200. nlstolte et clomo. arls: ahlers u lnema.
elae, hrlsLlan ulueno, vlncenL. 2004. l'nlstotleo et le llm. arls:
lLlons alllmar.
emopoulos, Mlchel Llappas, lrla. 2001. A !ourney Lhrouh ree
Lanscape an lsLory: 1he 1raellln layers. ln an lalnaru
(e), 1beo Aoqelooolos. otetvles, !acson: nlerslLy ress o
Mlsslsslppl, 16-22.
co, mberLo. 2009. 1be oflolty of llsts. e or: 8lzzoll.
lerro, Marc. 1976. clomo et nlstolte. arls: enoel.
lsLory an lllm
[109]

lerro, Marc. 1993. clomo et nlstolte. arls: alllmar.
lerro, Marc. 2002 [1993]. ktvporoypoo kot loroplo [lnema eL
lsLolre]. 0qvo: Mcotto.
lerro, Marc. 2003. clomo, oe lsloo Je l'nlstolte. arls: hne.
reenaay, eLer. 199. 100 Obects to keteseot tbe otlJ. A lto
Oeto. Ccooo\ovtkq: Atc0vc cot\ ktvqooypou
Ccooo\ovtkq.
rossoel, .l. 1973. 8eapproprlaLln Lhe ollLlcal lllm: lnema eL
ollLlque by hrlsLlan Zlmmer, loctltlcs 32:32.
orLon, Anre. 1999 [1997]. 1be llms of 1beo Aoqelooolos. A cloemo
of cootemlotloo. rlnceLon, e !ersey: rlnceLon nlerslLy
ress.
!ameson, lreerlc. 1997. 1heo Anelopoulos: Lhe asL as lsLory, Lhe
luLure as lorm. ln Anre orLon (e), 1be lost MoJetolst. 1be
llms of 1beo Aoqelooolos, WesLporL, onnecLlcuL: reenoo
ress, 7-93.
klner, Marsha. 2002. oL poLs, AaLars, an arraLle llels loreer,
llm Ooottetly 334:2-13.
konsLanLopoulou, hoLlnl (e). 2000. cloemotoqtoblc Atcblve. 0qvo:
kooovtuq.
Lynch, keln. 1960. 1be moqe of tbe clty. ambrle, MassachuseLLs:
MassachuseLLs lnsLlLuLe o 1echnoloy.
Manolch, Le eL al. 2002-2003. 5oft cloemo. Novlqotloq tbe otobose
[lnLeracLle proucLlon]. 8erlln: ZkM.
Manolch, Le. 2001. 1be looqooqe of Ne MeJlo. ambrle,
MassachuseLLs Lonon: 1he Ml1 ress.
8oLh, hlllp. 2007. lt bost. Lonon: vlnLae 8oos.
exLon, al. 2011. 1he 8else verslon, 1be 5ectotot 23 !uly 2011.
1omal, hoLlnl (e). 2011. ocomeototy nlstoty of teece. 194J-1951,
1tomoo octtloe ooJ Motsboll lloo. 0qvo: ono(qoq.
1oplln, 8oberL 8renL. 2002. keel nlstoty. o efeose of nollyooJ.
Larence: nlerslLy ress o kansas.
1schuml, 8ernar. 1994. veot cltles. ambrle, MassachuseLLs Lonon:
1he Ml1 ress.
verLo, zla. 194. kloo-ye. 1be tltloqs of lqo ettov. 8ereley an
Los Aneles: nlerslLy o allornla ress.
vlrlllo, aul. 194. oette et clomo . loqlstloe Je lo letcetloo. arls:
lLlons e l'Lolle ahlers u lnema.
vlrlllo, aul. 2000 [194]. ot ooJ cloemo. 1be loqlstlcs of letcetloo.
Lonon: verso.
Zlmmer, hrlsLlan. 1976 [1974]. ktvporoypoo kot notrtkp [lnema eL
ollLlque]. 0qvo: Lvo.

[110]

|{uwmn
Anelopoulos, 1heo. 1970. kecoosttoctloo (reece, 110, b)
reenaay, eLer. 190. 1be olls (k, 193, colour)
Mllls, Mle. 2010. 8eqlooets (A, 103, colour)
las, kosLas [kuoo zqko]. 1973. Mettoollses [Mqpono\ct]
(reece, b)
hub, slr. 1927. 1be oll of tbe komooov yoosty (8, 90, b)
verLo, zla. 1929. 1be Moo ltb tbe Movle cometo (8, 6, b)

[111]

`mn{k xnmmnl{v nx lv lmn{k w xnmmnl{v

anl 1raal
1
eore apaonsLanLlnou
2

A=+031T1

Atopop opypop kot topoe rp opypop

n ovokolvop nopouotoet rov pprtkonrtk neplnoro
(soooJvlJeool) lo e0oo entkotvvlo rp nouoto0prpptokp,
evoorp kot ouvoto0potokp ovonopooroop rp oortkp p. n
e0oo eoperot oro noloto rou oetooo0 noueotkv kot
totkruokv ovonopoorooev rp np rou ou (oo) yto
ouoetooytko0 okono0. ortoet oe npoore 0epprtke
ovoprpoet nov orp toeooo6pop rou korotkpevou oortko0
nept6oovro kot rv ouoertov ero0 pou, opypop, oto0poev,
klvpop kot yvop. n e0oo evoorvet ro 0epprtko eprporo
nou eyelpovrot oro nelo rp e0voypolo rou pou, rp ov0pnooylo
rv oto0poev kot rp e0voypolo rou nepnorporo. Me 6oop rp
o0vrop ouprpop rou t rp ntortkp eopoyp rp e0ou, p
ovokolvop rono0erel rpv eopoyp rou pprtko0onrtko0 neptnorou
oro noloto rp teo rou ouoelou ev ktvpoet.

ln Lhe conLexL o our exploraLlons o Lhe lnLerplay beLeen Lralls, senses
an narraLles, our oal here ls Lo presenL Lhe sounleo al meLho
hlch ls use or Lhe pro[ecL enLlLle e.Mu.l.v.: eslnln Lhe Museum
or Lhe clLy o volos: hlsLorlcal research an Lhe eelopmenL o lnnoaLle
lnLeracLle enlronmenLs or Lhe lsLrlbuLlon o sclenLllc nolee.
3
1he
sounleo al ls an lnLerlsclpllnary meLho ln hlch e ere ran
Lhrouh our broaer lnLeresL ln Lhe lsual an sounscape sLules as ell
as ln represenLaLlons o Lhe clLy space. lL lnoles an experlmenL ln
comblnln Lhe by-no esLabllshe meLho o sounal ln Lhe lels o
soun eLhnoraphy, acousLlc ecoloy an soun arL lLh LhaL o leoal,
a meLho LhaL ln Lhe pasL has mosL oLen been employe ln eLhnoraphlc
llm-maln an ln leo arL, an mosL recenLly ln Lhe lels o soclal
anLhropoloy, culLural hlsLory an eoraphy an Lhe urban sLules.

1
nl. o 1hessaly, epL. lsLory, Archaeoloy an oclal AnLhropoloy.
2
nl. o 1hessaly, epL. o ArchlLecLure.
3
1hls research has been co-lnance by Lhe uropean nlon (uropean oclal lun - l)
an ree naLlonal uns Lhrouh Lhe CperaLlonal roram "ucaLlon an Llelon
Learnln" o Lhe aLlonal LraLelc 8eerence lrameor (8l) - 8esearch lunln
roram: 1hales. lnesLln ln nolee socleLy Lhrouh Lhe uropean oclal lun.
anl 1raal eore apaonsLanLlnou
[112]

1he maln quesLlon aresse by soun eLhnoraphers ls haL ls
Lo no Lhe orl Lhrouh soun (8ull an 8ac 2003: 3). oun
eLhnoraphy lnlLes us Lo unersLan soun as a moallLy o noln an
beln ln Lhe orl (lel 2003: 226) looln aL sonlc phenomena an
eenLs as omalns here culLural nolee can be mae: here e can
llsteo Lo, or lnsLance, poer relaLlons, soclal poslLlonlns, raclal, ener,
eLhnlc, relllous lenLlLles, as ell as unersLanln soun as a ay o
reulaLln space an Llme, o explorln eslre, surelllance, or processes o
lnlluallzaLlon, LoeLherness an belonln, melaLlon ln Lhe conLexL o
conLemporary LechnoculLure, ays o lle ln Lhe moern lnusLrlallze, an
posL-lnusLrlallze enlronmenLs. ln an aLLempL Lo enhance Lhe experlence
o place-maln Lhrouh soun an Lhe exploraLlon o sonlc senslblllLles
suesLe by Lhe recorlns o sounals, e ecle Lo complemenL
Lhe sonlc lLh Lhe lsual. AlLhouh Lhe leoal ls a meLho LhaL alreay
lncorporaLes Lhe aural lmenslon, our concern here ls Lo llm Lhe
narraLleplace-maln process by Laln lnLo consleraLlon Lhe
LheoreLlcal quesLlons also aresse by soun eLhnoraphers. ln oLher
ors, Lhe llmln process places speclal emphasls on soun noL only as
Lhe soun o Lhe llm, buL as a consLlLuLle melum o Lhe llme space. 8y
llmln Lhe sounal e alm aL melaLln a mulLlsensorlal embole an
aecLle represenLaLlon o urban lle.
ln Lhe conLexL o Lhe presenL pro[ecL sounleoal lnoles Lhe
llmln o an lLlnerary, a rouLe ln Lhe clLy sLreeLs LhaL ls eslne by an
lnhablLanL o Lhe clLy o volos. 1he parLlclpanL ls ase Lo Lhln o a rouLe
LhaL ls lnesLe lLh lle experlences an memorles o Lhe orls
elnln hls eeryayness, hlch Lhe sub[ecL narraLes hlle alln
LoeLher lLh Lhe researchers. 1hus, Lhe lle-sLorles emere ln moemenL:
bot ls sal ls connecLe lLh bete lL ls sal. urln Lhe share ule
al Lhe narraLlon ls perorme as Lhe sub[ecL ls moln Lhrouh Lhe bullL
urban enlronmenL, passln by sLreeL corners, shops, houses, schools,
anerln ln Lhe alleys, looln bac, pausln aL crossroas an empLy
spaces LhaL alLoeLher Lrler memorles o Lhe eeryayness no an ln
Lhe pasL, lnexLrlcably mlxln Lhe byone Llmes lLh Lhe presenL. poen
rememberln lLhln Lhe synchronlze process o place-maln narraLln
becomes a ehlcle o mappln an lnscrlbln Lhe sel ln Lhe urban LexL an
LexLure. ln Lhe course o alln, Lhe sub[ecL recalls an escrlbes senses
o place (such as souns, smells, lmaes, LasLes) hlch are lnLereae ln
Lhe narraLlon o lnsLances o lle eplsoes an lle eenLs, o hlen or
oroLLen hlsLorles an counLersLorles (see 8lcharson 1997).
AlLoeLher, Lhey orm ays o unersLanln Lhe clLy space as an eer
chanln, malleable an lul narraLle. AL Lhe same Llme, Lhe narraLlon
lLsel becomes a sounscape, a parL o Lhe Lralls acousLlc ecoloy.
vleosounalln Lhus becomes an exerclse ln lmalnln (ln 2007:
1ralls arraLle an Lhe Lralls o narraLle
[113]

240) an beln-Lhere, o moln ln haL someone else has alreay
elne as a place, a ay o eepenln our sense o place an placln
senses. As place ls sense, olloln Leen lel, senses are place as
places mae sense, senses mae place (lel an 8asso 1996: 91).
lmllar leas hae been expresse ln Lhe lel o conLemporary
archlLecLural Lheory, hlch moes aay rom Lhe concepLlon o an
absoluLe an ob[ecLlely elne space Lo a sub[ecLle approach, here
human experlence ls Lhe baslc elemenL or aLLrlbuLln sense Lo space.
1hlnln o space by means o eenLs an scenarlos seems Lo preall oer
Lhe sLaLlc enLlLles o LralLlonal archlLecLural concepLlon. 8ernar 1schuml
emphaslzes Lhe role o Lhe moemenL o Lhe human boy ln eneraLln
spaces prouce by an Lhrouh lLs moemenL. e conslers LhaL human
moemenL consLlLuLes Lhe lnLruslon o eenLs lnLo archlLecLural spaces.
AL Lhe llmlL, Lhese eenLs become scenarlos or prorams, ol o moral or
uncLlonal lmpllcaLlons, lnepenenL buL lnseparable rom spaces LhaL
enclose Lhem (1schuml 1996:111). ln Lhe same eln o LhouhL, AnLolne
lcon conslers a roln pre-emlnence o eenLs an scenarlos oer
sLaLlc enLlLles ln conLemporary archlLecLural esln (see lcon 2003).
Moreoer, Laln a al LoeLher lnoles an embole,
lnLersensorlal, perormaLle an relexle process o creaLln alLernaLle
carLoraphles o Lhe clLy, or counLermapplns. 1o as or a map ls Lo say
'Lell me a sLory (1urchl 2004:11). 8aLher Lhan a panoramlc, ob[ecLlyln
scheme o squares an llnes (Lhe omlnanL moern moel o Lhe clLy
maps) LhaL represenL Lhe clLy as a conLlnuous Lo-lmenslonal boune
surace, e come Lo no Lhe clLy as a bounless mesh o lnLersecLln
llnes - as someLhln LhaL ls perhaps closer Lo haL enrl Leebre
escrlbe as a meshor o Lhe lnLeroen sLorle paLhs (lnsLea o a
neLor Leebre 1991:117) hlch ls conLlnually lnLeroen as lle oes
on alon Lhem (lnol 2007:4). 1hose carLoraphles rom belo lnlLe
us Lo no Lhe urban space as a mulLl-layere, mulLl-olce an mulLl-
auLhore lnhablLe nexus o chanln lanscapes LhaL become
sLoryscapes prouce by Lhe humans ho are moln lLhln Lhem.
1he ploLs o Lhe arlous sLoryscapes emere sLep by sLep. 1he
arranemenL by Lhe sub[ecL o eenLs lnLo a narraLle nalaLes us ln Lhe
scenes o Lhe urban rouLlne, lLs so-percele rupLures an reularlLles. 1he
lealn orce ln Lhls nalaLlon ls Lhe sub[ecLs olce. Lorles are sense ln
Lhe raln o Lhe olce, Lhe sense o Lhe boy ln Lhe olce as lL narraLes
(8arLhes 1977:12). 1he narraLln, moln olce maes a ne orl by lLs
ery presence ln Lhe urban maLrlx: 1he raln aLhers lLs bearers lle an
orl lLhln lLsel (lrlLh 191:163). lrom a psychoanalyLlc perspecLle,
Lhe olce becomes Lhe lnLerace beLeen Lhe boy an Lhe lanuae, Lhe
sub[ecL an Lhe researchers, Lhe lnLernal o Lhe boy an Lhe exLernal o
urban reallLles. lL ls haL Lacan escrlbe as Lhe ob[ecL olce, Lhe olce
[114]

LhaL uncLlons as a surplus exceeln Lhe meanln o Lhe ors an
acqulrln a orce by lLsel. lL ls parL nelLher o Lhe lanuae nor o Lhe
boy (olar 2006:73). 1he olce o Lhe sLory-Leller ls, olloln Mlaen
olar, boLh Lhe lesh o Lhe soul, lLs lneralcable maLerlallLy, by hlch Lhe
soul can neer be rl o Lhe boy an an ob[ecL by Lhe lrLue o hlch
Lhe boy can also neer qulLe slmply be Lhe boy, lL ls a LruncaLe boy
(lbl.:71). 1hus, one ls Loo expose Lo Lhe olce an Lhe olce exposes Loo
much (lbl.:1).
8ecorln Lhe alln olce ls boLh a ay o sharln Lhe lalolc
place-maln ln Lhe rhyLhms o Lhe moln boy, as ell as o experlencln
place-maln Lhrouh Lhe melum o Lhe camcorer. We acnolee
Lhus Lhe llmln an elLln as processes o place-maln ln lLsel. ln Lhe
Lopos o Lhe llm, people, places, ob[ecLs, sLorles, olces, relecLlons, Lhe
physlcal an bullL enlronmenL are ran LoeLher ln one place, Lhe place
o Lhe llm. 1he llm creaLes a place-eenL (see asey 1996 ln 2007): lL
re-sLaes an prouces Lhe place, hlch ln Lhe creaLle process o llm-
maln an elLln becomes a llmlc place. 1here, Lhe experlences, sLorles,
memorles, meanlns enLanle ln Lhe place-maln are re-neoLlaLe boLh
ln Lhe course o Lhe llm proucLlon an ln Lhe unprelcLable aLerlles o
Lhe llm Laln place ln lLs screenln lLhln arlous conLexLs, Lo arlous
leers. lor Lhe presenL research pro[ecL Lhe lmalnaLle conLexL o
screenln ls a museum enlronmenL (lrLual an bullL) here Lhe llme
maLerlal coul be eelope an elaboraLe lLh Lhe supporL o ne
llLal Lechnololes as a melum o empaLheLlc, embole an emplace
unersLanln o lnhablLanLs sLorles o an or Lhe urban ay o lle (see
ln 2007). lL ls parL o a museololcal approach LhaL asplres Lo creaLe
mulLlmela lnLeracLle enlronmenLs an appllcaLlons ln orer Lo escape
conenLlonal museum represenLaLlons o urban hlsLory ln Lerms o an
assemblae o ob[ecLs rame ln rooms separaLe by alls.
1he meLho ls aLLache boLh Lo Lhe roln concern lLh an
eLhnoraphy o alln nexL Lo Lhe resurenL lnLeresL ln Lhe sensory
eLhnoraphy, comblnln boLh lLh Lhe lon-esLabllshe eLhnoraphlc
approach Lo lle-sLorles. 1he eLhnoraphy o alln has larely been
lnsplre by Mlchel e erLeaus Lheorlzln on alln ln Lhe clLy as a
process o approprlaLlon an a space o enunclaLlon. lor e erLeau, lL
ls alln people ho brln Lhe clLy Lo lle, ho are Lhe auLhors o Lhe
urban LexL rlLln Lhe clLy as a sLory - an eer leeLln an lspersln
spaLlal paLchor o lnllual lepolnLs an lnLerpreLaLlons. 1he
elnlLlon o clLy space ls Lhus slmllar Lo alln lLsel LhaL ls oremosL
conslere as an acLlon o lac[ln] a place (e erLeau 194: 103). More
recenLly, Lhe anLhropololsLs !ohn Lee verunsL an 1lm lnol hae
sLresse LhaL a ay o alln oes noL merely express LhouhLs an
eellns LhaL hae alreay been culLurally shape. lL ls lLsel a ay o
[113]

Lhlnln an o eelln, Lhrouh hlch.culLural orms are conLlnually
eneraLe (lnol an verunsL 200: 93-4). 8uL coul e noL also puL
Lhls proposlLlon ln reerse, Lhey suesL, Lo arue LhaL Lhlnln an
eelln are ays o alln oL only, Lhen, o e al because e are
soclal belns, arues lnol, e are also soclal belns because e al
(lbl.). Whlle anLhropololsLs hae sLule Lhe boy as Lhe Lopos or a
meLaphor or culLure, by ocusln on processes o embolmenL, Lhey Len
Lo oreL LhaL Lhe boy lLsel ls roune ln moemenL. Walln ls noL [usL
haL a boy Joes lL ls haL a boy ls (lbl.).1hus, lnol conclues, l
Lhe boy ls ounaLlonal Lo culLure, Lhen alln - or Lhlnln ln
moemenL - ls ounaLlonal Lo beln a boy (lbl.).
lnol an verunsL ra our aLLenLlon Lo Lhe soclallLy o alln:
alln lnoles encounLers, co-presence ln Lhe publlc space. Walln
LoeLher can be seen as a sensorlal acLllLy LhaL Lhe researchers may share
lLh Lhe alln narraLor. As a soclal pracLlce o moblllLy, alln LoeLher
becomes a promlsln slLe or noln Lhe sel LhaL senses an narraLes ln
moemenL. 8aLher Lhan separaLln meanln an percepLlon rom Lhe
senses, meanln an Lhe senses are conslere as one: Lo sense ls Lo Lhln
ls Lo sense. 1hus, lL ls ln Lhe lmmelacy o Lhe sensory experlence here
nolee ls mae.
4

een ln Lhose Lerms, paLh-maln becomes a ay o
lnLersub[ecLle sel-represenLaLlon, a Lechnlque o Lhe sel, here Lhe sel
consLanLly emeres ln Lhe lalolc process o molnnarraLln. ln ronL o
Lhe camera lens Lhe sub[ecL perorms a sel LhaL ls aLLache Lo, nos an
Lhus oos a specllc place hlle acln Lhe researcher ho aresses
herhlm as a source o nolee. 1hrouh hlsher alln narraLle e
come Lo unersLan Lhe place as herhls place, Lhe sub[ecLs ery on
lle-orl. lnelLably, our subsequenL experlences o Lhe rouLe conLaln
more or less Lhe meanlns, Lhe memorles, Lhe eellns, Lhe anecoLal,
personal sLorles lLh hlch Lhe sub[ecL lnesLe LhaL space.
1o LhaL exLenL, alln an sLory-Lellln become lnseparable
pracLlces. As kaLrln Lun has noLlce, Lhe narraLlon ls conLlnually carrle
onars noL [usL ln peoples spoen ors buL ln Lhelr pacln eeL (see
Lun 200). 1he lnllual Lralls o noL Lhereore re-enacL alreay exlsLln
sLorles raLher Lhe sLorles emere rom one sLep Lo Lhe nexL, Lhey are
lnenLe ln moLlon, unolln ln synch lLh Lhe place-maln process. Cr,
as !ohn 8erer has puL lL a hlle ao, sLorles al, lle anlmals an men.
An Lhelr sLeps are noL only beLeen narraLe eenLs buL beLeen each

4
1he senses Lhus are more Lhan a ehlcle or expresslon o exLra-sensory, culLural alues,
hlle Lhe boy ls more Lhan a locus or rlLln culLure. 1he sensln boy narraLes lLs
relaLlonshlp lLh Lhe orl proucln haL ln culLural eoraphy has been escrlbe as
hapLlc nolee (aLLerson 2009:76).

[116]

senLence, someLlmes each or. ery sLep ls a sLrle oer someLhln noL
sal (8erer 192: 24-23). 1he perormaLllLy o narraLlon ls
lnLerLlne lLh Lhe perormaLllLy o alln LoeLher. 8esles, Lhey
boLh lnole Lhe lmalnaLle raln o llnes (olloln 1lm lnols leas
on Lhe proucLlon an slnllcance o llnes) Lhe llne o Lhe Lrall an Lhe
llne o Lhe narraLle. As oerlappln absLracL llnearlLles, Lhey are prouce
Lhrouh lmprolsaLlon, a concepL LhaL lnlLes us Lo explore Lhe complex
praxls o allnsLory-Lellln as a creaLle pro[ecL (see lnol an allam
2007). ere, Lhe analoles lLh Lhe creaLle process LhaL elnes
composlLlon ln Lhe conLexL o arLlsLlc proucLlon are challenln lnee.
Lle Lhe pracLlce o muslcal lmprolsaLlon, or lnsLance, lmprolsaLlon ln
allnnarraLle lnoles unoreseen elaLlons (parenLheses LhaL may
perhaps lsorlenLaLe an re-orlenLaLe), hlch are oLen ecle ln slLu,
reLurns Lo Lhe same polnL, Lhe posslblllLy o sLeppln bacars or sLrlln
Loars a more aLLracLle nexL polnL, relsln Lhe lnlLlal plannln,
encounLerln crossroas LhaL eman cholces, lnln alLernaLle Lralls Lo
Lhe eslre esLlnaLlon an, hy noL, chanln esLlnaLlon. As
perormaLle, relaLlonal an Lemporal creaLle processes Lhe Lrall o Lhe
narraLlon an Lhe narraLlon o Lhe Lrall are Lhereore unlque Lhey can
neer be Lhe same aaln.

{wl n{onl{wx w lv uvlw

lor our lrsL experlmenLaLlon lLh Lhe appllcaLlon o Lhe meLho e hae
been lnLrouce Lo lannls kouLls, a 43 years ol local hlsLorlan ho ors
or Lhe Munlclpal enLre or lsLorlcal 8esearch an ocumenLaLlon o
volos. ALer brlely explalnln Lo lannls Lhe ln o approach e ere
lnLeresLe ln, e ase hlm Lo Lhln o an lLlnerary LhaL as abouL Lo be
llme. lannls prompLly expresse hls lll Lo parLlclpaLe an e arrane
a meeLln aL Lhe sLarLln polnL, aL Lhe lnLersecLlon o laanl an
Anallpseos sLreeLs. e as oln Lo sho us hls nelhbourhoo, Lhe so-
calle relon o karaaLs. C course, e hae been lucy Lo cooperaLe lLh
someone exLremely eloquenL an analyLlcal, ho as eaer Lo share lLh
us lnsLances o hls lle tbete. An, e ha Lhe prlllee Lo be ule by
someone noleeable o Lhe local hlsLorloraphy. lor no, aL a
prellmlnary sLae o Lhe research, leL us [usL noLlce LhaL Lhls properLy o
lannls - local hlsLory - seems Lo be o parLlcular lnLeresL, slnce hls
narraLlon lnclues scaLLere reerences Lo archlal lnormaLlon an
hlsLorlcal sources lLh hlch he ls ell acqualnLe. ln acL, Lhose
reerences are becomln an lnseparable parL o Lhe karaaLs lcLlon
auLhore by lannls. 1hey hae been lnLeraLe ln Lhe lle experlence o
hls emplace sLory-Lellln place-maln proucln LoeLher a conLlnuous,
smooLh lo o narraLle, bls nolee o Lhe place.
[117]

ln a al LhaL lasLe abouL an hour, lannls ule us Lo Lhe
sLreeLs here he ha playe as a chll, an e re-ale LoeLher hls
rouLlne rouLe Lo school. A llely an enaln narraLor, he ale lLh us
Lo Lhe bounarles o bls relon, emarcaLln bls place ln Lhe clLy. 1hose are
Lhe lnlslble borers o karaaLs LhaL exlsL ln Lhe lmalnaLlon o lLs
lnhablLanLs. 1hrouh lannls e came Lo no Lhe loer llmlL o Lhe area,
Anallpseos sLreeL, an e reache LoeLher haL he escrlbe as Lhe
upper en o Lhe clLy, lannl lmou sLreeL, an area once coere by
eeLable arens - escrlbe as Lhe lels or Lhe pear Lrees (l
ahlahles because o Lhe presence o a couple o pear Lrees Lhere, as
menLlone by lannls). ln Lhe pasL, Lhls ls here Lhe clLy abrlc ae lln
place Lo naLure, Lhe counLrysle. lannls lnesLe hls narraLlon abouL Lhe
clLys upper en base on local nolee lLh archlal lnormaLlon
alne Lhrouh hls sLuy o volos hlsLory. lnsLanLly, he subLly slLche Lo
Lhe erslon o hlmsel as a local hlsLorlan an menLlone LhaL ln Lhe
proceelns o Lhe assembly o Lhe volos MunlclpallLy ouncll ln 1960 lL ls
reerre LhaL lannl lmou sLreeL oul be consLrucLe an lene, ln
orer Lo become Lhe urban perlpheral roa. nLll Lhe early 190s, lannls
remembere, Lhe area as unlnhablLe eer slnce Lhe clLy ha raually
occuple lL. 1o compleLe our ule Lour Lo Lhe lmalnary mappln o Lhe
relon e Lhen Lurne Loars Lhe esLern bounary o karaaLs, alon
kyprou sLreeL. 1he ae-ol lanmar o Lhls lmalnary borerlan elnln
Lhe esLern bounary ls an lmposln, Lall poplar Lree, sLlll ll Loay on
Lhnlls AnLlsLasls sLreeL (close Lo Lhe crossroa lLh kyprou sLreeL).
8eyon Lhe Lree lL ls no loner karaaLs - lannls explalne Lo us. 8y
healn souLh Loars Lorou vyronos sLreeL, our sounleoal
almosL clrcumscrlbe Lhe karaaLs area o schools. urln Lhe bolly
mappln o Lhe carLoraphy ln moemenL e ere also lnLrouce Lo Lhe
naLle namln o specllc locaLlons - a raLher lnormal namln concele by
Lhe lnhablLanLs LhaL has been erase rom Lhe olclal urban carLoraphy -
such as Lhe so-calle laa Lou vaoula (vaoulas plL) or omenna
homaLa (cuL solls on Lhnlls AnLlsLaseos sLreeL, beLeen CL an
ameLLa sLreeLs ).
3

1he share lmalnary carLoraphy o Lhe relon as lnesLe lLh
lannls memorles o lnsLances o hls eeryayness as a chll ln Lhe sLreeLs
o karaaLs. ls narraLlon anlmaLes momenLs o Lhe eeryay lle ln Lhe
nelhbourhoo eaLurln senses nosLallcally (an perhaps leallsLlcally)
recallln haL lL meanL Lo lle Lhere. Cur paLh-maln experlence as
haunLe by seeral sLorles unolln ln places noaays one or chane,
such as Lhe burnln o Lhe oo cooe ln kyr-Aleos baery (Loay a

3
1he name, accorln Lo lannls, reers Lo Lhe lln ouL o solls LhaL ere Lhen
Lranserre Lo Lhe volos harbor consLrucLlon place.
[11]

prlaLe arae on laanl sLreeL, beLeen L. vyronos an Achlllopoulou
sLreeLs,
6
see also Lhe leo excerpL aL
hLLp:.arch.uLh.ruploasllesouLls1.mp4)
7
or Lhe mens ally
aLherln ln Lhe carL bullln orshop (aropollo, once locaLe aL Lhe
lnLersecLlon o MarooraLou an Lhnlls AnLlsLasls sLreeLs).
We
lmalne Lhe near pasL o Lhe relon lo Lhe nolses o Lhe sLreeLs - Lhe
mechanlcal sonorlLles, or lnsLance, prouce ln Lhe blacsmlLhs orshop
once locaLe opposlLe rom lannls home LhaL became almosL unnoLlce
as Lhey orme a parL o Lhe rouLlne sounscape o hls place (aL Lhe
lnLersecLlon o laanl an Achlllopoulou sLreeLs). We aner ln Lhe roas
once occuple by olces o locals, ho become ln a ay Lhe amlllar
phanLoms o Lhe karaaLs locallLy, such as lannls humorous mlmlcry o
Lhe chanln ynamlcs o oLlrls aLher olce callln or hls son Lo reLurn
home laLe aL nlhL (see Lhe leo excerpL aL
hLLp:.arch.uLh.ruploasllesouLls2.mp4). 1he repeLlLle
perormance o Lhls call use Lo slnly, as lannls noLlce, Lhe en o Lhe
ay or Lhe chllren playln ouL ln Lhe sLreeLs. lL as a soun eenL relaLe
(amon oLhers, such as Lhe church bells) Lo ays o maln sense o Llme
ln Lhe rouLlne o Lhe nelhbourhoos lle. exL Lo Lhe lmalnary
lnhablLanLs o Lhe pasL, enllene ln Lhe realm o Lhe sLory, our paLh
lnclue shorL lnLroucLlons Lo a couple o conLemporary lnhablLanLs o
Lhe relon LhaL e acclenLally encounLere Lhere. 1helr boles an olces
became parL o Lhe Lrall, Loo. 1hrouhouL Lhe alln narraLle e lmalne
karaaLs ensoune by school bells, Lhe llely cros o chllren ln Lhe
playrouns, Lhe rhyLhmlc nocln o Lhe baseLball playln ln Lhe
schoolyars, Lhe robusL echoes o Lhe Anallpseos church bells sprealn
all oer Lhe area. We also share hls memorles o aourlLe chllhoo

6
1he baery ha an oen here Lhe nelhbourhoos houseles use Lo sen Lhelr
cooe oo or baln. 1he smells o Lhe home-cooe oo use Lo sprea ln Lhe sLreeL
(accorln Lo lannls) leLLln eeryone no haL as Lhe meal o Lhe ay or Lhe amlly, or
haL as Lhe aourlLe speclalLy o Lhe housele. 1he baer, a bachelor, oLen epL a
porLlon o oo or hlmsel lnsLea o beln pal ln cash he Lhus en[oye a share o Lhe
LasLe o Lhe home-mae oo. MomenLs lle Lhls lllusLraLe Lhe maln o Lhe soclal bonln
o Lhe nelhbourhoo ln Lhe pasL prlmarlly Lhrouh Lhe senses o LasLe an smell an Lhe
chanln culLural meanlns o Lhe prlaLepubllc space lnLeracLlons ln Lhe area.
7
1he leo excerpLs hae been elLe by eore kalaouzls.
1he orshop as a place or soclablllLy malnly or ol men, here eeryone possesse

hls on chalr. lolloln Lhe eaLh o a member o Lhe company, Lhe oner use Lo
suspen hls chalr on Lhe all, almosL as an acL o eepln memory o Lhe honore ecease
(accorln Lo lannls). lL ls perhaps LempLln Lo assume LhaL Lhe lslblllLy o Lhe chalr an lLs
ery maLerlallLy melaLe a sense o Lhe boy o lLs holer (lLs sLaLure an esLures)
creaLln an lmpresslon o posLmorLem presenceabsence ln Lhe place. 1he suspene chalr
may be unersLoo boLh as a memorlal aalnsL hls lrreerslble eparLure an as a remlner
LhaL he has been Lhere.

[119]

LasLes, such as Lhe seeL pleasure o Lhe vCL chocolaLe mll an smells o
reshly bae brea comln rom Lhe Lhen numerous baerles o Lhe area.
9

1hose are senses rom Lhe sub[ecLle pasL lle ln Lhe publlc space, hlch
are here represenLe as a lLal parL o lLs urban LexLure an lanscape. All
LoeLher, Lhe memorles o souns, olces, smells an LasLes lnlLe us Lo
aln senses o karaaLs ln Lhe 1970s an 190s - ln acL, o lannls ery
on lcLlon o hls chllhoo karaaLs.
1he cre o Lhe plloL appllcaLlon o Lhe meLho conslsLe o a
soun enlneer, los vamaas, Lhe lrecLor an cameraman, loros
apaonsLanLlnou an Lhe eLhnomuslcololsL, anl 1raal.
10
ln purpose,
Lhe lel recorln slLuaLlon moe aay rom Lhe so-ar applle meLho
o Lhe less or more sLrucLure eLhnoraphlc lnLerle. ere, Lhe narraLor
as encourae Lo lmprolse hls Lrall an sLorles ln slLu, so as Lo creaLe hls
on chaln o spoen memorles alloln hls lmalnaLlon Lo reely lo ln
Lhe course o Lhe share paLh-maln. lannls narraLlon as scarcely
lnLerrupLe by Lhe researcher (ho aresse only a e clarlyln
quesLlons or reassurln responses an commenLs ln Lhe orm o an open
laloue). CuesLlons LhaL lrecLe Lhe narraLlon Loars specllc lssues
hae Lhereore been aole.
1he soun as recore lLh a lapel mlcrophone connecLe Lo a
lreless sysLem an aLLache Lo Lhe narraLor. 1he aulolsual recorln
as mae lLh a han-hel camera an a lel recorer. As a prlnclple, Lhe
camera remalne alays ocuse on lannls an hls moemenL. 1he plane
slze arle rom a melum close shoL, emphaslzln esLures an aclal
expresslon, Lo a lon shoL, recorln lannls moemenL o alln ln Lhe
urban Llssue, Lhe rhyLhm o hls pace, hls communlcaLlon lLh nelhbors,
eLc. AL a secon sLae, complemenLary plans lll be recore, alon lLh
lannls lLlnerary, ocusln on specllc places, bulllns or lsLas LhaL
lannls reerre Lo.
1he llm prole Lhe source or eslnln lannls rouLe-map. AL a
nexL sLae, Lhls rouLe-map (hLLp:oo.lmapsl8s) lll become parL o
an lnLeracLle llLal map here Lhe museum lslLor can access uploae
lnormaLlon abouL Lhe area, lLs hlsLory an Lhe narraLor (such as llme an
phoLoraphe lsLas, sounscapes, hlsLorlcal sources, ol phoLos, archlal
maLerlal). 1hls map coul be conLlnually supplle lLh ne maLerlal Lhus
alloln Lhe consLanL upaLln o Lhe museum lsplays. ln Lhe conLexL o
Lhe lrLual clLy museum, Lhe elLe recorln an Lhe lnLeracLle map lll

9
vCL ls Lhe local mll lnusLry oune ln 1932 by Lhe volos AssoclaLlon o ArlculLural
nlons (nosl AroLlon yneLalrlsmon volou).
10
1he llm an Lhe map hae been elLe an eelope by llenla haraLsl aL Lhe
LaboraLory o nlronmenLal ommunlcaLlon an Aulolsual ocumenLaLlon (LA-
C1) o Lhe eparLmenL o ArchlLecLure o Lhe nlerslLy o 1hessaly lrecLe by eore
apaonsLanLlnou.
[120]

be Lransorme Lo llLal coltotol ob[ecLs - ne culLural ob[ecLs mae
posslble Lhrouh Lechnoloy. 1hey are oln Lo aln ne lles an
meanlns ln Lhe conLexL o Lhe LoLal llLal an naLural maLerlal
(aLabases, ob[ecLs, eLhnoraphlc lnLerles, phoLos, maps, eLc.) aLhere
an prouce by Lhe currenL research pro[ecL. ln Lhls ay, Lhrouh Lhe
sounleoal meLho Lhe lnhablLanLs are lnlLe Lo acLlely parLlclpaLe
ln Lhe museum represenLaLlon o Lhelr clLy, ln Lhe ays nolee abouL
Lhe clLy ls communlcaLe an mae, an Lhe creaLlon o haL ln Lhe en
lll be elne as volos culLural herlLae. llnally, Lhe meLho may
prole useul maLerlal or appllcaLlons relaLe Lo museololcal
represenLaLlons o Lhe clLy ouLsle Lhe museum bullln, such as aulo
ules, onloaable appllcaLlons or moblle phones an arlous
mulLlmela an eb-base exhlblLlons. 1he llLal maLerlal may also be
use or eucaLle prorams an as a ra maLerlal or arlous arLlsLs
lnLeresLe ln orln on Lhe melaLlon o Lhe clLy nolee ln symbollc
orms. uch lnlLlaLles an acLllLles aclllLaLe Lhe openln o Lhe museum
Lo Lhe ouLsle orl an lLs LransormaLlon Lo a llely, aLLracLle place LhaL
accommoaLes creaLllLy an recreaLlon. 1hey are connecLe Lo Lhe lea
o Lhe moseom lo movemeot Lhrouh Lhe employmenL o ne
Lechnololes an Lhe poLenLlal o Lhe communlLy enaemenL LhaL may
quesLlon, challene, realrm or suberL esLabllshe masLer narraLles
abouL volos hlsLory an culLure. 1aln aanLae o Lhe lexlblllLy, Lhe
LranserablllLy an Lhe malleablllLy o Lhe llLal soL research aLa, Lhe
lea o Lhe moln museum eparLs rom lnsLlLuLlonallse, sLaLlc an
locaLlon-lxe represenLaLlons o Lhe clLy. lL allos boLh Lhe moblllLy o
nolee abouL Lhe clLy ouLsle Lhe clLy an Lhe moblle mulLlsensory
nolee o Lhe clLy mae posslble beyon Lhe museum bullln.

[121]

[vvmvxovk

8arLhes, 8olan. 1977. Moslc moqe, 1et. Lonon: lonLana ress.
8erer, !ohn. 192. Lorles. ln !ohn 8erer an !. Mohr (es), Aootbet
oy of 1ellloq, : vlnLae 8oos.
8ull, Mlchael an Les 8ac es. 2003. lnLroucLlon: lnLo oun. ln M. 8ull
an Les 8ac (es), 1be AoJltoty coltote keoJet, Cxor, : 8er,
1-1.
asey, ar 1996. o Lo eL rom pace Lo lace ln a lalrly horL
LreLch o 1lme: henomenololcal roleomena. ln . lel an k.
8asso (es), 5eoses of lloce, anLa le, e Mexlco: chool o
Amerlcan 8esearch ress, 13-32.
e erLeau, Mlchel. 194. 1be ltoctlce of vetyJoy llfe. Los Aneles,
allornla: nlerslLy o allornla ress.
olar, Mlaen. 2006. A olce ooJ Notbloq Mote. ambrle, MA: Ml1
ress.
lel, Leen an kelLh 8asso, es. 1996. 5eoses of lloce. anLa le: chool
o Amerlcan 8esearch ress.
lel, Leen. 2003. A 8alnoresL AcousLemoloy. ln Mlchael 8ull an Les
8ac (es), 1be AoJltoty coltote keoJet, Cxor, : 8er, 223-
239.
lrlLh, lmon. 191. 5oooJ ffects. ootb, lelsote, ooJ tbe lolltlcs of koc 'o'
koll. e or: anLheon 8oos.
lnol, 1lm. 2007. lloes. A 8tlef nlstoty. Lonon, : 8ouLlee.
lnol 1lm an !o Lee verunsL, es. 200. oys of olloq. tbooqtoby
ooJ ltoctlce oo oot. AlershoL: AshaLe.
lnol 1lm an llzabeLh allam, es. 2007. cteotlvlty ooJ coltotol
mtovlsotloo. : 8er.
Leebre, enry. 1991. 1he roucLlon o pace. Cxor: 8lacell.
Lun, kaLrln. 200. LlsLen Lo Lhe oun o 1lme. Walln lLh alnLs ln an
Analuslan vlllae. ln !. L. verunsL an 1. lnol (es) oys of
olloq. tbooqtoby ooJ ltoctlce oo oot. AlershoL: AshaLe,
93-104.
aLLerson, Mar. 2009. apLlc eoraphles. ltoqtess lo nomoo
eoqtoby 33(6): 766-7.
lcon, AnLolne: 2003. ArchlLecLure, clence, 1echnoloy an Lhe vlrLual
8ealm. ln A. lcon an A. onLe (es), Atcbltectote ooJ tbe
5cleoces cbooqloq Metobots, e or: rlnceLon ArchlLecLural
ress, 292-313.
ln, arah. 2007. Walln lLh vleo. lsool 5toJles 22 (3): 240-232.
2009. oloq 5eosoty tbooqtoby. Lonon: ae.
8lcharson, Laurel. 1997. lelJs of lloy. coosttoctloq oo AcoJemlc llfe.
e 8runslc, !: 8uLers nlerslLy ress.
[122]

1schuml, 8ernar. 1996. Atcbltectote ooJ lsooctloo. ambrle Mass:
Ml1 ress.
1urchl, eLer. 2004. Mos of tbe moqlootloo. 1be tltet os cottoqtobet.
an AnLonlo: 1rlnlLy nlerslLy ress.

[123]

]ww{x om{l{on nl {vmvxl uwvk w owvol{xK nmo{{x nx
mvkvxl{x wmn {klwm nl lv m{l{k ]{jmnm

8ob ers
1

1bls ls oo eJlteJ ttoosctlt of o teseototloo moJe oo 7 Moy 01 ot tbe
coofeteoce 8tlJqloq qeoetotloos. lotetJlsclllootlty ooJ llfe stotles lo tbe
1
st
ceototy. Otol blstoty ooJ llfe blstoty otoocbes lo tbe soclol scleoces.

A=+031T1

Mto kptrtkp orto orou toopou rpnou ouykevrpop,
opeto0erpop kot nopouolo npooptkv opruptv orp perovtkp
t6to0pkp

koro ro reeurolo 5 pvto p perovtkp t6to0pkp ovenrue to on rt
eyo0repe ouoye npooptkp toroplo orov koo eoo on evo
eup0 ooo revtkv entrnto epeuvo, ouvepyootv kot ouekrtkv
e0oooytv, ko0 kot e rpv onoop ouoyv on ppre.
Meptke on rt npro6oule oure, n p 1poneo Mvpp rp
\tterpplo kot ro npypoo Akpoop oe ouvepyoolo e ro 88c,
prov eyoo poto npoypooro. Ae, tl oro noloto rou 0vtko0
Apelou Apypoev p, okoo00poov ro ovreo rp ekrevo0 6to-
toroplo. nopouotoerot to entoknpop rv ouoyv npooptkp
toroplo rp perovtkp t6to0pkp kot torunvovrot okeet yto ro
ttolrepo opokrpptortko rou kot rt npokpoet nou 0erouv roo yto
rou opetovou oo kot yto rou epeuvpre.

1han you or lnlLln me Lo volos. lL ls a reaL prlllee Lo be here. l hae
a reaL aecLlon or reece, l come here a loL an lL ls an ae benelL or
me Lo come or or as ell as or pleasure. l Lhln Lhls ls a ery lmporLanL
momenL or ree oral hlsLory an l am ery please Lo be parL o lL.
l am oln Lo Lal abouL Lhe or l o aL Lhe 8rlLlsh Llbrary (8L).
Cer Lhe lasL LenLy-le years e hae creaLe one o Lhe laresL oral
hlsLory collecLlons ln Lhe orl, ln Lhe course o hlch e hae ace loLs
o problems an challenes hlch l anL Lo share lLh you. l also anL Lo
share lLh you some recommenaLlons, perhaps Lo apply Lo your on
or, hlch has come ouL o Lhe or e hae one aL Lhe 8L. l o noL

1
Lea uraLor o Cral lsLory an lrecLor o aLlonal Lle Lorles, 8rlLlsh Llbrary, Lonon
8ob ers
[124]

no ho many o you no Lhe 8rlLlsh Llbrary, hlch ls Lhe naLlonal
llbrary base ln cenLral Lonon. lL as opene abouL lLeen years ao an
Loo LhlrLy years Lo bull. We hae ln Lhe 8L many many lerenL lns o
maLerlal. lL ls a asL collecLlon: some 130 mllllon lLems hlch ro aL a raLe
o 12 m o shel space eery year. WlLhln Lhls hue collecLlon, soun
represenLs oer Lhree mllllon lLems. An lLhln LhaL oral hlsLory ls a small
proporLlon, perhaps 34,000 lnLerles. 1he asL ma[orlLy ls muslc, LheaLre,
an lllle recorlns.
l am responslble or oral hlsLory, buL also or hlsLorlc soun
recorlns - hlch may or may noL be conslere oral hlsLory. 1he olesL
recorlns e hae are rom Lhe 190s. 1homas lson lnenLe recore
soun ln 177, buL Lhe olesL spoen or e hae are only rom Lhe
190s lncluln llorence lhLlnale, Lhe amous rlmean War nurse, an
some pollLlcal lures. very e olce recorlns hae surle rom beore
Worl War Cne. lrom early ax cyllner recorers as a means o capLurln
soun e moe Lo lrecL-cuL lnsLanLaneous lsc recorers o Lhe ln
LhaL ere use by anLhropololsLs an oral hlsLorlans ln Lhe lnLerar
perlo, parLlcularly ln Amerlca. arly 'oral hlsLorlans' ln Amerlca ln Lhe
1930s orln uner Lhe e eal WA pro[ecLs recorln naLle
Amerlcans an ormer slaes ere usln Lhese lscs Lo mae orllnal oral
hlsLory recorlns. 1hey are ery ralle no, an ramenLs are belnnln
Lo lsappear rom Lhe lscs. 1hey requlre loLs o conseraLlon.
8y Lhe Llme l sLarLe oln oral hlsLory ln Lhe laLe 1970s, early
190s, l as usln a her open-reel machlne an many oral hlsLorlans
use Lhem. 1hey ere heay an unlely Lo use buL ery oo quallLy
machlnes, an Lhe recorlns are sLlll ery rellable. 8uL ery qulcly, or
reasons o llhLness, cheapness an porLablllLy, e ere moln ln Lhe
190s Lo aulo casseLLes. A small number o oral hlsLorlans sLlll use
casseLLes Loay, alLhouh lL ls no an obsoleLe ormaL. oaays e use
llLal 'soll sLaLe' recorers alLhouh LhaL has creaLe alLlonal problems
- lll come bac laLer on. (.) o lLhln Lhose Lhree mllllon lLems l
menLlone e hae ery lerenL ormaLs. An Lhere hae probably been
anoLher 20 or 30 ays an ormaLs o maln aulo recorlns hlch l
haen'L menLlone, all o hlch requlre lerenL machlnery an lerenL
conseraLlon Lechnlques.

`v {klwm w wmn {klwm nl lv m{l{k ]{jmnm

LeL me say someLhln abouL Lhe hlsLorlcal relaLlonshlp beLeen oral
hlsLory an Lhe 8L. 1hose o you LhaL sa aul 1hompson spealn aL Lhe
conerence lasL nlhL lll no LhaL Lhe relaLlonshlp beLeen Lhe 8L, oral
hlsLory an aul 1hompson has alays been ery close. We hae Lo ery
lmporLanL collecLlons ln Lhe 8L rom ouners o Lhe lnLernaLlonal oral
Looln crlLlcally aL lerenL moes o collecLln, archlln an presenLln

[123]

hlsLory moemenL, parLlcularly Lhe moemenL ln 8rlLaln. 1he lrsL o Lhese
ls eore arL ans. e's noL ell-non ouLsle 8rlLaln buL he as a
ollorlsL. l aul 1hompson ls reare as Lhe 'aLher' o oral hlsLory, ans
ls LhouhL o as Lhe 'ranaLher'. e as oln oral hlsLory beore aul
1hompson lscoere oral hlsLory ln Lhe 1970s. eore sLarLe ln Lhe
1930s, lnLerleln arlculLural orers ln a small lllae ln asL Anlla,
oLen hls on nelhbours. e as usln one o Lhose open-reel recorers
LhaL l menLlone an e hae hls recorlns ln our collecLlon. e as
lrLually Lhe only person LhaL as maln haL e oul no call 'oral
hlsLory' recorlns aL LhaL Llme. An Lhe lrsL boo he prouce, As tbe
ellos tbot cot tbe noy, ls probably sLlll one o Lhe lmporLanL boos o
early oral hlsLory ln 8rlLaln.
ans as an lnluence on aul 1hompson hen, ln Lhe laLe 1960s-
early 1970s, he roLe 1be JotJloos an 1be olce of tbe lost, LhaL you
lll no, LhaL ere base on hls oral hlsLory research pro[ecL calle
'lamlly Lle an Wor xperlence beore 191'. We hae Lhose 300 or so
recorlns ln Lhe 8L collecLlon. An lL ls also lnLeresLln Lo noLe LhaL Lhe
Cral lsLory ocleLy, o hlch aul as a ouner, as acLually oune aL
Lhe 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe o 8ecore oun, hlch laLer became Lhe 8rlLlsh
Llbrary oun Archle. o Lhe relaLlonshlp beLeen 8L oral hlsLory an Lhe
Cral lsLory ocleLy an Otol nlstoty ootool has alays been ery close.
lrom moesL orllns Lhere ere hue chanes lLhln oral hlsLory,
parLlcularly ln Lhe 1970s an 190s. ner Lhe 1haLcher onseraLle
oernmenL a lare number o Lemporary or schemes ere seL up by an
oranlsaLlon calle Manpoer erlces ommlsslon (M) Lo le
unemploye people [obs. LoLs o oral hlsLorlans o my eneraLlon bean on
Lhose early pro[ecLs ln Lhe 190s. l ran communlLy hlsLory pro[ecLs ln
orshlre, looln aL LexLlle orers an eLhnlc mlnorlLy roups comln Lo
8raor ln WesL orshlre. 1haLs here l learne my oral hlsLory beore l
[olne Lhe 8L as lLs lrsL oral hlsLory curaLor ln 19. 1he 190s as a Llme
o hue expanslon ln oral hlsLory acLllLy, parLlcularly ln communlLy
roups, ln museums, ln llbrarles an archles. An shorLly aLer LhaL ln Lhe
1990s Lhe oernmenL launche Lhe lrsL naLlonal loLLery scheme ln
8rlLaln. All Lhe procees rom Lhe loLLery o Lo sporL an culLure an LhaLs
meanL LhaL mllllons o pouns hae been len Lo oral hlsLory. Wee ha
Lo really lobby oernmenL an Lhe erlLae LoLLery lun (Ll) buL
someLhln lle 2 mllllon pouns hae been len Lo oral hlsLory slnce
1997 (Aprll 2012 lures) hlch has ha an amazln lmpacL.

8ob ers
[126]

wvol{x wmn {klwm nl lv m{l{k ]{jmnm

We hae 370 oral hlsLory collecLlons aL Lhe 8L an Lhey ro eery ay.
1hey rane rom a slnle Lape Lo Lhe laresL collecLlon hlch ls 3,300
lnLerles [usL ln one collecLlon, Lhe Mlllennlum Memory 8an pro[ecL,
hlch e parLnere lLh 88 8alo or Lhe year 2000. ln LoLal e hae
34,000 lnLerles ln Lhe collecLlon an e are aln abouL 100-130 hours
o recorlns eery monLh rom arlous lelorers. one o Lhls oul
be really orLhhlle l lL ere noL or Lhe people LhaL acLually use Lhe
maLerlal: abouL 43,000 users eery monLh onslLe an onllne. 1haLs a ery
lare number. An ln 8rlLaln lL ls really crlLlcal no Lo sho Lhe use o your
archle maLerlal an lLs lmpacL. lL ls noL oo enouh only Lo collecL an
Lo archle, you hae Lo emonsLraLe use. An o course Lhese sorL o
lures are ery useul ln encouraln more unln or oral hlsLory.
raually e are also puLLln more lnLerles onllne. AL Lhe momenL
Lhere are nearly 2,000 lnLerles onllne. lLs sLlll a small percenLae o Lhe
hole, buL lL ls roln all Lhe Llme. 1he llLlsaLlon o Lhe casseLLes ls
oblously one o Lhe laresL challenes e hae.
o ho o e collecL Well, e rele haL ere oln all Lhe
Llme. Cblously, as a naLlonal collecLlon, e hae a naLlonal brle. We hae
Lo mae sure LhaL e coer naLlonal lle ln 8rlLaln, so e loo or Lhe aps
an Lhen e Lry an creaLe pro[ecLs LhaL lll Lhe aps o hlsLorlcal lle ln
8rlLaln. An Lhen e collecL ln Lhree ays:
eposlLs - people le us Lhlns, Lhey come Lo Lhe 8L an say le
oL Lhese lnLerles, o you anL Lhem oL alays, someLlmes e o.
arLnershlps - a ery lmporLanL ay ln hlch ee ore lLh
exLernal oranlsaLlons - unlerslLles, communlLy roups, Lo creaLe maLerlal
Lo come lnLo Lhe collecLlon.
llelor pro[ecLs. l hae abouL 20 lnLerleers LhaL or lLh
me an Lhe oral hlsLory Leam on lerenL pro[ecLs an ln lerenL
capaclLles, many Lhrouh aLlonal Lle Lorles.
l am oln Lo Lal abouL Lhese Lhree lerenL collecLln areas an
Lhen l'm oln Lo Lal abouL ho e lssemlnaLe our maLerlal.
o, people anL Lo eposlL recorlns lLh us. An Lhese are our
crlLerla or accepLln maLerlal lnLo Lhe 8L:
llrsL o all, Lhey hae Lo be o naLlonal lmporLance. l people oer
us local maLerlal, Lhen Lhere are local archles, museums, llbrarles, here
Lhls maLerlal can o. oeer e hae ha bl spenln cuLs ln Lhe k an
many local archles are beln LhreaLene lLh closure or are reucln Lhelr
serlces. 1haLs qulLe a challene.
We oblously also anL Lo archle lLems LhaL e can hear. ou
be surprlse ho many oral hlsLorlans mae recorlns LhaL are noL ery
easy Lo hear or unersLan! o e are looln or oo quallLy recorlns.

[127]

1hen e are looln or people Lo Lranser Lhelr lnLellecLual
properLy rlhLs (l8) Lo Lhe 8L so LhaL ln Lhe uLure e can mae more use
o Lhls maLerlal.
1he 8L's oral hlsLory collecLlons hae some parLlcular sLrenLhs
lncluln areas here e eel Lhere ls lnLeresL, buL also here Lhere are
oo pro[ecL parLnershlps. o Lhere ls a loL o maLerlal relaLe Lo healLh
(abouL nurses, abouL sclenLllc healLh, ocLors, paLlenL experlences). ome
o Lhese are acaemlc pro[ecLs, LhaL hae aLhere lnLerles on parLlcular
research Loplcs an Lhen len us Lhe recorlns. Cne example ls a aLaseL
o lnLerles abouL Lhe belnnlns o Lhe conLracepLle plll hlch as Lhe
basls o a boo by acaemlc Lara Mars.
An Lhen e hae a loL o maLerlal relaLe Lo pollLlcs. As you no
Lhe oral hlsLory moemenL ln 8rlLaln orllnaLe as a ralcal moemenL. o
much oral hlsLory has been one abouL Lhe ommunlsL arLy, Lhe oclallsL
Worers arLy, an Lhe Labour arLy. We hae recorlns relaLe Lo
pollLlcal pressure moemenLs. very llLLle rom Lhe 8lhL. vlrLually noLhln
rom Lhe onseraLle arLy. ome rom Lhe Llberal arLy an qulLe a loL
rom Lhe k's arlous ar rlhL an asclsL parLles. l no Lhls ls an lssue ln
reece aL Lhe momenL, lLh Lhe rlse o olen an, buL as a hlsLorlan
le alays ha Lhe le LhaL Lo unersLan a pollLlcal moemenL you hae
Lo o an collecL maLerlal an lnLerle people Lo unersLan Lhelr
moLlaLlon: Lhe orllns o Lhe lar 8lhL as much as Lhe lar LeL. o Lhese
are ery lnLeresLln recorlns Lo hae, noL easy Lo llsLen Lo, buL Lhey ere
recore rom Lhe 1930s Lo Lhe 190s, lLh a hole serles o lerenL
asclsL parLles, lerenL meeLlns, lerenL lnLerles. 1hey are qulLe
unusual an qulLe lmporLanL Lo hae ln Lhe collecLlon.
1o oLher examples o collecLlon sLrenLhs. We hae collecLe
qulLe a loL o maLerlal relaLe Lo Lhe ay an lesblan moemenL ln Lhe k.
An also Lhe olocausL. 1he olocausL ls an area here oral hlsLory has
been especlally acLle oer Lhe lasL 20-30 years. Wee oL perhaps 600
lnLerles lLh olocausL surlors an also lLh Lhe youner, secon
eneraLlon hose parenLs ere olocausL surlors an Lhey Lal abouL
Lhe experlence o Lhelr parenLs LransmlLLe Lo Lhem as youner people.
1haL as a pro[ecL LhaL aul 1hompson, 8lll Wllllams an l le ln Lhe early
1990s.
1he secon ay ln hlch e collecL ls Lhrouh parLnershlps. An
example ls a pro[ecL e l ln 2009 ln parLnershlp lLh 'Moroccan
Memorles' ocumenLln mlraLlon rom Morocco Lo Lhe k. 1he ay e
or noaays lLh communlLy oranlsaLlons ls LhaL e alm Lo eL
lnole aL a ery early sLae lLh Lhe Lralnln, ln Lhe sLanars, ln Lhe
sLrucLures an rameors ln hlch Lhe pro[ecL ors. We le parLners
an xcel aLa capLure spreasheeL, Lo ensure LhaL all Lhe aLa LhaL Lhey
creaLe as parL o Lhe pro[ecL ery qulcly can Lhen come lnLo Lhe 8L an be
8ob ers
[12]

conerLe lnLo our caLaloue, lLh ery llLLle exLra or. aln Lhls xcel
aLa sheeL sLanar creaLes a ay ln hlch many lerenL communlLles
can capLure aLa ln Lhe same ay, hlch Lhen oes noL hae Lo be
reeye. 1hls has proe Lo be a ery successul ay o operaLln. We eL
oo quallLy maLerlal lnLo Lhe collecLlon, an or Lhe pro[ecL lL les Lhem
haL Lhey nee, Lhe Lools or ocumenLaLlon. An Lhen e or lLh
Lhem on Lralnln, an ollo-up Lralnln an eebac.
Wee also ore ln Lhls ay lLh lsable roups. Wee been
lnole ln a hole serles parLnershlp pro[ecLs on lsablllLy. 1he maln
reason or Lhls ls hen l aulLe Lhe 8L oral hlsLory collecLlons Len years
ao, Lhere as ery llLLle on lsable peoples experlences. l Lhln LhaL ls
Lyplcal o many LralLlonal hlsLorlcal archles. o e ellberaLely ha a
campaln o orln lLh lerenL lsablllLy oranlsaLlons Lo aLher olces
rom lsable people. An ee no recenLly launche a ebslLe here
Lhese many lerenL olces can be hear, or example rom people lLh
menLal healLh problems an rom people lLh cerebral palsy, hlch ls a
lsablllLy LhaL aecLs people ln many lerenL ays. ln Lhe case o Lhe
cerebral palsy pro[ecL Lhere as also a Leachers' pac or use ln Lhe
classroom, ran rom Lhe lnLerles an almln Lo challene sLereoLypes
abouL lsablllLy.
MosL recenLly ee been orln lLh a roup o people ho
suer rom hearln loss. oL people ho ere born ea, buL people ho
ha acqulre hearln loss. ome can eL a cochlear lmplanL hlch ls an
elecLronlc ay o resLorln some hearln. lor Lhls pro[ecL e ore lLh
someone ho Lype up haL Lhe people ere sayln onLo Lo screens, so
LhaL Lo people ho are boLh ea, can acLually lnLerle each oLher
Lhrouh Lhe screen. 1hls ore lncrelbly ell, an lL also ae us a
LranscrlpL. Cblously Lhe LyplsL ha Lo Lae a reular brea, eery lLeen
mlnuLes, because lL ls lncrelbly lnLense an requlres a loL o
concenLraLlon. 8uL lL as a ery lnLeresLln ay o orln, an lnnoaLle
ay o usln Lechnoloy, so LhaL Lo people lLhouL hearln can
communlcaLe an creaLe an oral hlsLory. ls lL oral hlsLory 1hey canL hear
lL, buL e can rea lL, lLs a ery lnLeresLln concepL o 'aural'.
AnoLher ay ln hlch e hae ore lLh exLernal parLners ls
Lhrouh acaemlc pro[ecLs. lor example !oanna 8ornaL rom Lhe Cpen
nlerslLy eposlLe a pro[ecL abouL melcal erlaLrlclans. An lLh Lhe
nlerslLy o 8rlhLon e collaboraLe on a pro[ecL on haemophllla an
lv lLh helel nlerslLy, a number o pro[ecLs relaLe Lo oo lLh
Wlmbleon ollee o ArL, LheaLre esln.
LeL me moe no Lo haL mosL o you oul consler ey Lo haL
you are oln, aLherln maLerlal yourseles: lelor pro[ecLs. ome o
Lhese pro[ecLs e carry ouL lLh unln rom Lhe 8L as parL o a
collecLlons acqulslLlons un. Cne example ls Lhe oral hlsLory pro[ecL lLh

[129]

8rlLlsh aLhleLes hlch e sLarLe lLeen years ao an hlch e hae
recenLly mae aallable onllne ln Llme or Lhe Lonon 2012 Clymplcs.
1here's also a pro[ecL abouL Lhe sLa ho or aL Lhe 8L. An oLhers lLh
phoLoraphers an horLlculLurallsLs. 8uL Lhe maln ay ln hlch e aLher
oral hlsLory ls Lhrouh aLlonal Lle Lorles, a separaLe charlLy, hlch slLs
lLhln Lhe 8L, lLh lLs on boar o lrecLors, as a means o ralsln
alLlonal uns or 8L oral hlsLory. AL Lhe momenL e are ralsln abouL
200,000 eery year or oral hlsLory Lhrouh aLlonal Lle Lorles. lL has
been a brllllanL ay o enaln lLh buslness, lLh onors, lLh lerenL
herlLae oranlzaLlons Lo brln alLlonal unln or oral hlsLory
lelor.
We lnLerle boLh ln people's on homes an ln a sLulo e hae
aL Lhe 8L. We are also no oln some leo lnLerleln. We sLlll use
aulo or Lhe lon lle sLorles. MosL o Lhese lnLerles lll be 12-13 hours
ln lenLh an Lhen e supplemenL Lhem ln some cases lLh leo
lnLerles, qulLe shorL an normally on locaLlon or aL a parLlcular place or
lLh a parLlcular ob[ecL hlch ls slnllcanL. We ln Lhls ls a much more
elclenL ay o orln an lL ls much cheaper Lhan usln only leo.
CLen hen you hae an lnLerle, you onL nee Lo see someones hea
an shoulers or 13 hours. o e o a supplemenLary lnLerle on leo
lLh someLhln hlch ls lsual. lL has ore really ell.
sln Lhe lon lle sLory meLhooloy e hae compleLe many
pro[ecLs oer Lhe lasL LenLy years. An each o Lhese pro[ecLs has arle
ln lenLh, some hunres o lnLerles, some lLeen. We hae Lrle Lo
ocus on ey lnusLrles such as sLeel, oll an as. l menLlone Lhe !elsh
communlLy. Cne o Lhe earllesL pro[ecLs lnLerlee ploneerln omen:
Lhe lrsL oman [ue, slnllcanL omen [ournallsLs, melcal ploneers.
We are looln or a ery broa array o lerenL olces lncluln ellLes.
We conclue a pro[ecL on Lhe lLy o Lonon as a cenLre o lnance an
banln some years ao, beore all Lhe bl chanes o Lhe lasL e years, so
l Lhln e no nee Lo o bac Lo Lhe lLy an a some more quesLlons
abouL haL enL ron.
We hae also oer Lhe years coere 8rlLlsh ashlon, Lhe osL Clce, an
Lhe oo secLor lncluln a corporaLe oral hlsLory o 1esco supermareL,
hlch aL one Llme as responslble or 1 ln eery 7 pouns spenL ln
8rlLaln ln Lhe hlh sLreeL. 1hls resulLe ln a o exLracLs rom lnLerles,
an a boo ls abouL Lo be publlshe.
AmonsL our currenL pro[ecLs ls An Cral lsLory o 8rlLlsh clence
hlch has Lo ull-Llme lnLerleers, an amln asslsLanL an an acaemlc
alsor rom LelcesLer nlerslLy, lLh 300,000 pouns o unln rom
Lhe Arcala lun or Lhree years. Wee also [usL lnlshe an oral hlsLory o
8arlns 8an, an anclenL merchanL ban hlch youll all remember
collapse ue Lo Lhe acLllLles o a roue Lraer lc Leeson. Wee one a
8ob ers
[130]

ery lnLeresLln oral hlsLory o LhaL parLlcular ban buL many o Lhe
recorlns lll be embaroe or some years yeL. An ee beln oln a
loL o or on Lhe uLlllLles. aln compleLe an oral hlsLory o Lhe aLer
lnusLry, supporLe by some o Lhe prlaLlse companles, ee [usL
launche an elecLrlclLy pro[ecL LhaL has been une prlaLely by one
parLlcular person, ho has onaLe enouh money Lo employ a ull-Llme
lnLerleer or Lhree years. le alays ha Lhe le LhaL Lhere are people
ouL Lhere lLh money ho are lnLeresLe ln Lhelr on hlsLory an l you
can connecL lLh Lhem ln a ay LhaL ors, as an oral hlsLorlan l eel
comorLable lLh usln LhaL money Lo ocumenL a hole lnusLry. ach o
Lhese pro[ecLs ls a cross-secLlon, lm noL lnLeresLe ln an ellLe or Lop-heay
pro[ecL, Lhese are pro[ecLs LhaL coer Lhe hole secLor. o or example or
Lhe 8arlns pro[ecL e lnLerlee Lhe buLler as ell as Lhe senlor
manaemenL.

\mo{{x nx noovkk

LeL me no moe on Lo archlln an Lhe use o Lhe maLerlal. AL Lhe 8L e
eep all our born-llLal an llLlse oral hlsLory recorlns ln a llLal
Llbrary ysLem (L) ln Lonon, an Lhls ls ln Lurn bace up an mlrrore
on compuLer sysLems ln lerenL parLs o 8rlLaln. o all Lhe lnLerles are
also hel ln orshlre, coLlan an Wales. We hae areemenLs Lo
shao all Lhe aLa. lL has Lo be ery sae, sel-upllcaLln an sel-
checln. lrom your on polnLs o le, on a smaller scale, Lhls ls haL
you hae Lo o lLh your aLa. ou hae Lo mae sure LhaL you bac up on
lerenL rles an eep Lhose rles ln lerenL places. oaays lL ls
ery cheap Lo o Lhls. A one LerrabyLe rle ls lncrelbly cheap. o or all o
you creaLln oral hlsLory maLerlal a) lL ls lmporLanL Lo ollo oo
sLanars (or example by recorln a lles aL 16blL44.1z) buL b) lL ls
lmporLanL Lo bac lL up an puL lL ln lerenL places.
WhaL e o hen e collecL Lhe maLerlal ls Lo escrlbe lL ln a
caLaloue, Lhls ls Lhe soun archle an moln lmae caLaloue an you
can access Lhls caLaloue rom anyhere ln Lhe orl
(.caensa.bl.u). lL lnclues lnormaLlon abouL Lhe recorln, Lhe aLe
o Lhe recorln, Lhe equlpmenL LhaL has been use, buL also Lhere ls a
conLenL summary as ell. ach o Lhe ors ln LhaL summary ls
searchable, so LhaL researchers can ln Lhe eLalls o Lhe conLenL lLhln
Lhe caLaloue. o Lhose o you ho anL Lo le access Lo your recorlns
you nee Lo collecL aLa rearln Lhose recorlns: noL [usL Lhe conLenL,
buL ho l Lhe recorln, hen an here, ho can lL be oun. An Lhe
only ay ln hlch people can access oral hlsLory recorlns ls Lhrouh
some sorL o escrlpLle aLa. lL ls ery llculL Lo llsLen Lo, say, Len hours
hopln you ln someLhln, you nee some aLa connecLe lLh Lhem.

[131]

We prole Lhls serlce on-slLe, so people can come Lo Lhe 8L an
l maLerlal ls noL ln llLal ormaL e Lhen llLlze lL on eman. eople
come ln an Lhey hae a playllsL on a compuLer an Lhey can llsLen lLh
heaphones ln one o Lhe realn rooms buL lncreaslnly e are prolln
access onllne. AL .souns.bl.u e are no prolln on-llne access Lo
Lhe oral hlsLory recorlns ln ull. 1here are alreay arlous pacaes
aallable lncluln An Cral lsLory o 8rlLlsh clence. lnLerles are beln
puL onllne as soon as e eL permlsslon rom Lhe people e are
lnLerleln. oL eeryone anLs Lhelr olce oln on Lhe eb. lL epens
on Lhe pro[ecL. ome people eel LhaL Lhelr lnLerles are ery conlenLlal
an Lhey close Lhe recorln or a perlo o Llme, maybe Len years, maybe
LenLy years. An o course LhaL ls lne lLh me, l am noL orrle, as an
archllsL l am collecLln Lhlns or Lhe uLure as ell as or no. Cblously
some researchers nee Lo use Lhelr aLa lmmelaLely, buL or archles lL ls
perhaps less lmporLanL. o lL ls qulLe common LhaL people requesL an
embaro or close perlo or Lhelr maLerlal.
AparL rom archlln an prolln access Lo Lhe hole lnLerle,
e hae also been creaLln lnLerpreLe ebslLes: selecLln, elLln an
shocasln parLlcular collecLlons or parLlcular aulences. 1hese pacaes
are all on Lhe 8L's learnln paes aL .bl.u an examples lnclue 'loo
Lorles' an 'volces o Lhe olocausL'. ach has oral hlsLory cllps,
lnormaLlon on Lhe lnLerle an lnormaLlon or sLuenLs Lo use. 1hey
hae a comblnaLlon o arlous resources, lnormaLlon, LranscrlpLs,
quesLlons or sLuenLs Lo use ln Lhe classroom.
We hae also been creaLln publlcaLlons, s an lnormaLlon
pacs. s are a anLasLlc ay o eLLln Lhlns ouL lnLo Lhe communlLy
an sharln conLenL lLh lnLerleees. ome examples lnclue losslooote
kotlooollsm, abouL a moernlsL archlLecL calle rno ollner one on
Lhe 8oyal Mall - Lhe posLal serlce - hlch as use by Lhe company as
parL o chane manaemenL Lralnln. An mosL recenLly e hae complle
ouble s on auLhors spealn abouL ho Lhey rlLe, an arLlsLs Lalln
abouL raln. 1hls secon one has one ouL Lo arL sLuenLs rlhL across
Lhe counLry. lrom ery lon lnLerles lLh arLlsLs, all e hae one ls
exLracL llLLle blLs o Lhe lnLerle here Lhey are Lalln abouL raln.
An Lhese are Lhen presenLe ln a ay accesslble Lo parLlcular sLuenLs
ho Lhemseles are learnln ho Lo ra. ln lerenL conLexLs.

8ob ers
[132]

_wuv owxozk{wxk

le Lrle Lo lenLly rom my experlence oer Lhe lasL LenLy years haL
Lhe ey challenes hae been an ho e hae respone Lo Lhose
challenes. 1he lrsL challene remalns Lhe Lechnololcal challene. 1he
blesL problem e hae ls LhaL maLerlal comln lnLo Lhe collecLlon ls noL
oo quallLy or ls on an oler aulo ormaL or ls noL accesslble ln arlous
ays. o Lhese are my recommenaLlons, especlally Lo Lhose o you ho
are sLarLln ouL ln oral hlsLory.
llrsLly, ecle aL Lhe belnnln o Lhe pro[ecL heLher or noL you
are oln Lo presere Lhe aulo. l you o, lL nees Lo be o oo quallLy
an lL nees Lo be ln a ormaL LhaL ls orar-compaLlble, LhaL ls noL
proprleLary. 1he problem, or example, lLh many lcLaphone machlnes
(lle Lhe Clympus) ls LhaL Lhey are poor quallLy an use a proprleLary
ormaL LhaL lll lsappear qulLe qulcly. o you nee Lo use an
lnLernaLlonal sLanar such as M a lle aL noL less Lhan 16blL44.1z
quallLy. 1hls ls eecLlely quallLy. lL oes noL nee Lo be expensle, buL
lL ls an lnLernaLlonal sLanar hlch has, as much as e can Lell, a
uaranLee uLure. An lL can be conerLe lnLo lerenL ormaLs an ls a
oo aulo sLanar. As l sal, bac up your aLa onLo lerenL rles, an
Lhen hae ery clear proceures or labellln an namln Lhe parLlcular
aLa lles. All Lhls ls oo pracLlce no or oral hlsLorlans. ln Lhe ol ays l
oul rlLe a number on Lhe casseLLe an lL oul o on a shel an LhaL
as lL. oaays you hae Lo Lhln more careully abouL manaln Lhe
aLa.
econly Lhe conLexL. 1he conLexL ls ery lmporLanL an lL ls
someLhln oral hlsLorlans nee Lo Lhln more abouL. LoLs o collecLlons
come Lo me an Lhere ls no lnormaLlon abouL ho Lhe person ls LhaL l
Lhe recorlns, ho ls Lhe researcher. l Lhln eery pro[ecL shoul hae an
lnLerle aL Lhe en lLh Lhe researcher LhaL collecLe Lhe aLa so LhaL
hlsLorlans an users o Lhe uLure unersLan Lhe researcher, haL ere
Lhe research quesLlons, haL ere Lhe problems urln Lhe pro[ecL, ho
l Lhe pro[ecL chane. ln oLher ors, researchers o Lhe uLure nee Lo
unersLan Lhe conLexL or Lhe research. o eep your noLes, eep all Lhe
quesLlons aroun Lhe lnLerles an archle LhaL lLh Lhe lnLerles
Lhemseles. An o course you nee Lo escrlbe Lhe conLenL o Lhe
recorlns, l you canL o LranscrlpLs - an Lhey are ery expensle - you
nee Lo o conLenL summarles, so LhaL people can qulcly o a conLenL
search an ln ouL haL ls Lhere, preerably Lhrouh an onllne caLaloue.
1hlrly, leal challenes. My uess ls LhaL reece ls a slnaLory Lo
Lhe uropean opyrlhL onenLlon, hlch means LhaL Lhe copyrlhL
slLuaLlon ls ery slmllar Lo Lhe one ln Lhe k. o lL means LhaL or eery
recorln you o, you nee Lo hae some sorL o ocumenL hlch

[133]

lnlcaLes ho ons Lhe copyrlhL ln Lhe recorln an les you
permlsslon as Lhe researcher Lo use Lhe maLerlal ln publlcaLlons an on Lhe
eb. An Lhls ls boLh an eLhlcal an a leal quesLlon. An lL ls ery
lmporLanL LhaL you hae a orm LhaL people unersLan an sln
eLermlnln Lhe ay ln hlch Lhe maLerlal lll be use ln Lhe uLure. An
o course, l uess youll no Lhere ls a lerenL culLure beLeen
hlsLorlans an soclololsLs hen lL comes Lo anonymlsln aLa. As a
hlsLorlan l am raLher oppose Lo lL an l lll only anonymlse aLa l Lhe
lnLerleee requesLs lL. l Lhln lL ls ron LhaL Lhere ls a eaulL poslLlon
LhaL you shoul alays anonymlse. arLlcularly, as people can come Lo Lhe
8L an llsLen Lo Lhe olce o Lhe person, l Lhey no Lhe person Lhey lll
lenLly hlm een l Lhe aLa hae been anonymlse. o Lhere ls an lssue
here. An o course as hlsLorlans ln Lhe uLure e anL Lo compare oral
hlsLory lLh oLher hlsLorlcal resources, such as census aLa an hlsLorlcal
papers. o e nee Lo no Lhe name o Lhe speaers ln mosL cases. l
Lhln lL ls qulLe lmporLanL noL Lo anonymlse l you can aol lL, excepL aL
Lhe requesL o Lhe lnLerleee.
1he lnal challene relaLes Lo eLhlcal lssues. le alreay menLlone
LhaL as an archllsL you collecL Lhlns LhaL you eel unhappy abouL, you eel
Lhey mlhL be llculL pollLlcally, buL l Lhln LhaL lL ls my role as an archllsL
Lo mae sure LhaL l represenL Lhe breaLh o socleLy. WhaLeer my on
les l Lhln lL ls lmporLanL Lo hae a comprehensle collecLlon an a
comprehensle ay o orln LhaL represenLs all Lhose les, so LhaL e
unersLan chane lLhln our socleLy. An Lhere are also occaslons ln
hlch you collecL maLerlal hlch people ln llculL Lo llsLen Lo or oLher
reasons. An example mlhL be lnLerles lLh prosLlLuLes, lLh sex
orers. A loL o people ln Lhese ery llculL Lo llsLen Lo: Lhey lnole
lolence, ru use, abuse. 8uL Lhls ls haL l Lhln e are besL aL as oral
hlsLorlans. l Lhln e are brllllanL aL collecLln olces hlch oLherlse
oul noL be collecLe, hlch oul be marlnallse. An Lhls ls sLlll Lhe
Lhln LhaL rles me as an oral hlsLorlan. l Lhln e are anLasLlcally place
Lo o Lhlns hlch oLher hlsLorlans canL o. 8uL equally e hae Lo be
cauLlous. We hae Lo mae sure LhaL Lhe maLerlal e collecL ls noL oln Lo
lea Lo leal acLlon. An Lhere are some lnLerles LhaL e puL up on Lhe
eb here people hae conLacLe us an LhreaLene leal acLlon because
o Lhe ay ln hlch Lhey hae been escrlbe ln Lhe lnLerle. o l Lhln
e hae Lo be senslLle Lo conLroerslal maLerlal, e hae Lo assess Lhe
rlss, Lo Lal Lo Lhe people lnole. An e hae Lo be reay Lo Lae on
onllne maLerlal. o e hae a Lae-on pollcy: someone complalns, e
rele Lhe complalnL, e remoe lL rom Lhe ebslLe. 1hese proceures
nee Lo be ln place.

Luoptou. 1han you ery much or llsLenln

[134]

III

ORAL NARRATIVES AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES

[137]

g) >,7$#.( =02%# _vni@ *%+45,$1K %7/,$U=5#%$>:?K $733,&#.(
>2(>1 .%# , +:3,? /,7 =+=721/( $/, *=50,

L\\q kuoc\cou
1

\jklmnol

Moslc ls 5evo. ttoJltloo, lmtovlsotloo, collectlve memoty ooJ tbe tole of
tbe teseotcbet lo tbe flelJ
1be folloloq Jlscossloo teseots oo ootbtooloqlcol otoocb oo
lssoes of coltote ooJ moslc coocetoloq tbe 5lb commoolty lo 1ovtos. o
ottlcolot, tbe coocet of 5evo ls teveoleJ tbtooqb flelJot os o
ctoclol lJeo blcb offects tbe commooltys moslcol etfotmooce.
Moteovet, eomloe tbe lmottooce of lotetvle os o
metboJoloqlcol otoocb oo tbe coocet of 5evo. o tbls mottet,
otqoe tbot lotetvle, os sevo, tovlJes o ooloe soce, ooo blcb
otollty, botb lo vetbol ooJ soolc tetms, oetotes os o meJlom
tbtooqb blcb tbe ost ls teqeoetoteJ loto tbe teseot. Meooblle,
tbls Jloloqoe beteeo tet ooJ cootet teveols tbe lmottooce of
loJlvlJool oottotlves ooJ tbelt coottlbotloo to tbe fotmotloo of o seose
of commoolty.
ouypovq c\\qvtkq npoyotkoqo opokqpt(cot ono to cupcto
c0votkq kot no\ttotkq tooponotqoq. opct q notkt\oopq
kou\oupo ctvot v0punot nou ouvovtouvot kot ouvunpouv ono
toopctk ycuypotk qkq kot n\q n\0ovo kot
ovon\0ovo o ouypovo c\\qvtko kotvuvtko onto. 1o ovtkctcvo
uv c0votkuv kotvoquv onoc\ct cvo cotpctk cvtocpov ncto
cpcuvo nou oocuct oqv koovoqoq ou kotvuvtkou otvocvou.
1o ouykckptcvo ncto ovoctkvuct t cvvotc q to\oytkoqo kot
q tpooq ooo oc coucptko cntnco q ckooc c0votkq
kotvoqo ooo kot oc cucptko, ooov oop ot ococt c o
cupucpo ouypovo kotvuvtko n\ototo. ouotkq u c\cotkq cvq
onoc\ct coo tono\ttotkq tpooq uv ov0punuv. opcct,

1
?A 1qo Mouotkuv znouuv, L0vtko kot konotoptoko ovcntoqto 0qvuv.
L\\q kuoc\cou
[13]

c ouo ov pono, cvo nopoyuytko pono c\cq uv ouypovuv
kotvuvtkuv otvocvuv.
1o cpcuvqtko ou cvtocpov cntkcvpuvcot oq
ouvvqoq ou kotvuvtkou c q ouotkq kot ouykckptcvo, oqv
npoocyytoq q tvtkq kotvoqo oqv L\\o coo ono qv ontkq
q c0voouotko\oyto. Cvo q tto ouotko, covo
nopoko\ou0qoct o0qoo nou oopouv oqv tvtkq ouotkq kot
kou\oupo oc conutoko cntnco, octvoptok o0qoo o\\
kot nopoooct nou oopouv oc 0coo ctovoquv o\\ kot \oyu
q npoountkq c\q yto q ouotkq, q t\oooto, o q0q kot o
c0to q vto, o cvtocpov ou opqkc oc ouo ov no\ttoo.
1o npoountko cvtocpov yto qv tvtkq kou\oupo, ouvocuqkc
ono q tontouoq c\\ctq to ouoqotkq c\cq q ocoq
q tvtkq ouotkq c qv kotvuvto kot ov no\ttoo oqv c\\qvtkq
y\uooo. t noponvu \oyot kcvptoov o cpcuvqtko ou
cvtocpov octk c qv copoyq kotvuvto\oytkuv yvuocuv oc
to c0voouotko\oytkq kot ov0puno\oytkq npoontkq oqyuvo c
oqv cnt\oyq ou 0coo Mouotkq kot ctovoqc: to
c0voouotko\oytkq npoocyytoq q tvtkq ctovoqo oqv
L\\o oo n\ototo cknovqoq q tokoptkq ou toptq.
2

ocoq q ouotkq c o tcpo onoc\ct cvo cttko (qqo
nou covt(cot ouv oo ouypovo c0voouotko\oytko t\oyo.
cuptoo po\o q ouotkq ot totkootc ovonopoooq,
voqoooqoq kot o\\oyq nou toncpvouv qv ov0puntvq
kou\oupo, ovoctkvucot uno o nptoo ou 0pqokcutkou
opokqpo q ouotkq c cvov ttotcpo pono (ulllan 1997:9-10).
1o tno\o ouotkq kot c\coupyto ouvct(ct vo onoc\ct kupto
ovtkctcvo q c0voouotko\oytkq kot ov0puno\oytkq c\cq oc
ouvpqoq c o tcpo. t ovo\uoct nopct vo oopouv oqv ko0op
0pqokcutkq opq q ouotkq, cc(ovo yto nopctyo qv
cvvoto q ckoooq, onu ouq voqoooctot ov\oyo c o
no\ttotko n\ototo (8oueL 193). A\\c cpcuvc uoooo cc(ouv
o opto kot qv o\\q\cntpooq ouotkuv kot 0pqokcutkuv
npoktkuv oq ouv0qkq cvo noykootonotqcvou ncpt\\ovo
(8ohlman 1997:61-90). uy L.8ec ovt(ct ov oqovtko po\o q
ouotkq cntc\coq oq (uq uv 0pqokcutkuv kotvoquv (8ec
2006). vcoo oc \\o nopoctyoo cntkcvpuvcot oqv
ncptnuoq ou voutoou o\\ kot uv lh. ouykckptcvq cpcuvo

2
nopouoo cpcuvo cct ouypqoooq0ct ono qv Lupunotkq Lvuoq (Lupunotko
kotvuvtko 1octo - Lk1) kot ono c0vtkou nopou cou ou Lntctpqotokou
poypoo Lknotcuoq kot Ato 8tou M0qoq ou L0vtkou zpoqytkou
\ototou voop (Lz) - Lpcuvqtko pqooooucvo Lpyo: oqv kotvuvto q
yvuoq cou ou Lupunotkou kotvuvtkou 1octou.
ouotkq ctvot ea
[139]

ou 8ec ou\ct oqv ckcvq t\toypoto nou oop oo
ovtkctcvo q tvtkq ouotkq kot o tcpo. Lkktvuvo uoooo ono
ov cntoqovtko t\oyo yto q ouykckptcvq 0cotkq, q c\\qvtkq
t\toypoto nopouot(cot ovunopkq ooov oop oqv ncptnuoq
q tvtkq kotvoqo oqv L\\o kot q ocoq q c q ouotkq
kot o tcpo.
c0oo\oyto ou ctvot c0voypotkq kot cct cnctptko kot
tuotko npooovoo\too.
3
8ootko q opokqptotko onoc\ct q
ou\\oyq npuoycvou u\tkou, upt coto vo nopoc\q0ct q
otonotqoq cucpoycvuv nqyuv. zuykckptcvo, q 0pqokcutkq
kotvoqo uv lh oqv ncptoq ou 1oupou npoocyyto0qkc o
c\cuoto pto povto cou ouoqotkuv cntokccuv ou oo noo,
onou copooqkc q c0oo\oyto q cntonto cpcuvo c
cpyo\cto q oucotkq nopoqpqoq, qv kooypoq oqctuocuv
uno opq qcpo\oytou, t ovotkc ou(qqoct-ouvcvcuct, q
ou\\oyq qoypoqcvou qqtkou u\tkou ko0u kot q ou\\oyq
uoypotkou u\tkou. Lovo u ooo qv koovoqoq q
no\\on\q npoyotkoqo q ko0qcptvq (uq uv lh oqv
0qvo, q ouykckptcvq c0oo\oyto oq0qoc oo vo ovoctct
ootkc opc kot ovykc q uno c\cq kotvoqo. to qv
cnt\oyq uv ouvot\quv ou, oko\ou0qoo cvov tcpoptko
npooovoo\too, onu qv ovcctc o tto o ncto (oqovtk c\q
q kotvoqo n. o npocpo ou voou, o tcpco, o ouotko). Acv
nopc\cto uoooo vo npoocyytou kot \\o c\q q kotvoqo,
oko\ou0uvo to cupcto yko kotvuvto\oytkuv kptqptuv onu
u\o, q\tkto, cnyyc\o kot kuptu y\uooo.
zo nopov p0po, cntctpu to ov0puno\oytkq kot
c0voouotko\oytkq npoocyytoq q kotvoqo uv vuv q 0qvo
kot ouykckptcvo q 0pqokcutkq kotvoqo uv lh oo
uruara, o voo uv lh, oov 1oupo. Co npoono0qou vo ctu
nu o c0voypotko ncto ovcctc qv cvvoto ea u kcvptkq
tco yupu ono qv onoto ncptopccot q ouotkq cntc\coq nou
npoyouvct q ouvoq q kotvoqo. Ltvot opokqptotko ot q
c0c\ovtkq cpyooto, q npooop kot q onctvoqo onoc\ouv
ootkc opc kot otc q kotvoqo oov 1oupo. U cotc

3
ouypovq c0voypotkq cpcuvo tvct cooq oqv cnctpto q tuotkq
ocoq c o ncto, ovoctkvuovo qv oto ov\uoq ou tuoo ou
c0voypou o\\ kot ou \\ou, ouvot\qq. 1o cvtocpov cntkcvpuvcot
cntoq oqv cpqvcto q ocoq o\\q\cntpooq cou cpcuvqq kot ouvot\qq.
1o ncto cv ncptopt(cot cvvoto\oytk oov uotko ono, o\\ ncpt\ovct
cntn\cov o ouvo\o q tucvq cnctpto q npoyotkoqo kot qv
npoon0cto cooqotoou q oc 0cupqtko opuo.
L\\q kuoc\cou
[140]

ouvcovot coo, ouo\tk kot npoktk, c q sea. Mc o \oyto
ou npocpou
4
ou voou uv lh:

5evo elvot.p 0epop oou vo kovet 0eporo, vo ereet oe
npoyoro nou kovouv ot ol, vo oyetpe0et, vo
ko0oplet. 5evo elvot ov 0eet vo oet kort, nopel
pporo.ourp p npooopo eyerot sevo.
5

U kcvptkq c0voypotkq koqyopto, q sea onoc\coc ovtkctcvo
ouoqotkq tcpcuvqoq. vcoo oc \\c c0oou,
pqotonotq0qkc q ovotkq ouvcvcuq, oqv onoto o ootcto
sea tcpcuvq0qkc u no\ttotkq cvvoto kot u oqyqotkq q
to\oytkq toooq q cntkotvuvto ou c ou ouvot\qc
vou. noc\coo ouq q c0oo\oytkq npoktkq unqpc q
ovctq q oqooto nou ctc q ouo\q ou cpyo\ctou q
ouvcvcuq kot ouvcnu q ttotcpoqo ou cpcuvqq oo ncto.
npoktkq q ouvcvcuq \ctoupyuvo u ea, onu 0o
ovo\uou nopoku, ouvco\c oo oqotoo cvo cotpctk
cvtocpovo nctou to\oyou ovooptk c q totkooto ko
qv onoto q npooptkoqo u ootcto ouvcvcuq ouotkq,
cvcpyonotct o nopc\0ov oo nopov, ovoctkvuovo cntoq q
ouo\q uv npooptkuv oqyqocuv oqv qtoupyto q oto0qoq
ou ovqkctv oq ouykckptcvq kotvoqo.
ov\uoq ncptopccot yupu ono pct ovc: q ouotkq,
qv cvvoto ea kot ov po\o ou cpcuvqq oo ncto. U npo ou
ouykckptcvou ovc ovo\uovot ot cvvotc q nopooq, q
npooptkoqo kot q ou\\oytkq vqq. zc ouo o oqcto,
uoooo, ckptvo ovoykoto to ctooyuytkq nopouotooq q tvtkq
kotvoqo oqv L\\o.
tvtkq c0votkq oo oqv L\\o onoc\ctot ono
covoc npuq kot cucpq ycvt nou vouv ono
toopctkc ncptoc q vto. zuuvo c oototk cocvo
onoypouv ou 2001 kot 2009
6
, o nooooo ovpuv covoouv
uncpcpct oc ocoq c o nooooo yuvotkuv covooptuv tvtkq
unqkooqo ov kot ko qv npoo uv povuv (2001-2009) o
opt0o uv yuvotkuv ouvcot cot uoc vo ctvct oc toopponto. t

4
to \oyou covo\oyto, cv ovocpovot o npoyotk ovooo uv
ouvot\quv, cnt\cycot q pqoq cuuvuuv.
3
zuvcvcuq ou A[eeL lnh oqv L\\q kuoc\cou, nocpq 2011, 1oupo, 0qvo.
poountko opcto.
6
to ncptooocpo oototk ootcto oc ocoq c o covoocutko: uropean
MlraLlon eLor rpoto k0eop yto rp Merovooreuop kot rp Ate0vp npooroolo,
(2009), 8alln-ars 2004, kcvpo Lupunotkou zuvoyotkou Atkotou 2007.
ouotkq ctvot ea
[141]

\oyot covocuoq ctvot kuptu otkovotkot kot kotvuvtkot oou,
ouuvo c qv cntonto cpcuvo nou tcqyoyo o c\cuoto pto
povto, ot vpc covoc oou cykoooo0ouv kot onokqoouv
oo0cpq cpyooto cpvouv oqv L\\o qv uno\otnq otkoycvct
ou. Lntoq, o oototk ootcto ctvouv to ouvcu
ouovocvq oq ou n\q0uoou tvtkq npoc\cuoq npo qv
L\\o cpt o 2011 kot kooooouv qv vto ovcoo ot
npuc upc ouovocvq oq covocuoq. vonoonooo
kot q (uq uv vuv onoc\ct o 0pqokcutko ootcto.
voutoo kot q 0pqokcto
7
uv lh ctvot ot kuptocpc 0pqokcutkc
ouoqc uv vuv oqv L\\o. voutoo notpvct npoktkq
toooq oc Manlr o\\ kot are krlshnas
, cvu tonopot ctvot ot

voot uv lh (uraras) ov qv L\\o. zuuvo c n\qpooptc
nou tvct q tvtkq npcocto oqv 0qvo, o cyo\ucpo cpo ou
covoocutkou pcuoo ono qv vto, npocpcot ono o un[ab.
ko cnckooq, q oqovtkocpq kotvoqo vuv oqv L\\o ctvot
ouq uv lh. t lh otp(ovot kotvq 0pqokcto, y\uooo kot
ycuypotkq npoc\cuoq, to cuptoq kotvq kou\oupo.
ootkocpq (n\q0uotok kot kotvuvtk) tvtkq kotvoqo ptokcot
oqv 0qvo cvu ouopovo, cko ou ootkou nctou, cy\o
cvtocpov nopouot(ouv ot kotvoqc oov Mopo0uvo, o
tvouo, q o\kto, o kpovtt, ov opo kot qv kpqq. upo
q cnopto ovoctkvucot cotpctk oqovtko oou q kupto
onooo\qoq uv covoouv ctvot ot oypotkc cpyootc. zqv 0qvo
nopoqpctot notkt\to ot cnoyyc\otkc cnt\oyc ov kot oqovtko
kot q kotvoqo onooo\ctot cnoyyc\otk oc cpyoooto.
1ooo oqv 0qvo, ooo kot oqv cnopto, q kotvoqo cct
qtoupyqoct upou oou onotou ookouvot ot 0pqokcutkc
ncnot0qoct uv lh (uruara) kot onoc\ouv tovtko ncto
c\cq q ko0qcptvq (uq uv tvuv covoouv.
voo uv lh oov 1oupo \ctoupyct o c\cuoto ncvc
povto kot ocy(cot oc cvo ptupoo kqpto. ptv qv tpuoq ou
uruara oq ouykckptcvq ncptoq ot ntoot npoocuovov oc
voou nou ptokovov oc ncptoc cko q 0qvo (n.. oo

7
pqotonotouc ov opo 0pqokcto onu ct0toot vo cct cntkpoqoct oq utkq
0cupqoq uv \\uv kotvuvtuv. tvoutoo onoc\ct kooo0cupto, q
ouykckptcvq ou ou(qqoq cv ctvot ou nopovo.
1o manlr (ono q oovokpttkq \cq yto o ontt manlra) onoc\ouv o ontt q

0coqo, upou \opcto onou ouvq0u otcpuvovot oc to ouykckptcvq
0coqo ou voutoou. 1o are krlshnas (lnLernaLlonal ocleLy or krlshna
knolee) onoc\ouv cvov noykooto 0pqokcutko opyovtoo nou tpu0qkc o
1963 oq nco ?opkq ono ov 8haLleanLa aml rabhupaa. kcvptkq opq
\opcto q opyvuoq onoc\ct o krlshna kot ot toc oot(ovot oq ctkq
notqoq (n. 8haaa-lLa). opyvuoq oqcpo po oc noykooto k\toko.
L\\q kuoc\cou
[142]

Mopo0uvo). t upc uv npoocuuv kot q ovyvuoq uv ypouv
ctvot o nput kot o onoycuo. voo tot0cot yto tovukcpcuoq
uv vuv nou cpovot oqv npucuouoo ono qv cnopto yto \tyc
cpc cvu ocy(ct cntoq kot o\ou ou tcpct. cpov q
npoocuq oo voo npoocpcot oyqo kot ot cvu c qv
0pqokcutkq c\coupyto ouv ytvovot ot\tc kot ou(qqoct
cou uv ntouv. Lttkot upot pqotonotouvot yto q
qtoupytkq onooo\qoq uv nottuv, oou onotou cko ono o
notvtt, o nott nopouv vo npoq0cuouv t\to kot ncptotk
nou oopouv oqv tvtkq kou\oupo kot cou ouuv vo cp0ouv oc
cnoq c ov no\ttoo q upo ou. zo npoypoo
pooqptoquv ou uruara, ouncpt\ovovot o0qoo
tvtkuv ouotkuv opyvuv onu Labla kot harmonlum, o\\ kot
o0qoo uvqtkq tvtkq ouotkq oc ocoq c q ouotkq
nopooq ou shaba lrLan.
1o shaba lrLan onoc\ct ovonoonooo kot q tcpq
c\coupyto uv lh. pokctot yto qv ouotkq onoooq uv tcpuv
ypouv uv lh nou ncptcovot oo tcpo t\to uru ran ahlb.
ouotkq nopooq cktv nptv ono ncptnou 300 povto onou o
uru ana (1469-1339), npuo ono ou 10 npoqc uv lh
cktvqoc vo ckcpct ouotkc ckoc ou tcpou \oyou. zqcpo, o
lrLan onoc\ct oqovtko cpo q 0pqokcutkq \opcutkq
c\coupyto uv lh. cpov q (uvovq cntc\coq q ouotkq
nopoqpctot o otvocvo q okpoooq qoypoqcvou lrLan
ko q tpkcto q ko0qcptvq (uq uv vuv covoouv ooo
cvo ooo kot cko ou voou. ot ootcto ou ko0toouv ooo
oqovtkq qv nopouoto ou lrLan oqv ko0qcptvoqo uv
vuv kot cttkocpo q tvtkq 0pqokcutkq kotvoqo ou
1oupou
1o ootcto nou ouvc\co coo ono q totkooto q
cntonto cpcuvo ctvouv ot o lrLan cntc\ctot ono to oo
ouotkuv nou ovo(cot rl [aLh. zo uruuara ou 1oupou
ouykckptcvo, o rl [aLh onoc\ctot ono cvov poyoutoq nou
ouvocucot ono o ouotk opyovo harmonlum kot Labla. zc cttkc
ncptooct kot kuptu yto o cpq nou q ouotkq oq ou lrLan
notpvct q opq cpuqoq-onvqoq, nopct vo ouncpt\q0ct q
ouvocto \\uv ptuv q coopuv uvuv nou \ctoupyouv
unooqptktk oq ouotkq uvqtkq onvqoq uv ntouv.
ouotkq ctvot ea
[143]

"#.:2% S C tcpco oo uruara ou 1oupou, cntc\ct lrLan not(ovo
ouvocuocvo ono Lablo kot uo uvc. t uo uvc \ctoupyouv
unooqptktk oqv onvqoq uv ntouv. uoypoto ono npoountko opcto.
1oupo, ouvto 2010.

Mouotko\oytk, o lrLan oot(cot oo c\utko ouoqo
uv raa kot o pu0tko ouoqo q Lala. ko ou cttkou octk
c qv tvtkq k\ootkq ouotkq nopooq, q Lala ovonu0qkc ono o
cpo q ctkq notqoq kot onoc\ct cvo cnovo\oovocvo
pu0tko n\ototo nou ouvoyuvt(cot oc no\un\okoqo q c\utkq
raa. oto0qtkq cyyuqo q ouotkq c qv notqoq yto qv onoto
cytvc \oyo, cntpcnct vo koovoqoct kovct qv ttotcpq oqooto
yto qv onoto cct yto qv tvtkq k\ootkq ouotkq q Lala. Lala ctvot q
oq nvu oqv onoto ovonuoocot q raa. pu0tkq onoooq q
Lala oo lrLan opt(cot ono qv ccpq onoooq kot ov pu0o ou
tcpou kctcvou uv lh.
Coov oop oq c\uto, raa unpouv ckoovc, k0c
to cntc\ctot oc ouykckptcvq upo q qcpo cvu ckp(ct no\u
ouykckptcvq oto0qtkq oto. C ouvuooo toopctkuv raa kot
Lala o\\ kot o ouooctootko opokqpo q ouotkq tvouv
oncptoptoc uvooqc ouotkq ckpooq.
poocyyt(ovo opo\oytk o lrLan, nopoqpouc ot
no\\c n\qpooptc yto q ouotkq onoooq ovooupovot ono o
tto o kctcvo. cpov q npoctvocvq raa kot Lala nopoqpctot
n\q0upo ouotkuv ouv0cocuv. opq uv ouv0cocuv onoc\ctot
L\\q kuoc\cou
[144]

ono uo ootk ootcto. 1o sLhal (A), yvuoo kot u asLhal nou
onoc\ct o ootko 0co, o onoto cnovo\ovcot ko q
tpkcto q ouv0coq, cct oo0cpq opq kot cnovo\ovcot
c ono k0c opoq u onvqoq ono ncptooocpou ono cvov
cntc\coc, ctvot o cpo onou ot ntoot ouvocuouv ov ootko
cntc\coq. 1o sLhal cct ouvoq tpkcto kot q ouv0coq ou ktvctot
oo oq\ocpo cpopo q raa. no qv \\q cpt, o anLra
(8) ctvot o cucpo cpo q raa, nou ovonuoocot n\cov kot oo
cucpo cpopo. uotootk, o anLra \ctoupyct
oun\qpuotk oc ocoq c o sLhal. pqotonotuvo o
ncptypotko nopctyo ou obln lnh Mansuhanl, onu o
kooo ut(cot ono q cpo kot q vuo, ov\oyo kot q raa
ut(cot ono o sLhal kot o anLra (Mansuhanl 192). 1o ctooyuytko
cpo cvo uvou (alaap) opt(cot ono to ouooctootkq ovnuq
q raa (ovouvtkq, opyovtkq kot uvqtkq) nou ootko ooo cct
vo qtoupyqoct o ko\\q\o oto0qtko ncpt\\ov kot qv
ov\oyq t0coq yto qv npoo\qq ou uvou. zo c\cuoto cpo
ou alaap ctoycot to c\cu0cpq ckoq ou sLhal cntc\oucvq ono
o oo\totko opyovo (cu harmonlum) kot q uvq. zq ouvccto, o
sLhal cnovo\ovcot ko0u ctoycot kot o pu0tko cpo q
Labla. ouvccto q ouv0coq opt(cot ono qv cnovo\qntkoqo
kot qv kuk\tkq opq ou oqoo: alaap -8--8.-8.
U ouotkq totkooto, o ouooctooo oo lrLan, ovooupct ono
o nopc\0ov ootk otk ootcto (n. raa, c\opu0tkc
opou\c, pu0tk ootcto nou opt(ovot ono o kctcvo) yto vo o
ovonpooopooct kot vo o voqoooqoct oo nopov, c onucpo
okono q qtoupyto kot cvuvuoq oto0qtkuv opuuv
(rasa) nou yto ou lh noponcnouv ot cvvotc q qpcto, q
oynq, ou y\ukou.
Mcoo ono o ouykckptcvo nopctyo nopoqpouc o
0o\ opto cou cyypoooouvq kot npooptkoqo, nou
qtoupyouv o ncto nvu oo onoto cvcpyonotctot cvo
cvtocpuv t\oyo cou nopc\0ovo kot nopovo. Aotk
opokqptotk, npoktkc onounuoct q ouotkq kot \oyo,
ouvot(ouv ootk ootcto ou nopc\0ovo nou
voqoooouvot (kot ovotoopuvovot cou ouq q
voqoooqoq) oo nopov cou ou ouooctooou,
ko0opt(ovo qv tvtkq ouotkq u to nopooq nou opt(cot ono
qv npooptkoq q.
Coov oop oo ootcto ou \oyou-kctcvou ou lrLan
nopoqpouc ot o ootcto nou npokunouv ono qv cntonto
cpcuvo cntcotuvouv ouo nou unooqpt(ct o usenbery (1992:303-
402). 1o tcpo kctcvo uv lh onoc\ct ouppoq uv \oyuv uv 10
ouotkq ctvot ea
[143]

tcpuv npoquv nou c(qoov ko o c\cuoto 300 povto. zuvcnu,
o kctcvo onotcot oc to n\q0upo to\ckuv (uru, pun[abee,
oovokpttk k.o.) c onoc\coo vo qv ko0tooot onopotqo
koovoqo ono qv kotvoqo. cntc\coq ou lrLan cnocvu,
cncpvct o \cktko kot, onu 0o unooqpt(c o Mlrcea llae
9
,
oncu0uvcot oo 0utko. zuuvo c ouq q \oytkq, o 0utko,
cou q \ctoupyto q rasa (ouoto oto0qtkq oto), cvcpyonotct
oq ou\\oytkq vqq ouo\toou ou nopc\0ovo nou tuvovot
u oto0qtkq cnctpto oo nopov. zc cvo cucpo cntnco, o lrLan
u oq kot u \ctoupyto ouvccot kot to\cycot coo c
cotou ctou ouo\toou kot cvvotc onu ouq q ea.
zqv npoon0cto npoocyytoq q 0pqokcutkq kotvoqo
oov 1oupo, ovoct0qkc q cvvoto q ea. t npoktkc toooct
q ea oo uruara ou 1oupou oopouv totkootc
npooop oc ocoq c npoktk (qqoo \ctoupyto ou voou,
onu ctvot q ko0optoqo kot q oucoq oov upo npocotooto
kot npooop oyqou. U oqo, q ea, c oq0qoc oqv
c0oo\oyto q cntonto oucotkq nopoqpqoq, ovoct0qkc
ou u cvvoto ko0optoou ou ponou (uq q kotvoqo ovo
coo ono q voqoooqoq q ko q tpkcto uv ovotkou
unou ouvcvcucuv-ou(qqocuv. ouvcvcuq c ov npocpo ou
uruara oktoypoct qv cvvoto q ea. opo0cu:

O oo npooepet rov eour rou, otokep. nopel vo
npooepet rov pvo rou yto vo 6plokerot oro qotoJoto
otokep, our elvot ro 5evo. Dnoto 0eet kovet, ev npenet
vo vo eloot 5lb ov 0eet vo kovet 5evo. lto evov 5lb opolvet
ronetvrpro, our o0olvet e ro ntoro rov ro nevet yto rov
koo nou rpet p rov ko0oplet nono0roto, oe o0olvet vo eloot
ronetv kot vo pv 0epel rov eour oou rt eloot kort noponov
on rou oou... orooroet rov eyto. el ee rt rov
kovet 5evo e ot ooprle oou e0youv.kot ro lttoo elvot 5evo,
6e6oto ov o ouotk nolet p epo ouotkp n 0o poet, lt
our o koo nopel vo oet kort (pporo) oe ourv oov sevo.
Ao our elvot 5evo
10
.

9
llae oo cpyo ou o tcpo kot o cq\o ooo\ctot c o otvocvo q
0pqokcutkq cnctpto ovooptk c o ptnuo v0puno - u0o - kooo ooo
oc ocoq c ov upo ooo kot c ov povo (ono t nopoootokc kotvuvtc cpt
ov ouypovo kooo). ootpo ou kootkou ouvccot c qv ootpo q
kooo\oyto kot ou tcpou cou ouo\uv oov upo q o povo (n.. u0o) nou
pouv oo unoouvctqo kot ouvcouv t uo n\cupc q tounoooq uoq ou
ov0punou (llae 2002).
10
zuvcvcuq ou A[eeL lnh oqv L\\q kuoc\cou, nocpq 2011, 1oupo,
0qvo. poountko opcto.
L\\q kuoc\cou
[146]

opoqpouc nu q oqyqoq ouvcct npoktkc toooct q sea
c cvvotc nou ko0opt(ouv ootkc opc, otc o\\ kot ovykc uv
lh ot onotc ovooupovot ono q ou\\oytkq vqq q kotvoqo.
U cotc ovoyvupt(ovot okouoto ooo ono o unokctcvo nou
cvcpyct ooo kot ono qv npoo\qq ou ono o ouvo\o q
kotvoqo, cvuvouvovo qv cvvoto ou ovqkctv oc ouq.
Cnu nopouot(ovot ouc ot cvvotc, ctvot q npooop, q
ovttoc\cto (o npocpo ovt(ct ouvcu q \cq ot\okcpu), q
onctvoqo, q oto0qoq ou ovqkctv oo Lct oc ovttooo\q c
o Lyu, o\\ kot q cvvoto q k0opoq.

"#.:2% L ntoq oc totkooto sea otvoct 0cotk onoonooo ou tcpou
kctcvou nou onotovot oo lrLan. uruara 1oupo, zcncpto 2011.
qyq: npoountko opcto.

totkooto uv ouvcvcucuv cv ncptopt(cot oqv cvvoto\oytkq
0cupqoq q sea. Mc oopq ouq q totkooto ou ovckuov
npooptkc opuptc nou voqoooqoov qv npoktkq toooq
q sea oo oqcpo. Mcoo ono o t\oyo opq kot ncptcocvou
kot to ou nptooo q ouotkq npockuov (qqoo onu o
otkovotko nopyovo oc ocoq c q sea. ncptnuoq ou lvou
ouotkou nou otcuct oov Mopo0uvo yto vo notct lrLan
pqotonotuvo qv cvvoto q sea yto ttoc\q okono (cnt\cyct vo
nct ovo oov ctvot otyoupo nu o kotvo onoc\ctot ono
n\q0upo oouv nou ouvcnycot ncptooocpo pqoo)
ovoctkvuct o (qqo q nopootkoqo oc ocoq c q otc
q kotvoqo:

ouotkq ctvot ea
[147]

Aev 0o p0et yto eko oroo, 0eet vo elvot noo oroo yto vo
oeet kot our pporo, vo kovet ro tpoo, ro rptpoo ro
onlrt, vo nopet evo ouroklvpro coyeooe.kot ro otno...ouro elvot
oe e rt 0ppokele...kot novro0.. oo yto eevo elvot o0o
our, ro vo kovouv enoyyeo rp 0ppkelo erot
11

Lu, q toooq ou otkovotkou kptqptou kot q pqoq q kopqoq
q cvvoto sea oc ocoq c ouo, ncptypouv cvo cvtocpov
ncto to\oyou ovooptk c o otok kptqpto q kotvoqo kot
q voqoooqoq q cvvoto oqv ko0qcptvq (uq ou vou
covoq.
to\cktkq ocoq q sea c q ouotkq ovoctkvucot
okoq ko\ucpo ono o nopctyo q ontkq yuvto cvo ouotkou
q tvtkq kotvoqo nou cntc\ct lrLan. !apal ycvvq0qkc kot
cy\uoc oo un[ab kot o c\cuoto cko povto (ct oqv L\\o.
t novcntoqtokc ou onouc oopouv oqv vtkq ouotkq kot
cttkocpo oo kpouoo opyovo Labla. zqv L\\o, o kupto
cnyyc\ ou cv oop oq ouotkq, no\\c opc ou
ouccct oqv cntc\coq lrLan oo uruara. Ccupct q sea
ovonoonooo kot q (uq cvo lh ooo yto npoktkou \oyou
octk c q \ctoupyto ou uruara, ooo kot u otoko kptqpto
nou opt(ct ov pono (uq ou. zq ou(qqoq o octk c q sea
onok\uc to cntn\cov cvtocpouoo toooq q cvvoto:

1o zo66oro 0o no oro onlrt lou, 0o ep0et koo vo noloue
kot vo oko0oouv ouotkp, ov 0eet eo, kot our elvot sevo...ev
0o nop pporo, 0o ro kov yto ko, n eo0 ov eet yeve0to
kot ep0oue vo noloue ouotkp, elvot sevo kot o pv elvot eoo
oro qotoJoto
1

cntc\coq lrLan u sea oc t\tko ontt cko ou voou,
ut(ct qv npockooq q cvvoto ou tcpou cko ou tcpou upou
(uruara) kot qv otppqkq ocoq q sea u oto oc ocoq c
ov optoo ou ko0qcptvou ponou (uq.
Ltvot ovcpo, ono o noponvu nopoctyoo, ot q cvvoto
q nopooq (cv npokctcvu cou q sea) toncpv ootcto ou
upopovtkou nopovo ovoctkvuovo nuc q ko0qcptvoqo
ou tvou covoq. uc ot onotc ovo cou ou ootctou q
npooptkoqo q oqyqoq 0o nopouoov vo ovto0ouv kot vo

11
zuvcvcuq ou A[eeL lnh oqv L\\q kuoc\cou. nocpq 2011, 1oupo,
0qvo. poountko opcto.
12
zuvcvcuq ou !apal lnh oqv L\\q kuoc\cou, Mpto 2010, 0qvo.
poountko opcto.
L\\q kuoc\cou
[14]

cnovonpootoptoouv o tto o ncptcocvo q nopooq,
npootov ou q ootkc npoontkc. opo\\q\t(ovo qv
npooptkoqo q oqyqoq c qv npooptkoqo q ouotkq
ovoctkvucot q cntoq koo\utkq oqooto q cucpq oqv
ovotoopuoq ou ncptcocvou q nopooq. ouotkq, u
c\cotkq cvq, npouno0cct qv cntkotvuvto uv ouccovuv.
cntkotvuvto utooot oq ootpo ou ovootokou u tpooq
cou q notqtkq kot q pqoptkq ouo\touv, npounuv kot
otuv q nopooq. noc\coo ouq q to\oytkq totkooto
cou npoyotkou kot ovootokou ctvot q ovoopuoq ooo ou
ouo\tkou ooo kot ou kotvuvtkotooptkou ncptcocvou.
zc ouo o oqcto cyctpovot cpuqoo octk c o
(qqo q cykupoqo ou cnovonpootoptoou q nopooq
oo n\ototo q ou\\oytkq vqq. Cnu cuooo oqctuvct o
opoc\\q (1999:47), o Maurlce 8loch (199) ko qv cvooo\qoq
ou c t oqyqotkc opc vqq kot qv tooptkq vqq
ovt(ct ov ktvuvo oqotoou nopon\ovqtkuv ovonopooocuv
ou povou kot ou nopc\0ovo ono q cpt ou cpcuvqq, cooov
q oqyqoq cv ctouvcot c q vqq
13
.
no qv \\q cpt, o WalLer 8en[amln npoctvct to
cvo\\oktkq 0cupqoq uv cvvotuv vqq kot toopto coo ono
qv ontkq q cvvoto q cpooq:

q cpooq ko pono ctpuvtko coucuct o npuouno,
cou kot npoouptv, o cvo nto optotko y\uootko coo, oou
cv nopct n\cov vo coc0ct ono koto cucpcuouoo onoooq.
1o npuouno nopct vo uu0ct cu ckct ovo copq kot oc
toopctk ou cpq (8en[amln 1999:6-69)

to ov 8en[amln, to cntuqcvq cpooq co\\ct
ooo o npuouno ooo kot qv y\uooo unooq, npootovo ov
opokqpo q otpoq tpooq oqv to\cktkq ocoq
nopc\0ov-nopov. vyovo ouq q okcq oqv npoyotkoqo ou
cpcuvqq, q ot ou cpcuvqq ov0puno\oyou cv
npooovoo\t(cot oc to ycvtkcucvq ovtkctcvtkq o\q0cto, o\\
oc ccttkcucvc unokctcvtkc ovonopoooct q o\q0cto oov
tooptko povo nou t cooqot(ct (u copooq) oc
0cupqtko opuo. nopoyocvq yvuoq uotk cv ovtko0to
ouc uncpcpct oqooto\oytk q npoyotkoqo oqv onoto
ovocpcot.

13
zctk c qv koookcuq n\oootkuv ovonopooocuv kot qv pcuooqo q
cvvoto nopooq \cnc obsbam 8aner (2004).
ouotkq ctvot ea
[149]

ocoq ou ov0punou c o tcpo toopuvcot ono qv
ovykq voqoooqoq q tto q (uq kot utooot ooo oq
ootpo ou ovootokou ooo kot ou npoyotkou. totkooto
coopuoq ou ovootokou oo tcpo npouno0cct q
oponotqoq ou oc ouo\tko cntnco, oc ouo okptu o oqcto
ctvot nou po o ouo\too q sea. onokpuo\\uoq ou
ouo\tkou oo cntnco ou npoyotkou ytvcot ctkq cou q
c\coupyto. 8anal olllns (2004) \cnct qv c\coupyto u to
octp cocvuv npcuv nou cntc\ouvot c ouykckptcvo pono.
Lnqpcoocvo ono t 0cuptc uv urhelm kot oman oc ocoq
c qv c\coupyto kot qv cntc\coq, unooqpt(ct nu o kotvuvtko
n\cyo onoc\ctot ono c\coupytc nou opt(ovot u topootkc
cntc\cotkc npoktkc (lnLeracLlon rlLuals). Uoooo, yto ov tto, q
ouykckptcvq cvvoto uv c\coupytkuv npoktkuv cv utooot
cko ou n\ototou q kotvoqo. Mc ouq qv nopooq, ot
c\coupytkc npoktkc cvcpyonotouvot oq ootpo ou voqtkou
q kotvoqo coo ono t cvvotc ou no\ttotkou kco\otou kot
q ouvoto0qotkq cvcpycto cot cooqot(ovot oc voqtkc
c\coupytkc npoktkc (lnLellecLual rlLuals), ot onotc c q octp
ou oqot(ouv o tkuo ou kotvuvtkou n\cyoo.
cvvoto q sea ouvccot coo kot npoktk c t
cvvotc q c\coupyto kot q ou\\oytkq vqq kot cou ouuv
c o cpo q c\coupyto nou oop oq ouotkq kot
ouykckptcvo oqv cntc\coq ou lrLan. toooq q c\coupyto
u cntc\oucvq npq toncpvot ono qv cvvoto ou voqoo
nou oop oo unokctcvo nou cntc\ct qv c\coupyto kot oo
unokctcvo nou npoo\ovouv, kot c q octp ou
voqoooouv qv c\coupyto, cvuvouvovo nop\\q\o qv
oto0qoq ou ovqkctv oq ouykckptcvq kotvoqo. totkooto
voqoooqoq ut(cot ono qv cvvoto q npooptkoqo.
opo\\q\t(ovo qv npooptkoqo q ouotkq (cou q
ouooctootkq totkooto) c qv npooptkoqo q oqyqoq,
onoko\u0qkc o oqovtko po\o q tto q npooptkoqo u
cvcpyonotqoq ou nopc\0ovo oo nopov.
zuncpoootk, q cvvoto q sea cct no\\on\q
voqoooqoq oc ocoq c qv no\ttotkq ovt\qq ou tooptkou,
tuotkou povou. sea ut(ct n\cupc q ko0qcptvoqo ou
vou covoq, kuptu o ouo\tko kot npoktko oqcto
ouvvqoq q ovootokq ovt\qq q npoyotkoqo kot q
ou\\oytkq vqq q kotvoqo. cvvoto sea cct 0pqokcutkc-
nvcuotkc o\\ kot kotvuvtkc-q0tkc toooct. Mlo ovo\\oyq
onocuv q to poq ouncptopuv ovcoo oc uo q ncptooocpo
oo nopct vo opokqpt(cot ono sea. uq ou q sea, ctvot
L\\q kuoc\cou
[130]

to q0tkq sea, cv npcnct vo ouyccot c qv nvcuotkq sea q
onoto opt(cot kot ovovcuvcot oc cvo ko0op nvcuotko n\ototo,
cvuntov ou 0ctkou ootctou. U c0voypo nou pqotonotct q
ouvcvcuq u cpyo\cto cpcuvo, tuoo qv q0tkq toooq q sea,
ko0u q ouvcvcuq onoc\coc qv npoktkq ouv0qkq cvcpyonotqoq
q cvvoto ono q cpt ou ouvot\qq. cpov q q0tkq ou
toooq, q tto q totkooto q ouvcvcuq ouvco\c oqv
ktvqonotqoq q to\cktkq ocoq cou q0tkq-npoktkq kot
0pqokcutkq nvcuotkq sea, voqooouvo kot ovoouvo
c ouo ov pono ootkc otc nou opt(ouv kot opt(ovot ono q
ou\\oytkq vqq q kotvoqo. uq okptu q totkooto
ovoctkvuct o (qqo ou po\ou ou cpcuvqq oo ncto. po\o
ou cpcuvqq oq ouykckptcvq ncptnuoq ptokcot ovcoo oqv
cnctpto kot q 0cupto, qv voo\q kot q Auoq. ztyoupo o
ov0puno\oyo cv nopct vo ononotq0ct cvc\u qv ouoqo ou,
cv nopct vo cuyct ono o ouou0o\oytko ou ootcto, nopct
ou vo npoocyytoct qv ccpoqo c o cpyo\cto q cntoqq
npoocyyt(ovo ov A\\o u copooq oqv npoon0ct ou vo
cooqotoct qv npoyotkoqo oc 0cupqtko opuo.

ouotkq ctvot ea
[131]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
8ec, uy L. 2006. 5octeJ 5oooJ. etleocloq Moslc lo otlJ
kellqloos, Wllrl Laurler nl. ress.
8en[amln, WalLer. 1999, Aoklto 1tooolo rp yooo, 0qvo
:nqoo.
8ohlman, hlllp v. 1997. Worl Muslcs an Worl 8elllons: Whose
Worl, ln ulllan Larence . (e), ocbootloq loets.
Moslc lo tbe otlJs kellqloos, arar nlerslLy ress, 61-
90.
8loch, Maurlce. 199. onlLlon an Lhnoraphy, ln no e 1blo
1bey 1blo, Cxor: WesLle ress.
olllns, 8anal. 2004. otetoctloo kltool cbolos, rlnceLon: rlnceLon
nlerslLy ress.
usenbery, verne A. 1992. 1he Wor as uru: lh crlpLure an Lhe
1ranslaLlon onLroersy, nlstoty of kellqloos, vol.314: 33-
402.
8alln-ars, MarLln (e). 2004. zrortortko eoevo yto rou
erovoore orpv oo. ovourtkp eerp yto ro to0eoto
orotelo kot nporooet yto rp oupop e ro stooJotJs
rp upnokp vop. 0qvo: Mcooyctoko opoqpqqpto
Mcovocuoq.
llae, Mlrcea. 2002. 1o tep kot ro 6e6po. 0qvo: pocvtq.
8oueL, llberL. 193. Moslc ooJ 1tooce. A 1beoty of tbe kelotloos
8eteeo Moslc ooJ lossessloo. hlcao: nlerslLy o hlcao
ress
obsbam, rlc kot 1erence 8aner. 2004. n entvpop rp
nopooop. 0qvo: Ccc\to.
Mansuhanl, obln lnh. 192. oJloo closslcol Moslc ooJ 5lb
klttoo, Cxor l8.
ulllan, Larence . 1997. nchanLln oers: An lnLroucLlon, ln
ocbootloq loets. Moslc lo tbe otlJs kellqloos. ln ulllan
Larence . (e), ocbootloq loets. Moslc lo tbe otlJs
kellqloos, arar nlerslLy ress,
kcvpo Lupunotkou zuvoyotkou Atkotou. 2007. rpoto ek0eop
oertko e ro oouo kot rt rokrtke erovooreuop orpv
oo.
opoc\\q, Ccoupo.1999. v0puno\oyto q Mvqq, oo
Mncvcvtoc, tko kot Ccoupo opoc\\q (cnt).
Atopoe kot rnot rp vpp. toroptke kot
ov0pnooytke npooeyyloet. 0qvo: \cvpcto,
ovcntoqto tyotou, 27-3.

[132]

[133]

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.%# <+1$.=7/#.(? /%7/:/1/%? >8$% %*: /#? *+,-,+#.8? #$/,+0=? /'2
vnx /,7 G=*43

lana 8lboll
1

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npooptkq toopto pqotonotctot ycvtkocpo yto vo optoct
o ouvo\o ono\oytouv kot opuptuv (ovocpocvc kuptu oo
nopc\0ov) uv cv (uq ov0punuv kot yt ouo ctvot ouvcccvq c qv
upqtkoqo q ov0puntvq vqq kot ou octk pcuoou kovovc
ou npooptkou kooou. t ov0puno\oyot nou ou\cuouv c
npooptkou no\ttoou, onou q nopooq totcot npooptk ono
ycvt oc ycvt, cpovot ovtcunot c qv npooptkq toopto kot t
npooptkc tooptc.
upt vo cttkcuoot oo ncto q npooptkq toopto, ko q
tpkcto uv ov0puno\oytkuv ou cpcuvuv ot notc kot noto-
ovoo\tkc ototkc c0votkc oc (ncn\ kot Mo\ototo), ot onotc
couv npooptkc nopoooct kot y\uooc, ouv ovoputoouv ko
nooo - kot cv - tocpct o u\tko nou ou\\cycot (ovcntoqc
ouvcvcuct, ou(qqoct, poyouto k\n.) ono ov\oyo u\tko nou
ou\\c0qkc ono no\ttoou c yponc nopoooct.
npuq onvqoq nou pqko, ctvot ot ot opuptc nou
ou\\c0qkov ou\cuovo c npooptkou no\ttoou ctvot uvotkc
kot yoqcutk pcuoc. pcuooqo oct\cot oov (utko po\o q
npoountkoqo kot q npoountkq kooo0cupto ou oqyqq,

1
vcto ovcntoqto, 1qo kotvuvto\oyto, lanarlboll[mall.com.
lana 8lboll
[134]

toopucvo ono t npoountkc cnctptc q (uq ouq kot q
tkovoq ouq vo t ovtcuntoct.
uo ctvot ttotcpo covc ou\cuovo c npooptkc
0pqokctc, onu c ov ooovtoo, onou ot cnctptc, ot ovt\qct kot
o ouvoto0qoo cvo oovou tocpouv oc no\u cy\o o0o ono
ckctvo cvo \\ou. zc no\\ou ono ouou ou no\ttoou o
k\coo kot q cknotcuoq uv vcouuv, tonpoyocuovot cou
uv ovctpuv (8lboll 200: 147, llae 197: 37).
1o kctcvo ouo, cct ooo vo nopcct to ov\uoq uv
npooptkuv tooptuv knotuv oovuv hepan (ncn\) (ooJe), ot
onotc oct(ovot ono q to c ov npooq\utoo ck cpou uv
ptotovuv tcponooo\uv, kot ono qv \\q c t ovt\qct ou yto
ov koouvtoo. t ooJe nou cytvov ptotovot -ctc ovto ctc
npoouptv - c t tooptc ou kot cktvuvo ono to npoountkq
ontkq, oqv npoyotkoqo ckp(ouv o0tc oto\tc kot q
ou\\oytkq ouvq o\ok\qpq q oo, nou oqcpo cpcot ovtcunq
c npuoyvupc ovqoutc.
1o 2007 kot c ono ncptooocpo ono cko povto no\ttkuv
ovoopouv kot cu\tou no\cou, o ncn\ cytvc to ooonovtokq
qokpoto q onoto qyctot o ootko koouvtotko koo (LaoLl
aharl 2010). 1o 200 koopyq0qkc q ovopto o\\ o oot\t, o onoto
0cupctot u q ccvopkuoq ou tvoutotkou 0cou vlsnu, cv
tu0qkc ouc coptoqkc.
uo o tkpo c0vo uv lo\ouv c ncptnou 30 ckooupto
kootkou, onoc\ctot ono cvo uootko toopctkuv c0votkuv
ouv (ncptooocpc ono 30), toopctkuv no\ttouv, y\uoouv kot
0pqokctuv, c npoccouoc ov voutoo, ov 8outoo o\\ kot
no\\c \\c 0pqokcutkc nopoooct. koo kot ko q tpkcto q
ovopto, q 0pqokcutkq c\cu0cpto qov tooo\tocvq c to ovo
cotpcoq: ov ptotovtoo. 1o 1960, o oot\t Mahenra c
npotkonqo ko0tcpuoc o ouoqo anchayaL, o onoto
onoc\ouvov ono 3 ouou\to nou cnpcnc vo oq0qoouv o oot\t
oqv tokucpvqoq q upo. 1o anchayaL ouvctoqkc cpt q
ckocto ou 1990 kot ko q tpkcto ouq q ncptoou
(ovoo(ocvq ono ptotovou tcponooo\ou okoctvq ncptoo ou
ptotovtoou oo ncn\ (8\. q\ckpovtkq t\toypoto 1) o
ptotovtoo ctc onoyopcuct kot ot ptotovot tcponooo\ot
cktu0qkov \oyu ou npooq\utoou ou kot \oyu q npoon0ct
ou vo cucuoouv oov n\q0uoo to cvq, utkq 0pqokcto. op
o\o nou 0o nopouoc vo opokqpto0ct u nopoo, ot ptotovtkc
onooo\c (kuptu npocoovtkc) ctvot ko\ocoucvc ono qv
nopouoo ootkq kucpvqoq kot no\\c qc t\ouv yto ocvq
ouvcpyooto cou ootouv kot ptotovuv ko q tpkcto ou
vcoo oo oupopcnovo kot oo ooupo
[133]

cu\tou no\cou.
ckkootkcuoq ou kpou ovoyvupt(ct q 0pqokcutkq
c\cu0cpto kot ko q tpkcto uv c\cuotuv povuv o ptotovtko
npooq\utoo ouvcot. to ouykckptcvo, c qv ck\oyq ou
rachana (npuqv qycq uv ootouv cnovooouv) u npu0unoupyou,
o kalal 8oaya, ycvtko ypooco ou L0vtkou zuou\tou uv
Lkk\qotuv oo ncn\ (ouvcvuoq uv npocoovtkuv ckk\qotuv)
q\uoc:

n ekoyp rou ltocbooJo elvot kop t vo yto rpv ptortovtkp kotvrpro,
oo yto ou rou roel rp kotvvlo oo0 ot ooore eouv opypoet oe
to rotkp nop kot eoe0rpkov yto rpv koronoepop rp otklo, rp
npokoropp, rp koroorop kot rp koronleop. (8\. q\ckpovtkq
t\toypoto 2).

zuuvo c ouou nou ctvot ovt0cot oqv nopouoto ptotovtkuv
ckk\qotuv oq upo, ovotkot ptotovot no\cqoov oqv npuq
ypoq c ou ootoc ko q tpkcto ou cu\tou. 1ov ovoupto
ou 2012 oqv ncno\c(tkq cqcpto 8Ll1Z, o lrha 8a[ rasal cypoc:

t ptotovot c qv tpuoq ou kootkou kpou ctoco\ov oo upt ou
ncn\ onou okopntoov o oupo ou pqo. qo\oyctot ot oo ootko
koo couv ctoupqoct no\\ot ptotovot nou upo couv ovo\ct uq\c
0coct oqv kucpvqoq kot oo no\ttk ypocto. o\\ot ntocuouv ot o
cntkctcvo npu0unoupyo 8haLLaral ctvot ptotovo kot ot cntokcncot
kpu qv ckk\qoto. (\. q\ckpovtkq t\toypoto 3)

opo\cnovo o ycyovo ot ouc ot qc nopct vo couv
nponoyovtotko opokqpo, npcnct vo oqctu0ct ot oqv opq ou
cu\tou no\cou, ot tcponooo\c ou ptotovtkou npooq\utoou
o\\ kot ot cnovooc q ootkq tco\oyto cv cpct, npoon0qoov,
pqotonotuvo nopooto qvuoo, vo npooc\kuoouv q uocpq
kotvuvtkq q q upo. 1o ncn\ ctvot q ovq upo oov kooo onou
o ouoqo uv koouv nopct kot ovoyvupt(cot okoo -nop qv
unopq koouvtotkq kucpvqoq- u voto.
ptotovtkc tcponooo\c kot ootkc tcc con\u0qkov
ypqyopo ovcoo ot oq\ocpc koc, kqpuooovo tooqo kot
tkotoouvq, c unoococt yto tooqo uv u\uv kot qokpoto. U
upo, o ncn\ 0cupctot q uocpq upo oqv oto kot to ono t
20 uocpc upc ou kooou c cqoto ko kco\qv ctooqo
ncptnou 900 cupu. 1o ouoqo uv koouv nopocvct oc tou, o ncn\
ctvot ono t nto ovo\qc upc ou kooou kot o 0 ou
n\q0uoou cvct onoovucvo oqv unot0po upt npooooq oc
onotouqnoc ctou cykooooct.
t hepan ctvot to ono t uocpc oc, 0cupouvot
lana 8lboll
[136]

vcyytot ono ov tvoutotko n\q0uoo, nop o ycyovo ot ot ttot
cv ovoyvupt(ouv o ouoqo uv koouv, ko0u q 0pqokcto ou ctvot
kuptu ooovtkq.
pokctot yto to ono t npuc oc nou npoocyytoov -
kpu - ot ptotovot tcponooo\ot q ckocto ou 1990, oov o
ptotovtoo qov okoo onoyopcucvo. opoku 0o ovocpu uo
uno0coct hepan ooJe ot onotot oonoqkov ov ptotovtoo. t
oovot ctvot cono(ouoc tyoupc ovcoo oou hepan, u
0pqokcutkot qycc kot 0cponcuc kot u tocoo\oqc ovcoo
oov ov0puntvo kot uncpuotko kooo.
npuq oqyqoq ou\\c0qkc ko qv cntonto cpcuv ou o
1994 (8lboll 200:69). vuptoo cvov q\tktucvo ooJe - o .8. - nou ctc
onoootoct vo oonooct ov ptotovtoo oou ot tcponooo\ot ou
npooccpov pqoo kot ou ctnov ot q 0pqokcto ou ctvot no\u nto
o\tkq ono otkovotkq noq, oou cv npouno0cct 0uotc (uuv kot
npooopc potuv nou koot(ouv. u ctvot o \oyto ou .8.:

Mto epo evo ovpo pp0e kot ou elne rt eov onoe0 rov ptortovto,
o 0o elvot koo kot rt ev petoerot vo kov kolo oo (reerp) p vo
0uoto kornouo. o 0o prov no0 nto ono. O ovrpo ou elne enlop vo
eopr0 ro r0novo
. 1o eoo orov oep ou kot ev e teo rl ro eet

kovet. nopel vo ro no0poe. O ovrpo e une6oe oe to oktoolo
J
kot ero
ooo rpv 0ppokelo ou kot onre rpo nop vo eoo rou npoyvou
ou.
4

.8. cctvc no\u koo0\tntko kot otocvo. ou oonoqkc ov
ptotovtoo ptoc vo ntvct kot c to no\u ouvoq uvq ou cqyqoc
t okptu ooov. Pov no\u cy\o oc q\tkto kot ovqououoc ytot
cv qcpc t 0o ytvoov c qv uq ou c ov 0voo ou. t
tcponooo\ct, nptv coovtoouv ono qv ncptoq nou (ouoc o ooJe
kot q otkoycvct ou, ou ctnov yto ov nopctoo kot q 8oot\cto uv
upovuv. kot ouo qov o kuptu npo\qo yto ov . 8.. zuuvo c
o kooo\oytk ntocuu uv hepan, o kooo totpctot oc pct
ncptoc: cvvt cntnco cnvu (ot upovot - oos), cvo cntnco oq coq
(o ov0puntvo kooo) kot cn cntnco ku (ku kooo -otol).1o
otol ncptypcot u cvo ctu\\toko onto c novcopc (ouyk\c,
noto kot oyptto yto kuvqyt, onou ot tc uc nvc c o 0voo
kot cvouv o(t c t 0coqc. vt0co o oos, ot upovot, 0cupctot
cvo no\u onookpo kot cntktvuvo oot\cto kot ctvot q kootkto ou
Ccou ou Covou - nou okouct oo tvoutotko ovoo ama ra[a - kot
uv cntktvuvuv n\ovquv (qtobo) nou 0cupouvot unqpcc ou kot

2
ooJe cv nopct vo kvct koto c\cq upt o unovo ou.
3
ooJe ou cqyqoc opyocpo ot q oktooto qov q toq.
4
. 8. (n\qpoopqq), lana 8lboll (cpcuvqpto), Mpto 1994.
[137]

nou cpvouv oppuotc oou ov0punou (8lboll 200:249-277). . 8.
ooov ot - ovo ptotovo - 0o qov kootkoocvo vo nct oov
ptotovtko oupvto nopctoo, cvo kpuo kot cntktvuvo cpo okpt
ono ov ku kooo onou (ouv ot nc0ocvot ou ouvpoot kot ot
npoyovot ou, cvo cpo nou - kot ouo qov to ono t ootkc
ovqoutc - kovcvo cv 0o nopouoc vo t\qoct q vo koo\ct q
y\uooo hepan kot ouc kov o ncno\c(tko.
Lkctvo o povto, cktvqoov ot npuc ouykpouoct ovcoo
oou nopoootokou hepan kot ou ptotovou hepan. uc
ot ouykpouoct ovoouoov o\q qv kotvoqo, oou ot hepan cv
ctc pctooct noc vo ovtcuntoouv knotou ctou coucptkq
ouykpouoq, ovo to okco\q kot tootq kotvuvto, c c\too cu
ko0o\ou ovoyuvtoo cou uv ov0punuv.
cucpq oqyqoq nou 0o q0c\o vo nopouotou, ou\\c0qkc
ko q tpkcto to npoooq cntokcq ou oo ncn\ o
Ackcpto ou 2011, nvu ono cko povto c ono qv c\cuoto ou
cpcuvo. opt0o uv hepan nou oonoqkov ov ptotovtoo
ouq0qkc, oou q pooqptoqo uv tcponooo\uv cv qov nto
onoyopcucvq, kot cntoq cnctq ot hepan nou onooot(ouv vo
o\\ouv 0pqokcto, cntpocuovot c upo kot pqoo. zuuvo c
ov kovovtoo nou optoqkc ono q ootkq kucpvqoq, ovo o
npooq\utoo onoyopcucot, o\\ ot ptotovtkc tcponooo\c couv
tkotuo vo cto\\ouv oc upt, t(ovo ckk\qotc kot oo\cto.
kovcvo cv cct ttotcpo 0opuq0ct ono o ycyovo ot ouv o ovo
to0coto npo pqoq t\to oo ptotovtk oo\cto ctvot q 8t\o
(copoocvq ot y\uooc hepan kot epall).
zc cvo upto, oqv ncptoq Maanpur, yvuptoo ov ooJe M.8.,
cvov ono ou no\\ou oovou q ncptoq. M.8. oonoqkc ov
ptotovtoo q ckocto ou 1990, oov o ptotovtko npooq\utoo
qov onoyopcucvo ko q tpkcto q ovopto kot ou ootkou
cu\tou. Lctvc ptotovo yto cvvt povto, nptv ovoyuptoct oov
ooovtoo. tto ou ctnc:

O norepo ou prov ooJe. An rre nou ne0ove o norepo ou, evot0o rt
enpene vo ovoo6 ro epyo rou, enpene vo okoou0po ro po rou norepo
ou.
ze evo pt prov evo no0 eyoo oe ptklo ov0pno. 1o voo
rou prov koocbo 8oe. Mou oove evo oprl (toptortk) kot prov ypoevo
rt ot npenet vo yvploouv rov koocbo 8oe to opo orp p rou. 1o oprl
eeye rt prov yepovro. Aotnv, npyo vo rov ouvovrpo kot o yepovro ou
elne. eloot no0 veo rpo. O npoyortk 0e elvot o lpoo0. Mero ou elne
vo e nlorp orov lpoo0 kot rt - e our rov rpno - 0o ytvouv oeo
o0ovoro. Apo, nloreuo rt prov evo ko npoyo vo oktoo. npyo vo
prpo ptortovo0 kot ou eeyov rt prov op0eto, onre ooo. evo
nonno e npooeyytoe kot ou elne rt t ylvet ptortov, yppyopo
lana 8lboll
[13]

keplet o kot neptoorepo ero kot rt 0o ytvouv o kot nto no0oto.
Mou elne enlop, rt ov0pnot nou orpeovrot oro ptortovto nopo0ve
oko vo oyopooouv kot ouroklvpro kot noo oo npoyoro kot rt ot ot
ptortovol elvot no0 nto ko0opol kot ylvovrot nool opot kot ekuortkol.
Ako kot rpo eve ouro ro npoyoro oro r koo. Auro elvot eoro.
Aev petooot ero, oo petooot vo oko0 rpv up ou. Ao pouv
enppeooevo on ptortovo0 kot yto evvto pvto o0euo yt ouro0. De
ol 16 otkoyevete 6orlorpkov oe to v0ro. Aurp prov p neploo rp ookp
ovoropop (ev elov npo6poro e rou ptortovo0), oo ot ov0pnot rp
ku6epvpop
5
p0eov vo okoroouv ou rou ptortovo0 nou tetov rpv
kotvo0pyto 0ppokelo. nrov p neploo metqeocy
J
. kelvp rpv neploo npyotvo
oe toopo pto rpoyouvro rpoyo0to yto rov lpoo0
7
. vo yepo ooJe .
8.- e korpyyete orpv ooruvolo. n ooruvolo pp0e kot e ouveo6ov. O l. .
prov evovrlov ou. Aev e e6oov oe lkp, vo orp uokp. n ooruvolo pp0e
vo o ouo6et kot o 6ooovtoe yto epe. lno orpv ooruvolo. 1o kovoe
ono yto vo epoue etppvp orpv up o, t yto vo toooue ro
ptortovto oe oou. Aurp prov p tkotooylo ou. Aurp prov p neploo
metqeocy, to neploo e noo notrtko npo6poro, onre ev pp0e
kovevo vo e 6op0poet.
kelvp rpv neploo, o yt ou prov rptotou erv. 1o notl ou
ne0ove eoo oe rpet epe opporto. D,rt kot oe notov ntore0et, lo epo
npenet vo ne0ovet. Aurp elvot p vp op0eto, rt npenet vo ne0ovoue.
zuvetpronolpoo our kot oo0 kovevo ev pp0e vo e 6op0poet, evotoo rt
0o prov ko0repo vo no nlo orpv 0ppokelo ou. Onre, rre nopotrp0pko
on rov ptortovto. kot on rre ouvetpronolpoo rt elo vo kov ,rt ele
kovet o norepo ou. ytvo ovo ooJe. Drov pouv orp uokp elo evo
vetpo. zro vetpo okopovo ro po npo rov nopoetoo, ove6otvo rplo
okpto okoto rov nppo ro pvuo. Aev 0o rooet orov lpoo0, oko kt ov
okopooet, o lpoo0 elvot no0 okpto on oevo. kot ero okerpko
Ao0 ev nopel vo rooet rov lpoo0, ev eet vpo vo eloot ptortov.
1o vo eloot ptortov elvot opporo.
8

M.8. ctvot oqcpo to toupq uvq oqv kotvoq ou kot oqv
ncptoq q toopto ou ctvot yvuoq kot pqotonotctot u nopctyo
yto t kokc ouvcnctc ou ptotovtoou kot ou ootoou. 8ootk, oqv
ot\to ou tcponooo\c kot cnovooc, qoou kot koouvtoo
oct(ovot ouv: n vp op0eto elvot rt npenet vo ne0ovoue kot
kovel (nop o\q qv nponoyvo kot ono t uo cptc) ev pp0e vo
o 6op0poet. pq oov M.8. kot oc \\c nopootc opuptc, o\ot
opvq0qkov vo oko\ou0qoouv ou ootkou cnovooc ko q
tpkcto q cnovoooq.
zqv npoyotkoqo, no\\ot hepan votu0ouv upo
npoocvot ono to utkq 0pqokcto nou otpo(c poto kot \c c
ovo okono vo onouvouoct ov no\ttoo kot qv ouoqo uv

3
ko qv ovopto kot o ouoqo panchayaL.
6
Lot ovo(cot q ncptoo q koouvtotkq cnovoooq.
7
zc \\q ou(qqoq o ooJe ou ctnc ot cnotpvc knoto \c ono qv tcponooo\q yto
vo poyouqoct oou uno\otnou ptotovtkou uvou.
M. 8. (n\qpoopqq), lana 8lboll (cpcuvqpto), Ackcpto 2011.

[139]

hepan kot - cntoq - ono o koouvtotko koo. pyot, q
koouvtotkq kucpvqoq cuoc oou hepan knoto kotvoupyto
ontto, o\\ - npo o nopov - c\toq yq npo ckc\\cuoq kot kovcvo
ttotcpo tkotuo, oou o ouoqo uv koouv ctvot okoo oc tou.
ko ov M.8.: Ot cbeooq elvot no0 o0ot. no0 o0ot,
cvvouvo ot votu0ct o\c t cucptkc ntcoct kot cntppoc vo
onct\ouv ov no\ttoo hepan kot qv tto ou qv ouoqo. to qv
okptcto, no\\ot hepan votu0ouv ot \oyu ouuv uv cntppouv o
uncpuotk ovo ocvouptouvot kot 0uuvouv.

zlyoupo ot 0eol elvot 0uevot kot rov 0uvouv ovrl vo o 6op0o0v
nopo0v vo npokoeoouv neptoorepo npo6poro, yto nopoetyo vo
orelouv opporte. Drov ot ov0pnot orpeovrot npo rov ptortovto, ot
0eol uoopeoro0vrot no0. lt our ou6olvouv roo noo koko orov koo.
Ot 0erpre erorpenovrot oe koko nve0oro (bot-tet) kot npokoo0v
koroorpoe. n npoyortkrpro koroppeet kot o kot neptoorepe
koroorpoe ou6olvouv n oetool kot roouvot.
9

op o\o o ycyovo ot to ovcktkoqo ovcoo oou nopoootokou
kot ou ptotovou hepan ctvot okoo unopkq, ot uo oc
ctvouv vo touptoouv kot q to \cnct qv \\q c kounoto.
zo \oyto cvo \\ou ooJe, ou 8.8.:

O notrto o elvot no0 opovrtk kot olpoot vo rov torpp. Av0pnot
nou oonoovrot rov ptortovto nouove rp 0ppokelo o. Me rov ooo ev
eoue roo npo6poro. Mp pro, kove rp oueto oou, rpye ro oypr
oou, p evoel rou oou kot ro ko ev 0o oe evoel, oo npenet vo
okoou0o0e rpv up o kot rov notrto o.
10

pyot, ko qv tpkcto uv cpcuvuv ou, no\\ot hepan ooJe
ou ctnov ot ctvot no\u ncpqovot yto o ycyovo ot cv couv tcp
ypon kctcvo oo no\ttoo ou, ko0u 0cupouv ot cv to 0pqokcto
pct(cot vo ypoct oc ctvot ouvoq. kot uotk ouo o oqcto
ctvot ttotcpo cvtocpov oov t\c yto qv npooptkq toopto, q
onoto ctvot - ko knotov pono - q ovotkq toopto nou o\q0tv
cntocuovot ot hepan.
ko q tpkcto c\cuv, ot ooJe ctocpovot oc
coo\\ocvc kooooct q ouvctqoq, kooooct ko t
onotc ntocuouv ot oqvouv o ouo ou oc ov0puntvo cntnco cvu q
uq ou otcuct oou oupovou kot oov ku kooo (8lboll 2004).
Aoyu ouou, okt(ouv to coq cntkotvuvto c o uncpuotk ovo
c o onoto t\ouv, ou(qouv q okoo no\couv nptv yuptoouv ntou
oov ov0puntvo kooo. knoc to yuvotko hepan ooJe ou ctnc: ro

9
10
8. 8. (n\qpoopqq), lana 8lboll (cpcuvqpto), Ackcpto 2011.
lana 8lboll
[160]

yto elvot toupo kot op0tvo, ro yponro ev elvot rlnoro
11
.
Cov o M.8., c o ovctpo nou ctc oq u\okq, onootoc vo
oqoct ov ptotovtoo, o\t nopcoc vo yuptoct ntou oo upto ou,
coc ov tcpco nou ov \cyovc 8. 1o npoqyoucvo pu ctc cvo \\o
ovctpo onou ou ctnov: Mp ovet oo npoyoro. np oou ooe
rpv op0eto. Onre pv ovet yto rlnore oo. Mc nqyc oov tcpco:

lo to tovlo e rov tepeo k. yto rp l6o. 1ou elno. Aur nou
entore0erot pl vo 6enet kot pl vo ovoprterot elvot ru. Ao ey
nop oeoo vo 6en kot vo oko0 rou 0eo0 ou, ev eoel ot ptortovol
ev eere et kovevov. o ro okerelre. eoel elore ourol nou entore0eore
pl vo 6enere, ev ey elot our nou eet et. olere n 0o elore
o0ovorot pl vo eere et rov lpoo0 kot vot0ere kot euyvove. Ao ey
elot toopertk. n up ou elvot ol ou kot okoou0 rpv up ou. Ot
0eol ou elvot ol ou kot ou tove oneu0elo, ev eoel entore0eore evo
6t6lo.
12

C7>*=+4$>%/%

t ooJe hepan onu kot ot oovot no\\uv no\ttouv ou n\ovqq,
onoc\ouv tyoupc-k\ctt kot ctvot uncu0uvot yto qv utkq kot
uotkq uycto q tkq ou oo, ko0u kot yto qv cknotcuoq uv
kotvouptuv ycvcuv. zc no\ttoou onou q toopto cotcot
npooptk, ot tqyqoct onu kot o c\coupytk ooo uv ooJe
ckp(ouv kot ko knoto pono kt(ouv kot cvuvouvouv q
ouvctqoq q ouoqo, cpqvcuovo qv opoq kot qv oopoq
npoyotkoqo ou nopc\0ovo kot ou nopovo. ?no qv cvvoto ouq,
ot oovot hepan ctvot kot tooptkot q - okoq ko\ucpo - ctvot ot
tocoo\oqc ot ovo cou ov0punuv kot uncpuotkuv ovuv,
o\\ kot cou toopto kot kotvuvtkq oo.
Cnu oqctuoc q a-zarneca o no\ttoo nopct vo
qtoupyqoct ycupc q ovt0cu nopct vo 0cct toupou poyou
cou ouv kot ov0punuv (2003: 137, eropoop lkp ou). t
ptotovot tcponooo\ot onu kot ot ootoc qycc q koouvtotkq
cnovoooq, pqotonotuvo cvo no\u nopooto qvuo cotoocvo
oqv tooqo kot q tkotoouvq, ovo(qqoov kot ovo(qouv ouou
ovcoo oou oovou. no ot otvcot ono t tqyqoct nou
nopouotooo oc ouo o kctcvo, oqv opq ot ooJe ctvot npo0uot vo
c0ouv q ouvvqoq kot okoq kot qv o\\oyq nou cntcpouv \\c
no\ttkc kot 0pqokcutkc oc. uq q npo0uto oct\cot oc
cy\o o0o oo ycyovo ot, ou\toov cntovctok, o qokpotko
qvuo nou unooqpt(ct qv tooqo o\uv uv ov0punuv kot qv

11
krlshora el ra[a (n\qpoopqpto), lana 8lboll (cpcuvqpto), zcncpto 1996.
12
[161]

kopyqoq ou ouoqoo uv koouv, ctvot no\u nto kov ot
kotvuvtkc kot 0pqokcutkc opc uv hepan on o,t ot ouoqpc
opc nou pu0t(ouv qv (uq uv voutotkuv ouv uq\uv koouv
ou ncn\. zc to okco\q kot ctoutkq kotvuvto nou (ct ku ono o
opto q ucto, c c\toq npooooq oc unqpcotc uycto, nooooo
ovo\oqtoou ou 7 (8 2003) kot qv onoto ot voutoc q
upo 0cupouv koucpq kot vcyytq, oqv opq o no\ttko qvuo
ou Mo kot o kqpuyo ou ptoou outoqkov cuko\o c t onoct
uv nto toupuv npoountkoquv q kotvuvto, uv oovuv kot -oc
cupucpq ov\uoq - c ov no\ttoo kot c qv toopto uv hepan.
onouoto yponuv kctcvuv kot q toopctkq koookcuq q
toopto nou oot(cot oov npooptko \oyo, cntpcnouv to cuc\tto
nou covt(cot cvovo oc npooptkou no\ttoou. 1hompson
unoypot(ct ot, oc ouq qv ncptnuoq, q toopto ytvcot nto
qokpotkq (2002:37) kot ot q npooptkq toopto npoocpct cntoq
to otoqqoq uv kotvuv onuv q toopto, ou ono\uou ponou
c qv onoto q c\cuoto cct ouvq0toct vo kptvct o npyoo. Ltvot cvo
coo pt(tkq coopuoq q kotvuvtkq oqooto q toopto
(2002:33).
zqv y\uooo uv hepan, onu kot oc no\\c \\c y\uooc
npooptkuv no\ttouv (n.. 1onln 1992:26) cv unpct to okptq
cpooq q \cq toopto. t ovoopc oc ycyovoo ou
nopc\0ovo, ckp(ovot c poct onu nptv no\u kotpo, oqv
cnoq uv npoyovuv kot oqv opq ou kooou kot -okoq kot oc
ooovtk ooo - ouvq0u ovt(ouv to (cnt0uqq) ouvccto c o
nopov:

O 0eol nou eere nolet orou Oupovo0,
An rre nou ot ov0pnot eeyov rpv op0eto,
Aurp p reerp eet reeorel oro voo rou Nomtooq
1J
.
\0e ot npyovot enotov e evveo ro kot 6ep...
(oqcpo) eloot our nou nolet e evveo ro kot 6ep.
14

(8lboll 200:393)

zt ncptooocpc ou(qqoct kot c\cc, q uptvq kotvuvtkq ouvq
(klelnman, as Loc 1997: lx-xxll) ouykptvcot c to puoq cnoq - cv
cpct ovootokq q u0tkq - ou okptvou nopc\0ovo, to cnoq onou
ot hepan qov cvo toupo \oo nou (ouoc c\cu0cpo oo n\ouoto
oq ou ncn\, oc ono\uq opovto c o uotko ncpt\\ov kot c
ov uncpuotko kooo (8lboll 2011).
Cnu npokunct kot ono t ouvcvcuct uv ooJe nou

13
0co ou kuvqytou.
14
zoovtko oo nou o ooJe arcln poyouqoc oqv tpkcto q cqoto c\cq oq
tq ou 0cou ou kuvqytou.
lana 8lboll
[162]

ovccpo noponvu, c ono to koopqv cntooouvq oc kotvouptc
cucptkc no\ttkc kot 0pqokcutkc cntppoc, oko\ou0ct to
onoyoqcuoq nou nqy(ct ono o ouvqpo oto0qo ckc\\cuoq kot
onq. pcuoo npooptko \oyo oc noponcnct oqv cnoq uv
npoyovuv, uv nonnouuv kot okoq kot uv nocpuv kot q
onoyoqcuoq q q pvqoq copcnovot oc toup kotvuvtk kot
no\ttotk qvuoo. zq tpkcto uv ouvcvcucuv, o npoountko
novo ou M. 8. - nou qoc ovctq\o oqto oqv opko kot q uq
ou - ytvoov cvo c o \oyto ou kot c t ouotkc ktvqoct nou o
ouvocuovc. Cnu cypoc o lpe, ot v0punot cv t\vc ovo c \oyto
o\\ kot c q y\uooo ou ouoo, t ckpoct kot ou ovou
(199:32 eropoop tkp ou) kot oc no\\c ncptnuoct ou nou ot
yponc oqctuoct ou cpcuvqq nou tcyct q ouvcvcuq otvovot
vo ctvot cuko\c kot on\c npooct, oov npooptko \oyo couv to
no\u uq\ocpq toooq kot oto ttotcpo oqovtkc yto \oou upt
ypoq.
toopto kot ot tooptc onoc\ouv opoc npoyotkoqc kot
cnctptc cpqvcuocvc ono o\c t oto0qoct. t hepan ctvot
uontoot oncvovt oo ypono \oyo nou 0cupouv \tyocpo uvoo oc
ocoq c o npooptko. to ouo no\\ot oovot oo ncn\ ntocuouv
ot q tkq ou 0pqokcto, oqv onoto cv coo\oouv tcp t\to cou
ov0punuv kot uncpuotkou, ctvot no\u nto toupq ono t yponc
0pqokctc. Cnu ctoc kot oo \oyto ou M. 8. nou ovocpovot oqv
ouvvqoq ou ooJe c ov ptotovo tcpco 8., ot oovot couv o
npovoto vo t\qoouvc kot vo ouvovqoouvc o uncpuotk ovo kot
ou npoyovou oq tpkcto uv oytkuv ottuv nou ckc\ouv oov
ptokovot oc coo\\ocvc kooooct q ouvctqoq, cvu q ntoq
\\uv 0pqokctuv ctvot u\q kot cv oot(cot oc npoountkq
cnctpto, o\\ oc unono kot kutkonotqcvo ypon kctcvo.
zqv ouoto, oc o\c t ooovtkc c\cc nou ctvot ocov nvo
qootc, kot cntoq ot ou(qqoct uv ooJe c o \\o c\q q
kotvuvtkq oo, topoot(cot q toopto o\uv uv hepan kot
ytvcot opoq. Mto toopto onou o npooptko \oyo kot ot ouotkc
ckpoct ko knotov pono koopyouv ou ouoqpou poyou
cou nopc\0ovo, nopovo kot c\\ovo. Mto toopto nou ytvcot
toyo kot npoono0ct cvcpy kot opo - ovcpuvovo t
cuoto0qoct, t noytc kot t onc - vo toct o c\\ov.

[163]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
8. 2003. opulaLlon Monoraph o epal, 1oo l, aLlonal lannln
ommlsslon ecreLarlaL, enLral 8ureau o LaLlsLlcs. kaLhmanu,
epal.
llae, Mlrcea. 197. zoovto. 0qvo: Lkooct o(qvtko\q [puq
Lkooq ayoL: optot 1931].
klelnman, ArLhur as, veena Loc, MarareL (cn.). 1997. 5oclol
5offetloq. 8ereley: nlerslLy o allornla ress.
LaoLl, Mahenra aharl, Anup k. (cn.) 2010. 1be Moolst osotqeocy lo
Neol. kevolotloo lo tbe 1eoty-fltst ceototy. Aovtvo kot nco
?opkq: 8ouLlee.
a-zarneca, !ohanna. 2003. lerences an lsLances. onLesLe
Lhnlc Marers ln Local an aLlonal ommunlLles. zo Marle
LecompLe-1lloulne ascale ollus (cn), tbolc kevlvol ooJ
kellqloos 1otmoll. Jeotltles ooJ keteseototloos lo tbe nlmoloyos.
opq: Cxor nlerslLy ress, 137-133.
8lboll, lana. 2004. xLrasensory 1rances an 1rances o MoemenL.
8elecLlons on Lhe lerenL 1ypes o hamanlc 1rances. zo ArL
LeeLe aul llrnhaber (cn), 5bomoolsm lo tbe otetJlsclllooty
cootet. 8oca 8aLon, llorla: 8ron Waler ress, 120-130.
8lboll, lana. 200. 1oosotlboo. Av0pnooytkp Meerp rou zoovtoo0
rv cbeooq rou orlou kot kevrptko0 eno. 0qvo: Lkooct
ono(qoq.
8lboll, lana. 2011. 'e lloy lo tbe 8loc ooqle ooJ lo tbe blte ooqle.
1he loresL as a 8epresenLaLlon o Lhe hamanlc osmos ln Lhe
hanLs o Lhe eman-erlLo (enlnsular Malaysla) an Lhe
hepan (epal), 5nAMAN 191-2:133-16.
lpe, an. 199. 1he luLure o Cral lsLory an Moln lmaes. zo
8oberL ers AllsLalr 1homson (cn), 1be Otol nlstoty 8eaer.
Aovtvo: 8ouLlee, 30-3.
1hompson, aul. 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp loroplo.
0qvo: \c0pov.
1onln, llzabeLh. 1992. Nottotloq oot losts. 1be 5oclol coosttoctloo of
Otol nlstoty. ambrle: ambrle nlerslLy ress.

)3=./+,2#.( h#h3#,&+%-0%

1. hLLp:.blblelllnmlnlsLrles.ornepalmlsslons

2. hLLp:.releL.combchrlsLlans-an-maolsLs
L11972lnex.hLmlsb7b276e67c4264a13e46eb42779amp

3. hLLp:.eelybllLz.neL2033susplclous-acLllLles-o-human-rlhLs-acLllsLs

[164]

[163]

Zmn {klwm omwkk{x xnl{wxn jwzxnm{vk@ n klz w jv{v nx xwxNjv{v
{x lmvv fzmwvnx owzxlm{vk

!oanna 8ornaL
1
anlela kolea
2

A=+031T1

At-e0vtkp npooptkp toroplo. to eerp yto rt orooet onevovrt orp
0ppokelo oe rpet eupnoke pe

nopo nou ot eerpre rp npooptkp toroplo elvot yvorol yto ro
te0vto rv npooeyyloev kot rv npokrtkv rou, ro nopoelyoro
ouykptrtkv eerv elvot lyo. nlop, p npooptkp toroplo ev eet
evtoep0el ttolrepo yto ro n nopouotoerot p 0ppokelo p p
eykootrpro orp vrovp vpp. lto rou you ouro0 evo npypoo
nou tepeuvo rp ero6oevp toroptkp enetplo rv ooyv ort
orooet onevovrt oe nopoootoke 0ppokeurtke npokrtke oe rpet
eupnoke pe (ouyoplo, ouovlo, kot nvevo ooleto)
npooepet uvorrpre yto vo ovonru0el p npooptkp toroplo
npooeyytop 0o ept nprtvo nopoepevv 0eortkv. rp t-
e0vtkp o0ykptop kot rv ooyv rv 0ppokeurtkv nenot0poev.
zrpv ovokolvop ourp neptypooue ro npypoo Oppokeurtke kot
kootke 1eeroupyle kot kovoue to entoknpop ouykptrtkv
eerv npooptkp toroplo. zrp ouveeto nopouotooue
onoreeooro rou npoypooro e nopoelyoro kot on rt rpet
pe. 1eo, eerooue rt nopel vo npooepet to ouykptrtkp
npooeyytop orpv npooptkp toroplo, ovrvro on rpv enetplo o orp
t-e0vtkp ouvepyoolo.

ln Lhls paper e oer a brle oerle o a research pro[ecL,
'Marln 1ranslLlons an Meanln across Lhe Lle ourse: Cler eoples
Memorles o 8elllous an ecular eremonles ln asLern an WesLern
urope
3
(8A), hlch seL ouL Lo explore Lhe slnllcance o relllous belle
ln laLe lle Lhrouh oral hlsLory lnLerles ln hlch people ln Lhree
counLrles, 8ularla, 8omanla an Lhe k, ere lnlLe Lo recall chanes ln

1
Cpen nlerslLy, k.
2
nlerslLy kllmenL Chrlsl, ola.
3
'Marln 1ranslLlons an Meanln across Lhe Lle ourse: Cler eoples Memorles o
8elllous an ecular eremonles ln asLern an WesLern urope, 2010-11. A88
8elllon an ocleLy roramme. Aar no: A00431.

!oanna 8ornaL anlela kolea
[166]

relllous an secular ceremonles, belles an pracLlces. 1he sLuy o
relllon has been much nelecLe, enerally an specllcally by oral
hlsLorlans. Aln comparlson Lo Lhls, as ell as a ocus on laLe lle, Lhe
pro[ecL as lnelLably enLerln LerrlLory hlch has been llLLle explore.
1hese Lhree counLrles hae experlence ery lerenL hlsLorles o
relllous aherence. Whereas ln Lhe k secularlsm as a moemenL has
exlsLe slnce Lhe laLe nlneLeenLh cenLury an Lhe Lurn aay rom church
aLLenance as ell esLabllshe by Lhe 1960s, Lhe experlence ln 8omanla
an 8ularla has been ery lerenL. ln 8omanla an 8ularla, Lhe
communlsL Lae oer ln 1944 resulLe ln pollcles hlch lnlLlally alme aL
Lhe ellmlnaLlon o relllon, hoeer haL olloe lere ln Lhe Lo
counLrles. ln 8ularla, CrLhooxy as successully rebrane as culLural
an hlsLorlcal herlLae alonsle eorLs Lo elaboraLe an lnLrouce secular
hollays an rlLuals, hlle marlnallsln relllous ones. onLrasLlnly, ln
8omanla, communlsL rule aLer 1944 l noL lea Lo Lhe suppresslon o Lhe
CrLhoox hurch hlch ha a reaL eree o lnepenence rom Lhe laLe
1930s an lnee relllous pracLlce as malnLalne aL a hlh leel, beln
conslere an lnherenL parL o Lhe 8omanlan lenLlLy ln Lhe eausescu
perlo (1970s-190s). 1oay, 8omanla has one o Lhe hlhesL leels o
relllous alllaLlon ln urope (urobaromeLer 2003). 1oay ln 8ularla,
leels o ormal alllaLlon are ea, yeL popular splrlLuallLy llne Lo local
culLs an rlLual pracLlces perslsLs.
4

uch lerences presenL an opporLunlLy Lo consler experlences
o chanln conLexLs or relllous an secular pracLlces slnce Lhe ml
LenLleLh cenLury an Lo aln lnslhL lnLo meanln ln laLe lle as people
mae sense o Lhe many LranslLlons hlch Lhey hae lle Lhrouh. ln haL
ollos e beln lLh an oerle o comparaLle oral hlsLory an
consler oral hlsLorys nelecL o relllon beore oln on Lo ouLllne Lhe
approach aopLe by 8A, enln lLh some lnlns lLh a ocus on
rlLual pracLlces as a orm o 'soclal normaLllLy.

wunm{kwx {x wmn {klwm

esplLe oral hlsLorys lnLernaLlonallsm, expresse Lhrouh ecaes
o conerences an meeLlns, as ell as publlcaLlons ln all o hlch
pracLlLloners an parLlclpanLs hae exchane les on share Lhemes
ran ln Lhe maln rom Lhe lasL hunre years o uropean hlsLory, Lhere
are ery e examples o [olnL orln across naLlonal bounarles on
share Loplcs.
3

4
urobaromeLer 2003 see oleman eL al, orLhcomln, or a more eLalle lscusslon o
Lhese lssues.
3
ee or example Lhe archles o Otol nlstoty (.ohs.or.u) an Otol nlstoty kevle
(hLLp:ohr.oxor[ournals.or) an Lo oral hlsLory serles publlshe by alrae Macmlllan
Cral hlsLory crossln naLlonal bounarles
[167]

lLe collecLlons, slnllcanLly Lhose ln Lhe otetootloool eotboo
of Otol nlstoty ooJ llfe 5totles serles, encourae Lhls broa perspecLle,
Laln ln naLlonal lerences, raln ouL Lhemes lLh sLules hlch
ocus on amlly, mlraLlon, LoLallLarlanlsm an ener (see, or example,
8erLaux 1hompson 1993). oeer, Lhouh Lhey share much, Lhe
conLrlbuLors ere noL orln LoeLher on a pro[ecL, nor ere Lhey
comparaLle. More Lyplcally Lhey Lene Lo or Loars Lhe enerallsln
moel hlch anLrals (1999) lenLlles, lLLln lnllual naLlonal
lerences lnLo hlsLorlcal seeps an eneraLlonal moemenLs. xamples
o a more specllc comparaLle approach lnclue vllanoas lnLerles
lLh 'llllLeraLe orers ln 8arcelona, 8alLlmore an azl eaLh camps
(vllanoa 2011) an van 8oeschoLens sLuy o arLlme massacres ln a
ree an an lLallan lllae. (van 8oeschoLen 2007) een so Lhese use aLa
collecLe or lerenL pro[ecLs aL lerenL Llmes. 8A as Lhus leL lLh
ery e examples Lo ra on an lnee Lhe search or examples o
cross-naLlonal comparaLle oral hlsLory pro[ecLs narros on Lo only
Lhree examples prelous Lo 8A.
C Lhe Lhree lnLernaLlonal oral hlsLory pro[ecLs hlch oer a lL
lLh haL 8A seL ouL Lo o, Lo ocus on Lhe same Loplc, Lhe sLuenL
moemenLs o 196. 1he lrsL, chronololcally, ls 8onal lrasers 1968 A
5toJeot eoetotloo lo kevolt (19). 1hls re on lnLerles carrle ouL ln
slx counLrles, A, WesL ermany, lrance, lLaly, k an orLhern lrelan
by a Leam o lnLerleers ho comprlse lealn lures ln Lhe oral hlsLory
orl (lraser 19:6). ln hls lnLroucLlon lraser lenLlles Lhelr 'polnL o
eparLure as a share le o Lhe lnLernaLlonallsm o Lhe 196 sLuenL
moemenL an LhaL 'naLlonal specllclLles oul Lae secon place
(19:4). AlLoeLher 230 people ere lnLerlee Lhrouh a neLor o
lnLerleer conLacLs.
1here are a number o oblous lerences: or a sLarL, Lhe Llme
lapse slnce Lhe eenLs o 196 - less Lhan LenLy years - ls much shorLer
Lhan Lhe llespan Lhe 8A lnLerleees ere ase Lo recall, parLlclpanLs
ere uner lLy ln Lhe 1930s an aL a lerenL lle sLae compare Lo Lhe
73 year ols lnLerlee or our pro[ecL.
ome LenLy years laLer, 8oberL llea an colleaues reLurne Lo
Lhe eenLs o 196 lLh a slmllarly lnLernaLlonal oral hlsLory pro[ecL,
lnLerleln acLllsLs rom a hunre roups an neLors ln ourLeen
counLrles, 'rom paln Lo Lhe 8 an rom lcelan Lo reece (llea

an Cxor nlerslLy ress hLLp:us.macmlllan.comserlesalraeLuleslnCrallsLory.
Accesse 19.11.12 an
hLLp:ucaLaloue.oup.comcaLeoryacaemlcserleshlsLoryorhls.o#.1x83L. Accesse
19.11.12

[16]

2010:71). 1hey compleLe 300 lle hlsLory lnLerles or a pro[ecL LlLle
'Aroun 196, urln 2007-10 (llea, orLhomln:3). 1hls approach
enable a raLher lerenL approach Lo lraser an hls colleaues. 1helr
pro[ecL lnclue ourLeen counLrles breachln earller lles an lnclue
asLern urope, olan, zechosloala, unary, Lhe erman emocraLlc
8epubllc an Lhe oleL nlon as ell as lrancos panlsh lcLaLorshlp an
Lhe reece o Lhe olonels. ln Lhls ay Lhey sprea Lhelr neL urLher Lhan
Lhe 'eplcenLre o reolL Lo a ler eoraphy o acLlon an
lnLerconnecLlons (llea, orLhcomln:13).
1he Lhlr example o a cross-naLlonal oral hlsLory ls no less
amblLlous, boLh ln Lerms o scale an hlsLorlcal lmpacL. 1he lnLernaLlonal
lorce Labourers ocumenLaLlon ro[ecL le by Alexaner von laLo
compleLe almosL 600 lnLerles beLeen 2004 an 2007 ln LenLy-our
uropean counLrles an ln lsrael, ouLh Arlca an Lhe A. 1he pro[ecL
as une by Lhe erman lounaLlon 8emembrance, 8esponslblllLy an
luLure (LlLun rlnnerun, veranLorLun un ZuunL) (1honel
2011:33) an olloe Lhe lounaLlons proramme o paymenLs Lo orce
labourers beLeen 2001 Lo 2007 hlch came aLer a naLlonal process o
ebaLe an lnLernaLlonal neoLlaLlon. 1he lnLerles ere bloraphlcal,
raln on peoples experlences rom Lhelr earllesL chllhoo memorles,
Lhrouh Lhelr experlence o orce labour (von laLo 200:11).
o ar as oral hlsLory ls concerne, Lhere are arlous reasons or
Lhe pauclLy o compleLe pro[ecLs, aparL rom Lhe oblous quesLlon o cosL
an oranlsaLlonal complexlLy. 1he lenLllcaLlon o a shareable ocus as
clearly helpul Lo Lhe Lhree pro[ecLs escrlbe. WlLhouL LhaL lenLlle
ocus, lnln an operaLlonal moral an pollLlcal perspecLle, cross-naLlonal
comparlson maybe problemaLlc. oeer oral hlsLorys elnln
characLerlsLlc, Lhe recorln o olce memorles, coul hae ore
aalnsL Lhe ery lnLernaLlonallsm hlch proponenLs espouse an or Lhree
reasons. llrsL, Lhe hlsLorlcal omlnance o nllsh as a llnua ranca has Lhe
Lenency Lo lscourae lnLernaLlonallsm len Lhe assoclaLlon o LhaL
lanuae lLh heemony an emplre.
1he secon reason ls LhaL orln Lhrouh LranslaLlon can only be
a ery approxlmaLe ay or oral hlsLorlans Lo access orllnal meanlns an
eellns (see or example lscusslons by Anres 1993 8urLon 2003
Wheeler 200) an, Lhouh lL can reeal unexpecLe lnslhLs, LranslaLlon
oes aalnsL Lhe enres cenLral an elnln prlnclples o lnllual sel
expresslon an empoermenL (1hompson 2000 Abrams 2010:134-161).
nllsh as Lhe llnua ranca or Lhe 8A Leam lLh LranslaLlon
rom 8omanlan an 8ularlan Laln place aLer Lhe lnLerles ha Laen
place. 1houh unoubLely Lhls ae naLle nllsh Leam members an
aanLae ln some respecLs, Lhey ere relaLlely lsaanLae ln LhaL
none as amlllar lLh elLher o Lhe oLher Lo oLher lanuaes, ln conLrasL
[169]

lLh Lhelr colleaues rom 8omanla an 8ularla ho all possesse an
excellenL sLanar o nllsh Lhouh l noL spea each oLhers lanuae.
lssues o meanln an unersLanln are mosL releanL aL Lhe sLae o
aLa analysls an lnLerpreLaLlon hen orln ln a cross-naLlonal roup
an are elenL ln Lhe hlsLorlcal, llnulsLlc an culLural complexlLles hlch
occur hen memory ls use as Lhe ay Lo access Lhe pasL an Lhls ls
perhaps Lhe Lhlr reason hy so e comparaLle pro[ecLs hae emere
rom oral hlsLory, esplLe a commlLmenL Lo a splrlL o lnLernaLlonallsm. l
Lhere are e examples o cross-naLlonal oral hlsLory pro[ecLs Lo consulL,
Lhere are een eer oral hlsLorlans ho hae looe aL relllon an
rememberln.
6
ln Lhe nexL secLlon e consler hy Lhls ls Lhe case beore
oln on Lo loo aL ho 8A seL ouL Lo eal lLh a comparaLle sLuy o
relllon an secularlsm ln Lhe lles o Lhree roups o oler uropeans, ln
8ularla, 8omanla an Lhe k.

[v{{wx nk n lw{o {x wmn {klwm

ln Lhe oral hlsLory llLeraLure relllon appears ln accounLs o
lnLerles lLh aLle Amerlcans, lerlans, parLlclpanLs ln Lhe lll
8lhLs moemenL, ln urban an ln rural seLLlns, ln relaLlon Lo communlLy
membershlp, eLhnlclLy an amlly hlsLory. lL ls hlhllhLe or Lhe parL lL
has playe ln Lhe lles o people aecLe by conllcL, persecuLlon an rapl
moernlsaLlon oer mosL o Lhe LenLleLh cenLury (see, or example,
uzla usa 1996 llyasolu 1996). As ls elenL rom a search o Lhe
Lo [ournals, Otol nlstoty kevle an Otol nlstoty, Lhe Lerm 'relllon
commonly appears ln pro[ecL esln, lnlcaLln Loplcs Lo be coere an ln
publlshe accounLs lL cerLalnly appears as an aspecL o peoples lles,
someLlmes as an lnlcaLor o eneraLlonal chane or eLhnlc or communlLy
sollarlLy (see, or example, kolea 2009 sLer 200). 1here are examples
o oral hlsLory approaches Lo specllc relllous communlLles an
membershlps (see, or example, Anroslno 1991 errar 1996 !ohnsLon
an Mclarlan 200). oeer, as a phenomenon, a seL o pracLlces, a
share experlence, relllous belle has alne llLLle aLLenLlon rom oral
hlsLorlans. An secularlsm or non-relllous belle has by eaulL
experlence een reaLer nelecL.
An excepLlon Lo all Lhls ls an arLlcle by Wllllams ln Lhe Lheme lssue
o Otol nlstoty, '8elllon an belle (1996), ho arues Lhe case or oral
hlsLory as Lhe mosL approprlaLe meLho Lo research popular belle. he ls
lnLeresLe ln unersLanln 'Lhe characLer an conLenL o Lhe belles o
orln people ho lle Lhelr lles on Lhe ees o Lhe lnsLlLuLlonal
church lLhln Lhe sphere o popular culLure (Wllllams 1996:27).

6
lor a more eLalle lscusslon o all Lhese lssues see 8ornaL, orLhcomln.
[170]

lnllcanLly, her approach as noL Lo as lnLerleees lrecLly abouL
belle or ormal pracLlces buL Lo eneraLe responses hlch expresse
eellns an belles ln a 'lsLlncL lanuae ln hlch belles ere ormulaLe
an coneye (Wllllams 1996:29). he shos ho ln lnLerles arlous
belles comblne, as or example Mrs ly ho hen ase l Lhere as a
8lble ln her amlly ansere: 'Ch yes, you ha Lo hae a 8lble, oLherlse
you oul be unlucy l you lnL hae a 8lble (Wllllams 1996:30).
1hls approach ls eelope more ully by 8ron ln a monoraph
hlch loos aL Lhe secularlzaLlon o 'hrlsLlan 8rlLaln oer Lo cenLurles
(2001). sln rlLLen LexLs or Lhe nlneLeenLh cenLury, he ras on
archle oral hlsLory lnLerles or Lhe laLer perlo Lo arue or a
'lscursle hrlsLlanlLy (2001:13) hlch reconlzes a nee Lo unersLan
belle an non-belle as spoen expresslons, escrlbe behalours an
relecLlons on expecLe hrlsLlan acLllLy an lnsLlLuLlons.
Wllllams an 8rons or mlhL hae been expecLe Lo hae
been olloe up by oral hlsLorlans lnLeresLe ln communlLy an soclal
hlsLory, buL surprlslnly Lhls has noL been Lhe case. 1o recenL
publlcaLlons lnclue relllon an belle as aspecLs o broaer lscusslons,
ln each case hlhllhLln Lhe role o emoLlon an splrlLuallLy ln recall
(Moole 2010 8ornaL 2010). ln boLh cases, a ocus on relllon as
seconary Lo Lhe lnlLlal enqulry, suesLln LhaL Lhere ls scope or oral
hlsLorlans ho Lae a more soclo-culLural approach Lo lnclue belles as
Lhey lnLerle on a le rane o Loplcs.
Cral hlsLorys orllns ln Lhe k ere lLhln Lhe secular LralLlon o
ralcal pollLlcs hlch, Lhouh lL reconlze Lhe alllaLlons an aLLachmenLs
o ey lures ln relaLlon Lo such moemenLs as hrlsLlan oclallsm, or
example, place reaLer emphasls on Lhe slnllcance o lnsLlLuLlons an
acLllLles hlch ere lnepenenL o Lhe esLabllshe church an relllous
leaers enerally. eo, lLh a rlchly lllusLraLe arumenL oers a correcLle
Lo Lhls Lenency aruln or Lhe reconlLlon o eelln an emoLlon ln Lhe
commlLmenL o early 8rlLlsh soclallsLs ln Lhe 1990s (eo 1977).
lsrear has o course also been a reacLlon Lo Lhe role o relllon
ln supporLln amaln communlLarlanlsm ln orLhern lrelan an
coLlan. lrom Lhls perspecLle relllous belle has been lee as
hlsLorlcally llsle an Lhe lnsLlLuLlons o relllous obserance as
LralLlonally lerLln aLLenLlon rom Lhe reallLles o orln lles
(1hompson 1963). WlLh all Lhese preceenLs, ho as Lhe 8A sLuy
carrle ouL an achlee

mwvol wjvol{vk nx uvlwk

Whlle acnoleln Lhe slnllcance o Lhe ery lerenL pollLlcal
hlsLorles o Lhe Lhree counLrles e ere lnLeresLe ln, e ere een Lo
[171]

lenLly chanln relllous an non-relllous pracLlces ln ays LhaL oul
enable an encourae comparlson. 1he Loplc o rlLual presenLe lLsel or a
number o reasons. 8lLual ls lncreaslnly reconlse Lo be as cenLral Lo Lhe
soclal phenomenon o relllon as belle lLsel. lnee lL ls prlmarlly Lhrouh
Lhe share acLlons, erbal or non-erbal, LhaL persons express relllous
belles. lL ls also rlLual LhaL mars persons ouL as belonln Lo one
parLlcular relllon an noL anoLher, an lL ls oLen Lhrouh elaboraLe
lnlLlaLlon rlLuals LhaL persons [oln a relllous roup. 1hus rlLuals polnL Lo
Lhe pracLlcal an collecLle aspecLs o relllon.
1he our research quesLlons ere ore ln such a ay as Lo
aclllLaLe a comparaLle approach across Lhe Lhree counLrles hlle also
alloln or Lhe ery lerenL bacrouns an orlenLaLlons Loars
relllon hel by members o Lhe pro[ecL Leam an ere Lhus:
WhaL hae been Lhe chanes ln use o rlLual LhaL oler people
remember an ho ere Lhey experlence
WhaL are Lhe consequenL benelLs as ell as losses percele by
Lhose ho hae lLnesse Lhe chanln Lrens ln rlLual
WhaL ls Lhe characLer o alLernaLle secular orms o rlLual hlch
hae prouce as meanlnul sense o occaslon or lle LranslLlons
WhaL ls Lhe remalnln aLLracLlon o relllous rlLual or Lhose ho
hae llLLle or no expllclL relllous belle an pracLlce
ln seeln elence hlch mlhL prole responses Lo Lhese
quesLlons, Lhe 8A Leam as noL lnLeresLe ln Lhe ormallLles o
lnsLlLuLlonallse ceremonles or acLual lnormaLlon abouL church
aLLenance. Cur ocus as on recall o expresslons o belle an non-belle
an Lhe ays ln hlch chanln ceremony an rlLual hae been embee
ln eery ay lle, oer Llme. Cral hlsLory lnLerles lLh people oer Lhe
ae o 73 oere Lhe posslblllLy o aLherln LesLlmony hlch oul
reeal, an enable Lhe exploraLlon o, personal meanln an nolee ln
Lhe ors o Lhose ho coul recall chanln pracLlces an ho oul
arLlculaLe Lhelr eellns an emoLlons as Lhey spoe o Lhe relllous an
Lhe secular ln Lhelr lles. 1he aLLracLlon o oral hlsLory meLhooloy lles ln
Lhe posslblllLles lL oers or such expresslons an or memorles Lo be
recore, share an lnLerpreLe amonsL Lhe Leam members. 1hls ls
hlsLory LhaL oLherlse mlhL o unremare or lnore boLh because o lLs
ery orlnarlness buL also because ln some conLexLs lL coul also be [ue
as beln conLroerslal (1hompson 2000). 1he resulL noL only as Lo haL
e no o Lhe pasL, lL may also challene an relse haL e LhouhL e
ne (lrlsch 1990). ln ocusln on lnllual lles 8A pro[ecL members
ere seeln haL as personally expresse, oLen hlen, perhaps or
pollLlcal reasons buL mosL oLen because lL as unremare or conslere
unremarable. 1he ablllLy o oral hlsLory as a meLho Lo ocus on Lhe less
publlc aspecLs o a lle ls approprlaLe or a sLuy o belle an non-belle.
[172]

8eln ase Lo Lal abouL Lhe eenLs o a lle noL only encouraes people
Lo spea lLh auLhorlLy, abouL haL Lhey no besL, lL also rames haL
Lhey Lell lLhln eneraLlonal an hlsLorlcal LemporallLles hlch, or a cross-
naLlonal pro[ecL lle 8A proles a aluable basls or comparlson.
1he lnLerles, hlle Laln a lle hlsLory approach, lnclue
quesLlons abouL slnllcanL rlLes o passae, marrlae, bapLlsm an eaLh,
ln orer Lo ra ouL relecLlons an elence as Lo Lhe publlc an soclal
aspecLs o relllous an secular pracLlces. arLlclpanLs ere encourae Lo
relecL on chanes Lhey ha parLlclpaLe ln or lLnesse, oerln
opporLunlLles or lle rele an consleraLlons o haL conLrlbuLe Lo
Lhelr ell beln. Cerall, Lhe ocus as Lo be on meanln maln an Lhe
sub[ecLle perspecLle o each lnllual raLher Lhan acL-lnln.
8A as a small, one-year pro[ecL lLh a LareL sample o 60
lnLerles. al o Lhe LenLy men an omen Lo be lnclue rom each
counLry ere rom Lhe omlnanL churches hlle Lhe oLher hal oul
come rom oLher enomlnaLlons an rom non-belleers. All ere Lo be
oer Lhe ae o 73 an ln each counLry Lhere ere Lo be Lo lerenL
urban slLes. 1he lnLerles ore Lo a common seml-sLrucLure
lnLerle ule, lnLerleln ln Lhe responenLs on lanuae, Lhen
Lranscrlbln an LranslaLln lnLo nllsh. Members o Lhe research roup
ore LoeLher, ace-Lo-ace an on-llne, eelopln case sLules an
Lypololes an rlLln up lnlns.

[v{{wzk m{lzn nk kwo{n xwmunl{{l

C Lhe our research quesLlons llsLe earller, lL ls elence aLhere ln
relaLlon Lo Lhe ourLh: 'WhaL ls Lhe remalnln aLLracLlon o relllous rlLual
or Lhose ho hae llLLle or no expllclL relllous belle an pracLlce hlch
e o on Lo lscuss ln Lhe lnal parL o Lhls paper. We ere aare rom Lhe
200 uropean values Luy (v) o Lhe paraox LhaL hlle leels o belle
are noL hlh ln mosL uropean counLrles an church aLLenance ls lo,
een ln Lhe secular k Lhose ho escrlbe Lhemseles as relllous accounL
or 43 per cenL o Lhose lnLerlee hlle ln 8ularla an 8omanla Lhe
proporLlons are respecLlely 33 per cenL an 0 per cenL (v 200). ale
explalns Lhls as 'belonln lLhouL belleln (1994) suesLln LhaL Lhe
ma[orlLy hae a 'lcarlous aLLachmenL Lo relllous rlLual (ale 2006:279).
ln Lhls paper e explore Lhe pracLlces hlch susLaln Lhls paraox by
conslerln ln peoples on ors Lhe lmporLance o rlLuals or non-
relllous people. raln on Lhe oral hlsLory aLa e suesL LhaL Lhe
uncLlon o relllous rlLual ls Lo conLrlbuLe Lo soclal normaLllLy ln Lhree
ays, ln Lerms o alue, morallLy an belonln.

[173]

wxwmu{l nk nzv

lnLerleees o noL enerally relecL on Lhe reasons hy Lhey perorm
cerLaln rlLuals. 1hls ls also Lhe case hen persons ho eclare Lhemseles
non-belleers neerLheless sLlc Lo relllous rlLuals. When ase abouL lL,
Lhey ln lL llculL Lo arLlculaLe Lhe reasons. MosL oLen, Lhe ansers are
o Lhe 'Lhls-ls-ho-lLs-one Lype suesLln lac o relecLlon on Lhe nee
or perormln a cerLaln symbollc acL. lL seems Lo hae been one 'by
eaulL, as a preselecLe opLlon or hlch no alLernaLles ere seen as a
realn o Lhese responses suesLs:

.lt seemeJ tbe oototol tbloq to Jo.
7

.be lleJ tbose tbloqs, lt os o ttoJltloo ooJ be os Joloq lt lo o ooo-tellqloos
oy, bot lt os sometbloq soetflclol, be oso't mocb of o bellevet.

ell tblo lts o commoo lo.
9

My cbllJbooJ os colm, ootmol, lo o ottlotcbol fomlly, o tellqloos fomlly. My
qtooJfotbet, my fotbets fotbet os o tlest. My motbet os vety tellqloos too.
1be fomlly os o bole os vety tellqloos. At tbot tlme ottlotcbol voloes ete
obove evetytbloq else, tbls os tbe most lmottoot tbloq.
10

Aoyoy tblo e ost cottleJ oo. coot temembet. beo e qot mottleJ e boJ
o tellqloos cetemooy. AoJ beo yoo ooteJ to qet mottleJ yoo boJ to belooq,
yoo boJ to olo o syooqoqoe. e eteot tellqloos, oolJot soy e ete
tellqloos.
11

My fotbet os oo otbelst bot be lleJ tbe cooveotloool tbloqs JlJot be
12

onormln lLh expecLaLlons ln Lerms o behalour an obserance mlhL
crop up ln relaLlon Lo soclal conLexL, as Lhese lnLerleees suesL, or Lhey
mlhL be rlen by a nee Lo belon Lo some noLlonally prescrlbe
membershlp roup. erhaps Lhe only lnLerleee Lo express aareness o
her on conormlLy as olly, an nllsh non -belleer ho remembere
Lhe lmporLance Lo her o church membershlp aL Lhe ae o 12:

ell yes JlJ octoolly, oo, yoove oqqeJ my memoty oo. beo os oboot
telve tblo lt os, eole ete qettloq, some eole ete qettloq coofltmeJ
ooJ JlJot ooJetstooJ bot tbls os ooJ bot lt os oboot so loslsteJ ooo

7
vlorel lonescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 2 epL. 2010. All lnLerleees
names are pseuonyms.
MarareLa allnescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 4 epL. 2010.

9
lnu 8unescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by Anamarla lua, 19 o. 2010.
10
Anon lo, ola, lnLerlee by 1eoora karamelsa, 3 leb. 2010.
11
8arbara Morrls, Lonon, lnLerlee by llary oun, 9 !an. 2011.
12
arol Leenson, ouLhampLon, lnLerlee by !ohn preabury, 31 !an. 2011.
[174]

qoloq to o closs ooJ os jlooqbloq] os lo foct coofltmeJ. . JlJot Jo
ooytbloq ltb lt bot lt os, some eole, seemeJ to qet tbe lJeo tbot lf osot
coofltmeJ oolJot be o folly fooctlooloq membet of 8tltlsb soclety. t boJ tbot
sott of feelloq oboot lt, bot tbete e ete.
1J

he laLer ha her son chrlsLene because, ' JlJot oot to JlsoJvootoqe
my cbllJ by oot Joloq tbe tlqbt tbloq. LaLer she oranlse a church uneral
or her moLher, as a 'uLy LhaL she ha ulllle. CLher lnLerleees as
Lhey escrlbe rlLuals summon up a sense o unarLlculaLe consensus,
conormlLy Lhus acqulrln a poslLle meanln, as lona eorescu suesLs,
'Oot of boblt, ot becoose lt loos qooJ
14
an ' Joot tblo tbey qlve o
Jomo oboot tbe otJs, tbeyte sloqloq ooJ tbeyte ost beloq ott of lt.
15
.
1he 'eaulL - heLher lL ls calle 'naLural, 'Lhe LralLlon, 'Lhe
conenLlonal Lhlns, 'beln parL o lL - becomes assoclaLe lLh 'Lhe rlhL
Lhln an Lhus acqulres moral connoLaLlons. onormlLy Lurns ouL Lo be
compllance lLh a moral lmperaLle. 1hls sLance ls een more sallenL ln
oLher Lypes o aLLlLues hlch exhlblL Lhe same paraox: an acLual cholce
ls seen ln Lerms o obllaLlon.

wxwmu{l nk wj{nl{wx

lence rom Lhe lnLerles conlrms Lhe lmporLance o amlly or
LransmlLLln relllous an secular aLLlLues an pracLlces. Cnly ln rare
cases l lnLerleees amlL Lo haln quesLlone moels hane on
by Lhelr parenLs an ranparenLs. MosL oLen, as ylla !ones puL lL, 'yoo
ost lceJ lt o tbtooqb yoot otes:

(bapLlsm aL home) Moybe oot of ttoJltloo, eseclolly, ot tbe fomlly ttoJltloo tbey
coolJ oot fotqet. tbls ls bot tblo.
16

coolJ soy tbls ls mote o oestloo of fomlly ttoJltloo ot lf tbls ls bo lt os lo
tbe fomlly ooJ tbe mootlty os coooecteJ ltb, lets soy lo tbe some oqe qtoo,
tbey coolJ oot. Moybe oot of ttoJltloo, eseclolly, ot tbe fomlly ttoJltloo tbey
coolJ oot fotqet. tbls ls bot tblo.
17

1bey joteots] oloys obsetveJ ttoJltloos. o tbe ost eole oloys obsetveJ
ttoJltloos. Aloys.
18

13
olly 8uLheror, Lonon, lnLerlee by llary oun, 3 an 17 CcL. 2010.
14
loana eorescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by Anamarla lua, 23 an 26 o. 2010.
13
Lels larro, ouLhampLon, lnLerlee by !ohn preabury, 1 leb. 2011.
16
lon oLescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 26 !an. 2011.
17
lon oLescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 26 !an. 2011.
1
valenLlna vassllea, humen, 8ularla, lnLerlee by allna oncharoa an vanya
lenoa, 12 !uly 2010.
[173]

5o tbete os ootbloq lmoseJ oo yoo lo ooy loJ of oy. t os ost llveJ. AoJ
becoose of tbe eomle tbot e ete qlveo e oevet so ooy otbet oy of
llvloq.
19

llorlna, lnLerlee ln 8omanla, Lals o LralLlons, ln slmllar ays,
suesLln LhaL amlly an amlly LralLlons are absorbe an alrme
Lhrouh share rlLuals an LhaL Lhls has conLlnue ln lmporLance rom her
on chllhoo lnLo her on ol ae. hare rlLuals mlhL prole an
opporLunlLy or share celebraLlon:

[eln] All btotbets come ooJ tbey moJe o beootlfol otty. My fotbet os
Joloq some Jellcloos lcles lo cos.
0

lle ooy eJJloq ltb qoests ooJ o testootoot. Mooy, mooy qoests otteoJeJ,
tbe testootoot os oceJ.
1

1bey ooteJ tbe botoqtoblc oottoolty ooJ tbete lt os ooJ e sttolleJ toooJ
tbe qtoooJs oftetotJs ooJ too botoqtobs.

1hey coul also relecL a sense o uLy Loars oLher members o Lhe
amlly:

Oo bollJoys, oloys tblo oboot oot JeoJ. . lf Joo't Jo lt, feel testless. meoo,
lt ls some loJ of obllqotloo fot my cooscleoce. AoJ ot tbe some tlme, o Joty. A
slqo of tesect, tbe foct tbot JlJ oot fotqet tbem, sometbloq lle tbot.
J

8elllous rlLes o passae or amlly members seem Lo be lmporLanL ln
arlous ays, some o hlch hae less Lo o lLh relllous belle buL more
lLh callln orLh a muLual reconlLlon o ones [oys an sorros,
expressln an relnorcln amlly sollarlLy, buL also conLrlbuLln Lo Lhe
consLrucLlon o Lhe amlly as a moral communlLy. escrlbln ho Lhey
hae ulllle Lhelr uLles aL amlly members lle LranslLlons, lnLerleees
reconlrm a moral lnLerlLy lnherlLe rom Lhelr ancesLors as a source o
sLablllLy ln Lhe ace o chane urln Lhelr lles. 1hls lonln or soclal
conLlnulLy ls more sallenL ln 8omanla an 8ularla here lnLerleees
belon Lo Lhe eneraLlon hlch lle Lhouh unpreceenLe urbanlsaLlon,
moernlsaLlon an secularlsaLlon lLh an ensuln lmpoerlshmenL o
rlLual. Whlle rural-urban mlraLlon lmplle a loss o LralLlon, amlly as a
moral communlLy as seen as a slLe o LralLlon an sLablllLy.

19
ylla !ones, ouLhampLon, lnLerlee by !ohn preabury, 19 ec. 2010.
20
Mlron opescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by Anamarla lua, 13 ec. 2010.
21
Alexanra kolea, ola, lnLerlee by allna oncharoa, 1 leb. 2011.
22
Lels larro, ouLhampLon, lnLerlee by !ohn preabury, 1 leb. 2011, abouL
ransons church eln.
23
llorlna ampeanu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 3 an 7 !uly 2010.
[176]

wxwmu{l nk jvwx{x

ome o Lhe lnLerleees relaLe Lhelr relllous rlLuals noL only as amlly
LralLlons buL raLher as a orm o culLural herlLae. 1hey presenL relllon as
a LralLlon LhaL ls parL o Lhelr eLhnlc or naLlonal lenLlLy. 1hus rlLuals
acqulre a sense o relaLln as much (or less) Lo o as Lo ones culLural
bacroun. 1hls orm o lenLllcaLlon seems more sallenL amonsL
mlnorlLy eLhnlc members: !es rom Lonon an 8ucharesL an 8ularlan
1urs reer Lo Lhelr relllous rlLuals - boLh eeryay (prayers, oo
resLrlcLlons) an rlLes o passae (clrcumclslon, bar mlLzah
24
, elns,
unerals) - as parL an parcel o Lhelr culLure. lL ls lnLeresLln, hoeer,
LhaL many CrLhoox 8ularlans an CrLhoox 8omanlans, unlle mosL o
Lhe k lnLerleees, oLen menLlon LralLlon or cusLom hen Lhey spea
abouL relllous rlLuals:

os oot o bellevet. 8ot lt jeJJloq lo cbotcb] os o costom. meoo coteJ fot
tesectloq tbese costoms. . e oevet ottocbeJ o tellqloos meooloq to lt. t os o
tltool.
5

oso't o tellqloos etsoo, bot lt os tbe costom, so to seo.
6

8ot olt bot Joes o tellqloos bollJoy meoo ooJ lotJ, to os tbls ls o costom. 1bls
ls o ttoJltloo. No ooe coo soy lts bls ot bet oo. Neltbet oqoos, oot tlests.
7

e mlqbt qo to tbe syooqoqoe, blcb e JlJ, tbetes sometbloq oboot qoloq to tbe
syooqoqoe, betbet yoote tellqloos ot oot fot me.
8

1he ay LhaL non-belleers accounL or Lhelr parLlclpaLlon ln relllous
rlLuals appears Lo allo or a lerenL ln o belonln Lhan ales
(1994) suesLs. 1hey may noL belon ln a relllous sense, buL Laln parL
proles llns Lo oLher sources o lenLlLy an LralLlon hlch are naLlonal,
culLural an collecLle, parLlcularly ln slLuaLlons o lnsecurlLy an
lnsLablllLy. 1hls oul appear Lo be parLlcularly Lhe case or members o
eLhnlc an relllous mlnorlLles ln all Lhree counLrles, hose lnLerles
suesL a eelln o belonln Lo a larer collecLllLy acqulre rom
eLhnlclLy or relllon, an enacLe ln rlLuals ls lmporLanL or Lhem also as a
ay o sel lenLllcaLlon lsNa-ls oLher roups. WhaL Lhls leas Lo, ere

24
. 1he 8ar MlLzah ceremony mars Lhe LranslLlon rom chllhoo Lo aulLhoo Lyplcally
hen a !elsh boy reaches Lhe ae o 13. lor lrls, 8aL MlLzah ls a slmllar ceremony, mae
hen a lrl ls 12. ome orLhoox !elsh conreaLlons o noL hol Lhe ceremonles o boys
an lrls ln equal sLanln
23
llorlna ampeanu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 3 an 7 !uly 2010.
26
MarareLa allnescu, 8ucharesL, lnLerlee by lmlna 8alca, 4 epL. 2010.
27
lman vaslle, ola, lnLerlee by allna oncharoa, 20 !an. 2011.
2
8arbara Morrls, Lonon, lnLerlee by llary oun, 9 !an. 2011.
[177]

suesLln, ls an unersLanln o relllon as culLural LralLlon raLher Lhan,
or as much as, a sysLem o belles.

KLGMNOPQLG

Worln lLh a share Lheme, memorles o relllous an secular
ceremonles, Lhe 8A Leam has been able Lo or cross-naLlonally usln
an oral hlsLory approach, across Llme an space an Lhrouh llnulsLlc
barrlers Lo arrle aL a comparlson o meanln an belle ln laLe lle. ln Lhls
paper e hae presenLe a brle accounL o a consleraLlon o rlLuals o a
relllous Lype as experlence an pracLlce by non-belleers. We hae
hear accounLs ln all Lhree counLrles hlch suesL LhaL rlLuals aLLache Lo
cerLaln lle LranslLlons, blrLh, marrlae an eaLh, prole opporLunlLles Lo
express or enacL conormlLy ln Lerms o Lhe soclal normaLllLy o share
alues, amlly an communlLy obllaLlons an belonln. All Lhls esplLe
lerln hlsLorlcal an soclo-culLural enlronmenLs urln a perlo o slxLy
years an more. Cur lnlns are supporLle o ales noLlon o 'lcarlous
relllon (2006, a Lren Loars Lhe seerln o rlLual pracLlce rom
relllous meanln an lLs enacLmenL, an Loars slLuaLlons hlch are
conLexL epenenL an hlch hae meanln or parLlclpanLs.

[17]

[vvmvxovk
Abrams, Lynn. 2010. Otol nlstoty 1beoty, Lonon: 8ouLlee.
Anres, Molly. 1993. A MonoloL Worln Abroa: Worln 1hrouh
roblems o 1ranslaLlon, Otol nlstoty, 232:47-30.
Anroslno, Mlchael v. 1991. 'onersaLlons ln a MonasLery, Otol nlstoty
kevle, 19 1-2:33-63.
8erLaux, anlel 1hompson, aul. 1993. 8eteeo eoetotloos. omlly
MoJels, Mytbs ooJ Memotles, Cxor: Cxor nlerslLy ress
relse elLlon (e 8runslc: 1ransacLlon ubllshers, 2003).
8ornaL, !oanna. 2010. 8ememberln an 8eorln moLlons. 1he
8eanalysls o moLlon ln an lnLerle, Otol nlstoty, 3 2:43-32.
8ornaL, !oanna. (orLhcomln). 1he hallene o lerence: Approachln
omparaLle Cral lsLory, ln oleman, , kolea, 8ornaL, !
(es) Aqeloq, kltool ooJ 5oclol cbooqe. coottosts beteeo osteto
ooJ esteto otoe. larnham: AshaLe.
8ron, allum, 2001. 1be eotb of cbtlstloo 8tltolo. oJetstooJloq
secolotlsotloo
1800-000, Lonon: 8ouLlee.
8urLon, usan, k. 2003. lssues ln ross-culLural lnLerleln: !apanese
Women ln nlan", Otol nlstoty, 311:3-46.
oleman, , kolea, 8ornaL, !. (es) (orLhcomln). Aqeloq, kltool ooJ
5oclol cbooqe. coottosts beteeo osteto ooJ esteto otoe,
larnham: AshaLe.
ale, race. 1994. kellqloo lo 8tltolo sloce 1945. 8ellevloq ltboot
8elooqloq Cxor: 8lacell, 1994.
ale, race. 2006. 8elllon ln urope ln Lhe 21
sL
enLury: 1he lacLors Lo
1ae lnLo AccounL. Atcblves otoeooes Je 5ocloloqleotoeoo
ootool of 5ocloloqy 472: 271-296.
sLer, eLer. 200. 'lL as very, very hurchy: 8ecollecLlons o Cler
uLch-Amerlcans on roln up ln ollan Mlchlan, Otol nlstoty
kevle, 332:117-13.
urobaromeLer. 2003. 5oclol oloes, 5cleoce ooJ 1ecbooloqy. keott 5.
8russels: uropean ommlsslon.
v (uropean values Luy). 200. hLLp:.europeanaluessLuy.eu.
lraser, 8onal.19. 1968 A 5toJeot eoetotloo lo kevolt, Lonon: haLLo
Wlnus.
lrlsch, Mlchael. 1990. A 5boteJ Aotbotlty. ssoys oo tbe ctoft ooJ Meooloq
of Otol ooJ lobllc nlstoty. e or: LaLe nlerslLy o e or
ress.
errar, aul. 1996. '1he Lor al 'ome: Why Women nLer a
8elllous Crer, Otol nlstoty, 242:34-3.
llea, 8oberL. 2010. 1he Lon March o Cral lsLory: Aroun 196 ln
lrance, Otol nlstoty, 31:6-0.
[179]

llea, 8oberL. (orLhcomln). otoes 1968: lnLroucLlon.
uzla, 8orls usa, vlLor. 1996. 8ecomln a rlesL ln Lhe
nerroun: Lhe lanesLlne Lle o Lhe ralnlan reco-aLhollc
hurch, Otol nlstoty, 242:42-4.
anLrals, Llna. 1999. onLexLuallzaLlon ln ross-naLlonal omparaLle
8esearch, otetootloool ootool of 5oclol keseotcb MetboJoloqy,
22:93-10.
llyasolu, Aynur. 1996. 8elllon an Women urln Lhe ourse o
MoernlzaLlon, Otol nlstoty, 242:39-33.
!ohnsLon, 8onnle Mclarlan, lalne. 2010. WlLh o ln Lhe Worplace:
lnusLrlal haplalns ln coLLlsh eay lnusLry, 1970s-1990, Otol
nlstoty, 31:33-67.
kolea, anlela. 2009. auhLers Lorles: lamlly Memory an
eneraLlonal Amnesla, Otol nlstoty kevle, 362:1-206.
Moole, !ane. 2010. urprlse by !oy: a ase lsLory xplorln Lhe
xpresslon o plrlLual !oy ln Cral lsLory, Otol nlstoty, 32:73-
4.
1hompson, ar, . 1963. 1be Moloq of tbe oqllsb otloq closs,
Lonon: ollancz.
1hompson, aul. 2000. 1be olce of tbe lost, Cxor: Cxor nlerslLy
ress, 3
r
e
1honel, hrlsLoph. 2011. Memorles o Worl War 1o lorce
Labourers - an lnLernaLlonal omparlson, Otol nlstoty, 392:33-
4.
van 8oeschoLen, 8ll. 2007. 8roen 8ons an lle Memorles:
WarLlme Massacres 8econslere ln a omparaLle erspecLle,
Otol nlstoty, 331:39-4.
vllanoa, Mercees. 2011. ase Luy: Cral lsLory an emocracy, ln
onal A. 8lLchle, 1be OfotJ nooJboo of Otol nlstoty, e or:
Cxor nlerslLy ress.
von laLo, Alexaner, Leh, AlmuL 1honel, hrlsLoph, (es.) 200.
nltlets 5loves. llfe 5totles of otceJ lobootets lo Nol-OccoleJ
otoe, Cxor: 8erhahn 8oos.
Wheeler, orLon. 200. ross-llnual Cral lsLory lnLerleln ln hlna:
onronLln Lhe MeLhoololcal hallenes, Otol nlstoty,
361:36-6.
Wllllams, arah . 1996. 1he roblem o 8elle: Lhe lace o Cral lsLory ln
Lhe Luy o opular 8elllon, Otol nlstoty, 242:27-34.
eo, Lephen, 1977. A e Lle: 1he relllon o soclallsm ln 8rlLaln, 13-
196, nlstoty otsbo, 4, 1: 3-36.

[10]

IV :

IV WAR AND PERSECUTION: THE STRUCTURING OF
MEMORY

[13]

.+0s=? /%7/:/1/=?@ *+,-,+#.8? >%+/7+0=? .%# %+U=#%.( 8+=72% &#%
/,7? =#$3%>#$<82/=? /1? 0,7V 6, *%+45=#&>% /,7 jmn{u fvu nn
}A7+0.1?~ .%# /,7 dzklnn nxnnm }=q+&#,? C/=-42,7
C/+%h=34.1?~

uvvq ko\kq
1

\jklmnol

tey Jeotltles. Otol 1estlmooles ooJ Atcblve keseotcb oo tbe slomlc
coovetts of cblos. 1be coses of lbtoblm Jbem losbo (lytlls) ooJ
Mostobo kboooJot (eotqlos 5teboooo 5ttovelols)

o tbe teseotcb coocetoloq tbe Mossocte of cblos, tbe cose of cbtlstloo
fotceJ to coovett to slom bos oot beeo tbotooqbly eomloeJ. o tbe
teseot teseotcb tbe teotteJ testlmooles ooJ ocblvol Jocomeots flll lo tbe
qos ooJ cleot o tbe coofosloo lo tbe elstloq blblloqtoby. omles tbot
ote beloq eomloeJ.
RSTFUQV WHUIV XFYF (1819-189J) Ottomoo teot llet
(5oJtoom). lemeots coocetoloq blttb ooJ fomlly lJeotlty ote oscettoloeJ
ooJ o Jlffeteot lmoqe otbet tboo tbe ooe occetoble o tlll oo ls
teseoteJ oboot bls telotloosbl to bls fomlly ooJ blttbloce lo cblos.
ZOP[FEUF \UFTGFHFT (1814-1878) teot llet of 1oolslo
(5oJtoom). Asects ftom bls etsoool eetleoce lo cotlvlty ote teseoteJ
bete. 1bos, ooe coo comtebeoJ tbe toctlcs of oet obose ooJ tbe
motlves fot beoevoleot octs to cbtlstloo telotlves lo cblos ooJ to tbe tee
commoolty of 1oolslo.

zqv tooptkq tcpcuvqoq q zoyq q tou, ono n\cup c\\qvtkq
t\toypoto cv cct ccooct cnopku o (qqo uv
oto\uto0cvuv kot okouotu cto\oto0cvuv, ck uv onotuv no\\ot
ovq\0ov oo ovucpo otuoo q 0uovtkq ouokpoopto, onu o
lbrahlm hem a;a, (Mcy\o 8c(tpq), o elm lsmall a;a, (Atotkqq
zupvq), o al a;a, (Atotkqq Moyvqoto) kot o MusLapha khaznaar
(Atotkqq 1uvqoto).
2

1
ooptko, kotvuvtko v0puno\oyo, 8t\to0qkq tou kopoq ([ohlaLh[mall.com).
2
opokqptotkc ctvot ot tontouoct ou lusLel e oulanes: ou q to
oovtoqkc, t cytvov ot tuc Acv nc0ovov o\ot. knotot ou0qkov ponccuovo, cvu
q ok\ot toqpqoc oq (uq cvov cy\o opt0o ono ouou. o\\ot ok\oucvot
tuc nopocvouv oc oupktkc ncptoc. ok\ot oqv 1oupkto ctvot coov
n\outoou kot ovc\tq oc totkqtk otuoo. 1ov npt\to ou 133, oov qouv oq
to, cto cvo otyuntoko no\ctko n\oto nou cccpc opocuoo oqv kptoto, vo
uvvq ko\kq
[14]

no qv oupktkq n\cup unpct to opkc n\qpcocpq
t\toypoto, oqptycvq ot cvontc oupktkc nqyc, c onoc\coo
ou vo coc to ovocpq ck0coq q ouoqo kot q toypoto
uv puvuv unokctcvuv, nop qv ct\tkptvq no\\c opc npoon0cto
yto ovtkctcvtkq kot kpttkq nopouotooq.
Mto coto ncptnuoq ctvot q ovoypoto ou r. hem lem,
(ptocyyovo ou lbrahlm hem asha),
3
pocpou ou 1qoo
oopto ou ovcntoqtou ou 8oonopou, 1he sLory o Lhe llLLle ree
boy ho became a poerul pasha: myLh an reallLy ln Lhe lle o lbrahlm
hem asha, c. 11-193 - 1o tkpo oyopt ono qv L\\o nou
cc\t0qkc oov nto toupo noo. Mu0ot kot npoyotkoqo oq (uq ou
npoq Lvc oo, 11-193 (lem 2010).
to ov MusLapha khaznaar cct cknovq0ct tokoptko oo
1qo kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto, ou ovcntoqtou q 1uvto, c
t\o: Moostobo kboooJot. o zeop notrtkp Otkovotkp orpv
loroplo rou 1uvpotoko0 kporou koro rov 19
o
otvo. (18J7-1878).
(asan el kol 200).
4

tkq ou npoon0cto oqv ncptnuoq ou lbrahlm hem a;a
kot ou MusLapha khaznaar, cct vo ccoct t ncptnuoct c oct
t npooptkc opuptc kot oc ouvuooo c t opctokc nqyc, c
ooo vo to\cukvct okoctv oqcto uv ovoopuv ouuv kot vo
onovqoct oc cpuqoo nou co\ov ot c\cc nou npoqyq0qkov.
npouc ou qv ko0cto cupto nopo0covo oqv opq cptk
toypotk ootcto.

oykupoo\ct cu ono o \tvt. kucpvqq ou n\otou kot o ouvoyopq, kot ot
uo c ov t\o ou ncq, ctov ycvvq0ct oq to. to\utoqkov kot cocp0qkov
oqv \cvpcto, ovc\t0qkov oqv tcpopto ou opoou kot ou voutkou kot upo
qov ko0oov vo uncpoontoouv qv upo oqv onoto qov ok\ot. ?npouv ocpqot
tuc nou c ouov ov pono koc\oov 0coct oo uq\ k\tkto q 0uovtkq
totkqoq: cvo ono ouou knoc kucpvqoc oqv 1uvto (lusLel e oulanes
137:161-162. lusLel e oulanes (cp. k. upcv0q) 1977: 223-224). zqv c\\qvtkq
t\toypoto toou(ovot o ptotovtk ovooo uv elm lsmall asha, (Atotkqq
zupvq), al asha, (Atotkqq Moyvqoto) kot MusLapha khaznaar (Atotkqq 1uvto).
lbrahlm hem a;a, ono o upto 8cooo, ovqkc oq otkoycvcto uptkq. elm lsmall
a;a, ono qv o\q q tou ovo(co, Ccoupo . ookovkq. al a;a,,
oyvuoou ptotovtkou ovooo qo ono o upto ko\ouq. MusLapha khaznaar,
ono o upto kopu\o ovo(co cupyto zcvou zpoc\kq (kokk\q
1974:404-406, 8to 1921:94-99, Aovo 1911:147-149).
3
ko0qyqq hem lem, onu o tto ou ctnc, koycot ono ov yto ou Lhem
a;a, lsmall allp 8ey kot ouykckptcvo ctvot cyyovo q kopq ou Azlze anim, t ou
ytou q kot nocpo ou, al 8ey. lbrahlm hem a;a, ctc \\ou pct ytou, ov
Csman aml 8ey, ov alll Lhem 8ey kot ov MusLaa 8ey.
4
Mc ov elm lsmall asha cct ooo\ct0ct cptku q onoyovo ou Leyla eyzl.
vocpct, ot o ptotovtko ou ovoo qov zuqpq ookovkq kot q qcpo ou
\cyoov kuc\q Mco. (eyzl 1999:17-19)
kpt(c ouoqc
[13]

jmn{u fvu nn

L\\qvtkq kooyuyq, ycvvq0qkc oq to nptv o 122,
oto\utoqkc kot koc\qc u ok\o oo ontt ou usre a;a. Lkct,
uncoq cvo cto uto0coto kot ovopqkc ono qv cucpq ou(uyo ou,
yvuoq, u tkpq kupto.
3
znouooc oo optot qovtko
co\\cto\oyo (130-139). 1o 139, cpyoqkc oo opotutko
opyovtoo Arabl e larlsl e 1url bazi ulum u ununun Lahslllne. no o
143 cu 146, unqpcqoc oc topo opucto (umu;haciy, keban
kot ranl), ono onou cntopcct oqv kuvoovtvouno\q o 147 (lem
2007). Atcc\coc ?noupyo Lucptkuv o 136 kot pcocuq oo
8cpo\tvo o 176. 1o toqo 176-177 cknpoounqoc qv 0uovtkq
kucpvqoq oq Atokcq q kuvoovtvouno\q. 1o 177 ovq\0c oo
otuo ou Mcy\ou 8c(tpq (3 cpouoptou 177 - 11 ovouoptou
17). Lntoq unqpc pcocuq oq 8tcvvq 179 - 12 kot Mqovtko
ou zpoou kot ?noupyo Loucptkuv o toqo 13 - 13
(hLLp:en.llpela.orlllbrahlmhemasha 9-12-20104:33).
c0ovc ot 20 Moptou 193 oqv kuvoovtvouno\q. o ou
ptokcot oo o0uovtko vckpoocto ou zkouopt (kurulu 200:620-
621).
ko0qyqq hem lem, oqv cpcuv ou (ct topo
(qqoo, nou oopouv qv cokptuoq toypotkuv ootctuv ou
hem asha, onu ctvot o ono ycvvqoq, q kooyuyq, q okptq
povo\oyto ycvvqoq, q otkoycvcto, ot ouyycvct.
U npo ov ono ycvvqoq, ko ov ko0qyqq hem lem,
unpct onootunqoq ono t cntoqc nqyc, cvu opkcc
t\toypotkc nqyc kot qootcuoo q cnoq cv kpuouv, ot
ctvot c\\qvtkq kooyuyq, ono qv vqoo to.
6
1o tto o otkoycvctoko
ou ncpt\\ov cntctvct qv ouyuoq, c ov tto ov hem asha vo
otun q vo \cct \cuk coo, ov cvo ou yto, ov Csman aml 8ey,
vo uncpqovcucot yto qv L\\qvtkq ou kooyuyq kot ov \\o ov

3
ko0qyqq . lem oqctuvct oo ypono ou kctcvo, ot q n\qpoopto ouq, o(t
c \\o toypotk ootcto yto ov Lhem a;a, npocpovot ono o toypotko
oqctuo, nou cuoc o yto ou, alll hem 8ey, ncpt o c\o q ckocto ou 1920,
oov qov okoo Aqopo q kuvoovtvouno\q, oov Csman rln, npotocvo ou
ypoctou o\\q\oypoto q no\q kot ncpt\q0qkov oo cpyo ou stoobol ebtemloletl
(Ot Apopot rp kvorovrtvo0nop), (Csman url rln 1927:260-261). 1o oqctuo
ou ouo, onu oqctuvct nopoku o ko0qyqq npcnct vo npocpoov ono
no\otocpc oqctuoct ou ttou ou hem a;a. (8\cnc: lem 2010).
6
vocpcot ot cq nqyc: Lykuk\onotcto noyot. - lnal, lbnulemln Mahmu kemal,
5oo 5oJtomlot, lsLanbul, 1942, p. 632. - 1be Ne ot 1lmes, 27 AuusL 177. - le 1ems,
26 March 193.- aubree, AuusLe. oobte, 193:14 - orys, eores (ootq
cupyto). lo emme totoe, arls 1900, p. 176. - Maroyenl, A. Notes et sooveolts,
lsLanbul 199, p.21. (8\cnc: lem 2010).
uvvq ko\kq
[16]

tkpocpo, alll Lhem 8ey, vo qv opvctot kot vo \cct, ot ctvot
koukoto, q ot cct pt(c ono o Luctvo ovo.
7

to qv povo\oyto ycvvqoq, ooo ono o cntoqo opcto, ooo
kot ono cykupc toypotkc nqyc unpct to onok\toq ct cuv.
vocpovot ot povo\oytc ycvvqoq 1232 Lytpo (116117 c o
ou\tovo qcpo\oyto), 12341233 Lytpo (11 c o ou\tovo
qcpo\oyto) kot 123 Lytpo (122123 c o ou\tovo qcpo\oyto).

to qv otkoycvcto, cv ctvot yvuoo o ovoo uv yovtuv ou,
cvu oqv t\toypoto, nou nopo0cct o r. hem lem, ovocpcot,
ot cct ouyycvct ptotovou tcpucvou
9
oqv to q qv
kuvoovtvouno\q. U ovoo q otkoycvcto npo\\ct o ovoo q
otkoycvcto zkopooyk,
10
cvu oq tokq t\toypoto okouycot o
ovoo q otkoycvcto uptkq, ono o upto 8cooo.

7
Atoopctkq noq ckcpouv kot ot uo ytot ou, yto ou tkou ou \oyou, nou
oct(ovot c o toopctk tco\oytk ncpt\\ovo q cnoq ou. Csman aml
8ey (142-1910), tpuq ou poto\oytkou Mouoctou kuvoovtvouno\q, ctvot
uncpqovo yto q toopto ouq ou nocpo ou, u vcopou L\\qvonou\ou kot okoq kot
koutcot yt ouq qv toopto. vt0co o ko 20 povto tkpocpo yto, alll Lhem
8ey (161-193), oqovtko ouvc\coq oqv qtoupyto ou Mouoctou Luocuv
puuv, o onoto ctvot npopoo ou Mouoctou 1oupktkq kot o\otkq 1cvq,
opvctot n\qpu qv toopto q pt(o q c\\qvtkq ou nocpo ou kot npoono0ct vo
qtoupyqoct to vco toopto, ot unpouv q\oq kot koukootovc pt(c q pt(c ono o
Luctvo ovo. (lem 2010).
zuuvo c ov r hem lem ovocpovot o cq:

npoountko ou kc\o oo kpotk 0uovtk pcto \cct, ot ycvvq0qkc o 1232
(116117), cvu o opcto q Lcole es Mlnes oo optot, onou onouooc, ovocpouv
o 11. toypo lbnulemln Mahmu kemal lnal, oo cpyo ou 5oo 5oJtomlot,
(lsLanbul, 1940-1933, p. 600-603) \cct, ot lbrahlm hem asha ycvvq0qkc npo o
11 (1234 ono qv Lytpo) oq to. Csman url rln, oo cpyo ou Abulhaml-l anl
e er-l alLanaLi. ayaL-i ususlye e lyaslyesl, (lsLanbul 1911, p. 162), nopouot(ovo
ov lbrahlm hem a;a, u cucpo ot\qq oqv zuvtokcq q kuvoovtvouno\q
ou 176, ovocpct cv ot ycvvq0qkc oo vqot q tou o 123 (122123) ono qv
Lytpo, o\\ ono uou yovct, nou ov coct\ov ok\o oo ontt ou usre a;a,
upt vo tcukptvt(cot, ov qov ptotovot q Mouoou\vot. (8\cnc: lem 2010). to
qv ncptnuoq ouq 0o oo\toct o r hem lem: to \\q to op, o kctcvo
cktv c to otunqpq pvqoq q c\\qvtkq - tokq - ptotovtkq ckoq. cnt\oyq
ou cou 123 cv ctvot o0uo: cocvou ot o ouykckptcvo oc\qvtoko co cktvqoc
ot 17 zcncptou 122, ctvot \\o cvo pono vo ono0cq0ct q ycvvqoq ou noo
c o otoqp ycyovoo q votq ou cou ckctvou. \\ o npoyotk
'qtoupytko ootcto cpcot c qv toopto uv uuv yovtuv nou nopcuoov o
nott ou oov ok\o oov usre asha kot nou nopct vo ctvot Mouoou\vot kot ot
ptotovot. ko ov r hem lem, ot n\qpooptc ouc npocpovot ono
no\tocpc n\qpooptc ou ttou ou hem a;a, t onotc toctptoqkc o yto ou
alll (8\cnc: lem 2010).
9
vocpcot oo cq: 1be Ne ot 1lmes, 27 AuusL 177. - orys, eores, (ootq
cupyto), lo emme totoe, arls 1900, p. 176. - Maroenl, A., Notes et sooveolts,
lsLanbul 199, p.21. (8\cnc: lem 2010).
10
nqyq cu ou r. hem lem ctvot o Zoptq 2002: 273-274. (8\cnc: lem 2010).
kpt(c ouoqc
[17]

Lvo \\o ootcto nou ncptn\ckct qv cpcuvo ctvot q onopto, cv
q\0c noc oqv to, u kucpvqtko oncoo\cvo. opctokq cpcuvo
oqv to onck\ctoc o cvcocvo vo q\0c, u otuoouo oqv to, ov
kot ot ttc ot opctokc nqyc kot q tokq t\toypoto ovocpovot oc
Lc oo, Atotkqq q tou o co 142 (Mouponou\o 1920:101-103,
zyoupo 1937:399, [zyoupo] 190:322. 8t\to0qkq kopoq,
ctpoypoo pt0. 1361:12-14, 17, 22 q 6-77, 9r, 11). kot ouo, tot o
ovocpocvo cpcot, u q\tktucvo, cvu ov cnpokcto yto ov Lc
q toopto o 0o qov oc ncptnou 24 cuv.
11

\\ o cnovc\0ouc oqv ocoq ou c ou ouyycvct ou.
zqv cntonto cpcuvo nou ckovo oo upto 8cooo, ouvvqoo ov
k. pqoo kuvoovtvou uptkq, 73 cuv kot ov puqoo octk c ov
Lc oo.
12
vupt(ct ot ctvot ouyycvq c ov Lc oo, o\\ cv
yvupt(ct nu. 1t n\qpooptc t cct ono ov nocpo ou: 1qv toopto
ouq qv cu okouoct no\\c opc ono ov nocpo ou 0o o nct. kot
o\\ou .q\oq ou, o onoto kouoo, ono ou nou 0o oou nu.kt ov
ou o ctnc coo..
k. pqoo uptkq cv yvupt(ct o ovoo ou nocpo ou Lc,
cvu yvupt(ct o ovoo q qcpo ou: .\cyoovc Mopto. t\to ot
ckoo 0o o nct. to o ov ctc oc\to q ot 0o o nct: Acv ctc
\\o oc\to. Acv ctc. zqv cpuqoq, ov q\0c noc oqv to kot ov
pqkc qv vo ou 0o o onovqoct: [.] 1q vo ou. 1qv nqpov
onvu.L, q onoto nc0ovc kct, q vo ou!... 1q ctc tokovcct [.].
kot 0o ouvctoct c qv cq toopto:

11
1oc 0o ctc o\t pto povto, cntopoq, c t onouc ou oo optot, kot qov
ont0ovo vo ctc onokqoct ooo vupt ov t\o ou oo. zc cntoo\q ou o Lntpono
uv tuv oqv kuvoovtvouno\q, Mtoc tvvq upq, c povo\oyto, npt\tou
1942, oc onvqoq npoycvcocpq cntoo\q uv Aqoycpovuv tou yto qv o\\oyq ou
npuqv Atotkqou ou, Mctc oo, ovocpct: . ctov vo c \cycot, ot c\unq0qc
t o cnoptov ou npuqv Atotkqou Mctc noo, n\qv c o oqcptvo ctvc ko\o
ckctvo o npuo qo vco no\tkpt, ouo ctvc q\tktucvo kot npcnct vo okcnqc
ko\\tcpo o npyoo .. (8t\to0qkq kopoq, ctpoypoo pt0.1697
o
: 37-39 q 20r-
21). Lnocvu, coc ouvuvuto. lou npokctot yto ov lbrahlm hem a;a,
MaLemaLll (173-163). (Ayuz, allm 200:620).
12
zuvcvcuq ono ov pqoo uptkq, oo upto 8cooo q tou, ot 1-12-2010, upo
13:30. 8ptokcot oo pcto ou ypovo. k. pqoo ctvot 73 cuv, ouvotouo,
cnovonopto0ct covoq ono qv cptkq kot (ct, \\oc oo upto kot \\oc oqv
0qvo. q\tkto ou ov kooooct oq 3
q
ycvt c ov Lc oo, oqv tto ycvt c
ov nocpo ou r hem lem, al 8ey. cvco\oytk nopct vo 0oct cpt o
nonnou ou vuvto, cvu yvupt(ct o ovoo q ytoyt ou kuptokq Mncvkq. ?no0cct
ot o ovoo ou nponnnou ou nopct vo ctvot kuvoovtvo, ouuvo c qv
ovoooooto ko o c0to q npuookto. 1o ovoo q qcpo ou ctvot kuptokq
8o\ctq ou cupytou kot oc cpuqoq ou onov, ot cv cct ouyycvtkq ocoq c ov
ouvontq ou optpq kuvoovtvo ov L.
uvvq ko\kq
[1]

j.] Akou vo et rpo rt ylverot. Auro ro onolo ou elne o norepo
ou, , ey ntore0, rt elvot, rt elvot., rt elvot npoyortkrpro.
1eooop pov ro notl ro nppov on .. Drov evptkt0pkev our.reo
novrv. npenet vo ele r otoro. Atrt, o norepo rou o 1o0pko. ne0ove p
ovo rou. n., pop p p0ev ovo rou, p onolo ev prove ovo rou. Apop,
rou 1o0pkou nou rov nppe p yuvolko rou.1o otnv our oto0ovrove.
evoo, kot eet. e, ne0ove p ovo, olverot 0o rove un reo o 1o0pko.,
kot ev rou elnov rt ev elvot npoyortk o notl. zou eet vo ne0ov kt ey,
vo p rou n,
v r ero0 our ele kovet evepyete o 1o0pko, vol prove
onevovrt oro 1oeoe, orp z0pvp kot eo0e , rt vr p Movo rou et okp.
j.] Aur olverot., oou eet. 0o rou n, rt ev elvot notl o, kot rt oo
0eet vo et rp ovo rou vo rp yvploet, rp npoyortkp rou ovo et orp eooo,
et oko rp eve Moplo, nprov ev r ero0 e kort orportre, rpv nppov on
, 1o0pkot. Aoo. kolyove, oou e no vo rpv ekreeoouve. 1p orelov
onevovrt.... 1olverot npenet vo ele ro otoro our rre, vo prove
elpp.j.]
ot, vot. 1o otnv. 1pv nppe ro otnv rp kort6oet kor. n
kort6evet. rpo ovorpltooo nou ro e. rp kort6oet kor. kot 6enet evo
po. novoyto, \ptoro0, etkve. Oppokeurtke etkve. 1peo0pke. v r
ero0 our to0oe onrolor epvtko. j.]
Aeet jevvoelrot p ovo]. ytorl eepe e,
npev our rpv oykotooe., rpv ekove.1p eet., o eepo ,
ytorl 0e vo yvplo rpv npoyortkp ou ovo. Mou elnev o 1o0pko, nou e
nppe, rt pprov kot e nppov reooop pov on ro pt., ro evo ro oo. kot
e uto0erpoev our. kot nporo0 ne0ovet ou ro elne ro uortk. v r
ero0 vol ele ne0ovet our. ltorl erot ou ele net o norepo ou.
1o0ove eet.. 1po nporo0 ne0ovet.prove.j.]
ot.... Aeet..jevvoelrot p ovo], Oo oe ntore vove, rov
kore6ooet ro novrevto oou kot oro optorep oou epo, e, to eto
nou eet. 1t rov vo kovet our, kore6ooe ro novrevto rou kot 6enet rp
eto nou elev, p ovo rou, kt optoe ro kooro kot kook00to, kt our prove.
kot rp kporpoe eekel nepo.
1o epet, rt ourp p eto rpv eet o tkp o yto ou oro optorep rou
ko, j.]

uo upo ctvot cvo ontko toko u0o yto ov Lc oo
yo\cvo coo ono qv cnttuoq q qq ou oqv tto qv noptkq
ou otkoycvcto - ov couc, ot ovu qov q otkoycvcto uptkq - 10
povto c q zoyq q tou.
1o kotvoupyto ootcto ctvot. q q\tkto - coopuv cuv - q
onouoto oc\uv, o ovoo q Mqcpo - Mopto - q yvuptto c qv
Mqcpo c ov 0voo ou 0cou nocpo - cvvoctot ou usre a;a
(1769-133) - q kot q 0cq qcpo, oov unqpcouoc knou oqv
zupvq q ov 1ococ, kot q tokovcqi q qcpo oqv
kuvoovtvouno\q kot o 0voo q ckct. Lntoq oqv ctoqyqoq
ctoycot cvo ont0ovo ootcto, o kpunoptotovtoo ou Lc.
yvuoq q L\\qvtkq ctvot cntoq cvo ootcto nou cnovo\ovcot.
c\t cntoq oo cto cpo ou y\ouou, ov kot ovyct oc to
kpt(c ouoqc
[19]

u0toopqotkq oqyqoq unou uooco, cct o ootcto q
cno\q0cuoq, t q ovoop oov tto o yto ou pqoou, nou
kooctkvuct kot ouyycvtkou - to\oytkou coou.
ouc upo ko nooo o ootcto ou ouyk\tvouv q ot c
o toypotk ootcto ou lbrahlm hem a;a.
ouvvqoq c qv qcpo ono0cctot \tyo nptv q c ov
0voo ou usre a;a, q\oq nptv q c o 133. 1oc, ov
uno0coouc, ot q qcpo o 122 0o qov ncptooocpo q \tyocpo ono
20 cuv, c o 133 0o qov nvu ono 33 cuv kot o hem a;a 0o
qov nvu ono 33 povuv. Mc o cocvo ou, q cnovoouvcoq
qcpo kot ytou npcnct vo cytvc no\u vupt, npyo ont0ovo, tot
ouuvo c q tqyqoq ou k. pqoou uptkq, oqvcot vo cvvoq0ct,
ot ko qv ouvvqoq q qcpo qov npoupqcvq q\tkto ((ouoc
okoq) kot tot o tto o Lc oo ckctvq qv cnoq koctc uq\
otuoo, onu ckctvo ou ?noupyou uv Lucptkuv (136) kot ou
pcocuq oo 8cpo\tvo (176), o onoto cv ou cncpcnov vo
ptokcot kov oq to.
\\ kot o ono ouvvqoq oqv zupvq q ov 1ococ,
ov(ct \tov ont0ovo, c cocvo ot o lbrahlm hem a;a
oucnoc, ouuvo c t toypotkc ovoopc, unqpc otuoouo
q ncptoq. Lv ouot q n\qpoopto, ot cou ou 13-13
tcc\coc Mqovtko ou zpoou, o oqvct c\cu0cpou vo
uno0cooc, ot nt0ovov ko o povtko ouo toqo vo qov oc
cvco\cvq unqpcoto ckct.
zo upto 8cooo, oc ttutkq ou\\oyq cyypuv, cuptokcot
opoco kooto c uo koo\oyou, c o ovooo uv
oyyopccvuv kootkuv ou uptou oq oonotto, o cq 13-16.
13

Lk uv ovucpu nopouc vo ouncpvoc, ot q ouvvqoq ou
ytou Lc c qv qcpo ou Mopto cv ctvot ont0ovq ko qv cnoq
ouq (13-16), oov u Mqovtko ou zpoou o lbrahlm hem a;a,
cuptokocvo oc cvco\cvq unqpcoto, ck ou ouvcyyu q ck ou
okpo0cv, npoooo uv cpyuv oonotto, nou ckc\ouvov oo vqot.
1oc o Lc 0o qov yupu oo 63 kot q qcpo ou yupu oo 3. 1o
uno\otno cvouv vo cno\q0cuouv q vo tocuoouv ono t nqyc q
\\c opuptc. kvouc to npoon0cto.

13
cvo ko\oyo cpct qv cntypoq: t ou\cuoovc ct qv oonotov ck ou
uptou 8cooo v 4 qcpo t o co 13. Lntoq oc uo cnocvc oc\tc cct
\\ov ko\oyo c qv cntypoq: ko\oyo uv Lpyo(ocvuv ct qv oonotov Lk
ou uptou 8cooo t o co 14-13 16. v\oyot ko\oyot unpouv kot yto o
upt L\o kot Mco. ou\\oyq ouq toou0qkc ono nupkoyt ono ov k. op\ono
ptoooptq kot cuptokcot oqv kooq ou. Luoptou ou qv uncctc kot ou
cncpcc vo qv ouou\cuu.
uvvq ko\kq
[190]

t\toypotkq
14
kot q opctokq cpcuvo oo cvtk pcto ou
kpou (k) tou cuoc o cq onoc\cooo:
zq to ncpt o 122 unpct to ckoc\q otkoycvcto, qv
onoto onoc\ouv o nocpo kuoovq uptkq (+123-130)
13
kot o

14
no ov kutko q Mqpono\cu tou ou cou 132 coc qootcucvo kot
coypocvo uo cyypoo, o onoto ovocpovot oo ttokqotoko ko0cou q cv
u uptu 8cooo Lkk\qoto ou 1otpou, q onoto ono nopooq ovqkct oqv
otkoycvcto uptkq. cv \oyu ckk\qoto ptokcot oqv ono0coto 1ou y0pou p npro.
pokctot yto to ovok\ctq oot\tkq. Lnt ou u\oy\uno cn\ou unpct q cntypoq:
+ Uk? kL-Uz?ML AL1?Mn ?k1kz zMUnAz q
100 (q 120) [k]? k[] L-Uz? MLAL1? Mn? k1 kzzMUn
Az. zqcpo ovqkct oov cupyto pokontou 1oounopkq, 61 cuv, ouvotouo
ttutko un\\q\o, o onoto cvct oo otpt 0qvuv kot kot oov oc\o ou ovc\q
nou cvct oqv 8tcvvq. zc q\cuvtkq ouvot\to nou cto c ov k. cupyto pokontou
1oounopkq, (29-1-2011), ou ctnc ot q ckk\qoto ncptq\0c oc ouov kot oov
npuooko oc\o ou ovc\q, ono qv qcpo ou tkocptvq uptkq. 1o ovoo
ou o oct\ouv oo oc\to q qcpo ou, ovc\q uptkq, nou 0qkc oqv
kooopoq q zupvq kot cupyto uptkq (npuooko), nou 0qkc oc ouqo oqv
Ccooo\ovtkq. tkocptvq uptkq qov 0uyocpo ou tvvq uptkq, o onoto ctc
cntoq cvov npuooko oc\o, kuoo uptkq. Lnctq o kuoo cv ctc nott, q
ckk\qoto k\qpovoq0qkc, ono ov cucpooko tvvq. Auouu o cupyto pokontou
1oounopkq, cv cv0uctot o ovoo ou nponnnou ou kot nocpo ou kuoo kot
tvvq uptkq. qcpo ou cupytou pokontou 1oounopkq ctvot ouyycvq c ov
pqoo kuvoovtvou uptkq, o\\ cv cpct qv okptq ocoq.\\ o cnovc\0ouc oo
qootcucvo ctpoypoo q Mqpono\cu. zo cvo ctpoypoo, o coypocvo ono
qv oc\to 60 ou kutko kot c povo\oyto 3 Moptou 132, ovocpcot ot o ck ou
uptou 8cooq vuvto uptkq, [.] uo\oyqocv [.] ot c ov 0voov ou
ouoc\ou ou on Mtoq\ ncptc\0ouoq npo ouov q un ckctvou cono(ouoq
ktoptkq noptkq uv tcp ckk\qoto ou 1otpou, kctcvq cv u cou ou uptou,
qv onotov q uvcvo o ctpqcvo vuvto vo qv ncptnotqot ko o npcnov kot
votov, nopotuotv ouqv otkcto0c\u [.] uno qv c\ctov couotov kot kuptoqo uv
uo ouoc\uv ou voyvuoou kot ntko\ou uptkquv [.]. (Zo\uo 192:463-6,
vpcq 1997:Lv-Lvl). zo \\o coypocvo ono t oc\tc 102-103 ou ttou
kutko kot c povo\oyto 3 zcncptou 14 ovocpcot: npo o\tyou c\cuqoo
vuvto uptkq ck 8coq nopcukc qv tootku npo ouov ncptc\0ouoov noptkqv
ou cpv ckk\qotov ou 1otpou [.] ct ou ouoc\ou ou voyvuoou kot
ntko\ou uptkqc. Mc ov 0voov ou kot ou vuvtou, kotouoo q ouq
ckk\qoto ct ov c ckctvov ouc\ov ou uvvqv uptkqv, c\0ovo c q
otkoycvcto ou ck kuvno\cu, onou koukct npo no\\uv cuv, c(qqocv ouqv ouo
npo q kot ko qv cntontov c0tootov nopotcot ct qv c\ctov conoctov kot
kuptoq ou [.] (Zo\uo 192:40-41). no o noponvu ouvycot, ot oo npuo
qtoq ou 19
ou
otuvo oq otkoycvcto uv uptkquv unpouv ou\toov ncvc
oc\to, o onoto ko octp ycvvqoq - onu npokunct ono o tkotuo ou cnt q
kqoptkq ou ckk\qoto, c oct o c0to q npuookto - ctvot o non Mt\q, o
vuvto kot o uvvq kot oko\ou0ouv o voyvuoq kot o ntko\oo. L ouuv o cvo
qov non kot o \\o (ouoc oqv kuvoovtvouno\q cpt o 14.
13
1ov o(q kuoovq uptkq, ouvovouc cv (uq ou\toov cpt o 123. (k tou,
8L 376, o. 113r - u\qqpto vcyvuoq ou o(q kuoovq uptkq npo ov oc\o
ou ntko\q122 Moptou 3, o. 119 - potkoouuvo q Mopto ou noc tvvq
uo c ov ntko\q ou o(q kuoovq uptkq123 cvpq 2, o. 131 - Lnotkto
ou vcyvuoq ou o(q kuoovq uptkq npo qv outo ou Aconotvou123 cvpt
kpt(c ouoqc
[191]

cvvco nott ou: o zoq (+ nptv 133),
16
o non Mt\q ( +132),
17

o vuvto (+ 14),
1
o uvvq (+ nptv 170),
19
o voyvuoq-vpco
(+ c 179),
20
o ntko\oo (+ 133-13),
21
o cupyto (+nptv 170),
22
q
kuptokq
23
kot q Mopouko (+nptv147).
24

6). zc vooptokq npq ou 130 kot oqv to0qkq ou ytou ou ntko\ou o 133
covt(cot u noc o(q kooovq, q\oq nc0ocvo. (k tou, 8L 376, o. 197r -
vo\\oyq ou zoq ou noc o(q kuvoovq uptkq c ov cc\o ou vpco
ou noc o(q Mt\q uptkq130 Moou 11. k tou, 8L 37, o. 243, opt0. 33 -
uouoto onop\oko q Ato0qkq ou noc ntko\q uptkq21 zcncptou 133-16
[ouvtou] 166).
16
k tou, 8L 376, o. 197r - vo\\oyq ou zoq ou noc o(q kuvoovq uptkq
c ov cc\o ou vpco ou noc o(q Mt\q uptkq130 Moou 11). k tou,
8L 376, o. 234 - nooq k\qpovot ou ono0ovovo oc\ou uv zoq uv
nottuv ou noc o(q kuvoovq uptkq ntko\q, tvvq kot voyvuoq kot nu\qoq
npo ov oc\o ou ntko\q 133 13 uyouoou.
17
C non Mt\q cuptokcot vo unoypct vooptokc npct nptv o 122, ono o
119 (k tou, 8L 376, o. 29r - potkoouuvo q Mopto ou ntko\ou kot q
yycpou (o\q c ou vuvq kot ou tupyq 8t\tq 119 ovouoptou [.], o. 31r -
u\qqpto uv 0uyocpuv ou noc Aqqpq kouoounc\q119 Ackcptou 26), cu ov
ovoupto ou 129 (k tou, 8L 376, o. 16-17 - Atovoq uv nottuv ou noc
tupyq ctuvq, kuoovq kot Mt\q129 ovouoptou 4). non Mt\q, ov kot
novpccvo, otvcot vo qv qoc onoyovou, tot q nonot upt(ct q ncptouoto
q ot 3 Ackcptou 136 oqv ovtt q o(toptov ot(tyov ou o(toot\tou
kooytovkt. (k tou, 8L 37, o. 117, opt0o 223 - Aupqqpto pcoucpo ou
noc on Mt\q uptkq npo qv ovqt q o(qopto ou(uyou ou o(q 8oot\ctou
kooytovvkq3 Ackcptou 136).
1
1ov vuvq, o onoto nc0otvct o 14, u otvcot upt onoyovou, ov ouvovouc
o 123, u n\qotooq ou oc\ou ou voyvuoq. (k tou, 8L 376, o. 131 -
Lnotkto ou vcyvuoq ou o(q kuoovq uptkq npo qv outo ou
Aconotvou123 cvpt 6 ).
19
1ov uvvq, o onoto, onu ctoc, cnovonopt(cot o 14 c qv otkoycvct ou, ov
ouvovouc oou kutkc o(t c o oc\to ou oc npq ou 133, nptv qv cnvoo
ou, kot oc npq ou 147. to ou npcnct vo ctvot o tupyq uptkq, ov onoto
ouvovouc oc npq ou 170. (k tou, 8L 376, o. 234 - nooq k\qpovot ou
ono0ovovo oc\ou uv zoq uv nottuv ou noc o(q kuvoovq uptkq
ntko\q, tvvq kot voyvuoq kot nu\qoq npo ov oc\o ou ntko\q133 13
uyouoou. k tou, 8L 377, o. 101r - Lo\qtko uv nottuv ou o(q kuoovq
uptkq, tvvq, voyvuoq kot ntko\q npo t ovttc ou, ono qv oc\q ou
Mopouko, 0uyocpc ou noc tupyq Mno\kq Aconotvou kot onot 147
uyouoou 22. k tou, 8L 377, pt0. 13, o. 133r. - yop ou tupyq ou noc
uvvq uptkq - 10 Moptou 170).
20
voyvuoq novpcucot qv Aconotvou 8t\ovkq, onu otvcot c o cnotktov
ou 123. (k tou, 8L 376, o. 131. - Lnotkto ou vcyvuoq ou o(q kuoovq
uptkq npo qv outo ou Aconotvou123 cvpt 6 ). nok o(t q 4 ckvo, o
kuvoovtvo, ov ko\oyqpo pqyopto, qv Mopouko. (k tou, 8L 377, o. 234r - 233,
opt0. 369. - potkoouuvo voyvuoou uptkq npo ov uto ou kuvoovtvo, qv
0uyocpo ou Mopouko kot ov tykovo ou uvvq zoup. o\topq kot ov uto ou
pqyopto ko\oyqpo.10 Moou 176 kot o. 396r, o. 307-30r, o.n.) kot qv yyc\tkq (k
tou, 8L 37, o. 227r-22r, opt0o 494 - potktoo vpco q voyvuoq uptkq kot
q ou(uyou ou Aconotvou 8t\ovkq npo qv 0uyocpo ou yyc\tkq 14 Ackcptou
164. k tou, 8L 377, o. 212, op. 272. - optoqpto ou voyvuoq uptkq kot q
uvvq ko\kq
[192]

Cnu otvcot unpct cvo non oqv otkoycvcto, o non
Mt\q uptkq o onoto ctvot oqv (uq cpt o 132. Lntoq ono qv
opctokq cpcuvo npockuc, ot o oc\o ou, uvvq, tocvct oq
kuvoovtvouno\q, cpt o 14 (oq. 13) ko0u kot uo ovtt ou,
nott ou oc\ou ou ntko\ou, ko o 166 (oq. 20). zqv
otkoycvcto unpct kot cvo ko\oycpo o pqyopto, uto ou voyvuoq
ncpt o 176 (oq. 19). 1o ootcto ou ouuvouv c o t\toypotk
cocvo ou ko0qyqq hem lem. non 0o nopouoc vo qov
0cto ou kot o ko\oycpo npuo ou cpo. vtootc ococt
ouyycvcto 0o nopouoc vo cct c ou tocvovo oqv
kuvoovtvouno\q.
opocvct o cpuqo, notot qov ot yovct ou Lc kot o ovo
nou cpouc ctvot, ot qv qcpo ou qv c\cyov Mopto.
Mto npoocktkq cpcuvo oo k tou o oqyqoc oc cvo
npotkoouuvo c povo\oyto 122 ovouoptou 29, ouuvo c o
onoto [.] q cptvt otto ou ytvt novc\tt couoo 0tyocpov ovoot
opto ko ou 0tou kot tcpou voou q nqocooo qv

ou(uyou ou Aconotvou npo ov cyyovo ou tvvq o\topq, o onoto oop qv
k\qpovot nou onckqoov ono qv npoono0ovouoo 0uyocpo ou yyc\tkq
21nocptou 173).
21
ntko\oo novpcucot o 123 qv Mopto ou noc tvvq uo. (k tou, 8L
376, o. 119. - potkoouuvo q Mopto ou noc tvvq uo c ov ntko\q ou
o(q kuoovq uptkq123 cvpq 2). pyocpo qv Mopto kovkq. 1o ckvo ou ctvot
q pyupq, o tupyq, o Mt\q, o tvvq, q Aconotvou, q yyc\tko, q ko\q kot q
v0ou\o. L ouuv o tupyq kot o tvvq tocvouv oqv kuvoovtvouno\q. (k tou,
8L 37, o. 142-143, opt0.269. - Atovcqqpto uv 0ovovuv, pyupq ou noc
ntko\ou uptkq kot q kopq q Acovt cou ou ou(uyou q Mtoq\ 8t\tq kot
uv oc\tuv q cupytou, Mt\q, uvvq, Aconotvou, yyc\tko, ko\q kot v0ou\o
nopouoto q Mqcpo ou Mopto 13 nocptou 22). cucpo yo ou
ntko\ou c qv Mopto kovkq otvcot oqv npq tovoq uv nottuv ou noc
ntko\ou uptkq, q 10 kuptou 166 (k tou, 8L 37, o. 247r-230 opt0. 343),
onou q qcpo uv koptotuv Aconotvou, yyc\tko, ko\q kot v0ou\o, Mopto
kovkq, \ctoupyct u cntpontkq. ou ytout ou ytovvt, cvu \ctoupyct u
cntpono ou oc\ouo ou ytopyq o nono uvvq kooupkq [.] covo\qnouv
vtto oc\t ct qv kooovtvouno\tv . no ouo ouvycot ot o tvvq npcnct vo ctvot
yto q Mopto kovkq, cvu o tupyq q npuq yuvotko ou noc ntko\ou
uptkq, Mopto uo. Mc cocvo, ot o ntko\oo uptkq ncpt\ovct ou o
uo ou nott oqv to0qkq ou q 29 zcncptou 133 (k tou, 8L 37, o. 243),
oqotvct, ot novpcuqkc qv Mopto kovkq, no\u nptv o 133 kot o(t q onckqoc o
ncptooocpo nott, n\qv ou tupyq kot tou q pyupq.
22
k tou, 8L 377, o. 132. - yop ou kuvoovtvou noc tupyq uptkq 10 Moptou
170.
23
zo npotkoouuvo vtko\tv ou o(t kooovtv nqptkq c qv opto ou noc ytvt
oo, cvct 123 ycvpt 2 covt(ovot, u n\qotooc, \\o uo oc\to ou
ntko\ou, o tupyq kot q kuptokq. (k tou, 8L 376, o. 119).
24
k tou, 8L 377, o. 101r. - Lo\qtko uv nottuv ou o(q kuoovq uptkq,
tvvq, voyvuoq kot ntko\q npo t ovttc ou, ono qv oc\q ou Mopouko,
0uyocpc ou noc tupyq Mno\kq Aconotvou kot onot 147 uyouoou 22.
kpt(c ouoqc
[193]

vcocvooo otoou oooqv ou o(t kooovt nqptkq [.].
23
Mc
npuq ot otvcot, ot q ouykckptcvq Mopto cv 0o nopouoc vo
qov q qcpo ou Lc, tot q povo\oyto ou cyypou ctvot ovo uo
qvc nptv o ycyovoo ou npt\tou ou 122, o onoto oqotvct
npoovu, ot o Lc cv 0o nopouoc vo qov kopno ouou ou you.
Mto ou cntn\cov ovyvuoq ou cyypou, ovcpuvct, ot o
npotkoouuvo ouo ctvot oun\qpuotko cvo \\ou npoycvcocpou.
zuvct(ct o cyypoo: [.] cnqt kot votvtc npockoo npou[kt]ocvtv
qqcpoou co 119 optou 9 qv otcpov q ypt kot q qcpot
optov oncp ct ct tv [koo]ttv cvt0cot ootpov [.]. 1o cyypoo
c\ctuvct u cq: [.] on o\o o ypouv q yovtot ctv vcutvo
voonpoukqotv kot ont cqytov kot c opv ct [.] ct no\ov
ncptoou oqv.
Lnocvu o yo cytvc o co 119 optou 9, kot oc qv
ctc nponpouktocvq q qcpo q qcpo q, q\oq q ytoyt q,
yvuoo yto notou \oyou! Apo, ctvot no\u nt0ovo ouq q Mopto, q
0uyocpo ou tvvq kot q Ltpqvq ovc\tq kot o ou(uyo q, o
zoq ou o(q kuvoovq uptkq, vo ctvot ot ptotovot yovct ou
Lc.
Mc ou o cocvo o Lc 0o npcnct vo ycvvq0qkc ou\too
cvvco qvc c ov npoovocp0cvo yo, q\oq c\o nocptou
c opc Ackcptou ou 119, q\oq ncpt qv 23
q
cpo ou qvo aar
ou cou 1233, 2
ou
qvo ou oc\qvtokou qcpo\oytou (1 Ack. 119).
Lnocvu oo ycyovoo ou npt\tou ou 122 npcnct vo qov 2 cuv kot
3 qvuv ncptnou.
26

v kot otvocvtk o noponvu cocvo otvcot vo
onok\tvouv ono t n\qpooptc uv opctuv q Lcole es Mlnes oo
optot, onou o qpuo ou o0qou Lc tvct oov povo\oyto
ycvvqoq o 11, kot ono qv ovoop ou lbnulemln Mahmu kemal
lnal, oo cpyo ou on arzamlar, oo onoto ovocpct ot lbrahlm
hem asha ycvvq0qkc npo o 11 (1234 ono qv cytpo) oq to -
onu o n\qpoopct o ko0qyqq hem lem - cv ouot 0o
onoctoc, ot ouuvouv ono\uu.

23
k tou, 8L 376, o.114r - zun\qpuotko potkoouuvo q Mopto 0uyocpo
ou tvvq kot q Lptvq ovc\tq ou(uyou ou zoq o(q kuoovq uptkq122
ovouoptou 29.
26
Lvoooq npokunct, ov o Lc cv oto\utoqkc oo ycyovoo q zoyq q tou, o
122, o\\ oo ycyovoo q kooopoq uv opuv, ov ouvto ou 124, oov qov
koncv noo o usre a;a. uto0coto ou ono ov usre a;a, ouvqyopct o ouo kot
c cocvo, yto ov \oyo, ot q nopto ou 8cooo cuptokcot onoypotk oqv
kcvpoutkq to, npyo o onoto cuvoct okq npooooq oo utk nop\to q
tou, nptv q c qv cnt0coq ko uv opuv, o onoto cuptokovot utk q tou.
1oc o Lc 0o qov 4 cuv kot 6 qvuv ncptnou, npyo nou ouuvct c qv tqyqoq
ou pqoou uptkq.
uvvq ko\kq
[194]

1o 1234 co Lytpo cncptcct kot qvc ou 11 kot qvc ou
119, ou ou\tovou cpo\oytou. Lnocvu q povo\oyqoq 11
ou\tovou cpo\oytou, onoc\ct to ovocpq ovtootqoq c o 1234
co cytpo. kot ouo, tot vot cv, q 1
q
ou npuou qvo Muharram
ou 1234 q Lytpo, ovtootct ot 19 kuptou 11 ou ou\tovou
qcpo\oytou, q 16
q
ou cpo ou 3
ou
qvo 8ablal-Aal ou 1234 q
Lytpo ovtootct oqv 1
q
ovouoptou 119 kot q 29 hu l-l[[a ou 1234,
c\cuoto cpo ou c\cuotou qvo ou cou, ovtootct ot 7
kuptou 119. Lnocvu o 0tvonupo ou 119 ou ou\tovou
qcpo\oytou cncptcct optok kot ov c\cuoto qvo ou 1234 kot ov
npuo qvo ou 1233, cq Lytpo. Apo, o nt0ovo qvo ycvvqoq ou
Lc c ou o cocvo 0o nopouoc vo ptokcot oc optokq 0coq
cou uv c\cuotuv qcpuv ou 1234 kot uv npuuv qcpuv ou
1233, cq Lytpo, q\oq oo c\o ou npuou ckoqcpou ou
kuptou ou 119 (ou\tovou qcpo\oytou). Lnocvu, q toop o,
cou ou povou nou uno0cooc, u povo ycvvqoq ou Lc, c\o
nocptou - opc Ackcptou 119, c oq ov povo you uv
0cupoucvuv yovtuv ou, kot uv noponvu cocvuv, vot(u ot
ctvot ouyupqco kot cv onok\tvct, nop ovo ko cvtoq qvo.
not(u ot cv unpct n\cov oto\to, ot yovct ou Lc
noo npcnct vo 0cupq0ouv ot npoovocp0cvc: q Mopto ou tvvq kot
q Ltpqvq ovc\tq kot o zoq ou o(q kuvoovq uptkq.
Lntoq, ot cv ctc \\o oc\to. 1ouo cvtoucot kot ono o ycyovo,
ot ov zoq uptkq ov k\qpovoouv o oc\to ou kot ot o
nott ou, o 133.
27
ou(uyo ou Mopto, cv ouvovtcot oou
kutkc c o 122. Mo(t ou npcnct vo nouc, ot cntcotuvcot
q uno0coq, ot ouyycvct ou ctvot ot npoovocp0cvc kotovc ou
o(q kuvoovq uptkq, oou onotou unpct cvo non, 0cto ou,
cvo cc\o ou, ko\oycpo kot ot ouyycvct ou, 0cto kot
coc\to tccvov oqv kuvoovtvouno\q.
Lvo \\o cocvo ono o k tou o qtoupyct npoo0co
cpuqoo.
zooou, ou(uyo ou 8oot\q Mtoq\ uptkq, npuou
cc\ou uv npoovocp0cvuv oc\uv uptkq kot ou cvcocvou
nocpo ou Lc, zoq,
2
o 123, ypct qv ncptouoto q oov

27
k tou, 8L 376, o. 234 - nooq k\qpovot ou ono0ovovo oc\ou uv
zoq uv nottuv ou noc o(q kuvoovq uptkq ntko\q, tvvq kot voyvuoq kot
nu\qoq npo ov oc\o ou ntko\q133 13 uyouoou.
2
8oot\q uptkq, ouuvo c uo tovcqqpto ou 123, ctvot nott ou noc
Mt\q uptkq kot cct qcpo qv ko\q kot oc\to ov vpco kot qv Mopou. Ltvot c,
ouuvo c o tto ouo\oto (n\qotooq) kot \\o ou 130, npuo cpo ou
zoq uptkq kot uv oc\uv ou, cvcocvu ou nocpo kot uv 0ctuv ou Lc.
(k tou, 8L 376, o. 121 - 122r. - Atovcqqpto cou ou vpco kot 8oot\q noc
Mt\q uptkq, nopouoto q qcpo ou ko\q123 Moytou 26, o. 123 - optoqpto
kpt(c ouoqc
[193]

ou(uyo q, cnctq kot 0c\q v tcq onou qv otoq o Cco t
qv 0tyocpovq ono0cou opto cntt kot ctvc ok\o.
29
Lntopcct
npokq kot o 146, uto0cct o(t c o ou(uyo q cvo yto, ov tvvq
1(o\onq, ou ypouv qv ncptouoto ou, oou ou oqvouv
k\qpovot kot oqv c\oq 0tyocpov ou, Mopto, qnu kot
cntopcct.
30
no ovtootct ouq, q Mopto 8oot\q uptkq, oqv cucpq
ou(uyo ou usre a;a yvuoq u tkpq kupto, q onoto ouuvo c
t toypotkc n\qpooptc, ou Csman url rln, cy\uoc ov
hem asha Lv npokctcvu npokctot yto qv cucpq ou oc\q, c
qv onoto tou oto\utoqkov o(t kot tou ctvot ckctvq nou ou
onck\uc o uotko uv ptotovuv yovtuv ou kot qv c\\qvtkq
kooyuyq ou.

dzklnn nxnnm

MusLapha khaznaar q cupyto zcovq zpoc\kq (114 -
26 ou\tou 17) o(t c ov oc\o ou Ahme khaznaar q tvvq
zcovq zpoc\kq (10-149), oto\utoqkov o(t c qv qcpo
ou Ltpqvq, q onoto nc0ovc oqv kuvoovtvouno\q, oou ctc
onoonooct ono o nott q, oo ycyovoo ou 122. oc\o ou
kuvoovq (+c 166),
31
toou0qkc kot ov nocpo ou zcovq ov
okouoov. (8to 1921:94-99). MusLapha khaznaar koc\qc o(t c ov
oc\o ou, oov qycovtko otko q 1uvqoto, onou kot novpcuqkc qv
oc\q ou ycovo Ahma kot ono o 137, u Mcy\o 8c(tpq (137-
173) kot u pocpo ou Mcy\ou zuou\tou (162-173), cpt qv
21 kuptou 173 ouykcvpuoc t uc q 1uvqoto oo cpto ou.

vpco kot 8oot\q noc Mt\q uptkq, nopouoto q qcpo ou ko\q npo qv
oc\q ou Mopou123 Moytou [.], o. 197r - vo\\oyq ou zoq ou noc o(q
kuvoovq uptkq c ov cc\o ou vpco ou noc o(q Mt\q uptkq130
Moou 11).
29
.q oooou otto ou oot\q nqptkkq cnctq kot 0c\q v tcq onou qv
otoq o Cco t qv 0tyocpovq ono0cou opto cntt kot ctvc ok\o ko o pt0cv
onq ooucvt vo qv qv oko\ou0tot 0voo... ypct qv ncptouotov q oov
vpo q c ov opo cv .cp0t q 0tyocpo o q opto vo q npoukq(q ko o
otvt0tov ou optou o. kot cv q tto . cp0o ct o optovou vo o ncpvo n\q ct
o cpt ou o koto npoov.. (k tou, 8L 376, o. 142r. - Mcotooq ncptouoto ono
qv zooou, outo 8oot\q uptkkq npo ov ou(uyo q123 ouvtou 21. 8\cnc kot
k tou, 8L 376, o. 143. - Lntopoq146 cpouoptou 2).
30
k tou, 8L 377, o. 79-0r. - k\qpovot ou 8oot\q uptkq146 cpouoptou 2,
o. 0r - k\qpovot q zooou outo ou 8oot\q uptkq146 cpouoptou 2), o.
0-2r. - potktoo ou 0cou ytou uvvq ou 8oot\q kot q zooou uptkq146
cpouoptou 3.
k tou, 8L 377, o. 204r, pt0. 263 - cpt0o\q ou 8oot\q uptkq ono o nott
ou noc tvvq 1(o\onq Mopto kot Mt\q11 Moptou 173.
31
..k. tou, 8L 1136, o. 109-119r, pt0. 91 - Ato0qkq kuvoovtvou zcovq
zpoc\kq2 ovouoptou 166.
uvvq ko\kq
[196]

no oc, cncoc oc uocvcto, koqyopoucvo ono ov tto o yonpo
ou ono qv kopq ou keblna, khelrelne asha, o onoto ov
ovtkocoqoc oqv npu0unoupyto, yto uncotpcoq qootou pqoo
kot pqoo c o onoto onouooc ou ptotovou ovttou ou oqv
L\\o. c0otvct ot 26 ou\tou ou 17 kot 0cot oo 1urbaL al 8ey,
oo kcvpo q Mctvo q 1uvto.
32

ocvq ocoq c qv otkoycvcto ou oqv to, c o cntoqo
c\\qvtko kpo,
33
kot q otkovotkq ou opuyq, ooo npo qv otkoycvct
ou oqv to,
34
ooo kot npo qv L\\qvtkq kotvoqo q 1uvqoto,
33

32
8uyers 2000-2010, \. cntoq hLLp:r.rool.orersonne:172376 kot
hLLp:en.llpela.orllMusLaphakhaznaar.
33
ko0qyqq ou ovcntoqtou 1unls-Manouba, r ablb khazahll, cntko\oucvo
opctokc uvqotokc nqyc, ovocpcot oqv o\\q\oypoto ou npu0unoupyou
MusLapha khaznaar c ov pocvo q L\\o oq to, o 16, znuptuvo
Aoytuotq (Mto -Ackcpto 16), o onoto npoono0ct vo ov nctoct, cntko\oucvo
o t\c\\qvtk ou oto0qoo kot qv kooyuyq ou, vo oq0qoct vo ouvo0ouv
tn\uotkc kot cnoptkc ococt cou 0qvo kot 1uvto. zuvcoo ou pocvou
z. Aoytuotq kot ou MusLapha khaznaar otvcot vo ctvot coo ono qv
o\\q\oypoto knoto cnopcuocvo to c o ovoo, Mtoq\ kouoouq. (kazahll
2000:117-11, kazahll 2007:33). Lntoq, oov o 17 tpucot yto npuq op
L\\qvtko pocvcto oq 1uvqoto c cvtko pocvo ov lscomacos (oooo), o ovtto
ou MusLapha khaznaar, ntko\o o\kt, ovo\ovct tkootko cntc\qq kot
ckko0optoq ou L\\qvtkou pocvctou. povo ouo ctvot optoko, kov oov
0voo ou MusLapha khaznaar, ot 26 ou\tou 17 (oulos 1924:134.)
34
1ouo opupouv, ooo o kctq\to ono qv 1uvqoto uv ouyycvuv ou MusLapha
khaznaar, oq to (uoypotc ou, ono0t, kounoupo, kooqoo k\n.), ooo kot ot
opuptc uv ouyycvuv ou, ovoytuq A. zpoc\kq, zcovou n. zpoc\kq, ou
okoptq zoupou uv. zpoc\kq, Mopto M. -u\, 0uyocpo q Avvo n.
zpoc\kq, zooto znovou - 1otkouq, 0uyocpo q uctvq M. -u\, Mtoq\
Luoy. 1otkvo, utou q Mopto uvvou zpoc\kq, tvvq Mtoq\ zpoc\kq, Luycvto
ovoytuq zpoc\kq, zooto \. t\tvou, 0uyocpo \to ovoytuq zpoc\kq.
Lntoq uo n\qpcouoto octk c o oucpovo q otkoycvcto oqv 1uvqoto. 1o cvo,
uo qvc nptv o 0voo ou MusLapha khaznaar (26 ou\tou 17), oop
n\qpcouoto ou ovttou ou Aonptvou k. zpoc\kq npo pto, tot o tto 0o
otcct yto uno0coct ou oo cucptko. (..k. tou, 8L 991, o. 6r, pt0. 17363 -
Lntpontkov29 Moou 17). 1o \\o, cvo povo c ov 0voo ou MusLapha
khaznaar, oop ov yto ou ovttou ou Mtoq\ k. zpoc\kq, uvvq Mtoq\
zpoc\kq, npo ov tto yto, Mtoq\ uvvou zpoc\kq, ov onoto couotooct yto
uno0coct ou oo 1ouvc(t (..k. tou, 8L 991, o. 1r, pt0. 17993 -Lntpontkov22
9ptou 179).
33
L\\qvtkq kotvoqo q 1uvqoto, c npq q o 1917 ovoctkvuct ov MusLapha
khaznaar cy\o q Lucpycq kot ovop npo tqv ou ovovqotkq n\ko. (t6lo
npokrtkv 1911-1923, o. 173-174). zctk ctvot kot o nopoku poktk: 8t\tov
poktkuv 19-1901, o. 10 - poktkov 4
ov
3 Moptou 19 kot o. 44 - poktkov 44
ov

24 npt\tou 1900: .no ou cou 164 no ou cou 164 (24 Moou) q Lkk\qoto
o ckopnouo yqncou ckocu 9903 cpuv cpoyuvtkuv oncp cupqooo oc o
oc 8cq q 1uvto uno ov pqov opov q q ono\\optu-ocu q c
onok\ctotkq pqocu ouou ct 0pqo-kcutk cpyo, onok\ctocvq noq \\q
otouq...
kpt(c ouoqc
[197]

cntcotuvovot ono t c\\qvtkc (8to 1921) kot uvqotokc (asan el
kol 200, 8ron 1974) t\toypotkc kot opctokc nqyc, ko0u kot
ono no\otocpc kooypocvc npooptkc opuptc kot cnctptc
ouyycvuv ou, o\\ kot vcocpc.
36

1o onouotocpo ou ckqpto, c o onoto koovoct kovct t
ctpovotc ou MusLapha khaznaar, ctvot toou0cv oqctuo ou ytou
ou, Mohame khaznaar, oo opotk, o onoto ypqkc ko0
unoyopcuoq ou nocpo ou, oo onoto ncptypcot q ncptnccto q
oto\uoto kot o onoto toqpouv ot onoyovot q otkoycvcto ou
ytou ou asan, c ou onotou ouvovq0qko oqv 1uvqoto, ot 6
ou\tou 2011.
37

kouoc, onu ou o ovyvuoc o ptocyyovo ou MusLapha
khaznaar, k. auel, kot o cpooc q k. ntvo t(ou, ypooco q
L\\qvtkq kotvoqo q 1uvqoto:

O MobomeJ kboooJot o yto rou Mostobo kboooJot eypoe e ro ept rou
our, n rou epypoe o norepo rou.. Aeet rt prov konoto eyoo oro
kopouo, o norepo rou Mostobo kboooJot.nrov on rp \lo, eyrov
zreovp, yto rou korovrp \okto . kot prov npo0ovro. n prepo rou
eyerot tppvp. Drov eytve o neo ero0 oo kot 1oupklo o norepo rou
euye.o norepo rou Mostobo kboooJot e rpv tppvp. kot ro notto rou.
nppe ro notto rou kot npyov vo ro kp0ouv oe lo. onpto oro 6ouv. 1o
6ouv ro eve lpto. kot elvove oro 6ouv 0o pve. kot ero netvooove. O
norepo kore6pke vo oet yto oypr. rov okoroove ot 1o0pkot. Mero eetve
p Mprepo e ro uo notto, netvooove not kot kore6pke p Mprepo e ro
notto. rou ntooove ot 1o0pkot, rou 6oove orp uokp. ro 181. orp \lo.
kot rou noupoove oe enpou on rp z0pvp. kot ero on kotp unopet
evo enopo on rpv kvorovrtvo0nop. oypooe rov Mostobo kot rov
Abmet. Doov oopo rpv Mprepo rou rpv opoe orp z0pvp. kot rpv no0poe oe
konotov oo enopo. nppe ro notto orpv kvorovrtvo0nop. kot ro no0poe
oe konotov oov enopo orpv kvorovrtvo0nop. ko0poove ekel 0o pvto o
ourv. Mept, nou npye evo enopo on rpv 1uvpolo, npye orpv 1oupklo,.
oypooe ro 0o notto. kt our o enopo o 1uvpoto eyerot 8eo AbJesslem.
Drov prov zourovo o MobmooJ kot 6ootto o nosoyo bey.
J8

36
zctkq ctvot q Atqyqoq q o(q Luycvto, ou(uyou Aonptvou kuvoovq
zpoc\kq, (139-2 ovouoptou 1939), q onoto t\ocvq0qkc, ko0u kot o\q q
otkoycvcto zpoc\kq oq 1uvqoto, oc uo ncptoou o 144 kot o 161 (8to 1921:94-
99).
37
pokctot yto ov cyyovo ou asan, ono ov yto ou MusLapha, Mounlr (ouvotouo,
u npuqv oc\co uv ztqpopouv q 1uvqoto,) tocyyovo q\oq ou MusLapha
khaznaar kot o nott ou Mounlr, auel (ytopo) kot lnes (ooo\ctot c ov
ouptoo) kot qv qcpo ou lzlrlc (tokct oc cvq\tkc).
3
ouvcvcuq cytvc oqv 1uvto , ot 6 ou\tou 2011 kot upo 17 kot ptokcot oo
opcto ou ypovo. okptq onoooq ou kctcvou oo c\\qvtk cct u cq:
vo rpo rp toroplo rou nonno0 Mostobo kboooJot ypoevo on rov yto rou
MobomeJ kboooJot, nou oopo ro rolt rou on rpv oo orpv 1uvpolo ol e rov
oe rou AbmeJ.
uvvq ko\kq
[19]

C7>*8+%$>%

q\tkto oto\uoto kot o toopctk ncpt\\ovo oo
onoto cy\uoov o lbrahlm hem a;a, kot o MusLapha khasnaar
toopuoov toopctkou opokqpc kot oqyqoov oc ovt0cc
ouncptopc.
zov lbrahlm hem a;a, oto\uto0cvo oc vqntokq q\tkto , q
\q0q qov cuko\o vo cntpoct kot vo ov oqyqoct oc yvoto q to 0o\q
ovt\qq q (uq ou nptv qv oto\uoto, nop t onotc cvcocvc
n\qpooptc, t onotc nopct vo ctc ono ptou, yto qv c\\qvtkq,
ptotovtkq kooyuyq ou. U cnoko\ou0o ouo qov vo \cct \cuk
coo yto ouq qv ncptoo q (uq ou kot oko\ou0uvo o
tyoo q notcto, qv onoto c\oc oqv vco ou o0uovtkq,
to\otkq ovoqo, vo unqpcqoct nto qv 0uovtkq uokpoopto.
MusLapha khasnaar oto\uto0ct oqv q\tkto q cqcto,
o(t c qv qcpo ou kot ov cyo\ucpo oc\o ou Ahme, cv
nopcoc vo coct q pouotkq cnctpto q oto\uoto, ov
uptoo ono qv qcpo ou kot ov okouo ou nocpo ou, o onoto
npoqyq0qkc. 1qv toopto ou cv qv qoc ovo, u yponq
nopokoo0qkq, oov yto ou Mohame, o\\ otvcot vo q
outoqkc noc c qv vco ou ouoqo. v kot cuvoq0qkc vo ytvct
yonpo q qycovtkq otkoycvcto q 1uvqoto kot vo ovc\0ct oo
ovuoo otuoo ou kpou, cv nopc\ctc vo cnovoouvc0ct c qv
ptotovtkq otkoycvcto ou oqv to, qv onoto no\\on\ oq0qoc, vo
npoono0qoct vo ovonuct tn\uotkc ococt c o vcoouooo
L\\qvtko kpo kot vo cucpycqoct qv L\\qvtkq kotvoqo q
1uvqoto. t ctptoot ou oqv toctptoq uv otkovotkuv q
1uvqoto, ot onotot oqyqoov cnt uv qcpuv ou oqv pcokonto q,

koroyrov on ro kopo0to kot ovpke oe lo on rt otkoyevete rv euyevv.
levvpevo orpv \lo ro 1814. O norepo rou, zreovp kvorovrlvou \okto, prov evo
on rou euyevel rv kopo0v kot p prepo rou ovoorov tppvp. 1o 181, koro
rpv topketo rou noeou rv pvv e rov zourovo, o norepo, p prepo kot ro
notto euyov kot koreuyov oe lo onpto oe evo 6ouv nou ovoorov lpto. kel
eetvov 0o pve. Drov p nelvo optoe vo rou 0eplet, o norepo npye npo ovoprpop
rpop kot okor0pke on rou 1o0pkou. rot p prepo kot ot ytol rp 6ypkov on rpv
onpto yto vo oouv vo ove. D otorlorpkov on rou 1o0pkou, ot onolot rou
kporpoov eyketorou ro 181 orpv \lo. korntv noup0pkov oe enpou orpv z0pvp. O
Mostobo kot o oe rou AbmeJ noup0pkov oe evo enopo orpv kvorovrtvo0nop,
kot p prepo eetve orpv z0pvp, nou noup0pke.1o 0o oypto eetvov 0o pvto
orpv kvorovrtvo0nop kot orpv ouveeto noup0pkov oe evo enopo nou npoeprov
on rpv 1uvpolo ovooevo 8eo AbJesslem, ro 18J koro rpv 6ootelo rou zourovou
MobmooJ kot rpv enop rou nprou erou rp 6ootelo rou noocloe 8ey. 1o kctcvo
oo potk ptokcot oo pcto q otkoycvcto Mounlr khaznaar. no qv yo\\tkq
cpooq ou k. auel khaznaar, q cpooq oo c\\qvtk cytvc ono qv k. ntko\co
kouq.
kpt(c ouoqc
[199]

cv 0o qov nopoktvuvcucvo, ov koovoq0ouv coo o ouo o n\ototo
to toocvq ouncptop .

9#h3#,&+%-0%
Aovo, k. 1911. oq 8cq, \toko \povtko, 1oo 1: 147-149.
vpcq uvvq M. 1997. loroplo rp ev \l Op0oou kkpolo.
1oo , oppqo. 0qvo: c\ot . 8\ooq.
8to, zu\tovo . 1921. n zoyp rp \lou et ro oro rou \toko0 Aoo0.
to: L\cu0cpto un.
Zoptq, . A. 2002. Ot ovovpoet ou. vo koo nou euye.
kvorovrtvo0nop 1800-190. 0qvo: 1poo\to.
Zo\uo, cupyto . 192. loroplo rp \lou. 1oo , Mcpo cucpov.
0qvo: . A. zokc\\pto.
kokk\q, ovc\q. 1974. Avpeo l. noelp. zu6op et rpv loroplov
rp \lou. 1o. 1. 0qvo: k\onkq
Mouponou\o, ptoo 8. 1920. 1oupktko eyypoo oopvro rpv
loroplov rp \lou. 0qvo: . L. cpkou.
zyoupo, kuvoovtvo . 1937. loroplo rp poou \lou. \opokrpp kot
nolreuo rv \lv. 0qvo: upoou . L.
[zyoupo, kuvo. .] 190. Aqoycpovto q tou c o 122. zo
kuvoovtvo kovc\\kq, \toko Avoekro, 0qvo: to
cpo\oyto (cnovckooq) 193, 316-33.
Ayuz, allm. 200. lbrahlm hem a;a. zo a;amlari e apiLlariyala
Csmanlilar Ansllopelsl, llL 1, lsLanbul: k, 620.
8ron, arl. 1974. 1be 1oolslo of AbmoJ 8ey, 18J7-1855. (e !ersey):
rlnceLon nlerslLy.
lusLel e oulanes. 137. Mmolte sot llle Je cblo. arls: lmprlmerle
lmperlale.
lusLel e oulanes, (Mcpooq upcv0q kuoo). 1977. n vpoo \lo
loroptk nvpo. Mmolte sot llle Je cblo (1856). 0qvot: .
kopoto.
asan el kol. 200. Moostobo kboooJot. o zeop notrtkp
Otkovotkp orpv loroplo rou 1uvpotoko0 kporou koro rov 19
o

otvo. (18J7-1878). 1uvto. (vckoq toptq. Lntc\cto
ko0qyqou Mohame el Azhar el harbl, ovcntoqto 1uvto,
1qo kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto, ovcntoqtoko co 2007-
200).
kazahll, ablb. 2000. ommunauLes melLerraneennes e 1unlsle: Les
recs e 1unlsle: u MllleL-l-rum a lasslmllaLlon ranalse (xvll-xx
e slecles), kkpotoortk 1opo (\cvpcto), 1oo o: 112-
141.
uvvq ko\kq
[200]

kazahll, ablb. 2007. Les ronLleres e llenLlLe: la Lrlple apparLenance
es recs e 1unlsle (xvll
e
-xx
e
slecle). zo Mlchel 8runeau,
loannls assloLls, MarLlne oanesslan, lalre Mouralan, (cn.),
Atmoloo et tecs eo Jlosoto. otoocbes comototlves, ALhenes,
1
e
: Lcole ranalse ALhenes, 333-343.
kurulu, ayln. 200. lbrahlm hem a;a. zo a;amlari e apiLlariyala
Csmanlilar Ansllopelsl, llL 1, lsLanbul: k, 620-621.
eyzl, Leyla. 1999. koo nootmJoo kobo Asttlt AJJomo. lsLanbul: el
ayincili.
oulos, kharalambls. 1924 Les ellenes, oo nlstolte Je lo vllle Je 1ools,
Aler: 8oer essaL, 132-136.

)3=./+,2#.8? *1&8?
lem, hem. 2007. 1otlye Je tooso, 5oJtoom lbtoblm Jbem.
hLLp:.ambarance-Lr.orsplp.phparLlcle3 9-12-2010
4:30.
lem, hem. 2010. 1he sLory o Lhe llLLle ree boy ho became a
poerul pasha: MyLh an reallLy ln Lhe lle o lbrahlm hem
asha, c. 11-193. zo Atooyot rv A0pvv (poktk
zuvcptou, 0qvo, 24-27 nocptou 2010).
hLLp:aLhenslaloues.chs.harar.eucl-
blnWebCb[ecLsaLhenslaloues.oaalsLls31 9-12-
20104:10. hLLp:en.llpela.orlllbrahlmhemasha
9-12-20104:33. btoblm Jbem losbo
8uyers, hrlsLopher 2000-2010. 1oolslo. 1be nosololJ yoosty. 8tlef
blstoty. (hLLp:.royalar.neL1unlslaLunlsla.hLm 30-3-
201110:13). hLLp:r.rool.orersonne:172376 31-3-
20112:23. Mostobo kboooJot (kollos 5ttovelols).
hLLp:en.llpela.orllMusLaphakhaznaar 31-3-
20112:23. Mostobo kboooJot.

=#+:&+%-%
ooptkq 8t\to0qkq tou kopoq: ctpoypoo pt0.1697
o
. 8t\tov
vtypoo cntoo\uv ou oottou uvvou upq
ovtypocv uno ou kuvo. n. kovc\\kq 199.
cvtk pcto ou kpou (k) tou: 8L 376, 8L 377, 8L 37, 8L
991, 8L 1136.
tutkq zu\\oyq op\onou ptoooptq (8cooo tou): kooto c
koo\oyou: t ou\cuoovc ct qv oonotov ck ou uptou
8cooo v 4 qcpo t o co 13. - ko\oyo uv
kpt(c ouoqc
[201]

Lpyo(ocvuv ct qv oonotov Lk ou uptou 8cooo t o co
14-13 16. (qootcuo).
pcto L\\qvtkq kotvoqo 1uvto: 8t\tov poktkuv 1911-1923.
8t\tov poktkuv 19-1901. (qootcuo).
pcto otkoycvcto Mounlr khaznaar (1uvto): uoypoo oo opotk
ou Mohame khaznaar, utou ou MusLapha khaznaar.
(qootcuo).
uvvq ko\kq
[202]

AXBXB6)PX
cvco\oytk cvpo. lbrahlm hem a;a kot MusLapha khaznaar.

kpt(c ouoqc
[203]

en. tkoycvcto 1uvqoto

uvvq ko\kq
[204]

en. asan khaznaar

[203]

D,#2:/1/=? >2(>1? .%# 3(<1?@ 5#%$/4$=#? /1? >21>,2#.(? $7&.+:/1$1?
$/#? %-1&($=#? s'(? /'2 A,2/0'2 /1? "CCH &r+' %*: /#? $/%3#2#.8?
5#q=#? .%# =./,*0$=#? }SONS~

C\yo zcootou
1

\jklmnol

commooltles of memoty ooJ obllvloo. tbe coosttoctloo of memoty lo llfe
stoty oottotlves of lootlc tees oboot tbe etsecotloos ooJ Jeottotloos
of tbe 5tollolst eto lo tbe 55k (19J7 - 1949)

1be oet ooolyes tbe fotmotloo of commooltles of memoty ooJ obllvloo
omooq tbe lootlc tees of tbe fotmet 5ovlet oloo. Membets of tbls
commoolty bo llveJ tbtooqb tbe etsecotloos ooJ Jeottotloos of tbe
5tollolst eto mlqtoteJ to teece, most of tbem lo to oves eltbet befote
ot oftet 1990. lll elote bo tbese oolotloos temembet ooJ
lotettet tbelt eetleoces of etsecotloo Jotloq tbe 19J0s ooJ 1940s, tbelt
mlqtotloo to teece ooJ tbelt olltlcol offlllotloo oftet tbelt ottlvol lo
teece. lll focos lo ottlcolot oo tbelt memotles of Jeottotloo lo o ost
commoolst cootet. no JlJ o oottotlve oboot tbe ost become o
commeot oo tbe teseot ooJ bo Jo eetleoces lo tbe teseot coottlbote
to tbe lJeollotloo of tbe ost bo temembets, beo ooJ by AoJ bo
tefets to fotqet

ou cntponct vo cktvqou c qv oqyqoq to npoountkq
cnctpto, ocvo ytot ouq onoc\coc oopq yto q tounuoq uv
cpcuvqtkuv ou cpuquv kot qv cknovqoq tn\uotkq cpyooto
2

kot occpou cnctq ctvot cvctktkq ou cvtocpovo nou
nopouot(ct to c0voypoto q vqq q (uq uv ovtuv q LzzA.
1o 2003 oc to no\ttkq ou(qqoq c cvov ouotqq ou oou
topoou ou ovcntoqtou, o ouvot\qq ou cuoc ouvctptk
qv onvqoq oo ytot ookouoo kpttkq oo z\tv. -cpu ytot toct o
z\tv, ytot coptoc ou ovtou, ou ovccpc, yvupt(ovo ono nptv
qv novtokq kooyuyq q otkoycvct ou kot oqvov c ckn\qkq
nou cv cto okouoct noc kt coto.
nocpo ou kot q otkoycvct ou qp0ov ono q kouvoouo
q oqcptvq no(to o 1939, oov o tto qov c povuv.

1
ovcntoqto Ccooo\to, emall: olseasL[uLh.r.
2
ctoqyqoq oot(cot oc c0voypotkq cpcuvo, q onoto npoyoonotq0qkc yto qv
cknovqoq tn\uotkq cpyooto oo n\ototo conutokuv onouuv oo 1qo
oopto, poto\oyto kot kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto ou ovcntoqtou Ccooo\to
(zcootou 2009).
C\yo zcootou
[206]

otkoycvcto ou nocpo ou kot ot ouyycvct nou covocuoov oqv
L\\o oq ckocto ou 90, ou(qouoov ouv yto q (uq ou oqv
LzzA kot oqyouov otytouno q ko0qcptvoqo. Ltc \otnov ono
t ou(qqoct q otkoycvct ou ctc ono ou cyo\ucpou oc q\tkto
ov0punou nou ouvo(ov oou kuk\ou uv novtokuv ou\\oyuv q
0qvo kot c ou onotou ouvovoopcoouvo cpt o ckoou ou
povto, 0o qov ovocvocvo vo cu okouoct, onu kot ot uno\otnot
ouvoq\tkot ou, cou to octkq ou(qqoq. Cu kt coto cv ctc
ouct.
1t oqotvc \otnov ouq q otunq Mc noto kptqpto covov oo
out ou knotc n\qpooptc cvu knotc \\c ot Mc ooo vo
ovtvcu0ouv ot ponot \ctoupyto kot ouykpoqoq q vqq, oc
ou\\oytko kot ootko cntnco, ovckuov tcupucvo cpcuvqtk
cpuqoo yupu ono o nu 0uouvot ot novtokot n\q0uoot o
ootctko ou nopc\0ov. 1c\tk q otunq q otkoycvct ou onoc\ct
cvo cupucpo otvocvo otunq oqv ootkq, otkoycvctokq kot
ou\\oytkq vqq uv unokctcvuv q oo ovoop v vot
nopouot(ovot pqyoo oc ouq q otunq
zc cvo kctcvo ou o Ayyc\o L\cvq nopop(ovo q
poq ou ramscl ot o\ot ot v0punot ctvot t\oooot, ovocpct ot
o\ot ot v0punot ko knoto pono kvouv toopto (L\cvq
2002:136). kcvptko po\o oc ouq q totkooto kocct q ouykpoqoq
q vqq kot ot cnctptc ou k0c ov0punou.
vqq uv unokctcvuv cv nopct vo c\cq0ct ovcpqo
ono t kotvuvtkc oc ot onotc ovqkouv, onu unooqptc npuo
o albachs, pqotonotuvo qv cvvoto q ou\\oytkq vqq, yto vo
ncptypct ov pono c ov onoto ot kotvuvtkc oc cntpouv oq
vqovtkq ouykpoqoq uv c\uv ou (albachs 1992: 33). Uoooo o
oo c ouykpoct vqc cvououvovo ovotooo kot no0qtk
cntppoc cucptkuv nopoyovuv kot q vqq cv ctvot to ouovoq
ono o oo tcpyooto, q onoto ktvctot cpqqv ou kot on\u o
kocu0uvct. onc\cu0cpuoq ou unokctcvou ono o cyk\utotko
oqo ou albachs cntctpctot ono ov onnerLon, o onoto ctoqyctot
qv cvvoto q npoountkq ootkq vqq, u totkooto nou
nqy(ct ono qv npoountkq oqyqoq, ovocpcot oo npoountko
nopc\0ov ou unokctcvou kot onoc\ct c ouov ov pono cvo
cpyo\cto oqoq kot nopouotooq ou couou (onnerLon 2007:22).
zuuvo c t npoocyytoct ouypovuv 0cupqtkuv q
npooptkq toopto, onu q Lulsa asserlnl, o Alessanro orLelll, q Anna
reen k.o., o unokctcvo cntkotvuvct c t kotvuvtkc oc kot
nopyct voqo yt ou nou ou ouotvouv (asserlnl 2007, asserlnl
199:16-17, orLelll 1997:37, reen 2004:42). tkovoqo ovtpooq q q
uvooqo kpttkq ono qv n\cup ou unokctcvou onoc\ouv nuc
kotvoqc vqq kot \q0q
[207]

toopuoq q vqovtkq ckpooq, nou npcnct vo \ovovot
unoq kot nou cv nopoqpouvot onopotqo oc ou\\oytko cntnco.
Mcoo oc ouo o 0cupqtko n\ototo 0o pqotonotqou q tq cvvoto
nou o loucaulL tvct oov opo unokctcvo: . unokctcvo unooycvo
oov \\o cou ou c\cyou kot q couoto, kot unokctcvo
npooko\\qcvo oqv tto ou qv ouoqo cou q ouvctqoq q q
ouoyvuoto. (loucaulL 1991:1). 1o unokctcvo \otnov npcnct vo
c\cq0ct kot cvo ou no\ttotkou - kotvuvtkou n\cyoo oo onoto
ton\0cot kot u ootkq ouykpoqoq cvo cvouvctqou couou. Mc
ouo ov pono cytvc koop0uo vo ou(qqou t ko0op ootkc
npoo\qct q tucvq cnctpto, nou oct(ovov c o opokqpo
ou k0c n\qpoopqq kot ot onotc cv nopouoov vo cvo0ouv oc
koto ono t cntcpou ooonotqoct nou npockuov.
cuoqo pono 0cupqoq q \q0q u to \\q oq q
vqq, onu ov cct ncptypct q 8ll van 8oeschoLen, onoctkvucot
ttotcpo pqoto oqv ov\uoq ou nopovo c0voypotkou u\tkou,
cooov q cou ou ocoq ovonuoocot, onu 0o ouc, c
onpoookqo pono, kocu0uvov o vo ovo(qqoouc u cvo o0o
qv cpqvcto yt ouq q vqovtkq ouncptop oc oqovtkc
kotvuvtkc kot tooptkc o\\oyc (van 8oeschoLen 200:12).
vooptk c q c0oo\oyto npoyoonotq0qkc cntonto
cpcuvo oc ontto n\qpoopquv, oc upou ouykcvpuoq ou c
oopq ckq\uoct vqq, c\cq opctokou u\tkou, ko0u kot ctkoot
ct ouvcvcuct oqyqoq (uq, ckoct ono t onotc npocpovot ono
o opcto npooptkuv opuptuv ou ooptkou pctou poouytkou
L\\qvtoou ou Aqou ko\oopt, oo cq L. ctoqyqoq
npoyocucot kuptu o u\tko nou npockuc ono t ouvcvcuct.
3

no o c0voypotko u\tko onoko\uncot cvo ptnuo
vqovtkuv ouykpoqocuv:

3
1o ooptko pcto poouytkou L\\qvtoou ou Aqou ko\oopt, to0cct opcto
npooptkuv opuptuv, o onoto t\ocvctot ot cykooooct ou, vpco
onovpcou 29-298, ko\oopt, Ccooo\ovtkq. ouykpoqoq ou opctou cktvqoc c
qv tpuoq ou opco, o 1994, cvu cpt oqcpo ouvct(cot o cn\outoo ou. 1o
u\tko npooptkuv opuptuv nou pqotonotq0qkc yto t ovykc q nopouoo
cpcuvo ouykcvpu0qkc q ckocto ou 1990. 1o L c toqpct nopoupqqpto uv
ouvcvcucuv, uoooo oc cuoptoqptc cntoo\c nou onooc\\ovot oou
n\qpoopqc kot t n\qpoopqptc ovocpcot ot c q upc ou nopoupouv oo
opco o tkotuo pqoq kot otonotqoq q ouvcvcuq. t ouvcvcuct nou
npoyoonotq0qkov ono q ypouoo toqpouvot oo npoountko opcto q tto, yto
qv tcoyuyq ou cv (qq0qkov nopoupqqpto, cvu o npoyotk ovooo uv
n\qpoopquv couv ovtkoooo0ct ono cuuvuo, koontv cnt\oyq q
cpcuvqpto.
C\yo zcootou
[20]

q 0cotkq vqq, q onoto oqv L\\o ckp(cot
kuptu coo ono ov opyovucvo novtoko upo
4
kot o
kkL (ktko 2006, 2007), c qv onoto o povtk opto q
ovokotvuoq cv cntpcnouv qv cvooo\qoq.
3

q ou\\oytkq vqq uv ovtuv nou c(qoov oqv LzzA,
oqv onoto 0o cotoct q ovokotvuoq, oo coucptko q
onoto nopoqpouvot cnt cpou ooonotqoct.
cptcct tkpocpc kotvoqc vqq nou
ouykpoouvot c opokqptotk, o onoto oct(ovot
c qv kotvuvtkq 0coq nou ctov ot n\qpoopqc oqv
LzzA, c qv no\ttkq ou ono0cqoq oc kot oqcpo,
c o ycuypotko kot otkovotko ncpt\\ov nou
kootkouoov kot c t tooptkc ouykuptc nou
ouvvqoov oqv nopcto q (uq ou.
q ootkq vqq c t ttotcpoqc q k0c
npoountkoqo.
vqq ou ootctkou nopc\0ovo yto ou n\qpoopqc q cpcuv
ou cv npokunct ono to kotvq cocvq tucvuv cnctptuv. t
npocpocvot ono oypotkc ncptoc couv vqc ono t tuct q
ko\cktonotqoq, t tuct ou 1937-1939 kot ou ckontoou ou
q ckocto ou 1940, ot npocpocvot ono ootkc ncptoc cv couv
(qoct qv ovoykootkq ko\cktonotqoq oypotkuv ncptouotuv, o\\ ooo
oko\ou0qoov c o 1937, cvu ooot qov ono ootkc ncptoc kot
covocuoov oqv L\\o oo c\q ou 1939 yvupt(ouv yto o\o o
npoqyoucvo, o\\ cv couv q tucvq cnctpto oo coo
otkoycvctoko ou ncpt\\ov.
kotvuvtkq ycuypoto ovoct0qkc oc oqovtko nopyovo
nou cnqpc(ct q vqovtkq ouykpoqoq. t n\qpoopqc nou (ouoov
oo ootk kcvpo, ot yovct uv onotuv onooo\ouov oov
cnoyyc\otc kot cnopot, ncptypouv yto qv ncptoo nptv o 1937
to ocov ctu\\tokq (uq. zo n\ototo q \cvtvtotkq no\ttkq uv
c0voquv ot kotkot uv no\cuv ctov q uvooqo vo
nopoko\ou0ouv c\\qvouvc q novtouvc cqcptc, c\\qvtk
ootctk oo\cto, tookocvot q y\uooo ou kot vo nopoko\ou0ouv
q vo topyovuvouv no\ttotk 0coo (y(tq 1997:233-260,

4
0cotko \oyo ou opyovucvou novtokou upou onounuvcot kuptu oo
npoktk uv novtokuv ouvcptuv.
3
0cotkq vqq oqv npoocyytoq q ypouoo onoc\ct ovo\utkq koqyopto, q
onoto o ncptcocvo tooponotctot ov\oyo c ov ckooc 0cotko \oyo. to
ouykckptcvo, ot uo 0cotkc vqovtkc ckpoct nou npoovocp0qkov -
opyovucvo novtoko upo, kkL - nopouot(ouv ko kotpou ovt0coct,
cyo\ucpc q tkpocpc toopc q kot ootoqc, otyoupo ou cv out(ovot.

[209]

1onop 199:13-20). C\ot ou ovocpovot c cy\o 0ouooo oo
cy\o qooto kqpto, ot unqpcotc uycto, kot q ouvq tookcooq.
vt0co ot n\qpoopqc o nou npocpovot ono oypotko
ncpt\\ov, cot(ouv qv oqyqoq q (uq ou yto qv tto ncptoo
oq ok\qpq oypotkq cpyooto kot oq to q ootctkq couoto,
ttotcpo ko q tpkcto q cucpq ko\cktonotqoq, ono o 1929-
1933. vocpouv nu ot otkoycvctc ou pc0qkov ovtcunc c qv
koqyopto ou kou\kou kot ou o\to0opco, upeuers onu
cnovo\ovouv c cooq q puotkq \cq, ot onotc ouvocuovov
ono no\ttko otyotoo kot tupqtk cnoko\ou0o ou\\qcuv kot
ckontouv. 1o oo\cto qov no\\c opc okpt ono o upt ou,
ou\cuov ono tkpq q\tkto oo ko\o(, cvu ouv cv nopouoov vo
ko\uouv t topotkc ou ovykc. t n\qpoopqc ono oypotko
ncpt\\ov, couv vo 0uouvot cvo cyo\ucpq tpkcto cnuuvo
nopc\0ov, ouv0qkq nou cnqpc(ct kot o o0o ou pootkou uou
q vqovtkq ou oqyqoq.
1qv ncptoo 1937-1939 oktoypoouvot npot\ coucptkuv
c0puv oqv LzzA. koqyoptc yto ovcnovoootkq poq n\qouv
o\o o oo q ootctkq kotvuvto ono ou unpovc cunopou q
ou 0cupoucvou u cotou, o c\q ou kooo kot q
kootkq qycoto (L\\cvoctv . 1977:373-391, 8lLLersporn 2001:213).
vonuoocot q pqoptkq uv unonuv c0voquv yto ouvcpyooto c
konto\totk kpq. zctk c qv oo ovoop, o 193 k\ctvouv
o c\\qvtk oo\cto, ot ckotkot otkot kot ot cqcptc. qycoto kot q
tovoqoq uv novtokuv kotvoquv, o\ot c\q ou kooo,
ou\\ovovot kot ctc oc\vovot oc opoonco koovoykootkq
cpyooto ctc ckc\ouvot, cvu ooonotctot kot tukcot o
otkoycvctoko kot kotvuvtko ou ncptyupo (y(tq 1991:226-242,
ootuq 1997:423, lles 2007:23). ?no qv onct\q uv tucuv ckctvq
qv ncptoo ovonuoocot cvo covoocutko kuo npo qv L\\o. t
n\qpoopqc o ouq q oo, nou o\ot ou oq tkq ou cpcuvo
uotvct vo npocpovot ono ootko ncpt\\ov, nott oc,
covoocuouv oqv L\\o, q covo tuoct oo otkoycvctoko ou
ncpt\\ov t tuct kot ou ckontoou nou oko\ou0qoov.
Atoqpouv cnocvu qv ctkovo q ctu\\tokq (uq uv ootctkuv
no\cuv, q onoto tokonqkc toto c ov cpoo ou oq cotkq
L\\o, qv cvopq ou no\cou kot ov cu\to nou oko\ou0qoc.
t n\qpoopqc ouq q oo otunouv cntqcucvo, 0o
c\cyo, octk c t tuct. poon0qoov ko q tpkcto uv
ouvcvcucuv vo t onootunqoouv, ncovo oc ovtoct, kot vo
nctoouv ou cpcuvqc ou L kot ccvo ot tkc ou ouvcvcuct
ot kt nopooto cv ouvcq noc.
C\yo zcootou
[210]

Lvctktkq ctvot q ncptnuoq ou pok\q koko(tq oq
ouvcvcuq nou npoyoonotqoc o(t ou cpcuvqq ou L. zc
cpuqoq octk c t tuct o n\qpoopqq onovct
koqyopqotk:

Dt, t! Aev ro 0uoot ey our nopoko, ytorl kt ey optorep elot.
(yeoet). zrpv opp prove 6op6oprp, vo n rpv op0eto, onoypeov rt
ekkpole o ro novro j.] oo prov opp ev nopo0oov vo p ev kovouv
rlnore. zrpv entovp rou epeuvprp oertko e ro eprpo onovroet Dt, e
notto eel rt poorov..
6

optkq pvqoq ou n\qpoopqq yupu ono qv unopq
tucuv koopptncot c ov nto cvunuotoko pono \tyo opyocpo,
oov o onoko\unct ot o nocpo ou coptoqkc oq ztqpto oov oc
knoto upo cpyooto ctc vo kpcouv noppoto ou z\tv kot ctnc:
kplo ro kopl, ncptootko yto o onoto o pok\q oo\t(ct: Aev
ekoroe koo kt our yt our rov eoploove. ou(uyo ou pok\q
ouvctqonotct ckvcuptocvq qv ovtooq q (uq q kot ovoputcot
lto rpv koo0vo 0yoe on ket yto vo p ytvoore kot 0o ylv e
koo0vo, e ev ro epo!
7

n\qpoopqq nopouot(cot ttotcpo onoko\untko u
npo ou nopyovc nou ycvvouv qv optkq ou oqovto oo
kouoo q cpuqoq. no q otyq q cnctpto cpt kot q otyq
q ovk\qoq couv coo\oqoct to octp ono ycyovoo,
ouvoto0qotkc cnctptc kot tovoqtkc tcpyootc nou cnqpc(ouv
q 0uqoq ou nopc\0ovo. no\ttkq ou ono0cqoq oqv optocp,
oupq\oqcvq oo povto q kooq, ou cu\tou kot ou
ccu\tokou c\\qvtkou kpou, cntp oq vqovtkq ouykpoqoq
ou unokctcvou, ko\uvo o vo outoct tco\oyto kot tucvc
cnctptc oqv LzzA kot oqv L\\o. t onotc ovtoct o\uvovot
kot notpvouv o upo ou oqv ootkq vqq, upt vo npoko\ouv
ouykpouoct ovcoo ot tovoqtkc koookcuc ou unokctcvou.
C\ot ot n\qpoopqc ouq q oo onok\uov oc knoto
oqcto q ouvcvcuq ot covocuoov oqv L\\o, ctc cnctq
cvqcpu0qkov ot ktvuvcuouv vo tu0ouv, ctc cnctq ootoqkov ov
ktvuvo. uq q oo ctc \oyou vo coct t ottc yto t onotc
cuyc ono qv LzzA. u 0o nopouoov \\uoc ot n\qpoopqc vo
outoouv o ot cu ctvot unooqptkc kot ovpc ou LAz, cvu
cuyov ono q upo ou koouvtoou yto vo qv unooouv t
tuct nou ckct kopookouoov vqq ko\ctot ctc vo toypct q vo
onootunqoct o ooo ot(ouv ovtotk, ctc vo cntctpqoct vo o

6
pok\q koko(tq, 29031996, q ouvcvcuq nqpc o Mnooou\o Cu.
7
Luuto koko(tou, 29031996, q ouvcvcuq nqpc o Mnooou\o Cu.
[211]

outoct coo ono cvo ootko cpqvcutko n\ototo, nop\\q\o
cpyo\cto koovoqoq ou kooou o\\ kot ou ttou ou couou. uq q
vqovtkq ouncptop onoc\ct opokqptotko o\uv uv
n\qpoopquv q cpcuvo nou covocuoov oqv L\\o oo c\q
q ckocto ou 1930. kptvovo nu o opo kotvoqo \q0q
ncptypct cptku ovo ouq q vqovtkq ouncptop cntctpqoo
kot to cvo\\oktkq tounuoq q ncptypoq q u kotvoqo
ctoopponqoq vqovtkuv ovtocuv.
oqooto q tucvq cnctpto oq ouykpoqoq q vqq
tontouvcot yt okoo to op coo ono t oqyqoct uv
n\qpoopquv nou c covocuoov oqv L\\o oo c\q q
ckocto ou 1930 kot nopcctvov oqv LzzA. uq q oo okoo kot
ov c tuoc q tuq q q ou\\qq knotou c\ou ou coou
otkoycvctokou q ncpt\\ovo, tuoc qv ncptppcouoo ooootpo
oou oo c\q q ckocto ou 1930 kot otyoupo ou ckontoou
q ckocto ou 1940. t oqyqoct ou opokqpt(ovot ono qv
cooq nou tvouv oqv ovnuq q pqoptkq uv c0puv ou \oou
ono q ootctkq couoto. cnto\q q nct0opto kot q notvtkonotqoq
onotooqnoc ouncptop 0o nopouoc vo 0cupq0ct u uvqtk
cntktvuvq yto qv oo\cto ou ouoqoo, toncpooc o kotvuvtko
ouo, qtoupyuvo cvo otvocvo o(tkq uocpto c ttotcpo
cvovo ootcto kounoto oncvovt oov onotovqnoc. C\yo
cptq ovocpct: . konoto eo6rove vo tpoet, vo ovelpve jvo
okerel] kortv neptoo yo..
n\qpoopqpto c cvct ovo oo

oo q ckpooq o\\ npoupct kot oo oo to okcq nou 0o
nopouoc vo ck\q0ct u oq npo o npoouno ou z\tv kot o
ootctko ouoqo.
t n\qpoopqc ouq q oo, toopuvouv to
vqovtkq kotvoqo nou 0c\ct vo 0uot. to no\\ povto uoooo
ouq q vqq cv ckp(cot \cktk, o\\ coo ono ouo\tkc npct
kot ovctnuo ouvoto0qoo. Cuot coo ono qv ovoovq q
cntopoq npoounuv nou ouvc\q0qoov kot 0qkov o tvq ou,
onu q n\qpoopqpto 1opo -ov0onou\ou. zt pct o qcpuoo
q oouvoto ouvc\oc ov nocpo q, \cyov ou ot 0o ov oct\ouv
oqv L\\o. Lpcc ntou ou kot ckctvo q unooc0qkc ot 0o
cptvqoct yto vo ov oko\ou0qoouv oqv L\\o. kotyo. kot ekelvot
e ro okulo nppov rov nono . j.] kt o nono elnev Mpv kolre e!
y enpyo opv oo vo o 0o orel kot 0o nolp oo oe. el ro
90 rp povlo ovoevoe rov nono .,
9
ovocpct opokqptotk.

C\yo cptq, 2106199, q ouvcvcuq nqpov q koupounq vooooto kot q

Aqqpkq Mopto.
9
1opo -ov0onou\ou, 2106199, q ouvcvcuq nqpov q pono(q ptotvo kot q
1oonovtou Mopto.
C\yo zcootou
[212]

uq q oo 0uot cntoq coo ono q toqpqoq kot q
coop oqv L\\o cyypuv onokooooq 0uuv uv tucuv
nou ctov koqyopq0ct u c0pot ou \oou, coo ono uoypotc
npoounuv nou kocouv to ncptonq 0coq oov ttutko upo, o\\ yto
povto o vcocpo c\q q otkoycvcto cv yvupt(ov notot
onctkovt(ovot (1(ou 2006:9).
10
cnttuoq q vqq oc oovct
kotvuvtkou toou q q onotqoq q vqq u opq tkotuoq, onu
nopoqpct q van 8oeschoLen, onoc\ct to 0cupqoq nou npooopo(cot
opovtk oo nopov c0voypotko nopctyo (van 8oeschoLen 200:13).
Lcuptokovot kutkc cnttuoq q vqq uv ycyovouv nou oov
ptokouv npooopo coo ovouovot. Mot(ct oov q ovvqoq vo
ctvot oc ovoovq kot vo vct upo kot pono vo ckpoct o
tocoo\oqcvo vqovtko ncptcocvo. \cktkq otunq ouq q
vqovtkq kotvoqo, c o pqyoo nou nopouot(ovot oo
vqovtko \oyo ouq c qv koppcuoq, tocpct ono o
opokqptotko q npoqyoucvq kotvoqo vqq, qv onootunqoq.
opocvovo oqv tto oo n\qpoopquv o ouc nu
0uot ou ckontoou q ckocto ou 1940. vcoo oc \\c
tkpc c0vtkc oc,
11
ot novtokot n\q0uoot ckont(ovot oqv
kcvptkq oto kot oc tkpocpo opt0o oq ztqpto, ot n\cov u
covucvo oo o\\ o\ok\qpo o n\q0uoo to ncptoq
(y(tq 1991:230, L\\cvoctv 1977 .8:132) .

t ckontoot,
npoyoonotouvot tootk o 1941-1942, o 1944-1946 kot o 1949.
1o uo npuo kuoo ckontouv n\qouv ou kooou c\\qvtkuv
tooqptuv, cvu o 1949 ckont(ovot n\cov kot ot ootctkot unqkoot.
t ckontocvot cyko0toovot oc ncptoc ono t onotc onoyopcucot
vo coktvq0ouv oc ovo knotuv t\tocpuv, cvu npcnct vo
q\uvouv qv nopouoto ou ov ok povtk tooqoo (y(tq
1991:24-270, 1997:313-324). ovotkq ncptoq, q onoto o
novtoko n\q0uoo (ko oq oupkouvo) cv ckontoqkc qov o
upt q 1o\ko (y(tq 1997:313).
12

oqyqoq oouv ckontoqkov oq ckocto ou 1940 cktvouoc
ono qv qcpo ou ckontoou ou, ncptypovo o ott ko0u kot
ov npuo kotpo toovq oou onou cykooooq ouyktvqotok

10
zcnc\tq kuvoovtvo, 2206199, q ouvcvcuq nqpc q kopoytvvq znuptou\o.
voo, 311007, q ouvcvcuq nqpc q C\yo zcootou.
11
Lkcvcocpq ovoop oc n\q0uoou nou ckontoqkov oo krelnler 196. 1he
oleL eporLe aLlonallLles: A ummary an an paLe, 5ovlet 5toJles, 33:37, 391,
37-403. to to otvoqoq uv ovoykootkuv covoocuocuv (orce mlraLlon) \cnc
olllan 2004:43-4
12
t 1oo\kotot n\qpoopqc ouvtoouv to ttotcpq vqovtkq kotvoqo, c q
onoto o ttotcpo opokqptotk c 0o ooo\q0u oo nopov kctcvo, cktuvo ot q
koovoqoq q vqovtkq ouncptop oc ouq qv ncptnuoq onotct ttotcpq
tooptkq n\ototuoq kot ncpotcpu cpcuvo.
[213]

optocvot, c conooo k\oo, tooqoo cy\uv otunuv kot
ouvocto ovoocvoyuv. 1o nto cvtocpov kotvo opokqptotko uv
oqyqocuv ouq q oo ctvot nu q vqq cnuuvuv ncptypouv
nou ncptopccot yupu ono qv cnctpto ou ckontoou, ootok
c0upt(ct, cvu ot vqc koontcoq kot novou coovt(ovot c o
0voo ou z\tv, yto vo cnovcovtoouv uvotk ot ovoopc
ou yto qv cnctpto q covocuoq oqv L\\o kot q (uq ou
cu oq ouypovto, tuvovo o pootoo, qv ncpt0uptonotqoq kot
t otkovotkc ovtooqc. z\tv cooqot(cot oc to uvotkq
qyctkq uotoyvuto, nou ov cv ookouoc koooo\tkc no\ttkc, q
LzzA 0o nopouoto(c to ootkq ctkovo ono qv onoto cv 0o nopouoc
vo cuyct yto no\u kotpo.
ootkq ctkovo ou yto ou n\qpoopqc out(cot c qv
ctkovo q c\\otkq npoyotkoqo oqcpo. vqovtkq oqyqoq
ou ootctkou nopc\0ovo, op0pucvq oo cokoouvtotko
ncpt\\ov, cooqot(cot oc kpttko oo\to yto o nopov kot q
tucvq cnctpto ou nopovo ctovtkcuct o nopc\0ov. ptocvc
opc ytvcot covq q kooyyc\to ot ovo q c\\otkq
npoyotkoqo o\\ o\ok\qpou ou konto\totkou ouoqoo kot
uv ouv ou. Lvctktk ovocpu qv ncptnuoq cvo n\qpoopqq
nou ovoputcot ov ctvot npotocpo vo ntvct knoto coca - cola oc cvo
ko\o ponc(t kot vo cct yo nu 0o cyo\uoct o nott ou q okco
vcpkt kot vo cct q cotoqo ot o nott ou 0o couv upcv
notcto kot upcv ocyq.
13
uvooqo uv no\\on\uv cnt\oyuv kot
q c\nto yto to n\ouotonpoq (uq ck\ovcot ono ov
n\qpoopqq u cuoto0qoq c\cu0cpto qv upo nou ootkc ovykc
nopocvouv ok\unc.
Ltvot coo oc ouo o n\ototo nou ot ttot n\qpoopqc oqv
tto ouvcvcuq, qv tto cpo oncvoonotouv o z\tv, o onoto cpt
q otyq q ovoop oo nopov cu0uvoov yto t cnuuvc
ncptoou q (uq ou oqv LzzA. t cu0uvc n\cov yt ouc t
ncptoou cocpovot oc \\o no\ttk npoouno, onu o Mncpto.
ptocvot n\qpoopqc \too okcovot ot tou kot vo qov ouoq
cnt\oyq o ckontoo ou, ytot cot o z\tv ou npoocc ono q
vo(totkq kooq. Lntn\cov pcuvouv oqv ncpcopotko kot oqv
koppcuoq qv ovuoq uv c0vtktouv kot t c0vtkc ouykpouoct
oov koukooo kot oqv kcvptkq oto, vooo\yuvo qv opovtkq
ouvunopq nou ou coo\t(c q LzzA.
Aovct(ocvot o ovo\utk cpyo\cto q vlea ulLans 0o \cyoc
ot o unokctcvo ouq q cpyooto 0uouvot c uo ponou

13
zu(qqoq ovcoo oc n\qpoopqpto kot o yto q, ko q tpkcto ouvcvcuq, o
onoto cct ycvvq0ct oc ono ckontoou. k\to, 131207, q ouvcvcuq nqpc q C\yo
zcootou.
C\yo zcootou
[214]

(ulLans 2007:213-213). cvo ctvot q vqq \o (lash - bulb
memory), onou o unokctcvo 0uouvot otyc ovo(uvo c. t
n\qpoopqc t\ouv oc povo cvcouo, 0uouvot \cnocpctc onu
q upo q ou\\qq, o opt0o uv opotuuv kot ot otou0tc nou
oko\ou0qoov. cucpo pono ctvot q vqq ovopoq oo
nopc\0ov (lash - bac), to nto onooootonotqcvq 0uqoq uv ttuv
ycyovouv ouq q op uno o t\po uv cnctptuv nou cpt oqcpo
couv coo\oqoct. zqv npuq ncptnuoq ot n\qpoopqc
ovotuvouv ov novo kot onotouv o ycyovoo optocvot oov ou
vo ouvcotvov oo nopov kot cu o z\tv notpvct o po\o ou 0uq. zq
cucpq ncptnuoq q vqq cnovotonpoyocucot uno qv cnqpcto
ou nopovo kot cnovonotcot c q optoq ouq q op vo
opotvct o nopov, o\uvovo o tucvo novo ou nopc\0ovo kot
cu o z\tv coopuvcot oc npooq uv ouvuv, ou onotou
ovoykoqkc vo otkqoct yto \tyo, uoc vo cntuct qv kotvuvtkq
tkotoouvq kot toopponto.
Cov npuocktvqoo qv cpcuvo pc0qko ovtcunq c
ouvcct ovtoct kot cpqvcutk otcoo. v knoto ou
ovoyvuoct ouc t tooptc uno o nptoo uv tooptkuv ouykuptuv
nou ouc tu0qkov o\\ kot ckcpovot qv upo q oqyqoq, ptokct
t onovqoct nou tvouv ouvoq oo otvocvtk ovtotko kot kot
op ootko q oqyqotkq poq ou. Mcoo ono qv ncptn\vqoq
ot oqyqoct (uq uv n\qpoopquv ouq q cpcuvo o nopc\0ov,
oc to ouvcq ouykptoq c o nopov, kooctkvuct o koku kctcvo ou
oqcpo kot o ovtopoo.

[213]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

y(tq, 8\oq. 1991. novrtok epvto. An rp yevokrovlo kot ro
orotvto orpv nepeorptko. Ccooo\ovtkq: ot kuptoktq.
y(tq, 8\oq. 1997. nopeuelvto Atoonopo. Ot epvtke
eykoroorooet ort 6opetoovorotke neptoe rou uelvou
nvrou. Ccooo\ovtkq: ot kuptoktq.
8ov Mnouoocv, tkq, 8cpcvtuq, 1ooou\o 8ouup, Luuto,
Ao\kooukq, 8oot\q. Mno, kuvoovtvo (cn). 200.. Mvpe
kot p0p rou epvtko0 eulou noeou, Ccooo\ovtkq:
Lntkcvpo. Ltooyuyq, 9-42.
onnerLon, aul. 2007. no 5ocletles kemembet. ambrle: ambrle
nlerslLy ress.
llensLeln, !ean. 1977. loroplo rp zo6tertkp vop, o. kot 8. 0qvo:
Ccc\to.
L\cvq, Ayyc\o. 2002. Mo nppov rpv A0pvo. -ovoto6oovro
eptko opelo rp toroplo 1940 - 1950. 0qvo: 8t\topoo.
lles, Crlano. 2007. 1be blsetets. ltlvote llfe lo 5tollos kosslo, enuln
8oos.
loucaulL, Mlchel. 1991. n tkpouotkp rp eouolo. 0qvo: ?t\ov
t\to.
ktko, voooq. 2006. ovtoko c\\qvtoo oq zotctkq Lvuoq.
Mu0o kot poyotkoqo, koouvtortkp nt0eppop .4-3,
173 - 232.
ktko, voooq. 2007. Ot pve orp totkoolo otkopop rou
ooototoo0 orpv zzA. 0qvo: zuypovq Lnoq.
reen, Anna. 2004. lnllual rememberln an collecLle memory:
1heoreLlcal presupposlLlons an conLemporary ebaLes, Otol
nlstoty 322: 33-44.
albachs, Maurlce. 1992. Oo collectlve Memoty. hlcao: nlerslLy o
hlcao ress.
krelnler, lsabelle. 196. 1he oleL eporLe aLlonallLles: A ummary
an an paLe, 5ovlet 5toJles, 33, 1aylor lrancls: 37-403.
asserlnl, Lulsa. 199. znopoyoro rou 0
ou
otvo. n loroplo 6tevp
enetplo. 0qvo: ncc\q.
asserlnl, Lulsa. 2007. 8ecomln a ub[ecL ln Lhe 1lme o Lhe eaLh o Lhe
ub[ecL. zo L. asserlnl, Memoty ooJ tolo. 1be ltlmocy of
otetsobectlvlty, LononCallle: qulnox, 33-33.
olllan, ael. 2004. Aqolost tbelt lll. 1be nlstoty ooJ eoqtoby of
otceJ Mlqtotloos lo tbe 55k. 8uapesL: enLral uropean
nlerslLy ress.
orLelll, Alessanro. 1997. 1be 8ottle of olle lollo. Otol nlstoty ooJ tbe
Att of loloqoe. Wlsconsln: 1he nlerslLy o Wlsconsln ress.
C\yo zcootou
[216]

8lLLersporn, abor. 2001. pookpoto. oo reyus Mlchel, roppo
8runo, lnerlom laulo, Le 8olan, enneLler laue, ual
8ernar, Wollo ere (cn.), O Atvo rv koouvtov,
0qvo: o\t, 206 - 219.
zcootou, C\yo. 2009. kotvrpre vpp kot p0p. Atoorooet rp
vpovtkp ouykprpop y0p on rt orotvtke tet (19J7 -
1949) ort opypoet p rv novrlv rp zzA. Mconutokq
cpyooto, 1qo k, ovcntoqto Ccooo\to.
ulLans, vlea. 2007. Ccupqtkonotuvo t (uc uv Acovuv:
ovo(qqoq ouoqo, oo 8ouup Luuto van 8oeschoLen
8ll (cn.), Avoeoo oe nope0v kot nopv. 0voypole rou
eroooototortko0 koou, 0qvo: kpttkq, 199-232.
1onop, kuoo. 199. n ypoortkp rp novrtokp, Ccooo\ovtkq:
ot kuptoktq. uountkq cnovckooq ou 1onop, kuoo.
1932. ypootkt t poctku t novctku t y\oo. oo - nov:
kouvtt .
1(ou, v. 2006. pvtkp un0eop. loroplo rv erpv koronleop
evovrlv rv pvv rp zzA. yto cpouno\q: \tctyto.
puouno: +yxa, nuan. 2006. lpeecian onepauun. ncopun
penpeccuu npouu rpeiou u CCC. Cani - eep6ypr: Areeun
ootuq . k (cn.). 1997. Ot pve rp olo kot rp zo6tertkp
vop. Merotkeole kot ekrontool, opyovop kot teooylo.
Ccooo\ovtkq: nlerslLy Lulo ress

[217]

) .,#2'2#.( 5#4$/%$1 /1? >2(>1? $/#? >%+/7+0=? /'2 =h+%0'2
=*#sq2/'2 /,7 ;3,.%7/q>%/,?

o0qq ov(opou\o
1

\jklmnol

1be soclol Jlmeosloo of memoty lo tbe testlmooles of elsb sotvlvots lo
teece

At tbe ceotte of tbls stoJy ote tbe testlmooles of tee-elsb sotvlvots
blcb ete collecteJ by tbe 5c 5boob oooJotloo ostltotes lsool
nlstoty Atcblve. 8y locloq tbe memoty lo tbe ftomeot of tbe soclol ooJ
tbe bloqtoblcol cootlooom, lt ottemts to lllomloote tbe moltlllclty of tbe
eetleoce of tbe sotvlvot os ell os tbe soclol Jlmeosloo of tbe fotmotloo
of blsbet lJeotlty tbtooqb memoty. 1be ottlcle olms ot losettloq tbe closs
ooJ qeoJet osects of tbe eetleoces of tbe sotvlvots lo tbe lovestlqotloo
of tbe coosttoctloo of memoty lo otJet to lllomloote Jlmeosloos of tbe
memoty of tbe sotvlvots tbot bove beeo obscoteJ by tbe cootemototy
focos oo tbe oblstotlcol embosls oo ttoomo ooJ oo tbe lmosslblllty of
ltoessloq.

"#$%&'&(

nopouoo c\cq cot(ct oou cooqotoou q vqq uv
cnt(uvuv ko0u kot ot kotvuvtkc -ttotcpo ot otkc kot cu\c-
toooct uv opuptuv uv c\\qvuv cpotuv. t opuptc
ono0couvot oo n\ototo ou povou kot ou onou uoc vo
ovoct0ouv ot tooponotqoct ou u npo qv ncptoo oqv onoto
npoyoonotq0qkov ko0u kot u npo o u\o kot qv otkq cnctpto
uv n\qpoopquv kot n\qpoopqptuv.
2
zoo q cpcuvo ctvot vo

1
ovcntoqto tyotou, emall: hanLzaro[sa.aeean.r.
2
to ou okonou ouq q cpcuvo pqotonotq0qkov ot opuptc c\\qvuv cpotuv
nou ptokovot oo opcto hoah lounaLlon oqv ko\topvto ko0u kot ot
opuptc nou npoyoonotq0qkov ono ov uo\oyo al 8oer. 8oer
npoyoonotqoc ouvcvcuct c cnt(uvc oo opoonco npoouyuv o 1946. t
ouvcvcuct ptokovot kooc0ctcvc oo aul v. alln Llbrary, llllnols lnsLlLuLe o
1echnoloy (hLLp:olces.llL.eu). to q toypoto ou 8oer kot \cnocpctc octk c
q ouykcvpuoq ouvcvcucuv ono cnt(uvc, \. hLLp:olces.llL.eualboer.
nopouoo cpcuvo npoyoonotq0qkc oo n\ototo ou cpcuvqtkou npoypoo no
ov Mcoono\co oqv voouykpoqoq (1930-1960): cnctpto uv Lpotuv q L\\o
ot ontko-okouotkc opuptc (Lntoqovtkq uncu0uvq: Lpptco Mncvcvtoc,
ovcntoqto Ccooo\to), o onoto pqoooq0qkc ono o kotvuc\c lpuo !ohn .
LaLsls ubllc 8enelL lounaLlon. Luoptou qv 8tku okuou yto o no\uto oo\t
q. 1o \0q opuvouv onok\ctotk ccvo.
o0qq ov(opou\o
[21]

ovoct0ouv ot ncptoptoot uv npooouv npoocyytocuv, ot onotc
ooycvonotouv t opuptc tvovo cooq oo ouvoo q
opupto, koo\qyovo oc to ovtooptkq npoocyytoq ou pouoo.
totcpo q ovctq ou Moselmooo oo cpyo ou lorlo Aamben u
ou kocoqv pupo ou \okouuoo cct cvtouoct ov ovtoo
ou ouvoou q opupto.
Lntctpuvo oqv c\cq ouq q ouvcoq ptuv tooocuv
q 0cupto ou Aamben, ou Moselmooo, ou bomo socet kot ou
no\ttkou ouoo \oo, ot onotc oq 0cupto ou nopocvouv
oouvcc, 0o npoono0qou vo cpqvcuou qv toopuoq cvo
toypotkou ouvcou ot oqyqoct uv cnt(uvuv q cpyotkq
q, o onoto oot(cot oqv cpyooto, oq ucto kot oqv ouvq kot
o onoto nopycot ono qv cpqvcto q cnctpto ou c o
\okouuo.

SV ;# >=/%$U1>%/#$>,0 /1? >%+/7+0%? .%# /,7 >4+/7+%

vqq u ko0qkov uv tooptkuv unokctcvuv unqpc ko q
tpkcto ou \okouuoo, ko0u ouo nou onooo\ouoc o 0uoo,
onu nopoqpct q AneLLe Wlelora, qov noto 0o ypct qv toopto
q ncptoou (199: 160). yponq opupto onoc\ouoc ovtoooq
oqv npoon0cto uv vo(t vo oovtoouv ot ovo ou Lpotou o\\ kot
k0c tvo q nopouoto ou.
t ouvcvcuct nou npoyoonotq0qkov ocou c ov
no\co, onu ot ouvcvcuct ou 8oer kot q Mlrlam olLch (1967),
cntkcvpuvovot oqv cnctpto ou \okouuoo, ko0u ocou c
ov no\co cv unqpc to ko0opq cvvoto ou ycyovoo nou cvooooov
oqv hoah kot ot cnt(uvc oqyouvov qv cnctpto ou oc cvo
c0ptko ncpt\\ov.
zt ouvcvcuct nou npoyoonotqoc o 1946 o al 8oer,
okouc q uvq uv cnt(uvuv ocou c ov cyk\ctoo. 1o
cvtocpov ou 8oer ckktvouoc ono qv ooucpto ovcoo oo
oykuc ontko u\tko nou ouykcvpu0qkc ono o opoonco kot
ovooptk c ov no\co kot ot c\toc okouotkc opuptc ono
npuo cpt nou unqpov nvu oo 0co. Coot nopoupouv q opupto
ou oov 8oer cnt\cyouv q y\uooo oqv onoto 0o t\qoouv. notv
Aco, ycvvqcvo oq Ccooo\ovtkq o 191, ovoyk(cot vo t\qoct
ycpovtk oov 8oer, oou cv 0o pct(cot cot copooq. Aco
co0c ycpovtk oo opoonco 0ovou kot koovoykootkq
cpyooto kot cnocvu q opupto ou ctvot tonotocvq ono o ttuo
kotvuvtkq toooq q vqq
ot opuptc uv cpotuv cnt(uvuv ou \okouuoo

[219]

q y\uooo ou opooncou.
3
Aco ctvot pupo coo ono o
0\oo ocptuv, c qv cvvoto ot ctvot pupo coo ono ov couo ou
oo Aouot, ko0u ckc\ouoc koovoykootkq cpyooto u
onerommano. Aco cocp0qkc ono o Mntpkcvou oq
8opooto c \\ou L\\qvc yto qv ckko0ptoq ou ykco, cnctq, onu
ovocpct, cv koo\otvc no\uvtk. Mc qv 8opooto cocp0qkc
oo Lansber. Aco oqyctot:

zro orporneo 5 rou looJsbetq, orp ouoplo, oue0oe oro koovro no0
okppo, e evrpo, k6oe evrpo, ev nopo0ooe vo kovoue ourp rp
oueto enetp ev o etvov ko0ou oypr kot eyoe ov 0eere vo
oueoue, ore o oypr. Av t, ev nopo0e vo oue0oue 14 pe
rp epo, kourepo vo o okoroere. Ot ev p0eov vo o okoroouv.
Aev p0eov vo o okoroouv. Oo oo kovoue vo unoepere, 0o oo elpoue
ept 0ovorou kot ero 0o oo okorooue rov 0eoue kot n 0eoue.
4

oqyqoq ou Aco onoc\ctot ono 0pouooo:

nrov p eyo0repp rpoylo, p eyo0repp prov oro kpeorpto. Ot oee
o kot ot oeol o. t ekoro0pto e6polot ne0ovov oro orporneo,
oot on 0o, oot on nelvo, oou rou eoretov orou 0ooou oeplv,
notto kot yovel. Aev nopo0oov neov vo ovreouv rov utk nvo, rpv nelvo
kot rpv korovoykoortkp epyoolo kot npyov otketo0e oro 0ooo oeplv. 1o
p0tk o eet onooet. \oooe rpv otkoyeveto o, rt neptouole o, ev o
ele onoelvet kolo 0vop. Dot ot 6polot nou y0ptoov on ro orporneo
ouykevrpop, nopel vo olvovrot koo oortko oo eoo o ev eloore
koo j.] nov on o eooov ro p0tk rou.
5

Lpoooc ovtcunot c q ouv0cq ocooqo q uvq nou
vct oc c ouopovo ono cvo [ot kot ooo] ooo\c nopov kot
cvo kooopotko nopc\0ov (Laner 1991) kot ouopovo c t
totkootc ono q to q cvtouoq kot ono qv \\q q coontoq:
q vqq ctvot totkooto, ovoucot ootok, ouykpoctot kot
cnovoouykpoctot ono o opuoo uv oqootuv nou nopyovot
cucptk kot ck uv uocpuv.
6
orl Laub oqctuvct ot q cnctpto ou
pouoo kookcpot(ct o cyu ou pupo kot ptokoooc
ovtcunot c pouotk kot q cvououcvo oc to oqyqoq

3
Cnu nopoqpct q Anna 8ealn, ot cpovot oov no\co cvovtov q vqq nou
tcqyoyov npoon0qoov vo oqoouv o kupto coo q vqq, q y\uooo, ko0u o
ycpovtk qov q ovq y\uooo nou ctc knoto oto oo opoonco ouykcvpuoq
(2002: 12).
4
zuvcvcuq ou al Lea oo ycpovtk kot tonovtk (ycv. 191) oo aul v. alln
Llbrary, llllnols lnsLlLuLe o 1echnoloy, op. oyvqootvto 9-418, 9-42 [tkq ou
cpooq].
3
zo tto.
6
poyktokq no(onou\ou cct ovo\uoct q pqoq q cooptkq y\uooo ot
ouotoypotkc oqyqoct uv cnt(uvuv c qv ycvokovto (2007: 21-26).
o0qq ov(opou\o
[220]

0pouooo (2010: 36). zq totkooto q oqyqoq o koto
cvuvovot oq to\oytkq ocoq c ov \\o nou cvtouct qv
cnccpyooto q cnctpto kot qv ouoncnot0qoq. cvo Mo\o cct
ovocp0ct oqv kcvptkq 0coq ou ouvcvcukq-c0c\ovq yto qv
oqyqoq ou cnt(uvo, ko0u kot ot opcc, oo opokqptotk kot
oo po\o ou yto qv ckooq q ouvcvcuq (2002: 199-217). unopq
cvo ooo\ou ncpt\\ovo ctvot ctoou oqovtkq ko0u ot cnt(uvc
(ouoov c o oo ot q ycvokovto nopct vo ovoouct.
1qv ou0opqq opupto nou koot0cot yto t ovykc q
tkotoouvq toccot o tokucuo q vqq, o kotvuvtko
npooyo q vqq.
7
cnt(uv npcnct vo qpqoct o ko0qkov q
vqq. t ouvcvcuct nou npoyoonotq0qkov c o 1990 ctov
ooo vo cvououoouv qv cnctpto ou \okouuoo oo n\ototo
q toypoto ou cnt(uvo. zc ouc t ouvcvcuct uncptouoc q
cooq q cnctpto u k\qpovot. uo o cooqotoo
ouvccot c q tkq ou Atov, q onoto ccpcc ov cnt(uvo oc cvo
otoocooo npoouno cotto q tto ou q ouoqo ou
cnt(uvo. Wlelora ovocpcot ot o\\oyc nou ccpc o 196, onou
ot uo\oytkc uoko\tc kot ot utkc kooooct cytvov qooto
oqyqoo, oo potouvo kot oqv q\copooq. Lvo vco otvocvo
ovou0qkc, q q\copooq ou npoountkou, onou ot ttutkc oqyqoct
notvouv oo qooto upo. v0puno-oo notvct oqv kopt q
kotvuvto kot ytvcot o tto oopto (199: 12). ouvcvcuct ou
opctou lorLuno vleo Archles or olocausL 1esLlmonles tvouv
cooq oq 0cponcutkq toooq q opupto.
npoountkoqo ou
cnt(uvo ono0cctot oo cntkcvpo ou octooou. 1o lorLuno
cntcvct oo oto0qo uv cnt(uvuv ot couv (qoct oc cvov \\o
n\ovqq, oqv ouvq ou nou oct\cot oo oto0qo ou vo ctvot
onoovucvot yto nvo ono ov kooo kot ono ou tkou ou c to
okpoto cnctpto (Wlelora 199: 144). octooo kot q ontkq ou
vlsual lsLory Archle q hoah lounaLlon ou nlerslLy ouLhern
allornla ou znt\ncpyk ptokovot oov ovtnoo, 0c\ct vo ctct ou
kovovtkou ov0punou, nou cnttuoov ono qv kooopoq q
q. uq q ontkq onounuvct kot qv \cyocvq ocptkovonotqoq
ou \okouuoo ouuvo c qv onoto toopto ou
\okouuoo cv nopct vo ctvot onc\nto. pcnct q oqyqoq vo
ou(ct qv tco ou ov0punou (zo tto: 137).
Marlanne lrsch kot o Leo plLzer ovt(ouv qv o\\oyq oo
\ct\oyto q ovvqoq nou ctvot q opupto ou pupo.

7
nrleLLe-8lca 8enenlsLe ovo\uct ou vqovtkou \oyou nou ko0optoov pto co-
oqyqoo q toopto uv c\\qvuv Lpotuv (200 hLLp:ehess.ynamlques.r).
1o opcto ncpt\ovc 3.600 opuptc o 1993. 1o 192 oov o ale npoocp0qkc vo

oq0qoct ctov qq npoyoonotq0ct 200 opuptc.

[221]

opupto ou pupo ono0cct qv uvooqo vo ou\\ouc o
\okouuo ckct nou oqvouv o opto ovcoo oc voo kot cvq -
cou ou k\ctotoo nou cpvct q votkq cuqyopto kot q ovotq
ocooqo kot nopouoto ou cpyou cvq (2010: 390). opupto
ck\ovcot ouv u unokoooo q toopto. opupto oqv
5boob ou laue Lanzmann 0cupq0qkc ono qv \oyocvtkq kpttkq kot
qv uov\uoq ot cct q uvoq vo cpct qv o\q0cto npoo oo
to o.
o0t cvououcvq vqq ou cnt(uvo cct toopuoct q
ou(qqoq yto q vqq kot qv ovonopoooq qv c\cuoto ckocto.
ouo pupo kot q otunq couv \ct o oou ou o\q0tvou
kot n\qpou pupo q 5boob (zo tto: 392).
t opc ou ouou pouotocvou pupo, onu o
Moselmooo,o k-ZeLnl kot o Abraham 8omba, cntkotvuvouv oc cy\o
o0o ot cou q y\uooo o\\ cou uv ouvoto0quv kot ytvovot
q o0ovq nvu oqv onoto ot c\cqc nopouv vo npo\ouv notkt\c
oqootc. Cnu o k-ZeLnl oqv tkq ou Atov, cot kot o Abraham
8omba oqv hoah ou Lanzmann, ctvot pupc ono coo, ono ov
couo ou oo Aouot. \\ yto vo oct o 8omba oo 0q ou
onou ouou, oqotvct vo oooqoct ou\toov yto cptk \cn. zc
ouo o oqcto notvouv ot cvvotc locooo kot coesoto, nou q\uvouv q
q-y\uooo kot o ouvoo q opupto, nou o lorlo Aamben
out(ct c ov n\qpq pupo, ov Moselmooo.
9

Abraham 8omba pouot(cot yto to okoo op npoo
oo to o oov o Lanzmann ov puct yto o oto0qo ou kot ou
(qct vo nct oo cpo q toopto nou cct ooo npoocktk k\ctoct
oc cvo npooocutko k\uo. Lanzmann \cct ot o kpuo ou
8omba ot(ouv puot. Lvu q \tno0uto ou k-ZeLnl npoo oo
tkooq oq tkq ou Atov, o onoto tokonct qv oqyqoq ou kot ou
kvct ouykckptcvc cpuqoct, 0cupctot ot cocpct qv o\q0cto
ncpo ono k0c \\q otyq q \cktkq oqyqoq ou. to noto \oyo
ouc ot otyc q \tno0uto, q koppcuoq, q otunq
cocpouv qv o\q0cto
1o cpyo ou Aamben cvtouoc qv noponvu oq, ko0u
ovocpcot oov n\qpq pupo, oov Moselmooo nou
ovtnpoouncuct qv ov0punoqo oo opt q. Ltvot ouot nou couv
nct vo ctvot ov0puntvo ovo, (uvovot vckpot, opct q yuvq

9
okptq oqooto q \cq Moselmooo ctvot yvuoq. zuuvo c opuptc
cnt(uvuv q\uvc ouov nou ctc ono\coct k0c 0c\qoq vo (qoct, ov (uvovo vckpo. zc
toopctk opoonco toopctkc \cct q\uvov o\c c opvqtko pono qv
kooooq ou (uvovou vckpou (Mesnar kot kahan, 2001: 42-46). to t y\uootkc
ckoc q kooooq ou Moselmooo oo toopctk opoonco, \. Wolan
osl, (1993:400).
o0qq ov(opou\o
[222]

(uq. Lvu o Aamben oot(cot oov rlmo Lel yto o cntctpq ou
ovooptk c ov npoyotko pupo, cct ovtoct ot o Act oov
t\ouoc yto ov npoyotko kot n\qpq pupo ovocpoov oc ouov
nou cv yuptoc, ctc cnctq o\oovq0qkc, ctc cnctq qov ooo
pouotocvo nou yuptoc ouo (La apra 2004, Marlon 2006: 1012).
Aamben cv kvct ouq q tkptoq kot cntkcvpuvcot oqv
kocopocvq kot ppqq opq ou Moselmooo u ov ovo n\qpq kot
ou0cvtko pupo. uq q opq npoko\ct ov Aqombeo vo ou\cct
nvu oo \uo nopoo q opupto: 1. Moselmooo ctvot o q
ov0puntvo, ouo nou cv 0o nopcoct noc vo cocpct q opupto.
2. uo nou cv nopct vo opupqoct ctvot o npoyotko pupo,
o ono\uo pupo (Aamben 1999: 130).
1o kemooots of Aoscblt ctvot to npoon0cto c0uvoq q
ouvcoq ou Act cou opupto kot Moselmooo, q onoto ckp(cot
nopoctyotk ono ouou nou 0qkov upt vo oqoouv q opupto
ou kot ono ov Moselmooo o onoto qov o (uvovo ov nou cv qov
uvoov vo opupqoct. to ov Act ouot qov ot npoyotkot pupc
nou cv o0qkc uvoov vo koo0coouv q opupto ou ovooptk c
q ovtkq qovq nou \ctoupyouoc oo vo(totko opoonco. Act
0cupouoc ot o (qqo q opupto qov oqv kopt q vo(totkq
no\ttkq kot q covtoq ouq q uvooqo ouootko ootcto q
npoyuoq q 1c\tkq Auoq. Coot cn\ckovov oc ouq qov
opct uotkuv. Act ckp(ct oqv opq ou Aurol nou 6o0toov kot
ourol nou o0pkov o oo uv kpooucvuv yto qv ocpqoq q
uvooqo vo cocpouv q opupto oouv ytvovot oo opoonco
ouykcvpuoq.

Onotopnore reo kot eov eet our o neo, rov neo evovrlov oo rov
eoue keploet eel kovel on oo ev 0o elvet yto vo eroepet rp
opruplo, oo okp kot eov konoto o0el kovel ev 0o rov ntoreet. o
unopouv unole, ouprpoet, epeuve toroptkv, oo koto 6e6otrpro, ytorl
ol e eoo 0o koroorpeoue kot rt onoelet. kot orpv neplnrop okp
nou konote onoelet 0o oovrov kot konoto on oo 0o ento0oe, o koo
0o net n ro yeyovro nou tpyelore elvot unep6otko reporp yto vo ylvouv
ntoreuro. 0o nouv rt npketrot yto unep6oe rp ouotkp nponoyovo,
kot 0o ntoreouv eo nou 0o opvp0o0e ro novro kot t eoo. 1pv toroplo
rv Aoykep 0o rpv unoyope0ooue eel (Act 2000: 11).

Aamben npoono0ct vo ovo\uoct nu kocoq uvoo o
touptoo ovcoo oq opupto kot oo ov0puntvo ov oo vo(totko
ko0cou. opq ou Moselmooo ou cntpcnct vo npoupqoct ncpo
ono qv cvvoto ou opctou nou ovcnuc o Mtoc\ ouku u o ycvtko

[223]

ouoqo q toopuoq kot ou cooqotoou uv q\uocuv.
10

Moselmooo ctvot o npoyotko pupo nou cv nopct vo op0puoct
q opupto. 1o (uvovo ov nou cv nopct vo t\qoct. kot nopo\o ou
q npoyotkq opupto unpct ckct nou cv unpct unokctcvo, ckct
nou o unokctcvo cv ctvot n\cov unokctcvo. zuvu(ovo oqv
ov\uoq ou Moselmooo q t\oootkq ovo(qqoq q cvvoto q
opupto c qv tono\ttkq couoto, o Aamben unooqpt(ct ot: zov
Moselmooo q tono\ttkq npoon0qoc vo nopyct o c\tko uotko q:
to cnttuoq nou toupt(cot ono k0c uvooqo opupto
(Aamben 1999: 136).

Moselmooo cv nopct vo opupqoct cnctq
ytvcot kot ovtnpoouncuct qv ono\uq ouvooqo q opupto.
Moselmooo ctvot oopoo cnctq ctvot o volloset koom, o kcvo ono
ov0punou upo oo kcvpo ou opooncou, nou oqoooct o
oqcto oo onoto o no\tq ncpvct oov 5tootsooqebotlqe [no\tq] q
pto kooyuyq, o q pto oov Lpoto, o Lpoto oov ckontocvo,
kot, c\o, o ckontocvo Lpoto ncpo ono ov couo ou oov
Moselmooo, q\oq oq yuvq, q cvontotq kot upt uvooqo
opupto (uq (zo tto: 137).
Lv o vo ctvot kovct unokctcvo kot pupo ctvot o tto, o
Moselmooo ovtnpoouncuct o touptoo cou (uq kot opupto.
zov Moselmooo q tono\ttkq npoon0qoc vo nopyct o c\tko
uotko q: to cnttuoq nou toupt(cot ono k0c uvooqo
opupto (Aamben 1999: 136). Ltvot oqovtko vo ovtoouc ot q
tounuoq ouq ou Aamben cv ouvcct q ovotkoqo ou
Aouot c o ouvoo q opupto, ko0u ouo 0o oqotvc qv
cntcotuoq q onct\q kot cnttuq uv vo(t, oqv onoto ovocpcot
o Act, vo coovtoouv k0c opupto.
11

zqovtkot c\cqc couv ookqoct kpttkq oqv npoocyytoq q
opupto kot ou pupo ono ov Aamben. sLer Marlon nopoqpct
tctoutk ot o Aamben otvcot ot pqkc oov ot\uo oo
Aouot o ovc\o yto o unokctcvo, ko0u o cnt(uv ctvot pupo
q ono-unokctcvonotqoq ou (2006:1019). kot o omlnlc La apra
ouvqyopct ot o Aamben onoon ov Moselmooo ono o tooptk

10
Aamben ovo\uct qv cvvoto q opupto oc ovt0coq c o opcto, npoocyyt(ovo
q opupto u (qqo q ono0cqoq ou unokctcvou cou q uvooqo kot q
ouvooqo q ot\to: zc ovt0coq c o opcto, nou npootopt(ct o ouoqo uv
ococuv cou ou ctnucvou kot ou ovctnuou, ovo(ouc opupto o ouoqo
uv ococuv cou ou coo kot ou cu q y\uooo [lanue] u uvooqo ot\to,
cou ouou nou nopct vo ctnu0ct kot ouou nou cv nopct vo ctnu0ct oc k0c
y\uooo - q\oq cou q uvooqo q ot\to kot q npoyuoq q, cou
q uvooqo kot q ouvooqo q ot\to. Ltvot (qqo ou vo ono0cq0ct o
unokctcvo oq toooupuoq cou q uvooqo kot q ouvooqo q ot\to
(1992: 144-3).
11
8\. zo tto: 137.
o0qq ov(opou\o
[224]

oupo(ocvo coo oo onoto ovou0qkc kot koocuyct oc to
cpyo\ctokq pqoq nou ou cntpcnct vo unooqptct q t\oootkq
uno0coq ou (2004: 162). oqooto ou cnt(uvo kot q opupto ou
cv cykcto, cnocvu, oo vo cocpct q opupto q 5boob o\\ u
0cupqtkq koookcuq nou opupct qv ocvq ckpooq cou ou
ov0puntvou ovo kot ou \oyou.
Aamben cct to t\oootkq 0coq ovooptk c q
uvooqo ou pupo vo koo0coct yto cvov povo nou q opupto
qov ouvoq. 1q uvooqo ou pupo vo t\qoct ot yto ouo nou
cv cct ctnu0ct o\\ yto q q uvooqo vo unpct opupto. uq q
tounuoq cpvct oo u qv uvooqo q opupto vo tounuoct
o cvo kot o cko q y\uooo, vo ovoctct q opupto u ouoqo
ococuv cou q uvooqo kot q ouvooqo q ot\to,
cou ouou nou nopct kot ouou nou cv nopct vo ctnu0ct.

Mc k0c \cq q, q opupto opvctot okptu qv onoovuoq q cnttuoq
ono q (uq. pupo cntkupuvct o ycyovo ot nopct vo unpct opupto
cnctq unpct to otouptoq totpcoq kot q-ounuoq cou ou q
ov0puntvou kot ou ov0puntvou, ou (uvo ovo kot ou ot\ouvo ovo,
ou Moselmooo kot ou cnt(uvo. kptu ooo unpct oq y\uooo u coto,
okptu ooo opupct qv unopq q uvooqo q ot\to cou q
ouvooqo, o kupo q copot ot ono qv ycyovoo\oytkq o\q0cto, to
ouuvto cou ouou nou ctnu0qkc kot cvo ycyovoo q cou q vqq
kot ouou nou ouvcq, o\\ copot ono qv ovqovcuq ocoq cou
ouou nou cv uvoot kot ouou nou uvoot vo ctnu0ct, cou ou cko kot
ou cvo q y\uooo (oo tto: 137-13).

uvooqo ou pupo vo cntkupuoct q opupto yto cvo
povo nou o unokctcvo cv qov oc 0coq vo koo0coct q opupto ou
kot ouopovo vo cocpct qv ouvooqo ou pupo vo t\qoct
onoc\ct q oqovtkq ouo\q ou Aamben oqv koovoqoq ou
nopoou ou Act.

LV 9#,*,3#/#.( .%# 3%:?@ I$/,+#.,*,#q2/%? /1 >%+/7+0% .%# /, >4+/7+%

zc ouo o cpo 0o cntctpqou vo ouvcou qv cvvoto ou tono\ttkou
ouoo, onu qv ovonuooct o Aamben (ouuvo c qv onoto ot
Lpotot oq vo(totkq cpovto onoc\ouv o ouo\o q yuvq (uq q
onoto npcnct vo covu0ct), c o ouo ou npo\cptou kot qv
koovoykootkq cpyooto, uoc vo cpqvcuou qv cyko0tpuoq to
ouvccto oq toypotkq oqyqoq uv cnt(uvuv q cpyotkq q.
uq q ouvccto ouykpoctot nvu oou ovc q ucto, q
ouvq kot q cpyooto.
Mtoc\ ouku ovc\uoc q totkooto ko qv onoto o
v0puno ou o0ou kot q to\oytkq (uq koc\oov npoocutk o

[223]

kcvpo q vcucptkoqo. ovnuq kot o 0ptoo ou konto\toou
cv 0o qov ctk tu ov c\cyo nou okqoc q vco tocouoto, q
onoto qtoupyqoc tocou to octp ko\\q\uv cvo\oytuv o
nct0qvto ouoo nou ctc ovykq. ouku ovc\uoc o ncpooo ono
o cotko kpo oo kpo n\q0uoou kot oqv ouqoq q oqooto
q to\oytkq (uq kot q uycto ou c0vou u npo\qoo q
kuptopq couoto nou copcncot oc tokucpvqoq uv ov0punuv
(ouku 192:172-174). 1oc cnpo\\ouv, onu nopoqpct o Aamben,
oqv toopto ooo q tooq uv uvooquv uv cntoquv ou
ov0punou kot uv kotvuvtkuv cntoquv ooo kot q ouopovq
uvooqo vo npooocucot q (uq kot vo votonotctot o
o\okouuo.
to ov Aamben ooo ouotvouv coo oo opoonco
ouykcvpuoq ptokovot evr ou votkou n\ototou ou vo(totkou
ko0couo (2003: 263). 1o nvo ctvot uvoo vo ououv coo oo
opoonco ouykcvpuoq, cnctq q tono\ttkq (uq ou bomo socet
ytvcot o kovovo oqv no\ttkq (uq, kot cnctq q no\ttkq ytvcot
tono\ttkq kot o bomo socet uvqtk ouyccot c ov no\tq. 1o
tono\ttko ouo cct to tq unooooq oq vo(totkq cpovto:
cvououvct o cpotko ouo kot o ycpovtko ouo, o cvo u (uq nou
cv ot(ct kot o \\o u n\qpq (uq.
ovuoq ou n\q0uoou o ckoo oyoo otuvo,
unooqpt(ct o ouku, u otkovotko kot no\ttko npo\qo qov to
ono t cy\c kotvootc uv cvo\oytuv q couoto. ouku
ovocpcot oqv no\ttkq oqooto c qv onoto q ootkq q kot q
kpotkq couoto cncvuoov o ouo ou npo\cptou. uo nou
npockuc qov to no\ttkq toq q (uq nou tooponotouvov
ov\oyo c qv kotvuvtkq q (ouku 192: 133-137). Cu, o
Aamben cv kvct q ouvcoq cou ou tokptou cpotkou ouoo
c o tono\ttko ouo ou npo\cptou kot, unooqpt(ovo qv n\qpq
outoq ou opooncou ouykcvpuoq c qv covuoq, cv cc(ct
qv koovoykootkq cpyooto ouc qv outoq ouuv uv uo ouuv
c o cpotko ouo. zo cpyo ou o v0puno ou o0ou tvct
o\ok\qputk q 0coq ou oov Moselmooo, koo\qyovo oc to
ovtooptkq, otooponotqq kot onoov0punonotqcvq tonpoycuoq
uv cyk\ctouv oo opoonco cpyooto kot covuoq. Atvovo
cooq oqv ouvcoq ouuv uv uo ouuv (ou cpotkou ouoo
kot ou ouoo ou npo\cptou), 0o npoono0qou vo cpqvcuou qv
oqyqoq uv cnt(uvuv, q onoto coo oo pt(tko oouvcc nou ctvot o
opoonco ouykcvpuoq onoko0toouv ouopovo cvo ouvcc, ou
ov0punou ou o0ou nou ov\ct qv ouocktqoq ou ono q uvoq
uv cptuv ou (zo okcv(t), ono o ot kocpc cou q cpyooto
ou vo cnttuoct.
o0qq ov(opou\o
[226]

u vo cpqvcuoouc uo oqyqoct nou
o\\q\ooun\qpuvovot vocpoot nopoctyotk oov
Ccooo\ovtkto zo okcv(t, o onoto pqotonotct ov uo pco\too
oqv oqyqoq ou kot tqyctot c uncpqvcto qv otkq ou
ouoqo ouvcov q c qv ncnot0qoq ou ot 0o cnttuoct.
zov ovtnoo ptokcot q oqyqoq ou !ean Amery, o onoto
ovc\uoc q 0coq ou tovooucvou oo Aouot (2009: 23-33).
Ccupouoc ot q 0cc\tuq nvcuotkq ovoq kot q c0ocucvq
otoqqoq ou tovooucvou copcnovov oc nopyovc
ouokooopoq. zuuvo c ov Amery, o ko\\tcpyqcvo
kpooucvo cockc ovuncpontoo oo 0voo, ko0u kocppcov ot
ouvcoycvc uv nopoootokuv ouoquv ovoop ou.
12
u o
tovooucvo oo Aouot yto ov Amery copcncot oc v0puno ou
o0ou kot ouq q coponq ov oqyct oov Moselmooo, oqv
covtoq ou
1o k\ctt yto vo onovqoouc o cpuqo ptokcot, ko q
yvuq ou, oc to kotpto ouo\q ou Aamben oqv koovoqoq q
tono\ttkq couoto nou onoc\ct q cpqvcto q no\ttkq oqooto
q cvvoto \oo. ?nooqpt(ct ot q cvvoto \oo oc o\c t
ouypovc cupunotkc y\uooc cv onoc\ct cvo cvtoto unokctcvo o\\
q to\cktkq o\vcuoq cou uo ovtt0ccvuv no\uv: ono q to
n\cup o ouvo\o Aoo u okcpoto no\ttko ouo (onu ot
ckpoct to\tko \oo q \otko tkooq) ono qv \\q, o unoouvo\o
\oo u 0pouootkq no\\on\oqo onopuv kot onok\ctocvuv
ouuv, ouuv nou ovqkouv ot koucpc ct (onu ot
ckpoct \otkq ouvotkto, \otko cuno).
13
Aq\oq o \oo cpct nvoc
cvo ou o 0cc\tuc tono\ttko pqyo: yuvq (uq kot no\ttkq
unooooq, onok\ctoo kot ouncpt\qq, (uq kot to. '\oo ctvot
ouo nou nvoc unpct kot nou uoooo oct\ct vo npoyouvcot,
ctvot q ko0opq nqyq k0c ouoqo kot ou oct\ct topku vo
cnovonpootopt(cot kot vo onoko0otpcot cou ou onok\ctoou, q
y\uooo, ou otoo kot ou cou (zo tto 272). zq
vcucptkoqo o onok\ctoo kot q co0\tuoq ctvot kuptopc no\ttkc
koqyoptc nou cv ctvot ovo otkovotkc kot kotvuvtkc o\\ couv
no\ttkq q, ko\ucpo, tono\ttkq oqooto. zq vo(totkq cpovto ot
Lpotot ctvot ot kocoqv cknpoounot kot ocov o (uvovo ouo\o

12
!ean Amery, nepo on rpv evop kot rpv eteop (. . ko\totq). 0qvo, Aypo,
2009, o. 23-33.
13
k0c cpqvcto q no\ttkq oqooto ou opou \oo oct\ct vo ckktvct ono o
ovotko ycyovo ot, ot ouypovc cupunotkc y\uooc, unoq\uvct nvo kot ou
uou, ou onok\qpou, ou onok\ctocvou. tto opo npootopt(ct ooo o
ouootko no\ttko unokctcvo ooo kot qv q q onoto ck uv npoyuv ov ot ck ou
voou onok\ctcot ono qv no\ttkq (Aamben 2003: 272).

[227]

ou \oou, ckctvq q yuvq (uq nou q vcucptkoqo nopyct topku
oo coucptko q o\\ cv nopct vo ovcct qv nopouoto q. 1o
pqyo cou ou Aoou kot ou \oou npcnct vo n\qpu0ct c qv
covtoq ou \oou, copcnovo o ycpovtko \oo oc tcpq (uq
otcpucvq oo 0voo kot oc to\oytko ouo o onoto npcnct vo
onoko0otpcot cn nctpov (coovt(ovo utk oppuoou kot opct
k\qpovotkuv oo0cvctuv) (zo tto: 273). touptoo ou cpotkou
ouoo ouvto qv coq nopoyuyq ou ttou ou ycpovtkou
ouoo, onu okptu q copoyq q vopo ctvot q nopoyuyq ou.
Aamben ovocpcot oc to ov\oyq totkooto nou ctvot o
qokpotko-konto\totko octo covtoq, cou q ovnuq, uv
uuv cuv o onoto ot ovo ovonopyct oo coucptko ou o \oo
uv onok\ctocvuv o\\ cooqot(ct oc yuvq (uq o\ou ou
n\q0uoou ou 1ptou kooou (zo tto: 273). Cu cv kvct q
ouvcoq cou ou octou covuoq ou cpotkou \oou nou oocuc
qv covtoq ou pqyoo oq ycpovtkq (uq kot ou ouoo ou
cpyq oqv ou\tkq koovoykootkq cpyooto. cvvoto ou \oou nou
cnovonpootopt(cot kot onoko0otpcot cou ou onok\ctoou, q
y\uooo, ou otoo, ou cou cv ncpt\ovct qv cpyooto kot
qv koovoykootkq cpyooto.
14

kotvuvtkq q kot o u\o onoc\ouv oqovtkc
nopocpou tooponotqoq kot npcnct vo ccooouv oc ocoq c ov
ono kooyuyq o\\ kot c ov ono q cono\ctkq cykooooq.
t opuptc uv cpotuv cnt(uvuv ono q Aptoo, qv ko\o, qv
kcpkupo, o ovt nou ovqkov oqv cpyotkq q cyko0tpuouv coo
oq pt(tkq oouvccto nou ouvto o opoonco ouykcvpuoq cvo
toypotko kot oqyqotko ouvcc. uo o ouvcc opt(cot ono pct
ovc: o. cpyooto . ouvq, y. ucto.
kcpkupoto \\cypo 8c\\c\q, oov q puouv t 0uot ono
qv nottkq q q\tkto, onov:
13

1o 0uoot nou novro unepo on reto, on orevopto nou ou elnove
ot yovel ou kot kouovropto ro oeto ou. Aev pouvo nore eurutoevp
orp p ou. nore nore nore. novro pouvo to uorutoevp koneo. kot oro
reo prov nou e ntooove kot ot lepovol. nrov ro ounppo ekel. Aev
pouvo nore opo0evp, ytorl pouvo rto. orepo nou pp0o on rp
lepovlo enpyo kot ey enevo okoe, ekovo unppeolo, ekovo noo
npoyoro. lto vo poouve ro oeto ou, enetp pouvo p e0repp on ro
notto.

14
!ulLh 8uLler nopoqpct qv onono\ttkonotqoq q (uq oo cpyo ou Aamben cou
q covtoq uv (qquv nou oopouv o u\o, qv cpyooto kot qv ovonopoyuyq
ono o ncto q no\ttkq (8uLler kot pla, 2007: 3).
13
zuvcvcuq q \\cypo 8c\\c\q oo c\\qvtk (ycv. 1917). ll vlAL l1C8
A8lv, op. ouv. 43273
o0qq ov(opou\o
[22]

Cov q puouv yto o oct q yto o c\\ov, onov:
notkokup ou onttou qouvo. Mc cvq ou\ct, c ov no\co.
?nqpcpto. oqyqoq k\ctvct oov kuk\o. 1o nopov out(cot c o
c\\ov, o nptv c o c, oou q poq yto vo (qoouvc o oc\to
ou, ovqkct oqv npoyotkoqo oo nptv, oov nptv ono ov no\co ot
yovct q q ovc0coov ono qv q\tkto uv cn cuv q povto uv
oc\uv q.
zc ouo o oqcto 0o q0c\o vo ytvct ooc ot oov t\c yto
qv cyko0tpuoq cvo toypotkou ouvcou oqv oqyqoq cv
cvvoouc ot ot cnt(uvc kovovtkonotouv t ouv0qkc q
koovoykootkq cpyooto nou oocuov oqv covuoq ou. cnctpto
q ucto kot ou onok\ctoou nou toopuvoov kot ono t
cu\c tcpoptc ou cncpcc vo cvououoouv oqv toopto q
(uq ou t ouv0qkc q ou\tkq cpyooto oo opoonco.
pono nou op0puvoov q unokctcvtkoq ou nopouoc vo
cvououoct to \cnocpq ncptypoq uv ouv0qkuv cpyooto kot uv
ko0qkovuv nou ckc\ouoov, cnctq q cpyooto ctc ooo kcvptkq 0coq
oq ouykpoqoq q unokctcvtkoq ou. t vpontootkc cpyootc
nou ckc\ouoov qov o coov q cnttuoq kot q tcntpooq cou
q unokctcvtkoqo, ou ouoo kot q cpyooto oqv ouoqo q
cpyotkq q qvc cvov upo yto qv tounuoq q cpyootokq
cnctpto nou ycvvouoc vponq o\\ ouopovo onoc\ouoc kot nqyq
ouocktqoq.
ctpuvcto ctvot cvo ono ou pqoptkou ponou p0puoq
q ovtkq cntyvuoq yto o t ouvcotvc coo oo opoonco
ouykcvpuoq, cyko0tpuct to onooooq ou unokctcvou ono ov tto
ou ov couo uoc vo ckpoct qv onoooq ou vo cnttuoct o\\ kot
t ouykpouoct oo cntnco q unokctcvtkoqo, ovcoo oov couo
nou qov o unokctcvo oo nopc\0ov kot oc ouo nou ctvot oo nopov.
Cov o am Asenazl, o onoto ycvvq0qkc oq Ccooo\ovtkq o 1919 kot
covocuoc ot vucvc o\tctc, ovocpcot oq otyq q
ov0coq q ou\tkq cpyooto u onerommano 0uot ot
okcqkc: Co o oktou.
16
kot npoo0cct yto qv onoooq ou vo
cnttuoct: Co k\cu ncptooocpq oouno yto vo cnttuou. opupto
ou ovocpcot ovo\utk ot toopctkc cpyootc nou ckc\ouoc.
Avvo kocv, q onoto ycvvq0qkc oo ovt o 1924 kot cpyoqkc u
uvpto oqv k\uoouovoupyto ou Aovop o 194, ckp(ct
ot0uto yto ov cpyootoko to q: zqcpo ko0opt(u ok\c. Acv
vpcnoot vo o nu. ou\ct cv ctvot vponq.
17
1o no\ttotk

16
zuvcvcuq ou zo okcv(t oo oyy\tk (ycv. 1919) oo ll vlAL l1C8 A8lv,
op. ouv. 7197.
17
zuvcvcuq q Avvo kocv oo c\\qvtk (ycv. 1924) oo ll vlAL l1C8 A8lv,
op. ouv. 4749.

[229]

voqoo q cpyooto not(ouv oqovtko po\o oqv ouocktqoq ou
unokctcvou. zo n\ototo q vcucptkoqo, ot opc cpyooto nou
ctvot onotucvc, onu q ctpuvoktkq cpyooto, cocpouv o otyo
q cpyooto oo unokctcvo qtoupyuvo oto0qoo vponq.
pvqoq q cpyooto u ouo\ou otyoo cntcotuvct qv tto q
\ctoupyto ou u cotou.
1
oqooto ou q cpyooto yto qv
ouoqo okoo kot ov onotuvct o unokctcvo otvcot ot cntpcnct
kot qv ncptypoq q koovoykootkq cpyooto oo opoonco kot qv
cyko0tpuoq to ouvccto nou cp(cot oqv ouvq ou cpyootokou
tou kot ouopovo oqv uncpqvcto ou vo cnttuvct oc k0c
kooooq oov cv to0cct tnoo \\o ncpo ono o cpto oou.
opuptc uv cnt(uvuv q ootkq q cyko0tpuouv to
oouvccto cou q cnctpto nou npoqyq0qkc kot oko\ou0qoc o
\okouuo. Mt\ko 1oyto-ko\ovto cktvct qv oqyqoq q yto q
(uq oqv kcpkupo u cq: kvoc to uotkq (uq. o\\ onop, no\u
ncpnqo.
19
C,t npooccpc q kcpkupo, o ono\ovoc. Ltoc cupu
kuk\o, q kcpkupo qov opkc npoocucvq.
Lc(ovo t oqyqotkc cvtkc c t onotc
ouvop0puvovot ot cnctptc oo opoonco ouykcvpuoq, otvcot
ot ovt0co c qv kuptopq oqyqoq ot oo opoonco cv unqpc
o\\q\cyyuq kot opyvuoq, ot cv unqpc upo yto t\to kot ot ot
kpooucvc ctov pc0ct oqv kooooq ou (uou, knotc
n\qpoopqptc npo\\ouv to ovtno\q unokctcvtkoqo kot
npoktkq.
kopo\tvo optq\tou ono qv opq npoctvct ot uno\otnc
kpooucvc ou n\ok to ooq (uq coo oo opoonco: no
ctooc cvucvc, vo ctooc oyonqcvc yto vo ouc nu 0o
cnt(qoouc.
20
optq\tou npo\\ct oc o\q q ouvcvcuq qv
c\\ctq o\\q\cyyuq kot o oo nou unqpc oo opoonco kot 0cct
qv unokctcvtkoq q oov ovtno ou. o\q q, q nopoq
oq0cto oc o\ou ovcopqu c0vtkoqo, q tkovoqo vo cnttuoct
oc k0c kooooq, q o\\q\cyyuq ctvot ot ootkc otc kot ttoqc nou
kocct o unokctcvo ono qv opq q oqyqoq.
21

1
Lvu o otyo ovocpcot oc cvo opokqptotko nou ctvot onotutko, onok voqo
yto qv ouoqo ou ooou oo ncto uv kotvuvtkuv ococuv (oman 2001: 60-69).
19
zuvcvcuq q Mt\ko 1oyto-ko\ovto oo c\\qvtk (ycv. 1923) oo ll vlAL l1C8
A8lv, op. ouv. 43303.
20
zuvcvcuq q kopo\tvo optq\tou oo c\\qvtk (ycv. o 1919) oo ll vlAL
l1C8 A8lv, op. ouv. 4113.
21
kaLherlne llemln ovocpcot oqv o\\q\cyyuq nou opokqpt(c ou Lpotou ono
toopctkc ncptoc q L\\o oo Aouot, o\\ 0cupu ot ouo o kotvo ono
npcnct vo tooponotq0ct uoc vo \q0ouv unoq ot no\ttkot kot kotvuvtkot
npootoptoot q (2009: 224-3).
o0qq ov(opou\o
[230]

optq\tou kooyoov ono q Aptoo o\\ o\ok\qpq q
otkoycvcto covocuoc oqv ko\o yto vo cpyooouv oc
konvcpyoooto. 1o 1934 c o 0voo ou oc\ou q q otkoycvcto
cokot(ct oq Ccooo\ovtkq kot ckctvq cpy(cot oc n\ckqpto. 1o 1940
nqyc oqv 0qvo yto vo opyovuoct, onu \cct, o cpyoooto nou votc
ckct o ocvtko q. otvcot ot yto t vcopc cpyptc nou (ouoov
ovc ou oqv 0qvo, upt vo ctooc oc 0coq vo yvupt(ouc o
tku q, unqpc q uvooqo toopuoq to ovcpqq
unokctcvtkoqo. q\uoq q, nou0cv cv oto0voot ot ctvot o
ontt ou kot ouopovo cvo oto0qo ouoncnot0qoq kot
oucvcpycto nou oq ou ktvuvou kot ou ncptoptoou ou
u\ou noponcnct oc to tc0vtkq otkq ouoqo nou toncpv o
ouvopo q c0vtkoqo kot 0cct t otc q o\\q\ooq0cto uncpvu
o\uv.
22
optq\tou otcc ovq q ono qv 0qvo oq Aptoo kot
ono kct oq Ccooo\ovtkq oov co0c yto q ouykcvpuoq uv Lpotuv
q Ccooo\ovtkq oqv n\octo L\cu0cpto. Lvu ot ouyycvct q qv
npoctonotouoov yto ov ktvuvo kot npoono0ouoov vo qv cnotoouv
vo nct oq Ccooo\ovtkq kot vo qv nctoouv vo yct oo ouvo, ckctvq
npotqoc vo ctvot kov ou kot vo ou oq0qoct. zo opoonco
ovo\ovct qyctko po\o ovcoo ot kpooucvc ou n\ok.

kelvp rp epo elno ort oe. An on rp oueto o ev 0o noe kolo
oro kpeorpto. ltorl our ro koptrookt ov ele o| lo ev 0o no0otve
o6trolvop. o e kot rov r0no ourp, vo nel0 rov koo. kot ele nopet p
ko0elo o on 0o rplo koptrookto vo ro 6op0poouv kot otpooe ro o|.

cucpq toooq ou kotvuvtkou ot opuptc oop o u\o kot
qv tcntpooq ou c qv q. ko nooo ot cu\c tcpoptc
toncpvouv qv kotvuvtkq toopuuoq onoc\ct cvo (qqo npo
ncpotcpu tcpcuvqoq. t n\qpoopqptc nou npocpovot ono qv
cpyotkq q novpcuqkov ocou c qv cntopoq ou ono o
opoonco kot o yo ou cytvc ctc ono ovykq ctc c q to. Mto
n\qpoopqpto ncptypct o yo q cptkc coc c qv
cntopoq q ono o opoonco ckontocvuv kot qv npoouyq q
oc oncpyto nctvo yto vo toopupq0ct yto o yo nou o ou(uyo q
kot ot ouyycvct q ctov kovovtoct. o\\c ono t n\qpoopqptc

22
Lq c\ cct ovo\uoct t cooptkc pqoct ou u\ou, q c0voqo kot q
q oq ouykpoqoq kot voqoooqoq uv kotvuvtkuv oyuvuv oo n\ototo q
konvcpyotkq oncpyto ou 1914 oqv ko\o (c\ 1993: 171-204). Mcoo ono qv
cnto\q q ovptkq ouoqo oo konvcpyotko cnyyc\o nopoqpouc knotc
puyc q poq uv cpyoptuv. Lntoq, to nuq q ouvtko\totkq poq uv
yuvotkuv \cnouc kot oqv oncpyto ou cpyooootou otypuv zo\ovtko o 1922 nou
opyovu0qkc ono cpyptc (ouvovonou\o 2003: 204-209).

[231]

novpcuqkov ouyycvct ou kot o yo ou qov to tcoo oqv
onoovuoq kot oo oto0qo ovot c qv cntopoq ou.

prov orp zreyp. nrov o reeurolo nou p0eo vo novrpeur. netp prov
ouyyevp ou. perot kot ou eet onoootoo vo novrpeur. 1ou e ey ev
0e vo oe novrpeur. Aev oto0ovoot rlnoro yto oevo jou eet]. Mp volet
rt ey oto0ovoot rlnoro yto oevo. An rotptooue. lno ev oe
novrpe0oot ov ev ep0et p ovo oou vo ou ro net. jkopolvo lo6ptplou]

Aev p0eo vo novrpeur e kovevo rpno. kovo onepylo nelvo rpet epe.
Mou eyove 0o rov nopet. el, kot vo p 0eet, ro reetooe. nrov kot
konoto ouyyevp ou on rpv kepkupo kot e ro pt. no0 0o yuploet
onpoororeurp, j.] Me oroloove e 6oove. Ae ytorl e orolere, 1lnoro
rlnoro. kot ou eve on elvot our nou 0o oou ooue yto ovrpo. kot
6o kort kooro. o kol n kolet ro tkp notl. jMorlvr tro]
23

O Apovo ou elne, eloot vp, elot vo, 0eet vo evooue rt 0o
uorule, Aurp prov p nproop yoou. n0eo npoororp, nou vo elvot kot
norepo kot ovo. Mero pp0e p ekrlpop kot p oyonp. Aev eloe oyone kot
reroto. je6ekko Aopv]
4

u toopuvovot ot cu\c ococt c ov no\co kot noto ctvot
o po\o q cnctpto ou opooncou, q onu\cto uv oyonqcvuv
npoounuv oqv tuoq uv ouvoto0qotkuv ococuv oto unokctcvo
kot notot 0coot tocoo\oouv kot onokouv \oyo ovooptk c qv
ttutkq (uq u toopuvovot kot o\\q\cntpouv q qooto kot q
ttutkq ootpo, nu o opt ou cnovoko0opt(ovot kot toopuvouv
vcc ouoqc oqv cono\ctkq cnoq

"*03,&,?

c\cq npoon0qoc vo onotqoct kpttk t npoooc npoocyytoct
q opupto kot ou pupo, ot onotc tvouv npovotokq 0coq oov
ouo pupo, oqv cvououcvq vqq kot oq otunq,
nopoctyotkq ckpooq uv onotuv onoc\ct o Moselmooo. zoo
ouq q npo\qoonotqoq ctvot vo 0coct o 0cupqtko kot
c0oo\oytko n\ototo, uoc vo ovtvcu0ouv ot cu\c kot otkc
tooponotqoct nou cyypovot ot oqyqoct uv cnt(uvuv kot vo
npo\qoonotq0ct q tkptoq cou tovooucvou kot ctpuvoko oo
n\ototo q tono\ttkq couoto, q onoto onoc\ct ootko
opokqptotko q vo(totkq couoto. ouvcoq uv ptuv
tooocuv q 0cupqtkq okcuq ou Aamben, ou Moselmooo, ou

23
zuvcvcuq q kcpkupoto Mot\v 8t\ oo c\\qvtk (ycv. 1924) oo ll vlAL
l1C8 A8lv, op. ouv. 47323.
24
zuvcvcuq q cckko opuv oo c\\qvtk (ycv. 1920) oo ll vlAL l1C8
A8lv, op. ouv. 43239.
o0qq ov(opou\o
[232]

bomo socet kot ou no\ttkou ouoo \oo, o onoto nopocvouv
oouvco oq 0cupto ou, cntpcnouv qv ovctq q tooptkoqo
uv opuptuv kot ou no\utooou opokqpo ou kot qv
cnovoop ou kotvuvtkou, ot onotc ouokotoqkov ono qv ovtooptkq
cooq oov Moselmooo, oo pouo kot oo ouvoo q opupto.
Lntn\cov, cvu o Aamben ovt(ct qv kcvptkq 0coq q
to\oytkq (uq oqv okqoq couoto kot qv ovoyvupt(ct u otko
nopyovo ou vcou to\oytkou kpou nou ckp(cot kot vct oo
kpo oo opoonco ouykcvpuoq, cv qv ouvcct c ov v0puno
ou o0ou kot qv ounuoq ou tono\ttkou ouoo ou
npo\cptou c o cpotko ouo. ounuoq uv uo ouuv kot q
kcvptkoqo q to\oytkq (uq oov v0puno ou o0ou
cyko0tpuouv, ko q yvuq ou, to ouvccto oqv toypotkq
oqyqoq uv cnt(uvuv. uq q ouvcoq cv otvcot vo oop ou
cnt(uvc nou npocpovot ono qv ootkq q oqv oqyqoq uv
onotuv q koovoykootkq cpyooto onouot(ct kot cv q onotcot
kovcvo po\o oqv cnttuoq. Lntn\cov, q cnctpto ou opooncou
ouvto to pt(tkq oouvccto oqv ovvqoq q (uq ou nptv kot c
ono qv oto\uoto.


[233]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
Aamben, lorlo, 1999. kemooots of Aoscblt. 1be ltoess ooJ tbe
Atcblve (. anlel eller-8oazen). nco ?opkq: Zone 8oos.
Aamben, lorlo. 2003. nomo 5ocet. kuplopp eouolo kot yuvp p
(. Lntcpo: . zoupokkq). 0qvo: crlpLa.
Amery, !ean. 2009. nepo on rpv evop kot rpv eteop (. .
ko\totq). 0qvo: Aypo.
no(onou\ou, poyktokq. 2007 (2q ckooq). 1o Ooko0ro ort
opruple rv epvv 6polv. Ccooo\ovtkq: Lntkcvpo.
c\ Lq. 1993. oooto\too uv "\\uv": otkot oyuvc,
c0votkc ouykpouoct kot ouoqc u\ou oq co-
o0uovtkq Ccooo\ovtkq, 1o loroptko, 101-19: 171-204.
8enenlsLe, enrleLLe-8lca. 200. 1he omln CuL o !elsh lsLory ln
reece. hLLp:ehess.ynamlques.r
8uLler, !ulLh kot ayaLrl haraorLy pla. 2007. bo 5loqs tbe Notloo-
5tote looqooqe, lolltlcs, 8elooqloq. e or: eaull 8oos.
llemln, kaLherlne. 2009. loroplo rv pvv 6polv (. ntko
onopq). 0qvo: uooco.
ouku, Mtoc\. 192. n toroplo rp oeouotkrpro. 1oo 1: to q
yvuoq (. . o(kq). 0qvo: Lkooct nno.
ouvovonou\o, kuoo. 2003. pyoolo kot epyortk klvpo orp
Oeoooovlkp. 0qvo: ncc\q.
oman, rln. 2001. zrlyo. zpetoet yto rp 0opevp rourrpro
(Ltooyuyq-Mcpooq A. Mokpuvtuq). 0qvo: \cvpcto.
lrsch, Marlanne kot Leo plLzer. 2010. olocausL Lules. zo usannah
8asLone kot 8lll charz (cn), Memoty. nlstotles, 1beotles,
ebotes, lorham nlerslLy ress, 390-403.
La apra, omlnlc. 2000. nlstoty ooJ Memoty oftet Aoscblt. lLhaca:
ornell nlerslLy ress.
La apra, omlnlc. 2004. Approachln LlmlL enLs: lLln Aamben.
zo nlstoty lo 1tooslt. etleoce, Jeotlty, ctltlcol 1beoty, lLhaca:
ornel nlerslLy ress, 144-193.
Laner, Larence. 1991. nolocoost 1estlmooles. 1be kolos of Memoty.
ale: ale nlerslLy ress.
Laub, orl kot leerlco llnchelsLeln. 2010. Memory an lsLory rom asL
Lo luLure: A laloue lLh orl Laub on 1rauma an 1esLlmony.
zo . uLman, A. . 8ron kot A. oaro (cn), Memoty ooJ tbe
otote. 1toosootloool lolltlcs, tblcs ooJ 5oclety, Lonon: alrae
Macmlllan, 30-63.
Act, pto. 2000. Aurol nou 6o0toov kot ourol nou o0pkov. 0qvo:
Aypo.
o0qq ov(opou\o
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Marlon, sLer. 2006. 1he azl enocle an Lhe WrlLln o Lhe olocausL
Aporla: Lhlcs an 8emnanLs o AuschlLz. MlN 121 4: 1009-
1022.
Mesnar, hlllppe kot laulne kahan. 2001. lotqlo Aqombeo lteove
J Aoscblt. arls: klme.
Mo\o, cvo. 2002. 1o opcto ontkookouotkuv opuptuv uv
cnt(uvuv q vo(totkq ycvokovto 5boob: zoot, opyvuoq
kot totkooto ouvcvcucuv, nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv,
107 A (Lttko cuo: oct q npooptkq toopto oqv L\\o
- cn. M.Covonou\ou kot .Mnouv(ouq): 199-217.
olLch, Mlrlam. 1967. le ossoqe Jes 8otbotes. coottlbotloo lblstolte
Je lo ottotloo et Je lo kslstooce Jes olfs tec. lce: resses
u 1emps resenL.
8ealn, Anna. 2002. 1be 5oclol obetltooce of tbe nolocoost. eoJet,
coltote ooJ Memoty. Lonon: alrae Macmlllan.
osl, Wolan. 1993. l otqoolsotloo Je lo tetteot. arls: almann-Ley.
Wlelora, AnneLLe. 199. l te Jo tmolo. arls: lon.
Wlelora, AnneLLe. 2006. 1he WlLness ln lsLory, loetlcs 1oJoy, 27 2:
33-39.

[233]

A+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% .%# -:h,?

kocptvo voyvuokq
S

\jklmnol
Otol blstoty ooJ feot

keseotcbets lovolveJ lo collectloq otol ltoesses teqotJloq tbe tee
1940s ote ofteo cooftooteJ ltb oo obvloos feelloq of feot, blcb stems
eltbet ftom tbe oottotots tbemselves ot ftom tbelt fomlly eovltoomeot. 1bls
feot osoolly coocetos tbe loJ of lofotmotloo eole feel coo be olloeJ to
be oocoveteJ Jotloq tbe lotetvle ot, oo tbe coottoty, sboolJ oot be
teveoleJ fot sevetol teosoos. no sboolJ tbe teseotcbet evoloote tbls
obvloos feot bot Joes lt meoo fot tbe oy eole moooqe tbelt memoty
lo tbe teseot Moteovet, bot Joes tbls feelloq teveol lo telotloo to tbe
obllc mostet oottotlve oo otlJ ot ooJ tbe clvll ot lo teece

qyc yponc kot npooptkc. opc\0ov kot nopov.
?nokctcvtkoqo kot ovtkctcvtkoqo. vvqoq kot vqq. zuoooq
kot ovoouoooq. C\o o noponvu kot tou knoto okoo onooo\ouv
t tooptkc, kot ot ovo, onouc oc cntnco okoqotko kot
cpcuvqtko. Cov u (qoucvo ono0couc qv npooptkq toopto,
q\oq qv oqyqoq npoounuv u coo yto qv ovoouoooq q
toopto, o noponvu (cuyq cvvotuv npoono0ouv vo optoouv ko\ucpo
o (qoucvo (Mnouoocv 2002: 137). zqv nopouoo npoocyytoq 0o
q0c\o vo cntkcvpu0u ncptooocpo oo nopov uv oqyquv ko qv
ncptoo q oqyqoq kt ot ou tuoo. npo\qotoo npokunct
ono q totkooto ou\\oyq ouvcvcucuv ko o 3-4 c\cuoto povto
o\\ kot q c\cq \\uv, no\tocpuv ouvcvcucuv nou couv
npoyoonotq0ct kot oopouv q ckocto ou 1940 oqv L\\o, ono
qv cvopq q vo(totkq kooq kot cpt o c\o ou cu\tou
no\cou.
t koqyoptc uv oqyquv 0o nopouooc vo nouc ot
notkt\ouv, ooov oop o ktvqp ou vo oqyq0ouv o tuoo ouq
q ncptoou. ?npouv knotot nou oyvoouv q uvooqo vo npouv
cpo oc to totkooto ouvcvcuq, q onoto 0o kotvonotqoct kot 0o
oq0qoct oqv otonotqoq ou tuoo ou. Mto nt0ovq npoooq vo
t\qoouv ou ptokct onpocotooou kot ouvq0u, optk,
npo\\ouv qv ovoo\cto ot cv couv kt vo nouv, ouo-
oto\oyuvo, \too, c ov pono ouo o tu ou u otopo.

1
?noqto Atkup, ovcntoqto kpqq, emall: anano2003[yahoo.com.
kocptvo voyvuokq
[236]

?npouv \\ot nou ovtcunt(ouv qv npoooq u vvo c
oupovou. Lovo cnt povto, ouvq0u, tkovonotqoct qv ovykq
cucptkcuoq uv tuuv ou c okopntc oqyqoct oo
otkoycvctoko kot t\tko ou ncpt\\ov, ovonokptvovot c npo0uto
oo k\coo knotou, nou cv npocpcot ono o ocvo kuk\o ou,
ou\toov ot oou kot coo. t0ovu o k\coo ouo vo not(ct
kot cu cvov oto\oytko po\o, cntcotuvovo, oo to ou, q
oqooto q oqyqoq ou.
Mto ptq koqyopto ctvot ooot yvupt(ouv q uvooqo vo
kooypoouv o tuo ou ono knotov cpcuvqq kot npootvouv ot
ttot oq yvuoonotqoq q to0cotoq ou. Lvo qo nto 0oppo\co
ono t uo npoqyoucvc koqyoptc upt, coto, ouo vo unoocot
otqnoc yto o ncptcocvo q ouvcvcuq.
zoq, cntoq, ctvot kot q koqyopto oouv opvouvot vo
otpooouv o tu ou, ooo oov k\ctoo ou ncptyupo, ooo kot oc
knotov pto - onu cvov cpcuvqq - nou 0o ou npoctvct vo o
kvouv. ncptnuoq ouq, upt vo oqotvct ko ovykq to oq\q
ouo-oto\oyqoq uv tuuv ou, oct(cot ouv c to
ouvoto0qotkq oto\\oto, to ouvoto ctptoou ou
ouvoto0qotkou ovtkunou uv tuuv
2
.
zt koqyoptc uv ov0punuv nou cnt\cyouv vo uoouv to
ouvcvcuq, q\oq to nto 'cntoqq, o\\ kot ouykpoqcvq opq
oqyqoq yto npuq op, nt0ovu otvcot ot not(ct cvo po\o o
nopyovo nou cct ncptypoct u onoooq ou unokctcvou vo
npct o \oyo kot vo ypct q vo ovoypct ov couo ou (8oy\q
200: 72-73). no npct cntoqq 0coq, q\oq, oc o,t u upo cct ono
\\ou ovonopo0ct u oqyqoq, n\qv ou oop ov tto, ouvq0u
ot u uotkq ovo, o\\ u koqyopto q ouoqo ooou.
v cntkcvpu0ouc, cnocvu, oou ov0punou nou to
qooto oqyqoq ou cv onoc\ct ncnoqcvq, npoooq ouoqo
q npooyo oto\oyqoq
3
, o\\ npuoyvupq cnctpto qv onoto
cnt\cyouv vo oko\ou0qoouv, o povo ko ov onoto onocovot q
cnttukouv to npook\qoq ouvcvcuq nopct cv cpct vo ctvot uoto,

2
to vo tokptvouc qv noponvu oo npcnct vo cktvqoouc ono qv nopooq ot
o k0c cv uvct oqyqq cct tuoct ononctpc oqyqoq ko q tpkcto q (uq
ou, kuptu oncvovt oov tto ou ov couo kot tou kot oncvovt oc ptou. Mcoo ono
ouqv q totkooto, o cv uvct oqyqq o nopct vo yvupt(ct ov kot oc noto o0o
oto0vcot ouvoto0qotkq oto\\oto oc ocoq c tuo ou. uq q yvuoq
onoctkvucot, ko ncptnuoct, tkovq vo ov onopcct ono to qooto oqyqoq,
ytot yvupt(ct q oot vo qv unoncoct oqv ncptoq q ouvq - onu opt(cot oo
zu\tovouq 2002: 4-3 - qv onoto ot\\ct ov nopct vo toctptoct kt ov 0c\ct vo
ck0coct.
3
Lvctktk, yto o t nopct vo oqotvct npoooq ouoqo q npooyo oto\oyqoq
\. 1hompson 2002: 203-206.
pooptkq toopto kot oo

[237]

otyoupo ou ouvocucot ono to uptovoq, q\oq to cotoqo
yto qv oqyqoq, po kot yto qv ck0coq (zu\tovouq 2002: 3).
zo oqcto ouo otvcot ot ouv o cpcuvqq, cko uv
uno\otnuv npok\qocuv nou cct vo ovtcuntoct, nopct vo cp0ct
ovtcuno kot c o ouvoto0qo ou oou. Co nopouooc vo
cntoqvouc cu, ot cvo oqovtko kpooucvo nou oop q vqq
kot qv oqyqoq ctvot q q0tkq. uo cv cntccot ov\uoq cnt q
nopouoq, ovocpcot, ou, ovo yto o \oyo ot o oo cct kot q0tk
ouootk ootcto. opo\ ou, oqv npokctcvq ncptnuoq o
onooo\ct ot ooo q npoc\cuoq ou oou, ooo q ckq\uoq ou, ot
opct ou kot o po\o ou oqv oqyqoq.
t oqyqoct ctvot yvuoo ot ck0couv q (uq ou ooou nou
tvct q ouvcvcuq, ouopovo ou ck0couv onoonooo q (uq
kot \\uv oouv. Ltc optocvuv nou n\ototuvov ov oqyqq, ctc
\\uv c o onoto cuc, yto knoto \oyo kot oc knoto otyq, vo
toooupu0ouv o tuo ou. 1o ycyovo ouo nopct vo onoc\ct
kupto \oyo yto qv ckq\uoq oou ono qv n\cup ou oqyqq.
ov\qq q cu0uvq kot q npuoou\to ono cvov oqyqq vo
ck0coct onoonooo uv cnctptuv knotou ptou, otvcot ko
ncptnuoct ot qtoupyct to ovooo\q oo oo nou t\ct. 1o
ycyovo ouo ctvot ko0 o\o tkoto\oyqcvo kot cvcocvu kot 0cto
c q0tkou kot ouvoto0qotkou opou. zc k0c ncptnuoq nvu,
kooctkvuct yto ov tto ov oqyqq ot ctvot unopko o (qqo ou
ctptoou q ck0coq uv tuuv kot uv cnctptuv. ovooo\q
oqv oqyqoq uv ycyovouv nou oopouv ptou oct\cot, nt0ovu,
oqv nopooq ot cykctot oq tokpttkq cucpcto ko0cvo vo
onoootoct qv ck0coq nou ouvcnycot to oqyqoq. Lnocvu, yto
optocvou oqyqc q ovonocukq ovoop oc ptou ytvcot c
ou, ko o uvoov, nto tokpttkou opou.
cvtoq oou ou, ctvot nto ooq kot ouotootkq oov
cpoooc oc ncptypoc ycyovouv nou couv oto\oyq0ct u
kookptco q otoqo. to qv ncptnuoq q ckocto ou 1940 o
oo\to ouo noponcnct ouvq0u oc ncptnuoct npoooto,
ouvcpyooto q ooovtoqptuv. qyqoct nou koo\qyouv oc coto
oqcto-oo0ou yto q ouvoto0qotkq kooooq ou n\qpoopqq,
cpovot ovtcunc .%# c o ouvoto0qo ou oou. ?npouv uo
cvcocvo oc to kooooq coto: oqv npuq ncptnuoq uncpvtk o
ouvoto0qo ou oou kot o npoouno nou npocq oqv o0ctq
cvcpycto, ko0u tou kot q tto q cvcpycto, cv ncptypovot pq,
o\\ o n\qpoopqq oqvct vo cvvoq0ouv ono o oupo(ocvo,
ouvocuovot c otunc q voqoo q kot npooncpvtovot ypqyopo oq
poq q oqyqoq. zq cucpq ncptnuoq, cntkpoct q npuoou\to
uncpvtkqoq ou oou kot q cvcpycto, ko0u kot o npoouno nou q
kocptvo voyvuokq
[23]

tcnpoc, ncptypovot ovo\utk, q\uvovot c ooqvcto kot cvtoc
ouvocuovot ono poct ou unou c oot vo nu ot., c
oot vo onoko\uu ot. q ono cotkc poct onu vo o
ypct ouo!. Co nopouoc kovct vo nct ot ouc ctvot ncptnuoct
nou q q c o oo cct uncpvtkq0ct ono qv ncnot0qoq ou
n\qpoopqq ot npcnct vo onoo0ct q0tkq tkotoouvq oo oo nou
\ctoupyqoov o0cto ko o kptoto ckctvo povto kot o onoto,
nt0ovu, cv couv votk kpt0ct
4
.
oo ou oqv oqyqoq, cv cct ovo vo kvct c
oqyqoct nou oopouv oo toopctk ono ou n\qpoopqc,
o\\ ko ncptnuoct covt(cot kot oc o,t oop ou ttou.
1cotc ncptnuoct ctvot ooot n\qpoopqc ctov, ko q ckocto ou
1940, poct c \tyocpo tococvou ponou. Atyo nto ocvc
ococt c ou cpovou opotuc q tooptko oq ou\cq q
ycpovtkq totkqoq q kot ncptnuoct nou noc c 0oc, o\o ou
npoko\ouv uo kuptc ovtpoct oou ot\qc: q npuq ctvot to
0upoktocvq oqyqoq, c nop0coq n\qpooptuv yto o ycvtko
ytyvco0ot q cnoq kot c n\qpooptc nou nopct vo ctvot ovo\utkc
kot vo onoc\ouv oqyqoq (uq cpt cvo oqctou. Cov vouc oc
ouo nou o n\qpoopqq ovt\ovcot u cntoo ou, q\oq
oov vct q oqyqoq oq otyq nou knoto npq ou oc ov
oqvct q0tk ck0co oqv kptoq ou nopovo ou\toov, oc q
oqyqoq notpvct o poo q onouoto c0uvoq. Mcopcncot oc
to poq n\qpooptuv nou 0o nopouoov vo oopouv kot knotov pto
kt ot ov oqyqq kot nou, cnt q ouoto, cv onoko\unouv tnoc yto
q poq ou kot t cnt\oyc ou.
cucpq ovtpooq ctvot q ovo\utkq cncqyqoq kot
nopouotooq uv cnt\oyuv ou n\qpoopqq, c to ooq t0coq vo
cpqvcuoct q ouv0qkq coo oqv onoto \ctoupyqoc, vo cpct ov
okpooq oc to kooooq cvouvoto0qoq yto q 0coq ou kot vo ou
ctct o npoovc otcoo nou ov oqyqoc oqv oto\q q0tk qkot
no\ttk cnt\oyq ou
3
.

4
Lvo coto nopctyo ouvcvcuq, nou ccpc n\qpu o opokqptotk q
onok\uq ck cpou ou oqyqq c okono qv onoooq tkotoouvq, qov ouq
ou -cvouvo \uyt(ou (n\qpoopqq: -cvouv \uyt(o, cpcuvqpto: kocptvo
voyvuokq, 17022010, opcto o pooptkq oopto ovtuv, to0coto
nopoupqqpto).
3
cpo 8\okq (n\qpoopqq: cpo 8\okq, cpcuvqpto: kocptvo
voyvuokq, 31032010, opcto o pooptkq oopto ovtuv, to0coto
nopoupqqpto) cqyct \cnocpcooo t ouv0qkc kot t totkootc coo ono t
onotc, ko qv ncptoo q kooq, ctc cnoq c o ypocto q ycpovtkq
totkqoq oo o\o ovtuv, ko0u kot qv ko0qcptvoqo ckctvq, q onoto cpqvcuct
o ouvoto0qo no\\uv L\\qvuv nou koc\qov vo \ctoupyouv ocov oov to
otkoycvcto c ou opotuc ou ycpovtkou opoou nou tccvov oo ontto ou.

[239]

cpov ouou ou, o u\o oc ouvuooo c to qooto
oqyqoq q toopto ou 1940 opotvct oou uou opkcuv
oqyquv. kot oo oqcto ouo, notvouc oc nto unoppqou oou
ono qv n\cup ou n\qpoopqq. t po\ot uv u\uv, q cntkpoouoo
koovoq ou oq qooto oqyqoq, nou tvct o qvto q ovtoooq
oc vpc kot - cooov ovo q oqyqoq yto o 40 onoc\ct q
ovtoooq - oqvct cu t yuvotkc c c\toc cotpcoct, qtoupyct
to ppqq unopcuoq - ov oo qv onouotoct ouq q unopcuoq
cvont(ouc oou n\qpoopqc - vo tqyq0ouv tooptc ovtoooq.
no qv nto qnto cu qv nto opuyounq opupto yto o 40, ot
ncptnuoct ovpuv oqyquv, knou unpct q ovykq vo
nopouotooct cou kot to c\toq ouo\q oo tkuo q ovtoooq,
u cntcotuoq q oko\ou0to ou ovptkou npounou, nou oct\c vo
no\cqoct ov opoo ou kookqq.
1qv unopcuoq ouq c ouvovc ctoou ouv oqv ncptnuoq
uv yuvotkctuv ouvcvcucuv. Lkct q oqyqoq ctvot nto uotkq kot upt
cvoc npooovoo\tocvq oqv ko0qcptvoqo, cooov q oucoq
to yuvotko oqv ovtoooq cntkpoctot, ou cv cnt\\cot.
Lvont(ouc, cnocvu, oqv npuq ncptnuoq q toctptoq to
ovykq, ck cpou uv ovpuv n\qpoopquv, vo ovonokpt0ouv oo
po\o ou u unooqptkc q c\cu0cpto ou c0vou kot u
no\ctot ou vo(toou q, ycvtkocpo, ou kookqq, o onoto po\o
ncpvct oou coo ono o u\o ou.
t nto cvtocpouoc ncptnuoct ou, nopouot(ovot oov
opct ou oou nououv vo ctvot ot ttot ot n\qpoopqc, o\\ o
ouvoto0qo ouo ckq\uvcot ono o otkcto ncpt\\ov ou. Acv ctvot
\tyc ot ncptnuoct, nou q cntkotvuvto ou cpcuvqq c ov unoqto
n\qpoopqq ncpvct coo ono o otkcto ncpt\\ov ou, ouvq0u o
nott ou, yto \oyou totkootkou. opouot(cot, \otnov, optocvc
opc o otvocvo q nopcooq uv nottuv ot totkootc
npocotooto q ouvvqoq c ov n\qpoopqq, c to t0coq
npou\oq ou c\cuotou. ckocto ou 1940, q qooto oqyqoq
q kot o q0tko ounov ko0cvo qtoupyouv optocvc npouno0coct,
uoc ot co(ovc oqv cntkotvuvto c ov n\qpoopqq vo
ovt\ovovot cvo cnopkc tkotuo vo nopcouv oc to oqyqoq,
yto vo koo\qct vo ctvot ovuuvq. Aq\oq to oqyqoq nou c 0o
onok\tvct ono qv ncnoqcvq kot c 0o toopooct tooppontc nou
nopct vo npoko\coouv qv cntkcvpuoq ou cvtocpovo oo
npoouno ou oqyqq ono ov kotvuvtko ncptyupo to k\ctoq
kotvuvto. v kot ouvq0u cv tounuvcot cot, 0cupu ot couc o
ncpt0upto vo cpqvcuoouc ot to coto ovtpooq npoko\ctot ono
oo, cooov npoono0ct vo npo\ct to nt0ovq vco ouv0qkq nou
nopct vo qtoupyqoct to qooto oqyqoq. 1o onoko\unqpto
kocptvo voyvuokq
[240]

to ouvcvcuq cvccot vo npocvqoouv ovtpoct ono ou ckc
q oqyqoq kot ouo, oc knotc ncptnuoct, otvcot ot cv ctvot
toctptoto kot cnt0uqo
6
.
t noponvu nopoqpqoct npokunouv ono optocvo ctyoo
ouvcvcucuv. Looov oc to oocucvq ovo(qqoq o ctyo
nopoctvct ncptoptocvo, oc q oto ou nt0ovov vo ctvot qotvq.
opo\ ou 0cupu ot onoc\ouv cvo nqo yto qv cycpoq knotuv
npo\qotouv. Coov oop t ncptnuoct ot onotc o oo
npokunct ono ou ttou ou oqyqc, t0cot o cpuqo q
toctptoq q vqq. cpov q\oq ou nu ouq qtoupyctot,
toopuvcot, con\0cot kot vct oo oqcpo, nu ytvcot
toctptotq oo ouypovo q oqyqoq q kot notot ctvot ot
nopyovc nou cnqpc(ouv ouqv q toctptoq q Coov oop t
ncptnuoct nou o oo npokunct ono o ncpt\\ov uv
n\qpoopquv, t kooctkvuct ouo yto q qooto oqyqoq q
ckocto ou 1940 zc noto o0o q toopto q ncptoou - ck ctuv q
c optocpuv opucvq - cv cct oyytct npo\qoo nou npockuov
ono qv onoko\oucvq u ovo(qqoq q c0vtkq cvoqo kot ono qv
cu\to ouykpouoq zc noto o0o 0o nopouoc kovct vo unooqptct
ot yto qv kooooq ouq cu0uvcot q, tou ovonocukq,
npocpotoqo nou cct o0ct oqv no\ttkq kot ot oqv kotvuvtkq
toooq uv otvocvuv ckctvq q ckocto ko nooo oq
ouvctqoq uv ov0punuv - ooo q ycvt ou 40, ooo kot q
cnocvq ycvt - cv cct okoq votonotq0ct o po\o nou cnotc o
ko0cvo ko qv kooq kot ov cu\to 1c\tk, oc noto o0o ot
oqyqoct q npooptkq toopto cocuovot ono nopyovc nou
ycvvuvot ono qv tto qv cntkpoouoo oqyqoq q toopto
pokctot yto cvov ou\o kuk\o
1o noponvu cpuqoo, npoovu, pq(ouv kot uyvouv
ckcvou ou(qqoq. Lvctktk ou, 0o nopouoc kovct vo npoctvct
cvov ctpo okcq ono o oko\ou0o: o pono c ov onoto o oo
toctpt(cot q vqq ou, nt0ovov vo oct(cot c no\ttkc
okontoqc, ouvoto0qotk otcoo, tco\oytkc oyku\uoct,
npoountkq ootooto. tqnoc ono o noponvu, knoto \tyocpo
q \\o cntn\cov, nvu ctvot ooc ot c onotouoqnoc qovtoou
kt ov toopuvcot q ootkq kot q ou\\oytkq vqq, q toctptoq q
c opou nopovo ko0opt(ct o t nopct vo o onoko\uct q ou\\oyq
ouvcvcucuv. oo onoc\ct cvov ono ou opou ou nopovo.
Cov cvo n\qpoopqq oot vo t\qoct, o oto0qo ouo ctvot
onoc\coo oto\oytkuv kptocuv uv koooocuv ot onotc c 0c\ct

6
Mc \\o \oyto, ot noponvu ncptnuoct 0couv o (qqo uv otunuv oc to
oqyqoq, onu o cct ncptypct o aul 1hompson (2002: 224-223).

[241]

vo ovocp0ct. pono nou ouykpoctot q vqq oqpt(cot, ko cvo
cy\o o0o, ot oto\oytkc ouc kptoct. v cvo n\qpoopqq
oot vo onoko\uct ov cpuo to L\\qvto c cvov cpovo
opotuq, o oo ou ouo ctvot onoc\coo ou ot to coto ocoq
cct oto\oyq0ct u cnq. 1ouopovo ou, o cno ouq q
ocoq cct cnqpcoct kot qv tto qv ovvqoq ou ycyovoo: u q
onocko q otoqo q onocko o\\ kpunov. Lnocvu kot u
cntoo oo nopov. pokctot yto to ncptnuoq ko qv onoto o
ouvoto0qo ou nopovo, o oo, cvccot vo cnqpcoct qv
oqyqoq, q\oq vo uoct o tkotuo oov n\qpoopqq vo ctptoct
qv ovvqoq ou, uoc vo qv toopct cntoc tooppontc oo
nopov, yto cvo ycyovo nou - nt0ovu ouu q \\u- cct kooupq0ct
oq vqq u otoqo
7
.
Cov npoupc ot ncptnuoct ckq\uoq oou ono t
cnocvc ycvtc nou ncpt\\ouv ov oqyqq, oc ncpvc oc cvo
\\o cntnco, nou oop q toctptoq - cou ou oou - ot q
ootkq, o\\ q ou\\oytkq vqq. Co qov cu\oyo vo uno0coouc
ot o pono nou ovonopycot oqv cntkpoouoo qooto oqyqoq q
ckocto ou 1940 noponcnct oc to ot ooo kotvuvtkq, o\\
nputou no\ttkq ov\uoq. no\ttkq ouq ov\uoq, c ou opou
\too q kootkq ncptoou, qtoupyct qv ctkovo to kotvuvto
uptocvq oc uo opoonco: ou ovtoootokou kot ou
oot\oyou, ou ko\ou kot ou kokou. kot, \too, o uo ou
opoonco nopouot(ovot ono\uo touptocvo cou ou, qv
oqvovo kovcvo cvcocvo cntkotvuvto. Lu\oyo, ot ycvtc nou
cnovot q cnoq ckctvq, ouvoouv vo ovt\q0ouv kot vo
votonotqoouv qv unopq onotooqnoc kooooq kot
ouncptop ooou nou cntnct oqv koqyopto uv kokuv q nou
\ctoupyqoc oo ncpt0upto ouuv uv uo koqyoptuv q nou cnpoc kt
cvc\u cko n\ototou. 1o cpqvcutko oqo nou npokunct coo ono
qv no\ttkq okont q cntkpoouoo qooto oqyqoq cv cntpcnct
koto npuonopto oqv ovt\qq uv npoyuv. kot q tto q
no\ttkq ov\uoq c ov pono nou ovoktvctot qtoupyct oyku\uoct
oqv ovt\qq uv coycvcocpuv yto o npyoo, cocvou ot q
unot0ccvq ovo(qqoq c0vtkq cvoqo npo\\cot u tcoo
ooo oo qooto \cyctv.
Mc cocvo o noponvu, o cpqvcutko n\ototo nou
npou0ctot ono qv cntkpoouoo qooto oqyqoq q ckocto ou
1940 nopo\ctnct qv kotvuvtkq 0coq ou unokctcvou coo oo 8
oykooto o\co kot ov Lu\to, o ovoyvupt(ct ovo u no\ttko ov

7
opokqptotko nopctyo nopouot(cot ono qv 1ooou\o 8cpcvtuq yto qv
ncptoo ou Lu\tou kot q poq ou kkL (8cpcvtuq 2002:167-16.)

kocptvo voyvuokq
[242]

ou onotou ot kotvuvtkc cnt\oyc ctov ovo no\ttko opokqpo kot
npockoct q t\to q cputkq ocoq c cpovou opotuc n..
oqvcot o ncpt0upto vo copooct ovo u no\ttkq cnt\oyq c q
ocvq cvvoto ou opou kt ot u kotvuvtkq q\uoq q totkq ovykq kot
cnocvu cv oqvct, to coto ontkq, o ncpt0upto ot cnocvc
ycvtc vo 0cupqoouv u otto\oyqcvq to onok\toq ouncptop ono
q vopo ou no\ttk op0ou. to o \oyo ouo, tvcot kot o ncpt0upto
vo nopcouv ot vcocpot oc to oqyqoq nou 0cupouv nt0ovo - kot q
ovooo\q ou ovu touct - vo ovoopct o vcp kot vo npoko\coct
ovtpoct ono ou ckc q oqyqoq. uo o ou\o kuk\o
ou, q npooptkq toopto, nou cocucot ono ou kovovtoou
q qooto oqyqoq, oct\ct vo k\ctoct, npokctcvou ot oqyqoct
(uq vo uoouv to vco u0qoq oo cpuqo t npoyotk ckovov ot
v0punot ko q ckocto ou 1940.

9#h3#,&+%-0%

8ov Mnouoocv, tkq. 2002. Ackocto ou 40: toooct q vqq
oc oqyqoct (uq q ncptoou, nt0eppop kotvvtkv
peuvv, 107: 133-133.
8cpcvtuq, 1ooou\o. 2002. pooptkq toopto kot cpcuvo yto ov
c\\qvtko cu\to: q no\ttkq ouykupto, o cpcuvqq kot o
oqyqq, nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv, 107: 137-11.
8oy\q, o\ucpq. 200. t vqc q ckocto ou 1940 u
ovtkctcvo tooptkq ov\uoq: c0oo\oytkc npooct, oo
Mnouoocv, 8cpcvtuq, 8ouup, Ao\kooukq, Mno
(cnt.), Mvpe kot Ap0p rou epvtko0 eulou noeou,
Ccooo\ovtkq: Lntkcvpo: 61-0.
zu\tovouq, At\u. 2002. 0cponcutkq toooq q ouvcvcuq,
nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv, 107: 3-94.
1hompson, aul. 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp toroplo,
0qvo: \c0pov.

[243]

72%0.=? .%# D+0$1@ >#% 5#%*+%&>4/=7$1 $728U=#%? .%# %33%&(?

uvvo Mntn\q, ooptko

\jklmnol

omeo ooJ ctlsls. oo ecbooqe beteeo cootloolty ooJ cbooqe

1be teseot oet ls boseJ oo o teseotcb bove cooJocteJ oo tbe
eetleoces of omeo ftom Mesoqelo-Attlo Jotloq tbe 5ecooJ otlJ
ot, ooJ tbe cooseoeoces tbose eetleoces boJ oo tbe stotos of omeo
ltblo tbelt commoolty ooJ fomlly. 1be otol testlmooles of omeo ftom
Mesoqelo teveol bo Jotloq o etloJ of qteot ctlsls, omeo moooqeJ,
tbtooqb ttoJltloool voloes ooJ Jotles, to eceeJ tbelt toles. 1be eoJ of tbe
5ecooJ otlJ ot slqoolleJ tbe tetoto to ttoJltloool voloes ooJ
bletotcbles. noevet, omeo ftom Mesoqelo boJ olteoJy qoloeJ oo
ooteoess of tbelt qeoJet ooJ tole ooJ oseJ tbls ooleJqe tootJs
cbooqloq tbelt cbllJteos llves.

loe kot rov neo, ev eloe ope.
nlo rou vo opoe eyoe ouope
proe ot ouypeop ytorl nopoorporlooe,
Mo opoe ro epoue ytorl kt eel ze opooe
1

zq tpkcto ouvcvcuq nou ou nopoupqoc q 90povq oc 1ooto
ono o kopunt, ou onok\uc qv oynq q yto qv notqoq kot o
o\cvo q vo ypct otou. 1ooto ctvot to ono t no\\c yuvotkc
nou tuoov ov Acucpo oykooto o\co c cvov nopoootok
ko0optocvo pono, coo ono ov onoto ou ouvctqonotqoov q
uvoq kot qv ouoqo ou. nopouoo ctoqyqoq cct vo kvct c t
cnctptc uv yuvotkuv ono o Mcooycto ko q tpkcto ou no\cou
kot q kooq kot t ouvcnctc nou ctov ouc ot cnctptc yto q
0coq uv yuvotkuv oqv kotvoqo kot qv otkoycvcto. ctoqyqoq ctvot
ootocvq oc npuoycvq cpcuvo nou ouncpt\ovct toypotkc
ouvcvcuct c yuvotkc ono o Mcooycto.
Acucpo oykooto o\co unqpc o nto pootko
ycyovo nou tuoc q ov0punoqo oq tpkcto ou 20
ou
otuvo. t
cntnuoct ou no\cou ouou oo po\o kot q 0coq uv yuvotkuv cct
onooo\qoct no\\ou tooptkou cu kot povto. Louv \too
qtoupyq0ct kot ovtno\c onoct octk c o cv o no\co ouo
\ctoupyqoc u opco o\\oyq q ouvccto. no q to n\cup,
tooptkot onu o ArLhur Marlc (1974) q o rlc obsbam (1994),

1
zuvcvcuq c qv 1ooto, uvvo Mntn\q, kopunt, 3 cpouoptou 2006.
uvvo Mntn\q
[244]

unooqptov ot o Acucpo oykooto o\co npok\coc oqovtkc
o\\oyc oq 0coq uv yuvotkuv q Lupunq. to nopctyo, oqv
nop rv Akpv, o obsbam (1994: 310-319) cntoqotvct pct
oqovtkc o\\oyc: q o(tkq ctooo uv votkokupuv oo cpyotko
uvotko, ov ouovocvo opt0o uv yuvotkuv oqv ovucpq
cknotcuoq kot qv ovoycvvqoq uv ctvtotkuv ktvquv. no qv
\\q n\cup, ctvtoptc tooptkot onu q llzabeLh 8oberLs (1994:132)
q q enny ummerlel (199) kooctkvuouv coo ono t cpcuvc ou
ot ot onotcoqnoc o\\oyc ouvcqoov ko q tpkcto ou Acucpou
oykootou o\cou ovtoo0toqkov ono to ouoqpq cntopoq
oqv nopooq c o c\o ou. to ouykckptcvo yto t L\\qvtc,
onu ovocpct kot q 1ooou\o 8cpcvtuq, nopct ot ncptoot kptoq vo
oq0ouv oq tcupuvoq ou po\ou uv yuvotkuv o\\ kot o c\o q
kptoq ouvq0u oqotvct to oq npo qv onokooooq uv
nopoootokuv ko0qkovuv (verenloLl 2000: 103). uo touoc okoq
kot yto t yuvotkc q vtoooq, ot onotc cncpooov o opto uv
nopoootokuv ou po\uv (8cpcvtuq 1994: 14-13). 1t ouvcq \otnov
c t yuvotkc nou tuoov ov no\co kot qv kooq coo oo ocv
nopoootok opto cpcuvo cnvu oqv onoto oot(cot ouq q
ctoqyqoq koc\qc oo ouncpooo ot q o\\oyq kot q ouvccto u
cntnuoct ou no\cou ouvunqpov kot nu q kuptopto q to cnvu
oqv \\q ootoqkc oqv tonpoyocutkq tkovoqo q kotvoqo
kot q otkoycvcto, o\\ kot oqv onooototkoqo uv ttuv uv
yuvotkuv vo cncpoouv o opto. uo nou nopct kovct vo cvontoct
u otyoupq o\\oyq oop q ouvctqoq uv yuvotkuv ono o Mcooycto
u npo qv ovt\qq ou yto o u\o kot o po\o ou.
Ltvot cntoq oqovtko vo ovocpu ot ot ncptooocpc c\cc
yto q ocoq uv yuvotkuv c ov no\co, cttk \\uv cupunotkuv
upuv o\\ kot q cptkq, cot(ouv qv npoooq ou oq ocoq uv
yuvotkuv c o kpo. zqv ncptnuoq ou q L\\o, ttotcpo oqv
npono\ctkq ncptoo, q kotvoqo kot q otkoycvcto unqpov ot nto
oqovtkot 0coot kotvuvtkonotqoq kot cnto\q po\uv. to ou
L\\qvc, kot ttotcpo ou kotkou q unot0pou, o kpo unqpc
to okptvq nqyq couoto c qv onoto cv ctov ttotcpq cnoq. 1q
okptvq ouq ocoq cvtouoc q ttotcpo uq\q no\ttkq oo0cto nou
opokqpt(c qv npo-no\ctkq L\\o, ko0u kot q ouvoto q
onpo0uto uv topuv kucpvqocuv vo ovt\q0ouv kot vo
koono\cqoouv o notkt\o npo\qoo nou ovtcunt(c q unot0po
qv cnoq ckctvq. Lot, q kotvoqo kot q otkoycvcto onoc\ouoov ou
0coou ckctvou coo oou onotou nopouoc kovct vo tkovonotqoct
t ovykc ou yto ou\\oytkoqo kot npooooto.
totcpo oo Mcooycto tkq, q kotvoqo unqpc oqcto
ovoop yto o c\q q. t Mcooyctc unqpov ccvot cou ou
uvotkc kot kptoq: to tonpoycuoq ouvccto kot o\\oyq
[243]

c toupou coou nou cncpvouoov o uotk opto q q totkqtkq
oq. Cnu ovocpct o AnLhony ohen (Morrls an MorLon 2002:19-20),
o opto ot nopoootokc kotvoqc ctvot nto no\un\oko ytot no\\
ono o ootcto nou cvuvouv o c\q ou ptokovot oqv tto ou q
okcq. cpoptc, kovovc, otc kot po\ot unqpov ouykckptcvot coo
oqv kotvoqo, kot q ouvccto qov kupto opokqptotko q o\\ kot
onopotqq npouno0coq yto qv unopq q. 1o tto touc kot yto qv
otkoycvcto onou unqpc ootko 0coo ck0qoq noptoptkuv otuv.
otkoycvcto oo Mcooycto q npo-no\ctkq ncptoou ctvot nopooto
c ov uno q npo-toqovtkq otkoycvcto, q onoto ctc uo kupto
opokqptotk: o ontt kot q otkovotkq pooqptoqo qov ouv
ouooqo kot q otkoycvctokq (uq cnqpco(oovc coo ono qv
kotvoqo (8llLon eL al 191:237-23). t tcpoptc kot ot po\ot coo oqv
otkoycvcto unqpov ovovk\ooq uv ovt\qcuv ncpt u\ou oqv
cupucpq kotvoqo.
Atyo \oyto \otnov yto t kotvoqc uv Mcooyctuv, kot
ttotcpo ou kopuntou, ou Mopkonou\ou, uv ko\utuv, ou kouop
kot q kcpoco, ot onotc cotoqkc q cpcuvo. Ltov o cq
opokqptotk: puov, q kooyuyq uv kootkuv nou oqv n\ctoqto
ou qov povtc. 1o ouykckptcvo opokqptotko cnqpco(c oc
cy\o o0o q ocoq uv kootkuv c ou \\ou, nou qov opkc
ncptoptocvc, o\\ kot qv opyvuoq kot t tcpoptc coo oqv tto
qv kotvoqo. to nopctyo, npocpocvot ono to upo nou cv ctc
kpotkq opyvuoq, ot povtc ctov to kotvuvtkq oq nou oot(oov
oqv kooyuyq kot q po. oypotkq pooqptoqo nou cntkpoouoc
oqv ncptoq qov cntoq oqovtkq, tot, cko uv \\uv, ko0opt(c
ov pono (uq kot ov o0o oov onoto kuptopouoc q nopooq.
Mcoo ot kotvoqc uv Mcooyctuv, q 0coq uv yuvotkuv unqpc
ocooq o\\ koucpq. t yuvotkc cv ctov koto ovctq oo kotv
kot ot onooct nou oopouoov qv kotvoqo. vt0co, ctov q
tkq ou kotvoqo, ouq q yctovt, nou opokqpt(oov ono cy\o
o0o o\\q\cyyuq. t yctovtooc otpo(ovouoov npotovo kot
pctuq, ckovov no\\c ou\ctc o(t kot qov q k0c to ou uncu0uvq
yto o nott q yctovt. koq kot q ko0qcptvq ou tookcooq
qov q ouvoq ou oq yctovt k0c pu. Cnu o \cct q 0qv ono
o Mopkonou\o:

...rt pole yetrovte 6pe notl ou. 1o kookolpt 0o ko0vrouoov rt
eko, kot ero nolpvov rpv kopeko kopv0ro, yuplov not nlo oro
onlrto rou. Ot yetrvtooe epvrouoov nopo no0 e0koo. kot rre ev
eloe kt o ro petp, epvrouoov pro0oove rol, rpv npouoopo nou
kooktvlove ro oe0pt, ou oooe, oe ou rpve, noo npoyoro...

2
zuvcvcuq c qv 0qv, uvvo Mntn\q, Mopkonou\o, 3 Ackcptou 2003.
uvvo Mntn\q
[246]

Lntoq, cvo oqovtko opokqptotko uv Mcooyctuv oop qv
ycuypotkq ou 0coq: npokctot yto to oo nopoootokuv
oypotkuv kotvoquv nou ptokovot ovcoo oc uo cy\o ootk
kcvpo: o Aoupto, toqovtko, no\uno\ttotko kcvpo c cvovq
no\ttkq pooqptoqo, kot cnocvu kcvpo o\\oyuv, kot qv 0qvo,
nou u npucuouoo unqpc o kupto kcvpo no\ttkuv kot kotvuvtkuv
o\\oyuv.
Coo yto qv otkoycvcto, unqpc kot ckctvq ocooo 0coo c
ouoqpq tcpopto ovcoo oo c\q q. pokctot yto ckcocvc
otkoycvctc, ot onotc o vpo, o nocpo, qov o ocvq oov onoto
o\o o uno\otno c\q cnpcnc vo ctvouv unooyq. t onooct qov
opotoqo ckctvou, kot c ono knoto q\tkto ou npuookou ytou.
Mcoo oqv otkoycvcto q yuvotko (ouoc to (uq ycq unopcuoct kot
\tyo tkotuoo. U kopq, q cknotcuoq q, q cpyooto q, o yo q,
qov uno qv kuptopto ou nocpo, o\\ kot q qcpo. U ou(uyo
oct\c vo ctvot unooycvq oov vpo kot qv nc0cp q, kot ouo ytot
q yuvotko onokouoc ocooq 0coq oqv otkoycvcto oov ptokoov
n\cov oc cy\q q\tkto (Mtoq\-Acc 193: 209-210).
3

Cnu ovccpo, cvo kcvptko cupqo q cpcuvo ctvot ot
octk c t yuvotkc o Acucpo oykooto o\co cpooc u
opco tonpoycuoq cou ouvccto kot o\\oyq. o0o
kuptopto q to cnvu oqv \\q cct vo kvct c qv
tonpoyocutkq tkovoqo q kotvoqo kot q otkoycvcto. Lct
cntoq ou vo kvct kot c q tonpoyocutkq tkovoqo uv ttuv
uv yuvotkuv vo nopotoouv nopoootokou kovovc.
uo nou ctvot covc ono o cupqoo q cpcuvo, ctvot ot
ot yuvotkc ctov cvo toupo oto0qo ou ovqkctv, q kotvq poq kot
q o\\q\cyyuq. ?nqpov pct oc ot onotc ovqkov ot yuvotkc: q
kotvoqo, q otkoycvcto kot q yctovt. kot ot pct oc, o ouvo\o
qov nto oqovtko ono t ootkc cnt\oyc kot ovykc. ootktoo
\too unqpc to ono t cyo\ucpc onct\c nou cnccpc o
Acucpo oykooto o\co, kot o nto onoc\cootko qovtoo
toqpqoq q oo qov ot ttc ot yuvotkc. Zuvo oc cvo ouoqo
ootkq outuoq kot o\\q\cyyuq, ot ncptooocpc yuvotkc tuoov
ov no\co u kt nou oopouoc qv oo kot ot o oo. t
ncptooocpc, \too, ovocp0qkov oov no\co nto cttk, u tuo
uv yuvotkuv. to nopctyo, ot ovovqoct q ntoo ono o
Mopkonou\o yto qv 2
q
kuptou couv vo kvouv c t yuvotkc:

3
to q 0coq uv yuvotkuv oo Mcooycto, \cnc cntoq onovtko\ou 1994, eou-
Malanou 1992.
[247]

...ey rpv 8
p
Okr6plou p rpv pepo kol. ltorl ro nppo no0 oo6opo
rre... kot ev 0o eoo, yt our orevopteot, erot kol, ro 6pou nou
keloov o ro ro kot 0yov ot ot veot, npyolvov yto vo
nopouotooro0v, kot okouye evo uy orou pou. Ot
oppo6vtoortkte, ot yuvolke nou kolyove, nou npyolvove vo nove rou
ovrpe rou orpv oyopo, orpv norelo, vo no0ve or ouroklvpro vo
0youve. vo uy rp v0ro. zkorot, kt okouye evo uy. Aur ou
eet elvet rpo...
4

Coo yto o oto0qo o\\q\cyyuq, opokqptotko ctvot o nopctyo
npooop oq0cto uv ouyuptovuv kot kuptu uv yuvotkuv ot
otkoycvctc nou ctov ctvct upt cvq\tkc vpc \oyu ou no\cou.
zctk c ouo, q ntoo ovocpct:

...npyov ot orov neo, orpv yetrovto o eloe konooo nopkopto,
oe to otkoyeveto elove kot ro rplo nopkopto, elvove 0o yepot, kot
not vo rou pvrte, elove krporo, elove oukte vo oeouve, elove.
1o kookolpt npyolvoe ey kot oo koplroto kot oe0oe ro o0ko
ourouvo0 rou kuplou. 1eroto npoyoro...
5

Lntoq, q oq0cto ouq \oyu ou noptutkou oto0qoo cnck0qkc oc
o\ou ou L\\qvc kot opyocpo kot oc cvou, cncpvuvo o opto ou
noto ovqkct oqv oo o kot noto ctvot ono ou \\ou. t
ouvcvcuto(ocvc t\ouv c uncpqvcto yto q oq0cto nou
npoocpov ot ttc q ot qcpc ou oc opotuc nou cncopcov oo
ontto ou q kot oc cvou nou npoono0ouoov vo kpuouv. Aqqpo
ono qv kcpoco, yto nopctyo, o \cct:

...love 0yet e ro nto kot epvrouoov on rov neo e ro nto,
epe rote0ove kot v0re, kot pvo. etptooevot, netvooevot,
unprot, koupetooevot... pvrouoov kot runoyove rpv npro. Oelo,
epoore on rov neo. 1o onlrt ovotr, nepoore notto ou, ... Drt
po0o elove oro onlrt on ovrpe, novrevto. Aev unppove o no0e
novto kot 0epoolve kot, 6oove evo koovt vep, rou nevove, rou
o0ove, rou uplove ytorl prove yeorot elpe, ro oto rou ro
enotpve p oo ou e ro olt o, kot rou ko0oplove kot rou
kporoyove oe epe rpyove, uvovove kot 6yolvove kot prtove0ove
oro pt... loore on rov neo kot 6op0pore o vo noe oro onlrt
o. o kovoue ro vo0o o. kot 6op0oyove e ot prepe erot...
6

cyo\ucpq ou onct\q ootktoou q kot t\uoq q kotvoqo
qp0c c pct opc: qv nctvo kot q Moupq yop, q ocoq vontuv

4
zuvcvcuq c q ntoo kot ov 1oo, uvvo Mntn\q, Mopkonou\o, 3 Ackcptou
2003.
3
zuvcvcuq c q ntoo kot ov 1oo, uvvo Mntn\q, Mopkonou\o, 3 Ackcptou
2003.
6
zuvcvcuq c q Aqqpo, uvvo Mntn\q, kcpoco, 20 ovouoptou 2006.
uvvo Mntn\q
[24]

yuvotkuv c o\ou kot cpovou opotuc kot otuotkou, kot o
oqto cu\tou no\cou oo c\o q kooq. kot n\t o ovtopo
ouq q onct\q qov kuptu ot yuvotkc. Ltc c qv npooop ou oc
ooou nctvouoov, ctc c qv pvqoq oo ko\cooo uv opotuuv
o\\ kot q ouyupcoq ot yuvotkc nou nopoopoqoovc, ctc okoq
kot c q otunq ou oc 0coo nou oopouoov o tooo ouvontuv
oc ncptoou cu\tou, ot yuvotkc, 0c\qcvo q 0c\o, ouvco\ov oqv
cvoqo uv c\uv q kotvoqo. Lvctktk, yto qv nctvo kot q
Moupq yop, ouo nou tokptvct kovct ono t opuptc ctvot to
onc0cto npo ouou nou nqpov cpo oq Moupq yop. zuuvo c
t ouvcvcuto(ocvc, oqv Moupq yop qov ovokoccvot vontot
o\\ kot v0punot ono \\o cpq. Cnu o \cct q Moptko ono o
kopunt, yto nopctyo, ko0qcptv po(ov oo opo-q kokto
ono \\ou onou kot nou\ouoov \t kot \\o pqoto npotovo.
7
to
q cupyto ono o kopunt, q Moupq yop unqpc vponq kot c0po
npo o ootko oto0qo, ko0u knotot n\out(ov cnvu oq uouto
\\uv:

...n 6ypkove ero kot 6yoove rt lpe nou elove keet... no0 ro
6ppkove o ouro nou kovove,.. netvoyove o koo... kot npyotve oe
onlrto, vo okerel, elove kort poto roo kot ev epove rl prove ouro nou
elove nopet. Aev epove rl prove...
8

1o ovtopo oc ouq qv ckpqq ootktoou kot cnt0coq oqv kotvotkq
(uq qov q oq0cto nou npoocpov kuptu ot yuvotkc. opokqptotk
ctvot o nopoctyoo q qcpo q ntoo ono o kopunt, nou
kooyoov ono cunopq otkoycvcto kot oq0ouoc onotov nopouoc c
oyqo
9
, o\\ kot q qcpo q Mopto ono qv kcpoco nou
ctovc notto kot o qvc tokpttk oc cvo ko\0t cu ono qv
ou\q q yto vo npct onoto q0c\c.
10

1o vo ovqkct oc to oo ou, ncptctc kot koontcoq uv
ootkuv ovoykuv kot npoountkq 0uoto yto o ko\o q oo, kt ouo
qov ncptooocpo ovcpo oqv ncptnuoq q otkoycvcto kot ou po\ou
uv yuvotkuv oc ouqv. uotkq npooooto kot toqpqoq q
otkoycvcto unqpc o kuptopo ko0qkov uv c\uv q,
ouncpt\oovocvuv kot uv tkpuv nottuv. Mcoo oqv nopoootokq
oypotkq otkoycvcto o koptoto (ouoov to (uq ok\qpq cpyooto nou
ou ocpouoc onotoqnoc \\q cukotpto cpyooto kot cknotcuoq. 1o
nto ouvq0tocvo qov cvo koptot, kot cttk q npuookq kopq, vo

7
zuvcvcuq c qv Moptko, uvvo Mntn\q, kopunt, 17 Moou 2003.
zuvcvcuq c q cupyto, uvvo Mntn\q, kopunt, 13 npt\tou 2003.

9
zuvcvcuq c t Mopto, ntoo kot 1ou\o, uvvo Mntn\q, kopunt, 12 Moou 2003.
10
zuvcvcuq c q Mopto M. kot ov ovoytuq M., uvvo Mntn\q, kcpoco, 11
cpouoptou 2006.
[249]

cykoo\ctct ouvoo o oo\cto yto vo oq0qoct q qcpo q ot
ou\ctc ou onttou kot oo cy\uo uv \\uv nottuv, q okoq kot
vo ou\cct oo otkoycvctok q cvo upto. 1o npyoo cytvov
ctpocpo ko q tpkcto ou no\cou. koq kot o koptoto nou nptv
ptokovouoov oo ontt ovoykoqkov vo unooqptouv qv otkoycvcto
ou coo ono onotoqnoc cpyooto, okoq kot u unqpcptc oc
n\ouoto ontto, kot uotk vo cykoo\ctouv o oo\cto, ov coto nptv
otouoov. 1o tto touc kot yto t cvq\tkc yuvotkc onou oq tpkcto
ou no\cou q toqpqoq q otkoycvctc unqpc o npuoptko ou
ko0qkov.
Mcoo oc ouo o n\ototo q npooooto q otkoycvcto ou
nopct knoto vo pct o npuo oqto o\\oyq. Ltvot ovcpo coo
ono t opuptc uv yuvotkuv ot yvupt(ov qv ouoqo ou kot t
ovtooqc nou tuvov. Pcpov ou kot notc qov ot npoountkc ou
uvooqc, kot qov ouc ot uvooqc nou oktoqkov oq
tpkcto ou no\cou. t yuvotkc ckn\qpuoov o ko0qkov ou npo
qv otkoycvcto c cvov \\ov nopoootoko pono. zuvctocpovc oqv
onokqoq poq coo ono ok\qpq cpyooto kot qv cupcoq kotvoupytuv
couv, kot unqpov tonpoyocuc kot ctpqvonotot ovcoo oqv
otkoycvcto kot ou cvou. Mcoo ono ouc t npoon0ctc ou,
no\\c opc ot yuvotkc cncpooov ouo nou nopoootok ovocvoov
ono ouc. Lvo nopctyo ctvot ouo q ocoq c ou cvou.
nopouoto ou opoou kooq unqpc to pootkq cnctpto yto t
kotvoqc kot t otkoycvctc uv Mcooyctuv, nou cpt oc ctov
ncptoptocvc ococt c ov0punou cu ono o ko0optocvo ou opto.
totcpo yto t otkoycvctc nou (ouoov ku ono qv tto ocyq c
opotuc kot otuotkou uv opocuuv kooq, q (uq
koo\q0qkc ono cvov topkq oo. tonpoyocutko po\o uv
yuvotkuv ot otkoycvctc ouc ouncpt\ovc npooop unqpcotuv
oou cvou. Loto(ov o nvto ou, cn\cvov o pouo ou, kot
knotc opc ou oyctpcuov. opo\o ou coo ono ouq q ocoq
onoctqkov nto opoqc ono ooo ovocvoov. opokqptotko ctvot
o nopctyo q L\cu0cpto ono o ko\uto nou oqv kooq qov
novpccvq c pto nott. L\cu0cpto ctc pct cpovou oo ontt
q, kot q ko0qcptvq q (uq ctc no\u cvooq kot koupooq \oyu q
nopouoto ou. Acv toooc ou vo ou kvct nopoqpqoct, okoq
kot vo ou o\uoct cntoktk yto o nooo okoooot kot putkot
qov, upt vo oot t ouvcnctc. tto o \cct:

...1ou lepovo0 rou elo e. kt epvrouoov e o kot elo ro notl
tkp, no0 vo ro e6oo. kot ooort oko0yove kot vo rou eyoe rlnoro,
zpkvvrouoov rp v0ro...kot ou epvove npooro orpv oup. zrpv oup
uvvo Mntn\q
[230]

ou... 1ou eeyo ev vrpenooore,. n ro eyo p ev ro eyo ro lto prove. kt
erot kokonepoooe no0 ovo0o ou...
11

Mcoo ono o ko0qkov npooooto q otkoycvcto nopct kovct
vo nopoqpqoct kot to topoq kot ovoponq tcpoptuv. onouoto
ou ou(uyou oq tpkcto ou no\cou, yto nopctyo, topoc qv
kovovtkq poq q otkoycvctokq (uq, oqvovo qv otkoycvcto upt
ov opqyo q. opo\o nou c qv onouoto ou ou(uyou, nopoootok
q otkoycvcto ncpvouoc oqv npooooto q cupucpq otkoycvcto kot q
kotvoqo, ccpc kot oo npookqvto q yuvotko kot t uvooqc q.
Coo yto qv ovtopoq uv po\uv, opokqptotkq ctvot q ncptnuoq
q Mopto ono o kopunt, q onoto o vpo kpoq0qkc ot\uo
oqv ncptoo uv Ackcptovuv. Mopto co0c nou ctc kpoq0ct o
vpo q, kot nu uncu0uvo yt ouov qov cvo ouvontq ou nou
qov kot ouo0qq q. cpnqoc cpt o cpo nou ptokoov o
vpo q, nopok\coc ov ouvontq q o onoto npyot ov qoc
c\cu0cpo, kot o tto pu, q Mopto kot q oc\q q uycuoov ov
vpo q kot ov nocpo ou oc cvo nto ooo\c cpo. -ovtk q
Mopto ctc ytvct npooq kot opqyo ou onttou.
12

1c\o, oqv ncptoo ou no\cou kot q kooq otvcot kot
to topoq nopoootokuv opuv \qq onoocuv. zq tpkcto
ckokuv ycyovouv, q ootkq onoooq qp0c u onct\q npo q ouvoq
q otkoycvcto. 1qv qcpo ou \okouuoo ou kopuntou kot cvu ot
uvct kooq cncopcov c cvtouoct yto vo kooopcouv qv
no\q, ot ncptooocpc otkoycvctc ccuyov npo o yupu ouv q o
upt nou qov nto ooo\q. zqv otkoycvcto q Mopto, o nocpo
onootoc u opqyo ot q otkoycvcto cnpcnc vo cykoo\ctct ocou
o kopunt. qcpo ou touvouoc cvovo kot opvtoov vo uyct.
zqv npoontkq t\uoq q otkoycvcto, o nocpo pc0qkc ovtk vo
tonpoyocucot c q yuvotko ou, npyo nou cv unqpc ncptnuoq
vo kvct ku ono \\c ouv0qkc. 1o tto ncptootko ouvcq oc no\\c
otkoycvctc ckctvq qv qcpo.
zc ycvtkc ypoc, nopouc vo nouc ot ot pootkc
cnctptc ou Acucpou oykootou o\cou, cvtouoov q ouvccto
o\\ kot cuoov ot yuvotkc to ouoncnot0qoq kot yvuoq yto ov
po\o ou nou t ckovc nto cktkc npo qv o\\oyq. opokqptotko
oqt to coto o\\oyq couc oov o0qkc ot yuvotkc o
tkotuo qou. Pov oc nou ot yuvotkc ckovov ck0opo o ot
cko uv \\uv ovqkov kot oqv cupucpq oo ou u\ou ou, kot
uncpoontoqkov o tkotuoo ou cvvto oou kovovc q
kotvoqo kot q otkoycvcto. kotvoqo onct\q0qkc oc ovotk c

11
zuvcvcuq c qv L\cu0cpto, uvvo Mntn\q, ko\uto, 27 uyouoou 1999.
12
zuvcvcuq c t Mopto, ntoo kot 1ou\o, uvvo Mntn\q, 12 Moou 2003.
[231]

qv nopotooq ou ttutkou po\ou uv yuvotkuv kot qv ovctq ou
oqv no\ttkq kot pqotonotqoc qv otkoycvcto u coo ntcoq. 1qv
npuq op nou qtoov, ot yuvotkc uv Mcooyctuv ouvocuqkov
ono ou vpc ou q ou nocpc ou oo ck\oytk kcvpo, kot oo
cpto ou kpoouoov o qoc\to nou ou ctov uoct ot opqyot
uv otkoycvctuv ou. vupt(ovo nu cv ctov no\\ ncpt0upto cv
ccpov ovtppqoq. o\\c ou, coo oqv npooooto ou nopov,
qtoov ouo nou vot(ov ckctvc ouoo, kpouvo o uotko yto
no\\ povto.
t yuvotkc nqkov oq ckocto ou 30 covo (qoct to (uq
koontcoq kot ocpqoq uv npoountkuv ou ovoykuv, q
otkovotkq ou c\cu0cpto kot cknotcuoq. ckocto ou 30 oqovc
to octp ono oqovtkc o\\oyc oo Mcooycto, onu q opoq oc
\\c otkovotkc pooqptoqc kot q ovctq c cvou, nou \\oov
qv ko0qcptvq (uq kot ctuoov qv cnto\q uv opuv q kotvoqo
cnvu oo c\q q. Lnctq ou q kotvoqo kot q otkoycvcto unqpov
yto t yuvotkc ouc 0coot c cy\q ovoq cvvto oqv o\\oyq, ot
ttc ctov no\u \tyc nt0ovoqc vo tuoouv oqovtkc o\\oyc oq
(uq kot q 0coq ou, okoq kot c o 30. M\too, ot
ouvcvcuto(ocvc nopocqkov nu yto ckctvc o pono (uq nou
qcpov cv nopouoc vo o\\ct. opo\o ou, q yvuoq kot ot cnctptc
nou onckqoov ko q tpkcto q cpoto kptoq ou no\cou, t
oq0qoov vo ou\\ouv oc to octp ono o\\oyc nou uc\qoov t
cnocvc ycvtc. Cov t\ouoov yto o\\oyq, ot yuvotkc uv Mcooyctuv
ckovov ouykptoq ovcoo oq (uq uv qcpuv ou, q tkq ou kot
uv nottuv ou. U vco koptoto nopoqpqoov q (uq uv qcpuv
ou kot koovoqoov q 0coq ou oqv kotvoqo kot qv otkoycvcto. t
cnctptc ou ono ov no\co t c0coov oc to tonpoyocutkq 0coq
ovcoo oqv nopooq kot qv o\\oyq. U qcpc, ckco\\cuocvc
t ycvtkocpc o\\oyc nou cytvov c ov no\co, ckovov ot
nopouoov yto vo c\tuoouv q 0coq uv 0uyocpuv ou. o\\oyq
nou \cnouv oq (uq uv nottuv ou kot q cyo\ucpq tooqo nou
ono\ovouv t kvouv uncpqovc, tot yvupt(ouv nu
ouvctocpovc kt ckctvc oc ouo.
npooptkq toopto cct to tkq q uvotkq tot, onu
ovocpct o aul 1hompson (19: 21), tvct ntou qv toopto oc ouou
nou qv tuoov. zq tpkcto q kot c o c\o q ouvctqonotqoo
o npoyotko q cyo\cto. zo c\o q ouvcvcuq c qv zootvo
ono o ko\uto, q tto ou ctnc cv0ouotoocvq nu ov qcpc ot q (uq
q qov oqovtkq yto qv oopto, 0o ctc ko0toct ono oc vo ypct
t cnctptc q.
13
knotc ono t yuvotkc nou ou ckovov qv tq vo

13
zuvcvcuq c qv zootvo, uvvo Mntn\q, ko\uto, 22 uyouoou 1999.
uvvo Mntn\q
[232]

ou npoocpouv qv toopto q (uq ou, cv ctvot nto o(t o.
Aqoov ou ntou t cnctptc ou ono t onotc nopouc o\ot vo
uc\q0ouc.

9#h3#,&+%-0%

8cpcvtuq, 1ooou\o. 1994. n luvolko rp Avrloroop n elooo rv
yuvotkv orpv notrtkp. 0qvo: Lkooct uooco.
8olLon, 1ony eL al. 191. ottoJoctoty 5ocloloqy. Lonon: Macmlllan ress.
eou-Malanou, lmlLra. 1992. xcluslon an nlLy - 8eLslna an eeL
Wlne ommensallLy an ener ln a ree AroLon. zo lmlLra
eou-Malanou (e), Alcobol, eoJet ooJ coltote, Lonon an
e or: 8ouLlee, 10-136.
obsbam, rlc. 1994. 1be Aqe of ttemes. Lonon: Mlchael !oseph.
Marlc, ArLhur. 1974. ot ooJ 5oclol cbooqe lo tbe 1eotletb ceototy.
Lonon: Macmlllan.
Mtoq\-Acc, Mopto. 193. no o q0o q (uq oo Mcooycto. zo
kotvoqo ko\utuv, nprp ntorpovtkp zuvovrpop
ortoovorotkp Arrtkp, ko\uto: kotvoqo ko\utuv, 202-216.
Morrls, Anela an raeme MorLon. 2002. locollty, commoolty ooJ
Notloo. Lonon: oer an LouhLon.
onovtko\ou, Mtq. 1994. 1o kopnl, 1918-1940. kopunt: M. .
onovtko\ou.
8oberLs, llzabeLh. 1996. omeo ooJ omllles Ao Otol nlstoty, 1940-
1970. Cxor k an ambrle A: 8lacell.
ummerlel, enny. 199. kecoosttoctloq omeos ottlme llves
lscootse ooJ 5obectlvlty lo Otol nlstotles of tbe 5ecooJ otlJ
ot. ManchesLer an e or: ManchesLer nlerslLy ress.
1hompson, aul. 19. 1be olce of tbe lost. Cxor - e or: Cxor
nlerslLy ress.
verenloLl, 1asoula. 2000. LeL-ln Women beLeen ollLlcs an
lamlly. zo Mar Mazoer (e), Aftet tbe ot os Ovet
kecoosttoctloq tbe omlly, Notloo ooJ 5tote lo teece, 194J-1960,
rlnceLon an Cxor: rlnceLon nlerslLy ress, 103-121.

V

V ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT ECONOMIC CRISIS
THROUGH LIFE STORIES

[233]

D+0$1K %2=+&0% .%# *,3#/#.( >8$% %*: /1 h#,&+%-#.( *+,$8&&#$1

vooooto koc
1
kot tvvq 1otpno
2

\jklmnol

ctlsls, ooemloymeot ooJ olltlcs. o bloqtoblcol otoocb

Ooe of tbe most setloos cooseoeoces of tbe Jee ecooomlc ctlsls tbot
offects teece sloce 009 ls tbe ooemloymeot of olmost o mlllloo cltleos.
sloq tbe tool of tbe bloqtoblcol lotetvle, e tty to blqbllqbt tbe
teflectloo of tbe eetleoce of ooemloymeot oo feelloqs oboot tbe
sltootloo of ooemloymeot ltself ooJ tootJs tbe olltlcol system, os ell
os oo olltlcol bebovloot. lo tbe metboJ of qtoooJeJ tbeoty e Jlscovet
etcetloos, ololoos ooJ ottltoJes ooJ e coteqotle tbem. ltb tesect
to feelloqs, tbe Jomlooot ooes ote ootby, toqe ooJ Jesolt, olooq ltb o
qeoetolleJ cyolclsm oboot tbe olltlcol system ooJ obseoce of o teoJeocy
to otqoole. noevet, lt seems tbot tbe olltlcol bebovloot of tbe
ooemloyeJ ls oot moJe ooly of feelloqs, bot olso lovolves o qooJ Jeol of
totlooollty. e coteqotle oot lotetvleees occotJloq to tbelt bebovlootol
teoJeocles to keelleJ, 1toosfotmloq ooJ oovetloq.

"#$%&'&(

zc ncptoou ycvtkcucvq otkovotkq uocpqoq, onu ouq nou
opokqpt(ct cpo q Lupunq ycvtkocpo kot qv L\\o cttkocpo
ko qv ncptoo 2009-2012, q ootkq otkovotkq kooooq onoc\ct
ouvq0c ovtkctcvo c\cq. 1o ootkocpo ootcto q ootkq
otkovotkq kooooq ot ouypovc kotvuvtc ctvot q uvooqo ou
ooou vo npoonopt(cot ctooqoo ono qv cpyooto ou. Ltvot c
okptu ouq q uvooqo q, op0ocpo, o tkotuo ou ooou oqv
cpyooto, nou nputou n\qcot oc ncptoou kptoq. Aoytk \otnov,
o (qqo q ovcpyto onoc\ct kcvptko ovtkctcvo c\cq , c
ttotcpq oqooto.
Mc o nopov p0po oocuouc oq tcpcuvqoq ou ootkou
tuoo q ovcpyto, onu ouo ouykpoctot ot ouypovc ouv0qkc

1
?noqto Atkup, 1qo o\ttkq Lntoqq oopto, vcto ovcntoqto
(anae[pe-panLelon.r).
2
Ackopo, 1qo o\ttkq Lntoqq Aqooto Atotkqoq, ovcntoqto 0qvuv
(lLslrbas[pspa.uoa.r).
vooooto koc tvvq 1otpno
[236]

otkovotkq kptoq. to ouykckptcvo, o kcvptk cpuqoo q
cpcuv o ctvot pto:
puov, noto ctvot o ouvoto0qotko opto q ovcpyto, u
kcvptkou tuoo q kptoq oto ctvot o ouvoto0qoo uv vco-
ovcpyuv, uv ov0punuv q\oq nou onu\coov qv cpyooto ou u
ouvcncto (npoyotkq q npoo\qnq) q kptoq q nou tuvouv qv
ovcpyto ko q tpkct q
Acucpov, notc ctvot ot ooct ou oncvovt oo no\ttko
ouoqo Lntcotuvovot 0cuptc yto cyo\ucpq on0cto, yto kuvtoo
kot yto ouqoq q ovt\oovocvq onooooq ono o no\ttko
ouoqo
1pto kot kcvptkocpo, nu toopuvcot c\tk q no\ttkq
ou ouncptop voucot, coo ono q tuotkq oqyqoq q
kooooq q ovcpyto, cvo n\cyo \oytkuv ouvcocuv kot
ouvoto0qotkuv qovtouv nou 0o nopouoov vo ouvcoouv o
tuo q ovcpyto oqv ncptoo q kptoq c ouykckptcvo
opokqptotk no\ttkq ouncptop

C7&.7+0% .%# <='+1/#.: *3%0$#,

Cnu ctvot yvuoo, q L\\o oqcpo ptokcot ovtcunq c o
uq\ocpo nooooo ovcpyto nou kooypqkc noc oq upo,
\ovovo unoq okoq kot qv ncptoo ou Mcoono\cou. npuq
o0t kptoq nou yvuptoc o c\\qvtko kpo qov oc, c qv ovcpyto vo
ouvcot pootk kot vo oyyt(ct ou 237.000 ovcpyou (Atko
1993:404, o\tonou\o 199:49), opt0o opkc cy\o yto o
cocvo q cnoq, ov \ouc unoq o nopoyuytko ovc\o kot o
cpyotko uvotko q L\\o ckctvq q ncptoou (yptovuvq 1999,
Mazoer 2009).
otkovotkq kptoq ou Mcoono\cou cn\qc opkcc upc
(, Lupunq) ot onotc tc0cov kot toqovtkq nopoyuyq,
ko0touvo cot qv ovcpyto kot q ucto nou ouvcnoyoov, u
ootko npo\qo ou n\q0uoou. uo o0qkc oopq yto vo ytvouv
opkcc cpcuvc octk c qv ovcpyto kot kuptu t ouvcnctc q oqv
utkq uycto uv ov0punuv nou q tuvouv (8ae 1933, Lazarsel,
!ahoa an Zelsel 2002, WrlhL 1934, Wunerllch 1934, Zaazl an
Lazarel 1933). zt cpcuvc ouc ovoctkvuovot toopctkc
koqyoptc uo\oytkq cntpooq q ovcpyto kot tokptvovot oct
q povtkq tpkcto ou tuoo kot ou o0ou otkovotkq
co0\tuoq oqv onoto unokctot o vcpyo kot q otkoycvct ou. 1o
ootk oto kot ot tokuvoct uv ouvoto0quv ctvot ouo q
optkq oqovto oov vct knoto q ou\ct ou kot q t0coq
nou ctvct vo ovopct ocou ou\ct, ou you kot q
kptoq, ovcpyto kot no\ttkq coo ono q toypotkq npoocyytoq
[237]

ouovocvq oyuvto oov cv ptokct ou\ct kot c\tk q on0cto
oov o\o nto ov(ouv oto.
Uoooo ot kotvuvtc cc\tooovot kot k0c kptoq tuvcot
toopctk cvo ou povtkou n\ototou nou ono0cctot kot po cv
nopouc oqcpo vo ovocvouc ooo ypotkc ovtpoct ono q
to ouc ou kot pt(tk toopctkc u npo qv ouoto ou ono qv
\\q. Cnu ovt(ct q !ahoa (192:16), q ovcpyto oq ckocto ou 1930
ouvcnoyoov ucto kot ooopq otkovotkq uocpqoq - kt nou ot
ouypovc kotvuvtc cv onoc\ct coq ouvcncto q ovcpyto, kuptu
\oyu q 0cotkq oupuoq uv kpouv oncvovt oq ucto.
Lc(ovo, ou, nopootc coycvcocpc cpcuvc octk c t
cntnuoct q ovcpyto (chlozman verba 1979), 0o tontouoct
kovct ot ou\toov ot uo\oytkc ouvcnctc cv tocpouv oto0q,
cvu onu ovt(cot (chlozman verba 1979:67-70) ot ootkot
nopyovc nou ou\\ouv ooo oq tokuovoq ooo kot oqv cvooq
q ntcoq nou oto0vcot o vcpyo ctvot o cto q cpyooto nou
ckovc, o pono c ov onoto cooc q ou\ct ou, q povtkq tpkcto
q ovcpyto kot ot otkoycvctokc ou unopcuoct. 1o ouvoto0qoo
nou npoko\ouvot oov tuvct kovct to opcooyovo kot npo\qotkq
kooooq onu ctvot q ovcpyto onoc\ouv \otnov ovtkctcvo q
ov\uoq o.
A\\q to nuq q ovcpyto nou cct onooo\qoct qv
cpcuvqtkq kotvoqo oop oq ouvcoq q c qv no\ttkq
ouncptop kot ttotcpo c qv qo. M\too, oq tc0vq
t\toypoto q ouoctoq q otkovoto c qv no\ttkq ctvot opkc
tococvq cvu kot q ovcpyto oc ouykcvputko cntnco onoc\ct cvov
nopyovo nou 0cupctot ot ot ck\oyct \ovouv ooop unoq. zc
opkcc cpcuvc ncpt otkovotkq qou (uch an Leenson 200, lalr
197, llorlna 197, Lller 1973, kramer 1971), q ovcpyto ouykoo\cycot
ovcoo ot otkovotkc co\qc nou pqotonotouv ot cpcuvqc
yto vo npo\couv qv ck\oytkq ouncptop uv qoopuv.
Lntoq, ouuvo c t ncptooocpc octkc, noootkc kuptu,
cpcuvc (chlozman verba 1979, lar 193, 8ans llah 197, e
WlLLe 1992, Anerson 2001), ot vcpyot cv ntocuouv oc no\ttkq o\\oyq
kot onooootonotouvot ono o no\ttko ouoqo. zc k0c ncptnuoq,
cou to ouoqotkq ov\uoq uv tuotkuv oqyqocuv,
ovo(qouc otooqctuc ouvcoct cou ouvoto0quv, oocuv
kot ouncptopuv, c koo\uq o tuo q ovcpyto.

P=<,5,3,&#.8? .%/=7<r2$=#?

1o tuo q ovcpyto ctvot to uoko\q kooooq c
toopctkc npoo\ovouoc yto k0c oo. otu, q ootkq
[23]

no\ttkq ouncptop toopuvcot uno toopctkc ouv0qkc kot
cc\toocot oct uv ouv0qkuv nou tuvouv o no\ttk unokctcvo oc
npoountko kot kotvuvtko cntnco. Cnu ovocp0qkc, ooo q
nopouoo cpcuvo ctvot vo ccoct nu o tuo q ovcpyto
ouvccot c qv no\ttkq ouncptop kot noto ctvot o ouvoto0qoo
nou npoko\ct. t ouo o \oyo cnt\c0qkc, oc c0oo\oytko cntnco,
cvo ouvuooo c0ouv kot cvtkuv ov\uoq onu q 0cc\tucvq
0cupto kot ot ouvcvcuct toypotkq oqyqoq (AlhelL 1997).
Zqq0qkc ono o oo nou oucctov oqv cpcuvo vo oqyq0ouv q
(uq ou c cntkcvpo ttotcpo ncptootk nou ou otytoov onu
ouo q onu\cto cpyooto kot o tuo q ovcpyto ccncto, c
cooq oo ouvoto0qoo kot ot oqv on\q ovk\qoq cnctptuv.
A\\uoc, q yvuoqvqq ctvot ncptooocpo cntcktkq oc to
npoon0cto onoooq \oytkq ouvoq, o\\ kot oc to onctpoctq q
otunq (oelle-eumann 194). 1o oo, q\oq, npoono0ouv vo
ovonokpt0ouv oqv kuptopq oq q otyq q ouvcvcuq c
onoc\coo vo npooopo(ouv o \cyocv ou oc ouq kot knotc
opc vo qv ctvot ct\tkptvct q vo qv onoko\unouv o\q qv o\q0cto.
Lot, q cvcpyonotqoq ou ouvoto0qoo coo ono qv oqyqoq ctvot
cyyucpo oqv optkq ouvoto0qotkq ovtpooq kot po cykupocpq.
Acv npcnct coto vo oyvoctot q cntpooq q t0coq nou couv ot
cpuucvot (llse an 1aylor 194) kot ou ponou nou tuvouv qv
kptoq q otyq q ouvcvcuq.
1o ctyo o onoc\ctot ono ovcpyou, q\oq ov0punou
nou cv cpy(ovot o\\ ovo(qouv cpyooto cvcpy. Acv oko\ou0qooc
ov ouoqpo optoo ncpt ovcpyto q LAz11
3
q ou LA
4
, o\\
oqooc o ctyo vo toopu0ct upt ou onok\ctoou nou
cnt\ouv ot kovovtoot uv ovucpu opyovtouv kot uto0cqooc ov
optoo q ovcpyto ou oykootou pyovtoou Lpyooto (lLC)
3
. Lot,
yto nopctyo, ouncpt\oc c\cu0cpou cnoyyc\otc nou couv
k\ctoct qv cntctpqoq ou kot ovo(qouv n\cov ou\ct q cpyo(ocvou
oc cpyoooto o onoto cv \ctoupyct n\cov o\\ npoono0ouv ot ttot

3
LAz11 opt(ct ou ovcpyou u cq: vcpyot opt(ovot oo q\tkto 14 cuv kot
vu nou cv cpyoqkov ko qv coo ovoop, ouc ctov to cpyooto kot o
onoto (qouoov cpyooto u to0uot q yto vo optoouv tkq ou ou\ct kot ov qv
cptokov nopouoov vo qv ovo\ouv ocou kot c\o ctov kvct ouykckptcvc
cvcpyctc vo pouv ou\ct.
4
LA opt(ct ou ovcpyou u cq: npoouno q\tkto 13 cuv kot vu, tkov yto
cpyooto, cyycypocvo oo pocto nooo\qoq ou LA, cntooucvo kot q kot
to0coto npo coq ov\qq cpyooto.
3
oykooto pyovtoo Lpyooto opt(ct ou ovcpyou u cq: vcpyot 0cupouvot
o\o o oo nvu ono to ouykckptcvq q\tkto nou ko o toqo ovoop qov
(o) upt ou\ct, ctc c copqcvq ocoq cpyooto ctc ouoonooo\oucvot, () qov
to0cotot yto ou\ct kot (y) covov cvcpy yto ou\ct ko qv ncptoo ovoop.
[239]

vo cnovo\ctoupyqoct c ntcoq oqv kucpvqoq vo uoct ktvqpo oov
ttokqq. A\\uoc okono o cv qov q sLrlcLo sensu onoooq
optoou oo ctyo o o\\ q ouykcvpuoq onocuv, oocuv,
ovt\qcuv kot ouvoto0quv ov0punuv nou ptokovot cko q
oyop cpyooto, upt vo onok\ctouc kotvuvtkc oc q
cnoyyc\otkc koqyoptc nou cv cvooovot oc cvov ncptoptotko
optoo q ovcpyto.
Lytvov 20 ouvcvcuct c ovcpyou oqv 0qvo, oq
Ccooo\ovtkq, oo Aoupto kot oq nouoo. ycuypotkq toonop
npockuc \oyu q ootoycvcto nou tontou0qkc ot oqyqoct uv
ovcpyuv oq nouoo, onou cytvov ot npuc ouvcvcuct. A\\uoc
optko ooo q cpcuvo cv qov to ov0puno\oytkq c\cq ou
tuoo q ovcpyto oc to ouykckptcvq ncptoq, o\\ q tcpcuvqoq
q no\ttkq ouncptop ovcpyuv kot q onounuoq ou tuoo
ou oqv no\ttkq ou okcq kot poq. cnckooq q cpcuvo upt
ycuypotkou ncptoptoou otpt(ct ko\ucpo oou ouykckptcvou
cpcuvqtkou ooou. 1o povtko toqo tcoyuyq uv
ouvcvcucuv ctvot Mto 2010-npt\to 2012, ko\unovo cot cvo
cy\o cpo ono q tpkcto kot qv cvooq q kptoq.
ctyoo\qto cytvc c q c0oo nou oko\ou0ctot oo
n\ototo q 0cc\tucvq 0cupto (roune Lheory) (laser Lrauss
1967). ptk pqotonotq0qkc cvo ctyo cuko\to (conenlence
sample) oct q vcoq npooooq oo oo ou (Morse 2007:233-
236). Lot ot npuc ouvcvcuct npoyoonotq0qkov oqv 0qvo onou
qov nto cuko\o yto ou cpcuvqc vo cvontoouv kot vo ouvovqoouv
ovcpyou npo0uou vo oucoouv oqv cpcuvo. Mc ouov ov pono
ptoov ot npuc kutkonotqoct ot onotc onoc\coov ov oqyo yto
qv cnt\oyq uv oouv oo cnocvo oto. uq ctvot kot q \oytkq q
0cupqtkq ctyoo\qto (LheoreLlcal samplln) oq 0cc\tucvq
0cupto (laser 197, harmaz 2006). 1o ctyo toopuvcot oqv
nopcto q cpcuvo, ouuvo c t koqyoptc nou npokunouv kot qv
ovt\qq ou cpcuvqq yto qv ovonuooocvq 0cupto. ou\\oyq uv
ncptnuocuv ouvct(cot cpt vo cnc\0ct o 0cupqtko kopcoo
(saLuraLlon), oov q\oq q npoo0qkq vcuv cocvuv cv npoocpct
vcc koqyoptonotqoct q cv tvct vcc ttoqc ot qq unpouoc
(laser 2001:191, harmaz 2006:113-114).
ov\uoq uv cocvuv cytvc ypoq npo ypoq c q
totkooto q ovotq kutkonotqoq (laser 2001, harmaz 2006), c
qv onoto k0c cocvo ccoqkc npooctk cot uoc vo
npokuouv ot koqyoptc (ouvoto0quv kot ouncptop cv
npokctcvu), vo npootoptoouv o opokqptotk ouuv uv
koqyoptuv kot o oqcto ono o onoto npokunouv cou q oqyqoq
uv ouccovuv oqv cpcuv o. ou qtoupyqooc t optkc
[260]

ootkc koqyoptc, ccooc o cocvo yto ootoqc, toopc kot
cnovo\qct koo\qyovo cot ot c\tkc opc koqyoptc
ouvoto0quv kot no\ttkq ouncptop, ot onotc nopouot(ovot
nopoku.

"+=721/#.4 %*,/=38$>%/%

o) 1o ouvoto0poro
poovu ot ttc ot \cct nou pqotonotouv ot vcpyot n\qpoopqc
o c okono vo ncptypouv o tuo q ovcpyto oqoooouv
ckq\o qv ouvoto0qotkq kooooq ou. cvtk, nopct vo touptoct
kovct ot o ouvoto0qoo tooponotouvot oq oq to octp
nopoyovuv kot koooocuv: koopqv, o tuo q ovcpyto nopct
vo cnqpc(cot ono oco c qv kooooq npoountk ou tuoo
nou cv onoc\coov ovtkctcvo q oqyqoq ou. pokctot yto
ovonocuko, cyycvc opokqptotko q tuotkq oqyqoq, nvu
oo onoto o cpcuvqq cv uvoot vo cct knoto c\cyo. 1o
ouvoto0qoo octk c o tuo q ovcpyto oct(ovot cntoq c
qv npo ovcpyto kooooq uv ouccovuv, onu npo\cncot kot
ono q 0cupto nou ovocp0qkc noponvu. 1ouopovo, o pono nou
ovtcunt(ouv ot n\qpoopqc o qv ovcpyto, cv nopct nop vo
oct(cot kot c o kotvuvtk kot qoypotk ou opokqptotk, ov
kot ouou ou ctou ot co\qc cv onoc\ouv kcvptko ovtkctcvo
q cpcuv o.
opo\o nou k0c n\qpoopqq onoc\ct cuptoq ncptnuoq
kot o tu ou ctvot to ono\uu ovotkq kooooq nou cv
uvoot vo ooonotq0ct c o tuoo uv uno\otnuv, ovtvcuovot
knotc kotvc topoc okccuv, ouvctpuv kot ouvoto0quv
cou uv ouccovuv oqv cpcuvo, ot onotc o cntpcnouv to
npuq, opq kutkonotqoq ou. zc kot ncptnuoq coto cv nopct
vo touptoct kovct ot o ouvoto0qoo ou ctvot ouovoo kot cv
ouvu(ovot cou ou q cv 0o nopouoov vo ctvot \tyocpo
kuptopo oc toopctkq povtkq otyq oou ttou n\qpoopqc. zc
k0c ncptnuoq, cu cv ooonotouc ou n\qpoopqc,
ooonotouc yto cpqvcutkou \oyou t ouvoto0qotkc
ovtpoct kot t ouncptoptkc ooct nou ovokunouv oo n\ototo
ou tuoo q ovcpyto.
Lttkocpo, q npuq ooonotqoq octot yupu ono qv
Ano0eto, onu npo\cnovov ono npoqyoucvc cpcuvc. 1ou
n\qpoopqc ouq q oo cvuvct q oto0qoq ou ovonocukou
q kooooq ou, o onoto \too ctvot cuycvc u npo ouou.
Atvouv qv oto0qoq q-npoountkq cn\okq. Cnu ovoputcot
[261]

opokqptotk o pqoo, 34 cuv, 1 qvc vcpyo, nopel vo
0uoet e rp 6pop,
6

1o cucpo ouvoto0qotko vqo nou nopct vo tokptvct kovct
vo ouvcct optocvc ono t ooct uv n\qpoopquv o ctvot o
oto0qoo q Opyp kot q Ayovokrpop. pokctot yto to cvovq
oto0qoq onu\cto nou oop o kckqcvo kot ov tto ov pono (uq
uv n\qpoopquv. oto0qoq onu\cto, ouvocucot ono cvo oto0qo
conqoq kot otkto. .t, e rooet oe evo opelo, ev
koroo6olv rlnoro, o ep0et vo e nopet ro onlrt, ekel vo o0e rt 0o
ylvet..orev ro notl oro ooelo kot vo pv e vo rou o ero.
ltorl pe, notl ev elvot kot our,
7

ptq tokptq ouvoto0qotkq kooooq nou ovoucot coo
ono o tuo q ovcpyto ctvot q Anyvop kot q Ayvlo. Lvovq
oto0qoq c\oo kot ovunopto npoontkq ovkoq ctvot cu o
kupto opokqptotko. Atvcot q oto0qoq ot o nvo couv c\ctuoct,
ot cv unpct c\nto: A0pto reetvet ro enloo, kort npenet vo
kov. , 0o no ekel oro o vo ouvrop
, 1pe yto ro eov,

rp on ro eroto kot reetvouv
9
.
Lvo ono ou nopyovc nou otvcot vo co\\ouv qv
cvooq ou ouvoto0qotkou optou ctvot o povo ck0coq oo tuo,
o\\ kot q povtkq uptovoq q kptoq. 1ooo ot okpopovto vcpyot,
ooo kot n\qpoopqc uv onotuv ot ouvcvcuct cytvov oc
npoupqcvo oto q kptoq, q\oq o 2011-2012 oc ovt0coq c o
2010, ckp(ouv cvovocpo ouvoto0qoo. otvcot ot o ovucpu
ouvoto0qoo couv pt(uoct o0ucpo cvo ou kot ou
n\qupt(ouv. 1ouopovo ctvot nto ovotkot kot cntctkvuouv
cyo\ucpq vcoq octk c o tu ou. Mc \\o \oyto, ooo
vuptcpo oqv kptoq kot ooo vuptcpo oo tuo q ovcpyto, oc ooo
cyo\ucpo o0o unpct q oto0qoq q vponq yto qv kooooq kot
covt(cot cvo kotvuvtko otyo. zo c\cuoto ou\\ct kot o
ycyovo ot n\cov q kooooq q ovcpyto ctvot kotvq kot otp(cot c
cy\o opt0o ouno\tuv, c cy\o cpo ou kotvuvtkou ncptyupou,
e eet noo0 ovepyou to 6ro vo kovet 0o 6pet noo0 oov kt
eevo
10
. Ltvot npoovc ot oov otp(cot kovct q 0uoonotqoq
ou, o tu q ytvcot ncptooocpo unocpo.

6
pqoo opo\ononou\o oc tvvq 1otpno, 0qvo, 17032012.
7
zkq, 40 cuv, nouoo oc vooooto koc, nouoo, 19032010.
tvvq, 34 cuv, Aoupto oc vooooto koc 29032011.

9
8tku ., 4 cuv, 0qvo, oc tvvq 1otpno, 26032012.
10
tvvq, 34 cuv, Aoupto oc vooooto koc 29032011.
[262]

h) 1o 6lo rp ovepylo kot ro notrtk o0orpo. n opyovrtkp
ooprpro kot p oro0epo rou kuvtoo0
zo cntnco q no\ttkq ouncptop, cvo npuo cvtocpov cupqo
q cpcuv o oop ot kt nou ctnov ot n\qpoopqc o, o\\
kt nou ev ctnov. zuykckptcvo, cv ovocp0qkc ono knotov cvo
otqo opyvuoq uv ovcpyuv, to npoooq ouonctpuoq ou npo
cnt\uoq ou npo\qoo ou. zuvycot cnocvu ot q kooooq q
ovcpyto cv rouroorel o oo nou q tuvouv, o onoto cv
okcovot kot cv ono0couvot nputou u vcpyot, ou\toov oc
npuo cntnco. 1ouopovo, cv oto0vovot c\q to oo c kotv
npo\qoo kot ovqoutc, o\\, ovt0co, tuvouv o npo\qo oc
ootko cntnco, ovcpqo ov ouo nopct kot vo notpvct ovcc\cykc
toooct. no ouq qv noq, ouotootk cntcotuvcot o
\ov0vuv opokqpo uv ovcpyuv u oo. t vcpyot
n\qpoopqc o cv ouccouv oc ckq\uoct q pooqptoqc c
oopq o tu ou, cv oto0vovot qv ovykq vo ouonctpu0ouv
oq oq ou, oou cv cvont(ouv npoovu knoto oc\o ono to
coto pooqptoqo, 0ut(ovo q 0cupto ou Clson (1963) ncpt
ou\\oytkq poq
11
. ouykckptcvq ovunopto oq coop uv
ouvoto0quv, oocuv kot ovt\qcuv nou ckq\uvouv oqv ootkq
ouvcvcuq oo kotvuvtko ncto c q opq ootkq poq nopct vo
cct uo npoo0cc cqyqoct, cko ono qv otyu op0o\oytkq. cvo
nopct vo oct\cot on\u oo ycyovo ot o tuo cv cct uptoct
opkc oc 0o kot oc povo q vo onoc\ct opokqptotko ovo uv
n\qpoopquv q cpcuv o. ccpou otvcot ot cntcotuvcot
to \\q k\ootkq 0cupqoq, ot q\oq yto ou ovcpyou cv unpct
to0coto tco\oytko qovtoo nou vo ouvcct qv npoountkq ou
kooooq c ou\\oytkq poq (chlozman verba 1979).
Lvo opokqptotko, o onoto ouvov kovct oc o\ou
ovcotpcu ou n\qpoopqc q cpcuv o ctvot o ycvtkcucvo
kuvtoo. 1o cntcpou ootcto ouq q ooq, ovo\oyu k0c op
ov n\qpoopqq o nopct vo ctvot onotuoq, \cuooo, oopkooo,
ctpuvto qkot uontoto oncvovt oo no\ttko ouoqo. no\ttkq
kotvuvto\oyto uv ouvoto0quv koovoct ov no\ttko kuvtoo
nputou u cvo cto no\ttkq kptoq, u to ouoqotkq uontoto.
nupqvo ou ctvot q onouoto cntooouvq, ovcpqo ono
cntctpqoo uncp q ko (Accp(q 200:3). uo nou otyoupo
tooponotctot cou uv n\qpoopquv ctvot q cvooq q ckpooq

11
zuuvo c q \oytkq q ou\\oytkq poq ou Mancur Clson, yto vo ovokuct
ou\\oytkq poq npo qv cntcuq cvo kotvou okonou, 0o npcnct vo unpouv ootk
ktvqpo oucoq, o\\ kot ootkc notvc oc ncptnuoq q oucoq,
npouno0coct nou ko\unovot ouvq0u oc tkpc oc kot ot oc cy\c,
\ov0vouoc oc, onu ot vcpyot q ot koovo\uc.
[263]

kot o nooo konq ctvot q kuvtkq ou ooq oncvovt oo no\ttko
ouoqo:

rou r0v t vo no vo rou plo (...) ourol roo pvto rpyove kot rpo
0o 6yooue oou vo rpve ko0repo (...) n evo yovt eet oro notl rou
evo nopo00t kon erot elvot kot ourol. 1o ev roo polo (...) ntore0 rt ro
notrtk o0orpo nou unopet opepo unopet ono kot vo yto vo eunpperel
rov eour rou
1

ono\uo kot knu ouooo kuvtoo oncvovt oc otqnoc,
cou kot oup, no\ttko q oct(ocvo c o c\\qvtko no\ttko
ouoqo kot qv no\ttkq q ctvot kcvptko ot oqyqoct uv
n\qpoopquv o. otvcot ono qv noq ouq vo cntcotuvovot
0cuptc kot onoc\cooo noootkuv cpcuvuv nou ouvcouv ou
ovcpyou c cotou ctou ooct kot ovt\qct. opo\o ou, kot
nop t oqyqoct uv n\qpoopquv o, toqpouc cntu\ct
octk c o npoyotko 0o ouou ou kuvtoou. Ltvot nt0ovo oc
cy\o o0o q kuvtkq-onotutkq ooq vo onoc\ct to
ovovok\ootkq ovtpooq uv n\qpoopquv o, q onoto vo
0cupctot ono ou ttou oc cvo o0o unopcutkq. zc cvo
ycvtkcucvo k\to kptoo\oyto, onou cy\o cpo ou qootou
to\oyou koo\ovcot ono kookpouyq yto o no\ttko ouoqo kot
ono cvo ou\\qqv \oyo ncpt k\cnokpoto, q ckpooq kuvtoou ctvot
ovocvocvq. noc\ct cv cvtocpov ootcto u kcvptko kot q
tuotkq oqyqoq uv ovcpyuv, ou o ycyovo ot opokqpt(ct
o\c ovcotpcu t oqyqoct kot ouotootk cv tooponotct ouc t
oqyqoct ou npoqyoucvou cpou octk c o ouvoto0qoo, o\\
ouc kot t oqyqoct octk c o cnocvo cpuq o q\oq qv
no\ttkq ouncptop, o oqyct oo vo qv q onouoouc
ncpotcpu oqooto oo n\ototo q cpcuv o. M\\ov oc ouv0qkc
kptoq q ckpooq kuvtoou onoc\ct oo0cp kot ot co\qq kot uno
ouq qv cvvoto cv npoocpct kt noponvu oc cntnco ootkuv
ouncpoouv.

.] 1o 6lo rp ovepylo kot p notrtkp ouneptopo. on0pevot,
okvprot kot erooooevot
Lntctpuvo q tcpcuvqoq ou c\cuotou kot kcvptkocpou
cpuqoo q c\cq o, q no\ttkq ouncptop uv ovcpyuv
n\qpoopquv o nopct vo c\cq0ct, u npo o tuo q ovcpyto,
(quvo ou vo o oqyq0ouv o o0o kot o cto no\ttkq ou
oucoq npo kot c ou tuoo. koopqv, 0o ovccvc kovct ot
o noponvu ouvoto0qoo, ko0u kot q onouoto cvovq ouoqo

12
8oot\q, 4 cuv zkq, 40 cuv, nouoo oc vooooto koc, 19032010.
[264]

ovcpyou ono q to cpt kot o ycvtkcucvo kuvtoo oncvovt oo
no\ttko ouoqo ono qv \\q, 0o ouvcovov, oo cntnco q
no\ttkq ouncptop uv n\qpoopquv o, c onoq ono o
no\ttk npyoo, c onooootonotqoq kot ot c \\ou unou
ouncptopc. otvcot ou ot okoo kot yto ov0punou nou tuvouv
to uoko\q, opcooyovo kot ouvoto0qotk optocvq kooooq
onu q ovcpyto, cv ctvot o ouvoto0qoo nou not(ouv kuptopo po\o,
o\\ ouvu(ovot, ov cv cntokt(ovot oc knotc ncptnuoct, ono
\\ou nopyovc, onu q op0o\oytkoqo kot q cooq oc npoouno
kot 0coo.
koop, ovu, cvo ono ou kuptopou ponou
ovtcuntoq ctvot q ouqoq q ovt\oovocvq onooooq ono o
no\ttko ouoqo. Dt, yt our oou e ev rou nopokoou0 neov.
Dt ev rou e kolo entoroo0vp. Aev ntore0 rt ourol 0o o
6yoouv on rpv kplop.
13
onooooq ouq ouvocucot ono to
ovt\qq ono\uq ouvoto cntppoq uv npoyuv. Lntoq,
optocvot ono ou vcpyou n\qpoopqc o vouv qv oto0qoq ou
cvcpyou no\tq nou nopct c q ooq ou vo ou\\ct ot cc\tct
kot oc o\\oyc.

Ot notrtkol. lto ro npono to ev to yevtk yto rpv notrtkp. lvot
to onorp yto o rouotorov. ltorl rov no kort vo tonpoyoreurel p kort
vo prpoet p kort ep y e ro npo6poro nou eloe e nepo, otnv, ev
oou ev eko0opo rt npketrot vo ylvet. ltorl 6enouv ro notrtk koro, ev
ep rt oo 6enouv ep y.zou lvouv konote unooeoet, n oe o,
oro rpevopouv 0o pvto kot.eo0tvovrot ot epyoevot kot
ptoupyo0vrot o ouro nou 6enoue.
14

vo(ouc o c\q q oo ouq An0pevou, okptu ytot o
tu ou otvcot vo ou cct onu0qoct cko q no\ttkq
totkooto. t ouykckptcvot n\qpoopqc o qov ncptooocpo
cvcpyot no\ttk nptv tuoouv qv kooooq q ovcpyto, cvu c
couv ono0cq0ct oo ncpt0upto .eevo ev e evtoepet p notrtkp.
Aev oooo0ot e ro ovrtkelevo, e pvto nou ro noporpoo.
13

Acv ctvot ou q onu0qoq q ovq kooycypocvq ouncptop
uv ovcpyuv n\qpoopquv o. ?npouv cntoq kot ot Akvprot,
ckctvot yto ou onotou o vqo onouoto t0coq
ooonotqoqc\\ctq ouoqo ovcpyou-no\ttko kuvtoo cv
otvcot vo t\ppct qv no\ttkq ou ouncptop. ok\ovqq
ouncptop cntoq tok\ot(cot oc uo tokptc kocu0uvoct. zqv
npuq, q okpopovq ouvoto0qotkq npoocoq uv n\qpoopquv c

13
Lput\q, 21 cuv, 0qvo, oc vooooto koc, 21032011.
14
zkq, 40 cuv, nouoo, oc vooooto koc, 19032010.
13
8oot\q, 4 cuv, nouoo, oc vooooto koc, 19032010.
[263]

o kooo nou nopoootok qt(ouv nopocvct ppqkq. koo kot
ov ctuvcot q cvooq q q no\t(cot c knoto cntu\oq, q
covq npot0coq uv ouykckptcvuv n\qpoopquv ctvot vo
nopoctvouv ntoot oo koo ou, ck\oytk ou\toov. ?npouv
ou kot ok\ovqot nou o\\(ouv koo q nou onookpuvovot ono
o koo nou qt(ov kot vouv onotoqnoc ouvoto0qotkq ocoq
o(t ou. opo\o ou, coko\ou0ouc vo ou opokqpt(ouc
ok\ovqou ytot copouvot covu ono cvo \\o opokqptotko:
q toqpqoq q nc\octokq ovt\qq nou ctov kot nptv tuoouv qv
kooooq q ovcpyto. t ouykckptcvot n\qpoopqc
onookpuvovot cv ono o koo ou o\\ ovt\ovovot ouq q
ocoq u to ouvo\\oyq oqv onoto conoq0qkov, onu ovocp0qkc
kot oo npuo cpo: vot ytorl t. ltorl t, Dnoto oe eunpperel
opepo, e nou roooe, ourv no. Dnoto nopel vo oe
6op0poet.
16
. no qv noq ouq, q no\ttkq ouncptop uv
Akvprv ouq q tok\uoq nopct vo opokqptoct u
to0cotoqo yto ouvo\\oyq ov noo otyq c qv no\ttkq couoto.
uotootk, q nc\octokq ovt\qq q no\ttkq qov topku nopouoo
kot toupq yto ou ouykckptcvou cpuucvou, on\ ptokoov
kpucvq ntou ono to covq kotvuvtk kot qooto tokqpuooocvq
kootkq outoq. 1o tuo q ovcpyto ocpqoc qv npoktkq oq
ouq q nc\octokq ovt\qq, o\\ cv cco\c qv ouoto q.
kooypcot, c\o, coo ono t oqyqoct uv
ouccovuv oqv cpcuvo kot to oq c\\oq q no\ttkq ou
ouncptop, yto qv onoto o tuo q ovcpyto \ctoupyct covu
u koo\uq. t Merooooevot \otnov opokqpt(ovot ono t0coq
o\\oyq, q onoto nopct vo touptoct oc uo oct, u npo o
ootk q opokqptotk: to oq oop cvo ctou
pt(oonootkonotqoq. t v0punot ouot ctc toppqyvuouv ou coou
ou c o no\ttk kooo ctc q\uvouv t0coq cyo\ucpq
oucoq, cvu npoqyoucvu qov ono0ct. to nopctyo o pqoo
cv ctc qtoct noc cpt vo ctvct vcpyo kot q kptoq vo ytvct ooo
covq. 1upo covt(cot onoootocvo vo qtoct yto npuq op,
cvu tovuct qq qv ptq ckocto q (uq ou.
\\q oq nou kooypcot ot oqyqoct uv
Merooooevv, ctvot q coktvqoq ono qv kootkq outoq oqv
ovo(qqoq npoountkq tkovoqo kot opotoqo. poovu q ooq
ouq ouvccot c o oto0qo conqoq nou ovocp0qkc oo npuo
cpo, cvu ovoctkvuct ncpotcpu o pco\too kot qv op0o\oytkoqo
u ootcto q no\ttkq ouncptop. t ouykckptcvot
n\qpoopqc \otnov cykoo\ctnouv o kooo, o\\ cv

16
zkq, (o.n.).
[266]

cykoo\ctnouv o(t ou kot qv no\ttkq cv ycvct ouc 0cupouv ot
tnoo cv nopct vo o\\ct q ot q no\ttkq kot ck\oytkq oucoq
ctvot otq. vt0cu, oco q kot oc ouvuooo c o ouvoto0qoo
opyq q onoyvuoq nou nopct vo vtu0ouv, ovo(qouv nto ouykckptcvo
ootcto oqv no\ttkq npooop, qot qv tkovoqo uv npoounuv kot
qv koo\\q\oqo toctptoq ouykckptcvuv 0cuv. to0ovocvot
conoqcvot ono ou kootkou opyovtoou, ctc ono(qouv
cyyuqoct ootkq onoc\cootkoqo yto vo uoouv qv unooqptq
ou, ctc onoctct 0cotkq opotoqo: ro 0eo elvot vo 6oet
orp oup konotov nou elvot tkov, nto peoko kot 0o eet ro 0oppo
vo tpoet yto konoto npoyoro...
17

C7>*=+4$>%/%

zo0cpo cpcuvqtko cupqo oc o\ou ou ovcpyou
ouccovc oqv cpcuvo qov, onu cv no\\ot ovocvovov, q
onotuoq ou no\ttkou ouoqoo kot o ycvtkcucvo kuvtoo. Ltc
ytot unpouv cu\oyot \oyot yto q ouykckptcvq ooq ctc ytot
tkovonotct to ovykq cvoq oc to kotvq kot kuptopq no\ttkq ooq
qv cnoq q kptoq, q ouykckptcvq cntcotuoq ono qv cpcuv o
k\ootkuv 0cuptuv cv npoocpct kt noponvu npo qv ko\ucpq
koovoqoq q ocoq ou tuoo q ovcpyto c qv no\ttkq
ouncptop oqv L\\o kot nopct vo ovtcuntoct n\cov u to
oo0cp, u cvo ckpootko ovuo oc cy\o o0o
npoyotko, oc cy\o o0o koovoykootko, ku ono ov onoto
ko\ctot oc k0c ncptnuoq vo ct o ouypovo cpcuvqq.
u nou co\\ovot kot tooponotouvot couv
cyo\ucpq oto. kot ou nou co\\ovot, oc ocoq c o tuo q
ovcpyto, ctvot koopqv o ouvoto0qoo. n0cto, outkoqo kot
t0coq cuycvou nopoqpqoq ctvot to oou tokptq
ouvoto0qotkq oq. Acv ctvot ou q ovq. 1ouopovo kooypcot
ooo opyq kot oyovkqoq, ooo kot onoyvuoq kot oyuvto, c o
ouvoto0qoo vo ctvot cvovocpo ooo ncptooocpo okpopovto
vcpyo ctvot knoto kot ooo npoupqcvo coo oqv kptoq ytvcot q
ouvcvcuq.
1o ouvoto0qoo cv onoc\ouv ou o ovotko u\tko
toopuoq q no\ttkq ouncptop uv ovcpyuv n\qpoopquv
o, ot onotot copouvot kot ono op0o\oytkoqo. t ouncptoptkc
oct nou ovtvcu0qkov ctvot onu0qcvot ono o no\ttko ouoqo,
ok\ovqot ot npoqyoucvc no\ttkc, nopootokc q nc\octokc ou

17
L\cvq, 30 cuv, 0qvo, oc vooooto koc, 24032011.
[267]

ooct kot co\\oooocvot ctc npo cvcpyocpq kocu0uvoq ctc npo
op0o\oytkocpq ovo(qqoq npoountkq tkovoqo kot 0cotkq
opotoqo, cvu cv oqctuvovot knotou unou k\ctoc
ouvcoct, onu tou 0o ovccvc kovct c oq k\ootkc 0cuptc (n..
ot opytocvot cv pt(oonootkonotouvot ovo, o\\ kot onu0ouvot),
o\\ kooypovot o\ot ot nt0ovot ouvuooot ouvoto0quv kot
ouncptopuv.
zc k0c ncptnuoq, ncpo ono qv npoovq ovykq ncpotcpu
tcpcuvqoq q ocoq ou tuoo q ovcpyto c qv no\ttkq
ouncptop tootvcot ot q ovcpyto onoc\ct to kooooq coo
ono qv onoto tu\t(ovot ouvoto0qoo kot ouncptopc nou k0c
\\o nop oc\qco oqooto couv yto t no\ttkc cc\tct, ttotcpo
oc ncptoou nou ot vcpyot onoc\ouv oqovtkq cpto ou ck\oytkou
ouoo.

[26]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
yptovuvq, . 1999. "tkovoto kot cktoqvtoq oqv L\\o ou
19ou otuvo". zo 8oot\q kpcuo (cnt.). tooyyp orp
veoepvtkp otkovotkp toroplo (18o-0o otvo), 0qvo:
unu0qu . AAnz.
AlhelL, . 1997. " oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq. Mto ctooyuyq." zo z.
onotuvvou, . AlhelL an . . Clesen, kotvvtk
erooporto, eknoleuop kot rontkp kotvvlo, c0uvo-
vuycto: ovcntoqto kpqq.
Anerson,. !. 2001. "esperaLe 1lmes all or esperaLe Measures
nemploymenL an lLlzen 8ehalor ln omparaLle erspecLle."
ln . 8ermeo (e) oemloymeot lo tbe Ne otoe, ambrle:
ambrle nlerslLy ress , 271-290.
8ae, . W. 1933. 1be oemloyeJ Moo. Lonon: lsbeL.
8ans, M. ., an . llah. 197. "ollLlcal ALLlLues an voLln Amon
nemploye an mploye ouLh." ootool of AJolesceoce
102:201-216.
harmaz, k. 2006. coosttoctloq toooJeJ 1beoty. A ltoctlcol olJe
1btooqb Ooolltotlve Aoolysls. Lonon: ae ubllcaLlons.
lar, A. W. 193. "1he ecLs o nemploymenL on ollLlcal ALLlLue."
ootool of 5ocloloqy 21 1 : 100-10.
Accp(q, n. 200. "kuvtkq qokpoto: q cotuoq ou no\ttkou
ouoqoo." vokotvuoq oo n zuvepto rp n. n
pokportkp etroupylo oe konp. npokpoet kot onete orov
npto 1o otvo. 0qvo, Mto.
e WlLLe, . 1992. "nemploymenL, ollLlcal ALLlLues an voLln
8ehalour" lolltlcs ooJ tbe oJlvlJool 2 : 29-41.
uch, 8.M an 8.1. Leenson. 200. 1be cooomlc ote. no lolltlcol ooJ
cooomlc ostltotloos cooJltloo lectloo kesolts. ambrle:
lalr, 8.. 197. 1he ecL o conomlc enLs on voLes or reslenL.
1be kevle fot cooomlcs ooJ 5totlstlcs 60:139-173.
llorlna, Morrls, . 197. conomlc 8eLrospecLle voLln ln Amerlcan
aLlonal lecLlons: A Mlcro-Analysls. Ametlcoo ootool of lolltlcol
5cleoce 222: 426-443.
llse, . 1., an . . 1aylor. 194. 5oclol coqoltloo. 8ealn, MA: Alson-
Wesley
laser, 8. . 2001. 1be toooJeJ 1beoty letsectlve. coocetoollotloo
coottosteJ ltb esctltloo. Mlll valley, A: 1he ocloloy ress.
laser, 8. ., an A. L. Lrauss. 1967. 1be lscovety of toooJeJ 1beoty.
hlcao: Allne.
laser, . 197. 1beotetlcol 5eosltlvlty. Mlll valley , A: 1he ocloloy
ress.
[269]

!ahoa, M. 192. mloymeot ooJ oemloymeot. A 5oclol-lsycboloqlcol
Aoolysls. ambrle: ress ynlcaLe o Lhe nlerslLy o
ambrle.
kramer, . . 1971. horL-1erm llucLuaLlons ln .. voLln 8ehalor,
196-1964. 1be Ametlcoo lolltlcol 5cleoce kevle 631:131-143.
Lazarsel, . l., M. !ahoa an . Zelsel. 2002. Motleotbol. 1be
5ocloqtoby of oo oemloyeJ commoolty. e 8runslc, e
!ersey: 1ransacLlon ubllshers.
Atko, . 1993. pyoolo kot notrtkp orpv oo rou Meoonoeou. 1o
Ate0ve lpoelo pyoolo kot p ovouop rv kotvvtkv
0eov. 0qvo: lpuo Lpcuvo kot otcto q Lnoptkq
1pnc(o q L\\o.
Mazoer, M. 2009. n oo kot p otkovotkp kplop rou Meoonoeou.
0qvo: Moputko lpuo L0vtkq 1ponc(q.
Morse, !. M. 2007. "amplln ln roune 1heory." ln 1be 5oqe nooJboo
of toooJeJ 1beoty, by A. 8ryanL an k. harmaz, Lonon: ae
ubllcaLlons. 229-244.
oelle-eumann, . 194. 1be 5ltol of 5lleoce. A 1beoty of lobllc Ololoo
Oot 5oclol 5lo. hlcao: nlerslLy o hlcao ress.
Clson, Mancur. 1963. 1be loqlc of collectlve Actloo, arar nlerslLy
ress.
8oberLs, 8. 2002. 8loqtoblcol keseotcb. 8uclnham: Cpen nlerslLy
ress.
chlozman, k. L., an . verba. 1979. ooty to osolt. oemloymeot, closs
ooJ lolltlcol 8ebovlot. MassachuseLLs: arar nlerslLy ress.
Lller, . !. 1973. eneral conomlc onlLlons an aLlonal lecLlons.
1be Ametlcoo cooomlc kevle 632:160-167.
WrlhL, . 8. 1934. "1he lamllles o Lhe nemploye ln hlcao", 5oclol
5etvlce kevle 1:17-30.
Wunerllch, l. 1934. "e AspecLs o nemploymenL ln ermany." 5oclol
keseotcb 11:97-110.
o\tonou\o, M. 199. n kplop rou 199 kot ot pve otkovooyot.
zu6op orpv toroplo rp otkovotkp okep orpv oo rou
Meoonoeou. 0qvo: lpuo Lpcuvo kot otcto q
Lnoptkq 1pnc(o q L\\o.
Zaazl, 8. an .l. Lazarel. 1933, "1he sychololcal onsequences o
nemploymenL." 1be ootool of 5oclol lsycboloqy 62: 224-231.

[270]

[271]

mvv vowxwu{o om{k{k nx {uu{mnxlk@ nvxo nx klmnlv{vk w n{klnx{
u{mnxlk {x \lvxk

mllla alanou

A=+031T1

n epvtkp otkovotkp kplop kot ot erovoore. enp0erp poop kot
orporpytke noktorovv erovoorv orpv A0pvo

Aerpplo rp nopo0oo ovokolvop elvot vo eerooet rou erovoore
eoo ort ouv0pke otkovotkp kplop neptoorepo pvro
unokelevo rp nopo kotvvtkp ooo nou on ulororot rt
ouvenete rp. \ppotonotvro rpet 6ootko0 oove rpv
ovotonpoyoreuop rp vpp rou oov oopo rt epyootoke rou
enetple orpv oo, rov rpno nou op0pvouv evov yo nou oopo
rpv ero-onotktokp ouv0pkp rp norplo koroyyp rou kot rov rpno
nou tonpoyore0ovrot rpv veo erovooreurtkp ktvprtkrpro, 0o
npoono0pooue vo nopokoou0pooue rov rpno e rov onolo p
otkovotkp, kotvvtkp kot notrtkp peuorrpro rp kplop eropoerot,
oe rontk enlneo, orpv ovotonpoyoreuop rp erovooreurtkp
ouoytkrpro, e 6oop rt (ovonpootoptoeve) npoookle rv
ev rou yto otkovotkp kot kotvvtkp evrop ort kotvvle unoop.

Yxlmwzol{wx

1he economlc crlsls Lrlere Lhe enLrance o Lhe ree socleLy lnLo a
ramaLlcally lerenL chronoLope, ln Lhe sense o Lhe ralcal chane lL
brouhL Lo Lhe Lropes o lnLerpreLln, experlencln an narraLln reallLy.
1

apLure ln Lhe mlsL o enerallze lsorlenLaLlon an ear, brouhL
abouL by Lhe conLracLlon o Lhe publlc sphere an pollLlcal normallLy,
lmmlranLs, as Lhe mosL ulnerable soclal roup, became Lhe lrsL LareLs
o soclal lnLolerance (Llaos 2011). uch LareLln ls ery much ln
accorance lLh Lhe lscourse o Lhe sLaLe o emerency an Lhe sLaLe
o excepLlon: by aLLrlbuLln excepLlonal characLerlsLlcs Lo Lhe slLuaLlon
experlence, Lhe suspenslon o soclal an lnllual rlhLs ln Lhe name o

1
en Lhouh reerrln Lo llLerary crlLlclsm, 8achLlns noLlon o Lhe chronoLope ls useul
here. 8y brlnln a maLhemaLlcal concepL lnLo culLural sLules, he reers Lo slLuaLlons
here Llme becomes enser an space meeLs Lhe nees o hlsLorlcal reallLy. ln oLher
ors, he suesLs LhaL e can only unersLan Lhe ay experlence reallLy ls consLrucLe
aL Lhe polnL here Lhe noLlons o Llme an space meeL. ln Lhls sense, ln reece, Lhe
economlc crlsls oes noL only aecL Lhe economlc, soclal an pollLlcal conlLlons, buL Lhe
ay lL pro[ecLs lLs lenLlLy Lo Lhe Lemporal conLlnulLy as ell. ee 8ahLln 191.
mllla alanou
[272]

saeLy are more easlly LoleraLe (Aamben 2003). 1hus lL prouces
precarlous lles, lles hlch alue less compare Lo oLhers an hlch are
on Lhe marlns o pollLlcal lle - ln oLher ors, lles less human (8uLler
2006).
1hls paper, base on lle sLorles narraLe by members o a mlranL
communlLy ln ALhens, aLLempLs Lo she llhL on Lhe mulLlple sub[ecLllLles
LhaL Lhe omlnanL lscourse conceals uner Lhe caLeory o precarlous
lle. Moreoer, Laln lnLo accounL LhaL sub[ecLllLy ls prouce ln a
ynamlc poer relaLlon, lL lll arue LhaL lerenL mlranL sub[ecLllLles
are obscure by Lhe use o a collecLle caLeory o Lhe lmmlranL. AL Lhe
same Llme hlle lmmlranLs are prouce ln publlc lscourse as a
anerous soclal caLeory, lmmlranLs Lhemseles prouce ne
sub[ecLllLles ln response.
2
ln oLher ors, hen normallLy ls upseL an
Lhere ls no ay o plannln Lhe uLure base on Lhe presenL, lL ls Lhe pasL
an Lhe lle experlence sub[ecLs Lurn Lo, seeln Lo mae meanlnul
narraLles o Lhelr lles an Lo prouce ne sub[ecLllLles base on Lhe
presenL (ora 2002).

`v xnmmnl{v w lv om{k{k {x mvvov nx {uu{mnxlk

1enslons an llculLles ln Lhe relaLlonshlp beLeen reece an
lmmlranLs are been consLanL slnce Lhe laLe 20
Lh
cenLury, l.e. slnce reece
became a esLlnaLlon counLry or mlranLs lnsLea o a counLry o
emlranLs. oeer, Lhe lssue ln quesLlon as noL Lhe lmmlranLs
presence ln Lhe counLry, buL Lhe conlLlons LhaL eLermlne lL (kln eL al.
1997, me oulopoulou 2007, lalolas kln 1996, 8alln ars
1997, 2003, eLronoLl 1993). ln oLher ors, hlle mlranL labor orce as
elcome Lo boosL a local economy LhaL aL Lhe Llme as roln an ln
nee o orln hans ln arlculLure an Lhe bullln lnusLry (ue Lo Lhe
rapl moe o Lhe naLle populaLlon Loars mlle class occupaLlons) aL
Lhe same Llme mlraLlon pollcles ere alme aL resLrlcLln Lhe posslblllLy
o Lhelr permanenL lncluslon lnLo Lhe naLlonal boy. lL as lLhln Lhls
conLexL LhaL speclal caLeorles o mlranLs lLh prlllee rlhLs Lo
naLlonallLy ere esLabllshe (or example Lhose ho ere eeme Lo be
o ree orlln, especlally Lhose belonln Lo Lhe ree mlnorlLy o
ouLhern Albanla an Lhe onLlan rees o Lhe ormer oleL nlon)
(8alLsloLls 2009, veremls eL al 1993, Zachou kaleranLe 2009).
1he llLeraLure on mlraLlon as shape accorlnly. MlraLlon as
reare an sLule as Lhe proo o Lhls successul course o Lhe naLlon -
unLll Lhe economlc crlsls chane Lhe narraLle o ree hlsLory rasLlcally

2
Cn Lhe ay lnllual an collecLle sub[ecLllLles are lnLerrelaLe an Lhe llmlLs o such
lnLerrelaLlon, see asserlnl 2007:33-33.

ree economlc crlsls an lmmlranLs
[273]

(aLzlprooplou 2003, kln eL al 2000, 8lbas-MaLeos 2004, loslles kln
199, lalolas 2000). 1he narraLle o Lhe successul sLaLe ae lLs place
Lo orlenLallzln an sel-orlenLallzln approaches, accorln Lo hlch
elclencles such as race an Lhe unlsclpllne characLer o Lhe rees
ere Lo blame or Lhe sLaLes epresslon (Llaos 2011). 1he cholces an
Lhe expecLaLlons o Lhe perlo LhaL precee epresslon (summarlze
symbollcally uner Lhe noLlon o reconsLlLuLlon an meanln Lhe sLaLe
LhaL as orme aLer Lhe oerLurn o Lhe mlllLary [unLa ln Lhe 1970s an
Lhe ormaLlon o a elare sLaLe) ere hel responslble or Lhe crlsls an
or moral corrupLlon. Alonsle, eeryLhln LhaL lmplle pleasure an
luxury (a core noLlon o Lhe years beore Lhe economlc crlsls) as
conemne. ln Lhls rame, lmmlranLs, ho ere Lhe proo o Lhe
ellbeln o Lhe prelous years, ere no LareLe as responslble or Lhe
economlc crlsls, or Lhe rees unemploymenL an poerLy an Lhe
lsrupLlon o Lhe soclal neL.

`v owuuzx{l

1hls arLlcle ls base on lle sLorles o alsLanl lmmlranLs ho are seLLle
ln Lhe area o Lhe ALhenlan suburb ea lonla. 1he alsLanl communlLy has
been consLanLly presenL ln Lhe lsLrlcL urln Lhe lasL LenLy years an lLs
members en[oy Lhe securlLy oere by Lhe holln o lon-Lerm permlLs o
reslence aLer Lhe leallzaLlon acLs ln 199 an 2003 (or aL leasL llcenses
LhaL nee Lo be renee eery le or Len years) (alou oularll
2009). 1hus, a core o permanenL lmmlranLs has orme lLsel ln Lhe area.
Aroun Lhls core necomers moe, usually assoclaLe lLh Lhe oler
lmmlranLs Lhrouh relaLlonshlps o lnshlp or proxlmlLy o place o orlln.
A consLanL lo o lnormaLlon an sollarlLy Lhrouh such neLors
proles access Lo Lhe labor mareL, usually ln Lhe bullln lnusLry, aL as
sLaLlons or as machlne operaLors. arLly ue Lo Lhe culLural caplLal brouhL
rom Lhelr counLry o orlln an parLly ue Lo experlences o eeryay lle
an Lhelr reneoLlaLlon ln Lhe conLexL o lnLlmaLe relaLlonshlps eelope
by reular, ace Lo ace conLacL beLeen members o Lhe local mlranL
communlLy, sLron local characLerlsLlcs are aLLrlbuLe Lo Lhe communlLy,
hlch lea mlranLs Lo rear lL as lerenL rom Lhe necomers ho
lle onLon ALhens
3

3
Cn Lhe slnllcance LhaL locallLy has or Lhe mlranL communlLles see: aLzlprooplou
2003:1043, assen 1993. Cn lnLlmaLe relaLlonshlps an Lhe rameor Lhey prole or Lhe
reneoLlaLlon o memory, see anorLh an van 8oeschoLen 2011. Cn Lhe ay mlranL
sub[ecLllLy ls orme beLeen Lhe counLry o orlln an LhaL o esLlnaLlon, see 8rah 1996,
esp. 17-192.
mllla alanou
[274]

1he lnlLlal phase o research (200-2009) as conucLe Lhrouh
parLlclpaLory lel obseraLlon an collecLlon o lle sLorles.
4
ALer LhaL,
reular conLacLs lLh communlLy members ere conLlnue. 8epeLlLle lle
narraLles ere collecLe ane, especlally (buL noL excluslely) hen
eelopmenLs ln Lhe pollLlcal an socleLal slLuaLlon mlhL hae le Lo
chanes ln Lhe ay mlranLs percele Lhelr lnLeraLlon lnLo Lhe local
communlLy. 1he narraLors ere selecLe by Lhe snoball meLho aroun
Lhe orllnal lnormanLs neLors. MosL o Lhe lnLerles ere conucLe
on a one Lo one basls (lLh an lnLerpreLer presenL aL some o Lhem, ho
sere a ouble role, beln aL Lhe same Llme a uaranLor or obLalnln
lnlLlal LrusL). Cnly ln some excepLlonal clrcumsLances, here Lhe lnLerle
coul benelL rom soclal lnLeracLlon beLeen communlLy members, Lhe
lnLerle Loo place lLh more Lhan one lnormanLs presenL. en Lhouh
Lhe sample o lnormanLs cannoL clalm Lo be represenLaLle o Lhe hole
alsLanl communlLy, hoeer, lL shes llhL on Lhe conlLlons uner
hlch lnllual or collecLle lnLerpreLaLlons o Lhe pasL all lnLo oblllon
or become re-acLlaLe, ln orer Lo mae lle meanlnul. ln oLher ors,
haL seems Lo be Lhe case here parLlclpaLory obseraLlon ln Lhe
communlLy urln Lhe lasL le years an Lhe collecLlon o successle lle
sLorles meeL, ls LhaL narraLles relaLe much more Lo Lhe presenL Lhan Lhe
pasL an LhaL Lhe lnormanLs raLher Lhan allln uner Lhe collecLle
caLeory o lmmlranLs, are sub[ecLs LhaL consLlLuLe Lhe sub[ecLllLles
Lhrouh embole experlences, lLhln consLanLly reneoLlaLe neLors
o poer
3

m{k{k nx mno{ku

urln Lhe lnLerles on Lhe lmpacL o Lhe crlsls on mlranLs lles, Lo
ere Lhe maln axes aroun hlch parLlclpanLs ocuse Lhelr narraLles:
raclsm an lnsecurlLy assoclaLe lLh plannln a uLure ln Lhe counLry.
alsLanl experlence raclsL aLLlLues aalnsL Lhem ell beore Lhe
economlc crlsls broe ouL. 8aclsL aLLacs aalnsL Lhem hae reache a
cllmax slnce Lhe sprln o 2009, een Lhouh bac Lhen Lhey ere rarely
LareLe as 'anerous' by Lhe mela - Lhey ere raLher lcLlmlze as blln
LareLs o exLreme rlhL ln raclsL aLLacs (kampourl alanou 2009).
1hlns seem Lo hae chane raually aLer Lhe summer o 2009, parLlally
because o Lhe pollLlcal lslblllLy mlranLs clalme or Lhemseles urln
Lhe proLesLs or Lhe koran" an parLlally ue Lo Lhe lscusslon o ne
lelslaLlon concernln Lhe naLurallzaLlon o lmmlranLs, LhaL prooe Lhe

4
1hls phase o Lhe research as une by a LaLsls lounaLlon scholarshlp.
3
ee also: An l conLemporary mlranL populaLlons are noL Lo appear as muLe, passle
sLras ln Lhe pollLlcal-economlc lns, e nee Lo llsLen Lo a le rane o Lrael sLorles
(noL Lrael llLeraLure ln a boureols sense) (llor 1992:110).
[273]

reacLlons o Lhe conseraLles an Lhe rlhL ln pollLlcal parLles (2009-
2010).
6
1rlere by Lhese Lo eenLs an ln Lhe rameor o an
economlc crlsls LhaL became pollLlcal an le Lo a lspuLe, as ell as
lsLrusL Loars Lhe pollLlcal sysLem, Lhe consLrucLlon o lmmlranLs as a
anerous lnsLea o a lcLlmlze soclal roup as easy Lo happen,
especlally or Lhose lmmlranLs hose lerence as "lslble".
7

ln Lhe narraLles o mlranLs urln Lhe economlc crlsls, raclsm no
loner ls Lrace excluslely aL Lhe exLreme rlhL-ln aLLacs aalnsL Lhem.
8aclsm can no be Lrace aL Lhe cenLer o eeryay speech an behalor,
aL leasL or a lare parL o Lhe clLy's reslenL (Llaos 2012).
ubsLanLlallzaLlon o sln color, alonsle lLh connoLaLlons o culLural an
moral lnerlorlLy are no a cenLral parL o eeryay experlences o
alsLanls ln ea lonla. WheLher ln Lhelr eallns lLh publlc serlces, or
hen usln publlc LransporL or slmply hen presenL ln publlc spaces, Lhe
lscourse abouL Lhe "blacs" ho "hae Laen our [obs an no een are
Lo hae clalms are on Lhe ally aena. 1he sLraLey mlranLs preer ln
orer Lo respon Lo such ob[ecLlons ls by narraLln Lhelr moral superlorlLy
s "corrupLlon", hlch ls lee as an emlnenL characLerlsLlc o ree
socleLy ln crlsls. sln haL Mary Loulse raLL has calle "sel-eLhnoraphlc
Lechnlques," Lhey reerse Lhe caLeorles asslne Lo Lhem, by raln

6
urln 2009 raclsL senLlmenLs an aLLacs aL ALhens became enser, parLlally because o
Lhe upcomln elecLlons or Lhe uropean arllamenL an Lhe conseraLle oernmenLs
aLLempL Lo mae alllances lLh Lhe mosL conseraLle parL o lLs consLlLuency. AnLl-
lmmlranL aLLacs ere LoleraLe an Lhe pollce oranlze seepln operaLlons
onLon ALhens .When our mlranLs, resemblln ouLh Aslans an noL seemln Lo
belon Lo Lhe hanul o Lhose securely lnLeraLe ln Lhe ree proucLlon process, ere
sub[ecLe Lo a boy search, ln one o Lhese operaLlons, a pollceman oun, Lore up an
sLompe on a ole plece o paper on hlch exLracLs o Lhe Curan ha been rlLLen. As a
resulL, Musllm lmmlranLs oer Lhe nexL Len ays sLae proLesLs ln onLon ALhens,
emanln respecL or Lhelr culLural lenLlLy an relllous reeom.
ln 2009 a ne lelslaLlon la as propose ln reece, accorln Lo hlch mlranLs LhaL
ha been presenL ln Lhe counLry or a subsLanLlal number o years coul, uner cerLaln
preconlLlons, become ree clLlzens. 1he same la prole LhaL chllren o lmmlranLs
born ln reece coul be naLurallze. lL as, ln Lhls sense, Lhe lrsL Llme LhaL clLlzenshlp as
lsconnecLe rom Lhe rlhL o bloo an connecLe Lo pollLlcal naLurallzln processes. lL
Lhereore prooe reaL reslsLance by Lhe mosL conseraLle parLs o Lhe socleLy. lor a
crlLlcal approach o Lhe naLurallzaLlon acL an Lhe noLlon o clLlzenshlp, see hrlsLopoulos
2010.
7
8allbar noLes LhaL raclsm shoul be unersLoo as a conllcLual relaLlonshlp lLh Lhe sLaLe.
1hls conllcLual relaLlonshlp ls pro[ecLe, ln a lsLorLe ay, aalnsL Lhe CLher, LareLln
hlm as anerous. e conLlnues Lo arue LhaL, ln uropes case, Lhe lnelclenL
characLerlsLlcs o Lhe , LhaL seems Lo resLraln lLsel only Lo lln a pollLlcal orm Lo Lhe
mareLs unllcaLlon lLhouL Laln care Lo creaLe consclousness o pollLlcal unllcaLlon (an
experlmenL lLh no hlsLorlcal preceenL), ls Lhe basls or Lhe conllcLual relaLlonshlp
beLeen Lhe sLaLe an lLs clLlzens, an Lhereor raclsm ls unaolable unless pollLlcal
eclslons are Laen. ee 8allbar 1991:13. Cn a lscusslon o precarlous lles an Lhe
consLrucLlon o Lhe sLereoLype o Musllm anerousness, see 8uLler 2006, aber 200.
mllla alanou
[276]

rom Lhe oranlzaLlonal lscourse an Lhe alues o Lhe socleLy hlch
LareLs Lhem.
1he Lo examples LhaL ollo lll help Lo mae clear Lhe

ay ln hlch mlranLs eal lLh Lhe neaLle sLereoLypes lmpose upon
Lhem:

eots oqo, lo 00J, oteJ fot o coteotet. My boss olJ me teqolotly bot
comloloeJ tbot be JlJot qlve me tbe soclol secotlty stoms. moJe o comlolot
to tbe soclol secotlty setvlces. t os oot tbot oeeJeJ tbe stoms fot my etmlt of
teslJeoce, ost tbot lt os oot tlqbt. os colleJ to tbe coott jcommlttee] ooJ
eloloeJ to tbem tbot ve my mooey qot, bot lt os oot tlqbt fot tbe stote.
love teece, tbls coootty qove me fooJ, lt ls oot tlqbt bot boeoeJ. 8ot os
oot olloeJ to seo, os moceJ bots yoot toblem sloce yoo olteoJy qot
yoot mooey .. Ooly tbe beoJ of tbe commlttee solJ. 1ell me boy bot yoo bove
to soy tbls loJ tols cottectly ooJ tbeo be colleJ my boss fot eloootloos. 8ot
be oevet sboeJ o be ooly tooq me oo tbe booe ooJ soe to me vety boJly.
Net tlme eot to tbe commlttee tolJ tbem tbot os oot lyloq ooJ tbot coolJ
tove lt. e coolJ qo toqetbet to o boose bove oteJ oo, ooJ, ltboot eotetloq
tbe boose ltb tbem, tell tbem lo Jetolls bo tbe cobootJs lo tbe ltcbeo ote.
8ot coot qet oootbet Joy off ot to come to tbe commlttee oqolo, becoose
oot qet olJ. 1be teosoo come to tbe commlttee ls fot teeces soe, becoose
Jo oot oot slmllot tbloqs to lolstoo to boeo bete. 1bete, tbe eole otloq
fot tbe stote stole tbe mooey (tbey ete oot qooJ eole) ooJ yoo oo bot
boeoeJ ... oot let teece become tbe some. (Mohamma, 43, lnLerle on 9
Aprll 2012)

beo e fltst come to tbls boose, tbe loJy oet Joot JlJot lle os ot oll. e ete
olleos, ooJ ooly meo ... sbe oolJ tefet to bove tee oelqbboots. 5o, sbe et
oo soyloq tbloqs oboot tbe oy oot fooJ smells ooJ comlololoq oboot tbe sboes
e left ootslJe tbe Joot. e solJ ootbloq. veo beo sbe colleJ tbe ollce ooJ
occoseJ os of moloq tbe oll collose becoose e ot o ooll oo lt, e solJ
ootbloq oqolo. e beleJ bet bollJ tbe oll oqolo. ltb tlme sbe ooJetstooJ tbot
e ote olce eole ooJ tbot e Joot lle ttooble. No, sbe qove os tbese lotes
tbot sbe os qlveo ot tbe soetmotet jos o qlft, becoose of sometbloq sbe
booqbt] bot sbe Joesot oeeJ. 5be ls mote ftleoJly oo. (1areque, 3, lnLerlee
on 20 Aprll 2012)

1he paLLern LhaL emeres rom such narraLles ls Lhe mlsunersLoo moral
superlorlLy o alsLanl lmmlranLs - a moral superlorlLy LhaL ls parLlally
lnLeraLe ln an lnLerpreLe by Lhelr relllous lenLlLy. As Mohamma
sLaLe ln Lhe aboemenLlone sLory: "a oo alsLanl ls a oo Musllm,
an Lhe oo Musllm ls slncere, honesL an peaceul".

Mary Loulse raLL has colne Lhe Lerm sel eLhnoraphlc expresslons Lo reer Lo Lhe ay
subalLern populaLlon use Lhe colonlal lscourse or Lhelr sel represenLaLlons (raLL
1992:7).
[277]

m{k{k nx lv n{klnx{k wm{x {vk

1he economlc crlsls an Lhe ay mlranLs experlence lL ls lnLeraLe lnLo
Lhelr sLorles ln Lo lnLerrelaLe ays. Cn Lhe one han lL ls narraLe as a
personal experlence accompanle lLh Lhe sLraLeles chosen by Lhe
sub[ecL Lo eal lLh lL. Cn Lhe oLher, Lhelr narraLles may seem Lo be
eLache rom Lhe LrllallLles o Lhe crlsls an arLlculaLe an arumenL on
Lhe reasons LhaL prooe Lhe crlsls. ln LhaL sense, Lhey eep or
Lhemseles a poslLlon on Lhe llmlLs o "belonln" an "noL belonln",
clalmln LhaL Lhey recall memorles rom Lo culLural conLexLs, noL really
belonln ully Lo nelLher (assoun 1996).
When manaln Lhe crlsls on a personal leel, mlranLs see
alLernaLles Lhrouh Lhe reneoLlaLlon o Lhelr mlraLlon hlsLory. 1helr
narraLles ln Lhls phase approach Lhelr lles rom a lerenL perspecLle
Lhan beore, malnly because Lhey seem Lo rely more on human aency
Lhan on sLrucLural causallLy.
9
ln Lhe ne narraLles uncerLalnLy an lullLy
are much more presenL. o, no or Lhe lrsL Llme Lhey are Lalln noL only
abouL Lhe llculLles Lhey ere experlencln beore choosln Lo emlraLe
or Lo a nosLallc lmae o Lhelr homelan, buL or Lanlble alLernaLle lle
cholces LhaL many o Lhem leL behln choosln Lo mlraLe. Local rlalrles
an corrupLlon o poer, personal sLorles abouL eorLs Lo oercome
rlllLles o local communlLles an Lhe ay Lhey ere unermlne are
eLalls prelously omlLLe rom Lhe narraLles as lrreleanL, buL
neerLheless lllusLraLe cholces ln llhL o aency an sub[ecLllLy:

nete ot ot coosttoctloos os o qlolet. 8ot tbls ls oot my ob. lt os oot beo
os lo lolstoo. oseJ to be o teocbet. ot llttle cbllJteo. 8ot eJocotloo ls oot
qooJ lo tbe vllloqes. AoJ ooteJ sometbloq bettet. boJ my oo scbool
tlvote scbool. AoJ lJs oseJ to come tbete. os oot teocbloq tbem ooly
tellqloos eJocotloo. Mote tbloqs. 8ot oeeJeJ mooey, o lot of mooey fot tbe
scbool (lt os oot my bollJloq yoo see). AoJ ooboJy beleJ. oo see, tbey JlJ oot
lle lt. 1bey Jo oot lle lJs to qet eJocoteJ. 5o boJ to qo. ot bete, moe
mooey, ooJ seoJ boc. stlll bove my scbool tbete bove otbet teocbets tbete
otloq. 8ot bove to soott ftom bete. 1bloqs Jo oot cbooqe eoslly. (nosolo 4J,
lotetvleeJ oo 1..01)

Moreoer, lL ls Lhe lrsL Llme mlranLs reer Lo mlraLlon as a sLraLey o
enhancln Lhe amlly lncome. ln Lhls rame, as ar as Lhey are unable Lo
conLrlbuLe as much Lo Lhe househol ln alsLan, Lhelr cholce Lo mlraLe
becomes ealue ln Lhe eyes o Lhelr amllles.

beo e left bome, e seot mooey boc evety mootb. e soveJ fot bollJloq tbe
fomlly boose tbete ooJ sootteJ oot oteots, oot fomllles ooJ yoooqet

9
AbouL Lhe ay alsLanl lmmlranLs relaLe lLh Lhelr orln lles Lhe years beore Lhe
economlc epresslon ln reece see alanou 2012.
mllla alanou
[27]

slblloqs.8ot oo, e Joot bove eoooqb mooey to seoJ boc. e Joot bove
eoooqb mooey to llve oo bete. Mooy of os ote ooemloyeJ. AoJ oot oteots ooJ
lves comlolo. 1bey oot os boc. 1bey see oo ose lo os beloq obtooJ.
(MobommoJ J5, lotetvleeJ oo .1.01)

An lnally, Lhelr narraLles also relecL a LranslLlon process LhaL occurs ln
Lhelr counLrles o orlln rearln Lhe amblalence beLeen personal
cholces an Lhe emans o LralLlon. uch amblalence usually ls
prooe by lmaes o Lhe WesL, parLlcularly Lhose assoclaLe lLh ener
lenLlLles an sexual reeom, LransmlLLe by Lhe oler lmmlranLs urln
Lhelr Lrlps - lmaes LhaL, rearless o Lhelr exaeraLlon, encourae Lhe
youn ones Lo mlraLe, een l economlc clrcumsLances seem less
aorable.

ll be booest ltb yoo oo yoo fot so mooy yeots, so leose fotqlve me,
becoose yoo ote o omoo too, bot oot lle tbot. oooq ooes tbot come bete
oo tbot ecooomlcolly lt ls oot eosy ooy mote oo mooey ooJ oo obs. 8ot tbey
qet eclteJ ftom tbe lolstools tbot tetoto fot vlsltloq ooJ oot to btoq oboot
tbemselves. oo oo oot coootty ls coosetvotlve oo fllttloq, oo seool
telotloosbls befote mottloqe. AoJ eJJloqs ote JeclJeJ by tbe oteots. 8ot bete,
lo teece, lo otoe, omeo ote so Jlffeteot. Joot tblo lts tlqbt, tbe oy tbey
Jtess, tbe oy tbey telote ltb meo, bot tbls ls bo lt ls. ooJ yoo coo be ltb o
omeo eoslly.. 1bots tbe oy tbe yoooqet ooes come leose Joot qet
offeoJeJ. (sbtot 45, lotetvleeJ oo 5..01)

omeo ote so Jlffeteot bete lo teece yoo tblo tbey love yoo, tbey cteote
telotloosbls ltb yoo (tbots bot yoo tblo), bot tbey ooly cote oboot mooey. f
yoo coot qlve tbem mooey, tbey leove yoo. oo, lt boeoeJ to me. lt losteJ
sl mootbs. Oot omeo ote Jlffeteot tbey oo bot botJsbl ls. tbey ote fot
fomllles. 8ot yoo most motty tbem lts tbe ooly oy. (1oteoe 41, lotetvleeJ
oo 7.J.010)

_lmnlv{vk lwnmk lv vowxwu{o om{k{k

1he mlranLs aLLempLs Lo lnLerpreL Lhe economlc crlsls are closely llne
Lo Lhe sLraLeles Lhey eelop Lo eal lLh lL. ome reer Lo Lhe en o a
cycle an Lhelr abanone expecLaLlons Lo permanenLly seLLle ln Lhe
counLry, brlnln alon Lhelr amllles. 1helr plan no ls Lo reLurn Lo
alsLan an lnesL ln buslness Lhere Lhe uns Lhey ha aLhere or Lhelr
ne lles ln reece. CLhers choose Lo Lell Lhelr lle sLory Lhrouh a
narraLlon paLLern o onoln moblllLy: Lhelr nexL sLop lll be anoLher
uropean counLry, here Lhey lll once aaln be "unocumenLe" an lll
eep reLurnln reularly Lo reece ln orer Lo rene Lhelr or permlLs.
An oLhers, Lhose ho hae eelope sLroner Lles lLh Lhe counLry,
especlally Lhose ho are seLLle ln reece lLh Lhelr amllles or hae
alreay lle appllcaLlons or naLurallzaLlon, are amblalenL beLeen Lhe
eslre Lo sLay an Lhe ear LhaL Lhey lll aaln experlence excluslon. 1he
[279]

ay Lhey are experlencln Lhemseles ls aL Lhe same Llme as parL o an as
ouLslers Lo Lhe local socleLys collecLle sub[ecL.
1he lerences ln Lhe ay LhaL lmmlranLs poslLlon Lhemseles ln
Lhe crlsls rameor are ue Lo ob[ecLle lerences ln Lhelr soclal,
economlc an lle conlLlons o course, buL also relecL lerenL ays o
unersLanln LemporallLy. Cn Lhe one han Lhere are Lhose LhaL bellee
LhaL reLurnln Lo Lhelr counLry o orlln ls parL o Lhe Lrlp o mlraLlon -
Lhey leL ln orer Lo reLurn one ay. Cn Lhe oLher han, Lhere are Lhose
ho, hen eclln Lo mlraLe, leL lLhouL plannln Lo reLurn. 1hese Lo
concepLual rameors unell lerenL aLLlLues Loars mlraLlon an
Lhereore lerenL sub[ecLllLles are orme, base on Lhese aLLlLues.
(arLo 2001:13-40). ln oLher ors, lL ls oblous LhaL Lhe cholce beLeen
reLurnln Lo alsLan, sLayln ln reece or conLlnuln Lhe Lrlp Loars
anoLher uropean counLry oes noL epen only on aallable neLors.
reerrln one cholce oer Lhe oLher (an Lhus usln Lhe releanL neLor)
epens larely on Lhe ay Lhe lnllual poslLlons hlmsel Loars each
o Lhese roups aL Lhe len momenL. ln oLher ors, haL emeres rom
Lhe ay alsLanls o ea lonla narraLe Lhelr lle sLorles ls LhaL Lhe ays ln
hlch Lhey lnLeraLe Lhe experlence o Lhe crlsls lnLo Lhelr narraLlon o
Lhelr oerall mlraLlon narraLle, epens Lo a lare exLenL noL only on Lhe
economlc conlLlons, buL also on Lhe menLal canas Lhrouh hlch Lhey
mae meanlnul Lhe cholce Lo mlraLe ln Lhe lrsL place. ln Lhls conLexL,
hen Lhe eclslon Lo mlraLe as mae as a amlly sLraLey Lo empoer
Lhe househols economy, Lhen Lhe eclslon Lo reLurn home because o
Lhe economlc onLurn ls ery much lslble on Lhe horlzon. CpposlLely,
hen Lhe lnlLlal cholce o mlraLlon ls assoclaLe lLh pollLlcal harshlps,
repaLrlaLlon oes noL seem Lo be a cholce o preerence, een l Lhere are
amllles an chllren leL behln. ln Lhls case moln orar Lo anoLher
counLry, seems Lo be Lhe mosL approprlaLe cholce. lL ls only ln cases here
Lles lLh reece seem Lo be sLron, especlally aLer haln chllren ln Lhe
counLry, LhaL Lhe lnlLlal reason LhaL le Lo mlraLlon seems Lo become less
lmporLanL ln eclln Lhe sLraLeles Lo eal lLh Lhe economlc crlsls. ln
Lhese cases, lL seems LhaL alsLanls eL enae ln explorln Lhe causes o
Lhe crlsls. Moe by Lhelr currenL experlences, Lhey recall comparable
slLuaLlons ln Lhelr home counLry, hlch reer malnly Lo Lhe uncLlonln o
Lhe sLaLe an hlch Lhey ln Lo hae a sLrucLural basls an Lo be sLrllnly
slmllar. Cn Lhls basls, Lhey seem Lo hol or Lhemseles a prlllee
poslLlon Lo aln unersLanln o Lhe crlsls, slnce Lhey are able Lo
reconlze an lenLly arnln slns o Lhe crlsls base on Lhelr
experlences aL home. eerLheless, Lhey conLlnue Lo experlence
conLlnuously Lhe amblalence o Lhelr allen slLuaLlon: Lhe amblalenL
allenaLlon o Lhe sub[ecL hose sub[ecLllLy ls consLrucLe as a blnary
opposlLlon Lo Lhe laul clLlzen ue Lo Lhe ery experlence o mlraLlon:
mllla alanou
[20]

Lhe "llleal" rouLe o enLerln Lhe counLry, Lhe llculL relaLlonshlp lLh
Lhe auLhorlLles, Lhe permlL o reslence, llln beLeen Lo lanuaes an
Lo culLures, Lhe nee or memory ln orer Lo presere a coherenL
lenLlLy, Lhe ream o lnLeraLlon (hambers 1994:6).

wxozk{wxk

8ealn Lhese narraLles ouL o Lhe lnLerpreLle rameor o Lhe
omlnanL lscourse proles aluable lnslhLs on Lhe ay Lhey become a
Lool lLh hlch Lhe alsLanls nelLher comply lLh nor reslsL Lhe lmpose
resLrlcLlons, buL orm alLernaLle sub[ecLllLles lnLerrelaLe boLh lLh Lhe
ay Lhey experlence Lhelr presenL an Lhe ay Lhey aLLempL Lo lnLeraLe
Lhese experlences ln a meanlnul narraLlon o Lhelr pasL. More Lhan lLs
consequences on Lhe economlc leel, Lhe crlsls has neaLlely aecLe Lhe
mlranLs by separaLln Lhem rom Lhe naLle or orce an classly Lhem
lnLo a ne, speclal, concepLual caLeory, LhaL o "lnaers anerous Lo
socleLy an Lhe naLlon". lmmlranLs subsLlLuLe Lhe concepL o Lhe ol
boureols uropean Lraelers, buL Lhey ere consLrucLe as a neaLle
lmae. (llor 1992, kaplan 1996). 1hey ere concepLuallze as Lhe
lnLernal parlah o neollberal socleLles. 1he lslblllLy, hlch as parL o Lhelr
moemenL rom "elsehere", as balance by Lhe creaLlon o lerenL
menLal maps an heLeroLoplas lLhln clLles (loucaulL 200b). ln Lhls ay,
Lhe quesLlonln o Lhelr ery humanlLy as ae Lo Lhelr economlc
explolLaLlon. ln oLher ors, Lhelr rlhL Lo be lnclue lnLo Lhe soclal boy
as quesLlone. WlLh Lhe prealence o a lscourse reerrln Lo melcal
paLholoy, LhaL reare Lhe socleLy as lsease, Lhose ho ere
marlnallze an exclue rom Lhe soclal boy, ere no use ln orer
Lo conlrm, Lhrouh Lhelr excluslon, Lhe essenLlal purlLy o Lhe paLlenL
(MarlnloLl 2011). WlLh Lhe expulslon o mlranLs, alon lLh Lhe lllness
Lhey brln lLh Lhem, Lhe paLlenL oul be sae. AparL rom lmmlranLs,
Lhe poor, Lhe unemploye, ru alcLs, Lhe slc oul also hae Lo be
exclue - all caLeorles LhaL are a buren an lnecL Lhe socleLy an
compllcaLe Lhe cure. WhaL seems Lo be Lhe case, aL leasL by Lhe ay
lmmlranLs are eoe ln omlnanL lscourse hen ealln lLh Lhe
economlc crlsls, ls LhaL ln a process LhaL lll alm Lo consLrucL an manae
aL Lhe same Llme moral panlc ln orer Lo malnLaln Lhe oernmenLallLy o
Lhe soclal roups LhaL come closer Lo normallLy, Lhe llln llnes lll
eepen, an oLher soclal roups lll be LareLe, exclue an monlLore
(loucaulL 2007, 200a ALhanaslou 2011).
ln Lhls sense, Lhe ays ln hlch lmmlranLs are reelnln Lhelr
sub[ecLllLy ln Lhe conLexL o Lhe economlc crlsls, ls releanL Lo much
broaer soclal sLraLa. WhaL ls aL sLae ls noL Lhelr eLhnlc or culLural
lerence (as as Lhe case, or example, hen Lhey ere clalmln Lhe
[21]

rlhL Lo pracLlce Lhelr relllon), buL Lhe acL LhaL Lhelr ery humanlLy ls ery
much quesLlone an LhaL Lhelr lles are reare as precarlous. An lL
seems LhaL oLher soclal roups LhaL are near Lhe marlns o socleLy
experlence slmllar conLroersles. lL ls lnLeresLln LhaL Lhrouh Lhelr
narraLles alsLanls ocus exacLly on human aency, conlrmln Lhe
prlorlLy o Lhe sub[ecL aalnsL Lhe sLrucLural eLermlnaLlons o hlsLory.
1he sLorles o alsLanl lmmlranLs ln ea lonla oer anoLher
example o Lhe ay ln hlch, ln slLuaLlons here soclal llslons an
excluslons are lmpose, sub[ecLs, raLher Lhan complyln or reslsLln,
prouce mulLlple orms o oLherness an reelne Lhe neLors lLhln
hlch poer ls prouce (lreoso habram 197 llroy 1991). More
Lhan beln base on Lhe lle experlence o Lhe mlraLlon slLuaLlon ln Lhe
hosL counLry, Lhe reneoLlaLlon reconsLrucLs a narraLle LhaL connecLs Lhe
pasL lLh Lhe uLure base on Lhe expecLaLlon o soclal lnLeraLlon (Llaos
alanou 2010). 8oLh narraLles o Lhe pasL an Lhose o Lhe presenL are
reneoLlaLe epenln on Lhe erslon o Lhe expecLe uLure LhaL seems
more lable. ln Lhls sense, ln Lhe sense o Lhe reneoLlaLlon o a narraLle
epenln on Lhe posslblllLy o beln able Lo lsuallze Lhe asplre
remalnln ln Lhe soclal neLor or Lhe eare excluslon, Lhe mulLlple
ynamlcs LhaL emere rom Lhe mlranLs narraLles shoul be
conLexLuallze lnLo an onoln proceure o reneoLlaLlon o poer
relaLlons an sub[ecLllLles LhaL Laes place beLeen an lLhln soclal
roups ho experlence Lhe crlsls o neollberal 'normallLy'.

[vvmvxovk

Aamben, . 2003. 5tote of cetloo. nlerslLy o hlcao ress.
ALhanaslou, ALhlna (0ovootou, 0qv). 2011. "Lntc\coct q
puoqo kot ou kotvuvtkou pouoo." ln tokotvvtkrpre.
Oeppoet orpv Av0pnooylo rp yelo, elLe by 0qv
0ovootou. 0qvo: nqoo.
8achLln, M. 191. "lorms o 1lme an o Lhe hronoLope ln Lhe oel:
oLes Loar a lsLorlcal oeLlcs." ln 1be loloqlc moqlootloo.
oot ssoys. 4-23. AusLln: nlerslLy o 1exas ress.
8alln-ars, MarLln. 1997. "1he merln uropean lmmlraLlon
8elme: ome 8elecLlons on lmpllcaLlons or ouLhern urope."
cM5. ootool of commoo Motet 5toJles 33, no. 4: 497-319.
mllla alanou
[22]

8alln-ars, MarLln. 2003. "1he lnLeraLlon o lmmlranLs ln ALhens:
eelopln lnlcaLors an LaLlsLlcal Measures." MeJltettooeoo
Mlqtotloo Obsetvototy-nk ooJ looteloo olvetslty, Atbeos.
8alLsloLls, Lampros (Mno\otuq, Anpo). 2009. " ovok\uq uv
vcuv L\\qvuv. t ncptnuoct uv koykoou(uv kot uv
"ovtuv" q 1oupkto." ln Merovoore kot etovrpre. Ayo
kot notrtke, elLe by 0qv zkou\optkq Mt\o ou\ou. 141-
93. 0qvo: 8t\topoo.
8allbar, . 1991. "s lbL kelnen LaaL ln uropa: 8aclsm an ollLlcs ln
urope 1oay." Ne left kevle 16: 3-19.
8rah, ALar. 2003 (1996
1
)cottoqtobles of losoto. cootestloq Jeotltles.
1aylor lrancls.
8uLler, !. 2006. ltecotloos llfe. 1be loets of Mootoloq ooJ loleoce.
verso 8oos.
hambers, l. 1994. Mlqtoocy, coltote, Jeotlty. sycholoy ress.
hrlsLopoulos, lmlLrls (ptoonou\o, Aqqpq). 2010. " cnocvq cpo
q c\\qvtkq t0oycvcto: Mto coontoq oo kou\t ou
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hLLp:.Lhesels.comlnex.phpopLloncomconLenLLasl
el1113lLeml29.
llor, !ames. 1992. "1raelln ulLures." ln coltotol 5toJles, elLe by
Larence rossber, ary elson an aula 1relchler. 96-116.
Lonon: 8ouLlee.
anorLh, L.M., an 8. van 8oeschoLen. 2011. cbllJteo of tbe tee clvll
ot. kefoqees ooJ tbe lolltlcs of Memoty. nlerslLy C hlcao
ress.
me-oulopoulou, lra. 2007. 1be Mlqtotloo cbolleoqe (lo tee). ALhens:
apazlsls.
lalolas, 8osseLos, an 8ussell kln. 1996. "mlraLlon, 8eLurn,
lmmlraLlon: A 8ele an aluaLlon o reeces osLar
xperlence o lnLernaLlonal MlraLlon." otetootloool ootool of
loolotloo eoqtoby 2, no. 2: 171-90.
lalolas, 8osseLos. 2000. "MlraLlon an nrelsLere Labour ln Lhe ree
conomy." ln lJotoJo ot otttess, Mlqtotloo lo 5ootbeto otoe,
elLe by 8. kln, . Lazarlls an h. 1saranlls. 37-7. Lonon:
Macmlllan.
loucaulL, Mlchael. 2007. 5ecotlty, 1ettltoty, loolotloo. lectotes ot tbe
colleqe e tooce, 19771978 e or: alrae Macmlllan.
loucaulL, Mlchael. 200a. 1be 8lttb of 8loolltlcs. lectotes ot tbe colleqe
e tooce, 1978--1979 e or: alrae Macmlllan.
loucaulL, Mlchael. 200b. "C CLher paces (1967)." ln netetotolo ooJ
tbe clty. lobllc 5oce lo o lostclvll 5oclety, elLe by Mlchlel
ehaene an Lleen e auLer. 13-29: 8ouLlee.
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203-216.
llroy, . 1991. "lL Aln'L Where ou're rom, lL's Where ou're AL." 1bltJ
1et 3, no. 13: 3-16.
arLo, l. 2001. Memotles of OJysseos. tootlet 1oles ftom Aocleot
teece. nlerslLy o hlcao ress.
assoun, !acques. 1996. 1o kovrponovro 1p Mvpp. 0qvo: Lvo.
aLzlprooplou, . 2003. "Albanlan lmmlranLs ln 1hessalonll, reece:
rocesses o conomlc an oclal lncorporaLlon." ootool of etbolc
ooJ mlqtotloo stoJles 29, no. 6: 1033-37.
loslles, 1heooros, an 8ussell kln. 199. "oclo-paLlal ynamlcs an
xcluslon o 1hree lmmlranL roups ln Lhe ALhens onurbaLlon."
5ootb otoeoo 5oclety ooJ lolltlcs 3, no. 3: 203-29.
kampourl, elll, an mllla alanou. 2009."ulLure, lenLlLy an
MoemenL: A Luy ln Lhe oclal AnLhropoloy o Lhe eryay Lle
an opular 8epresenLaLlons o MlranLs rom alsLan ln ea
lonla." LaLsls lounaLlon, 2009.
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lslocemeot. ue nlerslLy ress.
kln, 8., . Lazarlls, an .. 1saranles. 2000. lJotoJo ot otttess.
Mlqtotloo lo 5ootbeto otoe. alrae MacMlllan.
kln, 8ussel, AnLhony llelln, an 8lchar 8lac. 1997. "1he lnLernaLlonal
MlraLlon 1urnaroun ln ouLhern urope." ln 5ootbeto otoe
ooJ tbe Ne mmlqtotloos, elLe by 8. kln an 8. 8lac. 1-23:
ussex Acaemlc ress.
Llaos, AnLonls (Atko, vuvq). 2011. "Mcptkc tcc yto vo okcouc
qv kptoq toopctk." 8oos' ootool 6 .
Llaos, AnLonls (Atko, vuvq). 2012. "ou ptokovot o Akpo." ln,
v0eoro Auyp (29.4.2012).
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oernmenLallLy. A 1ale o 1o MlranL ommunlLles." ln
cltleosbl ooJ Jeotltles. oclosloo, closloo, lottlclotloo, elLe
by Ann kaLherlne lsaacs. 133-72: lsa.
MarlnloLl, lmlLra (Mokpuvtuq Aqqpo). 2011.
"Lnovonpootopt(ovo o cu\uo qv cnoq q kptoq."
v0eoro Auyp (23.10.2011).
Mercer, k. 197. "8lac alrLyle ollLlcs." Ne otmotloos 3, no.
(lnLer): 33-36.
aber, alne. 200. "Loo, Mohamme Lhe 1errorlsL ls omln.". ln koce
ooJ Atob Ametlcoos befote ooJ oftet 911. tom ovlslble cltleos
mllla alanou
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nlerslLy ress, 276-304.
ora, . 2002. "1he 8easons or Lhe urrenL psure ln Memory." 1tooslt
otoolscbe kevoe 22.
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qulnox ub. LlmlLe
alou, MllLos - oularll, ALhlna (ou\ou, Mt\o- zkou\optkq, 0qv),
es. 2009. Merovoore kot etovrpre. Ayo kot notrtke.
elLe by kuvoovtvo 1otoc\tkq-Aqqpq ptoonou\o,
kMC 3-cptoo 8'. 0qvo: 8t\topoo.
eLronoLl, Marlna (cpovuq, Moptvo). 1993. 1o noprpolro to
tonotrtotkp oeop. kpuorooet, ppyoro,
ovokorookeue (e rp ouerop rp k. opkto). 0qvo: C-
LkkL-\c0pov.
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8ouLlee." Ne ot .
8lbas-MaLeos, . 2004. "o an We nersLan lmmlraLlon ln ouLhern
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63.
alanou, mllla. 2012. MlranLs lhLs: ub[ecLllLy an Aency o
Worln-lass alsLanl MlranLs ln ALhens, reece, "Worln
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Cral lsLory lorum 'hlsLolre orale.
hLLp:.oralhlsLoryorum.calnex.phpoharLlclele463
343.
assen, asla. 1993. "lmmlraLlon an Local Labor MareLs." ln 1be
cooomlc 5ocloloqy of mmlqtotloo, elLe by A. orLes.. e
or: 8ussel ae lounaLlon, 7-127.
veremls 1h., kouloupmls 1h., lolaopoulos ., (8cpcq C., kou\ounq
C., ntko\okonou\o .) e. 1993. O epvto rp A6ovlo.
0qvo: ovcntoqto 0qvuv - LAML.
Zahou, hrysa-kalerane aella (Zou, puoo-ko\cpvc Luoyyc\to).
2009. "t o\ovtkot ou\\oyot oqv L\\o: c0votkc outoct
kot kotvuvtko-no\ttotkot cooqotoot." ln Merovoore kot
etovrpre, elLe by Mt\o ou\ou-0qv zkou\optkq. 437-
93. 0qvo: kpttkq.

[23]

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nopouoo ovokotvuoq ckktvct kot oqpt(cot ot 0cupqtkc kot
c0oo\oytkc npooct oc ocoq c qv npooptkq toopto nou
tounuoc, nvc qq kov pct ckoctc, q octvqoq A\kq
kuptoktou-ncoopo. Lct ot vcocpot cv ctoc qv uq vo q
yvuptoouc, o\\ o0otvouc yto o cpyo kot qv nopouoto q ot
ov0puntotkc onouc oqv L\\o ono ou tkou o
ook\ouook\c kot ono o tooo o. Acv pct(cot, \otnov,
nop ovo vo 0utou qv npuonoptokq noq q ot q npooptkq
toopto ctvot to cntoqovtkq cvtkq kot yt ouo nopct vo
npootoptoct u ttotcpq cntoqovtkq npoktkq, u ncto oo onoto
toooupuvovot ov0puno\oytkot kot tooptkot npo\qotoot
(kuptoktou-ncoopo 19:233-23). pct(cot vo 0uoooc, \otnov,
ouqv qv (kooootkq yto qv cc\tq q npooptkq toopto oqv
L\\o) npoooq oo n\ototo ou nopovo ouvcptou, nou cot(ct oq
tcntoqovtkoqo kot t oqyqoct (uq oov 21
o
otuvo.

1
?noqto Atkup kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto Aooypoto, C, e-mall:
Lsarouch[hoLmall.com.
pqoo 1oopoutq
[26]

t cpcuvc q c\cuoto ckocto ou 20
ou
otuvo kot q
npuq ou 21
ou
npootoptoqkov kuptopo ono cvov ovoooootko
npo\qotoo nou cncctvc oo0cp oqv kpttkq copoyq q
cvtkq q npooptkq toopto, nopo\o nou q npooptkq toopto
otvcot vo cct kootu0ct u cntoqovtkq cttkoqo kot vo
ono\ovct nto o ocooo q okoqotkq kotvoqo, o\\ kot cct
npoko\coct cvovo cvtocpov yto npoktkc copoyc nou, ono q to
cpt, nopoktvouv oc cvtocpocvuv vo ououv qv toopto ou
kot, ono qv \\q ctoyouv oqv cknotcutkq totkooto, oc o\c t
o0tc cknotcuoq, q toktkq pqoq npooptkuv opuptuv c
ooo vo koovoqoouv kpttk ot o0qcotqc ek rv eo kot coo
ono kooycypocvc npoountkc opuptc kot ckqpto tucvq
cnctpto ycyovoo, totkootc kot ococt nou ko0optoov kot
ko0opt(ouv o tooptko ytyvco0ot oo nopc\0ov kot oo nopov.
zc ooo oko\ou0ouv 0o cntctpqou vo nopouotou tooptc,
tooptc (uq q o\q0ctc q o\q0tvc tooptc q tooptc o\q0cto
nou oopouv ou ocyou. ooptc (uq, q\oq npooptkq toopto
-\\uoc o q \qoovouc ot q npooptkoqo (orallLy) coko\ou0ct
vo ctvot ootko pono cntkotvuvto cou uv ov0punuv (1onln
1992:3), o pono q\oq yto vo nouc tooptc kot q tooptc (uq- kot
\too npooptkq toopto ov0punuv nou ovqkouv, q ovoyk(ovot
vo ovqkouv, q koo\qyouv vo ovqkouv, q cvooovot ck uv npoyuv
q ko ouv0qkq oc tov ono t n\cov cuoto0qc, o\\ kot pcuoc kot
uoctpoyuyqc, kotvuvtkc koqyoptc: ou ocyou (8urL
2004:233-239, 1oro !anlsse 2004:244-230). v, \otnov, q kpttkq pqoq
uv c0ouv q npooptkq toopto onoc\ct ovoykoto ouv0qkq yto
to coto cpcuvo, q ovoooootkq q 0cupqoq ctvot cntc\qcvq.
-cktvuvo qv cpcuv ou oq Ccooo\ovtkq o Ackcpto ou
2009
2
, tontouoo ot ot ocyot qov ctc oopoot ctc opo
ncpt0uptonotqcvot, oou q kotvuvto ou \cnct ovov oov kot
cooov ovoyk(cot vo vtuoct qv nopouoto ou, onoc kot ou
0cupct onok\ctotkou uncu0uvou yto qv kooooq oqv onoto
ptokovot. Lko ono qv kotvuvtkq ou unooooq ouv t0cot cv
otoqqoct okoq kot q ov0puntvq ou unooooq, oou 0cupouvot
onok\qpot, noptc, oo cko kotvuvtkou ouoo topot q ok0opot

2
1o (qqo uv oocyuv c onooo\ct cpcuvqtk ono o 2009 oo n\ototo q cv
cc\tct tokoptkq ou toptq c t\o 0voypolo oro pto. ooreyot orou
pou rp Oeoooovlkp, qv onoto cknovu oqv cttkoqo q kotvuvtkq
v0puno\oyto kot Aooypoto oo qo oopto kot poto\oyto ou C, c
cnt\cnouoo qv Lntkoupq ko0qyqpto k. L\cuvopo zkoucpq-Atook\ou kot c\q q
z.L. qv Lntkoupq ko0qyqpto oo tto qo, k. \cvpo Mnoko\kq kot ov k.
kuvoovtvo kouvq, Lntkoupo ko0qyqq oo qo kotvuvto\oyto ou ovcntoqtou
kpqq.
t tooptc q (uq kot ot ckoc q o\q0cto u otontoo ckqpto
[27]

q, onu 0o c\cyc q Mary oulas, cko onou u\q (maLLer ouL o place)
(oulas 2001). cpcuv ou npoockpouoc copq oq tuq noq
ot qov o tto o ouo uv oocyuv, u ouo\o q kotvuvtkq ou
ouoqo, nou ou c0cc, oou kot upt uvooqo
tonpoycuoq, cko kotvuvtkou ouoo. Lntn\cov, cctvov vo qv
couv koto uvooqo cntopoq oqv npoqyoucvq kovovtkq (uq.
to vo ctot nto okptq q noq nou kuk\oopouoc qov nu 0o
nopouoov ov noo otyq vo cntopcouv, o\\ oou ctov ot ttot
qv onok\ctotkq cu0uvq q ncpt0uptonotqcvq 0coq ou, 0o cnpcnc
vo ovo\ouv kot qv cu0uvq vo kcptoouv (kot ot vo tcktkqoouv) qv
cnovoop ou.
3
Mc cotpcoq q oq0cto nou nopcouv oq
ouykckptcvq koqyopto ov0punuv ot Mq kucpvqtkc pyovuoct
(Mk) kot ot cvoptokc cntponc q ot qpono\ct, ocov o\ot ot
ocyot ou onotou ouvvqoo qov onok\qpot kot 0o nopccvov
onok\qpot, ou\toov cu oou onoot(ov ot ttot, q\oq
c0c\ouotu, vo cnovcvo0ouv oqv kotvuvto uv tuv ov0punuv,
onu qv opokqpt(ct ctpuvtk cvo ono ou n\qpoopqc ou, o
ntko, ocyo cu kot cko povto.
Auo povto kuvqyu oktc nou tocuyouv. Auo povto
toooupuvoot c oktc nou 0c\ouv vo t\ouv, vo \cvc qv toopto
ou, vo \cvc o nu kot o ytot. kot otvq, cv cou o0t otkovotkq
ucoq kot no\ttkq ovoouoq, ouotvct kt o ovonvco (q
ovocvocvo ko \\ou): ot ocyot ko0toovot opoot. kot ot
ovo:cntn\cov ytvovot ovtkctcvo ko0qcptvq ou(qqoq q
ou\toov qooto npoycuoq ou unou nou cntu\oooov o
MML kot, kuptu, q q\copooq oo kuptopo 0coo nou o koovo(ct
u kou q, o\\tu, u cntkotpoqo yto ooo ooo poouv o
cvtocpov. opu ctuvo ou 2011-2012 cuoc oo Mcoo Mo(tkq
Lvqcpuoq cvo 0co nou npoocpc uq\ noooo q\c0cooq:
ovotkot v0punot, v0punot upt ontt, upt poq ncptn\ovuvot -
kuptu q vuo, coo oo okot!- oc to noyucvq no\q!
8opuyounot t\ot ckovov qv cvtoq ou ko0qcptv oc o\o o
c\to ctqocuv kot ov 1uno. koo kot cknonc lle-sLyle ovt vo
t\ouv yto oocpc, ko\unouv ov q\contko povo c ckcvq
otcpuoo oou ocyou pqotonotuvo uno\qtkc ouotkc kot
ctkovc nou npoko\ouv ouyktvqoq. no v0punot koucpq q kot
cuc\ct unpct, ot ocyot cytvov uoutocvc uc kot
covooqkov v0punot kot \too ouvv0punot. pqoq ou
opou covooqkov, uotk, cv ctvot uoto. 1o 0co ckovc ov
kuk\o ou kot upo nto ot ouvv0punot coqkov. 1qv tto ncptoo

3
to o (qqo uv onoocuv, uv cnt\oyuv kot q ootkq cu0uvq \. ooocptvt
199:123-133
pqoo 1oopoutq
[2]

covt(cot qkot cvctvcot q poq kootkuv kuptu uv no\cuv nou
cnttovot oc cnto\\ocvc qkot unoktvoucvc t\ov0puntkc
pooqptoqc (ctc ytot nopct vo q0c\ov vo o kvouv o\\ cv
votonotouvov cpt oc, ctc ytot ctov ncto0ct ot o\ot nopct vo
koovqoouc cot kot po 0o npcnct vo oq0qoouc upo uoc vo o
ovonouoouv qv oq0cto oov kot ov knoc qv pctooouc). t
cvoptc ovokotvtoov ou upou ottoq npokctcvou vo upcoouv o
oyo0 nou ono upcc koc0ovov kot ot Mk pqkov qv cukotpto vo
tcktkqoouv cupunotk q kpotk cntooucvo npoypoo cot
uoc vo nopcoouv vo ovonokpt0ouv ot ovykc uv tkuv ou
oocyuv q vo ko\uouv \\c ouvoct q ot tkc ou ovykc.
zo oqcto ouo, \otnov, kot c ono to no\u ouvoq
nopouotooq q c0voypotkq nopoqpqoq oo ncto cpcuvo 0o
npcnct vo cnovocpu oq ou(qqoq qv npooptkq toopto kot
ouykckptcvo qv cvtkq q. zqv ncptnuoq uv oocyuv cv
unpouv kooycypocvc o\q0ctc. uo otvcot kot ono qv ncvtpq
t\toypoto. tot, ou, unpct coto otunq tot kovct cv
ooo\q0qkc c ouq qv koqyopto ov0punuv Mc noto pono 0o
nopouooc vo okouoouc kot t uvc ouuv uv ov0punuv
onvqoq oqv npuq cpuqoq ctvot nu ouq q otunq cnt\q0qkc
vu0cv. zo ytot kovct cv ooo\q0qkc c ouqv qv koqyopto 0o
nopouooc vo nouc nu tou otct q opyonopqcvq ctooo q
toopto ono o ku oqv L\\o. 1c\o, ooov oop t uvc
ouuv uv ov0punuv, q onvqoq ctvot to kot oct(cot c qv
cpotuoq q npooptkq toopto. ouvcvcuq, q cntonto cpcuvo kot
q nopoqpqoq 0o \cyoc nu onoc\ouv ovopoo yto ov cntoqovo
npokctcvou vo onokqoct unooooq q toroplo ouuv uv ov0punuv.
1qv ocpcountkq u\oqo uv ovuv oncvovt oc o,t tocpct ono
ou (c onotovqnoc pono kt ov tocpct) kot qv okoo nto o0t
pt(ucvq ovt\qq ncpt ooqovoqo q (uq ouuv uv
ncpt0uptonotqcvuv ouv cpovot vo o ovopcouv ot kookqoct
q npooptkq toopto, q c0voypoto kot q ov0puno\oyto.
ccoouc ou knoto ono o ootk (qqoo uv noponvu
ycvtkuv 0cocuv c oqcto ovoop qv ncptnuoq uv oocyuv. t
ovc oou onotou 0o ktvq0u ctvot o) q o\q0cto kot q
ovtkctcvtkoqo q npoyotkoqo uv tooptuv nou oqyouvot,
) q uvooqo yto to cpcuvo opctou kot y) o (qqo ou cv cc\tct
pouoo, o onoto cv cntpcnct oo unokctcvo vo t\qoct yto o
pouo ou u to nopc\0ouoo cnctpto, oou ouo tuvcot
ouypovtk kot t ncptooocpc opc ock\qo, cooov o 0voo
cncpcot upt qv cnovoop oqv npoycvcocpq kooooq ou q-
ocyou.
[29]

kotvo opokqptotko o\uv uv cpcuvquv ctvot q oootuoq
oqv ovtkctcvtkoqo.
4
Cu, no\\ot 0o unooqpt(ov ot ouq q
ovtkctcvtkoqo cpcot oc ouykpouoq c qv unokctcvtk tucvq
cnctpto uv unokctcvuv c\cq. k0c n\qpoopto nou tvcot ono
ov ckooc n\qpoopqq cv nopct vo c\cy0ct ov ovonokptvcot oc
to npoyotkq npoyotkoqo q ov ctvot npotov koookcuq, o
onoto cunqpcct o nopov. A\\uoc o qv cvc ot cct
unooqpt0ct c o0cvo -kot tkotu- ot coo ono qv oqyqoq o
unokctcvo t\ouv ncptooocpo yto o nopov nop yto o nopc\0ov.
3

pokctot yto to koookcuq nou u cnt o n\ctoov cunqpcct q
tkoto\oyqoq -ou\toov oqv ncptnuoq uv oocyuv- q nopovtkq
ou kooooq. kcvptko po\o oqv oqyqoq ooo\u not(ct q vqq.
ktvuvo nou cncptccot oqv cvooo\qoq c q vqq ctvot q
vooo\ytkqouvoto0qotkq opoq oc cvo cv cpct u0onotqcvo
nopc\0ov (Laapra 199:). Mqnu ou q vqq onoc\ct oqovtkq
tooptkq nqyq okoo kt oov cv ctvot o\q0q zq tkq o ncptnuoq q
koootkq onvqoq ctvot ovopoo. Mnopct vo ptokoooc
cvuntov ou (qqoo q o\\q\opooq cou npoyotkoqo kot
ovooto o\\ ck uv npoyuv cv couc \\q cnt\oyq. ouvoto
cnt\oyq, uoooo, c 0o npcnct vo o oqyqoct oqv okupuoq q
otontoto uv opuptuv, okoo kt oov cv ctvot ooo npoyotkc
ooo okouyovot. t ocyot o ovo nou couv vo tqyq0ouv -q \\ov
ouo ono o onoto npotouv vo cktvqoouv qv oqyqoq ou- ctvot o
ycyovo nou ou oqyqoc oqv kooooq ou oocyou. 1o nopc\0ov
ou nopct vo con\0cot ko q totkooto q oqyqoq o\\
ouo okptu ctvot o (qoucvo: o nu, q\oq, tuoov ot ttot o
ycyovoo q (uq ouo cvtocpct q cnctpto. o\\c opc
cvontoo conotqoct uv tooptuv ou oov cpoouv oc cucpq q
ptq cnoq o(t ou. Mnopct o ycyovoo vo \\o(ov, ou q cnctpto
nvo nopccvc ovo\\otuq. to vo uou cvo ooc nopctyo 0o
pqotonotqou knoto ootcto q (uq ou Aqqpq, nou ctvot ocyo
cu kot 7 povto. zqv npuq o ouvvqoq ou ctnc ot ctvot L\\qvo
kot pc0qkc oo poo cnctq q otkovotkq kooooq ou qov
onc\ntotkq kot cv nopouoc vo ouvqpqoct qv otkoycvct ou. zq
cucpq ouvvqoq ou ctnc nu ctvot ouvo (ov kot cv o

4
to vo ctot nto okptq cvvou qv npoon0cto npoocyytoq q ovtkctcvtkoqo to
kot onu cntoqotvct kot o !an vanslna okoo kot ot yponc nqyc oot(ovot oc
unokctcvtkc cpqvctc (vanslna 1996:123).
3
tkq 8ov Mnouoocv ovocpct yt ouo ot q tto q koookcuq ctvot oqovtko, ov
ot kot o oqovtkocpo ovtkctcvo cntoqovtkq cpcuvo: q\oq nu \cnouv ot
v0punot o nopc\0ov ou oqcpo kot t oqotvct ouo yto o nopov. not(u ot ckct
q0c\c vo koo\qct kot q A\kq, oov c\cyc ot, coo ono qv oqyqoq ot oqyqc t\ouv
ncptooocpo yto o nopov nop yto o nopc\0ov (8ov Mnouoocv 2001:164)
pqoo 1oopoutq
[290]

ko\oo ono qv npuq o ouvvqoq ytot t\ouoc cotpctk o
c\\qvtk) kot q toopto yto qv otkoycvcto nopcctvc tto. zqv ptq
ouvvqoq o q c0vtkoqo nopcctvc o\\ oqv uno\otnq toopto
npooc0qkc o ot ov ctuov ono o ontt cnctq cv nopouoc vo
ouvctocpct otkovotk kot cv ctc uyct otkcto0c\u onu toctvoov
oqv npuq kot cucpq ouvvqoq o. t ncptooocpot oou onotou
oqyq0qko ouqv qv toopto cotooov oo coo nou ou c\cyc.
not(u ou nu ot ovokptctc ncptooocpo onoko\unouv nop
onokpunouv. Cnoto kt ov ctvot q o\q0cto c 0ctktotko npooqo
ntocuu nu kot ot pct tooptc ctvot ckoc q o\q0cto nou ctvot
q (uq ou: t\ouv yto cvov v0puno nou cct nopc\0ov, cct otkoycvcto
kot ctvot ocyo. 1t ctvot, \otnov, ouo nou cct oqooto npoyotkq
npoyotkoqo q q npoyotkoqo onu qv ovt\ovcot kot qv
oqyctot 0pouootk, q\oq q npoyotkoqo nou tuoc kot
coko\ou0ct vo tuvct o tto Acv cpu ov 0uot kov o o\q0tv
ycyovoo. Uoooo, onu qq yvupt(ouc q vqq ctvot cnt\cktkq kt
cooov cv npokctot yto cvo tooptko ycyovo c0vtkq oqooto nou 0o
ctvc o cpc0too yto no\\on\c, tou kot yto ouykpouocvc,
ovonopoooct, cv couc kovcvov ono\uu \oyo vo
otoqqoouc qv oto ou. kovo\oyt, ouo nou 0c\u vo nu ctvot
nu q opupto ou k0c ocyou cnctq cv cct vo kvct c cvo
tooptko ycyovo nou tu0qkc ouopovo ono no\\ou, onu oqv
ncptnuoq ou \okouuoo q ou ou\\oytkou pouoo, cv nopct
vo ouykpt0ct, vo cntcotu0ct q vo onoppt0ct u coto oou c
toooupuvcot ono \\c nqyc q opuptc. Acv nouct ou vo
unpct ckct, oo nopc\0ov, u pouotkq cnctpto nou ovcpcc
ouvo\tk kot c' o\q q u\q q (uq ou k0c ocyou. uo nou 0o
nopouooc vo nouc ctvot nu ouotootk ouo nou ncptypcot ot
tooptc (uq uv oocyuv ctvot cvo nopov tocoo\oqcvo ono o
npoountko nopc\0ov cot onu ouo tu0qkc. Mto unokctcvtkq toopto
nou nopct vo npoocpct ovtkctcvtkc o\q0ctc yto qv cvoq ou
k0c ocyou oq pcuoq kotvuvtkq koqyopto ocyot, yto q (uq ou
kot yto ou ponou cnttuoq ou oq ouypovq c\\qvtkq kotvuvto.
1o cucpo (qqo nou cnc\co vo oo\tou cct vo kvct c qv
opctokq cpcuvo. 1o opcto, o kocoqv onocko kot otontoo ono
uv tooptkuv, vot(u nu \ctoupyqoc c cvov ttotcpo toopctko -
tou kot ttoppu0o- pono oqv ncptnuoq uv oocyuv, oc ocoq c
ouov nou 0o ovt\oovoov o nopoootoko c\cqq opctokou
u\tkou. po cy\q ou ckn\qq cvontoo cvo opcto kooypoq
oocyuv oc to ono t nto oqovtkc Mk q Ccooo\ovtkq.
npooooq ou oc ouo c ouvvqoc koto ono\uu uoko\to kt cot
cktvqoo vo to(u o kotvuvtk tooptk uv oocyuv nou ncpooov
ono qv Mk cvo npo cvo. pokctot yto cvo opcto nou cktvqoc t
[291]

cyypoc o\t o 2011 o\\ cct cvo cy\o opt0o cyycypocvuv
oocyuv. 1o opcto ouo c 0o nopouoc vo ctvot ootkq nqyq yto q
tkq ou ou\ct. opo\o nou ot tooptkot ouvq0u ypouv toopto
c\cuvo opcto, oq ouykckptcvq ncptnuoq q onok\ctotkq
npoouyq oo opcto 0o qov o\c0pto ooov oop qv cntoqovtkq
cykupoqo uv onoc\couv. 1o ouykckptcvo opcto ncpt\ovct
otokptu kot t ncptooocpc opc otkoto\oyqo kpto -
ou\toov yto q tkq ou cpcuvo- k0c oo nou ncpooc ono qv
opyvuoq kot q\uoc nu ctvot ocyo. Apo o npuo \ov0oocvo
ootcto oop ov kooycypocvo opt0o oocyuv. zq ouvccto, o
ncptooocpo tooptk uv ncptnuocuv couv ouvo0ct ono
ouvcpyc nou optocvc opc cv qov kooptocvot vo kvouv kt
coto kt cot no\\c opc ctvot qtc\q q oooq. cnctpto ou oo
ncto o0qkc opkcq uoc vo nopcou vo n\qotou ooo ytvcot
ncptooocpo qv cnt(qoucvq ovtkctcvtkoqo. vt q\oq o opcto
vo c oqyqoct vo nopouotou qv npoyotkoqo coo ono ouo,
ouo nou ouotootk c oq0qoc qov q cntonto cpcuvo kot ot
unokctcvtkc tooptc uv n\qpoopquv ou, oou
toooupuvovo o ootcto, nopouoo vo c\cyu noto qov ocyo
kot noto npoonotouvov ov ocyo uoc vo cnuc\q0ct ono t uov
nopoc q opyvuoq oc pouo q poq. zq ouykckptcvq ncptnuoq,
\otnov, o opcto qov ouo nou \ctoupyqoc oun\qpuotk oqv
cpcuvo nctou kot ot o ovtopoo. npooptkq toopto qov ouq
nou qtoupyqoc o cocvo.
1o pto, kot c\cuoto, oqcto oo onoto 0c\u vo oo0u cct vo
kvct c qv ovonopoooq cvo optokou nopovtkou ycyovoo. t
ocyot onoc\ouv to cttk ttotcpq ncptnuoq oou oc ovt0coq c
\\c oc ov0punuv, ot ttot cv onoc\ouv kotvoqo -po ot
oqyqoct ou cv cunqpcouv oqv ncptypoq kot ovoouv0coq uv
opokqptotkuv to ouykckptcvq kotvoqo, q onoto 0o nopouoc
vo pqotonotqoct qv npooptkq toopto oo n\ototo onotooqnoc
tcktkqoq (1hompson 2002:30)- kot cntn\cov q pouotkq cnctpto
ptokcot cv cc\tct. not(u nu q c0oo\oytkq kotvooto nou nopct
vo npoocpct q c0voypoto uv oocyuv ctvot q pqoq opuptuv ko
q tpkcto ou pouoo. zqv ncptnuoq ou \okouuoo ot
pupc ko\ouvot vo ovo(qoouv o pouotk ycyovoo ou
nopc\0ovo kt ouo ko knoto pono ou onc\cu0cpuvct
cnovcvooov ou oqv kovovtkq (uq. 1o kcv vqq -ckouoto q
okouoto- c 0o npcnct vo onoc\ouv ckqpto ovotontoto to
opupto o\\ ovtkctcvo cpqvcto ono ou cttkou. A\\uoc o q
cvc kot qv noq optocvuv ovo\uuv ot q cnt\cktkq vqq ctvot
ouq nou koookcu(ct o voqo. pono c ov onoto cnt\cyouc vo
0uoooc o nopc\0ov ctvot ctoou cvtocpuv c q povto yto qv
pqoo 1oopoutq
[292]

ovoouoooq ou (Mncvcvtoc 199: 47-61). zqv ncptnuoq, upo, uv
oocyuv ot pupc cv ko\ouvot vo oqyq0ouv kot vo ovoko\coouv
oqv vqq ou cvo pouotko ycyovo, o\\ vo oqyq0ouv o upo,
o pouo nou tuvouv ouypovtk kot ouo otyoupo c \ctoupyct
onc\cu0cputk q okoo kt ov o kvct, cv ou cnovcvooct oqv
kovovtkq (uq. k0c op nou to(u yto o 0voo knotou oocyou
oq Ccooo\ovtkq ovoputcot ov ctvot knoto ono ouou nou
yvuptoo. Cov ouotvct vo ov yvupt(u vtu0u nu ot oqctuoct ou
unpct ypocvq q (uq ou, to (uq nou oct\u vo qv nopouotou
oou o tto cv cnc(qoc q cnctpto kot q opupto ou nopct vo
onoko\uct to unokctcvtkq npoyotkoqo nou ov ouvc0ct c \\c
unokctcvtkc npoyotkoqc (ot onotc cko ono o unokctcvo
c\cq nopct vo oopouv kot \\ou pupc nou oct(ovot c
ouou, onu ot cpyo(ocvot oo ouootto, t Mk, ot v0punot nou
cotto q npoountkq ou cuoto0qoto couv ovonuct ococt
otkctoqo c ou oocyou k.o.) nt0ovooo vo koocpct vo uoct
to ovtkctcvtkq o\q0cto. Louc vo kvouc, \otnov, c ov0punou
nou (ouv oo opto kot q onotoqnoc ovonopoooq onotouqnoc
optokou ycyovoo otyoupo ctvot uoko\q kot cntnovq -q kot cntktvuvq-,
ttotcpo oov npokctot yto kt nou ouotvct upo. 1o pouotko
ycyovo tuvcot onoonoootk, ncptnuotok kot ono\uu
unokctcvtk kot cootkcucvo, nopot nopct vo npoko\ct o\uotu
pouotkc cnctptc oc ooou-c unqpov knoc ot ouyycvct ou, ot
t\ot ou, ot tkot ou kot ono ouqv qv noq ot tooptc (uq, o\c
o(t kot kuptu q ko0ct cupto, toqpouv ououoto qv kotvuvtkq,
qv ov0puno\oytkq kot qv tooptkq oqooto.

[293]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

8urL, 8. MarLha. 2004. elnlLlons an esLlmaLes o homelessness, oo
al Lelnson (e), ocycloeJlo of nomelessoess ol. 1, 233-239.
Mncvcvtoc, tko. 199. Lpotkq toopto, cpotkq vqq, vqovtkot
onot. zo vc 8opuv-8oop (cn.), 6pokp loroplo kot
Mvpp, 0qvo: o\t, 30-61.
oulas, Mary. 2001. lotlty ooJ ooqet. Ao Aoolysls of coocets of
lollotloo ooJ 1oboo. Lonon an e or: 8ouLlee.
kuptoktou-ncoopo, A\kq. 19. povo q npooptkq toopto,
z0ypovo Oeoro 33-36-37: 233-23.
Laapra, omlnlc. 199. nlstoty ooJ Memoty oftet Aoscblt. lLhaca an
Lonon: ornell nlerslLy ress.
ooocptvt, Aout(o. 199. znopoyoro rou 0o0 otvo. n toroplo
6tevp enetplo. 0qvo: ncc\q.
1hompson, aul. 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp loroplo.
0qvo: \c0pov.
1onln, llzabeLh. 1992. Nottotloq oot losts. 1be 5oclol coosttoctloo of
Otol nlstoty. ambrle: ambrle nlerslLy ress.
1oro, A. aul !anlsse, . eaLher. 2004. aLLerns o homelessness, oo
al Lelnson (e), ocycloeJlo of nomelessoess ol. 1-2:244-
230.
vanslna, !an. 1996. Cral 1ralLlon an lsLorlcal MeLhooloy. ln al
k. unaay Wllla k. 8aun (es.), Otol nlstoty. Ao
otetJlsclllooty Aotboloqy, WalnuL ree-..A., AlLamlra ress,
121-123.
8ov Mnouoocv, tkq. 2001. notuoq kot otonotqoq uv npooptkuv
opuptuv. zo puoou\o o(qkq-koucvou (cn.),
pvtk nopoootok notrto. Aooypolo kot loroplo,
Ccooo\ovtkq: opoqpqq, 139-163.

[294]

[293]

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ptotvo ou
1
, tvvq 8\oonou\o
2
, ou\o ovo(q
3
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4
,
1qo ktvqooypou, ptooc\cto ovcntoqto Ccooo\ovtkq
3
.

\jklmnol
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1qv toopto q oopto
0o ovonu
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\to Ayto
i6D8<@X84<N dee

1
Lntkoupq ko0qyqpto, 1qo ktvqooypou, ptooc\cto ovcntoqto.
emall: caamou[llm.auLh.r.
2
ktvqooypotoq. emall: [onllm[yahoo.com.
3
von\qpuq ko0qyqq, 1qo ktvqooypou, ptooc\cto ovcntoqto.
emall: ppanLazl[llm.auLh.r.
4
ktvqooypotopto. mall: mayamama[yahoo.com.
3
1o ovoo o couv nct c o\oqtkq octp, okptu yto vo ovtno\couc k0c
unoto okqoq couoto ou cvo cnt q \\q. Lntoq, ot cvo\\oooocvc pqoct q
ou 0q\ukou qkot ou opocvtkou ycvou ytvovot yto vo qv unoq\uvcot koto
uncpoq q npuoko0cpto ou cvo qcnt ou \\ou.

. ou, . 8\oonou\o, . ovo(q, M. 1oonpou
[296]

1o kctcvo ovocpcot oo tuo q kptoq kot oqv oqyqoq q \\ov
ot oqyqoct q kptoq kot q ouypovq ()oopto cou
ontkookouotkuv kctcvuv. 8oot(cot oc cvo pcov cpcuvqtko
npoypoo, ooo ou onotou ctvot q ontkookouotkq kooypoq
ko0qcptvuv tuuv q kptoq cou cvo vokuovotp. ko0u o
npoypoo ptokcot oc cc\tq kot ouykcp(ct toopctkc
cpcuvqtkc c0oo\oytc, o kctcvo cct cvov tuo c0oo\oytko
npooovoo\too nou tcpcuv q ouvvqoq ovcoo oqv ontkq
ov0puno\oyto, oqv kotvuvtkq uo\oyto kot oqv ktvqooypotkq
0cupto kot npoktkq.
zuvovq0qkov oo 1qo ktvqooypou ou ptooc\ctou
ovcntoqtou - q ptotvo ou kot o ou\o ovo(q tokovo,
kot q Myto 1oonpou kot o tvvq 8\oonou\o onou(ovo kot
tokov o. tvvq kot q Myto couv n\cov onootqoct,
uoooo q o\\q\o-o0qotokq o ocoq ouvct(cot oo n\ototo q
ouvcpyooto o. to vo ctooc ouvcnct ot opc ou ouvcpcuvv,
ounopyctv, ouv-koookcu(ctv kot ouv-voqoooctv, oou coocpt
ov0punou nou \cncc u ouyypoct ouou ou kctcvou, oct\ouc
vo npoo0coouc u ouv-ouyypoct q 8yto, q Mopto, ov 1kq ., ov
ral kot ov 1kq M.
Ccupouc ot q cpyooto o oo ovcntoqto cv nopct vo
cvct oo -ouu q \\u- ocv kot ncptoptotk opto q untkq
tooko\to kot 0qoq. o\oyouc ot cv o ooyqvcuct ttotcpo q
cpcuvo nou tcycot ouvq0u c ooo o toypotko kot c\tkq
ko\qq o pto uv novcntoqtokuv t\to0qkuv.
zu(qqoct cou o, kot c t\ou kot ouvpoou, o
oqyqoov oc cvo poo npo\qotoou octk c qv no\ucntncq
kptoq nou tuvouc. Mto kptoq nou, cvu cktvct vo ncptypcot u
otyu otkovotkq, onoctkvucot ot ouopovo ctvot kot o0t
kotvuvtkq, ko0u tokucuovot (qqoo otuv, ko0qcptvuv ococuv,
ko0qcptvq poq, cpyooto, cnttuoq k.o.k. c ouvcnctc ooo yto o
ootk ooo kot o ou\\oytk unokctcvo. Mto kptoq nou ounopooupct
0coou kot kotvuvtkc ococt. ko ouvcncto, ctvot to kooooq
o0uoo no\ttkq, oou o ko\ct vo ono0cq0ouc, q\oq vo ovt-
poouc.
u nopouc vo t\qoouc cct yt ouo, u cpyo(ocvcot
oc cvo 1qo ktvqooypou noootooc, \otnov, vo o t\qoouc
c opou kotvuvto-uo\oytko-ko\\tcvtkq ckpooq, u\onotuvo
to c\cq c t\o ^( _%('-67 "'7+ 5*6%` _"-5&'*.
upt(ouc cvo voktovcp nou cot(ct ot npoountkc q
ou\\oytkc opoqytkc nou uto0couv o kotvuvtk unokctcvo yto vo
onovqoouv oo vco cocvo ouq q ckcocvq kptoq nou o\ot
1o povtko cvo okpu ctuvo
[297]

tuvouc. kooypouc o tuo q kptoq oqv c\\qvtkq kotvuvto
kot, kuptu, ov ttouno kotvuvtko novo nou npoko\ct, t ovtpoct
nou qtoupyct kot t uvooqc coou ono ouqv. opo\o nou q
cnt\oyq ou voktovcp otvcot uotkq yto ov0punou nou
ooo\ouvot c ov ktvqooypo, cv onoc\ct qv npoq\q kot
c\ctutkq onvqoq oo cpuqo q ovonopoooq q kptoq.
vt0cu, 0cct to octp cpuquv kot npo\qotkuv, oo onoto
onovc ouykcp(ovo qv ktvqooypotkq 0cupto c qv kotvuvtkq
uo\oyto. Mc \\o \oyto: 1o voktovcp cv ck\ovct o
npoyotko oov kt npoovc npoo oo onoto opkct kovct vo \ct
to kcpo (8reschan 2003:47). t ooot, o ctq kot ot c0oot
yuptooo uv voktovcp oqyouv oc toopctkc ckoc ou
npoyotkou kot oc toopctkc o\q0ctc. Mc oq ou ooou kot o
cpuqo o oqyq0qkoc ot cnt\oyc uv c0oo\oytkuv
cpyo\ctuv.
puoptko ooo qov vo onouyouc to cnov\qq ou
qootou \oyou no\ttkuv, kovo\tuv q\copooq kot cqcptuv, onou
ot no\tc ovtcunt(ovot ctc u cvoot, ctc u 0uoo kot, nvu,
u (o. ou(qqoq yto qv otkovotkq kptoq oo kotvuvtk kot oo
ootk unokctcvo ovonuoocot oc toopctk kov\to cntkotvuvto,
ckctvocvo ono o MML, ov cntoqo kucpvqtko \oyo kot ou
kotvuvtkou opct cu q tpooq uv ko0qcptvuv ov0punuv.
M\too, o \oyo uv no\ttkuv kouv cou uv novoctuv MML
ctvot ono\uo cntkcvpucvo oc ouq qv kptoq kot oo topo
no\ttk octo yto cvo\\oktkc tcoou. qooto \oyo yto qv
kptoq ctvct vo 0cupct ou no\tc ctc u ouvuncu0uvou yto qv kptoq
ctc u 0uoo kot, nvu, ot u cvcpy unokctcvo nou op0puvouv
\oyo kot pouv, ouvtoopuvovo qv npoyotkoqo kot qv
()oopto. kooypovo q tpooq uv ov0punuv c qv toopto,
c\nt(ouc vo onookpuv0ouc ono ouc t 0cupqoct.
Mto 0cc\tuq 0cupqtkq ocqpto nou ko0oqyct q ou\ct
o ctvot q 0coq ot ( A'a%:2(+ "@'*- -3)(%@*. to qv ncpotcpu
koovoqoq kot cncqyqoq ouq q uno0coq ovctoqkoc qv
ov\uoq ou e aule[ac (aule[ac 1993:37-76) o onoto
pqotonotuvo qv upoto nopootuoq q nnouoko, 0cupct ot
cvo oo ctvot npotov tootkuv ococuv: npoountkq toopto cvo
ooou cncptccot oc (kot cncptcct) to otkoycvctokq toopto, q
onoto c q octp q cncptccot oc (kot cncptcct) to kotvuvtkq
toopto. e aule[ac ctoyct pct toopctkc toooct q toopto
ou ov0punou. Lv o\tyot, o v0puno nopct vo koovoq0ct u cq:
(%~ :+ 2*%A.:.( )4+ -3)(%@*+. 1o oo nopycot ono t
topc o0tc tooptkuv ycyovouv. no ycyovoo npoountk, nou
toopuvouv qv ovcnov\qnq kot ovotkq toypoto ou, o\\ kot
[29]

ono ycyovoo nou ctvot kotv ot cnocvc o0tc ou kotvuvtkou
onou ouccct o oo, q\oq oqv otkoycvcto, oo ncpt\\ov ou,
oov cnoyyc\otko kot otko ou upo, k.o.k. (aule[ac ..:3).
}h~ :+ b%:' 2*%A.:' )4+ -3)(%@*+. 1o oo ctvot, ouopovo,
nopoyuyo q toopto. opcotvct oq tkq ou toopto u
unokctcvo to to\cktkq ktvqoq ovcoo o ouo nou ctvot kot o
ouo nou ytvcot (aule[ac ..:39).
}&~ :+ 2*%*.:.7+ -3)(%-&'. 1o oo c o ovootoko ou, q
vqq, qv ot\to kot o ypon ou, ovoouykpoct o nopc\0ov, oov vo
q0c\c, cnctq cv nopct vo c\cyct qv nopcto ouou ou nopc\0ovo,
vo ytvct ou\toov kupto ou voqoo ou (aule[ac ..:39). 1o
oo, q\oq, \cct tooptc yto qv toopto ou ouuvo c t npuc
uo koovoqoct: qyouot ov couo ou u nopyuyo q toopto
kot u puv nopyuv q toopto.
Mc ocqpto t noponvu 0coct, npoono0ouc vo
onovqoouc oo ootk o cpuqoo. 1o kcvptko o cpuqo
ctvot: u nopct vo pqotonotq0ct o voktovcp yto qv koovoqoq
uv ko0qcptvuv tuuv kot ococuv oc cocvc cnoc kptoq
Lttkocpo, cpuqoo nou 0couc u npo q tpooq uv
npoounuv ou voktovcp c qv toopto ctvot:
-otc ctvot ot ko0qcptvc uoko\tc nou ovtcunt(ouv ot
opokqpc kot toopctkc kotvuvtkc oc cv cou kptoq no
notc nuc q (uq ou ov\ouv uvoq
-oto ctvot o otto q kptoq kot uv uoko\tuv nou
ovtcunt(ouv ouuvo c ou opokqpc q otvto
-oto ctvot q kotvuvto nou cnt0uouv
-1t kvouv yto vo o ncuouv
-otc ctvot ot uokotvuvtkc totkootc coo ono t onotc
o oo npoupct q cv npoupct npo q tpooq c ov (A)\\o oo
qooto upo
1o kcvptko cpuqo nou topcct t okcct o yupu ono q
ocoq o c qv toopto u unokctcvo ctvot t o u0ct npo ov (A)\\o
kot t o onookpuvct ono ov (A)\\o. zuvopucvo cpuqoo nou 0o
nopouoov vo op0pu0ouv ctvot nu ot v0punot ctpocouvot kot
cvcpyonotouvot ou\\oytk kot ov q kptoq nopct vo o u0qoct npo
qv o\\q\cyyuq q okoq kot oqv ovo(qqoq to toopctkq
kotvuvto. 1o ouvopucvo cpuqoo uoooo ctoyouv oc cy\o
o0o tkc o cnt0utc kot cv t0cvot coo yto vo qv
nopokouv q toopuoouv qv npoyotkoqo o\\ kot qv
unokctcvtkoqo uv ouvcpcuvquv o, q tcpcuvqoq uv onotuv
onoc\ct o ootko o ooo. L\\ou,
[299]

.q toopto uv ov0punuv kot uv ccycpocuv ou unoktvctot coucptk ono
to ckovtkq u0qoq, onoc\ct ckq\uoq cvo ycu\oytkou ovopooou. Lot,
ono o coucptko uv ctkovuv q oopto, vouc oc to opyovtkq
ouvctqoq q cvouuoq o oov kooo (8reschan 2003:36).
Ccotk, cnt\cyouc qv nopooq ou voktovcp nou 0cc\tuvcot,
cou \\uv, ono qv oo ou rlerson kot o 8pcovtko ktvqo q
ckocto ou 30, q onoto cuoc cooq oc kotvuvtk npo\qoo
kuptu q cpyotkq q kot ko0tcpuoc oq ou\\oytkq ouvctqoq kot
ot cnocvc ycvtc o voktovcp u cpyo\cto kotvuvtkq nopcooq
nou okono ctc qv kotvuvtkq ounvtoq (zcovq 2007:4). Ac
oucpt(oooc, uoooo, qv covq uv qtoupyuv ou 8pcovtkou
ktvqoo vo ncpoouv knoto qvuo (zcovq 2007:4) nou
ckpo(oov notkt\oponu kot kuptu cou q uvq ou 0cou nou
ctvc t n\qpooptc kot ouv t \uoct. zuvcpyo(oooc c ou
ov0punou nou ouccouv oo voktovcp tooto u unokctcvo kot
to\ou cv cntctpouc vo (ck)0coouc cct o kotvuvtk 0coo nou
ovtcunt(ouv o\\ vo kooypouc t pct toooct q ocoq
ou c qv toopto.
Louc cntoq onok\ctoct qv npoocyytoq nou ctvot yvuoq u
ox pop. 8ootkq opq ou ox pop ctvot asL ls besL, q\oq qv tvct
povo oou ov0punou vo ovopuq0ouv yto o ytot okcovot cot
onu okcovot q t okcovot ot t\ot ou. 1o ox pop ctvot on\u
cvo cpyo\cto kooypoq cvo otytounou q kotvq yvuq.
zo upo uv ktvqooypotkuv onouuv, onou cpyo(oooc,
0cupouc ot q ko\ucpq onctkovtoq q noponvu 0coq nopct vo
ytvct c o otvc cptc. pouno yto qv cpcuv o ctvot k< 8<=4?L
2=LN ;HE<?H484<U (uv Zov ou kot Lvykp Mopcv, o\\to, 1961).
otvto ouq nopoko\ou0ct qv ko0qcptvoqo on\uv ov0punuv oo
optot, ot ncptooocpot ck uv onotuv ctvot yvuoot q t\ot uv
qtoupyuv. uq q cooq oqv ko0qcptvoqo ctvot cvo ono o kupto
opokqptotk ou otvc cptc (kllborn lzo 1997:67). otvto
cncptcct cntoq oo c\o to npoo\q ou u\tkou oou
ouccovc kot t ovtpoct ou -ootcto nou kpoc kt cct
oqv cpyooto o kot 0o ovo\uoouc ncpotcpu opyocpo.
Lnt\cyouc ouov ov pono ou\ct kot cnckctvouc q
oucoq uv npoounuv nou nopoko\ou0ouc ko0touvo ou
ouvcpcuvqc -cnt\cyouv kot ot ttot 0cotkc, otyc q
ko0qcptvoq ou, onou kot ponou yuptooo,
ouookqvo0couvot q\oq. uq q cpcuvqtkq c0oo\oyto o
onookpuvct ocvo ono t nopoooct ou c0voypotkou voktovcp
nou ovtcunt(ouv o npoouno npoo ono qv kcpo u A\\o kot
occpou ono to nopooq ou lrecL clnema nou ctvot cv
ktvqooypo nopoqpqoq o\\ cct ouvc0ct kot c qv
[300]

nopoqpqoq toquv npoounuv onu n.. ot kcvcvt (zcovq
2007:49-66). 1o otvc cptc cv cvtocpcot yto t (uc uv \tyuv
kot ck\ckuv nou koookcu(ovot ono q cntoqq oopto kot
kooypovot oo \otko ovootoko u ot cy\c kot cntovct
npoountkoqc ou kooou, o\\ yto t (uc uv ko0qcptvuv
ov0punuv, nou ctvot ot no\\ot, ctvot ot qpuc q ko0qcptvq (uq kot
ot ot qpuc q cntoqq oopto. kuptu cnttukouc q
ouvqtoupyto, 0cupuvo ot kot cct ctooc unokctcvo kot
ovtkctcvo q oopto kot q toopto o o\\ kot oqyqptc q.
8ootko c\q o ko qv npocpyooto qov q ovo(qqoq uv
unokctcvuv. zoo qov ot opokqpc vo ovovok\ouv nuc ou
ovy\uou q ouypovq kotvuvto. Cc\ouc vo onctkovtoct to, ko
o uvoov cupucpq, cv\to ov0punuv, c toopctkc kotvuvtkc,
tco\oytkc kot no\ttotkc kooo\c kot ovqoutc ko0u kot c
toopctk ktvqpo octk c q oucoq ou oqv cpcuvo. Co
npcnct uoooo vo oqctu0ct ot c o cvtocpct o 0coo kot
cnocvu onouyoc o 'kpo. 8ootko kptqpto oqv cnt\oyq onoc\ct
cntoq o o0o npooootoqo, nou ko0opt(cot ono qv c0c\ouoto
koocktkoqo uv ouccovuv opokqpuv, cvu cvctktkc
ouoqc, okoq kot oc ouvuooo, onoc\ouoov: otqq-pto,
cpyo(ocvo-q, vcpyo-q, ouvotouo, yovco, nott, kok.
\qpoopqc-k\ctt ctvot v0punot nou ctvot nto ovotot oq
totkooto q ktvqooypqoq kot q kpttkq ouvctqonotqoq.
koo\qoc c ono cpcuvo, ouvovqoct kot knoto optk
yuptooo nou ouncptc\ovov ncptooocpou ov0punou oc ncvc
npoouno nou nopouot(ovot cu ovoykootk oqotk: Mopto
ctvot vcpyq kot (ct oq Ccooo\ovtkq. ral tokct oyy\tk, ctvot
cpootcvq uoypo kot (ct oq Ccooo\ovtkq. 1kq . ctvot
novcntoqtoko kot (ct oo 8o\o. 8yto ctvot optckovo, qooto
un\\q\o kot (ct oqv 0qvo. 1kq M. ctvot kpttko ktvqooypou
nou ou\cuct c cptkq onooo\qoq kot (ct oqv 0qvo. Lvu optk q
ovqouto o qov ot q c\tkq toopuoq q oo uv ov0punuv
nou 0o cnotpvov cpo oo voktovcp ouncptc\ovc opkcou
tkpoooou, q nopcto q npoyotkoqo ko q tpkcto uv
yuptouv uouu o tccuoc, ko0u o ctooqoo uv
ncptooocpuv ctu0qkov pootk. cnt\oyq uv npoounuv
toopu0qkc oc cy\o o0o ono qv npooootoqo nou o
cncpcov, ooo yto ouvcvcuct ooo kot yto qv nopoko\ou0qoq q
ko0qcptvoq ou.
cnt0uto ou vo oucoouv oo voktovcp o\\ kot q
c0oo\oyto nou oko\ou0ouc ou kocoqoc kot ouvcpcuvqc.
oucoq uv npoounuv ou voktovcp oc no\\c qtoupytkc
onooct oot(cot ot kuptc c0oo\oytkc o cnt\oyc, nou
[301]

npocpovot ono to ckoq q kotvuvtkq uo\oyto kot q ontkq
ov0puno\oytkq cpcuvo. pokctot yto q opocucvq cpcuvo, onou
ovoyvupt(ouc qv tco\oyto q npoocyytoq o kot cn\ckoooc u
unokctcvo oc t\oyo c qv cpcuvo kot qv npoyotkoqo coo oqv
onoto pouc kot ono ouqv npootopt(oooc. Lv o\tyot,
ovocpoooc oq c0oo\oyto ou oyuvtotkou nopoqpqq.
zuvu(ouc o voktovcp nopoqpqoq c o opocucvo kot
o ovoooootko voktovcp. zuuvo c o npouno ou otvc
cptc, kot coo ono qv ontkq ov0puno\oytkq cpcuvo, q cpcuvqtkq
oo, ono q 0coq q oncvovt oo 0co o\\ kot ono t tooptkc
ouv0qkc nou cv cotpouv kovcvov, oqyctot oc to ouccouoo
kcpo, knoc kot oc npok\qtko t\oyo c o coto(ocvo 0coo.
poupuvo oc to ono kotvou ov0puno\oyto q ko0qcptvoqo,
ooo ctvot ot opokqpc npoo kot ntou ono qv kcpo vo
ktvouvot u puvo kot ouovoo unokctcvo coo oc to
ouoouvctqq ontkookouotkq cyypoq (laulL 200). ontkq yuvto
uv ktvqooypotoptuv-ouv out(cot c qv npoyotkq ou 0coq,
q\oq ouq q ounoouoo kot tokpttk ouccouoo
unokctcvtkoqo, qv onoto cvoopkuvct q kcpo.
t ktvqooypotoc-toptc cv coovt(ouv ouc opvouvot
qv nopouoto ou ntou ono qv kcpo kot coo oq (uq uv
ov0punuv nou ktvqooypoouv. Ltooc opocot oc knoto n\vo, ot
v0punot o oncu0uvovot kot oncu0uvouv o \co oqv kcpo
oov o cnt0uouv. t onot nou cnt\c0qkov yto t ouvcvcuct
onoc\ouv cnt\oyc uv ttuv kot cv ctvot uoto nou cnc\cov upou
onou 0o covov t\ou-c yto koc, n.. qv kou(tvo, ov kqno, o
ko0totko ou zuvo, npokctot yto upou ttutkou, okpt ono
toonoct kot otkpto \coo.
t v0punot nou ouccouv oo voktovcp cnc\cov cntoq
0cotkc kot cpuqoo kot o uncctov poct nou ctvot
oqovtkc yto qv ko0qcptvoq ou, ctc npokctot yto ou\ctc
oov kqno q yto to ouykckptcvq o\o oqv no\q. t upot oqyouvot
o(t c ou ov0punou. kqno q Mopto ctvot no\u ncptnotqcvo
kot ouopovo pqotko: cct q\toponto kot vootc kot ouvq\uvct
cvov v0puno nou ko\\tcpyct yto poq, nou ov cvtocpct tou q
to\oytkq ko\\tcpycto, nou cct cvo coo c q yq. vtooto, q o\o
q 8yto oqv no\q ncptcct to ooq oqv ovoto, to ncptoq onou
q kptoq ctvot ttotcpo opoq. 8yto qv otonotct cotkctuvovo o
\co q c t kotvuvtkc o\q0ctc ou kotpou q, ovtcunt(ovo
ou ov0punou oqv n\octo kot oc o\o o kcvpo q 0qvo u
ouvontc q.
opo\o nou o\cot o yvupt(ov ono nptv, pct(cot no\u
povo kot cv0ppuvoq yto vo cooo\to0ct q qtoupytkq ou
[302]

oucoq. ktvqooypo ctvot cvo cvtko coo kot to cvq, qv
onoto oto0vovov ot cct yvupt(ouc kot ckctvc-ot ot. to q
c0oo\oytkq o npoocyytoq uoooo o\\ kot yto q op q kotvq
qtoupyto qov oqovtko vo otkctonotq0ouv o coo kot vo pouv u
qtoupytk unokctcvo kot ot u ovtkctcvo cvo upou \coo
q kcpo.
to vo cntcu0ct q tctouoq ou ktvqooypotkou \coo
oo voqoo nou nopyct o ko0qcptvo tuo oc kotpou kptoq,
onotctot cvo ocooo opt0o kot tpkcto npokoopktkuv
ouvovqocuv kot yuptouv. zc ou o yuptooo q cyypoq ctvot
topkq, ococvq ou nputoo qv ovnuq uv ococuv oo povo
kot o upo. no ouo o ckcvcooo u\tko 0o ouykpoq0ct oo
ovoptocvo onoc\coo q ctkovo ckctvq q onoto 0o cncptcct t nto
tctoutkc nopoqpqoct. vu oqv cnt\cycvq ctkovo 0o okouycot o
\oyo uv ttuv uv ouccovuv opokqpuv ono t ouvcvcuct,
ko0u o cvtocpouv kuptu ot tkc ou oqyqoct q toopto kot
ot ouc uv ktvqooypotouv-optuv. Coov oop oqv c0oo
ktvqooypqoq, oo ycvtk n\vo cyypovot ot ouv0cc
kotvuvtkc ococt, cvu oo no\u kovtv n\vo onounuvcot o
npovotouo onto ou ov0puntvou npoounou oov ncto ko0qcptvq
q. zo unokctcvtk n\vo onounuvcot o kcvpo ou tkou ou
cvtocpovo. opo\o ou, ooo o cyc0q uv n\vuv, ooo kot q
ktvqoq kot ot tpkctc ou oo ovoptocvo onoc\coo, ckktvouv ono
qv nopoyuyq voqoo oo t\oyo ovcoo oo upo, q poq, kot
qv cvopqoq uv opokqpuv.
?to0cuvo qv opq ot kootkouc oc to npoyotkoqo
o\\ kot ot ouq q npoyotkoqo o kootkct, kvouc ovtkctcvo
nopoqpqoq qv ko0qcptvoqo uv opokqpuv, ov nopoyuytko
o\\ kot ov c\cu0cpo ou povo, qv kotvuvtkq ou npoyotkoqo
oqv npq. upo cpyooto, q cooq oo qooto upo, q
ovokoutoq ou otkctou upou, o otunq\o oto0qtko ou onounuo
o oopouv. vo(qouc uvotk kotvuvtk otytouno (nopouoto
kot oo\to oo qooto upo, ktvqonotqoct, ouvc\cuoct) kot q ooq
kot poq uv opokqpuv o oc ou. Ltvot o nto uoko\o oqcto oo
vo o ovotouv.
zt cooct oo qooto upo, q kcpo uto0cct cvo
\co o\\q\cyyuo c ouo ou opokqpo. ral, yto nopctyo,
uoypot(ct nopctc. Acv ctvot uoooo cvo ouvq0q uoypo,
onookpo, knoto nou kuvqy q 0cootkq ctkovo q cvo
uoypo nou \cnct qv nopcto ntou ono o M1. Ltvot o(t c ov
kooo, t\ct oov kooo kot ouv uoypot(ct npoouno oc to
nopcto, cntctpuvo vo kooypct qv unokctcvtkoqo coo oo
n\q0o. ko q tpkcto uv yuptouv, poqoc nopctc ovo oov
[303]

oko\ou0ouooc oc ouc o npoouno ou voktovcp. zt nopctc nou
oko\ou0qooc ov ral npoono0qooc vo ctooc tokpttkc-ot u
nopouoto. nouyoc o 0cootk n\vo kot cnt\coc ontkc yuvtc
nou cv unoq\uvouv ovt0coq c ov kooo oqv nopcto.
poono0qooc cntoq vo kooypouc ckpoct npoounuv,
unokctcvtkoqc kot t-unokctcvtkoqc nou ouvovuvot coo oo
n\q0o. pokctot yto to ontkq nou uto0cqooc u otkcto kot
ouuvq c t tco\oytkc o opc o\\ kot yto to ontkq nou
ovtkoonpt(ct ouq ou npoounou nou oko\ou0ouc: cvo npoouno
coo ocono ouo o otvtyotko n\q0o.
qtoupytkq ouo\q ou ral oc ouq qv ncptnuoq c
ouvtooo oq ouvctqq ouvtoopuoq to qtoupytkq cnt\oyq
o\\ oqv copq uto0cqoq q ontkq ou, q ovoyvuptoq q oov
otkcto. L\\ou, o voqoo kot ot oqyqoct ouvtoopuvovot ooo
ono o npoouno, o \oyo kot q cou ou ocoq ooo kot ouopovo
ono to ppqq oqyqoq nou ouvq\uvcot ono qt ooqct uv
ouuv, t ktvqoct, t ckpoct, ov ovo kot q pot q uvq
ou. zc cvo ontkookouotko kctcvo, ou o ootcto ctvot ctoou
oqovtk.
zc to ono t ouvcvcuct q, q 8yto o t\ oqv kou(tvo
q yto o opu ctuvo, o c\\ov, t ctuoct oo to0o q kot qv
onotuoq uv qootuv uno\\q\uv. vocpcot oou \untokou
yuvc, oqv cntoktooto o\uv oov cytvov kot oqv cvovq
onooktooto ck uv uocpuv. vocpcot oq ctuoq ou to0ou q
oo too c t opokqptotkc poct ccvo ytot kot noc ou.
to o ctuvo opokqptotk \cct: Mcy\o o ctuvo ouo,
oc\ctuo [...] kpuo, onotuoq, c\\ctq ovctpuv [...] pyq, utc,
okpuyovo, otkto kot cntoq ctuvo cv cct c\ctuoct, ctvot
opu kot yco ootoo. 1o c\\ov q otvcot okoq
uoko\ocpo, ko0u \cct: kot o npyoo uoko\cuouv kt okoq:
Acv ctot vco, o c\\ov ot(ct coo oq 0op. ctkovo q 8yto
nou t\ct oo ontt q kot q pot q uvq q ouvtoouv to cucpq
oqyqoq nou oun\qpuvct o \oyo q. 8oot(ocvot-c oqv uno0coq
cpyooto ot ovonoptoouc ou couou o oqv ko0qcptvoq o,
nopouc vo pqotonotqoouc q oqctutkq yto vo tooouc qv
ontkookouotkq ouoovonopoooq q 8yto.
8\cnouc to yuvotko kt \tyocpo ono cqvo, oq, c
oo o\\t kot kokktvo nou\ocp oqcto nou ounopoq\uvouv tou
to ctvtopto, to yuvotko nou cpy(cot ok\qp. 1o puo oo
nou\ocp, to oto0qtkq cnt\oyq nou ytvcot cv yvuoct q kot
ouvq\uvct ot okoo q qcpo q ctvot oq (uq, o\\ kot o cvovo
puoo oo ontt q ounopoq\uvouv kot cvov v0puno ovoto oq
op q (uq o\\ kot ot (puotkc kot q) ovt0coct, cvov
[304]

v0puno nou cvtocpcot nop\\q\o yto o upo onou ncpvct t
ttutkcotkoycvctokc ou otyc. kotvq o cnt\oyq vo
pqotonotqoouc o ontt q kot vo kvouc q ouvcvcuq oqv
kou(tvo c koc, qtoupyct otkctoqo oo 0coq. tkctoqo
qtoupyct kot o ycyovo ot onvto oncu0uvcot oqv kcpo -onu 0o
ckovc knoto cotkctucvo c q\contkc ouvcvcuct- o\\ kuptu
t\ct oq Myto. kouc qv oqyqoq to yuvotko ko0qcptvq o\\
kot uvoq kot qv okouc cnt toot opot: couc qv kcpo kot
uno\\ouc cpuqoct, o\\ ouopovo ctooc ko0tocvot oo upo
q, yupu ono o tto ponc(t, o tokonct kot q kcpo ctvot oo tto
uo c q 8yto.
zqotvouoc ctvot kot ot ktvqoct q yto qv oqyqoq, n.. oov
opt(ct vo t\ct yto o ctuvo, kvct to ktvqoq oo vo tv(ct o
nou\ocp q, nou 0o nopouoc vo ounopoq\uvct ot npoono0ct kot
vo onotvct ouo o ctuvo ono nvu q. ocou cnocvq ktvqoq
uv cptuv q npo o oq0o q ot(ct vo ouooupcuct o kpuo, qv
onotuoq, qv c\\ctq ovctpuv k.\n. oo oq0o q kot qtoupyct
cvo ouvoyotko ovo ounopoq\uocuv. oqyqoq q 8yto
ouotkonotctot. kot q oopto ouotkonotctot.
cvooq uv cptuv q, ot oqkucvot uot, oykupuvouv o
voqo uv \oyuv q. cvooq o\\ kot q pot q uvq q nou
ovcotvouv nop\\q\o, ctvot oqcto cvctktk q cttkq
ouvoto0qotkq cntppoq nou ookouv q nponoyvo ko uv
qootuv uno\\q\uv kot ot tkc ctuoct to0ou oq 8yto kot nou
npoko\ouv cnocvu tou cpcuvqccpcuvqptc vo o
ouncpt\ouv oo ov( kot cv ycvct oq tkq ou oqyqoq q
oopto. Lntctpuvo vo 0coouc oc tkpocpq k\toko o otuo ou
8reschan ot [] vqq cv ctvot u\q, ctvot opoycvq nvu oq
opko ou kooou (8reschan 2003:4), 0o \cyoc ot q oqyqoq k0c
ov0punou ctvot opoycvq oo ouo ou. ouoouvctqq nopouoto
ou voqoooct no\\on\ o ontkookouotko kctcvo. oqooto q
oqyqoq cou ou ouoo, uv ckpocuv kot q uvq cv cct
c\cq0ct ttotcpo ot ktvqooypotkc onouc kot ovo o
c\cuoto povto yvupt(ct v0toq q c\cq q unokpttkq. vtooto
oqovtkq ctvot kot q ckpooq npoyotkuv npoounuv kot q oqctutkq
npoocpct o cpyo\cto yto vo qv ovoyvuoouc (ou 200).
totcpo oqovtkq 0o ctvot kot q ouo\q uv npoounuv ou
voktovcp oo c\o. pyovuvouc to ouvvqoq o\uv uv
npoounuv onou 0o yvuptoouv kot 0o ou(qqoouv cou ou kot
cntoq 0o ouc to npuq npoo\q ovoptocvou u\tkou kot 0o q
ou(qqoouc o\ot o(t, ouuvo kot c o npouno ou 8<=4?<U 6=LN
;HE<?H484<UA zc ou o n\ototo otonotouc ono t kotvuvtkc
cntoqc t c0oo\oytc ou n\qpooptokou kot 0cupqtkou
[303]

kopcoou kot q opoqytkq q tovooto. npoo\q kot
ou(qqoq nvu oo ontko onoc\coo cou ktvqooypotouv kot
opokqpuv oocuouv oqv ov\uoq ou u\tkou ono ou ov0punou
nou o qtoupyqoov, oov ovoooooo, oqv cnov0coq cpuquv.
ocoq ouq q cpcuvo c qv npooptkq toopto kot c t
oqyqoct (uq ctvot no\utooq kot ouv0cq. pqotonotouc o
ktvqooypotko coo yto vo kooypouc oqyqoct o\\ o coo
cu out(cot c o ooo, q qtoupyto cvo ktvqooypotkou
kctcvou. qyouooc cot oc to onctpoctq ktvqoq ovoooooou
uv c0ouv kot uv cpyo\ctuv o. zuvot(ovo t c0oou
cpyooto o, 0o \cyoc ot cntctpouc vo ou\\ouc qv oqyqoq
c qv ktvqooypotkq qovq kot, oko\ou0u, vo qv ovo\uoouc o(t
c qv ktvqooypoqcvq ctkovo nou qv ncpt\\ct. pokctot yto cvo
npoypoo nou oot(cot oq \oytkq ou ouvcpcuvv, \oytkq nou
ouuvo c ov lranco lerraroLLl (lerraroLLl 191) ptokcot oqv kopt
uv oqyqocuv (uq.
qtoupyto cvo voktovcp, ko o npouno ou otvc
cptc, oqpt(cot cv no\\ot kot oc ckcocvc oqyqoct nou
ktvqooypoouvot. zqv ncptnuoq o q povtkq tpkcto uv
oqyqocuv 0cupq0qkc nvu oqv oq q cnt0uto qou
oqyoucvqou kot cooc, c t no\uupc cnovct\qcvc
cntokcctou(qqoct, oc opkcc upc -cktouc oqv nopouoo oq
yupu ot 23 ono t 43 upc ouvo\tkou uc\tou ontkou u\tkou.
uotk, q qtoupyto ou voktovcp cv oqpt(cot onok\ctotk kot
ovo ot ktvqooypoqcvc oqyqoct nou ncptcouv \oyo. qyqoq
kot \oyo 0cupouc ot ctvot kot q y\uooo ou ouoo kot ot poct
q ko0qcptvoqo.
1o n\ototo ou otvc cptc, onu kot ckctvo to
nopcotvouoo kotvuvtkq uo\oyto, nopouv k\\too vo
\ctoupyqoouv u o\o kpttkq ouvctqonotqoq kot npok\qoq
ootkq kot kotvuvtkq o\\oyq. uq q ovt\qq cpcot ono no\t kot
cv cct vo kvct ovo c t cnttuct uv ouypovuv kotvuvtkuv
ktvquv. Lpcot ono ov kop\ Mop nou q0c\c ot on\u vo
koovoqoouc kot vo cpqvcuoouc ov kooo o\\ ouopovo vo
ovonuouc to opoqytkq yto vo ov o\\ouc. uq qv npoocyytoq
q ouvovqooc kot oq c0oo\oyto q oyuvtotkq nopoqpqoq
(arcy e Cllelra arcy e Cllelra 193), qv onoto uto0couc yto q
qtoupyto ou voktovcp. 8oot(cot oqv otkooqoq oucoq,
oqv cn\okq uv ouvcpcuvquv ot totkootc kotvuvtkq o\\oyq kot
oo ouvcq cnovonpootoptoo kot cn\outoo q oucoq ou
oqv o\\oyq. oyuvtotkq nopoqpqoq, nou npoctvcot oq 0coq q
0ctktotkq ovt\qq, cct ooo qv "ovnuq to ouv0coq
[306]

ovcoo oq c\cq q totkooto q kotvuvtkq o\\oyq kot oq
oucoq o ouq q totkooto".
puo ko0qkov o' ouq q c0oo\oyto ctvot q cnt\oyq ou
ovtkctcvou c\cq, kt ouo ytvcot c qv npoocktkq ccooq q
kotvuvtkq npoyotkoqo, uv unopououv ouykpouocuv kot uv
cvocuv kot oov cvontoo uv oouv kot uv ouv nou cpouv
coo ou q c\nto kot qv ovykq yto o\\oyq (arcy e Cllelra arcy
e Cllelra 193:190).
t cpcuvqptcc cv npcnct vo ck\q0ouv ono o oo q qv
oo oov cvo ouo q nopctookot. pcnct vo qv onokpuouv ou
ooou ou, ouc vo opvq0ouv ov ttotcpo po\o ou. no onocouv
ot onoc\ouv cvov nopyovo cooqotoou oq (uq ou ooou q
q oo kot o ycyovo ouo vo cvouou0ct oq ou\ct ou. Acv
npcnct cntoq vo ouyuvcuouv. \q0tvq ctoupqoq oqv oo
oqotvct to ovtq oq ovcoo oov ktvuvo o\ok\qputkq outoq
c qv oo kot oqv ovykq vo kpoq0ct to onooooq nou cntpcnct
kpttkq ooq (arcy e Cllelra arcy e Cllelra 193:190). Mto
ouv0coq ovcoo oov okttoq kot ov cntoqovo.
1o u\tko nou ouykcvpuvouc, oqv ncptnuoq o o
ktvqooypoqcvo u\tko, ouoqoonotctot, opyovuvcot kot
cpqvcucot ono qv oo. oo, uotk, onopt(cot ono o\ou
kot o\c: uc nou ctvot ntou ono qv kcpo kot ouou nou \cnct
q kcpo. Ltooc ouvcpcuvqc! t onooct yto o c\tko ov( q
otvto t\ooouc vo ctvot kotvq onoooq o\uv o, vo ctvot
ouvonoooq.
to vo nopcoct cot q oo, c q oq0cto ouou ou u\tkou vo
ovtkptoct qv tkq q npoyotkoqo kot vo cv0oppuv0ct vo qv
ovtcuntoct kpttk, uoc vo 0ct vo uncpotvct ou topou
qovtoou uvo. oo oq0tcot cot vo npct to kpttkq
onooooq ono qv cnctpto q kot vo nopcoct vo oncn\okct ono qv
ko0qcptvq poutvo kot vo qv uncpct, uoc vo ovt\q0ct qv
npoyotkoqo c cvo vco kot (uvovo pono. no q ctvct o' ouo nou
ctvot o\\ npoocutk vo ct t nopct vo ctvot. no 0coct oc ktvqoq to
topkq totkooto kpttkq okcq kot poq kot vo ovonuct qv
tkovoqo yto ouoopyvuoq kot qtoupytkq nopcooq oqv tto q
(uq. uo cv 0o cp0ct oncu ono ou cnoovc u to kot ovotkq
kpttkq 0cupqoq ou (qqoo, o\\ q tto q oo 0o cyctpct q tkq
q ouvoto0qoq q npoyotkoqo. Aq\oq 0o qtoupyq0ct o
ko\\q\o n\ototo uoc q ouvctqoq q oo vo ovou0ct ono o
coucptko q. uo oqotvct ot o c\q q oo, cou kot ko
c\toov, 0o ttonotq0ouv q yvuoq kot qv cntoqq nou ccpov ot
cpcuvqptcc, 0o onokqoouv o c0oo\oytk cpyo\cto nou ccpov ot
cpcuvqptcc kot knoc qov ovonu\to ou. Lot onct q
[307]
cnov\qq q ocoq cpqoq ono ouou nou couv q yvuoq". P
totkooto ouq cct cntuto ovov oov oq0qoct qv oo vo
koovoqoct q tkq q npoyotkoqo kot oov ko\\tcpyqoct ov
ouonpootoptoo q, c qv cv0ppuvoq q ouvctqq kotvuvtkq
poq yto npoountkq kot kotvuvtkq o\\oyq. kt ono qv upo nou q
0cupto ouq cno\q0cucot coo ono qv npq -qv opyovucvq
ouovoq poq uv kotvuvtkuv ouv- nouct vo ctvot to on\q
0cupto kot ytvcot ko0ouq kot yto ov couo q to kotvuvtkq
npoyotkoqo. L\\ou, ou\ct ou ktvqooypotoq ctvot vo
opoypoqoct ov kooo yto vo nopcoct vo ovootct o(t ou.
(8reschand 2003: 60)
Mto coto ovt\qq yto qv kotvuvto kot qv kotvuvtkq cpcuvo
o y(ct oo kptoto ooupopot onou ouvovtouvot ot kotvuvtkc
cntoqc (u oyuvtotkq nopoqpqoq), q notoyuytkq (u no\ttotkq
poq) kot q cvq (u ncto kotvuvtkou to\oyou). Ccupuvo kpttk
ouo nou ctvot, npoono0ouc vo ou\\ouc ouo nou cv ctvot okoo,
o\\ ctvot nopov oov opt(ovo ou uvoou. no ovoyvupt(ouc o
uvoo coo oqv unpouoo npoyotkoqo, vo o kvouc opoo kot
vo o cpvouc oq (uq: no q ootkq npoooq k0c oyuvtotkq
c0oo\oyto (uarcy de Cllvelra & uarcy de Cllvelra 1983).
x. Aou, l. 8\oonou\o, . ovo(q, M. 1oonpou
[308]
!"#$"%&'()*(
Aou, xptotvo. 2008. (cn!" $ %&'(')*+ ,-./01, 12% 13%-4 3,) 12%-
'&*-%, A0qvo: kooovtuq.
8reschand, !ean. 2003. 52'3)/,-2678 % .99% *:% 2'; 3)-%/,2'<7.=';,
zctp: 1cpto ktvqooypou, A0qvo: okq.
uarcy de Cllvelra, 8oslsca & uarcy de Cllvelra, Mlguel. 1983. lto to
cvo\\oktkq cpcuvo. P c0oo\oyto q oyuvtotkq
nopoqpqoq". zo kcvpo Mc\cuv kot Auoopuoq, >), /),
,(090;&07?2)34 ,<?<48 @-&'9*<%1% (,)A,<?<)3B- 30)/6-?-,
A0qvo: kcvpo Mc\cuv kot Auoopuoq, 181-203.
lerraroLLl, lranco. Cn Lhe AuLonomy of Lhe 8lograhlcal MeLhod". zo
uanlel 8erLau 1981 (ed). CDEFGHIJK HLM NEODPQK8 RJP SDTP UDVQEGK
WIIGEHOJ DL QJP NEODHX NODPLOPV, ondon: age, 19-27
auleac, lncenL, de. Y Z,[)34 50\7?1%, A0qvo: ono(qoq 1993. [t\o
npuounou: auleac, lncenL, de. 1987. SH L]^GEVP MP OXHVVP8
QGH_POQEDGP VEODHXP PQ OELTXDQV M`DMPLQDQ]. arls: ommes eL groues.
llorn, 8lchard & od, !ohn. 1997. WL aLQGEMbOQDEL QE RPXP^DVDEL
cEObdPLQHGK8 eELTGELQDLF fPHXDQK, ManchesLer: ManchesLer
nlverslLy ress.
laulL, Marc enrl. 2008. @-&7?('9'<g, 3,) 3)-%/,2'<7.='+" h67,1/,
12%- 0)3*-,i (67,1/, ,(* 2%- 0)3*-,. A0qvo: Mcotto.
zcovq, Luo. 2007. jk l0g/0-, <), 2' 52'3)/,-267. A0qvo: Lkooct
okq

VI

VI ORAL HISTORY AND EDUCATION

[311]

D#21/,*,#q2/%? /12 =2$72%0$<1$1V ) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% '? =+&%3=0,
%2/#+%/$#$/#.(? %&'&(?

kocptvo 1ptq-kupou
1

\jklmnol
5tlmolotloq emotby. Otol blstoty os o tool fot ootl-toclst eJocotloo.
1be oet teseots o toect tbot lovolveJ o closs of 15 yeot-olJ stoJeots lo
010-11. 1be molo olm os to coltlvote emotby tootJs lmmlqtoots tbot
llve lo teece by elotloq tbe beoomeooo of tee lmmlqtotloo to
loJosttlol cooottles Jotloq tbe 0
tb
ceototy. 1be olls stoJleJ o oetot of
tets. o oovel lo blcb tbe betoes ote tee lmmlqtoots lo etmooy, otol
testlmooles of tee lmmlqtoots lo 8elqlom (locloJeJ lo o ocoJemlc boo)
ooJ lo tbe 5A (teseoteJ lo o Jocomeototy fllm), tbe motetlol of oo
eblbltloo coocetoloq tee lmmlqtoots lo etmooy. 8oseJ oo ooleJqe
bollt tbtooqb tbe obove sootces, tbe olls elobototeJ o oestloooolte ooJ
some of tbem ottooqeJ lotetvles ltb tee e-lmmlqtoots ooJ fotelqo
lmmlqtoots llvloq lo teece. 1be tesolt os o sbott Jocomeototy fllm.
noevet, tbe teslstooce of o oombet of olls Jotloq tbe toect sbos
tbot ootl-toclst eJocotloo, lo otJet to toJoce tesolts, most be o
systemotlc, looq toceJote.

ovokotvuoq ou nopouot(ct cvo toktko ocvpto nou u\onotq0qkc
o npoqyoucvo oo\tko co (2010-11) oc qo q uvootou oo
8opkcto ctpootko uvoto. 1o toktko npo\qo oo onoto
oocuc vo onovqoct ctvot o cq: t o0qcptc oyvoouv o
tooptko otvocvo q c\\qvtkq covocuoq kot ouq q yvoto
uocpotvct qv koovoqoq kot qv onooq q oqcptvq no\uc0vtkq
kotvuvto ouq q upo. to ouykckptcvo q cnt\oyq ou 0coo ctc
u ocqpto o cq cocvo: c\\qvtkq kotvuvto cct coponct oc
no\uno\ttotkq kot q o\\oyq ouq cct ouvc\coct ot ovo npoooo
o\\ kot oc ouvoo povtko toqo. Lot, ot cqot ckq\uvouv

1
Acucpo0to cknotcuoq .emall: .Lrlml[pros.r.
kocptvo 1ptq-kupou
[312]

cvooto kot uoko\to onooq ou toopctkou \\ou nou cct
cykoooo0ct ot yctovtc ou. 1o noponvu cocvo cntctpq0qkc
vo ovtcunto0ouv uno o nptoo uv cq nopoouv: q
cvouvoto0qoq, q\oq q tkovoqo vo ouvoto0ovoooc, vo
notvouc oq 0coq cvo ptou npoounou, ou \\ou, kot vo
\cnouc c o to ou ooo tuvct, ctvot ovoykoto npouno0coq yto vo
ovonu0ct koovoqoq, ovoq kot ocooo npo ov \\o kot
onopptq uv ckq\uocuv pootoou
2
. koovoqoq ou otvocvou
q oqcptvq covocuoq npo qv L\\o nopct vo tcuko\uv0ct
ono qv koovoqoq ou otvocvou q c\\qvtkq covocuoq npo
toqovtkc upc ko ov 20
o
otuvo, koovoqoq nou nopct vo
oqyqoct oq (qoucvq cvouvoto0qoq.
3

zctoqkc \otnov cvo to0cotko pro[ecL oo n\ototo q
ncoc\\qvtkq Aoyocvto kot q zuypovq oopto, o onoto ptokcot
oq \oytkq q o\totkq kot tuotkq npoocyytoq q yvuoq.
octooo ou ocvoptou oqpt0qkc oq yvuotkq 0cupto ou
kovopoukttoou: oq0qkc q\oq to oko\uot, qv onoto
oko\ou0uvo ot o0qcptc c q ouvpoq q cknotcutkou kot
ouvcpyo(ocvot cou ou (cvo kot cko oo\ctou) npoupqoov oc
ouo nou o vyoLsy npootoptoc u (uvq q cntkctcvq ovnuq,
otkoouvo, q\oq kookuvo cvcpyqtk kot cnoyuytk, q vco
yvuoq. ptk qtoupyq0qkc cvo tkuo ovoyvuocuv c u\tko nou
nopctov toopctkc nqyc (q \oyocvto, to ck0coq tooptkou
u\tkou, cvo voktovcp, onooyvqouvqcvc opuptc), uoc vo
utoct no\un\cupo kot vo koovoq0ct ono ou o0qcptc o
otvocvo q c\\qvtkq covocuoq. zq ouvccto o u\tko nou
c\cq0qkc otonotq0qkc yto vo npocotooct cvo cpuqoo\oyto
ouvcvcuq c covoc L\\qvc (nou ctov cnovonopto0ct q ctov
cntokc0ct ckctvq qv ncptoo qv L\\o) kot c covoc cvou.
zqv c\tkq oq ktvqooypoq0qkov ono o0qcptc ot
ouvcvcuct, cnt\c0qkov onoonoo ou kot ouvopo\oyq0qkc cvo
voktovcp tkpou qkou, o onoto npo\q0qkc oc ckq\uoq ou
oo\ctou oo c\o q oo\tkq povt.
4
Lot, ot toopctkq

2
Mc ov opo pootoo cvvoouc cvo n\cyo ovt\qcuv, oocuv, ouncptopuv
kotq 0coo0cqcvuv cpuv nou covoyk(ct optocvou ov0punou oc unoc\q
totuoq, kt ouo ovo kot ovo cnctq ovqkouv oc to tokptq koqyopto ov0punuv
(1otko\o 2011:73).
3
oqctu0ct ot qv ncpotvq oo\tkq povt cv ctc oqctu0ct ooo cvovo
covoocutko pcuo vcuv ono qv L\\o npo o cucptko ooo qv pcouoo povt,
c ou kot ctoc npooovoo\toct oqv ovo(qqoq nopoctyuv c\\qvtkq
covocuoq oo nopc\0ov kot ot oo nopov.
4
oqctu0ct ot nop\\q\o c ou ooou nou oct(ovot c o t ou toktkou
ocvoptou, oqovtkot ctvot kot ot ooot nou oct(ovot c o nu, q\oq c q
totkooto cknovqoq ou pro[ecL, ko0u nop\\q\o c qv cuoto0qonotqoq yto o
ktvqonotuvo qv cvouvoto0qoq
[313]

npoc\cuoq npooptkc opuptc otonotq0qkov u nqyq n\qpooptuv
yvuotkou opokqpo (oko\ou0uvo q 0coq q toktkq q
toopto ot q c\cq q tucvq vqq ouvct c qv uq q
tooptkq koovoqoq uv cquv) o\\ kot u npuoycvc u\tko
cpqvcto ou c\cucvou kotvuvtkou otvocvou (lclnson, Lee
8oers 194, potko 2006:32).
zo oqcto ouo 0o t\qou yto o tkuo ovoyvuocuv, q
oko\uot nou oq0qkc, yto vo oqptct qv c\tkq oq ou pro[ecL.
ckktvqoq cytvc c cvo \oyocvtko kctcvo, cvo onoonooo ono o Atn
6t6lo ou A. o(q (1999) nou ncpt\ovcot oo oo\tko ov0o\oyto
Aoyocvtkuv kctcvuv q q ou uvootou. Ppuc ou Atno0
6t6lou ctvot covoc oq cpovto kot coo ono q \oyocvtkq
ypoq npoocyytoqkov ot ouv0qkc (uq kot cpyooto kot o
ouvoto0qoo ou zkoupoytvvq (ou kcvptkou npoounou ou
ouykckptcvou kco\otou ou Atno0 6t6lou) ooov kotpo ouo
ptokoov oq cpovto o\\ kot oov yuptoc oq ycvcctp ou.
1o cnocvo qo oopouoc o yvuotko ovtkctcvo q toopto
(q ouypovq, onu npo\cncot oqv cv \oyu q) kot tcuko\uv0qkc
npo no\u ono to cuuq ounuoq: o votouo kotc q 0qvo
ctc topyovuoct ckctvq qv ncptoo to ck0coq c 0co q
cono\ctkq covocuoq uv L\\qvuv oq cpovto, q onoto
ncpt\ovc ctkovoypotko, ktvqooypotko, kctcvtko u\tko o\\ kot
npoountk ovtkctcvo (o\toc, cntoo\c k..). t o0qcptc
cntokcqkov qv ck0coq ouq con\tocvotc c cvo u\\o cpyooto
(\. noppqo 1) o onoto npocotoqkc cot uoc vo cunqpcct ov
kcvptko ooo ou toktkou ocvoptou, qv cvouvoto0qoq. 1o qo
cpyoqkc uptocvo oc oc, ono t onotc ko0cto ncptqyq0qkc
c\cu0cpo oov upo ovo(quvo oo notkt\o u\tko q ck0coq t
onovqoct oo cpuqoo ou u\\ou cpyooto.
1pto oko\t oq oko\uot qov cvo voktovcp ou zc\tou
kou\oy\ou, Ot poepve, o onoto ctc npo\q0ct nptv knoto
povto oqv cknonq q kpotkq q\copooq cnop( upt
ouvopo.
3
Ltc tn\o cvtocpov o ouykckptcvo voktovcp, ocvo
\oyu ou 0coo ou, oou nopouoto(c t uoko\tc nou
ovtcunt(ov ot L\\qvc nou covocuoov ot ot opc ou
20
ou
otuvo, occpou \oyu q c0oou nou otonotqoc yto q ou\\oyq
ou u\tkou, ko0u oqpt(oov kuptu oc opuptc covoouv npuq

kotvuvtko npo\qo ou pootoou oncvovt oou covoc ko\\tcpyq0qkov
no\\on\c ctoqc: ouvcpyooto yto q qtoupyto cvo ou\\oytkou cpyou, cvtkc
ovo(qqoq kot ou\\oyq npuoycvou cpcuvqtkou u\tkou, kpttkq okcq kot coto
qtoko ypootoo (1hompson 2002:23-41).
3
1o cv \oyu voktovcp ctvot ovopqcvo oo opcto uv cnop( upt ouvopo
(.r.r).
kocptvo 1ptq-kupou
[314]

ycvt. 1o tuotko ootcto yytc o 0utko uv o0quvptuv,
6

onu onoct0qkc ono q ou(qqoq nou oko\ou0qoc, kot ouvo ou
cuoc cvo npouno yto o voktovcp nou 0o ko\ouvov vo
qtoupyqoouv.
zo unooqptktko tkuo ovoyvuocuv npooc0qkov c\o
npooptkc opuptc L\\qvuv covoouv oo 8c\yto nou
kooypovot oo t\to q Atvo 8cvoupo (1999) pve erovoore
oro eyto. cpo ono o ncptcocvo uv oqyqocuv, onou
cnovcpovov uoko\tc kot poototkc ouncptopc nou ot
o0qcptc ctov qq ouvovqoct oo u\tko nou ctov c\cqoct
npoqyoucvo, q cvooo\qoq c o onooyvqouvqcvo ouo u\tko,
nou toqpouoc qv npooptkoq ou, ovcpuoc cntoq oo nott ot
q npooptkq opupto ctvot kt ooo oqovtko, uoc unpouv
cntoqc nou oot(ouv kocoqv ckct qv cpcuv ou.
Lovo oqoct ouo o tkuo ovoyvuocuv, o nott qov
n\cov coto vo npoupqoouv oc tkq ou nopoyuyq \oyou. 1ou
(qq0qkc \otnov vo okcouv notc cpuqoct 0o c0cov, ov cnotpvov
to ouvcvcuq ono covoc - vuv q npuqv. 1o cpuqoo\oyto 0o
cnpcnc vo tcpcuv o (qqoo nou 0tyovov oc ooo kctcvo kot
opuptc ctov c\cqoct u oc. Lntoq ou npo0qkc vo
ovo(qqoouv nop\\q\o oo ouyycvtko q oo t\tko ou ncpt\\ov
npoouno - kooyuyq c\\qvtkq q q - nou vo ctvot q vo unqpov
knoc oo nopc\0ov covoc kot o onoto 0o covov vo
nopoupqoouv to ouvcvcuq npoo oc kcpo. oqctu0ct ot q
cnt\oyq ot oqyqcptc vo ovo(qq0ouv oov otkoycvctoko q
kotvuvtko kuk\o uv c\uv q cpcuvqtkq oo cv onoc\ouoc
on\ to cuko\q \uoq, too\t(c to ooootpo ocooqo kot
otkctoqo ko q tpkcto q ouvcvcuq, ko0u ot o0qcptc
cv ctov qv onotoucvq cnctpto, uoc vo qv cooo\toouv oqv
ncptnuoq nou o oqyqqpto qov yvuooq.
1o ootk npocotoocvo cpuqoo\oyto ou(qq0qkov oqv
o\oc\cto ou qoo kot cot ouv0qkc cvo cpuqoo\oyto-
oqyo (\. oppqo 2), nou onoc\coc q oq yto qv cnocvq oq
ou pro[ecL kot cnttukc vo tcukptvtoct ou \oyou q covocuoq,
o npoonotoucvo kot o ott cu q upo cykooooq, t
ouv0qkc cpyooto kot (uq ckct, q ooq uv vontuv oncvovt ou,
t npoon0ctc npooopoyq oo vco ncpt\\ov k\. zq ouvccto,
oko\ou0qoc ou(qqoq kot ckotcuqkov q npo0qkov ono qv

6
1o voktovcp ovcctc t kooooct nou oqyqoov oqv onoooq q
covocuoq, t uoko\tc ou ottou, qv o\otnupto oo L\t At\ov, t ok\qpc
ouv0qkc cpyooto kot ov pootoo nou ctov unooct ot L\\qvc covoc cpt ov
8 oykooto no\co, cpt ot c\\qvtkc vtkc oo o\ovtko cuno vo qtoupyqoouv
0ctko k\to oncvovt ou.
[313]

cknotcutko knotot ycvtkot kovovc yto q totkooto q ouvcvcuq,
nou 0o nopouoov vo tooo\toouv cvo u\tko cykupo kot cvtk
otonotqoto.
7

1c\o, ckctvo o nott nou ovo(qqoov kot pqkov npoouno o
onoto 0c\qoov vo nopoupqoouv ouvcvcuq nqpov kot qv
npuoou\to vo optoouv povcou, vo tvcookonqoouv t ouvcvcuct
kot vo oq0qoouv oqv cnt\oyq uv onoonoouv nou 0o
ncpt\ovovov oo t\kt.
puoycvq otk u\tk ou voktovcp

qov kuptu ot ouvcvcuct o\\ kot uoypotc nou nopoupqoov
knotc oqyqptc.
9

P#% %*,/0>1$1

Mcopcnovo ou o0qc kot t o0qptc optk oc c\cqc
u\tkou npooptkq toopto kot oq ouvccto oc ou\\ckc cotou
u\tkou kot ouopovo c\cqc ou, ko\\tcpyq0qkc cvouvoto0qoq
(ou\toov oc ooo nott qov cktk) cou :
) q cnoq c o tuo nou cpct o ou0cvtko \oyo uv
covoouv,
8) q kokqoq tooptkuv yvuocuv nou oct(ovot c o npo\qoo
nou ovtcuntoov ot L\\qvc u covoc,
) ou nopo\\q\toou uv koooocuv nou tuvouv ot covoc oqv
L\\o oqcpo c ckctvc nou tuvov no\tocpo ot L\\qvc covoc
ot utkc upc.

7
Lot, npockuov ono o tto o nott, coo ono q ou(qqoq, ot cq kocu0uvqptc
ypoc: o) npoooq oqv cnt\oyq ou upou onou 0o tvcookonq0ct q ouvcvcuq,
cukoto vo ctvot upo otkcto yto ovqv oqyqqpto o\\ vo qv unpct 0opuo q
\\ot ncptonooot, ) q npooko\\qoq oo cpuqoo\oyto, otonotqoq ou u oqyou
yto q ou(qqoq, uoc vo unpct cuc\tto, ov ono qv oqyqoq npokunouv vco
(qqoo (\. cnouoq vpcou 2010:23,30), y) onouyq tokonq ouq
oqyqqpto nptv o\ok\qpuoct to okcq ouq, ) coo\toq uo cucpo\cnuv
nouoq cou cpuqoq kot onvqoq ko0u kot cou onvqoq kot vco cpuqoq,
uoc vo ctvot cuko\ocpo o ov( ou voktovcp tkpou qkou.
1o cyctpqo cv ctvot ooo t\ooo ooo tou otvcot. t cqot couv cy\q
cotkctuoq c o no\ucoo, nopouv c cuko\to vo ctptoouv qv kcpo ko0u kot
\oytotk onu o Mole Maer yto o ov(, ycyovo nou cv npcnct vo o ckn\qooct,
oou ckctvot ctvot qtokot t0oycvct, vontot oov kooo uv 1L -o ovt0coq c
c, ou qtokou covoc (rensy 2001).
9
to ouykckptcvo ktvqooypoq0qkov ouvcvcuct ono uo q\tktucvou L\\qvc
nou ctov covoocuoct q ckocto ou 60 (cvov vpo nou (ct okoo ot ... kot
uotvc vo cct cntokc0ct qv 0qvo ckctvc t cpc kot to yuvotko npuqv
covopto oqv uopo\to, nou (ct n\cov oqv L\\o), ono to vcopq L\\qvto nou
c(qoc npoooo opkc povto oo 8c\yto, ono to cqq \ovto nou cooc oqv
L\\o oqv nottkq q q\tkto kot to coq\tkq o\uvq nou (ct ocov uo ckoctc
oqv L\\o.
kocptvo 1ptq-kupou
[316]

notuvo ouq qv cknotcutkq pooqptoqo, o ytvct
ooc ot c oqctu0qkov 0ouoo c qv o\ok\qpuoq q. t
ovtooct optocvuv o0quvptuv qov toupc kot cv vqkc vo
cnqpc(ovot ono o pro[ecL. knotuv \\uv ot cotoqc
k\ovtoqkov. \\ ot o0qcptc nou c0c\ovtk cvcn\kqoov cvcpy
kot oqv c\cuoto oq, oq qtoupyto ou voktovcp tkpou
qkou, qq kot nptv qv ckktvqoq ou pro[ecL cv ckq\uvov poototkc
onoct.
t cqot cpovot oo oo\cto kouo\uvo qv cntppoq ono t
ovt\qct kot t ooct q otkoycvct ou o\\ kot ou cupucpou
kotvuvtkou ncpt\\ovo oo onoto ktvouvot (yctovt, o0\qtk
ouocto onou nponovouvot k\.) onu kot qv tco\oytkq cntppoq ono
o \oyo uv MML kot uv kouv. v couv coo ono ouc t
cntpoct uto0cqoct ooct poototkc, oc cv ctvot on\o vo
oncyk\utoouv ono ouq q \oytkq. to vo ouct ouo q \\ov yto vo
optoct to nopcto npo ov oncyk\utoo, ctvot ovoykoto vo
oko\ou0q0ct ono ou cknotcutkou to ouvctqq ovtpoototkq
notoyuytkq. ko0u \too couv optoct vo no\\on\oot(ovot o
c\q q puoq uyq coo oo o0qtko n\q0uoo, ctvot ooc nto
ot, yto vo ko\\tcpyq0ct cvo nvcuo onooq uv nottuv uv
covoouv ono out ouo0qcptc ou, cv opkct q tootq
ovtcuntoq ou ono ou cknotcutkou oqv ko0qcptvoqo ou
oo\ctou, okoo kt ov ouq cv unovocucot ono nopn\cupc,
oouvctqc tokptoct.
10
notouvot cknotcutkc poct
11
- ot
on\c to\cct uncp q tooqo - nou ocvo vo on\t(ouv out
o0qcptc nou cv nopouot(ouv poototk ovovok\ootk c
ocpco cntctpqoo yto q ooq nou couv cnt\cct, occpou, ov ot
vo ovopcnouv, ou\toov vo qtoupyouv puyc oto\to kot vo
oncpvouv qv otoqqoq ot cotoqc nou ono topou
poou couv onokqoct ot o0qcptc c poototkq ouncptop.

10
Lpcuvc couv ctct ot ouv ot cknotcutkot, nopot q\uvouv tco\oytk ovt0cot
oo pootoo, unontnouv oc \ov0vouoc poototkc ouncptopc, t onotc cv
ouvctqonotouv. to nopctyo cv couv t ttc npoooktc, cv cv0oppuvouv o
tto q cv ctvot o tto ouoqpotc npo o\ouc out o0qcptc ou (kallln
2002:3-19).
11
to ov octooo octkuv pocuv nopct kovct vo otonotqoct notkt\o cvoy\uooo
u\tko (0cupto, cpcuvo kot copoyc) nou o0ovct oo totkuo, ko0u c qv
ovtcuntoq ou pootoou couv ooo\q0ct cupcu cpcuvqc kot cknotcutkot
kotvuvtuv ovcko0cv no\uno\ttotkuv, onu q ocptkovtkq, no\\c ckoctc nptv o
onooo\qoct o 0co oqv L\\o. 8coto, unpct n\cov cvtocpov u\tko yto qv
ovtpoototkq cknotcuoq kot oo c\\qvtk. Lvctktk ovocpovot cu q toooc\to
ou votouou yto o Atkotuo oqv ooqo kot oqv Lcpoqo (l-8: hLLp:.l-
re.eullnsLlLuLe.el.pro[ecLs.7) kot o t\to ou tupyou 1otko\ou (2012).
[317]

1o c\too ctvot vo couv ouc ot poct q opq pro[ecL,
uoc o octko u\tko vo cct ouykcvpu0ct ono ou ttou ou o0qc
kot t o0qptc onoc vo o 0cupouv cykupo kot otontoo kot ot
koookcuoocvo. A\\o \oyo nou ouvqyopct uncp uv pro[ecL ctvot ot
cot ot poct cku\tooovot c vcoq povou. tot cv npcnct on\ vo
0tyovot 0coo, on\ vo ovotyouv coo oqv q knoto (qqoo,
npcnct vo unpct cnopkq povo vo o tonpoyocu0ouv ot
o0qcptc, yto vo o0ct npoyotk q cukotpto vo npouv
onoooct ono t npoqyoucvc ovt\qct, vo ovookcouv ooo
0cupouoov ouovoqo kot cocvo. couc ko vou ot onotctot
to oqovtkq coucptkq n\q, tco\oytkq kot ouvoto0qotkq, ko q
totkooto ou co0otvu kot ovoo0otvu kot q ovo0cupqoq
onuoqnoc cv nopct vo \ct upo oc no\u nukvou povou (kallln
2002:73). n\q c ouq ctvot kot ouvoto0qotkq (ot ovo tco\oytkq)
ko0u q onokpuvoq ono t npocpc 0coct ctvot nt0ovov vo tuvcot
kot u npoooto npo knoto npoouno oqovtk oq (uq ouq
o0qqpto. zqv kocu0uvoq q coucptkq coontoq coto
ou\\ct kot o k\ctoto q poq c to pooqptoqo
ovoooooou. vu q o\\oyq ooq nou cntuyvct k0c oo
nou 0o oucoct oc to nopooto cknotcutkq pooqptoqo
copot ono no\\ou nopyovc, onu noto qov o oqcto ckktvqoq,
o cyc0o q optkq ovtoooq, o npoountk tuoo k\.
koq, npcnct vot(u vo unoypotoouc ot ncpo ono t
cq\ucvc poototkc onoct ko\ouooc vo onovqoouc kot oc
to \\q \tyocpo kpouyo\co npok\qoq: zc kotvuvtc onou o ovqkctv
oc to c0voqo q u\q onoc\ct oqovtko nopyovo yto q
toopuoq ou kotvuvtkou oou cvo ooou, ovonuooovot
poototkc ovt\qct \tyo no\u oc o\o o c\q ouuv uv kotvuvtuv,
ko0u o ko0cvo, ctc ovqkct oc npovotouo ctc oc q npovotouo
c0voqo, coucptkcuct oouvoto0qo ocpcouno kot ovt\qct, ouv
oopoc, q ouvctqc. 1o (qoucvo ctvot vo ytvouv ouvctqc ooc
ctvot oouvctqc, ytot ouo ctvot cvo ouotootko qo,
npoonotoucvo yto vo uto0cqoct knoto to kpttkq ooq oncvovt
oc ouc (Larence 1aLum 199: 46-31).
ztyoupo tnoc cv cyyuot ot ot o0qc kot ot o0qptc o
c ono to nopooto toktkq cnctpto 0o ctvot toc0ctcvotc vo
(qoouv npoyotk opovtk, c onooq kot ocooo uv toopuv
(Lel-Lrauss 1971:13). Ltvot ou cvo cyctpqo nou oct\ouc vo
ovo\ouc.

kocptvo 1ptq-kupou
[31]

A%+4+/1>% S
u\\o cpyooto yto qv ck0coq ou votouou kotc L\\qvc
covoc oq cpovto
zuvu(ovo n\qpooptc ono o kctcvo uv topyovuuv q
ck0coq, ono o tvco nou npo\\cot, ko0u kot ono t yponc
npoountkc opuptc uv covoouv kot ono t uoypotc nou
ckt0cvot nopouotoc:
1. otc qov ot ouv0qkc nou (ouoov ot covoc oqv L\\o
kot ou u0qoov vo uyouv tot covocuoov
2. Cov ctov onoootoct vo uyouv ono qv L\\o, ntocuov ot
0o ovoyuptoouv ntou knoto otyq uptoov c\tk
3. tot t\cov q cpovto otc qov ot npoooktc ou nptv
vo oouv oq cpovto
4. otc totkootc ncpooov yto vo ou o0ct q cto vo
covoocuoouv oq cpovto u ntocucc ot cvtu0ov oq
tpkcto ouuv uv totkootuv
3. u otcov otc qov ot ouv0qkc ou ottou
6. zc t koo\uoo cykooo0qkov, oov cooov u (ouoov
ckct
7. ou cpyoqkov otc qov ot ouv0qkc cpyooto
. otc qov ot uoko\tc npooopoyq oq vco upo
9. otc opoqytkc cpooov yto vo c\opuvouv qv cvtct
10. tot optocvot, nou qov qq yovct oov cuyov, o npuo
povto qoov ntou o nott ou oou nonnouc q \\ou
ouyycvct u vot(cc ot cvtu0ov ckctvot kot nu o nott
ou
11. 1o nott uv covoouv nou cy\uvov oq cpovto, ck uv
npoyuv, toopuvov qv ouoq ou ptokocvo ku
ono uo cntppoc: q kou\oupo kot q vooponto uv yovtuv
ou kot q kou\oupo kot q vooponto uv vontuv
ovcoo oou onotou (ouoov. u otvcot q ov(coc ot
tuvov ouq qv kooooq
12. ptocvot covoc c0qkov vo nopoupqoouv, yto vo
ckc0ouv oqv ck0coq, knoto npoountk ovtkctcv ou, o
onoto ctov tou\ct ono qv cnoq nou covocuoov q ono
o npuo povto q cykooooq oq vco upo. o) oto
npoountk ovtkctcvo ccc cvontoct )oto cuptooc
ovco ou kot ytot oto ouvoto0qoo q okcct oo
ycvvouv ou o ovtkctcvo
13. ou ccc topcct qv ck0coq, ccc ct o\c t uoypotc
kot ccc tooct t cncqyqotkc \c(vc ou, to\cc to
[319]

ono t uoypotc, ncptypc q ovo\utk kot cqyctoc
ytot qv cuptooc.

A%+4+/1>% L
Lpuqoo\oyto-oqyo yto q ouvcvcuq
1. oto ctvot o ovo oo, nou kot noc ycvvq0qkoc
2. oc kot nou covoocuooc
3. to noto \oyo covoocuooc
4. otc ouv0qkc cntkpoouoov oov ono kooyuyq oo oc
3. oto totkooto oko\ou0qooc, yto vo covoocuocc Pov
uoko\o vo uycc
6. u qov o ott ono ov ono kooyuyq cu ov ono
cykooooq
7. otc qov ot npuc uoko\tc nou ovtcuntooc oov ono
cykooooq
. ou ctvoc
9. 1t ctou ou\ct pqkoc oto qov o to0o kot notc ot
ouv0qkc cpyooto
10. vtcuntooc poototkc ouncptopc otc u vtuooc
11. Mc notou kvockvcc nopco oov ono cykooooq
12. Mcovtuooc nou covoocuooc yonqooc q toqooc q
upo onou covoocuooc
13. Lntokcnooooovcntokcncoc ov ono kooyuyq kot ov vot,
nooo ouv u vtu0ocvtu0cc onoc
cntopcoccntopccc
14. zkcqkoc vo yuptocc optotk ntou v vot, ytot 1o
cntctpqooc c\tk v vot, nooo kotpo nopoctvoc oqv
nopto oo kot nu qov
13. Lnt\cycc vo ctvcc yto nvo oq vco oo upo tot vot q ytot
ot
16. ntu0cc ncpqovot yto q upo kooyuyq oo
9#h3#,&+%-0%
8cvoupo, Atvo. 1999. pve erovoore oro eyto, 0qvo: ncc\q.
potko, ntko\oo. 2006. Apypoet kot roypole yto ro nept6oov
rou rnou ou. Ot e0voypotke kot ot etkovtortke opruple orpv
nept6oovrtkp eknoleuop, kovoptutooo: ckooq Aqotkou
zo\ctou kovoptutooo kot ovcntoqtou tyotou.
kocptvo 1ptq-kupou
[320]
ulcklnson, Alarlc, eLer Lee, & eLer 8ogers. 1984. !"#$%&%' )&*+,$-.
London: Pelnemann LducaLlonal 8ooks.
kallln, !ulle. 2002. .%+&$#/&*+ "01/#+&,%2 3$,4 56",$- +, 7$#/+&/", Lanham,
Maryland: 8owman & LlLLlefleld ubllshers.
Lawrence, Sandra M. & 1aLum, 8everly uanlel. 1998. ''WhlLe 8aclal ldenLlLy
and AnLl-8aclsL LducaLlon: A CaLalysL for Change''. zo Lnld Lee,
ueborah MenkarL, & Margo Ckazawa-8ey (cnt.), 8"-,%0 )"$,"*
#%0 ),9&0#-*2 . 7$#/+&/#9 :1&0" +, ;<=> .%+&<$#/&*+? @19+&/19+1$#9
A01/#+&,%? #%0 B+#CC D"E"9,F4"%+, WashlngLon, uC: neLwork of
LducaLors on Lhe Amerlcas, 43-31.
hLLp://wlkl.ulowa.edu/download/aLLachmenLs/31736797/WhlLe+8aclal+l
u.pdf.
Levl-SLrauss, Claude. 1971. G#/" "+ /19+1$", conference a L'unLSCC le 22
mars 1971.
hLLp://pollLproducLlons.com/conLenL/C2A8race-eL-culLureC288-
confC3A9rence-de-lC3A9vl-sLrauss-C3A0-lunesco-le-22-mars-
1971-audlo & hLLp://pollLproducLlons.com/slLes/defaulL/flles/arL-
C2A8race_eL_culLureC288_levl-sLrauss_unesco_22_3_1971.pdf
rensky, Marc. 2001. ulglLal naLlves, dlglLal lmmlgranLs." zo H% +6"
),$&I,%, vol. 9 no. 3, CcLober 2001, MC8 unlverslLy ress,
hLLp://www.marcprensky.com/wrlLlng/rensky20-
20ulglLal20naLlves,20ulglLal20lmmlgranLs20-20arL1.pdf ).
cnouoq, Mopto & Avpcou, op (cnt.). 2010. JKLMLKNOPQ NRSLKTUQV
WXYQ LZ[\]Q ^KLMLKNO_Q NRSLKTYQ \NY S[X Ò^YTZUaR[ OYN S[X
bLNX]S[SY. ovt-coooovtq: oopto Auototqoq
ovtv ot Aptoocto ovcntoto.
1hompson, aul. 2002. cdXPQ Y^] SL ^YKUef]XV JKLMLKNO_ gRSLKTY.
Avo: pov.
1otoo, tpo. 2012. hZ[\]Q YXSNKYSRNRSNO_Q UO^YTZUaR[Q. Avo:
oct ntcvpo.
o, qpq. 1999. iL ZNê] jNjeTL. Avo: 1o oot (1q ooq
1976, vo).

!"#$%&'%&()#$%* (,$%*:
kouoou, zto. 1999. poqvc. otovp nou
npoqc on q cnon cnop pt ouvopo, qv
opoocu, 1 ovouoptou 1999. (www.rwf.gr)

012I4
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Otol blstotles of tbe nolocoost ooJ tbelt lotetptetotloo lo tbe pteseot

lo tbls popet we wlll Jlscoss o smoll-scole eJocotloool sotvey lovolvloq 10-
15 yeot olJ klJs ooJ oJolesceots coocetoloq tbelt teoctloos to oo otol
testlmooy oboot tbe nolocoost. wotcbloq fltstly Motk netmoo s fllm 1be
8oy lo tbe sttlpeJ pyjomos (2008), secooJly tbe lo vlvo otol testlmooy ooJ
tbe Jloloqoe wltb o sotvlvot of tbe nolocoost lo tbe Iewlsb Moseom lo
Atbeos ooJ floolly tbe seml-sttoctoteJ lotetvlews we cooJocteJ, we
explote tbe followloq ospects of tbelt expetleoce. wbot wete tbe poestloos
tbot tbe cbllJteo oskeJ tbe sotvlvot ooJ bow JlJ tbey ptoJoce Jlffeteot
oottotlves ooJ lotetptetotloos os o tesolt of tbelt Jloloqoe? ulJ tbe yoooq
people ooJetstooJ tbe blstotlcol cootext of tbe tbe oottotlve tbtooqb tbe
leos of tbe post ot tbe pteseot? wblcb foctots offecteJ tbelt woy of
tblokloq? wbot Jo otol blstoty ooJ tbe lo vlvo expetleoce of tbe nolocoost
meoo fot tbe klJs ooJ oJolesceots betweeo tbe oqe of 11 ooJ 16?

?$)'@A@B

). %%. "'"%$#"i |$ %$/'" $' |+*"'#i.- i|#.%i.-
$.'#.< h $&'"i #. e."-#*"< $hi$'#%'.'#" |#+' $%*+'$&"
h./ &'$#"i ic "/# |#. h"%' "h *"+# h%.$+i "i $+i
+i&"H h%.|i|+ #./ e."/#*"#. h%"*"#.h.i+$ |#.
%" }./|$&. #+ ~'"
1
< *| *i" i" |+ h%..%i
*"%#/%&" *$ $hii|"'#"H

I
h"i$/#i gi..j |#+' $/#$%.*i" $h"&$/|+< h.i" i#% |#.
)**" %.|.i h"&$/|+ #./ "'$hi|#+*&./ $||"&" gG8;R:B;CB9BCHG@jH
2
h"i$/#i gi..j |#+' $/#$%.*i" $h"&$/|+ gP678?C:6GP?6>jH
1
). %" }./|$&. . gYYYHBY6:VPR:BRPHG@j $i *$#"%|$i $h"i$/#i
/i h./ "'"%$#"i |#+ i"|"&" #./ ."/#*"#.< h%.|%$i $h&|+ |$ $
$'i"$%*$'. |.$&. *./|$i.|$/ "i .h#i."./|#i /iH }$ #+ *$|.+|
#./ $h&|+ *h.%.-' '" h%"*"#.h.i+.-' |/'"'#|$i *$ +'$ %"&./ h./ ./'
$hii|$i "h #. ."-#*"H $%|"*$ .ih' |hi*. |#. h"&|i. #+ $'"|+|+
*" *$ #+' h%..%i i|#.%&" "i #. ."-#*" '" +#|./*$ #+' $i" "h #.
*./|$&. i" *i" ##.i" .%"'*'+ |/''#+|+ + .h.&" "i h%"*"#.h.i+$ |#i
InLn23I2H H }i' #"' . $hi' h./ "++$ #+' $*h$i%&" #./ "h #" |#%"#h$"
cupyto kouocpq Mt\q kootnpq
[322]

1o ootko cpcuvqtko cpuqo nou onooo\qoc ou cpcuvqc
qov o oko\ou0o: nu q tooptkq cknotcuoq nopct vo npoocyytoct qv
npooptkq toopto ou \okouuoo, vo qv cpcuvqoct kot vo qv
cpqvcuoct uo o cpuqo ko0oqyqoc vo tcpcuvqoouc t
uvooqc kot ou ncptoptoou q totkooto ouq oc cvo tkpo
ctyo o0quv. 1o ctyo o qov c0c\ovtko ctyo cuko\to kot
toopctkuv q\tktuv c nott kot cqou q\tkto 10-13 cuv c
okono vo ytvct to npuq cktqoq ou 0coo c o onoto cnt\coc vo
ooo\q0ouc.
ptv ou npoupqoouc oqv nopouotooq q nt\otkq
cpcuvo 0o nopo0coouc cvo ouvoo 0cupqtko n\ototo yto t
onoct nou cnqpcooov qv cpqvcto uv cpcuvqtkuv o
cocvuv.

J='+1/#.: *3%0$#,

1o cpuqo nou ovokunct oc 0cupqtko cntnco ctvot to. tot
cnt\coc vo ooo\q0ouc c qv npooptkq opupto kot ytot
cttkocpo c q c\cq q oo ouoctoko upo
ko\ou0uvo o npoooo cntoqovtko cvtocpov yto q
toktkq q oopto c q tcupuvoq ou yvuotkou ovtkctcvou
q (toopto ono o ku, ontkq toopto, npooptkq toopto,
npoountkq kot otkoycvctokq toopto, kotvuvtko u\o kot toopto)
(cnouoq 2004:2-29), ko0u kot qv cntpooq q qooto
toopto,
4
ouuvo c qv onoto q tooptkq yvuoq cv cntuyvcot
ovo cou q untkq, o\\ kot cou q unq cknotcuoq oc
qootou upou no\ttotkq ovoop, onu o ouocto, o\\ kot
o\c t opc q o(tkq tooptkq cntkotvuvto (o Atotkuo, ov
ktvqooypo, qv q\copooq, o MML) (kokktvo k.o. 2007: 1),
cnt\coc vo ooo\q0ouc c t cknotcutkc uvooqc to
npooptkq opupto oo ouoctoko upo.
Lttkocpo, kot oc cvo npuo cntnco, ovcoo ot uvooqc
q npooptkq toopto kuptopq 0coq cct q ovctq q tucvq
cnctpto kotvuvtkuv ouv, ot onotc yto povto ouvunqpov o\\

ouykcvpuoq. qoypoqcvq ouvcvcuq kooc0qkc oo Lpotko Mouocto, o onoto
cuoptoouc 0cp ono ouq q 0coq yto q ouvcpyooto.
4
o(q (2002:32) ovocpct opokqptotk: 'qooto oopto onoc\ct o ouo o
n\ototo cvo cto ycupo cou q cntoqovtk ouykpoqcvq tooptkq
yvuoq kot q tucvq cnctpto uv kotvuvtkuv unokctcvuv, c ooo vo
ovonuct cvo topootko (lnLeracLle) upo cou ou cnoyyc\oto tooptkou q
ououq nou to0cct ouykpoqcvq tooptkq cknotcuoq, ou tooptkou
ovtkctcvou q koo\otnou (vqcto, opctoko u\tko, ou\\oyq k\) kot ou
cupucpou kotvou

pooptkc opuptc \okouuookot q cpqvcto ou oo nopov
[323]

cv ouvto\cyovov yto qv toopto ou, to tucvq cnctpto nou
npoocpct to toopctkq ovyvuoq ou nopc\0ovo. zuuvo c ov
aul 1hompson,

npoyotkoqo ctvot ncptn\okq kot no\un\cupq, kot ctvot ootko npooov q
npooptkq toopto ot cntpcnct, ncptooocpo ono k0c \\q nqyq, qv
ovoqtoupyto q optkq no\uuvto uv onocuv (1hompson 2002:34).

Lot, q ovyvuoq ou nopc\0ovo \\oc tout(ct cntoo oqcto
uv yponuv nqyuv kot \\oc ovoctkvuct t toopctkc ckvoct
kot qv no\un\okoqo ou tooptkou n\ototou to ncptoou, cvu
nopyct vcc cpqvctc yt ouo ono o tto o unokctcvo q toopto,
cntpcnovo to tkotocpq npoocyytoq ou nopc\0ovo kot
ouopovo qv otoqqoq q to kot ovotkq ckoq ou
(1hompson 2002:34-33).
Lntn\cov, ot npooptkc opuptc 0couv (qqoo vqq, kot
onu opokqptotk ovocpct q 8ov Mnouoocv,

...nopouv vo topootoouv cvov kptoto po\o ooo oqv ovoouoooq ou
nopc\0ovo ooo kot oqv ov\uoq q kotvuvtkq vqq u oqovtkou
ootctou ou nopovo. cvo, oqv ovoouoooq ou nopc\0ovo, c qv
ovctq q cnpo0cq poq uv ootkuv kot ou\\oytkuv unokctcvuv
kot q unokctcvtkoqo u opco kotvuvtkq o\\oyq. kot occpou oq
c\cq q kotvuvtkq vqq u oqovtkou ootctou ou nopovo (8ov
Mnouoocv

2011).

npooptkq toopto oo nopov onoc\ct ot ovo tooptkq nqyq, q
onoto cvououvcot ouv oqv tooptkq cpcuvqtkq npoktkq, o\\
cntn\cov ctvot kot cvo no\uto o0qotoko cpyo\cto yto qv tooptkq
cknotcuoq. pokctot yto to \\q opq nqyq ono ouc nou
ouvovouv ot o0qc oq oo\tkq npoyotkoqo. kpttkq q
ovyvuoq kot q ouykptoq q c ouc t nqyc cct no\\ oc\q c
oqovtkocpo o ot q npooptkq toopto oq0 ou o0qc oqv
koovoqoq q unokctcvtkoqo q tooptkq oqyqoq (cnouoq
2004:323). t cpcuvqtkc ctoqc coo ono q pqoq cpuquv
nou 0o tounuoouv oc ocoq c qv npooptkq opupto, ot
cnoyuytkot ou\\oytoot ono toooupuoq n\qpooptuv yto vo
onovqoouv oc ou o cpuqoo (zokk 200:10), ctvot 0ctkc
totkootc yto qv ckpooq q kpttkq okcq
3
q onoto nopct vo
ouykpoucot c q oo\tkq yvuoq q q qooto toopto.

3
Covoocko (199:103-104) ovocpocvo oo nu vo touc o Aouot ovt(ct :
...unpct npo\qo oqcpo, kot \too ct(ov npo\qo, ko q yvuq ou, oo nu
vo touc qv kotvuvtkq kpttkq u onopotqq npq yto qv koovoqoq q toopto
kot ou nopovo. Zouc oc to ncptoo nou opokqpt(cot o(tk ono ov coc\too
[324]

zc cvo cucpo cntnco, cnt\coc vo c\cqoouc qv
npooptkq opupto to (uoq oo upo ou ouoctou. cvo, oo
ouypovo n\ototo kot ku ono qv cntppoq q qooto toopto, o
ouocto ptokcot oo cntkcvpo ou cvtocpovo, oou onoc\ct cvo
upo ckpooq kot ko\\tcpycto q tooptkq cuoto0qoto (o(q
2002:32). ccpou, cttk q pqoq q opupto ono o ouocto, o
c\cuoto povto onoc\ct cvtocpouoo ck0cotokq npoktkq nou
ouvov kovct no\u ouv (aou 2003) ot ovo oc ovtc ck0coct
(ovocpouc cvo c\\qvtko nopctyo, ouo ou Lpotkou Mouoctou,
onou kot tcq0q q nopouoo cpcuvo) o\\ kot oc ncptotkc ck0coct
nou ooo\ouvot c cntoo 0coo vqq kot ovopoooouvot ono
q qooto toopto
6
(yto nopctyo q npoooq ck0coq yto q
Mtkpoototkq kooopoq kot qv ovo\\oyq n\q0uouv oo Mouocto
Mncvkq).
7

zc ocoq c qv tooptkq cknotcuoq q npooptkq opupto oc
cvo ouocto onoc\ct to \\q toopto ono ouq nou tokouc oo
nott ono o cvo kot ovotko t\to toopto kot, npoovu, c no\u
toopctko pono ono ouov c ov onoto tokcot oo oo\cto oq
tpkcto uv uo toktkuv upuv ou upo\oytou npoypoo. 1o
cpuqoo nou 0couc oqv toopto oov yotvouc ono ou otou
q yvuoq ctvot ovotk kot ouncpt\ovouv ncptooocpc nqyc
n\qpoopqoq -u\tkc kot u\c- ot onotc npoto0couv kot
toopctkc cpqvctc ou nopc\0ovo. opokqptotk q nkou
ovocpct ot

t ouypovc npoocyytoct q tooptkq cknotcuoq oc oo\cto kot ouocto
ovo\ovouv, cou uv \\uv, o vco ko0qkov vo cv0oppuvouv kot vo
ko0toouv tkovou ou o0qc yto ovnuq kpttkq ooq u npo

q kpttkq okcq, kot ono to otooqctuq oupptkvuoq q kpttkq pooqptoqo
oc o\ou ou oct, kt ouo ooo oc ootko, ooo kot oc ou\\oytko cntnco....
6
cnouoq (2011) ovocpocvq oov 8lchar 8ablnolLz, qyctkq uotoyvuto q
qooto toopto, ovt(ct ot pct qov ot onooototkot nopyovc yto q opoq uv
ouoctuv ot npooptkc opuptc. npuo, qov q opoq uv ouoctuv npo qv
toopto ou 20
ou
otuvo, yto qv onoto unpouv cnt(uvc kot (uvovc vqc.
cucpo, qov q opoq oov ko0qcptvo v0puno kot ot cnctptc ou. Lvo vco
kotvuvtko q0o unooqpt(ocvo kot ono qv q\contkq qootoypoto ccpvc o\o kot
ncptooocpo ov pupo oo npookqvto. cvoq q uvq ou pupo ot tooptc
nou oqyctot o ouocto cncpcc qv onc\cu0cpuoq q ouyktvqoq ou cntokcnq.
pto, qov ot cvo\oytkc cc\tct nou cncpcov vo (uvovcouv ot npooptkc
opuptc. 1o tvco ckovc vo \cnct kovct ov kooo coo ono qv oqyqoq ou
pupo. Lncpcc cntoq vo (ct qv ck0coq ncptooocpo oov to ouvot\to nop oov
to ou0cvto nou cv cntccot otoqqoq.
7
hLLp:.benal.r

[323]

cvo\\oktkc tooptkc oqyqoct kot toopctkc qootc ckoc q
oopto. (nkou, 2009: 94).

ouc, ou, nu c q to (uoq npooptkq opupto, cttk oov
upo ou ouoctou, o o0qkc q uvooqo no\ucntncq kpttkq
tcpcuvqoq oc to oqyqoq ou qootou upou.

F3,*,01$1 /1? 8+=72%?@ 6, 5=0&>% 6% =+&%3=0%N ) $733,&( /'2
5=5,>82'2

1o ctyo qov nt\otko ( o0qc) kot ctyo cuko\to, po q cnt\oyq
ou cv ctvot uoto (ohen eL.al. 200:163-164), ncpt\ovovo
toopctkc q\tktc, onu nopouot(cot oov oko\ou0o ntvoko, ov
tvoko 1:

A02%.%? SV X+#<>:?K 13#.0% .%# -r3, /,7 5=0&>%/,? /1? *#3,/#.(?
8+=72%?

X+#<>:? Wr3, )3#.0%
2 yopt 13 cuv
2 koptot 14 cuv
2 yopt 11 cuv
1 koptot 11 cuv
1 koptot 10 cuv
Cr2,3,@ PV;V@ SLK

oq u\onotqoq q cpcuvo cktvqoc c qv npoo\q q
otvto 1o nott c t ptyc nt(c ou Mar erman, u oopqoq
yto ov t\oyo nou ovonuoc c o nott octk c o tooptko
n\ototo q ncptoou 1914-1939. pokctot yto qv toopto uo
cvvtpovuv, cvo ytou totkqq oc cvo vo(totko opoonco 0ovou
kot cvo cyk\ctoou cpotonou\ou. 1o oupoon\cyo c o0qkc
cnoto oq t\to uv uo ouuv oyoptuv, oncvovto \too. Lot,
otpoto, q t\to ou o oqyqoc oqv tto poytkq otpo, oou
0o\ou ocptuv. zuykckptcvo, q tooptkq n\qpoopto o0qkc oo
n\ototo to\oyou c o cyo\ucpo nott oc to npoon0cto vo
ovooupouc qv npounpouoo yvuoq kot vo ktoouc nvu oc ouq kot
ouopovo coo ono q ou(qqoq vo cvqcpu0ouv kot o tkpocpo
nott, cooov ou cv ctov ov\oyq yvuoq ouc ono o oo\cto ouc
ono o otkoycvctoko ncpt\\ov. Mc qv npoo\q q otvto ou
oncu0uvoc tcukptvtotk cpuqoo octk c o ktvqooypotko
oqyqo nou nopoko\ou0qoov, oc to npoon0cto vo ou(qqoouc ov
ono, ov povo, o npoouno kot t cou ou ococt. L\\ou, ouc
ot nopcpot not(ouv ko0optotko po\o oq ouvuovoq ou ootkou
[326]

(qpuc ctvot uo tkp nott, cvo Lpotonou\o kot cvo cpovonou\o)
c o ou\\oytko (q ycvokovto uv Lpotuv ono ou cpovou).
Mc o c\o q otvto cytvc kooypoq uv npoountkuv
cpuquv uv nottuv nou 0o oncu0uvov oov cnttuoovo, ov
onoto cnpokcto vo ouvovqoouc oo ouocto, c oq o oko\ou0o
cpuqo, o onoto nopouot(cot oov tvoko 2:

A02%.%? LV "+q/1>% *,7 %.,3,r<1$= /12 *+,h,3( /1? /%#20%?

pokctot vo okouoouc oo ouocto qv npooptkq opupto cvo ov0punou
nou c(qoc o cvo nopooto opoonco ouykcvpuoq kot kocpc vo cnt(qoct.
1t 0o q0c\c vo ov puqoct yto vo 0ct yto q (uq ou kot t cnctptc ou

zq ouvccto, oko\ou0qoc q ouvvqoq c ov cnt(uvo uv
opooncuv ou AuschlLz, 8lrenau kot ou 8eren-8elsen kot o
nott kouoov qv npooptkq opupto ou oo Lpotko ouocto, kot
nto ouykckptcvo oqv ot0ouoo ou C\okouuoo, c qv opq
optk to c\cu0cpq oqyqoq, cvu c qv o\ok\qpuoq
oko\ou0qoc t\oyo o(t ou. zov t\oyo tounu0qkov o
cpuqoo nou ctov qq npocotoct o nott, uoooo ccpooov
kot vco nou npockuov coo ono ouov.
Lncto, kot c ono o povtko opto to coo,
tcq0qoov ootkc qtoqcvc ouvcvcuct c ou o0qc (kale
an 8rlnmann 2009) c okono qv c0uvoq oc 0coo o onoto 0o
ut(ov t uvooqc kot ou ncptoptoou q npooptkq
opupto oqv kpttkq ot ou nopc\0ovo. 1o cpuqoo q
ouvcvcuq qov o oko\ou0o, onu nopouot(ovot oov tvoko 3.

A02%.%? V ; ,51&:? /1? 1>#5,>1>821? $7282/=71?

1. 1t co0c yto o C\okouuo ono qv npooptkq toopto nou kouoc
2. oto vot(ct ot ctvot q oqooto ou C\okouuoo yto q (uq o oqcpo
3. oto vot(ct ot ctvot q oqooto to npooptkq opupto
4. Lncpooc o upo ou ouoctou oov pono okcq oou v vot, c noto pono
3. zou qtoupyq0qkc knoto vco cpuqo t cnocvc qcpc c ono o\q
ouq qv cnctpto
6. ou 0o covc vo 0ct ncptooocpo octk c ouo o cpuqo

1o cocvo oc k0c oq ou\\oyq ou kooypqkov kot
onoc\tu0qkov. ptk, kooypqkc o t\oyo nou npoqyq0qkc kot
oko\ou0qoc qv otvto. npooptkq opupto kot o t\oyo c ov
cnttuoovo tvcookonq0qkov kot onoc\tu0qkov, cvu oko\ou0qoc
kot q onooyvqouvqoq uv qoypoqcvuv ouvcvcucuv. Acv ccvc
tnoo \\o ono qv nototkq ov\uoq uv cocvuv.
[327]

) %2437$1 /'2 5=5,>82'2

zo oqcto ouo npcnct vo ovocp0ouc oq c0oo\oyto ov\uoq nou
oko\ou0q0qkc. t koqyoptc q ov\uoq nopq0qoov coo ono o
cocvo kot ot nptv ono q ou\\oyq ou. zuykckptcvo, ot koqyoptc
nou npockuov ncptypouv kot cnovo\ovouv t onovqoct uv
nottuv q oouv t cncqyqoct ou. uo o c\cuoto opokqpt(ct
q 0cc\tucvq 0cupto (8lrs Mllls 2011:1-14), ouuvo c qv onoto
ot koqyoptc npokunouv coo ono t onovqoct uv o0quv, onu
kot coo ono qv ov\uoq ou cpcuvqq (orbln & Lrauss 200).
ptv npoupqoouc oo onoc\cooo q ov\uoq uv
onovqocuv uv o0quv 0o ovocp0ouc ouvoo oqv nototkq
ov\uoq q npooptkq opupto q onoto cytvc oc uo ovc: o t
oqyq0qkc o cnt(qoo ono qv npoountkq cnctpto ou oo
C\okouuo kot nu o 0uq0qkc
.

A02%.%? V J=>%/#.8? .%/1&,+0=? *,7 *+,8.7T%2 %*: /12 .4<=/1
%2437$1 /1? *+,-,+#.(? >%+/7+0%?

) g*,+=0%i *+,? /, $/+%/:*=5,
1. ou\\qq
2. 1o ott yto o opoonco
3. 1o opoonco AuschlLz
4. Ato\oyq uv kpooucvuv
3. Mcoop oo 8lrenau
6. opckooq c ovoop oc npoouno q otkoycvcto kot qv uq ou oo
opoonco
) s'( $/, $/+%/:*=5,
1. voop oo ycyovoo uv npuuv qcpuv
2. C\oo ocptuv
3. ko0qcptvoqo: cpyooto
4. opckooq yto q (uq nptv o opoonco: q (uq oqv nopto
3. Mcoop oc opoonco oq cpovto

8ov Mnouoocv (2011) ovocpct ot q ov\uoq uv npooptkuv opuptuv cot(ct:

ocvo, oqv ovoouoooq ou nopc\0ovo, c qv ovctq q cnpo0cq poq
uv ootkuv kot ou\\oytkuv unokctcvuv kot q unokctcvtkoqo u opco
kotvuvtkq o\\oyq. kot occpou oq c\cq q kotvuvtkq vqq u oqovtko
ootcto ou nopovo. Mc \\o \oyto, oo npuo ncto o cpcuvqq cot(ct kuptu oc t
0uouvot o kotvuvtk unokctcvo, kot oo cucpo oo nu o 0uouvot. Lntoq
octk c qv ov\uoq q oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq \cnc 1otu\q 2006.

[32]

) s'( >=/4 /12 %*=3=7<8+'$1
1. 1o c\o ou no\cou
2. opckooq yto q (uq nptv o opoonco: o0qtk povto
3. tonpoycuoq ou pouoo oqcpo
4. opckooq yto q (uq coo oo opoonco

Lot, ko qv onoc\tuoq q npooptkq opupto
tontouooc ot ooov oop o ncptcocvo q oqyqoq, q\oq o
t oqyq0qkc o cnt(qoo ono qv npoountkq cnctpto ou oo
\okouuo, ctoc ypotkq oqyqoq uv npoountkuv kot
ou\\oytkuv cnctptuv ono o opoonco ouykcvpuoq c ovoop
oq (uq, ouuvo c ov ovo nptv, ko q tpkcto kot c. Coov
oop oo nu q oqyqoq nopoqpq0qkc c\\ctntkoqo oqv
cnccpyooto q vqq c n\ouotc nopckoct oc k0c oto kuptu
oc ycyovoo npocpopovo, nou oopouoov q (uq nptv ono ov no\co
q qv otkoycvctokq (uq. to ouykckptcvo yto qv ov\uoq ncptcocvou
q npooptkq opupto 0o ovocp0ouc oc c\\ovtkq ovokotvuoq.
ouc ou upo o onoc\cooo q ov\uoq uv onovqocuv
uv o0quv.

X*,/=38$>%/% /1? %2437$1? /'2 %*%2/($='2 /'2 *%#5#q2

Mc q ou\\oyq, c\cq kot ov\uoq uv cocvuv npockuov
cttkocpo cpuqoo ooov oop qv cpqvcto nou tvouv o nott
oq tucvq cnctpto. 1o onoc\cooo q ov\uoq uv cocvuv
nopouot(ovot oc ouvpqoq c ou o cttkocpo cpuqoo. zqv
nopouoo ovokotvuoq 0o ovocp0ouc oc uo ono ou.

^( 2%&)( "%"$'4)-67 "%&)45*
1o npuo cpcuvqtko cpuqo ovocpcot oo nu npoocyytoov
o nopc\0ov o nott coo ono o cpuqoo nou tounuoov nptv,
ko q tpkcto kot c qv npooptkq opupto. to vo onovqoouc
oo ouykckptcvo cpuqo oko\ou0qooc qv ov\uoq ncptcocvou
oo pto oto tounuoq uv cpuquv uv o0quv.
zc npuq oq ovo\u0qkov o cpuqoo nou tounuoov ot
o0qc c qv npoo\q q otvto kot nptv ono o t\oyo c ov
cnttuoovo, o onoto nopouot(ovot oov tvoko 3 nou oko\ou0ct, c
qv ovtootq kutkonotqoq ou.

[329]

A02%.%? MV 6% =+'/(>%/% *+#2 %*: /,2 5#43,&,

"+q/1$1 "+'/(>%/% *+#2 %*: /,2
5#43,&,
D'5#.,*,01$1 S
1?
/41?
1. u cvtu0c oov qov
ooo kov oo 0voo
ntko, 13 cuv
(uq oo opoonco:
1o ouvoto0qoo npoo
oo 0voo
2. v ctc knoto t\o nou
ov cooc kot nu cvtuoc
Aqqpq, 13 cuv
(uq oo opoonco:
zuvoto0qoo yto ou
ov0punou nou cooc
3. u qov to cpo oo
opoonco oto qov q
ocoq ou c ou \\ou
u\oktocvou
L\cu0cpto, 10 cuv
(uq oo opoonco:
t ococt c ou \\ou
4. u ou cpovov coo
oo opoonco u cnc(qoc
ouo
Mopto, 11 cuv
(uq oo opoonco:
ko0qcptvoqo
3. v ctc knoto t\o,
onu o qpuo q otvto. v
opouoc ptyc nt(c.
Aouk, 11 cuv
(uq oo opoonco:
t\to
1t opouoc
6. u qov ot c\cuotc 4
upc nptv onc\cu0cpu0ct
Mpko, 11 cuv
(uq oo opoonco:
Atyo nptv o c\o
7. zc noto q\tkto nqyc ckct,
ov onouptoqkc qv
otkoycvct ou q q otkoycvct
ou qov ckct.
Avvu, 14 cuv
(uq nptv:
cooq oo opoonco
kot ot coot c qv
otkoycvcto
pokctot vo okouoouc
oo ouocto qv npooptkq
opupto cvo ov0punou
nou c(qoc o cvo nopooto
opoonco ouykcvpuoq
kot kocpc vo cnt(qoct.
1t 0o q0c\c vo ov
puqoct yto vo 0ct yto
q (uq ou kot t cnctptc
ou
. u qov oov cuyc ono
o opoonco, ov c\cnc
ct\c, nu cvtu0c c
Mopto, 14 cuv
(uq c:
u cvtu0c

ov\uoq uv cpuquv nptv ono qv npooptkq opupto
cctc ot o cpuqoo nou tounuoov ot o0qc c qv npoo\q
q otvto ctov kuptu npoountko ncptcocvo yto ov pupo kot
oopouoov oqv n\ctovoq ou q (uq coo oo opoonco. 1o
cpuqoo ovocpovot oo ouvoto0qoo nou cvtuoc u kpooucvo
npoo oov 0voo kot yto ou ov0punou nou cooc, qv ncptypoq
to qcpo q (uq ou oo opoonco, t ococt c \\o t\tk
npoouno, qv ko0qcptvoq ou, o t opouoc, ko0u kot t
c\cuotc ou upc nptv ono qv onc\cu0cpuoq. Lvo ovo cpuqo
[330]

oopouoc qv npoqyoucvq (uq kot ovocpoov oq cooq oo
opoonco kot ou coou c qv otkoycvcto. Lntoq, cvo \\o
cpuqo ovocpoov oq (uq c kot o ouvoto0qoo nou cvtu0c kot
vtu0ct cpt oqcpo yto o\q ouq qv cnctpto.
zuncpoootk, o ncptcocvo ouuv uv npuuv
cpuquv cnqpcoqkc ono o ncptcocvo q otvto, cooov kot o
oqyqotko po q cotoqkc kuptu oq (uq coo oo
opoonco, yt ouo kot o cpuqo ou oqv n\ctovoq ou
oopouv q (uq oo opoonco ckp(ovo to ouvoto0qotkq
cvouvoto0qoq ou \okouuoo. zc ouo o oto c tounu0qkov
ycvtkocpo cpuqoo yto o tooptko n\ototo q ncptoou oqv onoto
cvoocot kot q tucvq cnctpto. Uoooo, onu ovocpct kot o Atko
(2011:64) o ouvoto0qo cv ctvot kt o cucptko, ctvot ootcto q
totkooto ovoyvuptoq ou kooou, po q tooptkq ouvctqoq.
Coov oop o cpuqoo ko q tpkcto ou to\oyou c ov
cnttuoovo ou ovonu0qkov c qv npooptkq opupto nou
cuoc o tto kot oc uo kuk\ou onu nopouot(ovot oov oko\ou0o
ntvoko 6.

A02%.%? V 6% =+'/(>%/% .%/4 /1 5#4+.=#% /,7 5#%3:&,7

6% =+'/(>%/% .%/4 /1 5#4+.=#%
/,7 5#%3:&,7
D'5#.,*,01$1 S
1?
/41?
1. g1t oo\q opouooc kot
nu ovtcunt(oc o kpuo
Mopto 11 cuv
(uq coo oo opoonco: q
ko0qcptvoqo
2. Co o nctc kt
c\cuoto yto qv nctvo 1o
ycyovo ot cv puyoc k0c
cpo tnoo cv oo
onooo\ouoc q nctvo Avvu
14 cuv
(uq coo oo opoonco:
nu ovtcunt(ov qv nctvo
3. oto qov q ocoq oo c
ou \\ou kpooucvou
L\cu0cpto 10 cuv
Lpuqo nou oop oq (uq
coo oo opoonco:
ot ococt c ou \\ou
4. ooo povto (qooc oo
opoonco Aouk 11 cuv
povtkq tpkcto nopoovq
oo opoonco

puo kuk\o
cpuquv
3. Cov qoooov oo
oupyo kot oopt(oov,
ouot nou ncouoov oo
ocpon\vo cv okcovov
co oo opoonco
Mpko 11 cuv
Lpuqo nou oop oc
tcukptvqoq tooptkq yto q
ooq uv ouuv
[331]

6. ctc o \tyo qv toopto
oo c o opoonco
ntko, 13 cuv
Lpuqo yto q (uq c o
opoonco
7. zqv oqcptvq cnoq ov
pc0ct knoto cpovo
ouptoo tn\o oo, coct
nu 0o vtuocc Mopto 14
cuv
Lpuqo nou oop t
okcct yto ou \\ou oo
oqcpo
1. Aou\cuov kot o tkp
nott L\cu0cpto, 10 cuv
Lpuqo yto q (uq coo oo
opoonco: npoovu
ovocpcot oo nott q
q\tkto q
(ouvoto0qotkq
cvouvoto0qoq)
Acucpo
kuk\o
cpuquv
2. 1o nott oo kot o
cyyovto oo nu vtu0ouvc yt
ouqv qv cnctpto
Mpko, 11 cuv
poountko cpuqo yto qv
onqqoq q cnctpto ou
oqv otkoycvct ou oo
oqcpo
(ocoq nopc\0ovo-
nopovo)

no qv ov\uoq uv cpuquv tontouvouc ot o nott
ccpooov vco cpuqoo cot(ovo oqv n\ctovoq ou octk c
qv ko0qcptvoqo oo opoonco, oc 0coo octk c o nu
vuvovov, nu vcov qv nctvo, nu qov ot ococt c ou \\ou
kpooucvou. Lntnpoo0co, ycvvq0qkov uo vco cpuqoo nou
oopouoov o oc, o npuo oopouoc q povtkq tpkcto
cyk\ctoou ou pupo oo opoonco kot o cucpo q ooq uv
ouuv oqv onc\cu0cpuoq uv kpooucvuv. 1c\o, uo cpuqoo
ovocpovot oq (uq ou c o opoonco: o npuo ovocpcot
oqv toopto ou c ono ouq qv cnctpto kot o cucpo oq (uq oo
oqcpo kot cttkocpo oqv q0tkq ou ooq oncvovt oc cpovou
no\tc oc ocoq c qv cnctpto nou ctc.
zo oqcto ouo npcnct vo ovtoouc ot unqpc kot cucpo
kuk\o cpuquv oov onoto tounuoov cpuqoo o tkpocpo oc
q\tkto nott q oo.
9
1o cvo cpuqo ovocpoov oq (uq oo
opoonco c q tcukptvtoq yto o ov ou\cuov kot o tkp nott,
npoovu cvvoouoc o nott q q\tkto q (ouvoto0qotkq
cvouvoto0qoq). 1o cucpo oopouoc q (uq oo oqcpo kot qv
onqqoq q cnctpto ou cnt(qoovo oqv otkoycvcto ou.

9
tooqctuo o 0co q q\tkto oc ocoq c o cpuqoo nou tounu0qkov o
onoto 0o ctc ttotcpo cvtocpov oc c\\ovtkq ovokotvuoq.

[332]

zuvot(ovo, o cpuqoo oc ouq q oq cot(ovot vot
cv oqv n\ctovoq ou oc 0coo q ko0qcptvq (uq coo oo
opoonco, uoooo ctoyovot kot cpuqoo nou ktvouvot oc cvo
cvvoto\oytko cntnco q tto q tucvq cnctpto, ooo oqv cvvoto
q povtkq q tpkcto ooo kot oqv cvvoto q q0tkq ooq uv
\\uv (uv ouuv). Lntoq, cvo cpuqo ovocpcot oqv cvvoto q
o\\oyq oqv q0tkq ooq ou ttou ou pupo oc ocoq c qv
onqqoq q cnctpto ou oo nopov (tooptkq ouvccto). zuvcnu,
coo ono o cpuqoo uv nottuv kot ov t\oyo o0qkc q cukotpto
vo cp0ouv oqv cntvcto toopctkc nuc ou nopc\0ovo, o\\
kot q ocoq nopc\0ovo - nopovo.
1c\o, oc octko cpuqo ko q tcoyuyq q ootkq
ouvcvcuq, nou oopouoc q tounuoq vcou cpuqoo nou nopct
vo npockuc c q opupto, o nott tounuoov cvo vco kuk\o
cpuquv.

A02%.%? OV 6% =+'/(>%/% >=/4 /,2 5#43,&, }%/,>#.( $7282/=71~

C,7 51>#,7+&(<1.= .4*,#, 28, =+q/1>% /#? =*:>=2=?
1>8+=? >=/4 %*: :31 %7/( /12 =>*=#+0%
D'5#.,*,01$1
S
1?
/41?
1. O opyprp o epypoe ro novro kot erot euoo rt
tkpe onople nou elo nptv. oo ero rpv rotvlo kot ero
rpv opypop o0 eetve lo onoplo nou o0re o lto o
opyprp nopo0oe vo epypoet n evt0ov ot ov0pnot
rp ortyp nou enere ro ptk enov rou. ntko, 13
cuv

1o cpuqo ou
cnttuoovo

2. ol rt o ro eprporo ou onovrp0pkov ekr
on ro
eprpo nou ele o lto yto ro oepto. Avvu, 14 cuv
1o cpuqo ou
cnttuoovo
3. ltorl rou okrvov, ltorl ro ekovov our, L\cu0cpto, 10
cuv
tto
\okouuoo
4. ltorl rou e6oov eoo oro orporneo Mopto, 11 cuv tto
\okouuoo
3. ot, lo ov ero on o ouro nou nepooe our o
ov0pno nopo0oe oko vo et opo0evo. Aqqpq,
13 cuv
(uq c

6. ot rov npyoe yto rt rourrpre yto vo no oro
etypot kot enetp neptevoe nop po prpoo rov
norepo ou yto ro rt ylverot oro lopop kot ou elne rt ot
6polot rou lopop e epovrot koo orou oou rou
ov0pnou y0p on rpv neptop rou kot optoo vo
ntore0 rt kot ot 6polot, t ot 6polot nou o0ve ort
oe pe, oo ot 6polot nou o0ve oro lopop elvot
n prov kot ot lepovol kon. Mpko, 11 cuv

(uq uv
Lpotuv oo
oqcpo
[333]

7. Av ekovov konoto toeto orpv po oueto Aouk,
11 cuv
(uq oo
opoonco
8. 1o neptoorepo eprporo ou ro onovrpoe oo ou
ptoupyp0pke evo eprpo .rov ourol nou o0oov ekel
oro orporneo elov konoto opouvo yeyov, elov ro
yeve0to rou, elov konoto ytoprp, prov ono oov ko0e epo
n e ot oe p rp ytproov kon eptoro, rou
opvov, Mopto, 14 cuv
(uq oo
opoonco

c\cq kot ov\uoq ouuv uv cpuquv cctc ot oc ouo
o pto cntnco o nott ovocpovot o\o kot \tyocpo oq (uq oo
opoonco. zuykckptcvo, ovo uo o0qc ovocp0qkov oq (uq o
ouo. 1o cvo ono ou \too, ono to o0qpto 14 cuv ctc ootcto
nopovtoou. Auo o0qc q\tkto 14 kot 13 cuv cnovotounuoov u
tkq ou onopto qv pouotkq cnctpto uv 0o\uv ocptuv,
cpuqo (uq ou cnt(qoovo nou cnovc\oc pct opc ko q
tpkcto q npooptkq opupto. Auo o0qc, cntoq, ovocp0qkov
oo otto ou o\okouuoo, cvu cvo \\o o0qq ovocp0qkc oq
(uq uv Lpotuv oo oqcpo.
zuvot(ovo, oo pto cntnco tounuoq cpuquv o
nott ovocpovot \tyocpo oc ootcto q ko0qcptvq tucvq
cnctpto kot kuptu oc ouc nou ouvtoouv o pouo (0\oot
ocptuv) yto o tto o unokctcvo q toopto. Lot(ouv ootok oo
tooptko n\ototo q ncptoou kot o otto, cvu couc tounuoq
cpuquv yto o ootko (nu nopct vo (ct opoucvo oo
oqcpo) onu kot yto o ou\\oytko oo oqcpo (Lpotot oo oqcpo).

^( b"`)"%( "%"$'4)-67 "%&)45*
ncpoouc upo oo cucpo cpcuvqtko cpuqo q
cpcuvo nou oopouoc oo t oqotvct yto o nott kot ou cqou
q\tkto 10-13 cuv to npooptkq opupto.
zo n\ototo q ootkq ouvcvcuq o nott puq0qkov,
cko uv \\uv, noto vot(ouv ot ctvot q oqooto to npooptkq
opupto. kotvq noq uv ncptooocpuv o0quv ctvot q
ou0cvtkoqo q opupto kot q c\\ctq ovootkuv ootctuv nou
nopct ko q yvuq ou vo cct tou o cucpoycvq ypono \oyo.

\qpoopqq. koroppv koroo6olvoue on rpv opp rt elvot ou0evrtkp.
Lpcuvqq. 1t evvoel,
\qpoopqq. Ap0tvp pl ro ovroortko orotelo nou 0o nopo0oov vo
npoo0eoouv konotot nou 0o eneepyoovrov ro kelevo .enlop nopo0e vo
o0e on rpv ekpoop p on rov rvo rp vp rou ov0pnou nou o
epypoe rpv toroplo ro n oto0overot yt our our o ov0pno kot oo0
prov ol e rou unotnou rt ouvoto0poro elov yevtko ot ot
kporo0evot. ntko, 13 cuv
[334]

1o nott tvouv oqooto oo cuy\uootk ootcto q oqyqoq ou
cnt(qoovo kot ovocpovot, cntoq, oqv ckpooq uv ouvoto0quv
ou, o onoto ovt(ouv u n\covckqo q npooptkq opupto.

\qpoopqq:gMo0olvoue ko0repo ytorl noto kot vo o ro eeye 0o o
ro eeye nto koo, 0o o ro nepteypoe kot ro ouvoto0poro rou e okpl6eto
n ou6olvove ekel.
Mpko, 11 cuv

Auvooqc, onu n\qpooptc c okptcto ono o tto o unokctcvo
q toopto q ko\ucpq 0qoq cotto q ocooqo ou to\oyou
kot q ckpooq q toopto tuotk ctvot onoct nou
cnovo\ovovot ouvcu ot onovqoct uv nottuv.

\qpoopqq:gMto npooptkp opruplo elvot kot nto oeop kot lo rov
oou ptoupyp0el konoto eprpo nopel vo prpoet kot vo oou onovrpoet
nto yppyopo ev oe evo 6t6lo kot onoplo ov oou ptoupyp0el ev 0o oou
onovrpoet konoto elvot nto oeoo kot nopel vo oou onovrpoet kot o oo nto
overo kot vo o0et kot on konotov nou ro eet poet kot vo o0et rpv op0eto
kot ro ouvoto0poro rou. Mopto, 14 cuv

ouc o oo\to ckocppovq o0qpto octk c q oqooto
q npooptkq opupto, onou tounuvct qv noq q
unokctcvtkoqo q toopto

Lpcuvqq. noto volet rt elvot p opoolo to npooptkp opruplo
\qpoopqq. Ako0ooe rp yvp ev ov0pnou nou epoe eoo oro
orporneo kot our eet opoolo..
Lpcuvqq. 1t opoolo eet vo o0olvoue oure rt torople,
\qpoopqq. ltorl o0olvoue rpv op0eto yto rp p ev ov0pnou kot
ev to6ooue on evo 6t6lo nou nopel vo pv elvot kot roo op0tvo ro
eoevo nou ypoovrot.
Lpcuvqq: ltorl ev elvot op0tvo,
\qpoopqq. ltorl o ko0evo ypoet rpv toroplo nou nopel vo rov ouepet
ekelvov kot rpv enop rou.
Lpcuvqq. v p opruplo,
\qpoopqq. n opruplo elvot on evov ov0pno nou rpv epoe npoyortko..
Avvu 14 cuv

1c\o, oqovtko ootcto, cntoq, ctvot ot cv ovocp0qkc knoto
ncptoptoo oq oqooto q npooptkq opupto.

[333]

C7>*=+4$>%/%

Lovo unoq qv cpcuvo kot o onoc\cooo nou qq nopouotooc
cntopcouc oo optk cpuqo o ouvot(ovo t ootkc tcc
nou npockuov ono qv ov\uoq kot ou(qqoq uv onoc\couv.

>&+ 4 -3)(%-68 "62*@b"$34c 52(%"@ '* 2%(3"..@3"- )4'
2%(#(%-68 -3)(%@* )($ dB(6*$)&5*)(+c '* )4' "%"$'83"- 6*-
'* )4' "%54'"`3"-e

puo on o\o c totkootc nou npoto0couv qv cvcpyq oucoq
uv o0quv kot q tounuoq npoountkuv ovotkuv cpuquv oc
ocoq c qv npooptkq opupto (nkou 2009). 1o cpuqoo uv
o0quv c ov cnttuoovo nptv, ko q tpkcto ou t\oyou oct
uv onoptuv ou, kot o vco cpuqoo nou npockuov c kot ctvot
ovotk okoq yto tcpcuvqoq, onu cctov ot ootkc ouvcvcuct,
onoc\coov to cocpqvcto q tto q npooptkq opupto,
ko0u o ootcto q tuotkq cnctpto cv qp0ov on\u oo u
oov \cktkc ctkovc ou novou kot uv ok\qpuv ooovtoqptuv o\\
ou(qq0qkov c oq o cpuqoo kot q tcukptvtoq q ontkq
yuvto uv nottuv. Cnu opokqptotk ovocpct o Atko (2011:96)
1o cpuqo cct no\\c n\cupc, nou cv t ncptcvouc, o\\ o
ncptcvouv ot ttc oqv nopcto. zqv noq ouq onovot kot o
cnocvo cpcuvqtko o cpuqo.

>&+ "%54'"`($' (- 5*a4)/+ )( 2*%"Ba7' 5/3* *27 5-*
2%(#(%-68 5*%)$%@*e

Atko (2011:2) ovocpct opokqptotk yto qv cpqvcto ou
nopc\0ovo:
kutko yto qv onokpunoypqoq ou nopc\0ovo, cnocvu yto qv
cpqvcto q toopto, ptokcot oo c\\ov.[...] zct(ouc o nopc\0ov
kot(ovo o c\\ov. 1o c\\ov npootopt(ct o nopov cou ou nopc\0ovo.

1o ovotk kot uno tcpcuvqoq oo c\\ov cpuqoo nou tounuoov
ot o0qc ko q tpkcto q qt-oqcvq ouvcvcuq
ovtkoonpt(ouv qv cpqvcto nou tvouv oo nopov octk c qv
ovoouoooq ou nopc\0ovo kot o \okouuo. cpqvcto ou oo
pto oto oopouoc o tooptko n\ototo q ncptoou kot o otto ou
\okouuoo, o ootko o\\ kot o ou\\oytko ytyvco0ot oo
oqcpo.
10

10
pcnct vo oqctu0ct ot o pupo (qqoc cntovo ono ou o0qc vo otpooouv
c \\ou t\ou kot ouo0qc ou qv cnctpto nou onokotoov. M\too, uo ono
[336]

>&+ *f-(B(.(`' (- 5*a4)/+ )-+ b$'*)7)4)"+ 6*- )($+
2"%-(%-35(`+ )4+ 2%(#(%-68+ 5*%)$%@*+

Atontouvouc ot ov kot ot o0qc cn\ckovot yto npuq op c q
totkooto q npooptkq opupto ovoyvupt(ouv t uvooqc nou
nopcct u nqyq, qpuvo \too kpttkq ooq oncvovt oc \\c
nqyc nou couv qq 0ct vo pqotonotouv.
k\ctvovo kot \ovovo unoq o oo\to ou 1hompson
(2002:31) ot q npooptkq opupto nopct vo onoct ou poyou
ot ococt ook\uv-o0quv, cou ycvcuv, cou uv
cknotcutkuv tpuuv kot ou cu kooou, tontouvouc ot c
ono ouq qv nt\otkq cpcuvo, couc ovotct u tokovc, qv nopo
q npoountkq o cntkotvuvto okouyovo t cpqvctc uv o0quv
o coo ono to \\q \oytkq yto o nopc\0ov.
11

ouou, onu 0oc ono t ouvcvcuct, o ckovov npq. Lot, cou q npooptkq
opupto ooo o cnt(uv ooo kot ot o0qc ccpooov q tucvq cnctpto yto o
\okouuo. tot, onu ovocpct o Atko: 1o noctv cv ovtcunt(cot c
onooootonotqcvq tovoqtkq koovoqoq o\\ c to koovoqoq ccvq c qv c\nto
q coou. Lnocvu, o ycyovoo kot ot kooooct nou couv npoko\coct o oovo
cv ovtcunt(ovot u on\o nopc\0ov, ovtcunt(ovot cntoq kot u \uputko
c\\ov. (Atko 2011:100).
11
8\. kot ctoqyqoq ou . Atkou oo nopov ouvcpto.
[337]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

8lrs M., Mllls !. 2011. toooJeJ 1beoty, A ltoctlcol olJe. Aovtvo: ae.
8ov Mnouoocv . 2011. Lu kvct 100 ouvcvcuct. 1t vo t kvu
oo Lntoqovtko Atkuo Lknotcuoq Lvq\tkuv kpqq, cuo 3,
oember 12,
(to0coto: hLLp:creLaaulLeuc.rblop31(npoonc\ooq1132012.
ohen L., Manlon L., Morrlson k. 200. Me0oooylo eknoteurtkp
epeuvo. 0qvo: Mcotto.
orbln !., Lrauss A. 200. 8oslcs of Ooolltotlve keseotcb, ae.
o(q L. 2002. oopto oo qooto upo. zo tupyo kokktvo kot
Luycvto \ckq (cn), Atentorpovtke npooeyyloet orp ouoetokp
oyyp, 0qvo: Mcotto kot ovcntoqto tyotou, 43-34.
Covoocko . 199. 1o Aouot u ycyovo kot u vqq, oo nossooo .,
Covoocko ., Mncvcvtoc ., 8opuv-8oop . (cn), 6pokp vpp
kot toroplo, 0qvo: o\t, 62-112.
kokktvo ., 8\oou M., zokk 8. kouvc\q L., kuooy\ou .,
onoonou\o z. 2007. npooeyylovro ro Ooko0ro oro
epvtk ooelo. 0qvo: 1otcuq.
kale ., 8rlnmann . 2009. otetvles, leotoloq tbe ctoft of Ooolltotlve
keseotcb otetvleloq. Aovtvo: ae.
Atko . 2011. Anokoup, ouronlo kot toroplo, Ot eroopoet rp
toroptkp ouvelpop. 0qvo: o\t.
nkou Lt. 2009. Mouoelo, torople kot loroplo. 0qvo: nqoo.
aou, l. 2003. Cral lsLory, Museums an lsLory ucaLlon, aper
presenLe aL Lhe onerence an Cral lsLory Mae Cb[ecLs
pea, lCM, apllon, reece. CcLober 1-21.
cnouoq M. 2011. pooptkq toopto kot ouocto- to npuq
npoocyytoq, Lntoqovtko Atkuo Lknotcuoq Lvq\tkuv
kpqq, cuo 3, oember 12Lh, (to0coto
hLLp:creLaaulLeuc.rblop377(npoonc\ooq1132012).
cnouoq M. 2004. Mo0poro toroplo. 0qvo: kooovtuq.
zokk 8. 200. pooptkq toopto kot oo\cto: q toopto u tucvq
cnctpto kot q toktkq q otonotqoq. vokotvuoq oo
ouvcpto zLk-L, Accoo 3-4 kuptou, uno qootcuoq oo
poktk ou zuvcptou (to0coto
hLLp:.acaemla.eu904000 (npoonc\ooq 111012).
1hompson . 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. 0qvo: \c0pov.

[33]

[339]

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% $/12 =.*%05=7$1 '? +#s,$*%$/#.( >%<1$#%.(
5#%5#.%$0%

Ltpqvq nkou
S

\jklmnol

Otol blstoty lo eJocotloo os o toJlcol leotoloq toceJote

1be oet Jlscosses lssoes teloteJ to tbe ose of otol blstoty botb lo fotmol
ooJ lo lofotmol eJocotloo, os lo moseoms. 1be Jlscossloo ls tlmotlly boseJ
oo o tbeotetlcol comototlve stoJy of ttoJltloool ooJ cootemototy
otoocbes to blstoty eJocotloo ooJ tefets to televoot Jebotes otoooJ tbe
otlJ tbot sbeJ llqbt to tbe toJlcol cbotoctet of tbe ose of otol blstoty lo
blstoty eJocotloo. 1be oet olso teseots o televoot otol blstoty otoocb
to blstoty eJocotloo tbot os oseJ os tbe molo leotoloq toceJote of tbe
cootse nlstoty eJocotloo ooJ Moseoms ot tbe olvetslty of 1bessoly, fot sl
ocoJemlc yeots, ltb boslc olm to lottoJoce stoJeots loto tbe metboJ of
blstoty ooJ tbe ootote of blstotlcol oottotlves, ooJ to eobooce stoJeots
fotote teocbets ooJetstooJloq of tbe tetms lo blcb otol blstoty coo be
oseJ os eJocotloool toceJote ot Jlffeteot levels of blstoty eJocotloo.

6, <='+1/#.: 7*:h%<+,

0cupqtkq ouykpttkq ccooq uv nopoootokuv kot ouypovuv
npoocyytocuv q tooptkq cknotcuoq oqyct oq tontouoq
octp ootkuv toopctkuv cntoqo\oytkuv, tooptkuv kot
cknotcutkuv ovt\qcuv nou utoovot cou uv uo ouuv
npoocyytocuv. zc ouo o p0po 0o ovocpouc ouvontk kot cvctktk
optocvc ovov ono t octkc 0cc\tuct toopc.
zuuvo c t nopoootokc npoocyytoct, q cknotcuoq
0cupctot ootkq kot ovonopoyuytkq totkooto, c cooq oq
tooko\to - tooko\to q toopto (hlsLory Leachln), q onoto nopcct
npo ouooupcuoq tooptkq yvuoq u coto k\ctoo oyo0o, cou q
k\uq ckcvou kot ouoqp povo\oytk tocoycvq tokco u\q,
c okono qv ovonopoyuyq ou kuptopou kot ocyov k\ctoou c0vtkou
tooptkou oqyqoo, c oq kot qv nopooq ot q tooptkq yvuoq
onokot ovov, q kuptu, oo oo\cto.
vt0co, ot ouypovc npoocyytoct q tooptkq cknotcuoq
ovt\ovovot qv cknotcuoq u otpoq, ouv0cq kot uvotkq
totkooto, q onoto cc\toocot oc otpoq ocoq c qv cc\tq q

1
ovcntoqto Ccooo\to, emall: lnaou[uLh.r.
Ltpqvq nkou
[340]

kotvuvto, qv onoto kot q tto npou0ct. Looq tcot oq o0qotokq
totkooto, oq oqoq tooptkq okcq, yvuoq kot ctoquv yto
tooptkq cpqvcto - 0qoq q toopto (hlsLory learnln) - c okono q
oqoq cvo cuc\tkou kot uvotkou n\ototou tooptkq ovoop,
pqotou oo nopov kot oo c\\ov, coo oo onoto q c0vtkq toopto
cvoocot oo cupucpo n\ototo q noykooto toopto. 8ootkq
nopooq uv ouypovuv npoocyytocuv q tooptkq cknotcuoq ctvot
ot q tooptkq yvuoq cv nopccot o\\ octot ono o okcnocvo
unokctcvo ooo oo oo\cto ooo kot to tou oo cupucpo ncpt\\ov
onou (ouv kot ovonuooovot o oo, c no\un\cupc kotvuvtkc kot
no\ttotkc totkootc kot coo.
zo n\ototo ouq q ouykpttkq ccooq, ovoctkvuovot kot
\\c oqovtkc toopc cou uv tooptkuv kot cknotcutkuv
ovt\qcuv uv uo ouuv npoocyytocuv, nou ko0toouv okoo nto ooq
q ooq ko0cto u npo qv otonotqoq q npooptkq toopto.
Lttkocpo, u npo t ovt\qntkc tkovoqc uv nottuv, ot
nopoootokc npoocyytoct ouvcouv qv voqtkq cc\tq, t ovtootc
ovt\qntkc tkovoqc kot t tkovoqc uv nottuv yto ctooyuyq oov
kooo q toopto ovov c qv q\tkto (laeL 1939), cvu ot ouypovc
npoocyytoct t ouvcouv kot c o kotvuvtko, no\ttotko kot
cknotcutko ncpt\\ov (vyoLsy 199) o\\ kot t ootkc
ttotcpoqc uv nottuv, onococvc kot qv unopq no\\on\uv kot
toopctkuv cou ou unuv voqoouvq (arner 193).
U npo qv toopto kot ov okono q oo\tkq toopto, ot
nopoootokc npoocyytoct ck\ovouv qv toopto u cvo k\ctoo,
ovtkctcvtko oqyqo povo\oytk tocoycvuv ycyovouv, q ntoq
ovonopoyuyq ou onotou 0cupctot ot oqyct o\o o nott, ovcopqu
ttotcpoquv, oqv yvuoq ou kuptopou tooptkou oqyqoo, c
okono qv tn\ooq c0vtkq ouoqo kot qv cvtouoq q c0vtkq
ouvoq.
vt0co, ot ouypovc npoocyytoct, ck\ovovo qv toopto u
npoocyytoq ou nopc\0ovo c oq o cpuqoo nou npokunouv oo
ckooc nopov, onopptnouv qv cvvoto q ovtkctcvtkq toopto,
onococvc q uvooqo unopq cvo\\oktkuv cpqvctuv, q tooptkq
cykupoqo uv onotuv c\cycot oo n\ototo tunokctcvtkou kotvuvtkou
tooptkou to\oyou. Mcoo oc ouo o ncpt\\ov, oo onoto ovoyvupt(cot
o tkotuo o\uv oqv toopto (zuou\to q Lupunq 1996)
2
, okono q

2
zuuvo c o p0po 1 q qyto 123 (2211996) ou zuou\tou q Lupunq,
k0c unokctcvo cct o tkotuo vo yvuptoct o nopc\0ov ou, ko0u kot o tkotuo
vo onopvq0ct cvo nopc\0ov nou ou cnt\\cot. oopto ouvto cvo ono o coo nou
to0couc yto qv onok\uq ou nopc\0ovo kot q oupq\qoq q no\ttotkq
ouoq o. oopto cnocvu \ctoupyct oov to ovotkq nopo nou oqyct oqv
cnoq c ov n\ouo ou c0vtkou nopc\0ovo kot uv \\uv no\ttouv. oopto
npooptkq toopto oqv cknotcuoq u pt(oonootkq o0qotokq totkooto
[341]

oo\tkq toopto ctvot q ko\\tcpycto tooptkq ouvctqoq nou
tcuko\uvct ov npooovoo\too oov povo c tooptkou opou (8usen
2007), c qv ovnuq kpttkq tooptkq okcq, yvuoq kot tkovoquv
pqoq, c\cyou kot cpqvcto toopctkuv yponuv, npooptkuv,
u\tkuv kot u\uv ontkookouotkuv nqyuv kot n\qpooptuv nou cv
npocpovot ovov ono o oo\cto.
opoqpouc ot ot nopoootokc npoocyytoct, onookonuvo
oq ko\\tcpycto ootkq kot k\ctoq c0vtkq ouoqo, ouvcccvq
ovov c o c0vtko nopc\0ov, onok\ctouv k0c cvo\\oktkq tooptkq
cpqvcto, toupt(ovo qv tooptkq yvuoq ono qv tooptkq okcq.
vt0co, ot ouypovc npoocyytoct, onookonuvo oqv ko\\tcpycto
kpttkq tooptkq ouvctqoq, u to ouvcou to tou totkooto
ouoyvuoto (Atko 2007: 206), oc ocoq c ov kooo kot ou
\\ou, ouvcouv ov okono q tooptkq cknotcuoq c o nopov kot
o c\\ov. to ouo 0cupouv ot yto q oqoq cuc\tkuv kot ovotkuv
n\ototuv tooptkq ovoop, pqotuv oo nopov kot o c\\ov,
onotctot yvuoq ou t ctvot q oopto kot nu \ctoupyct, onotctot
yvuoq q tooptkq c0oou kot tkovoqc tooptkq cpqvcto (Lee
2006:63).

A+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% $/12 =.*%05=7$1 H#%>4U=? %24 /,2 .:$>,

pqoq q npooptkq toopto oqv cknotcuoq, oov ouq ono\cnct
vo oqyqoct o nott oq oqoq kpttkq tooptkq yvuoq kot okcq c
oq qv cnccpyooto kot cpqvcto toopctkuv kot ovtkpouocvuv
npooptkuv opuptuv - kot ot oqv ovcc\cykq onooq ovocpuv
unokctcvtkuv ovovqocuv u ovtkctcvtkuv tooptkuv cocvuv -
nopct vo \ctoupyct u pt(oonootkq cknotcutkq totkooto, ko0u
toon k\cto kuptopo tooptk oqyqoo, ou\\ct oqv oqoq
kpttkq tooptkq yvuoq kot okcq kot oqv onooq cvo\\oktkuv
tooptkuv cpqvctuv. Mto cotou unou toktkq c0oo ctvot no\u
oqovtkq, cttk yto qv cnoq o nou opokqpt(cot ono qv npooooq
oc n\q0o toopctkuv unuv kot ovtkpouocvuv n\qpooptuv, ko0u
onu toupt(cot o elxas (2010:20), o vo o0otvouv [o nott] to
toopto cv 0o ctvot to ko\\q\q npocotooto: ctc 0o npcnct vo
oot(ovot oc ouqv c oq qv ntoq, ctc 0o k\uuvt(ovot oc to
0\oooo octktotkq ouyuoq upt octo.
otonotqoq q npooptkq toopto oqv cknotcuoq, ouvccot
c qv ko\\tcpycto ctoquv tooptkou c\cyou kot cpqvcto, c oq

onoc\ct to ttotcpq tovoqtkq nct0opto nou ovonuooct qv kpttkq npoocyytoq uv
n\qpooptuv o\\ kot q ovooto nou oot(cot oc npoyoo\oytk cocvo.
opot0cot oo kokktvo 199:243-246.
Ltpqvq nkou
[342]

t onotc ot npooptkc tooptc uvct ko0toovot tooptkc opuptc
yto qv unooqptq tooptkuv uno0cocuv yto o nopc\0ov, kot ot onotc,
cou \\uv, ut(ouv ov po\o, qv cn\okq kot ouo\q on\uv
ko0qcptvuv okoo kot ncpt0uptokuv ov0punuv oqv kotvuvtkq kot
tooptkq nopcto.
ko oko\ou0to nopouc vo unooqptouc ot q npooptkq
toopto unooqpt(cot ono npoocyytoct q tooptkq cknotcuoq nou
cvooovot oo cupucpo n\ototo uv tooptkuv, kotvuvtkuv kot
no\ttkuv uvcuv nou onookonouv oqv cc\tq q kotvuvto c q
tcpcuvqoq kot ovctq toopctkuv cnctptuv, npo0cocuv kot uvuv,
ooo oo nopc\0ov ooo kot oo nopov. vt0co, ot nopoootokc
npoocyytoct, nou cvooovot oo cupucpo n\ototo uv ouvqpqtkuv
tooptkuv, kotvuvtkuv kot no\ttkuv uvcuv, ovtovot qv
npooptkq toopto, ko0u cnttukouv qv ouyk\uq onotooqnoc
toop kot cvo\\oktkuv uvuv c okono qv cvtouoq cvo cvtotou
c0vtkou oqyqoo.
U ck ouou, nopouc vo ovt\q0ouc ytot q pqoq q
npooptkq toopto oq oo\tkq cknotcuoq unooqpt(cot ovov ono
ouypovc npoocyytoct q toopto kot q tooptkq cknotcuoq, kot
npoko\ct cvovc ovtooct ono ouvqpqtkc uvct, oc toopctkc
ncptoc ou kooou, ov\oyo c o oc k0c ncptnuoq kuptopo c0vtko
tokucuo.
zt )AX, ot ovtooct yto q pqoq q npooptkq toopto oq
oo\tkq cknotcuoq ouvccot c qv cnttuq oqoq cvtoto c0vtkq
ouvctqoq oq oq cvo cvtotou c0vtkou tooptkou oqyqoo.
zuuvo c ov Learns (2010), nop qv v0qoq q kotvuvtkq
kot npooptkq toopto oc okoqotko cntnco, unpouv no\\c
ovtooct yto qv otonotqoq ou oq oo\tkq cknotcuoq, c ootko
cntctpqo ot onouvouvovot cot ot oct ouv0coq kot cvtouoq
cvo kcvptkou tooptkou oqyqoo ocptkovtkq toopto kot o po\o
q yto q oqoq ou c0vou (naLlon bullln). t tooptkc kot no\ttkc
ntcoct cntcpou ouv, onu ot ptkovot cptkovot, ot otc
cptkovot, ot Aotvot, yto to no\uno\ttotkq toopto cv couv okoo
tkotu0ct, ko0u q toopto ou cv cvoocot oov kopo ou tooptkou
oqyqoo o\\ oc ocoq c ouykckptcvo tooptk ycyovoo, onu ot
ovoopc oqv toopto uv ptkovuv cptkovuv oc ocoq c q ou\cto
q o no\ttk tkotuoo, q q toopto uv yuvotkuv c oqovtkc otyc
ou ctvtotkou ktvqoo. 1o cpuqo cv q ocptkovtkq toopto
nopct vo ctvot kt toopctko ono to c\tkq ouyuvcuoq cnctptuv oc
cvo c0vtko ouvo\o, nopocvct ovotko (Learns 2010:33).
kot oqv I$*%20% q pqoq q npooptkq toopto oqv
cknotcuoq npoko\ct ovt0coct c ootko cntctpqo q ouv0coq kot
cvtouoq to cvtoto c0vtkq ouoqo. Lu ou ot ovtootc
[343]

ovt0coct ouvcovot c uo ootk no\ttk (qqoo: o) c q o0t
ouykpouoq cou q kuptopq tonovtkq ouoqo kot q ouoqo
uv koo\ovuv kot uv 8okuv, ot onotot \too 0couv (qqoo
ovctq q ttotcpq tkq ou c0vtkq ouoqo, kot onootoq ono
o cvtoto tonovtko kpo, kot ) c q toctptoq ovtkpouocvuv unuv
vqq oc ocoq c ov cu\to no\co kot q tkoopto ou pvko,
0coo o onoto cv couv uct o0t kpttkq tooptkq, kotvuvtkq kot
no\ttkq cnccpyooto cu oqcpo.
oo ou vo okouoouv ovtkpouocvc uvc, vqc kot
tooptc, kot \too oo n\ototo q oo\tkq toopto, ouvccot c
kotvuvtkc kot no\ttkc uvct kot npoocyytoct q tooptkq
cknotcuoq nou cnttukouv qv cvtouoq to cvtoto c0vtkq
ouoqo, cou kot c ouyk\uq uv toopuv nou \\oc
unoookouv kot \\oc ouyk\ovt(ouv c t npct q o onoototk
otqo ou qv kotvuvto.
no qv \\q n\cup, ot unooqptkc ouypovuv npoocyytocuv
q tooptkq cknotcuoq, ov kot ovoyvupt(ouv q uoko\to toctptoq
ouuv uv kptotuv (qquv oo n\ototo q oo\tkq toopto,
npoctvouv qv pqoq q npooptkq toopto, cou \\uv u to
c0oou tooptkq cnccpyooto ou q cnou\ucvou pouoo nou ouq
q kookcpotocvq kot q cnccpyoocvq vqq ono q tkoopto ou
pvko kot ov cu\to no\co ovoctkvuct. Cnu ovocpct q eralllo
(2010:104), o vo ovo(ct ov pvko cyk\qoto cv ctvot o tto c o
vo o \c yto ov nonnou yctov oou nou ctvot yvuoo oc o\o o upto.
Co npcnct vo cqyq0ct tooptk ytot conooc o cu\to no\co kot t
ouvcq oc o\\ kot c ono ouov.
to ouo, unooqpt(ct q eralllo (2010:10), oqv onovto
ouvct(cot o oyuvo yto qv ovoopuoq q tooptkq cknotcuoq,
uoc, ovt vo cot(ct oqv cvtouoq q c0vtkq ouoqo, vo cvooct
t ovtkpouocvc vqc ou npoooou nopc\0ovo oc cvo ouykpttko
tooptko n\ototo cnccpyooto.
zqv 9:+=#% I+3%250% q npooptkq toopto pqotonotctot oqv
tooptkq cknotcuoq, u 0cponcutkq tooptkq cknotcutkq totkooto,
q onoto, c q toctptoq pouotkuv kot ovtkpouocvuv npooptkuv
tooptuv, 0cupctot ot nopct vo ou\ct oqv cootkq ncptoo
cnou\uoq uv n\qyuv to o0t toocvq kotvuvto (Mcully 2010).
Uoooo, yto qv cvoq q npooptkq toopto oqv cknotcuoq, kot
cttkocpo c ouov ov okono, ckp(ouv cntu\ct no\\ot tooptkot c
kcvptko cntctpqo ot q toopto npcnct vo tokcot u toopto kot cv
npcnct vo pqotonotctot yto \\ou kotvuvtkou, no\ttkou q c0vtkou
okonou. npoontoq q ouovoto q toopto u oo\tkou
o0qoo ono ouvcvuoct c \\o yvuotk ovtkctcvo q ono cuycvct
u npo q uoq q okonou, ctvot cvo 0co nou onooo\ct cupucpo
Ltpqvq nkou
[344]

ou tooptkou kot ooou cttkcuovot oqv tooptkq cknotcuoq, ko0u,
cou \\uv, ot cpc o tokucucot tc0vu okoo kot q 0coq q
toopto oc oo\tk npoypoo onouuv.
zo I$+%(3 ovonu0qkc to no\u cvovq toq (1999-2001) yto
uo oo\tk t\to ouypovq toopto, O etkoor otvo (aeh 1999)
kot vo koo ooyv (aaobl 1999). zuuvo c ov aeh (2010),
cntkcvpo q toq qov kuptu o pono nopouotooq q toopto
q tpuoq ou cpotkou kpou ou opoq\ kot q poo-opoq\tvq
ouykpouoq. Cnu ovocpct o tto, uo ono o opokqptotk uv
t\tuv nou npok\coov cvovc ovtpoct qov q nop0coq
kotvuvtkq kot no\ttotkq toopto nop\\q\o c qv nopoootokq
no\ttkq kot opotutkq toopto, kot o ouvuooo cvouvoto0qtkq kot
no\utooq npoocyytoq ycyovouv ou nopc\0ovo. c okono qv
npoocyytoq optocvuv tooptkuv ycyovouv ono ncptooocpc q to
ontkc yuvtc, uoc cot vo tcuko\uvcot q tkovoqo koovoqoq
toopctkuv onocuv, ouncpt\oovocvuv kot ouuv uv '\\uv
(aeh 2010:133).
vtkpouocvc ontkc, koontcocvc ouoqc kot ou\\oytkc
vqc -o\ototvtuv, cnt(uvuv ou o\okouuoo, puv ou
kpou ou opoq\, yuvotkuv, uncp-op0oouv Lpotuv, Lpotuv q
toonop, vcuv covoouv - oc ovt0coq c ov c0vtko kovovo (aeh
2010: 14), npok\coov cno0ct ovtpoct ono no\\c n\cupc q
kotvuvto, cou \\uv kot ono ou ccpvou ou no\cou ou 194,
ot onotot unooqptov ot q toopto ouou ou no\cou 0o npcnct npuo
ono o\o vo cunqpcct c0vtkc ovykc, q\oq vo cvoo\(ct [oou
o0qc] to oto0qoq tkotoouvq yto qv ouoooq q cpotkq
kuptoptkq couoto (aeh 2010: 143).
cy\q ouq toq ouvccot c o cy\o no\ttko (qqo u
npo qv unooooq ou kpou ou opoq\ oq Mcoq voo\q oc ocoq
ooo c qv cucptkq ooo kot c qv coucptkq no\ttkq ou. Lv \ouc
un otv ot o oo\tko n\q0uoo oo opoq\ ko 20 onoc\ctot ono
nott opotkq kooyuyq, nopouc vo uno0coouc ot q toq ouq
ouvccot c o cpuqo: Movo\t0tkq Lpotkq ouoqo q tooptkq
ouvctqoq nou ouncpt\ovct o\ou ou kootkou ou opoq\
Cnu unooqpt(ct o aeh, q toq ouq nou ouvct(cot, ov kot
c \\c oopc, ovoctkvuct qv cvooq cou q votoqo uv
toopctkuv ontkuv to notkt\oopq kotvuvto kot q nopooq
q tooptkq cknotcuoq u cvo ponou oqoq ou\\oytkq ouoqo
kot o\\q\cyyuq (aeh 2010:149).
zc no\\c upc q pqoq nqyuv oq oo\tkq toopto u coo
cnccpyooto kptotuv tooptkuv (qquv cct 0cupq0ct cntktvuvq kot
cct ovtkoooo0ct c qv ovonopoyuyq ou kuptopou tooptkou
oqyqoo onu ouo ovonuoocot oo ovtooto oo\tk toktk
[343]

t\to. Lvctktk o ovocpouc qv cnccpyooto q toopto ou 8
oykootou o\cou oqv onuvto kot oc upc q voo\tkq oto,
onu oqv noto kopco, ko ov onoto q onuvto ctc cnt0ctkq no\ttkq
cvu ot \\c upc unqpov 0uoo ouq q no\ttkq. zuuvo c ou
uh urlLa (2010) ot npoon0ctc ouv0coq q toopto ou 8
oykootou o\cou c ovtkpouocvc opuptc oncqoov kopnc,
cvu kot oqv onuvto kot oqv noto kopco, nou uncoq qv onuvtkq
kuptopto, oko\ou0ctot q oktkq q ouyk\uq kot q npoo\q uv
kuptopuv ovo\t0tkuv oqyquv nou onocuyouv ovoopc oc
pouotk ycyovoo c ooo qv ko\\tcpycto uncpqovq c0vtkq
ouoqo. opokqptotko ctvot o ootcto ot q cnt0ctkq no\ttkq q
onuvto nopouot(cot oo tonuvtk oo\tk t\to u o cpyo to
tkpq oo opotutkuv nou nopcoupov qv kucpvqoq kot ov \oo,
cvu o oo\tk t\to q noto kopco ovocpovot kuptu oo c\o
ou 8 oykootou o\cou, nou ountnct c qv ovokqpuq q
ovcopqoto q kopco, nopoknovo cot qv ncptoo q tonuvtkq
kuptopto. Uoooo, cv unpouv ovoopc oq tpooto kot o
noykookt, npoovu yto vo qv ko\\tcpyq0ct knotou unou oun0cto
yto ov tonuvtko \oo q cnoq.
Mcy\c toc couv npok\q0ct kot oqv 1oupkto oc ocoq c
ov pono cnccpyooto ou (qqoo q cvokovto uv pcvtuv oqv
oo\tkq toopto. Cnu ovocpouv ot . lle kot . lle (2010), ot
toc cv oopouv ovov o nu 0o npcnct vo to0ct o (qqo ouo
oo oo\cto q 1oupkto, onou cpo ou n\q0uoou uv o0quv ctvot
pcvtot, o\\ kot o nu tokcot oc upc nou couv ovoyvuptoct qv
cvokovto uv pcvtuv, onu o kovo, onou otouv no\\ nott
1oupkuv covoouv.
Mc oq q ouvoq noponvu ovoop oc octkc toc ov
ov kooo nopouc vo koovoqoouc q oqooto otonotqoq q
npooptkq toopto oqv cknotcuoq, o\\ kot ou \oyou yto ou
onotou cknotcutkc npooct yto qv otonotqoq q npooptkq
toopto npoko\ouv no\u cvovc ovtpoct.

A+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% .%# >,7$=0%

noponvu tontouoq cvtoucot kot ono ovtootc cc\tct oo upo
uv ouoctuv.Mto no\u ouvoq ovoop oq pqoq npooptkuv
opuptuv oo ouocto nopct vo o unoctct t pt(tkc coontoct
nou nopct vo cntcpct q npooptkq toopto oc ncpt\\ovo nou
cnccpy(ovot o nopc\0ov oc ocoq c o nopov kot o c\\ov c
tooptkou opou. Mc qv optkq pqoq npooptkuv tooptuv yto qv
n\ototuoq u\tkuv opuptuv ovtkctcvuv, uoc vo o kvouv vo
Ltpqvq nkou
[346]

t\qoou
3
, npooptkc opuptc ptoov vo pqotonotouvot kot u
ouovoo ck0coo, yto qv n\ototuoq uv onotuv oc optocvc
ncptnuoct pqotonotq0qkov u\tkc opuptc ovtkctcvo. cvtkocpo,
q pqoq npooptkuv opuptuv oc ouocto ouvccot c q ou(qqoq yto
qv tootq oqooto kot oto ou u\tkou kot u\ou no\ttoou kot q
coontoq ou npooovoo\toou uv ouoctuv ono o ovtkctcvo oou
ov0punou.
4

X#,*,01$1? /1? *+,-,+#.(? #$/,+0%? $= *+,*/7U#%.4 >%<(>%/% P0%
=>*=#+0%

zo oqcto ouo 0o ovocp0u ouvontk oq totkooto otonotqoq q
npooptkq toopto, oc uo nponutok o0qo ou (Atoktkq q
toopto kot ouocto kot Ccupto ou u\tkou no\ttoou kot cknotcutkq
cpcuvo) oo otoyuytko 1qo pooo\tkq Lknotcuoq ou
ovcntoqtou Ccooo\to. cnt\oyq otonotqoq q npooptkq
toopto, oqpt0qkc kuptu oo cpyo ou 1hompson (1972002) kot
onookonouoc c opq oo vo ookq0ouv ot c\\ovtkot cknotcutkot,
cou q novcntoqtokq cknotcuoq ou, oc toktkc c0oou nou
ovt\ovovot qv cknotcutkq totkooto u cpcuvqtkq totkooto,
kot cot vo onokqoouv o coto yto q pqoq ovtootuv toktkuv
c0ouv ot o0tc q cknotcuoq nou oo c\\ov 0o unqpcqoouv.
zuvontk q cknotcutkq ouq totkooto oko\ou0ct o oko\ou0o
octo:

zto 1. zo npuo 0qo (ko0u kot oo c\cuoto) tovot npo
onvqoq ono t otqptcc ot cq cpuqoct:

1t elvot p loroplo,
ze oopo, ov vot, ytorl, n enekeoot oe ourpv.
noto p ouvotkp etkvo nou eet toopoet yto rpv epvtkp toroplo,

zto 2. Mc ono ycvtkq 0cupqtkq ctooyuyq oqv npooptkq toopto,
cnt\cyovot 0coo npo tcpcuvqoq ono t otqptcc kot
ouykpoouvot oc cpcuvqtkq cpyooto nou cpy(ovot o\o o
cqvo, c ovtkctcvo q ouyypoq tooptkq c\cq c oq q
ou\\oyq kot cpqvcto npooptkuv tooptuv ono ctyo nou cnt\cycot c
oq qv cuko\q npooooq uv otqptuvuv kot qv otkovoto povou.

3
poq ouq noponcnct oo Atc0vc zuvcpto ou Atc0vou zuou\tou Mouoctuv
lCM, an oral hlsLory mae ob[ecLs spea, nou npoyoonotq0qkc oo noun\to 1-23
kuptou 2003.
4
to q pqoq q npooptkq toopto oc ouocto kot q toouvcoct q c
ycvtkocpc ouocto\oytkc cnt\oyc \. nkou 2009.
[347]

Lvctktkc ncptnuoct 0cuv: 8o\o oo nopov kot o coo
nopc\0ov. vovqoct cvq\tkuv ono qv nottkq q\tkto (oov 8o\o q
o\\ou). Atoycvcokc toopc oq yuvotkcto cnctpto. Lu\c cnctptc
ono q (uq oo nopc\0ov. Lnctptc q cpovtkq kooq kot ou
Lu\tou.
Lvctktkc ncptnuoct ctyoo: Av0punot nou (ouv oc to
yctovt q no\q. uvotkc ptuv toopctkuv ycvcuv q tto
otkoycvcto npoouyuv oqv nco uvto. ovct kot \\o otkcto npoouno
uv otqptuvuv c toopctko ono kooyuyq.
zto 3. Ltooyuyq oq c0oo ou\\oyq kot cpqvcto npooptkuv
cocvuv. Mc oq q octkq ou(qqoq ot otqptcc koovoouv
(qqoo covo\oyto o\\ kot c0oo\oyto. Lnt\cyouv o coo
kooypoq uv npooptkuv cocvuv nou 0o ou\\couv
(qootoypotko oyvqouvo q tvcokcpo). op\\q\o
ovoyvupt(ouv ot 0o npcnct vo toopuvouv kopc\c c ootcto uv
n\qpoopquv, vo kpoouv ypon t nopoqpqoct ou yto qv
ycvtkocpq ouncptop uv ot\quv ko qv totkooto q
ouvcvcuq.
nopouotooq ovtootuv cpyootuv npooptkq toopto kot q
npoo\q octkuv tvco, u0ct t otqptcc vo ovt\q0ouv q
oqooto nop\\q\q ou\\oyq ontkuv q u\tkuv opuptuv
(uoypotc, npoountk ovtkctcvo) kot octkuv npuoycvuv kot
cucpoycvuv nqyuv.
zto 4. ko q tpkcto uv ncptooocpuv oko\ou0uv o0quv ot
otqptcc nopouot(ouv qv cc\tq uv ootkuv cpyootuv oqv
o\oc\cto kot ou(qouvot o octk cpuqoo, ot ouvotc kot o
ycvtkocpo npo\qotoo ooo u npo ouotootk cpcuvqtk
(qqoo ooo kot u npo npoktk, uoc vo no\\on\oot(cot q cnctpto
kot vo ovo\uovot 0cupqtk kot cpcuvqtk (qqoo oc o\o o oto
q cknovqoq uv cpyootuv.
zto 3. ko o c\cuoto o0qoo o\c ot oc cpyooto
nopouot(ouv t ootkc cpyootc ou oqv o\oc\cto, ovocpocvc
oo cpcuvqtko cpuqo q o cpuqoo o onoto tcpcuvqoov, q c0oo
ou\\oyq kot ov\uoq cocvuv, o ctyo kot o cocvo nou
ouvc\cov, o onoc\cooo, t uno0coct q o ouncpooo oo onoto
koc\qov, oc ocoq c ou ncptoptoou q cpcuvqtkq ouq
otqtkq cpyooto. Lntoq, nopouot(ouv npooct yto ckoc
cvcocvq ouoctokq ck0coq ootctuv q cpyooto ou, o\\ kot t
c\\ovtkc cknotcutkc copoyc c t onotc nopct vo otonotq0ct
q ouvo\tkq cnctpto ou ono ouq qv nponutokq cknotcutkq
totkooto.
zto 6. cknotcutkq ouq totkooto o\ok\qpuvcot o) c qv
nopooq ovtootuv yponuv cpyootuv ot onotc ouvocuovot ono
Ltpqvq nkou
[34]

oppqo kot v c o ouykcvpucvo npooptk q
ontkookouotk cocvo, ) c qv ouvo\tkq oto\oyqoq ou o0qoo
ono kotvou ono t otqptcc kot q tokouoo, kot y) c qv
onvqoq ono ou otqc uv ttuv cpuqocuv ot onotc ctov
onovqoct oo npuo 0qo.

1o cknotcutk onoc\cooo ou o0qoo
Mc oq q ou(qqoq c 0co qv ouvo\tkq oto\oyqoq ou
o0qoo, o\\ kot q ouykpttkq ov\uoq uv onovqocuv uv
otqptuvuv ot cpuqoct nou ou o0qkov oo npuo kot c\cuoto
0qo, o cknotcutk onoc\cooo ou o0qoo nopouv vo
ncptypoouv u cq:

1. kokqoq yvuoq ou t ctvot q oopto kot nu \ctoupyct.
(Lnt\oyq nqyuv, ou\\oyq kot c\cyo cocvuv, no\uoqto on\uv
tooptuv, cpqvcto ou u tooptkuv opuptuv, tounuoq uno0cocuv
kot ouncpoouv ono\\oycvuv ono ycvtkcuoct, cntyvuoq uv
ncptoptouv, cvo\\oktkc cpqvctc kot t\oyo.)
2. pok\qoq cvtocpovo yto qv oopto kot cntyvuoq ou ot o
oop.
3. Lntyvuoq uv toopuv cou nopoootokuv kot ouypovuv
npoocyytocuv q tooptkq cknotcuoq.
4. Lntyvuoq uv ktvuvuv nou cn\ckovot oc to on\otkq pqoq q
npooptkq toopto, upt ko\\q\q tooptkonotqoq uv opuptuv.
3. koovoqoq uv oouv o\\ kot uv uvooquv nou nopcct q
pqoq q npooptkq toopto oc toopctkc o0tc q cknotcuoq,
okoo kot oqv npooo\tkq.
6. voooooo yto qv cknotcutkq totkooto nou oko\ou0qooc
oo 0qo kot t cntnuoct q yto t otqptcc, u oo kot
oc, o\\ kot u c\\ovtkou cknotcutkou.
7. uotootkq ouvcoq q oo (otqptuvuv kot q
tokouoo) oc k\to kpttkou to\oyou o\\ kot ouvoto0qotkq
npoocyytoq c oq qv cnccpyooto 0cuv nou cv oopouv ovov
cvo oqpqcvo nopc\0ov o\\ q (uq q tkq o kot uv \\uv oo
nopov.
. kokqoq ou ot q tooptkq cknotcuoq nopct (q kot npcnct) vo
ctvot nopoyuytkq kot cpcuvqtkq totkooto, cv ovotyct poou yto qv
koovoqoq q ov0puntvq kooooq kot cnctpto oo nopc\0ov o\\
kot o nopov, ycupuvovo t ycvtc.

[349]

"*03,&,?

vt cnt\oyou, o cntctpqoouc vo toopuoouc to ouvo\tkq,
uoooo ovotkq, onvqoq oo cpuqo: tot uncpoont(oooc qv
otonotqoq q npooptkq toopto oc o\c t o0tc q tooptkq
cknotcuoq
opop(ovo ov Lee (2010:xl), cv coooc ot okono q
cknotcuoq ctvot vo ko0to o nott kot o vcop oo tkov vo
ovonuooovot u ouovoo kot kpttk okcnocvo unokctcvo, oc q
ouo\q ou o0qoo q toopto, oc k0c o0to q cknotcuoq,
cv nopct nop vo ctvot ouq nou o oq0 vo koovoouv ov kooo, ov
couo ou kot ou \\ou tooptk, q\oq c kpttkou tooptkou
opou. to vo koooct ouo ctko, cou \\uv, 0o npcnct vo
ovtkoooqoouc qv nctotkoqo uv ycvtko\oyuv ouncpoouv c
qv ovo(qqoq yvuoq, qv cpcuvo kot t cpuqoct. (Wlnebur oraL
1999: 82). otonotqoq q npooptkq toopto cntpcnct qv ovctq
kot tooptkq cnccpyooto toopctkuv uvuv kot oqyquv nou
npoko\ouv o kuptopo tooptko oqyqo, c qv cvouuoq no\\on\uv
toopctkuv ontkuv, cpuquv kot uno0cocuv oqv tooptkq
cknotcuoq (elxas 2000).

zuuvo c qv kaanah (1999:xlll):

Mc onouoo qv cvvoto q cotoqo, tounuvouc cpuqoo, vouc
yupu o yto vo onokqoouc to ko\ucpq q ou\toov cvo\\oktkq ontkq,
ovo(qouc vcc opuptc oqv npoon0cto vo koovoqoouc knu t
cnctptc ou nopc\0ovo. kot npyot, ooo ncptooocpo yvupt(ouc, ooo
ncptooocpo ovoyvupt(ouc ot cv nopct vo unpct noc to on\q toopto,
ouc to ounoyq oqyqoq, o\\ no\\c. t tooptc coopuvovot, cot, oc
no\\on\c uvc, ovtkpouocvc ncptypoc kot oouuvtc kot, cot,
qtoupyctot cn\outoo kot nt0ovq yvuoq ncpo ono npokoo\qct.

Ltpqvq nkou
[330]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
ercalllo, L. 2010. azars ln panlsh lsLory ucaLlon. zo l. aou l.
8arca (Lnt.), cootemototy lobllc ebotes Ovet nlstoty Jocotloo. (A
volume ln lnLernaLlonal 8ele o lsLory ucaLlon.) harloLLe, ..:
lnormaLlon Ae ubllshln, 97-109.
lle, . lle, . 2010. oes lsLory 1eachln onLrlbuLe Lo holn
8especL an ympaLhy lor CLhers ebaLes on lsLory 1exLboos an
Lhe urrlculum ln 1urey. zo l. aou l. 8arca (Lnt.),
cootemototy lobllc ebotes Ovet nlstoty Jocotloo. (A volume ln
lnLernaLlonal 8ele o lsLory ucaLlon.) harloLLe, ..: lnormaLlon
Ae ubllshln, 203-220.
arner, . 193. tomes Of MloJ. 1be 1beoty Of Moltlle otelllqeoces. e
or: 8aslc 8oos.
kaanah, . 1999. Moloq nlstotles o Moseoms. Lonon-e or:
LelcesLer nlerslLy ress.
kokktvo, . 199. toktkq q toopto. Atcntoqovtko o\\ kot
ouovoo yvuotko ovtkctcvo. c\\qvtkq onok\toq, Mvpv
20:243-230.
Lee, . 2006. poocyyt(ovo qv cvvoto q tooptkq notcto. zo .
kokktvo Lt. nkou (nt.), npooeyylovro rpv toroptkp eknoleuop
ort ope rou 1
ou
otvo. 0qvo: Mcotto, 37-70.
Lee, . 2010. erles lnLroucLlon: lnLernaLlonal 8ele o lsLory ucaLlon,
volume 6. zo l. aou l. 8arca (Lnt.), cootemototy lobllc
ebotes Ovet nlstoty Jocotloo. (A volume ln lnLernaLlonal 8ele o
lsLory ucaLlon.) harloLLe, ..: lnormaLlon Ae ubllshln, xl-xl.
Atko, . 2007. n ro nope0v ylverot toroplo, 0qvo: o\t.
Mcully, . 2010. WhaL 8ole or lsLory 1eachln ln 1he 1ranslLlonal !usLlce
rocess ln eeply lle ocleLles zo l. aou l. 8arca (Lnt.),
nkou, Lt. 2009. Mouoelo, torople kot toroplo. 0qvo: nqoo.
aeh, . 2010. ubllc proar Cer 1he lsLory urrlculum An 1exLboos
ln lsrael. zo l. aou l. 8arca (Lnt.), cootemototy lobllc ebotes
Ovet nlstoty Jocotloo. (A volume ln lnLernaLlonal 8ele o lsLory
ucaLlon.) harloLLe, ..: lnormaLlon Ae ubllshln, 133-131.
aeh, , 1999. nomeo bo-0 [ 20o otuvo]. 1el Al: lrel.
laeL, !. 1939. 1be looqooqe AoJ 1booqbt Of 1be cbllJ. Lonon: 8ouLlee
an kean aul.
8usen, !. 2007. Memory, lsLory an Lhe CuesL or 1he luLure. zo L.
a[anl A. 8oss (Lnt.), otoeoo ssoes lo cbllJteos Jeotlty ooJ
cltleosbl. nlstoty 1eocbloq, Jeotltles ooJ cltleosbl. Laorshlre:
1renLham 8oos, 13-34.
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elxas, . 2010. A MoesL roposal or hane ln analan lsLory
ucaLlon. zo l. aou l. 8arca (Lnt.), cootemototy lobllc
ebotes Ovet nlstoty Jocotloo. (A volume ln lnLernaLlonal 8ele o
lsLory ucaLlon.) harloLLe, ..: lnormaLlon Ae ubllshln, 1-26.
Learns, . 2010. lsLory ebaLes: 1he nlLe LaLes. zo l. aou l.
8arca (Lnt.), cootemototy lobllc ebotes Ovet nlstoty Jocotloo. (A
volume ln lnLernaLlonal 8ele o lsLory ucaLlon.) harloLLe, ..:
lnormaLlon Ae ubllshln, 47-60.
uh, . urlLa, M. 2010. lnLernaLlonal ebaLes on lsLory 1exLboos: A
omparaLle Luy o !apanese an ouLh korean lsLory 1exLboo
AccounLs o Lhe econ Worl War. zo l. aou l. 8arca (Lnt.),
zuou\to q Lupunq. 1996. Opylo 18J (2211996).
1hompson, . 1972002. 1ve on ro nope0v npooptkp toroplo.
(Mcpooq . 8. Mnouoocv n. ootvo. Lntc\cto k. Mno
. 8. Mnouoocv) 0qvo: \c0pov.
aaobl, . (nt.). 1999. Olom sbel tmotot [Lvo kooo o\\oyuv].
!erusalem: MlnlsLry o ucaLlon.
vyoLsy, L. 1934199. 1booqbt ooJ looqooqe. (vo0cupqcvq ckooq
ono ov Alex kozulln 199.) ambrle, MassachuseLLs: 1he
MassachuseLLs lnsLlLuLe o 1echnoloy.

[332]

[333]

X*: /12 g=.>4<1$1i $/1 g51>#,7+&0%i I$/,+0%?V 2% *+:&+%>>%
*+,-,+#.(? I$/,+0%? &#% /1 h,73&%+#.( .%/,U( >= >%<1/8? E7.=0,7

zoto uycpq
1

\jklmnol

tom leotoloq to cteotloq blstoty. Ao otol blstoty toqtomme oo tbe
8olqotloo occootloo ltb blqb scbool stoJeots

8oseJ oo tbeotetlcol Jlscossloo ovet tbe ose of otol blstoty ooJ
etbooqtoblc metboJs lo tbe teocbloq of blstoty, tbe oet teseots o
toect cottleJ oot ltb blqb scbool stoJeots lo \ootbl (1btoce), Jotloq tbe
scbool yeot 010-11, lo tbe ftomeot of o coltotol toqtom eotltleJ
leotoloq locol blstoty tbtooqb tbe eyes of tbe elJetly. lolls ltb
Jlffeteot etbolc ooJ locol bocqtoooJ lotetvleeJ elJetly loJlvlJools bo
llveJ tbtooqb tbe 8olqotloo Occootloo of 1btoce. 1be lotetvles leJ
stoJeots to qolo oe loslqbts oo tbe etloJ, bot olso to be lottoJoceJ to
lssoes coocetoloq tbe cteJlblllty of otol blstotles ooJ tbe ottlcolot vlsloo of
eocb lofotmoot. o tbls oy tbey ocolteJ o bettet ooJetstooJloq of botb
tbe etloJ ooJ tbe slqolflcooce of oJotloq o ctltlcol ottltoJe tootJs
blstotlcol sootces.

9%$#.8? =*#$1>42$=#? &#% /, +:3, /1? *+,-,+#.(? I$/,+0%? $/1
5=7/=+,h4<>#% =.*%05=7$1

npooptkq toopto cv nopcct cnoncto. ut(ct n\cupc ou
nopc\0ovo, o\\ cv nopct vo o ncptypct kot vo o cpqvcuct
ouvo\tk kot oc 0o. Lot, ctvot oqovtko o npoypoo npooptkq
toopto vo ot(ct nop\\q\o c q 0cotkq ou ckooc oo\tkou
cyctpttou, uoc vo tvcot to \\q npoocyytoq kot q uvooqo to
toopctkq ontkq ou ckooc tooptkou (qqoo nou cc(cot.
ko0u q ouykckptcvq npoocyytoq cv nopct ck uv npoyuv vo
ko\uct o\q qv u\q ou ovo\utkou npoypoo, npcnct vo
npocnt\c0ouv 0cotkc cvoqc, ot onotc 0o otonotq0ct
oun\qpuotk q co\ok\qpou u c0oo tooko\to (WhlLman
2004:10).
npooptkq oopto ovopoooct kot cvtouct o yvuotko
unoo0po, \ctoupyuvo oun\qpuotk c t toktkc

1
solaerl[yahoo.r.

zoto uycpq
[334]

nopoooct-ctoqyqoct kot o tooptk kctcvo. t tqyqoct q
tokptvovot ono cvov n\ouo oc cktqoct kot cnctptc ono o\o o
oo q kotvuvtkq (uq kot ut(ouv n\cupc, nou q cntoqq
tooptoypoto oyvoct. U toktkq npoktkq, c\\ou, ouvct n\qpu
c qv unopq noponvu ou cvo oo\tkou t\tou. qv cvc nu
o ovo\utko npoypoo npcnct vo ctvot cuc\tko kot vo tvct cnt\oyc
oou tokovc, kot nu o oo\cto kot q kotvoqo npcnct vo
cnqpc(ouv ouc t cnt\oyc. ontkq toopto, ot cukotptc 0qoq,
o ouypovo kot ontk (qqoo, ot to0cotc nqyc 0qoq npcnct
cntoq vo cntpouv ot cnt\oyc (kerLzer 2009:7-). 1o ovo\utko
npoypoo npcnct vo tokptvcot ono no\\c nopocpou kot vo qv
ctvot ovotooo. t c0oot kot ot opc o\uv uv kotvuvtkuv
cntoquv npcnct vo ncpt\ovovot oq tooko\to. v0puno\oyto,
ycuypoto, kotvuvto\oyto, otkovotk, uo\oyto, toopto tvouv t
ontkc ou, t c0oou cpcuvo, t 0cupqtkc ou ou\\qct c
ooo qv ko\ucpq uvoq koovoqoq ou ouypovou kooou o\\ kot
npoycvcocpuv no\ttouv, kotvuvtuv kot cnouv .
v ovopcouc oou ootkou ooou q tooko\to ou
tooptkou o0qoo oo \ukcto, q\oq oq tcpcuvqoq kot cnt\uoq
npo\quv q toopto, qv ovnuq kpttkq okcq, q
ouvcpyotkq cpyooto, qv cvcpyo cn\okq oq o0qotokq totkooto kot
qv otkooqoq vco yvuoq ootocvq oqv npounpouoo, 0o
tontouoouc nooo cvopovt(cot q npooptkq toopto o(t ou.
koopqv, ot ttot ot o0qc ou\\cyouv npuoycvc tooptko
u\tko kot \too voqooqcvo yto o tto (ahn 200:140).
toopto ctvot cvo pono koovoqoq ou kooou nou cntuyvcot
ou c notkt\ou ponou kot ot ovo coo ono qv c\cq uv
yponuv kctcvuv. npooptkq vqq, o vokoucvo, o u\tk
ko\otno, o cpyo cvq kot ot nopoooct onoc\ouv cntoq coo
yvuptto c ouo. opoq q toopto npo q ootptkq c\cq kot
tcpcuvqoq uv tooptkuv ycyovouv onotct tcntoqovtkq
npoocyytoq. ko0qyqq nou 0o cnttuct to ouvo\tkq 0cupqoq ou
tooptkou otvocvou npcnct vo cp0ct oc cnoq c qv ov0puno\oyto,
q ycuypoto, qv opoto\oyto, qv c0vo\oyto, q y\uooo\oyto, qv
no\ttkq otkovoto kot \\c cntoqc (kovq 4:31). npooptkq
toopto cuoc q uvooqo touyq ono ov cyk\ctoo oo cvo kot
ovotko cyctptto kot oq0qoc ov cknotcutko vo toopuoct
ouv0qkc cvcpyqtkq tcpcuvqtkq 0qoq kot vo cvououoct qv
ov0puntvq cnctpto oq tooko\to o0quv, ko0u cvcpyonotct q
oucoq uv nottuv oq totkooto npoo\qq q yvuoq ono o
tto, nou onokouv o po\o ou tooptkou (lLLon eL al 193:13). 8ootko
ctvot cntoq ot o0qc vo ytvovot kot ouot oko\ot tn\o oou
no qv ck0qoq oq qtoupyto oopto
[333]

cknotcutkou, nopouot(ovo o u\tko ou kot qtoupyuvo ot
ttot t oc cpyooto.
op\\q\o, oqcpo cct nto cpotu0ct q ntoq oq oqooto q
otonotqoq q ov0puno\oyto kot q c0vo\oyto oq tooko\to ou
nopoootokou tooptkou o0qoo. o\\ot c\cqc cntoqotvouv qv
ovykq vo ctoo0ct q toopto uv ouo0ovuv oo oo\tko ovo\utko
npoypoo o\\ kot vo toopu0ct cvo ovc\o cknotcuoq
ouuvo c t ovykc kot t onotqoct uv nopoootokuv
kotvoquv (8eynols 196:2). t ouypovc npoocyytoct npoctvouv
toktkc opoqytkc, onu qv ovoop ot kou\oupc o\uv uv
c0votkuv ouv, oov pono nou cntpouv oov kuptopo no\ttoo,
qv uto0cqoq q ovt\qq nu q toopto cvo c0vou cv npcnct vo
onok\ctct koto tooptkq ncptoo kot nu npcnct vo ncptk\ctct o\ou
ooou ctov oucoq oq toopuoq ouou nou oqcpo ovo(cot
e0vo

(8eynols 196:3-4) kot qv cn\okq oo 0qo q toopto q
c0vo-toopto, uoc vo ytvouv opoc ot ococt cou uv c0vtkuv
ouv oo ncpooo uv povuv kot vo koovoqoouv ot o0qc nu
koto c0votkq oo cv cc\toocot cv kcvu o\\ oc o\\q\cntpooq
c \\c, ouc ptokcot oc o\tkq onoovuoq

(Lel-Lrauss 197:1).
toopto to c0votkq oo, okoo kot q nto onoovucvq kot
onookpuocvq, cv ctvot nop q toopto uv ococuv q kot q
uvotkq q o\\q\cntpooq c \\c, to uvotkq nou noc c
ooo (8eynols 196:4 ). \oyo nou tvcot oo c\q q ontkq
kotvuvto coo ono t ouvcvcuct kot q ou\\oyq c0voypotkou
u\tkou oq0 onoc\cootk npo ouq qv kocu0uvoq.
v kot cv couv ytvct okoq oo0tocvc ouykpttkc c\cc
octk c o yvuotk oc\q q cn\okq q npooptkq toopto oq
toktkq npq, oc ocoq c o ovtooto uv nopoootokuv c0ouv
tooko\to q toopto, c\cc ot ... couv kooctct nu q
otonotqoq q cntcpct cucpyctk onoc\cooo oq c\cq, yto
nopctyo, q toopto uv covoocuocuv kot q \cyocvq o0pp
toroplo, uo 0cotkuv c ttotcpq ovnuq t c\cuotc ckoctc
kot oqv Lupunq \oyu kot q cvooq ou otvocvou q
covocuoq, q noykootonotqoq kot ou otqoo ncpt to
no\uno\ttotkq toooq oq toktkq q toopto. t o0qc oq
cucpo0to cknotcuoq npcnct vo yvupt(ouv kot vo koovoouv q
ycvcoq kot qv tooptkq topoq ou c0vtktoou kot qv ccc\tq ou
oo ouypovo no\uno\ttotko ytyvco0ot kot onopotqo o tooptko
nopc\0ov ou pootoou u tco\oyto o\\ kot ov0puntvq ckq\uoq
(Acovotvq 2007:32-33

). 8ootkq ctvot cntoq q tooko\to octk c t
ycvokovtc, o o\okouuoo, t c0vtktotkc ckko0optoct kot ou
ckontoou, c nop\\q\q ov\uoq kot cncqyqoq uv cvvotuv
(o\ovou 2009:24-2).
zoto uycpq
[336]

zt ouypovc ouv0qkc, \too, pqoto 0o qov ot o0qc vo
cpovot oc cnoq c t ouv0qkc nou oqyouv oqv cvtoq
cvootkuv oocuv kot ovt\qcuv (Mopou-A\tnpovq o\qvou
2000:113), uoc vo ctvot nto ov0cktkot oncvovt oqv poototkq kot
c0vtktotkq nponoyvo. zc ouqv qv kocu0uvoq oq0 no\u q
\cyocvq otkoyevetokp toroplo, nou nopct \too vo ouvc0ct e qv
rontkp toroplo cou q pqoq notkt\uv toktkuv c0ouv, onu q
kooypoq npoountkuv q otkoycvctokuv tooptuv c c0voypotko
qcpo\oyto, ouvcvcuct, ycvco\oytk cvpo k.o. (ArmsLron 1997:13).
Lntn\cov, o0qc c t0coq yto cpcuvo onokouv ctoqc
cpqvcto, ov\uoq kot ouv0coq coo ono qv ov\uoq ou u\tkou
nou couv ou\\cct. Mnopouv c, oo c\tko oto q cpcuvo, vo
ouyypouv - cou kot c ko0oqyqoq - cvo tooptko, cntoqovtko
kctcvo. q q toopto c ono qv ovo\utkq cnccpyooto cvo
0coo npcnct vo copcncot oc q ouyypoq toopto, oc
cpyooqpt toopto, oov coto npounpct q ko\q yvuoq ou
ovtkctcvou ono o oko\o (WhlLe 199:1-4).
cnoq uv nottuv c ou npoyotkou npuoyuvtoc uv
ycyovouv, q pootkoqo kot q (uvvto uv tqyqocuv, q ou(qqoq
kot q cnoko\ou0q ouvoto0qotkq o\\q\cntpooq, kvouv ou o0qc
vo ovtcunt(ouv c \\q ooq o tooptko 0qo, nou ko kovovo
0cupouv ovtopo kot ovouoto (zupvoto 200:231).
npooptkq toopto ovoctkvuct q oqovtkoqo q
cnctpto, ko0u cv ovocpcot ovo oc ycyovoo o\\ kot oq
oqooto ou. t toopctkc ouc cnctptc nou ovoctkvuovot
tvouv tuotk o ko\ucpo toyo ncpt ovtkctcvtkoqo kot
koopptnouv o u0o ncpt lo op0eto (nauaerL 2009:19). Mcou
q koovoqoq uv oqyqocuv, ot o0qc ovonuooouv qv cktqoq
ou n\ouou kot q notkt\oopto ou ov0puntvou nopc\0ovo. Mc
q pqoq uv npooptkuv nqyuv kot qv ovctq ou unokctcvtkou
tuoo q yvuoq yto o ycyovoo tcupuvcot, o cupo q tooptkq
c\cq cyo\uvct kot cn\out(cot kot cpovot oo u
onootunqcvc n\cupc uv ov0puntvuv kotvuvtuv, nopoc\qcvc
ov0puntvc ococt kot oc n\q0uotokc nou yto otuvc cv ctov
\oyo oq toopuoq ou tooptkou \oyou okoo kot yto t ttc. Lot
cncpcot q ov0pnonolpop q toopto, q\oq q cntyvuoq nu q
c\cq q ctvot q c\cq q ov0puntvq ouncptop, uv
no\ttotkuv cntcuyuv kot uv cnt\oyuv ou ov0puntvou ctou kot
q cotkctuoq c qv cvvoto q no\ttotkq notkt\oqo nou onoc\ct
ootko opokqptotko q tooptkq cc\tq (kelly 1967:6-7).
zuncpoootk, o o0qq ytvcot o tto coo oq toopuoq
q ctkovo yto qv toopto ou onou ou, ou uptou ou, q c0votkq
ou oo k.o.k. kot cot ono ov cntoqo, \oyto q okoqotko tooptko
[337]

\oyo ncpvc oc to nto n\oupo\totkq kot pokportkp npoocyytoq q
toopto.

6% $/45#% =+&%$0%?

o. opouotooq ou n\ototou: ko0u ot o0qc cv ctov ocov
koto yvuoq octk c qv ncptoo q ou\yoptkq kooq oqv
-v0q, cytvc to tkpq ovoop oqv q, uoc vo npootopto0ct o
povtko kot tooptko n\ototo kot vo qv unpouv npo\qoo
koovoqoq. Lntoq, toooqvtoqkc oou o0qc o t cpcuvouc kot
ytot.
. Aoqcvc ouvcvcuct: Ao0qkov cpuqoo\oyto oo nott kot
oqytc yto o nou cnpcnc vo ouv yto n\qpoopqc kot cytvc to
cy\q ou(qqoq c no\\c cncqyqoct ko0u o nott oo npuo
oto to c0voypotkq cpcuvo ctvot ouvq0u cntu\oktk u npo
qv oto uv \cyocvuv ov0punuv nou yvupt(ouv yto povto o\\ nou
couv ouvq0toct vo npoocyyt(ouv c \\q ot. 1o nott ono upt q
c toopctkq ono q n\ctovoqo c0votkq npoc\cuoq q 0pqokcto,
nott ono ncpt0uptonotqcvc kotvuvtkc oc oqv opq q
cpcuvo qov tooktk kot ouv q0c\ov vo o nopoqoouv.
y. zu\\oyq npuou u\tkou kot cnccpyooto oqv q: 1o nott
ccpov oqv q o u\tko nou ouvc\cov kot cytvc ou\\oytk oqv q
q cnccpyooto ou. ptocvot o0qc pqkov opctoko u\tko, onu cvo
ovckoo qcpo\oyto cvo nponnnou o0qpto nou unqpcqoc oo
ou\yoptk yoo cpyooto, o\\ kot uoypotc. zc ouo o
povtko oqcto q cpcuvo qq ot o0qc ctov optoct vo koovoouv
ko\ucpo o tooptko n\ototo, vo ono0couv povtk qv kooq, vo
toctpt(ovot cvo cttko \ct\oyto (vroupvrou6okt, vropr6e, koro
opov k...)
. Aqq cucpuv ouvcvcucuv: zc ouq q oq ot o0qc, nou
ctov qq tcpcuvqoct ov kuk\o uv ouyycvuv kot uv ouyuptovuv
ou, npoupqoov oc cucpc, c\cu0cpc ouvcvcuct oc
n\qpoopqc nou ko q yvuq ou ctov oqovtk npyoo vo
nouv. \qpoopqc cytvov ouyycvct cntopocucvuv, pupc oc
okqvc to, voupvoukto, o0qc oo ou\yopoy\uooo qotk
oo\cto, opov ckc\cocvuv kot tuycvuv, cnt(uvc ono q cy\q
nctvo oqv no\q q -v0q o\\ kot cpyo(ocvot oo cntoycvo
upto ou knou kot q\tktucvot ono o nookoupto nou unqpov
0uoo cy\uv tucuv kot npoono0ctuv ckou\yoptoou.
c. Loyuyq ouncpoouv: no q ouykpttkq c\cq ouvcvcucuv
o nott oqyq0qkov oc optocvc ootkc tontouoct yto qv cnoq.
uq nou ou ckovc q cyo\ucpq cvunuoq qov nu yto o tto
zoto uycpq
[33]

npyoo ot q\tktucvot onovouv toopctk, okoo kot oov
ntc(ovot kot cpuuvot cnovct\qcvo. nopouoto oot\oyuv,
oupoyoptuv kot ou\yopoypocvuv o\\ kot 8ou\ypuv opotuuv
nou oq0qoov ou vontou qov cntoq cptk ovonvco
ouncpooo yto o nott. 1o nto ouvopoktko ou ono o\o qov
yto ou o0qc o otvocvo q o(tkq nctvo, ko0u ot toooct
q kooctqkov ono o\ou ou n\qpoopqc - ovcpqo ono qv
c0votkq, kotvuvtkq q ycuypotkq ou npoc\cuoq. ckcocvq
c\uvooyto nou cntoqovov o\ot ot q\tktucvot u nottkq vqq
npocvqoc ttotcpq cvunuoq oo nott.

".*%#5=7/#.4 ,-831

o. nokqoq yvuotkou uno0pou yto qv ncptoo 1941-44 oqv
-v0q, yto t ouv0qkc (uq, t npoon0ctc ckou\yoptoou, qv
cvooq oqv koooo\q nou ccpc q ooyq ou Aoou oou
yctovtkou voou, t coptc, t cntopocuoct kot t oyyopctc, t
cntct, q oupq oyop, ov tuyo ou cpotkou n\q0uoou q
-v0q k.. koovoqoq, c\\ou, tooptkuv opuv kot otvocvuv
onoc\ct toktko ooo uv ovo\utkuv npoypouv oopto q z1
Aqotkou, q uvootou kot q Aukctou
. zuvctqonotqoq q kotvq tooptkq nopcto kot otpo o\uv
uv kootkuv q -v0q, o\uv uv c0votkuv ouv, ko0u ot
ouvcvcuct kocctov nu o\c ot c0votkc oc ovtcunt(ov
ooopc uoko\tc kot nu ot tuct cvovtov ou qov cy\c, c
cyo\ucpc ouc cvovtov uv okuv q opctvq ncptoq.
oucoq cvo oqovtkou opt0ou ouoou\vuv ot ovptkc
oc o\\ kot oo yoo cpyooto oq 8ou\yopto cvtouoc ouq qv
cvunuoq.
y. vok\uq c pono tuotko q unokctcvtkoqo q
tooptkq cktqoq kot q no\unptootkoqo ot ontkc uv
npuoyuvtouv. nopouoto ovtkpouocvuv n\qpooptuv yto o tto
ycyovoo (yto nopctyo, q pqq cntcotuoq cnt(uvo ono o yoo
cpyooto nu cv unqpov vckpot ono ouqoo, nou cpovov oc
kooovq ovt0coq c o qcpo\oyto ouvpoou ou) ouvco\ov
ko0optotk npo ouq qv kocu0uvoq.
. vnuq uv cvouvoto0qtkuv ctoquv uv o0quv coo ono
q totkooto \qq uv ouvcvcucuv (rocco 2006:231). tkovoqo
vo notvct kovct oq 0coq ou \\ou onoc\ct to ootkq ctoqo nou
npcnct vo ovonuooct o tooptko 0qo kot q cnoq c oo nou
c\oov cpo ono onotoqnoc 0coq oqv tooptkq cc\tq ko0u kot q
ovctq ou ponou okcq kot uv ktvqpuv poq ou ou\\ct
[339]

npo ouq qv kocu0uvoq. cnoq uv o0quv c ou n\qpoopqc
ctuvct qv npoko\qq \oyu yvoto, cvu nop\\q\o uvouvct qv
cvouvoto0qoq kot c\tuvct qv ctkovo nou couv yto optocvc
n\q0uotokc oc.
c. zu\\oyq c0voypotkou u\tkou (ouvcvcucuv, qcpo\oytuv,
uoypotuv, kop noo\) no\utou yto qv ontkq toopto kot
c0voypoto, ko0u ut(ct n\cupc q cnoq nou \tyo couv
tcupuv0ct u oqcpo (coktvqoct n\q0uouv, q uq uv
ou\yopoypocvuv q Cpkq, ot pt(c q cu\to toq oqv
ncptoq k...
o. ncptoo q ou\yoptkq kooq cv ctc uct oqovtkou
cntoqovtkou cvtocpovo ou\toov oc cntnco c\cq q
ontkq kot q npooptkq toopto. Mto tkpq cpcuvo oo u\tko uv
ontkuv oo\tkuv copuv kot uv ontkuv c0vtkuv copootkuv
ckq\uocuv, 0o kooctkvuc nu ovoopc oqv ontkq toopto, ot
ouv0qkc kot oo ctv q ou\yopokpoto onouot(ouv, onu
onouot(ct kot octko toktko u\tko ono o oo\tk cyctptto
oopto.
(. vnuq uv tonpoountkuv ococuv uv nottuv c
q\tktucvou ouyycvct kot ouvontc, ococuv ouv ovunopkuv kot
nop\\q\q ovnuq q ovt\qq kotvq kooyuyq kot ouvccto to
tooptkq nopcto.
q. t o0qc ctov yto npuq op ov couo ou u c\q to
ontkq kotvoqo kot \too no\uc0votkq kot no\u0pqokcutkq kot
ot u onokocvo oo, upt coou kot pt(c. A\\uoc, q
koovoqoq q ouvccto kot q o\\oyq onoc\ouv uo ootkou
ooou ou tooptkou o0qoo. c\cq ou nopc\0ovo o
ko0to tkovou vo koovoouc kot vo oto\oyouc ycyovoo, npct
kot tcc kot vo t cvooouc oc n\ototo, 0vovo cpt o nopov.

zoto uycpq
[360]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

ArmsLron, . 1997. 'Mappln MlranL Memorles: rossln ulLural
8orers, ootool of tbe Otol nlstoty Assoclotloo of Aosttollo, 19:13-
22.
rocco, M. 2006. 'uLLln Lhe AcLors 8ac on Lae: Cral lsLory ln Lhe
econary chool lassroom. zro Lanman, 8., Wenlln, L.,
lteotloq tbe Net eoetotloo of Otol nlstotloos. Ao Aotboloqy of
Otol nlstotloos, Cxor: AlLamlra ress: 21-231.
ahn, . 200. 1ecboloes of 1eocbloq. . elhl: ubllshln orporaLlon.
o\ovou, . 2009. cvokovto, C\okouuo kot c0vtkq k0opoq: votkot
opot 0c kot oqcpo. poktk ouvcptou: Atookovro yto ro
Ooko0ro orpv oo. 0qvo: Lpotko Mouocto.
kelly, !. 1967. 1eocbloq 5ttoteqles fot Asloo coltotol 5toJles. e !ersey:
1he 8eren ounLy enLer or on-WesLern Lules.
kerLzer, . l. 2009. oclal AnLhropoloy an oclal clence lsLory, 5oclol
5cleoce nlstoty 331:1-16.
kovq, z. 194. ouykpoqoq ou ko0qyqq oopto, n1 loroplo
3:30-3.
Lel-Lrauss, . 197. 1ue kot loroplo, 0qvo: Mntpov.
Acovotvq, . 2007. nounotrtotkrpro kot ootkp loroplo. 0qvo:
pono.
Mopou-\tnpovq, A. o\qvou, . 2000. o\ttotkc ouoqc:
ono o ontko oo noykooto. zo kuvoovonou\ou p.,
Mopou-\tnpvq A., cpovo A. tkovoou C. (cnt.) el
kot ot oot, ovoopo ort rooet kot ro o06oo. 0qvo: L.k.k.L.,
1unu0qu, 109-11.
8eynols, . 196. 1eocbloq ltst Notloos nlstoty os coooJloo nlstoty,
hLLp:mrc.uccb.ns.calrsLnaLlonshlsLory.hLml.
lLLon, 1., Mehay, . als, C. 193. Otol nlstoty. A olJe fot 1eocbets.
1exas: nlerslLy o 1exas ress.
zupvoto, . 200. n tokrtkp rp loroplo, 0qvo: Lkooct pqyopq.
nauaerL, . 2009. 1he Lhlcs an CnLoloy o osmopollLanlsm:
ucaLlon or a hare umanlLy, cotteot ssoes lo comototlve
Jocotloo, 121:14-22.
1aylor, !. A. 2004. 1eachln lsLory ln Amerlcan 1 lh chool, 1be
nlstoty 1eocbet, 37 4:317-331.
WhlLe, A. 199. 1eachln lh chool lsLory: 1he oer o Lhe
ersonal, Ametlcoo nlstotlcol Assoclotloo, 3:1-4.
WhlLman, . 2004. loloqoe ltb tbe lost. oqoqloq 5toJeots Meetloq
5tooJotJs tbtooqb Otol nlstoty, Cxor: AlLamlra ress.

[361]

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ou\to cv(ou, ovcntoqto Ccooo\to

\jklmnol

1be llves of oot qtooJoteots. oo eJocotloool eetlmeot of otol blstoty
fot tlmoty stoJeots

1be oet teseots tbe floJloqs ftom oo eJocotloool eetlmeot fot
tlmoty scbool olls eotltleJ 1be llves of oot qtooJoteots, tbtooqb otol
testlmooles, 11 yeots olJ stoJeots lovestlqote oestloos coocetoloq
Jlffeteot osects of cbllJbooJ (evetyJoy llfe, eJocotloo, ot, lelsote) lo
tbe ostot otlJ. 1be oet ooolyses tbe fooctloo of otol blstoty toctlces
lo tbe closs . eeloq o Jloty os o tocess of teflectloo ooJ self-osltlooloq ,
oestloo moloq os o metboJ of fomlllotlotloo ltb blstotlcol tbloloq ooJ
teosltlooloq stoJeots os oqeots of tbe leotoloq tocess, lotetvleloq os oo
lotet-qeoetotloool tltool. t otqoes tbot otol blstoty coo be oseJ os o veblcle
fot tbe cteotloo of o Jlqltol eovltoomeot of ooleJqe ooJ leotoloq,
cbotoctetleJ by tbe ey-coocets of ftoqmeototloo (of botb Joto ooJ
eetleoces), coooectlvlty (of tbe ftoqmeoteJ Joto lo oe systems of
meooloqs) ooJ lotetoctloo (beteeo qeoetotloos, eets, bomoo ooJ
mocbloe).

t optkot npo\qotoot nvu oou onotou oqpt0qkc o
octooo ou cknotcutkou ouou nctpoo nqyooov ono qv
ovykq toctptoq to 0cupoucvq 'ttotcpoqo uv vcuv ycvcuv:
q tooponotqcvq, oc ocoq c t no\otocpc ycvtc, cnoq ou c
ov no\ttoo q yponoqo kot q ouvoko\ou0q cyo\ucpq
cotkctuoq ou c qv npooptkoqo, onu ouq voctot cvo ou
ouypovou qtokou no\ttoou (Cn 19, kellner 2004, olro 2010).
zo n\ototo ouo, o npoypoo cktvqoc c ocqptoko cocvo qv
onopcokcto uv o0quv oncvovt oc npoktkc kot c0oou nou
ouvcovot c qv cnoq q yponoqo: o tooo kot qv ov\uoq
yponuv kctcvuv, t npoktkc q 'cokqoq kot q
'onovqovcuoq yponuv cocvuv ot onotc oqpt(cot q
tooko\to kot q 0qoq ooo ycvtkocpo, ooo kot oo ouykckptcvo
ncto q toopto nou o cvtocpct oo nopov p0po. zov ovtnoo
uv cocvuv ouuv, cntctpq0qkc vo qtoupyq0ct cvo qtoko
ncpt\\ov yvuoq kot cpcuvo o onoto ovoctkvuc q yvuoq ou
cntoqovtkou ovtkctcvou (sub[ecL maLLer nolee) kot otonotouoc
ou\to cv(ou
[362]

o notoyuytko ncptcocvo ouq q yvuoq (peaolcal conLenL
nolee) (8all Mclarml 1990:437-449, en 1994:94-116).
U oqo yto q qtoupyto cvo cotou qtokou
ncpt\\ovo cpyooto kot 0qoq cnt\c0qkc q npooptkq toopto c
ooo qv cotkctuoq o0quv kot o0qptuv c cvvotc kot npoktkc
cpyooto q tooptkq cntoqq kot qv nopopuvoq oc to nto
cvcpyqtkq ooq oncvovt oqv tto q totkooto q 0qoq.

2% gT1-#%.: *=+#h433,2 &2q$1? .%# >4<1$1?i

ctooo oov 21
o
otuvo ouvocuqkc ono q ycvtkq onooq to vco
ouv0qkq, q onoto cntctpq0qkc vo ncptypoct ouv0qotk c opou
onu qtoko kooo q cnoq q n\qpoopto q kotvuvto q
yvuoq (Mace 2003). vco ouq kooootkq ouv0qkq ou 21
ou
otuvo
oop oq ouvcq poq n\qpooptokuv 0pououv kot oq
coo\\ocvq ocoq ou ooou c qv n\qpoopto, onu ouq
tuvcot coo ono q tocoo\qoq uv okoo oqotvocvuv u
vcuv cvo\oytuv. zo upo q cknotcuoq, to oqovtkq o\\oyq
nou ouvocuct q vco ouv0qkq ou qtokou kooou ctvot q
oqooto\oytkq coo\q q cvvoto q 0qoq: cv oo vcucptko
kooo, q 0qoq qov to totkooto nou oopouoc ko kupto \oyo
oo nvcuo kot onc\cnc oqv cyypoooouvq, oo covcucptko
kooo q 0qoq ytvcot to ocvoq kot o\totkq cnctpto nou
cncptk\ctct qv cvouoq oucoq oc cnctptc nou npouno0couv
qv cn\okq nvcuoo kot ouoo oc topku coo\\ocvou
upou kot povou coo ono q tocoo\qoq q qtokq
cvo\oyto (aechLer 2001). vtooto ko\ctot vo co\q0ct kot q
ktvqoto\oyto ou unokctcvou: ooo c voctot n\cov q 'kokqoq q
yvuoq, onu ouq covt(cot c q opq q npookqoq
n\qpooptokuv cocvuv, o\\ q toctptoq q n\qpooptokq poq,
q ktvqoq coo oc ouqv, q topkq ovooqootooqoq q n\qpoopto
coo ono qv cvoq q oc toopctk tkuo oqootuv. zo n\ototo
ouo npoyoonotctot kot q ouvvqoq 'nopoootokuv upuv
0qoq, onu o 'oo\cto c 'ouypovc npoktkc, onu q ctooo
uv 'uno\oytouv oo oo\cto. zuvocucot, ou, ouq q ouvvqoq
nopoootokuv upuv kot ouypovuv npoktkuv c qv oouoq uv
'\oytkuv kot uv 'oqootuv nou cpouv o(t ou o toopctk ou
ncpt\\ovo yvuoq kot 0qoq
zq ouypovq c\\qvtkq npoyotkoqo, kot ot ovo (kellner
2004, elyn 2010), o oo\cto notvct oov qtoko kooo coo ono
qv o\\oyq uv npoktkuv ou, coo ono qv ctooo uv uno\oytouv oc
knotc oo\tkc ot0ouoc, coo ono q cptkq pqoq, oqv ko\ucpq
u (ouoov ot nonnouc o
[363]

ncptnuoq, knotuv cknotcutkuv qtokuv \oytotkuv. coo\q
uoooo uv cknotcutkuv npoktkuv, onou kot oov ouq ouotvct,
unoctkvuct to cpyo\ctokq pqoq uv vcuv cvo\oytuv kot ot qv
uto0cqoq uv ttotcpuv \oytkuv nou tcnouv ov qtoko kooo. zo
cknotcutko nctpoo nou nopouot(cot cntctpq0qkc okptu q
ovt0cq totkooto, q\oq q uto0cqoq cvvotuv kot npoktkuv nou
npockuov ono qv kuptopto uv uno\oytouv oqv ko0qcptvq (uq kot
ot q coop uv uno\oytouv oqv q kot q unooyq ou oc
no\otocpc npoktkc q cnoq q yponoqo. t vcc ouc \oytkc
ou qtokou kooou nou cntctpq0qkc vo npoocyytoouv nopouv vo
ouvoto0ouv cntypootk oc pct \cct: 0pouooonotqoq -
ouvcotoqo - tpooq.
cvvoto q 0pouooonotqoq ovocpcot oov pono c ov
onoto vouv n\cov ot n\qpooptc oqv ovt\qq o u 0pouooo.
cvvoto q ouvcotoqo noponcnct oq toouvcoq n\qpooptuv
c pono uoc vo unpouv kot vo voqoooouvot coo ot kot coo
ono t no\\on\c toouvcoct ou, qtoupyuvo tkuo
n\qpooptuv kot tkuo oqootuv. cvvoto q tpooq ncptypct
q ouvcq o\\q\cntpooq cou ov0punuv kot ov0punuv - qovuv,
o\\ kuptu qv tkovoqo o\\q\cntpooq c ouvcu coo\\ocvo
ncpt\\ovo n\qpoopto kot poq (Mnt\\q, uno ckooq). t pct
ouc cvvotc nopyouv kot ovtootc npoktkc qtoupyuvo cvo
vco, qtoko, ncpt\\ov yvuoq kot 0qoq, o onoto uvqtk
opokqpt(cot ono cuc\tto, ouovocvq ktvqoq kot npooooq oc
toopctkou unou n\qpooptc. uo, ou, nou kuptu opokqpt(ct
o vco ncpt\\ov ctvot q nopoyuyq cvo puvo unokctcvou nou
ko\ctot vo npooovoo\toct, vo pct o poo ou, vo ktvq0ct coo oc
q ypotk ouoqoo n\qpooptuv npokctcvou vo nopct o tk
ou tkuo oqootuv. Mc ocqptoko otoucvo q qtoupyto cvo
cotou ncpt\\ovo 0qoq, nou 0o ptokcot nto kov ot
onotqoct kot oo ttotcpo opokqptotk ou qtokou no\ttoou,
cnt\c0qkc q npooptkq toopto okptu cnctq cncptcct ootcto nou
ouvot\ouv c t noponvu cvvotc, onu c\nt(u ot 0o ovct c qv
o\ok\qpuoq ou nopovo p0pou.
1o kcvptk cpuqoo yupu ono o onoto octoqkc o
cknotcutko npoypoo qov o oko\ou0o: otc ctoqc npcnct vo
couv o nott oov kooo q qtokq cnoq u q npooptkq
toopto oqv q ou\\ct oqv cvcpyonotqoq uv o0quv coo ono
qv cn\okq ou c tooponotqcvo ko0qkovo kot qv cnoq ou c
\\c ycvtc zoo ou npoypoo qov vo ck0coct o nott oov
kooo q cntoqovtkq okcq kot ouopovo vo otonotqoct
notoyuytk t c0oou kot t npoktkc coo ono t onotc
ouykpoctot q cntoqovtkq yvuoq. '0qoq oo npoypoo ouo
ou\to cv(ou
[364]

oqpt0qkc ko kupto \oyo oqv ov0coq ko0qkovuv nou
npoott(ouv oc ctoqc nou onotouvot oc npoyotkc ouv0qkc
(uq: cnt\uoq npoyotkuv npo\quv coo ono kpttkq okcq
(cnt\oyq, onoooq) kot poq (oct(u, opyovuvu, npu). 1o
'ko0qkovo nou ovoc0qkov oo nott ctov ooo qv cvoq q
0qoq coo oc cvo n\ototo cvcpyctuv kot pocuv (learnln ln
conLexL), q tpooq c ou ouccovc oo npoypoo,
ouvoq\tkou o\\ kot ov0punou \\uv ycvcuv kot qv nopoyuyq
oqootuv coo ono t 0pouootkc n\qpooptc.

gAq? s,r$%2 ,# *%**,r5=? >%?i@ =>=0?K ,# 433,#K 1 #$/,+0%

1o cknotcutko npoypoo u (ouoov ot nonnouc o
npoyoonotq0qkc q oo\tkq povt 2011-2012 c to oo 12
o0quv kot o0qptuv q z q, oo n\ototo q cuc\tkq (uvq
ou o\oqcpou Aqotkou zo\ctou opopt ono q ypouoo oc
ouvcpyooto c q Ccuvq Aqonou\ou, ko0qyqpto. zoo ou qov vo
npoocyytoct qv nottkq q\tkto ot uo npuc cono\ctkc ckoctc
npoyoonotuvo ouvcvcuct c nonnouc uv o0quv kot
o0qptuv q q.
1o npoypoo opyovu0qkc oc pct oct c ovo t
ouvcvcuct nou nqpov o nott ono ou nonnouc ou. oq
nptv ono t ouvcvcuct ctc ooo q yvuptto kot qv cotkctuoq
uv nottuv c q \oytkq kot t npoktkc q npooptkq toopto. zc
ouo o oto, ccoqkov ovtkctcvo q ko0qcptvq (uq ono q
cono\ctkq cnoq c ooo q cooq 'ono o ovtkctcvo oo
tuo, ou(qq0qkov npooptkc opuptc uv nonnouuv nou
cccpov o0qc kot o0qptc oqv q, npocotoqkc o
cpuqoo\oyto uv ouvcvcucuv kot npoyoonotq0qkov
oktootkc ouvcvcuct nou nqpov o nott ono t opyovuptc q
totkooto yto vo cotkctu0ouv c qv npoktkq q ouvcvcuq.
ko\ou0qoc q oq uv zuvcvcucuv, ko qv onoto nonnouc kot
ytoytc cntokcqkov o oo\cto, ot o0qc ou nqpov ouvcvcuct,
cvu q o\q totkooto tvcookonq0qkc. Lnt\c0qkc q tcoyuyq
ootkuv ouvcvcucuv: uo coc\ct oc o0quv nqpov
ouvcvcuq ono pct n\qpoopqc. 1o npoypoo o\ok\qpu0qkc c q
oq oo\tooo kot cnccpyooto uv ouvcvcucuv, ko qv onoto
ot o0qc kot ot o0qptc nopoko\ou0qoov o tvco uv
ouvcvcucuv, npoon0qoov vo y\ouv 0cotkc cvoqc kot vo
cnccpyooouv kpttk o \cyocvo uv n\qpoopquv.
no o ouvo\tko npoypoo, o p0po 0o cotoct oqv
ovo\utkq nopouotooq ptuv oqctuv, c oopq o onoto 0o
[363]

ovocp0ouv knotc tontouoct, ot onotc ouvcovot ocvo c q
\ctoupyto q npoktkq q npooptkq toopto oo oo\cto kot
occpou c q qtoupyto cvo qtokou ncpt\\ovo, onu ouo
optoqkc noponvu, coo ono qv cnctpto q npooptkq toopto.

g= ^( 45"%(B7.-( :+ b-*b-6*3@* *'*3)(_*35(` 6*- )(2(a/)434+ )($
"*$)(`

zq tpkcto ou cknotcutkou nctpoo, cntctpq0qkc q pqoq
c0ouv kot npoktkuv q npooptkq toopto cocpcvuv oc cvo
toopctko n\ototo, ouo q oo\tkq q. Mto ono t npoktkc nou
uto0cq0qkc qov o qcpo\oyto, npoktkq qv onoto couv ko0tcpuoct
ot kotvuvtkot ov0puno\oyot yto vo npou0qoouv qv ouo-ov\uoq kot
ouonopoqpqoq kot q onoto c0qkc cvtoc opkcc kpttkc (rlcson
2006). vtootou ooou cntc\ouoc o qcpo\oyto kot ko q
coop ou oqv q. Zqq0qkc ono o nott vo kpoouv qcpo\oyto
c o c\o q k0c ouvvqoq, oo onoto ko\ouvov vo
kooypouv ono q tkq ou ontkq yuvto t ouvcq qv upo ou
o0qoo, t okcct ou, o\\ kot o ouvoto0qo ou. 1o
qcpo\oyto oqv q ctc ooo vo nopopuvct o nott oc cvov
ovoooooo q ko0qcptvq cnctpto oqv q. no o npopcct
coo ono o 'ypto vo ovookcouv qv o\q totkooto kot vo
ono0cqoouv ov couo ou coo oo n\ototo q cnctpto. Mc ov
pono ouo, o qcpo\oyto onoc\ouoc to ouo\tkq npq yto qv
cntcuq cvo kcvptkou notoyuytkou ooou: vo copcct o0qc
kot o0qptc oc puvo unokctcvo kot vo ou npooovoo\toct uoc
vo pouv q 0coq ou cvo q ouykckptcvq cnctpto, q onoto
ouykpoouvov ootok coo ono toopctkc, onoonoootkc, o\\
ouopovo kot o\\q\ooun\qpuotkc, oct - coo ono 0pouooo
n\qpooptuv: ou(qqoct coo oqv q, ouvoq cpuqoo\oytou,
ouvcvcuct c n\qpoopqc, oo\tooo, cnccpyooto uv
ouvcvcucuv, nopoyuyq cvo vcou \oyou. Lvo okoo ooo ou
qcpo\oytou qov vo nopopuvct o0qc kot o0qptc vo ncpoouv
ono ov npooptko oo ypono \oyo c cvov nto npoountko pono.
pyot, onu vqkc ono q c\cq uv npoountkuv
oqctuocuv uv o0quv, o qcpo\oyto \ctoupyqoc cotpctk
tkovonotqtk, ko0u cncpcc oou o0qc vo c\cyouv qv o\q
totkooto kot vo ono0cq0ouv coo oc ouqv. Lct cvtocpov vo
oqctuoouc ot kovcvo o0qq kot kot o0qpto cv ctov cpt
oc kpoqoct qcpo\oyto q knotc \\c npoountkc oqctuoct yto
ouvo q (uq ou. t yvuoct ou yto qv npoktkq ouq
ncptopt(ovov zo qcpo\oyto cvo onootk\o - cvo qot\c nottko
ou\to cv(ou
[366]

t\to (ktvt 200). optkq cnoq c o qcpo\oyto ouvocuqkc ono
oqovto. 1t vo ypouc kupto, qov q cpuqoq nou kuptpqoc
oqv q. Uoooo, q ovykq yto nopopuvoq onoc\coc opokqptotko
ovo uv ptuv npuuv ouvovqocuv. zq ouvccto, ot o0qc
ouvc0qkov ttotcpo c ouq q totkooto. Mo\t c\ctuvc q upo,
ovunoovouoov vo ncpoouv oq oq q ouyypoq ou qcpo\oytou
kt ptoov vo otcpuvouv o\ocvo kot ncptooocpo povo ot ovo yto vo
ypouv o\\ kot yto vo tokooouv o qcpo\oyt ou.
1o qcpo\oyto qov no\u pqoto kot yto o, t opyovuptc
ou npoypoo. kot oo oqcto ouo npcnct vo oqctuoouc to
ttotcpoqo q npoktkq ouq oqv q: ono qv opq, ctoc
cntoqvct oou o0qc ot 0c\oc vo to(ouc o qcpo\oyt
ou, po ou cv 0o qov 'ttutk c q ocvq cvvoto ou opou, o\\
cvo npoountko cpyo\cto uv o0quv, o onoto ouopovo 0o
ko0oqyouoc kot t ttc t tokouoc oc o\q qv nopcto ou
npoypoo. to o \oyo ouo, cvqcpuooc qv q ot o
qcpo\oyto, c o c\o ou o0qoo, 0o o notpvoc o(t o, 0o
o c\couooc kot 0o o cntopcoc oo cnocvo 0qo. zqv opq
cv ouvovqooc ovtppqoct nvu oc ouo, ooo ou npoupouoc q
totkooto kt ouovoov q npoountkq cocuoq, no\\c ono t
o0qptc q0c\ov vo o couv o\otk ou - cv t cvoto(c ooo vo o
to(ouc, q0c\ov ou vo o couv o(t ou, vo o notpvouv ontt.
Ato(ovo o qcpo\oyt ou, pqkoc no\u ko\c
oqctuoct yto o ckooc '0qo ono qv npoountkq ontkq yuvto
ou k0c o0qq. 1o qcpo\oyto kocypoov nopoqpqoct yto o nu
cvtuoov oov k\q0qkov vo ou\couv oc to oo nou cv q0c\ov,
npoountk oo\to yto n\qpooptc nou 0otvov ono knoto
npooptkq opupto (Lyu nvu cv 0o novpcuoouv noc c
npocvto), ovoopc yto q 0coq ou coo oq totkooto (zqcpo
no\\ nott cv ctov cpct t n\qpooptc nou (qqoov ot kuptc, kt
cyu qouv cvo ono ou. tto o0qpto qv cnocvq op cypoc:
zqcpo t\qooc yto knotc tooptc nou ctoc 0ct ono ou
nonnouc kot ouq q op to ono t tooptc qov kt q tkq ou).
Lvo cntn\cov, cotpctk cvtocpov oqcto qov ot, to kot yvupt(ov
nu to(oc o qcpo\oyto, o pqotonotqoov u oqo yto vo o
kvouv knotc npoountkc 'nopoqpqoct yto q ooq o oqv q.
Mo 'c\cyov c \\o \oyto, npyoo nou cv 0o o\ouoov tou vo
ckpoouv oc npuo povo kot oov npooptko \oyo: zqcpo c
uptoov ono qv L. cvu ouc kt cv y(ouc. tot
t(ct cntoq vo oqctu0ct kot q cu\q tooponotqoq ot
npoktkc pqoq ou qcpo\oytou: no qv opq nopoqpqooc ot o
koptoto, nou onoc\ouoov kot qv n\ctoqto uv o0quv oq
ouykckptcvq q, nqkov no\u nto ypqyopo oc ouo o notvtt q
[367]

qcpo\oytokq ypoq. t nopoqpqoct qov nto npoountkc, t\ouoov
yto q ocoq ou c o \\o oo q oo, ccpo(ov o
ouvoto0qo ou oc topc oct q totkooto, ouvuo(ov qv
ootkq ontkq c o ouvo\tko tuo opupuvo ot nopouoov nto
cuko\o vo otkctonotq0ouv q totkooto c cvov no\u npoountko pono
kot vo ckpoouv ouqv qv otkctonotqoq oo ypono qcpo\oytoko
\oyo. vt0co, o qcpo\oyto uv \tyuv oyoptuv nou oucctov cv
ctov noc npoountko opokqpo kot cv ccpooov noc ocov o
npoountk ou oto0qoo, ncpo ono knotc nto 'unonotqcvc
ckpoct: ou pcoc no\u oqcpo o 0qo.

C= h B"-)($%.@* )4+ "%&)434+0 7)*' 5*a4)/+ 6*- 5*a8)%-"+
5")*)%/2(')*- *27 "%:)&5"'(- 3" "%:)&')"+

nto cvtocpouoo, tou, otyq ou cknotcutkou ouou nctpoo
qov q oq q ouvoq ou cpuqoo\oytou. zuuvo c t
npoktkc q npooptkq toopto, ot cpcuvqc nptv ono q ouvcvcuq,
ouvooouv cvo cpuqoo\oyto, o onoto pqotonotouv c
toopctkou ponou, \\oc ccvovo ouoqp oc ouo, kt \\oc
pqotonotuvo o nto o\op u cvov on\o oqyo oq ou(qqoq (o
2003) 1qv npoktkq ouq cocpoc kot oqv q. 1o tto o nott
k\q0qkov vo ouvouv o cpuqoo\oyto, c oq o onoto 0o
cnotpvov ouvcvcuq ono ou n\qpoopqc. 1o cpuqoo\oyto oqv
q cntc\ouoc, uoooo, ncptooocpc tou \ctoupytc ono ouc nou
cntc\ct oqv cntoqovtkq npq.
npuq ou \ctoupyto qov ot cotkctuvc o nott c qv
tooptkq okcq. Mcoo ono qv npoktkq q ouvoq cpuqocuv, o
nott ko\ouvov vo okcouv c cvo toopctko pono, ono ouov yto
ov onoto ouvq0u cknotcuovot oo o0qoo toopto. zo oo\cto,
o0otvouv vo cot(ouv oqv 'tooptkq yvuoq ouq ko0ouqv, oq
toopuoq q onoto uoooo cv ouccouv oc kot otyq,
ko0u ocqpto kot c\o q tooptkq tooko\to ctvot ko kovovo
cvo cocvo tooptko kctcvo: o oo\tko t\to. vt0co, coo ono
qv npoktkq uv cpuqocuv, cpovot oc cnoq c qv tto q
totkooto nopoyuyq ou tooptkou cpyou. Mo0otvouv vo okcovot
c cpuqoo, o0otvouv ot o 'tooptko cpuqo ctvot o ocqptoko
oto, o oqyo yto qv cpcuvo, q ouykcvpuoq kot qv cnccpyooto
ou tooptkou u\tkou. Mo0otvouv cntoq vo okcovot c toopctko
pono qv tto qv cvvoto ou tooptkou povou: vo cktvouv qv tooptkq
ou cpcuvo ono cpuqoo nou onooo\ouv o nopov, vo cot(ouv oc
cvo npoookucvo onoc\coo kot vo opyovuvouv q totkooto nou
ou\to cv(ou
[36]

0o ou oqyqoct oqv cntcuq ouou ou onoc\cooo (8lLchle
2003:19-200).
Lv q npuq \ctoupyto ou cpuqoo\oytou oct(cot c qv
'onok\uq q totkooto nopoyuyq q tooptkq yvuoq, q
cucpq oop ot cknotcutkc ouvtouoc q npoktkq q
cpuqoq. ko kovovo, oqv cknotcutkq totkooto, o0qc kot
o0qptc ko\ouvot vo onovqoouv oc cpuqoct nou ou 0couv ot
ook\c kot o t\to ou. Acv ko\ouvot ou vo 0coouv cpuqoo.
npook\qoq vo oucoouv oc to ovtopoq totkooto
toouvoouoc kot c to npok\qoq: qv o\\oyq po\ou, ko0u ono
cpuucvot ytvovot cpuuvc. o\\oyq po\ou npoko\ct ouooo kot
o\\oyq q ontkq yuvto. 1upo nou ot o0qc kot ot o0qptc
uno\\ouv oc knotov \\o o cpuqoo nou ot ttot ouvcoov
copcnovot ono kptvocvot oc kptvovc. ontkq yuvto ou
kptvocvou cncptcct o kooo q 'ouoq onvqoq, cvu
ouopovo onoc\ct to ncpt0uptokq 0coq u npo o octooo q
o\q yvuotokq npq. vt0co q ontkq yuvto ou kptvovo tvct oo
unokctcvo qv oto0qoq ou c\cyou q totkooto: upo n\cov cv
ko\ctot vo onovqoct oc kt nou cvo \\o octooc ytouo, o\\ vo
octoct o tto o ko\\q\o n\ototo yto vo \ct ouo nou 0c\ct. lou
ouq okptu q o\\oyq q ontkq yuvto, ncptooocpo kt ono qv
o\\oyq po\ou, ctvot nou ktvqonotct qv ovt\qntkq tkovoqo uv
nottuv kot npoyoonotct q uvotkq cn\okq ou oc ouo nou
ouotvct coo oqv q. Mcoo ono q ouykpoqoq cpuquv,
o0qc kot o0qptc koop0uvouv vo nopyouv oqootc. kot kuptu:
cn\ckovot nto cvcpy oq o0qotokq totkooto.
to qv nopouotooq ou cpuqoo\oytou oq0qkc to
ouoocto nopoooq: q q uptoqkc oc coocpt oc, ko0ct
ono t onotc ovc\oc vo cnccpyooct to 0cotkq cvoqo: (uq
oo ontt, (uq oo oo\cto, Lpyooto, L\cu0cpo povo. Mc
q ouvoq cpuqocuv ov oc, to totkooto nou kpqoc
ckoncvc o\t \cn, q k0c oo nopouotooc t cpuqoct q ot
uno\otnc oc kot ouc ou(qqoov kot oo\tooov - c ttotcpo
onotqtko pono, cvtoc kot c ok\qpoqo -o cpuqoo: tot
puc t q\ckptkc ouokcuc unqpov oo ontt 1t o cvtocpct
ouo tot puc t pouo opouooc oo ontt uq cv ctvot to
cpuqoq nou nopouc vo q \ouc oc o\o o 0coo t
onovqoct nou ctvov o c\q uv ouv oo onotqtk cpuqoo
uv ouo0quv ou cctvov ot ctov n\qpq cntyvuoq q
n\qpoopto nou q0c\ov vo ov\qoouv. tto q totkooto q
ouvoq cpuqocuv tcuko\uvc q cooq ono o cpuqo oqv
npoookucvq n\qpoopto.
[369]

noponvu nopoqpqoq cntcotuvcot kot coo ono q
ouykptoq q ooq uv o0quv c npoycvcocpc oct ou
npoypoo. zq tpkcto uv npuuv ouvovqocuv, oov
ou(qouooc yto o t ctvot npooptkq toopto ctoc (qqoct ono
ou o0qc kot t o0qptc vo npouv to npooptkq opupto ono
ou nonnouc ou c cvo 0co (yvuptto kot yo), o onoto ot
ttot cnc\cov. Cov cccpov oqv q qv ctoopqoq uv
nonnouuv ou, k\q0qkov vo cvontoouv t n\qpooptc nou
ov\ouoov yto qv cnoq coo ono t tooptc nou ctov o\t
oqyq0ct. Auoko\cuqkov ttotcpo vo o kvouv. noct0qkc
cotpctk uoko\o vo npoupqoouv ono q ouykckptcvq kot
npoounonotqcvq ctoopqoq (n.. o yo knotuv nonnouuv c
npocvto) oq ycvtkcuoq (qv npoktkq ou npocvtou). vt0co, oov
ptoov vo npoocyyt(ouv o 0co coo ono t cpuqoct, nopcoov
no\u cuko\o vo tokptvouv ycvtkcuoct kot vo okcouv ootpctk.
o\q opyvuoq q ouvoq ou cpuqoo\oytou (cpyooto oc tkpc
oc, ou(qqoq kot kotvc onooct c o c\q q oo,
nopouotooq q ou\ct ot uno\otnc oc) \ctoupyqoc u
c\coupyto coo ono qv onoto ot ouccovc tuoov o\o o oto
cvo cpcuvqtkou cpyou kot \ctoupyqoov u puvo unokctcvo:
nopcoov vo poouv coo oc to opyovucvq oo, ou(qqoov,
onootoov, cnc\cov, c0coov q ou\ct ou oqv kptoq uv \\uv.
coopuoq uv uckpovuv o0quv oc cvcpyou
npuoyuvtoc ko q o0qotokq totkooto qov q ptq kot
kptotocpq \ctoupyto nou cntc\coc q oucoq oqv cnctpto q
ouvoq cpuqoo\oytou. t o0qc nou optk tokocovov ono
ocotoqo, cntctkvuov otyoupt kot ouoncnot0qoq oov ko\ouvov
vo ckqptuoouv ytot cnc\cov to ouykckptcvq cpuqoq. 1o optko
yo yto q ouoq onvqoq nopocptoqkc kot ot o0qc
copnqkov oc nto otyoupo yto q 0coq ou coo oq o0qotokq
totkooto unokctcvo (onoan 2003). 1o vco ou unokctcvo
nopouoov nto vo uncpoontoouv q vco 0coq ou u kptuv q
totkooto kot ouopovo u kptvocvuv ono qv oo. 1qv o\\oyq
ouq q ouvoto0v0qkov kot ot ttot: ko kotvq oo\oyto, q qcpo q
ouvoq ou cpuqoo\oytou qov q nto cntuqcvq otyq q cpt
oc totkooto, onu vqkc ono t oqctuoct oo qcpo\oyt ou.
kot ovunoovouoov n\cov vo ncpoouv oqv cnocvq oq, ouqv q
ouvcvcuq, oqv onoto, ntocuov, 0o cnot(ov ov npuoyuvtotko po\o
ou cpuuvo kot ou opyovuq to vco c\coupyto.

ou\to cv(ou
[370]

!= h 45/%* ):' 3$'"')"`f":'0 5-* b-*."'"*68 3$'A')434 3)( _&%( )($
3_(B"@($

to qv u\onotqoq uv ouvcvcucuv cnt\coc o oo\cto u upo nou
0o cntokcouv ot n\qpoopqc kot 0o ouvot\qoouv c o nott.
Lntoq, cnt\coc vo kvouc ootkc ouvcvcuct (uo oc c
pct n\qpoopqc kot ct nott oqv ko0cto), ocvo yto npoktkou
\oyou, ko0u cv unqpc opkco povo, kuptu ou yto vo
qtoupyq0ct q ooootpo to 'ytopq. uq q 'ytopq cncptctc
c\coupytk ootcto, onu q tq uv nonnouuv oo upo ou
oo\ctou, q onoto ouvocuqkc ono q 0cpq unooq uv ook\uv,
ov cv0ouotooo uv nottuv, o\\ kot q cy\q ouyktvqoq uv
nonnouuv, nou cnotvov u oyonqot npookck\qcvot oc cvov
ttotcpo optocvo ouvoto0qotk yt ouou upo: o oo\cto uv
cyyovuv ou, o\\ kot o 'oo\cto u cootko ovtkctcvo nou ou
yupvouoc oo povto q nottkq ou q\tkto. Lvo \\o c\coupytko
ootcto nou opokqptoc qv qcpo uv ouvcvcucuv oct(cot c q
ouvunopq toopctkuv ycvcuv oo upo uv oo\tkuv cuv, o\\
kot qv cvo\\oyq uv po\uv: ot 'nonnouc coopu0qkov oc
'n\qpoopqc kot 'cknpoounou to \\q cnoq, o 'cyyovto cv
qov ouc ' o0qc kot 'o0qptc ouc 'cyyovto, o\\ 'opyovuc kot
'otkoconoc, cvu ot 'oko\ot cooov qv kuptopq 0coq ou kt
cytvov 'oq0ot oo cpyo uv 'opyovuuv ou ouvo. 1c\o, q
'kcpo nou kocypoc t ouvcvcuct ccpcnc q ouvvqoq oc cvo
'otooqctuo ouv, onctc oqooto oo cpyo uv ouvc\couv ou
pucvou kot onctc u\tkoqo ot ouvcvcuct ko0touvo t
'ckqpto yto t cnocvc ycvtc.
kot npyot, ovonokpt0qkov o\ot c ttotcpq ouvoto0qoq ou
po\ou ou oo pucvo q ouvcvcuq. t o0qc kot ot o0qptc
cncctov cy\q uncu0uvoqo oq ouoq opyvuoq q o\q
totkooto. -cncpooov o optko 'yo, nou ck uv uocpuv
kocypoov oo qcpo\oyt ou, kot o\t nqkov ot ct,
ouoopyovu0qkov kot ktvqoov qv o\q totkooto: t\ouoov o ko0cvo
c q octp ou, upt vo ncyovot kot vo tokonouv ou ouvot\qc
ou, nqpov okoo kot qv npuoou\to vo cpouv vcpo oou
npookck\qcvou, upt vo ou nct kovct, upt vo (qqoouv cto kot
c cy\q tokpttkoqo, upt vo tokoouv qv o\q totkooto.
Lctov q\oq cvo npoouno o\oc\o toopctk ono ouo nou
cntctkvuouv ko0qcptv u 'o0qc oo upo ou oo\ctou
ycvtkocpo, o\\ kot oqv nopcto ou ouykckptcvou npoypoo
cttkocpo.
Ltoou cvtocpouoo qov kot q ooq uv 'nonnouuv. Looov oo
oo\cto c cy\q ouyktvqoq, q onoto cvtou0qkc ono qv ttotcpo
[371]

0cpq kot cv0ouotuq unooq nou c0qkov, ono ov npoou\to qq
upo, ono o\o o c\q q oo\tkq kotvoqo: o0qc o\uv uv
cuv kot oko\ot ouykcvpu0qkov yupu ou yto vo ou t\qoouv
kot vo ou ouvocuoouv ot ot0ouoc nou ctov cttk
ovotoopu0ct yto vo t\ocvqoouv o ouv. zq tpkcto q
ouvcvcuq, kotvo ootcto kot oou ct n\qpoopqc qov o 'yo:
0o nopouoov vo uoouv oo 'nott vo koo\ouv t oqotvc q cnoq
ou Ltov no\u cvovq qv oto0qoq q 'cu0uvq nou ctov ovo\ct
u (uvovot pupc to ocvq cnoq. o\u ouv, qv upo nou
t\ouoov yto cvo ouykckptcvo 0co, ovo\oyouoov upo nu vo o
nct o\o ou c \tyo ovo \oyto. o\u ouv cntoq cctvov oov vo
ouvctqonotouv yto npuq op o cyc0o q 'toop ovcoo
oo 0c kot o oqcpo, ovcoo ot cnctptc uv cyyovuv ou kot t
tkc ou. Cov ou puqoov t notvtto not(oc, knoto nonnou
onvqoc yc\uvo not(oc o notvtt t 0o pouc oqcpo vo c,
ouo o onooo\ouoc, nu 0o yctoouc o oot o. Cov
puq0qkov yto t tuptc oo oo\cto, o\ot o(t ovouvqoov u\o,
nooo u\o puyoc ono ou ook\ou. onounuoq q 'toop
qov cvo cotpctk cvtocpov nopyuyo ou nctpoo, cv okcct
kovct nu q oopto ctvot q par excellence cntoqq q toop, o
cntoqovtko ckctvo \oyo, nou npuoptko ou c\qo ctvot q
onok\uq kot q koovoqoq toopuv oo no\\on\ cntnco ou
tooptkou povou (toopc oq ouykpoqoq ou kotvuvtkou,
otkovotkou, no\ttotkou nctou, toopc oq ouykpoqoq q
unokctcvtkoqo, k\n).
opo\o nou qov 0ctkq oo ouvo\o q q cnctpto q qcpo
uv ouvcvcucuv ot(ct vo oqctuoouc kot knoto ootcto nou
pq(ouv cyo\ucpq npoooq kot 0o cnpcnc vo cnovccooouv oc to
cnocvq ovtootq ononctpo. Lvo npo\qotko ootcto qov q tto q
ootkq ouvcvcuq. zc knotc ncptnuoct (cttk oq to oo),
qtoupyq0qkov cvoct cou uv n\qpoopquv, uoovoocouoov
oov okpqyopouoc knoto kot ccuyc ono o 0co yto o onoto ctov
cpuq0ct. zqv tto ouq oo, q onoto qov kot q nto ootptooq
cou q u npo t npoountkoqc uv n\qpoopquv, knoto
otyq ot n\qpoopqc ptoov vo t\ouv vopo, nopcotvovo o
cvo oo \oyo ou \\ou, ytot cvtu0ov ot ou nou ctov vo nouv qov
nto cvtocpovo ono ou nou c\cyov ot \\ot. koo ou kot oqv
\\q oo, nou o npyoo ku\qoov nto oo\ kot unqpc ko\ucpq
ouvcpyooto cou uv n\qpoopquv, unqpc to nto cvovq
npoountkoqo nou cnotc ouok\qo o po\o ou 'pu0toq
tokonovo ou \\ou oov ccuyov ono o 0co. Acv 0c\u vo
cncko0u ncptooocpo oo (qqo ouo, uoooo, nop o 0ctk q, q
ou\to cv(ou
[372]

ootkq ouvcvcuq onoct0qkc ttotcpo onotqtkq oo ctptoo q
kot cv ntocuu c\tk ot qov q nto cntuqcvq cnt\oyq.
1o cucpo (qqo nou o npo\qtoc, okptu cnctq o
ctc touyct oq totkooto q npocpyooto uv ouvcvcucuv, qov q
uoko\to uv nottuv vo 'unoo0ouv oo po\o ou okpooq. Cnu
koo\oc ono t ccncto ou(qqoct, ot o0qc kot ot o0qptc
cvtuoov knoto otyq ot koupoqkov vo okouv, nopo\o nou ckctvq
qv upo cv o cctov kot cnotov oyo o po\o ou. o\\c
nopoqpqoct ou ot ouvovqoct c q ouvcvcuq cntoqotvov:
ou cct cv kvoc kt, ovo okouyoc, cptkc opc o
cvouoov c\ctu kot t\ouoov ovot ou. uo nt0ovov unoctkvuc
ot o nott cvtuoov onoyoqcuoq ytot kot n\t ctov o\\ct po\o:
ono ov cvcpyqtko po\o ouou nou cpu kot ktvct q totkooto,
pc0qkov kot n\t vo 'okouv , npyo nou ouvq0u ko\ouvot vo
kvouv oov ptokovot o(t c cvq\tkou. Acv nopcoov vo
ovt\q0ouv ono ovo ou qv cvvoto q okpoooq c toopctkou
opou kot cv t0qkov vo o kvouv. zo oqcto ouo, onoct0qkc
to oqovtkq, tkq o nop\ctq: ctoc cotoct oqv npocotooto
q ouvcvcuq, cv ctoc ou\cct uoooo o (qqo q okpoooq: t
oqotvct 'okouu, t oqotvct tvu o qo oov okpooq, nu q
okpoooq nopct vo ctvot to cvcpyqtkq ooq ou unokctcvou kot ot
to no0qtkq ovoovq cpt vo c\ctuoct o ot\uv kot vo ovonpu o
\oyo. pokctot yto cvo ttotcpo yovto ncto npocpyooto, o onoto
cv ctoc npo\cct oo octooo q cknotcutkq poq.

C/,2 %*:1U, /'2 $72=2/=r='2@ =*==+&%$0% .%# *%+%&'&( 28,7 3:&,7

1qv cnocvq uv ouvcvcucuv, o nott cvtuoov ot upo cct
o\ok\qpu0ct o npoypoo kot cv couc kt \\o vo kvouc,
onu kooypqkc oc qcpo\oyto. to ou o0qc cv qov ko0o\ou
npoovc ot, c t ouvcvcuct, pt(c cvo \\o oqovtko cpo
ou\ct nou ctvot q npoon0cto coyuyq knotuv ouncpoouv,
kuptu c q ovoouv0coq q toopto q cnoq coo ono qv ontkq
uv ouypovuv unokctcvuv kot q ovctq q toopctkoqo
ckctvq q cnoq ono q ouypovq.
Mc oq o otoucvo ou, cktvqooc qv cnccpyooto uv
ouvcvcucuv. opoko\ou0uvo t tvcookonqcvc ouvcvcuct kot
ovoko\uvo vqc ono qv qcpo uv ouvcvcucuv cntctpqooc vo
ncpoouc ono o 'npoountko oo 'ou\\oytko tuo. zc k0c
ouvvqoq cc(oc to 0cotkq cvoqo (ontt, oo\cto, cpyooto,
c\cu0cpo povo), kot npopcnoc o0qc kot o0qptc vo kpoouv
oqctuoct ono ooo kouyov. Atokonoc ouv o tvco yto vo
[373]

ou(qqoouc o ooo ctov \c0ct, vo ouykptvouc t cnctptc uv
n\qpoopquv kot vo cntctpqoouc knotc ycvtkcuoct. to ou
o0qc kot t o0qptc ouo qov to npuoyvupq cnctpto. Acv ctov
noc 'kpoqoct oqctuoct, cv ctov noc k\q0ct vo oucoouv oc
to cpqvcutkq totkooto, ouc vo cntctpqoouv vo ovo-oqyq0ouv
c o tko ou pono to tooptkq n\qpoopto. zo c\o q
nopouotooq k0c 0cotkq, (qouooc ono ou o0qc vo
ouvouv cvo kctcvo, otcpucvo oc k0c 0cotkq, oo onoto 0o
ouvuo(ov n\qpooptc ono o\c t ouvcvcuct. zoo ou kctcvou
cv qov q ovoouykpoqoq uv tooptkuv ycyovouv, ooo q oqooto
ou yto qv npoountkq toopto uv ov0punuv q cnoq.

A8+% %*: /,7? 7*,3,&#$/8?@ %#,*,#q2/%? /#? 3,&#.8? /1? T1-#%.(?
=*,U(?

cntopcouc oqv optkq npocoyyc\to ou p0pou kot o
cntctpqoouc vo ouc nu q npooptkq toopto oo ouykckptcvo
cknotcutko nctpoo kocpc vo qtoupyqoct cvo qtoko
ncpt\\ov yvuoq kot poq.
t ocqptokot o ooot ktvq0qkov yupu ono pct \cct-
k\ctt (0pouooonotqoq, ouvcotoqo kot tpooq), t onotc
ctoc 0cupqoct kotkc u npo t \oytkc nou tcnouv cvo qtoko
ncpt\\ov cpyooto kot 0qoq. 1o ouvo\o ou cknotcutkou
nctpoo opokqpt(oov ono cvo cupo toopctkuv pocuv nou
nopqyoyov no\\on\c poc 0pouooronotpevv n\qpooptuv kot
cnctptuv: n\qpooptc nou nopq0qoov qv upo ou o0qoo ono
q tooko\to, n\qpooptc nou ov\ouvov ono t ouvcvcuct,
n\qpooptc nou nopyovov ono qv cpyooto ot oc kot qv
o\\q\cntpooq cou uv o0quv. t o0qc kot ot o0qptc
k\q0qkov vo notouv tootk no\\on\ou po\ou, vo ytvouv o0qc,
cpuuvc, okpooc kot qtoupyot, co\\ovo ouopovo kot qv
ontkq yuvto 0cooq uv cnctptuv ov\oyo c t ovykc ou ckooc
po\ou ou. zc ouo o ootko, c qv cvvoto ou q ypotkou,
ncpt\\ov q poq 0pouooonotqcvuv n\qpooptuv, o qcpo\oyto
cnotc kuptopo po\o oov npooovoo\too uv o0quv kot oqv
ono0cqoq ou u puvuv unokctcvuv coo oq ouvo\tkq cnctpto.
1o qcpo\oyto, npopcnovo oqv npoktkq ou ovoooooou q k0c
qto ou nctpoo, \ctoupyqoc u to oq n\oqyqoq coo oo
0pouootko, q ypotko ncpt\\ov cpyooto kot 0qoq nou
nopqyoyc o cknotcutko nctpoo cvcpyonotuvo o kpttk
ovovok\ootk ou unokctcvou q 0qoq.
ou\to cv(ou
[374]

zc cvo cucpo cntnco, o ouvo\tko npoypoo qtoupyouoc
cvo ncpt\\ov c no\\on\ou kot toopctkou ponou 5#45+%$1?:
cou uv ttuv uv o0quv oo o0o nou ou\cuov kot ootk kot
oc oc, cou uv o0quv kot uv n\qpoopquv ko0u kot
cou uv o0quv kot uv 'qovuv oo o0o nou q 'cvo\oyto
qov ovto nopouoo ooo ko q tpkcto uv o0quv ko0u ou
tvcookonouvov, ooo kot kuptu oq oq uv ouvcvcucuv kot q
cnccpyooto ou. Mcoo ono qv npoktkq q ouvoq cpuqocuv kot
qv c\coupyto q nopouotooq ou, o\\ kot coo ono qv npoktkq
q ouvcvcuq, ot o0qc tuoov cvo cvovo topootko ncpt\\ov
ooo cou uv ouvoq\tkuv ou ooo kot cou toopctkuv ycvcuv.
zqv cnocvq oq, ouqv q cnccpyooto ou u\tkou uv
ouvcvcucuv, o0qc kot o0qptc, c q tocoo\qoq q
cvo\oyto, pc0qkov oncvovt ono o u\tko nou ot ttot ctov
ouykcvpuoct coo ono t ouvcvcuct. 8pc0qkov cnocvu oc to
kpttkq 0coq onooooq ono qv ocou npoqyoucvq cnctpto q
ouvcvcuq kot k\q0qkov vo cnovoono0cqoouv o u\tko nou ctov
ouykcvpuoct oc cvo vco n\ototo ovoop. zc ouqv okptu q oq
q cnccpyooto uv ouvcvcucuv, cntc\coqkc q nopoyuyq vcuv
ouoquv oqootuv: o tkuo oqootuv nou ouykpoqoov ot optkc
ouvcvcuct, 0pouooonotq0qkov kot ovoouvc0qkov coo ono qv
ontkq uv o0quv ouq q op. Mc ov pono ouo u\onotq0qkc oqv
npq o otqo q $725=$#>:/1/%? ou qtokou no\ttoou, ko0u
ot qtc q n\qpoopto uv ouvcvcucuv onoc\coov o u\tko nou
ouykpoqoc to vco n\okq, cvo vco pono ouvcoq uv n\qpooptokuv
0pououv, cvo vco tkuo oqootuv.
Mcoo ono q ouvo\tkq totkooto ou npoypoo, q
npooptkq toopto oo oo\cto nopqyoyc cvo kuk\uo c optko no\o
t cpuqoct uv o0quv kot c\tko qv ovooqootooqoq ou
optkou cpc0tooo, q\oq uv ouvcvcucuv. Mc qv n\ototo0cqoq
uv ouvcvcucuv oc cvo qtoko ncpt\\ov, ot o0qc kot ot
o0qptc nopcoov vo nopcouv oo u\tko o ouvcvcucuv. 1o u\tko
uv ouvcvcucuv onooq0qkc oc oqootc nou cncpvouoov t
ocqptokc ou nopooc. Looc qv ovtkctcvtkq ou unooooq, kot
unokctcvonotq0qkc ot onotqoct uv o0quv. kot c q octp ou,
ot o0qc kot ot o0qptc, coontoqkov ono t ocqptokc ou
nopooc: cnco\\ov vco opuoo oqootuv oo u\tko uv
ouvcvcucuv kot nqkov oc to ocoq t\oyou ooo c o tooptko
nopc\0ov ooo kot c qv tto q yvuotokq totkooto.

[373]

"7U%+#$/0=?

Ccpc cuoptotc oct\ovot oo tcu0uvq ou oo\ctou pok\q
kopoytvvq, o onoto, nvo npo0uo vo nctpootoct c cvo\\oktkc
opc tooko\tc, unooqptc kot cv0ppuvc qv npuoou\to, ko0u
kot oq Ccuvq Aqonou\ou, ko0qyqpto, yto q ouvo\tkq ouo\q q.

9#h3#,&+%-0%
8all, . L. Mclarml, . W. 1990. 1he ub[ecL MaLLer reparaLlon o
1eachers. zo 8. ousLon (e), nooJboo of keseotcb oo 1eocbet
Jocotloo. e or: Macmlllan, 437-449.
olro, !. eL al. (es). 2010. nooJboo of keseotcb oo Ne lltetocles. e
or: 1aylor lrancls roup.
onoan, M.. 8ransor, !. 2003. no 5toJeots leoto. nlstoty lo tbe
closstoom. WashlnLon: 1he aLlonal Acaemles ress.
rlcson, .A. Murphy, L. (es). 2006. keoJloqs fot o nlstoty of
Aotbtooloqlcol 1beoty. 1oronLo: nlerslLy o 1oronLo ress.
en, 8uhama. 1994. ub[ecL-MaLLer knolee an eaolcal onLenL
knolee: rospecLle econary 1eachers an Lhe luncLlon
oncepL. ootool fot keseotcb lo Motbemotlcs Jocotloo, 24: 94-
116.
kellner, oulas. 2004. e Mela an e LlLeracles: 8econsLrucLln
ucaLlon or Lhe e Mlllennlum. zo Leah Llerou onla
LllnsLone (es), nooJboo of Ne MeJlo. 5oclol 5boloq ooJ
cooseoeoces of c1s. Lonon: ae ubllcaLlons.
ktvt, 1(c. 200. 1o pepoyto ev onoolko. 0qvo: uoyto.
Mace, !aub. 2003. efloloq cybetcoltote (v. ).
hLLp:mace.czechlan.neLelnlncyberculLure.hLm
Mnt\\q, Mqoo. (uno ckooq). 1o nope0v oro lkruo. tkvo,
revooylo kot toroptkp kouro0po orp o0ypovp oo (1994-
005). 0qvo: ncc\q, 67-93.
Cn, WalLer. 19. Otollty ooJ lltetocy. 1be 1ecbooloqlloq of tbe otJ.
Lonon: 8ouLlee.
aechLer, arrle, eL al. (es). 2001. leotoloq, 5oce, ooJ Jeotlty. Lonon:
ae.
8lLchle, onal. 2003. oloq Otol nlstoty. Cxor: Cxor nlerslLy ress.
elyn, ell. 2010. 5cbools ooJ 5cboolloq lo tbe lqltol Aqe. A ctltlcol
Aoolysls. Lonon: 8ouLlee.
o, valerle. 2003. kecotJloq Otol nlstoty. A olJe fot 1be nomooltles
ooJ 5oclol 5cleoces. WalnuL ree, A: AlLaMlra ress.

[376]

[377]

I$/,+0=? /'2 g433'2i@ ,# %-1&($=#? s'(? '? %-=/1+0%
>=/%$U1>%/0s,7$%? >4<1$1? $/12 /+#/,h4<>#% =.*%05=7$1

kuoo Myo
1

\jklmnol

Otbets 5totles. 1be bloqtoblc oottotlves os stottloq olot of
ttoosfotmotlve leotoloq lo blqbet eJocotloo

Mooy teseotcbes bove olteoJy toveJ tbot oo ocoJemlc cootse coolJ be
tbe stott of o tocess tootJs ctltlcol teflectloo ooJ ttoosfotmotlve
leotoloq. 1bls ottlcle olms to blqbllqbt tbe ttoosfotmotlve leotoloq tocess
obsetveJ lo tbe etcetloos of te-setvlce loJetqotteo teocbets
ottlclotloq lo oo eetleotlol cootse tltleJ Otbetoess ooJ Nottotlve,
tbot ls tooqbt ot tbe eottmeot of ltescbool Jocotloo lo tbe olvetslty
of 1bessoly lo teece. 1be cootse olms ot tbe Jevelomeot of teflectloo oo
booJlloq etbolc ooJ coltotol otbetoess. 1be molo metboJoloqlcol tool
olleJ lo tbe cootse ls oottotlve ooJ tbe teflectloo oo oottotlves oboot
otbetoess. 1btooqb tbe cooteot ooolysls of seml-sttoctoteJ lotetvles ltb
tbe te-setvlce teocbets os ell os tbe ooolysls of tets tltteo by tbem
Jotloq tbe cootse tbe ottlcle teseots tbe ttoosfotmotloo of te-setvlce
loJetqotteo teocbets etcetloos oboot tbe etbolc ooJ coltotol otbet.

SV X-1&($=#? s'(? .%# >=/%$U1>%/0s,7$% >4<1$1

zuuvo c ov Mezlro (1991), cooqot(ouoo ctvot q o0qotokq
totkooto, q onoto pqotonotuvo u coo ov kpttko ooooo kot
ovoooooo, oocuct oqv ovo0cupqoq npoqyoucvuv ovt\qcuv
kot oocuv uoc vo ytvct uvoq to nto ovtkctcvtkq, ovotkq kot q
ocpcountkq npoocyytoq q ootkq kot ou\\oytkq ov0puntvq
cnctpto. v kot ot ovoopc oq cooqot(ouoo 0qoq onoc\ouv
otvocvo uv c\cuotuv ckoctuv, ot 0cuptc kot ot npoktkc nou
oct(ovot c ouqv toooupuvovot c no\otocpc npoocyytoct nou
coto(ov oc cvo cvo\\oktko ovc\o cknotcuoq. Lot, ot onoct uv
lrelre hor (2011) uncp to onc\cu0cputkq 0qoq, ko0u kot ot
onoct uv lroux (1994) kot McLaren (1997) uncp to kpttkq
notoyuytkq couv no\\ kotv oqcto c t ouypovc ovt\qct kot
ooct nou oopouv oq cooqot(ouoo 0qoq.

1
ovcntoqto Ccooo\to, maos[uLh.r.
kuoo Myo
[37]

Mc q 0cupto q cooqot(ouoo 0qoq kot qv copoyq
q oq npq, toooupuvcot, cntoq, o t\oootko n\ototo q
tono\ttotkq cknotcuoq, q onoto cot(ct oqv uncpooq uv k0c
ctou ocpcountkuv ovt\qcuv oncvovt oqv ccpoqo kot oqv
ovnuq o\\q\cntpooq, ovo\\oyq kot o\\q\cyyuq c ov \\o,
ovcopqu uv onotuv toopuv nopct vo unpouv ovcoo oc
ouov kot o c\q q ckooc kuptopq oo (leLo 2004). Ltvot
npoovc ot ot nopyovc nou cnqpc(ouv t o\\q\cntpoct c ov
toopctko \\o ctvot no\\ot. vco ou ttotcpo oqovtko
ctvot o po\o uv oqyqocuv (uq.
cknotcutko upo ctvot cvo ono ou upou onou ot
oqyqoct onoc\ouv cvo ono o ouvocpo coo cntkotvuvto kot
o\\q\cntpooq. t oqyqoct cnctptuv, tuuv kot ycyovouv (uq
ooo cou uv cknotcuocvuv ooo kot cou cknotcuuv kot
cknotcuocvuv ko\unouv cvo cy\o cpo ou cknotcutkou
povou. zuypovu, ot oqyqoct onoc\ouv to ono t
onoc\cootkocpc toktkc c0oou, oou nopouv vo ouvcouv
q vco yvuoq c qv kckqcvq cnctpto (8osslLer 1999). zo n\ototo
ouo, kot ttotcpo oo ncto q untkq cknotcuoq, no\\ot
cknotcutkot pqotonotouv t oqyqoct u ko\\q\o toktko
cpyo\cto yto qv npoocyytoq ou yvuotkou ou ovtkctcvou. cpov
ou ouou, oqovtko ctvot o po\o uv oqyqocuv u coou
ovnuq ooooou kot ovoooooou ooo ono ou tokovc ooo
kot ono ou tookocvou. zuuvo c q 8uLcher (2006), ot
ouotoypotkc oqyqoct ktvqonotouv ou cknotcutkou vo
ooooouv nvu oq ou\ct ou c q ot cvo cucptkou
nopoqpqq kot cnocvu vo cvontoouv o oqcto ckctvo nou
pct(ovot o\\oyq.
1q ouo\q q oqyqoq oq totkooto ou cooqotoou
ovt\qcuv kot oocuv unoypot(ouv no\\ot cpcuvqc (aaera
1993, lanlnln onnelly 1996, 8en ohen lper 2006). Av kot ot
ncptooocpc cpcuvc nou oopouv qv otonotqoq q oqyqoq oo
cooqotoo uv ovt\qcuv kot oocuv uv cknotcuocvuv
oopouv oo upo q untkq npuo0to kot cucpo0to
cknotcuoq, unpouv cpcuvqtk pro[ecLs nou ovoctkvuouv qv
onoc\cootkq pqoq q oqyqoq oo n\ototo okoqotkuv
o0quv kot octvoptuv (Mezlro 2006, van 8oeschoLen 200).

LV 6, >4<1>%N=+&%$/(+#, g"/=+:/1/% .%# X-(&1$1i

1o 0qo Lcpoqo kot qyqoq npoyoonotctot ono o 2007
cpt oqcpo oo nponutoko npoypoo onouuv ou otoyuytkou
1qoo pooo\tkq Lknotcuoq ou ovcntoqtou Ccooo\to.
ooptc uv \\uv
[379]

cc\tq ou o0qoo nopct vo tokpt0ct oc uo toopctkc
ncptoou. npuq ncptoo oopouoc qv ptcto 2007-2010 onou oo
0qo oucctc cvo ncptoptocvo opt0o otquv, ootcto nou
ctvc q uvooqo vo \ctoupyqoct c q opq cvo tuotkou
cpyooqptou. vt0co, q cucpq ncptoo ou o0qoo (2010-
oqcpo) ouykcvpuvct cvov no\\on\oto opt0o otquv oc ocoq c
qv npuq ncptoo, cnocvu q \ctoupyto ou c q opq cpyooqptou
cv ctvot uvoq. ncptypoq nou oko\ou0ct ovocpcot oqv npuq
ncptoo ou o0qoo.
zkono ou o0qoo ctvot q ovnuq ooooou kot
ovoooooou oc (qqoo toctptoq q ccpoqo. kuptopq
toktkq npoocyytoq nou pqotonotq0qkc qov q tuotkq
topootkq npoocyytoq c toktkc cvtkc t ouvoc ctoqyqoct,
t ou(qqoct oc kuk\o, qv cpyooto oc oc, t c\cc ncptnuoq
kot t 0coptkc kot ctkootkc pooqptoqc. 8ootko ovo o onoto
topcct o\q q toktkq totkooto ctvot q otonotqoq npooptkuv
kot yponuv oqyqocuv (uq.
tokuv cct u kuptopo po\o ckctvov ou cuuq kot
ouvovtoq ou o0qoo-cpyooqptou, cvu oo optko o0qotoko
ouo\oto c ou cknotcuocvou ytvcot ouuvto yto cocuoq
oucoq oo 0qo, ko0u kot yto ocooo ou povou ot\to
o\uv uv c\uv q oo. zo 0qo cnttukcot q oucoq
otquv nou ovqkouv oc no\ttotkc, y\uootkc 0pqokcutkc q \\c
ctovoqc. zqovtko ootcto oo onoto tvcot ttotcpq opuqo
ono qv npuq ouvvqoq uv ouccovuv ctvot q qtoupyto
k\too cntooouvq ooo cou ou ooo kot c ov tokovo. to
o okono ouo oqv npuq ouvvqoq npoyoonotouvot to octp ono
ookqoct kot cvtkc o\\q\oyvuptto kot onokqoq cntooouvq.
1o cpyooqpto cc\toocot oc pct kuk\ou, onu ncptypovot
oq ouvccto.
1o k0ko. Aou\cuovo oc oc, ot ouccovc c\couv,
ovo\uouv kot oo(ovot nvu oc yponc oqyqoct nou
oopouv oqv ccpoqo. 1t yponc ouc oqyqoct cpvouv
oqv oo ooo o cuuq-ouvovtoq ooo kot ot
otqcptc.
o k0ko. t ouccovc okouv, ou(qouv kot oo(ovot
nvu ot to (uoq oqyqoct (uq npoounuv
npookck\qcvuv oo cpyooqpto.
Jo k0ko. t ouccovc cv0oppuvovot vo t\qoouv kot vo
ovoooooouv nvu oc npoountkc ou tuotkc oqyqoct
nou oopouv oc (qqoo ccpoqo
k0c kuk\o ncpt\ovct coocpt ptupc ouvovqoct

kuoo Myo
[30]

V ) 8+=72%

cpcuvo nou nopouot(cot cu npoyoonotq0qkc ono o
cpoupto cu ov ouvto ou 2009, q\oq oqv npuq ncptoo ou
o0qoo, onou q \ctoupyto ou c q opq tuotkou cpyooqptou
qov uvoq. 1q ouykckptcvq ncptoo oucctov oo 0qo-
cpyooqpto 2 c\ctootc otqptc (
ou
coqvou) ou otoyuytkou
1qoo pooo\tkq Lknotcuoq ou ovcntoqtou Ccooo\to.
1o cpcuvqtk cpuqoo nou c0qkov oopouoov oo cv kot
oc noto o0o q oucoq uv otquvptuv oo ouykckptcvo
0qo nopct vo \ctoupyqoct u ocqpto cooqot(ouoo
0qoq oc (qqoo nou oopouv oq toctptoq q c0vono\ttotkq
ccpoqo. Lvo cucpo cpcuvqtko cpuqo q0c\c vo tcpcuvqoct t
otyc ckctvc ou o0qoo nou \ctoupyqoov yto ou ouccovc
u ononpooovoo\totko t\qo (Mezlro 2006) q u koo\utko
ycyovo (aloz 2000), q\oq cpovov oc ovt0coq c t cpt q
otyq ckctvq kuptopc ovt\qct kot ooct ou.
c0oo\oytkq npoocyytoq ctc o opokqptotk q cpcuvo
poq, onou ko0cvo ono ou pct kuk\ou ou o0qoo, onu
ouot ncptypqkov noponvu, onoc\ct kot cvov kuk\o q cpcuvo
poq. 1o cpcuvqtk cpyo\cto nou pqotonotq0qkov yto qv ou\\oyq
uv cpcuvqtkuv cocvuv qov:
1) toqcvc ouvcvcuct c ono t ouccouoc
otqptc oo c\o ou cpyooqptou 2) Lpcuvqtko qcpo\oyto nou
kpqoc o cpcuvqq oq tpkcto o\uv uv ouvovqocuv ou
cpyooqptou 3) zoootk kctcvo nou cypoov ot otqptc ko q
tpkcto uv ouvovqocuv ou cpyooqptou c oopq t oqyqoct

V 6% =7+(>%/% /1? 8+=72%?

no qv ov\uoq ncptcocvou uv onocuv uv otqptuv, onu
ouc kooypqkov ot qtoqcvc ouvcvcuct c qv
o\ok\qpuoq ou cpyooqptou, npockuov ot nopoku 0cotkc
koqyoptc:

O po rp opypop
kot ot oku otqptc nou cuoov ouvcvcuq unoyptoov q
oqovtkq ouo\q uv oqyqocuv oqv ovnuq ooooou.
Lotooov, cntoq, oqv oto uv oqyqocuv u toktkou coou, o\\
kot u koo\uq yto qv ktvqonotqoq ou cvtocpovo kot q
qtoupyto cuptoou k\too. Lvctktk ctvot o nopoku
onoonooo:

ooptc uv \\uv
[31]

Ot opypoet nou oko0yoe e e6oov vo okeroot. vvo, pop, ov ro
lto npoyoro ro to6oo oe evo 6t6lo, oov ouro nou nolpvoue oro
o0poro, oro noventorptoko o0poro e evvo, ev ep ov 0o e
enppeoov n e enppeooov ot vrove opypoet. Aur evvo. (z)

Aur nou ou opeoe oe our ro o0po prov ot opypoet. kot koroo6o noo
evtoepov eouv ot opypoet. noo npoyoro kp06ouv. noo npoyoro
nopel vo kp06et to opypop. (z5)

kot ot yponre opypoet je enppeooov], nto no0 ot npooptke. Aurol
nou pp0ov kot o lpoov kot o elnov yto rp p rou. j..] konote ope nou
ro 6pou ev e enotpve 0nvo ytorl okerouv ouro nou elo oko0oet. (zJ)

Aure ot opypoet ev prov ouvp0toeve kot rov rt okouye okeroouv.
koo ey no0 , oe oov novprp ,. (z1)

1o euoptoro klo nou eloe oro o0po. netp prov ot opypoet kot ot
ouprpoet(z8)

1o klo entoroo0vp
cpo ono q 0ctkq ouo\q uv oqyqocuv oqv cc\tq ou
o0qoo kot ot oku otqptc cot(ouv oo k\to cntooouvq,
oo\cto kot ko\q cntkotvuvto nou unqpc ovcoo ot
ouccouoc. qtoupyto cvo cotou k\too coo\t(c q
oucoq uv otqptuv oo t\oyo nou ovonuoooov ko q
tpkcto ou o0qoo.

Ae0pkoe no0 e ro oo koplroto. konote on oure rt e6eno yto nprp
opo kot opepo eloore le. Mo 6op0poe no0 ro o0po o our. (z1)

Av ev unppe entoroo0vp, ev 0o ovotyoorov. kupl oro reo ekel nou p
ko0e to elne tko rp npoyoro, no0 npoontko npoyoro, ov ev unppe
entoroo0vp ev 0o toyoe. (z)

ol rt orpv ooo o unppe on rpv opp entoroo0vp. Aev
vrpenoorov vo tpooue kot yto npoontko yeyovro. zro o0po our
elnoe npoyoro nou ev ro e oe o rov koo. (z4)

Av ev e6yoo orpv opp ro 0u ou, to yto ro 0u nou elo rre yto
rou evou, erovoore kot evou, ey e6yoo 0u kt ot oot e okouyov kot
ev eeyov rt elv ouro nou e kot reroto, our e 6op0poe. 6yoo ro 0u
kot ero elo rpv ppelo vo tpo kot v oko0o, nto no0 v oko0o, t n
ro ekovo noto, ytorl noto ev okouyo. (z8)

1o ononpooovorotortk lpo
Coov oop oo ycyovo ckctvo nou \ctoupyqoc u
ononpooovoo\totko t\qo ot cpt q otyq ckctvq onoct uv
cknotcuocvuv kot ot oku otqptc cot(ouv ot npooptkc q
yponc oqyqoct kot oou npookck\qcvou oqyqc. Cnu
kuoo Myo
[32]

otvcot ono o \oyo uv otqptuv nou cuoov ouvcvcuq, ot
oqyqoct kot ot oqyqc qtoupyqoov to octp ono cpuqotk
ot cpt oc voqtkc ouvq0ctc kot ontkc ou.

Ot npookekpevot otpre je enppeooov]. Auro nou eeyov kopvovrov
oro uo ou kot ev eeuyov. (z1)

1o yeyov nou e ouykvtoe, pop vo, our nou e ropoko0vpoe, prov p
toroplo rp ko0ve6o. Aev rpv pepo kot rov rpv okouoo, rpeo0pko. lno, ev
nopel, e ylverot enetp tovel teooytko e konotov vo 6oet vo rov
okoroouv. kt enetp pop elvot kot erovoorp nopel vo rov okoroet
kot vo pv nopet kovel elpop, lo no0 0uoet e rpv toroplo rp ko0ve6o.
(z8)
t0 oov kort vo y0ptoe eoo ou. n toroplo rp ko0ve6o ekove vo
rou erovoore n ev rou e6eno ept rpo (z8)

n Aouvrlo vol e enppeooe nto no0 on rt oe opypoet. ro0oo
rov eour ou. ouro nou ekove ourp p yuvolko ey 0o elo rp 0vop vo ro
kov,. (z7)

n neploo ot0ulo
Acoo ouvcccvq c q oq ou ononpooovoo\totkou t\qoo
ctvot kot q ncptoo ot0uto qv onoto pct ono t otqptc
ovocpouv ot ouvcvcuct ou. kot ot pct otqptc pqotonotouv
q \cq ncpccvq yto vo unoypotoouv qv ncptoo onou knotc
ono t optkc ou ovt\qct cnotvov ono t ttc oc otoqqoq.
opokqptotk ctvot o onoonooo nou oko\ou0ouv:

zrpv opp pouv nepeevp. Auro nou okouyo oro o0po e nepeuov.
eyo rpo noto eet lkto, (z8)

Meptke ope eeuyo nepeevp (zJ)

vt0o nepeevp ytorl noto ev rou veuo rou erovoore (z7)

Ot npoontke opypoet p
Atoopctkc ctvot ot onoct nou ckp(ouv ot otqptc octk c
qv cuko\to vo otpooouv npoountk ou tuoo nou oct(ovov c
q toctptoq q ccpoqo. v kot onu vqkc ono npoqyoucvq
koqyopto ov\uoq uv onocuv nou ccpooov, o 0ctko k\to nou
unqpc oqv oo \ctoupyouoc cv0oppuvtk yto qv npoountkq
ckpooq, \\c otqptc otvcot vo uoko\cuqkov ncptooocpo kot
\\c \tyocpo q ko0o\ou, npokctcvou vo onoc\coouv yto \tyo \cn
o cntkcvpo q oo kot vo oqyq0ouv cvo octko ncptootko ono
q tkq ou toopto (uq.

ooptc uv \\uv
[33]

Aev e uokee vo tpo yto evo. Ao0 o our ro o0po e
toyoe, pp0e oov kort uotk. (z5)

Aev prov e0koo vo tpo. no0 nlkpo eoo ou, pop oko e, oov
vo e to npyp. (z8)

Alyo oplorpko orpv opp ytorl evt0o o ro orto orpoevo nov ou.
(z)

1ov npro kotp pouv otnpp. rot, elot ey. Oe npro vo koroo6 rt
ylverot kot ero vo tpo. (z1)

MV ; >=/%$U1>%/#$>:? /1? /%7/:/1/%?

Cc\ovo cvctktk vo ovoctouc o cooqotoo uv ovt\qcuv
uv otqptuv nou oucctov oo ouykckptcvo 0qo-cpyooqpto
0o cotoouc ot onovqoct nou cuoc to ono t otqptc, q n.,
oo n\ototo to pooqptoqo nou cytvc oqv npuq kot
cnovo\q0qkc oqv c\cuoto ouvvqoq ou o0qoo. zuuvo c
q pooqptoqo ouq, (qq0qkc ono t otqptc vo tcpopqoouv t
ncvc oqovtkocpc toooct q ouoq ou. Lot, ot toooct
q ouoqo nou q n. ovccpc oqv npuq ouvvqoq qov:
L\\qvto, ptotovq p0ooq, kopq, cpq, LApo. no
qv tcppqoq ouq otvcot ot q n. optk, nptv ono qv cvopq ou
o0qoo, ouonpootopt(cot coo ono qv c0vtkq kot 0pqokcutkq
ouoqo q kuptopq oo, cvu ovcpq ctvot kot q cvovq ouvcoq
ooo c qv otkoycvcto ooo kot c ov ono kooyuyq q u onoo q
ontkq nooootptkq oo.
Lnocvu, oqv ouoqo nou npo\\ct q n. nptv ono qv
cvopq ou o0qoo-cpyooqptou cntkpoouv ot toooct ou
c0vokcvptoou kot ontktoou. t c0vokcvptkc kot cvootkc
ovt\qct q n. cntcotuvovot cvovo oc o\c t ouvovqoct ou
npuou kuk\ou ou o0qoo. Lvctktko uv onocuv ouuv ctvot o
nopoku onoonooo ono cvo ooootko kctcvo nou koc0coc q n.
oov npuo kuk\o ou cpyooqptou kot oopouoc oo ouvoto0qo q
u c\ou to no\uno\ttotkq kotvuvto.

evo ev e prpoe kovel ov 0e vo oe to nounotrtotkp kotvvlo.
Aev e prpoe ov ouv vo elvot p norplo o epoyo onet kot ot
erovoore vo kovre0ouv vo ylvouv o to epvtk np0uo. ze lyo kotp
ev 0o epoue kt eel rt eloore.

ko q tpkcto uv o0quv ot onoct q n. otvcot ootok vo
cooqot(ovot ku ono qv cntppoq ooo uv yponuv kot uv
npooptkuv oqyqocuv ooo kot uv ou(qqocuv nou oko\ou0ouv. Cov
oqv c\cuoto ouvvqoq ou cpyooqptou (qq0qkc ono t otqptc
kuoo Myo
[34]

vo cnovo\ouv q pooqptoqo q optkq ouvvqoq, tcpopuvo
t oqovtkocpc toooct q ouoq ou, q n. cypoc:
v0puno, yuvotko, ptotovq, otqpto, L\\qvto. opoqpuvo
qv kotvoupto tcppqoq uv ouoquv, otvcot ot q c0vtkq
ouoqo q n. coktvq0qkc ono qv npuq oqv c\cuoto 0coq.
Acucpq ctvot q cu\q ouoqo (yuvotko) q onoto, npoovu
ouvccot c t ouoqc kopq kot oc\q nou ctc q\uoct qv
npuq op, ou cvu ot ouoqc ouc ccponpootopt(ov q n. c
oqcto ovoop qv otkoycvct q, q cu\q ouoqo nou upo
q\uvct onoc\ct kuptopo opokqptotko ouonpootoptoou.
0pqokcutkq ouoqo ouvct(ct vo ctvot to ono t ootkc toooct
oqv ouoqo q n., cvu covt(cot kot q ouoqo q otqpto
nou onoc\ct cvo okoq ootcto ouonpootoptoou kot nt0ovq
cnt0uto ouovoto ono t otkoycvctokc cntppoc. zqv npuq 0coq q
n. ono0cct qv ouoqo v0puno ycyovo nou ovoctkvuct to
ov0puntotkq npoocyytoq ot ycvtkocpc ovt\qct q, oc ovt0coq
c qv c0vokcvptkq nou cntkpoouoc qv npuq op.

V C7>*=+4$>%/%

1ooo ono qv ncptnuoq q n., ooo kot ono t npooptkc kot yponc
onoct uv \\uv otqptuv nou oucctov oo 0qo-
cpyooqpto Lcpoqo kot qyqoq, ovoctkvucot q 0ctkq ouo\q
uv oqyqocuv (uq oo cooqotoo uv ovt\qcuv uv
cknotcuocvuv. t oqyqoct coo ono t totkootc ooooou kot
ovoooooou nou ktvqonotouv, nopouv vo \ctoupyqoouv koo\utk
oq qtoupyto cvo k\too cnovon\ototuoq (Mezlro, 2006) uv
optkuv n\ototuv ovoop kot uv voqtkuv ouvq0ctuv nou oopouv,
yto q ouykckptcvq ncptnuoq, oc (qqoo toctptoq q
c0vono\ttotkq ccpoqo. v kot opkcc ono t otqptc nou
nopoko\ou0qoov o 0qo oqv opq cntokto(ov t kuptopc
c0vokcvptkc ocpcountkc onoct, ot oqyqoct kot ot
npookck\qcvot oqyqc \ctoupyqoov u ononpooovoo\totko
t\qo o onoto ptoc vo 0cct oc otoqqoq t optkc ou
ovt\qct. ooooo nou ovonu0qkc oo n\ototo ou cpyooqptou
c oopq q oqyqoct kot ot ou(qqoct nou ovonuooovov cou
uv ouccovuv oq0qoov oqv ckpooq uv noponvu oto\tuv
kot oqv npoon0cto cnovonpootoptoou uv optkuv onocuv, to
topoq c cvovo o ootcto q ot0uto kot q ouvoto0qotkq
cvooq. Lntoq, q ckpooq uv npoountkuv tuuv kot cnctptuv
uv ouccovuv oc (qqoo ccpoqo onoc\coc ocqpto
ovooooouv kot kpttkq npoocyytoq uv onotuv ocpcountkuv
onocuv ctov cpt q otyq ckctvq onoc0ct. zqovtko ootcto yto
ooptc uv \\uv
[33]

qv cc\tq q noponvu cooqototkq totkooto 0qoq kot
tooko\to c ovo t oqyqoct (uq, vqkc vo ctvot q unopq cvo
ko\\q\ou oooouvcpyotkou k\too o onoto coo\t(c qv
cntooouvq cou o\uv uv ouccovuv. ouvuooo cvo
cotou k\too kot q otonotqoq uv oqyqocuv u kuptopou
cknotcutkou u\tkou otvcot vo onoc\coov ou uo ootkou
nopyovc nou coo\toov qv cntcuq uv oouv ou noponvu
o0qoo-cpyooqptou.
kuoo Myo
[36]

9#h3#,&+%-0%
8en kohen, !., lpper, . 2006. 1ransormaLlon ln a 8eslenLlal AulL
Learnln. zo !. Mezlro an AssoclaLes (Lnt.), leotoloq os
1toosfotmotloo. ctltlcol letsectlves oo o 1beoty lo ltoqtess, !: !ohn
Wllley an ons, lnc., 203-22.
8uLcher, . 2006. arraLle as 1eachln LraLey. 1be ootool of
cottectloool Jocotloo, 373:193-20.
lanlnln, .!. onnelly, l. M. 1996. 1eachers roesslonal knolee
Lanscapes: 1eacher Lorles - Lorles o 1eachers - chool Lorles -
Lorles o chools, Jocotloool keseotcbet, 233:24 -30.
aloz, . 2000. 1ransormaLle Learnln or Lhe ommon oo. zo !.
Mezlro an AssoclaLes (Lnt.) leotoloq os 1toosfotmotloo, !: !ohn
Wllley an ons, 100-124.
lrelre, . hor, l. 2011. Aneeu0eprtkp notoyytkp. 0qvo:
Mcotto.
lroux, . 1994. 8otJet ctossloq. coltotol otets ooJ tbe lolltlcs of
Jocotloo. : 8ouLlee.
Mezlro, !. 1991. 1toosfotmotlve lmeosloos of AJolt leotoloq. an
lranclsco: !ossey-8ass.
Mezlro, !. 2006. Learnln Lo 1hln Lle an AulL. ore oncepLs o
1ransormaLlon 1heory. zo !. Mezlro an AssoclaLes (Lnt.), leotoloq
os 1toosfotmotloo. ctltlcol letsectlves oo o 1beoty lo ltoqtess. !: !ohn
Wllley an ons, lnc., 3-4.
McLaren, . 1997. kevolotloooty Moltlcoltotollsm. leJoqoqles fot lsseot
fot tbe Ne Mllleoolom. 8loomlel: WesLle ress.
leLo, . 2004. Affltmloq lvetslty. e or: earson.
8osslLer, M. 1999. A narraLle Approach Lo eelopmenL lmpllcaLlons or
AulL ucaLlon, AJolt Jocotloo Ooottetly, 301: 36-71.
aaera, L.8. 1993. 1eocbet 1toosfotmotloo. cteotloq 1et ooJ cootets
lo 5toJy toos, h.. 1hesls, nlerslLy o ebrasa.
van 8oeschoLen, 8. 200. ubllc Memory as Arena o onLesLe Meanln:
A LuenLs ro[ecL on MlraLlon. zo .amllLon an L.hopes (Lnt.),
Otol nlstoty ooJ lobllc Memotles, hllaelphla: 1emple nlerslLy ress,
211-230.

[37]

X2<+'*,3,&0%K *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% .%# =.*%05=7$1@ D%/%+/0s,2/%?
>=33,2/#.,r? =*%&&=3>%/0=? $/1 h#'>%/#.( >4<1$1

8oot\q Ao\kooukq
1
uvvq Mvo
2

\jklmnol

Aotbtooloqy, otol blstoty ooJ eJocotloo. tololoq fotote tofessloools
tbtooqb eetleotlol leotoloq
1bls oet Jlscosses tbe ose of etbooqtoby, lo qeoetol ooJ otol blstoty, lo
ottlcolot, octoss tbe votloos levels of tbe obllc eJocotloool system lo
teece. ts boseJ oo etbooqtoblc motetlol collecteJ Jotloq J-mootb
semloots of etbooqtoby tbot ete belJ ooooolly ftom 007-010. t
tooses tbot tbe emloymeot of tbe etbooqtoblc metboJ ls oo efflcleot
meoos fot tbe comtebeosloo of soclol teollty, o tool fot obsetvotloo of tbe
eJocotloool tocess ooJ o teocbloq metboJ fot tbe ttololoq of fotote
tofessloools of eJocotloo.

nopouoo ovokotvuoq cvoocot oqv npo\qotkq yto q pqoq q
npooptkq toopto kot, ycvtkocpo, q c0voypoto ot topc
o0tc q cknotcuoq ooo u coou yto qv npoocyytoq kot
koovoqoq q kotvuvtkq npoyotkoqo ooo kot u cpyo\ctou oqv
koptoq c\\ovtkuv cnoyyc\otuv q cknotcuoq. zc 0cupqtko
cntnco, q ovokotvuoq ou(q ou ponou c ou onotou q
c0voypotkq cpcuvo u to opq onokqoq yvuoq nopct vo
otonotq0ct ono ou o0qc kot ou otqc kot cu ono qv ot0ouoo
kot vo coponct oc koovoqoq kot npoktkq.
3
1o cpuqo ouo
ouvccot c o (qqoo q ocoq ovcoo oqv kotvuvto kot qv
cntoqq kot ou ponou c ou onotou toccot o cntoqovtko
\oyo ot kotvuvtko ytyvco0ot.
1o u\tko, oo onoto oqpt(cot, npocpcot ono o octvpto
c0voypoto yto cknotcutkou 0to kot 80to Lknotcuoq uv
nouv -v0q kot oonq nou npoyoonotq0qkov qv ncptoo 2006 -
2009. zc ou cntctpq0qkc vo cotkctu0ouv ot cknotcutkot c qv

1
1qo oopto kot L0vo\oyto AC.
2
1qo 8o\kovtkuv znouuv AM.
3
to q ocoq ov0puno\oyto, c0voypoto kot cknotcutkq totkooto \. omlLas
olln (197), zuqponou\o (2002o, 2002), Anrae (2003), qytkq (2004),
\couokq (2007), Ao\kooukq, Mvo 8ctkou (2010), MllsLeln (2010).
8oot\q Ao\kooukq uvvq Mvo
[3]

cntonto c0voypotkq cpcuvo kot o cpyo\cto q, uoc vo qv
otonotqoouv oq tcvcpycto oo\tkuv npoypouv 1ontkq oopto,
cpto\\ovtkq Lknotcuoq, yuyq ?ycto kot o\ttotkuv
poypouv, onu ou npo\cnovov ono o vo\utko poypoo
Atooko\to. t ouccovc cpooov t cvtkc q npooptkq
toopto c ou o0qc ou oc npoypoo cqoto tpkcto oo
onoto q c\cq q kotvuvtkq vqq onoc\coc o kuptopo cpcuvqtko
(qoucvo. ovokotvuoq cntctpct vo onotqoct c ovoooootko
pono qv npuoou\to ouq, vo nopouotoct optocvo cvctktk
nopoctyoo ono o npoypoo nou copooqkov kot vo 0coct oc
ou(qqoq o ouncpooo ou o\ou cyctpqoo.
zc ouo o n\ototo cc(ovot c c0voypotko pono cpuqoo
octk c q tooko\to kot qv cvoq q npooptkq toopto u
cknotcutkou cpyo\ctou oc ouq.
4
zoo ctvot q qtoupyto to\oyou
ovcoo oqv c0voypotkq npoktkq kot q tooko\to
3
kot q ovctq
to opq tooko\to nou vo opokqpt(cot ono c0voypotkq
cuoto0qoto
6
.
poocyyt(ouc q tooko\to u to no\ttotkq npoktkq. ?no
ouo o nptoo, q c0voypotkq cpcuvo kot q tooko\to cvovot u
totkootc oo oqcto nou cvtocpovot kot ot uo yto ou ponou
c ou onotou o oo npoo\ovouv, ouykpoouv kot opyovuvouv
o voqo. op\\q\o, onotouv kot ot uo ovcnuycvc tkovoqc oqv
nopoqpqoq kot ov ovoooooo. Ccupouc ot ctvot oqovtko vo
ovoctouc pct nucnopocpou oqv cnccpyooto uv noponvu
(qquv.
npuq ctvot c0oo\oytkou opokqpo. c0voypoto
cntc\ctot c \cktkou, ontkou, cvouoou kot yponou ponou
kot ouvtooot oc cvo ouvuooo ouykptoq kot topkou ovoooooou
kot to ccooq ou A\\ou oc ocoq c ov Louo. tooko\to ctvot to
opq oucotkq nopoqpqoq, onou o tokuv cko ono q
tooko\to tuvct kot to totkooto koovoqoq kot 0qoq yto ov
tto ou ov couo nopoqpuvo o nu ot o0qc ouykpoouv q
yvuoq qv onoto ou nopcct kot c qv onoto cvvoto\oyouv ov couo
ou kot qv cupucpq kotvuvtkq npoyotkoqo.
cucpq nopcpo oop oqv cuoto0qoto qv onoto
ko\ouooc vo ctouc ot uvct kot ou nopyovc nou

4
to q pqoq q npooptkq toopto u coou tooko\to \. unnlnham (2000),
WhlLe k.. (2002), arner (2003), uLman 8ommel-sham (2004), 8lscho Moore
(2007).
3
Ccupouc no\u pqotou npo ouq qv kocu0uvoq ou npo\qotoou nou
0couv oo kctcvo ou ot Waner, arner kaullch (2011).
6
8\cnc octk t ootkc kocu0uvoct nou ckp(ovot oo ncptotko 1eachln
AnLhropoloy ono ou Mllls pencer (2011).
v0puno\oyto, npooptkq toopto kot cknotcuoq
[39]

toopuvouv qv o\\q\cntpooq oq tpkcto q tooko\to. Mc
ouo ov pono nopouc vo tokptvouc kot vo c\cqoouc ko\ucpo
qv notkt\to uv kooo0cuptuv kot uv kotvuvtk kot no\ttotk
opyovucvuv cnctptuv kot ouoquv oouv ouccouv.
ptq nopcpo oot(cot oqv k\ootkq oqv ov0puno\oytkq
0cupto cvvoto ou upou
7
. koovoouc q tooko\to u to opq
ovo\\oyq upou, q onoto cvcct ococt oototoqo. ovo\\oyq
upou qtoupyct npoooktc, uvooqc kot ooucptc. tto q
totkooto q tooko\to octot nvu oc ovtooqc cnctpto kot
yvuoq ovcoo oo tokovo kot o tookocvo. zc to coto
totkooto q cotooq ytvcot ooo oo npotov q ooo kot ot ococt kot
t tcpyootc nou o nopyouv.
totkooto ouq ouvccot c ouo nou cct opokqptoct u
tuotkq 0qoq (Mllls, racle ar 2004:7). pokctot yto to
ckoq tooko\to kot ck0qoq, q onoto ouncpt\ovct qv
ot0ouoo u ono tckncpotuoq ou o0qoo o\\, nop\\q\o, tvct
cooq oq tovtpooq nou ovonuoocot coo ono q oucoq oc
npoypoo cntonto cpcuvo kot q yvuoq nou onok kovct coo
ono ouq qv cnctpto. 8ootk ouootk ouq q npoocyytoq ctvot o
ouvuooo pooqptoquv oqv ot0ouoo kot oo ncto, q ootkq
ou\ct, o npooovoo\too kot q cvooo\qoq c ouykckptcvo
0coocpcuvqtk cpuqoo kot q cvotkq cntkotvuvto tookovuv
kot tookocvuv.
ovt\qq q tuotkq 0qoq cnttukct vo ouoctoct q
0cupto c qv npq. zuvcct q tucvq cnctpto ou nctou c o
no\ttotk otkcto kotq toopctko kot qv cntyvuoq ou ponou c ov
onoto toopuvcot q kotvuvtkq npoyotkoqo kot ovonuooovot ot
ponot nou o unokctcvo qv npoo\ovouv. poocpct qv cyyuqo
oo ycyovoo qv upo nou ou ouotvouv kot qv npoountkq cnoq
c ou ouvot\qc oou otkctou ou upou, oc ouv0qkc q\oq
cuvotkc yto qv ouvoyuyq nototkuv ootctuv poq. Lnt(qct, cot,
qv ovok\uq ou cvontou \oyou kot qv ouvoto0qoq ono cpou o
uv npoountkuv ovt\qcuv ouuv uv ov0punuv oc ouvctc q
npoyotkq ko0qcptvq ou (uq, ovonuooovo c ov pono ouo
t tkovoqc uv otquv oqv copoyq uv cvtkuv cpcuvo.
kcvptkq 0coq o onoc\ct q tontouoq ot q copoyq q
c0voypotkq c0oou, ycvtkocpo, kot q pqoq q npooptkq
toopto, cttkocpo, nopouv vo \ctoupyqoouv u npoooq
tooko\to kot u opq cnpokq 0qoq, q onoto cvcpyonotct o
npoountk tuoo uv ouccovuv kot ou u0ct oc to
ovoooootkq 0cupqoq kot 0cupqtkonotqoq ou tkou ou ponou

7
8\. o k\ootko kctcvo ou Marcel Mauss copoocvo oo c\\qvtk (1999).
[390]

npoo\qq q npoyotkoqo. Mc ov pono ouo nopouv vo
ovoctouv c ov nto cvcpyqtko kot nopoootko pono q uvooqo
nopcooq ou ov0puno\oytkou \oyou oc ouypovo, npoyotk
kotvuvtk (qqoo.
Mnopouv, okoo, vo onoc\coouv cpyo\cto nopoqpqoq kot
ncto c\cq q cknotcutkq totkooto kot vo nopcouv oc
tokovc kot tookocvou ponou toctptoq uv uoko\tuv kot
uv ovtocuv q o\\ kot koovoqoq cupucpuv (qquv
cknotcutkq no\ttkq kot \ctoupyto uv cknotcutkuv 0couv.
1o cnctptko u\tko nvu oo onoto oktooc ouc t
0cupqtkc ocqptc npocpcot ono to octp octvoptuv
c0voypoto, onu o ovoooc, oc cknotcutkou q Cpkq. 1o
tooptko ouq q ononctpo cct ncptnou u cq:
1o nocpto ou 2006, c q ouvcpyooto uv LAML q -v0q kot q
oonq, ko0u kot uv zu\\oyuv Aook\uv q 0to Lknotcuoq
uv uo vouv, npoctvoc q tcvcpycto cvo coqvtotou octvoptou
yto cknotcutkou q 0to kot q 80to Lknotcuoq oc -v0q
kot kooqvq, c q tcvcpycto cko cu ucko ouvovqocuv oc
coototo oq. ovonokptoq uv cknotcutkuv qov npoyotk
cvunuotokq: cqkoc ncptooocpc ono 120 otqoct cknotcutkuv,
oc to ncptoo, \too, nou o 0cotk
cntoputk octvpto oq
Cpkq ctov ocov oooqoct. 1c\tk toopu0qkov uo qoo
uv 30 oouv, cvo oc k0c no\q.
1o npoypoo, nou cktvqoc o cpoupto ou 2007 kot
o\ok\qpu0qkc o Mto ou ttou cou, ncptc\ovc to octp ono
to\cct nou oopouoov ooo o ycvtk 0cupqtk (qqoo nou 0cct
q kotvuvtkq ov0puno\oyto u cntoqq kot to tooptkq nopcto q
toopuoq q, ooo -kot kuptu ouo- ovo\utkc npoocyytoct uv
c0oo\oytkuv cpyo\ctuv q c0voypoto (oucotkq nopoqpqoq,
ouvcvcuq, c0voypotko qcpo\oyto, t\toypotkq kot opctokq
cpcuvo k.\n.). ko\ou0qoov cptkc okoq ouvovqoct c nopouotooq
ovo\utkuv nopoctyuv c0voypotkuv npoocyytocuv nou
oopouoov ou cknotcutkou, oou 0o nopouoov vo onoc\coouv
ouykckptcvo unoctyoo c o onoto 0o ytvoov ncptooocpo onq kot
koovoqq q 0cupqtkq kot c0oo\oytkq ou(qqoq. 1o octvpto
c0voypoto ck\ctoov c to c\cuoto ovoooootkq ouvvqoq,
onou ot cknotcutkot nou cv ctov cykoo\ctct qv npoon0cto
(ncptnou 20 oc k0c qo) cocuqkov vo copooouv qv
c0voypotkq c0oo oo 0cotk npoypoo uv oo\ctuv ou

vocpoooc cu oo cntoputk octvpto npoypouv onu o poypoo

Lknotcuoq Mouoou\ovonotuv k..
[391]

(ncpto\\ovtkq cknotcuoq, ontkq toopto, no\ttotk npoypoo,
npoypoo oyuyq uycto) qv cnocvq oo\tkq povt.
1o octvpto c0voypoto cnovo\q0qkov kot qv cnocvq
okoqotkq povt (2007-0), c o tto ncptnou n\ototo, ko0u kot q
c0cnocvq (200-09)
9
, o\\ ouq q op c q ouvcpyooto kot uv
poctuv o\ttotkuv Ccuv 0to kot 80to Lknotcuoq uv
uo vouv. zuvocuqkov \too ono q tcvcpycto uo cptuv
L0voypoto (9-3-200 kot -10-2009), ot onotc - o(t c t
otqtkc cpyootc nou cknovq0qkov ovtooto ot uo cknotcutkc
ncptoou oo 1qoo oopto kot L0vo\oyto ou AC kot 8o\kovtkuv
znouuv ou ovcntoqtou A. Mokcovto - npo\cnovov cttkc
ouvcptc onou ot cknotcutkot uv octvoptuv c0voypoto
ovokotvuoov t tkc ou cpyootc nou tcvqpyqoov oo oo\cto ou
c q upt ou o0qc ou. zuvo\tk, ovokotvu0qkov 10 cotc
cpyootc ot uo qcptc. Lnt\cycvo u\tko nou npockuc ono t
ovokotvuoct uv ouvovqocuv ouuv poooqoc qv ckooq ou
ou\\oytkou oou Avunoloorot ov0pnoyot, ko0nonrot otrpre.
Atookovro Av0pnooylo o ouro0 nou ev rp petoovrot, q ycvtkq
ctooyuyq ou onotou npoyocucot (qqoo toktkq q
ov0puno\oyto cou q c0voypoto, cvu q copq kot c\cuoto
cvoqo, c t\o L0voypotkc cknotcutkc npoktkc, t\ocvct
coocpt ono t cpyootc uv cknotcutkuv nou nqpov cpo oo
octvpto c0voypoto (Ao\kooukq, Mvo 8ctkou 2010:17-34,
311-33).
npooptkq toopto npoocpcot ttotcpo yto ou\ct oo
n\ototo npoypouv. kt ouo ytot q ouoto q u c0oou ptokcot
ooo oq qtoupytkoqo ooo kot oq ouvcpyooto, oqctuvct o aul
1hompson (2002:237). poyotk, kot oqv ncptnuoq uv
cknotcutkuv uv octvoptuv c0voypoto, q pqoq q npooptkq
toopto yto qv cknovqoq uv npoypouv ouuv unqpc cotpctk
tcupucvq
10
. Uoooo, ot(ct ov kono vo cntctvouc knu
ncptooocpo oc uo ono o nto opokqptotk nopoctyoo.

9
1o octvpto c0voypoto tcvcpyq0qkov c o tto ncptnou okcntko kot
opyovoypoo kot oc ouvcpyooto c ov o\ttotko pyovtoo o\kttkq oo
Mouovt ono o cpoupto cu o Mto ou 2010. Uoooo ono q ouvcpyooto ouq
cv npockuc ov\oyo u\tko.
10
ptocvot ono ou t\ou uv npoypouv kot uv ovokotvuocuv ctvot
opokqptotkot: no nou kpoct q okouto o t c0votkc ouoqc oo oo\cto,
t pt(c ou: cvo no\ttotko npoypoo oo 3
o
uvoto -v0q, 1o otkoycvctoko
ou cvpo: npo\qoo ono qv copoyq cvo npoypoo no\ttotkuv
pooqptoquv oo oo\cto, 1o ouvuto oo Aqo tyctpou, vo(qqoq kot
ncptn\vqoq ot tkpc tooptc ou onou o, kooypovo kpqvc oqv opctvq
-v0q. ncptnuoq ou 1ccvou k.o.k.
[392]

1o npuo oop o npoypoo 1o otkoycvctoko ou cvpo,
o onoto cknovq0qkc oo 2
o
uvoto -v0q ono q t\o\oyo
\cvpo onoonou\ou kot oopouoc qv cn\okq 31 ouvo\tk
o0quv q uvootou q oo\tkq povt 2007-0. t cknotcutkot
ooot cvo cotou npoypoo ouvot(ovot ono ov aul 1hompson
(2002:23-241) ooo oo cucpyctk onoc\cooo q ouvcpyooto kot
qv ck0qoq q qptkq y\uooo, ooo kuptu oq 0cc\tuoq cvo
onoc\cootkocpou ponou yto qv koovoqoq q toopto ono ou
o0qc, oou ot ovo cn\ckovot oq totkooto q ou\\oyq kot
q oto\oyqoq ou npuoycvou u\tkou kot uv ckqptuv, o\\
cntn\cov kot oqv ovctq ou npoountkou - tuotkou nopyovo u
ouootkou ootctou q tooptkq nopcto, to nopcto coo
c\cyocvq, oou ptokcot yupu ou kot qv ovoko\unouv ot ttot.
zqv ncptnuoq ou ouykckptcvou npoypoo ot ooot
ouot cunqpcq0qkov unoctyotk, onu otvcot kot ono o kctcvo
q \cvpo onoonou\ou (2010:320-321). Uoooo, onckqoov cvov
cntn\cov opokqpo: o o0qtko uvotko ou ouykckptcvou oo\ctou
ouykpoctot oc cy\o o0o ono nott q ouoou\ovtkq
ctovoqo q Cpkq ko0u kot ono nott no\tvvooouvuv, cvu o
nott q n\ctovoqo ctvot oq ouvptntkq ou n\ctoqto
onoyovot npoouyuv q tkpoototkq kooopoq. ouv0coq ouq,
octk ovtnpoouncutkq kot oqv oo uv o0quv nou nqpov
cpo oo npoypoo, cncpcc vo ouvc\coct to oqovtkq
ovoponq yto o cocvo q cknotcutkq npoyotkoqo oq
Cpkq. ouykpoqoq uv ycvco\oytkuv cvpuv ccpc oo npookqvto
qv ktvqtkoqo uv npoyovuv, kt ouo o0qkc oopq yto qv
cnovoono0cqoq uv o0quv oncvovt oo (qqo q nopouoto uv
ouv ouuv oq Cpkq. t n\ctovotkot o0qc ouvctqonotqoov
ot ctvot vcocpcvot oc ocoq c ou ctovotkou kot ouopovo
ot oko\ou0qoov nop\\q\c otkoycvctokc nopctc c ou
uoonovtou -onu ou onoko\ct o kotvuvtko ou ncpt\\ov -
ouo0qc ou. no qv \\q cpt, ouo o cto q tooptkq
onokooooq uv \\uv o0quv (ctovotkuv kot
no\tvvooouvuv), otvcot vo \ctoupyqoc cucpyctk oq totkooto
q cvoq -cttk uv npuuv- oo n\ctovotko oo\tko ncpt\\ov,
11

11
zuuvo c ov 8runer (2007:63-116) q totkooto ouq n\qpot ou\toov pct ono
t cvvco ootkc opc q \cyocvq uo-no\ttotkq npoocyytoq q
cknotcuoq. Lttkocpo, n\qpot t npouno0coct o) q opq q ouoqo kot q
ouocktqoq oou yvupt(ouc ov Louo o ono qv npoountkq o cnctpto,
kot ovoyvupt(ouc, cntoq ou \\ou u couou (103), ) q opq q oqyqoq,
oou [o nott kot ot v0punot ycvtk] qtoupyouv to ckoq yto ov kooo coo
oqv onoto nopouv, ono uo\oytkq noq, vo opoot(ovot to 0coq yto ov couo
ou - cvov npoountko kooo (110) kot y) q opq q koookcuq, oou q
'npoyotkoqo nou onotouc oou 'kooou nou kootkouc ctvot to
[393]

oou q ouvptntkq ou n\ctoqto ctc onootqoct ono ctovotk
oo\cto q 0to Lknotcuoq.
v\oyq oqooto unqpc kot cvo okoq npoypoo nou
cknovq0qkc qv cnocvq oo\tkq povt oo Aukcto q \oukq c
o0qc q q kot 0co kooypovo kpqvc oqv opctvq
-v0q. ncptnuoq ou 1ccvou. zo octko kctcvo oo ou\\oytko
oo, o onoto unoypcot ono kotvou ono o t\o\oyo tupyo 1oto
kot q - otqpto n\cov - zctp ktvo\q (2010:331-332), cntoqotvcot ot

o LA \oukq ouykcvpuvct o0qc ono o\o o ouoou\ovtk upt q
opctvq -v0q
.
ouotootk ctvot o ovotko qooto \ukcto oq upo nou
cct o0qc onok\ctotk ono q ctovoqo, ot onotot \too oo ouvo\o
ou ctvot okot. noponvu cntoqovoq ctvot onopotqq yto vo ytvouv
koovoqc ot cy\c uoko\tc uv ouykckptcvuv o0quv ot ouqcvc
onotqoct ou Aukctou. t o0qc ou oo\ctou o cyo\uvouv c qptkq
y\uooo qv nooktkq, q cknotcuoq ou ou -qq ono qv npuq qotkou-
ytvcot oqv c\\qvtkq kot oupktkq y\uooo. Mcyo\uvouv, q\oq, coo oc cvo
ncpt\\ov ttounq pty\uooto c o\o o cnoko\ou0o npo\qoo kot
uoko\tc oq opuoq uv nottuv. v \ct kovct unoq ou o noponvu
0cupouc ot ytvovot cuko\ocpo koovoqot ot cknotcutkot ooot nou
0cooc.

zo npoyoo\oytko cntnco, q cnt\oyq ou 0coo
12
octoqkc oc
cy\o o0o c q uvooqo nou nopctc oou o0qc vo
c\cqoouv q tkq ou ouovoqq npoyotkoqo ono to
toopctkq ontkq yuvto. t kpqvc oqv opctvq -v0q ctvot ttotcpo
ouvc, ooo ouvc nou yto ou ttou ou okou ncpvouv
onopoqpqc. Cov ko0optooc o 0co, c ono ou(qqoq c ou
cknotcutkou ou oo\ctou, o n\qpoopqoov ot o opt0o ou
oqv ncptoq ovcpcot oc ckoovc. u 0o cnc\cyov, \otnov, o
ncto zuuvqooc ot 0o cnpcnc vo ncptoptoouv oqv ncptoq nou c
ov cvo q ov \\o pono onoc\ct upo otkcto yto ou o0qc.
Uoooo, okoq kot ouo, c0qkc uno tonpoycuoq, oou q
cotkctuoq c o upo
13
nopouot(ct cy\q to0toq oc ouvpqoq
c qv q\tkto, o kotvuvtko u\o, qv cnoyyc\otkq cvooo\qoq k.o.k.

koookcuoocvq npoyotkoqo (.) qv npoyotkoqo q tvouc, cv q
ptokouc (73).
12
to ov\oyc npoocyytoct yto t kpqvc q Cpkq \. Ao\kooukq (2011) kot
(Ao\kooukq zou\cuv).
13
to qv cvvoto q cotkctuoq c o upo cou q tuoq, nou copcnct ov
cucptko nopoqpqq oc coucptko kot o upo oc ono, q t\toypoto ctvot cy\q.
8\. cvctktk upLa leruson (1997), Morley (2001), 8ener (2002) kot ressell
(2004). zqv c\\qvtkq t\toypoto cupt(ouv o kctcvo uv Aoyonou\o (2001),
ntotko (2003) kot Aoukc\\q (2003).
[394]

uq q totkooto cytvc ovt\qnq c tn\o pono ono ou
o0qc.
14
no q to cpt cntoqovov q oq q ono-
otkctonotqoq ou otkctou kot q oq q cnov-otkctonotqoq ou,
o\\ c opou nopoqpqq ouq q op
13
. no qv \\q cpt, q
totkooto ouq ouvocuqkc ono qv ovykq q npoouyq oq yvuoq
q kotvoqo, uoc vo nopcoouv vo ovonokpt0ouv oqv ovtopoq
uv po\uv nou onotouoc o npoypoo: o ooo qov vo coponouv
oc ook\ou uv ook\uv ou, kt ouo ncpvouoc coo ono t
oqyqoct q kotvoqo yto ov ttotcpo upo kot povo q, o
unokctcvo q poq kot qv nopcto ou o ouo o upo kot povo
k.o.k. 1o npoypoo o0qkc, cot, to 0ouoto oopq vo t\qoouv
yto (qqoo nou ycvtk ncpt\\ovot ono \q0q, q0c\qcvq q o0c\qq,
q c upouv oo cntoqo oo\tko npoypoo.
u 0o onotouooc oqcpo ouq qv ononctpo ko op 0o
npcnct vo tokptvouc pto toopctk cntnco oo onoto \ctoupyqoc.
1o npuo ono ou oop q oo\tkq npq kot q pqoq uv cvtkuv
q npooptkq toopto ono ou o0qc. op o ycyovo ot
ov\oyc npoon0ctc couv oqctu0ct kot oo nopc\0ov, q noq o
ctvot ot q ouoqotkq cotkctuoq uv o0quv c qv npooptkq
toopto ctc cucpyctk onoc\cooo. L0coc oc otoqqoq cvo
ocvo ono k0c noq ovc\o tooko\to q oo\tkq toopto nou

14
8\. ovo\utk 1oto - ktvo\q (2010:342-343). vtypouc: Mo opeoe no0 nou ot
ko0pypre o entokerpkov ro pt o opkere ope kot nto no0 oppkoe rpv
pepo nou nepnorpooe ept ro eykoroeetevo pt olem Jol. ttko ekelvp rp
epo ro euoptorp0pkoe neptoorepo, ytorl oupro0ooe e rou ko0pypre o
toopo 0eoro. Mtpooe t vo yto rt kppve oo kot yto rpv neptop o ouvotko
kot yto rpv toroplo rp. kot 6e6oto oko nto opovrtk prov nou kou6evrtooe overo
kot pl ro oyo rv o0porv yto 0eoro nto ko0peptvo kot npoontko.
nrov 6e6oto evtoepov nou oeoe utk yto rpv epyoolo o. Mo opeoe nou ylvoe
yto lyo eel ot ko0pyprpte kot elvoe npoyoro orou ko0pypre o. Aore yto
o p neptop elvot yvorp kot 0o prov 6oper vo npyolvoe ve o. v erot ro
evtoepov prov nto eyoo.
nopopo nopeooe vo oeoue ppote nppoople nou rt neptoorepe rt
oyvoo0ooe p ev rt 0epo0ooe opovrtke. zrpv opp otoro o ele ovtooet lyo
p entoyp rou 0eoro yto rt kppve. lto o elvot kort nou ro 6enoue ko0peptvo kot
ev o npokoo0oe roo rpv npooop kot ro evtoepov. Meoo on ro npypoo
o0oe kot eel noo kotvo0pyto npoyoro.
nlop prov no0 opo nou oueoe ootko yto vo npoerotoooue rpv epyoolo.
Ako nto opovrtk koort ourp rp poorpptrpro prov p nopouoloop rp epyoolo
o orpv -ov0p kot rpv koorpvp. zrpv opp eloe o6p0el kot vrponel vo tpooue
npooro oe no0 koo, oo eovro lno rou oyonpevou o ko0pypre vtooe
overo kot oppkoe nou kot oo koo eo0e yto ro pt o.
13
1o (qqo q ovoooootkq (cnovo)0cupqoq ou ponou npoo\qq q otkcto
npoyotkoqo kocct kcvptko po\o oq octkq t\toypoto. to to cvctktkq
ovoop oc ov\oyc npoocyytoct oc Lupunq kot ... \. Ao\kooukq, Mvo
8ctkou (2010:29-30).
[393]

oot(cot oov c0vokcvptoo
16
kot qv onooq0toq, ovoctkvuovo
oqv npq to no\u nto ouv0cq kot n\ouoto tooptkq npoyotkoqo
kot ouopovo c0oo\oyto yto qv npoocyytoq q oq toktkq
npq.
to vo ctooc, ou, okptotkotot, o 0cotko n\ototo ou
oqcptvou oo\ctou - c cotpcoq t uo c\cuotc ct ou Aukctou
kot ov ccootko ou npooovoo\too - ctvot cotpctk cuvotko yto q
tcvcpycto to octp npoypouv nou npoocpouv oc cy\o
o0o q uvooqo npooopoyq q oo\tkq ko0qcptvoqo ot
ontkc, c0votkc q \\c ttotcpoqc ou k0c oo\ctou. zc cy\o
o0o o ko0optotko nopyovo ctvot ot ttot ot cknotcutkot, q
cuoto0qoto ou, q tou\oq q cnoyyc\otkq ou otonpcncto,
nou ov c\cuoto kotpo \\cot ouoqotk, kot kuptu q 0cupqtkq
kot cvtkq ou koptoq oc cotou ctou npoktkc. kot cvu o
npoypoo onouuv oo otoyuytk 1qoo Aqotkq
Lknotcuoq couv u cvo o0o coto npooovoo\too
17
, c ouotvct
o tto kot oo novcntoqtok ckctvo 1qoo nou poooouv c
cknotcutkou q 80to Lknotcuoq. vt0co, q npooptkq toopto kot
q ov0puno\oyto, yvuotk ovtkctcvo nou 0o nopouoov vo
npoocpouv oqovtk npo ouq qv kocu0uvoq, ovtcunt(ovot c
kounoto, oqv ko\ucpq ncptnuoq, kot cvtoc c \cuooo. z ouo o
cntnco q ov\qq npuoou\tuv, 0cotkuv q unuv, onu o
octvpto c0voypoto nou oncu0uvovot oc cnoyyc\otc
cknotcutkou otvcot vo couv oqovtkq onoc\cootkoqo. ko
kovovo, ou, cv couv ouvccto.
1c\o, oo cntnco q tto q ov0puno\oytkq kot
c0voypotkq cpcuvo, ononctpc onu o octvpto c0voypoto
nopouot(ouv cotpctko cvtocpov. 1o npoovc ctvot q ouvcoq q
okoqotkq npoyotkoqo c q (uvovq cknotcutkq npoktkq uv
oo\ctuv. Uoooo, q cpocq ocov ouq cnctpto ovcctc kot o
opto nou ouvov q ouypovq c0voypotkq cpcuvo oqv cknotcuoq: oo
octvpto c0voypoto ctoc vo ovtcuntoouc q o0cvopq
ovtoooq opkcuv cknotcutkuv oncvovt oqv onooqoq ou
ovtkctcvtoou kot ou 0ctktoou ou, onooko ot ovo uv
onouuv ou o\\ oc cy\o o0o uv kotvuvtkuv ou ocpcounuv.
zc \\c ncptnuoct o \oyo ou ouykpoouvov c oq o c0vtk
op0o, o onoto ouvopouoov \\oc c qv vcu opuv oootuoq uv
\\uv -kot ot u tootuv opcuv to toopctkq no\ttotkq

16
8\. octk qv npoycuoq ou rlsen (2007) ko0u kot uv poykoukq
Apoyuvo (1997).
17
8\. cvctktk oov tooono o npoypoo onouuv ou 1AL ou C, onou unpct
kot ttotcpo 1oco otoyuytkq kot kotvuvtkou nok\ctoou:
(hLLp:.ele.auLh.rocumenLsohosspounel.p)
[396]

ckpooq- kot \\oc c qv cntk\qoq cvo otopoou ktvuvou oncvovt
oc to cvcocvq o\\optuoq q c\\qvtkq cknotcuoq ono ou
\\ou. 1o ctpocpo ctvot nu ot cknotcutkot ouot ctc
cykoc\ctov vupt o octvpto c0voypoto ctc cctvov c\tk
opovct, nopot o nopoko\ou0qoov.
Acv pcouc, ooo\u, cuoto0qoct ot cvo ovc\o
cknotcuoq -oc k0c cknotcutkq o0to- nou 0o oot(cot oqv
cvcpyonotqoq kot qv oucvcpycto uv cknotcuocvuv, onu
npoctvouv ot ouypovot notoyuyot
1
, 0o nopouoc vo ytvct kuptopo oc
to kotvuvto nou, c o cknotcutko q ouoqo, ovonopyct o\c t
opc\uoct nou q tokptvouv. Ccupouc ou ono\uu ovoykoto qv
unopq ou kot ouopovo pco\totkq qv nopcooq ou u
cvo\\oktkq tcoou. zo ovc\o ouo q npooptkq toopto cct vo
npoocpct npo no\\.

1
8\. cvctktk 8runer (2007) kot 1hompson (2002).
[397]

"3312:&3'$$1 h#h3#,&+%-0%
Anrae, 8osl. 2003. n p oro portk ooelo. Ot e0voypotkol
ovoorooool rv nottv, 0qvo: Mcotto.
8runer !erome. 2007. O notrto rp eknoleuop, p. A. 8ouytouko
- cn. p. 8ctkou. 0qvo: L\\qvtk poo.
Ao\kooukq 8oot\q, Mvo uvvq, 8ctkou ptotvo (cn.). 2010.
Avunoloorot ov0pnoyot, ko0nonrot otrpre. Atookovro
Av0pnooylo o ouro0 nou ev rp petoovrot, 0qvo: kpttkq.
Ao\kooukq 8oot\q, zou\cuv zc\ootv, opoqpuvo kpqvc oqv
vq q opctvq -v0q. ptn\q ovyvuoq cvo vqovtkou
onou, oqootcuo kctcvo.
Ao\kooukq 8oot\q. 2011. Ltkovoooto kot kpqvc: vo(quvo o
opto q otoqto kot q no\uno\ttotkoqo o cvov
cnoptoko poo q Cpkq, zo ooo\tq pqyopq,
ovo\tou L\cvq, 8ooktou tycvcto (cn.), z0vopo, neptepet,
toonope, Ccooo\ovtkq: nlerslLy Lulo ress, 43-300.
Aoukc\\q ovoytuq n. 2003. vo(quvo o onto, zo Aoukc\\q
ovoytuq n. (cn.), 1o epvtk ronlo. Meere toroptkp
leypolo kot npopp rou rnou, 0qvo: 8t\tonu\ctov q
Loto, 13-31.
rlsen 1homas yllan. 2007. Mtkpol rnot, Meyoo prporo. Mto
etooyyp orpv kotvvtkp kot notrtotkp ov0pnooylo., p. 0.
kootkcpo, cn. . Mvo, 0qvo: kpttkq.
Aoyonou\o .-. 2001. v0puno\oyto ou upou: '(uoto kot
'ooupuo ou uptou oqv L\\o. zo o(qkq-koucvou
puoou\o (cn), pvtk nopoootok notrto. Aooypolo kot
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Mauss Marcel. 1999. 1o po. ope kot etroupyle rp ovrooyp
ort opoke kotvvle, p. zooonou\ou-opoc\\q Avvo,
cnt. opoc\\q Ccoupo, 0qvo: kooovtuq.
ntotko 8oot\q. 2003. \rlovro ro po kot ro pvo, 0qvo:
uooco.
onoonou\ou \cvpo. 2010. 1o otkoycvctoko ou cvpo: cvo
npoypoo ontkq toopto c c0voypotkq cpcuvo. zo
Ao\kooukq 8oot\q, Mvo uvvq, 8ctkou ptotvo (cn).
Avunoloorot ov0pnoyot, ko0nonrot otrpre. Atookovro
Av0pnooylo o ouro0 nou ev rp petoovrot, 0qvo: kpttkq,
319-330.
qytkq onq. 2004. 0voypolo. n eerp rp ov0pntvp tooroop
orpv kotvvtkp kot notoyytkp epeuvo, 0qvo: pqyopq.
\couokq Lq. 2007. notrto kot ooelo. kotvvtkonotrtotk
noloto rp eknoleuop, ?LC, 0qvo:ovcntoqto 0qvuv.
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zuqponou\o Acuvto. 2002o. Av0pnooylo orpv eknoleuop,
0qvo:L\\qvtk poo.
zuqponou\o Acuvto. 2002. Av0pnooytkp epeuvo kot ope
noporpppop, 0qvo: Mcotto.
1hompson aul. 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp toroplo, p.
.8ov Mnouoocv, A. ootvo, cnt. k. Mno - .8ov
Mnouoocv. 0qvo: \c0pov.
1oto tupyo, ktvo\q zctp. 2010. Mouoou\ovtkc kpqvc oqv
opctvq -v0q. ncptnuoq ou 1ccvou, zo Ao\kooukq
8oot\q, Mvo uvvq, 8ctkou ptotvo (cn.). Avunoloorot
ov0pnoyot, ko0nonrot otrpre. Atookovro Av0pnooylo o
ouro0 nou ev rp petoovrot, 0qvo: kpttkq, 331-343.
poykoukq Avvo, Apoyuvo C\cto. 1997. (cn.), 1t elv' p norplo
o, 0vokevrpto orpv eknoleuop. 0qvo: \cvpcto.

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arraLles ln ucaLlon, tbooqtoby ooJ Jocotloo, 31:1-13.
Morley al. 2001. 8elonlns. lace, pace an lenLlLy ln a MelaLe
Worl, coltotol 5toJles 44:423-44.
uLman rrol, 8ommel-sham kaLle. 2004. sln Cral lsLory Lo Luy
hane: An lnLeraLe Approach, 1be 5oclol 5toJles, 933:201-203.
Waner lalre, arner Mar, kaullch 8arbara. 2011. 1he LaLe o Lhe ArL
o 1eachln 8esearch MeLhos ln Lhe oclal clences: 1oars a
eaolcal ulLure, 5toJles lo nlqbet Jocotloo, 361:73-.
WhlLe MarareL, 8oes !ennler, usac Laura, mlLh usan. 2002.
Learnln rom Lhe asL: An AccounL o an Cral lsLory ro[ecL or
LuenLs ln an arly hllhoo 1eacher ucaLlon roram,
1eocbloq Jocotloo, 131:33-67.

[400]

[401]

P%<1/#.8? 5+4$=#? .%/%&+%-(? /1? /,*#.(? #$/,+#.(? >2(>1?V
".*%#5=7/#.8? *+,$=&&0$=#? .%# =+'/(>%/% >=<:5,7 .%# 2,(>%/,?

ntko\oo potko
ralos[oLeneL.r

\jklmnol

5toJeot toctlces tecotJloq locol blstotlcol memoty. Jocotloool
otoocbes ooJ oestloos oboot tbe metboJ ooJ tbe meooloq

Attemtloq to telote tbe coocets of blstotlcol ooJetstooJloq, memoty,
oottotlve ooJ locollty lo tbe eJocotloool tocess, e soqqest some
metboJoloqlcol ottetos, blcb ote boseJ oo loteqtoteJ eJocotloool
toctlces, ooJ blcb stlmolote stoJeots lotetest tootJs o Jeflolte
eJocotloool qool. mottoot tole lo tbe tocess of stoJeots toctlces ls
otttlboteJ to cbllJteos lotoltlve ooleJqe ooJ moltlmoJol etessloo, to
tbe otollel tocessloq of otol sootces ltb otbet evlJeoce, ooJ tbe
emetqeoce of blstotlcol ooJ coltotol meooloqs.

"#$%&'&(

1o kupto cpuqoo, o onoto 0o onooo\qoouv qv ctoqyqoq o
oopouv o ytorl kot o n q pqoq q npooptkq toopto oo
oo\cto, onu yto nopctyo: noto ctvot o voqo q cvooo\qoq uv
nottuv c qv npooptkq toopto oto ctvot o n\ototo cykupoqo
uv npooptkuv opuptuv nou ou\\cyouv o nott ono ou
cy\ou otc ctvot ot npouno0coct cooqotoou uv
cknotcutkuv totkootuv oc tooptkq koovoqoq Cnu cct qq
tcpcuvq0ct, ot onovqoct oo cpuqoo ou npouno0couv
ouvuootkc cpqvctc, ot onotc oct(ovot c o cvvoto\oytko
ncptcocvo q onouq q npooptkq toopto kot c o voqo kot o
ncptcocvo uv cknotcutkuv totkootuv.
1
zqv cknotcutkq q\.
pqoq q npooptkq toopto, o cto uv cknotcutkuv npoktkuv
cnqpc(ct coo o oqooto\oytko ncptcocvo q tooptkq
koovoqoq kot o ovt0co. t npooct, nou 0o cntctpqoouc vo

1
t\toypoto yto t ococt npooptkq toopto kot cknotcuoq ctvot cy\q. 8\.
cvctktk 1hompson 2002:23-233 usbans 2004:121 k.c. kuhn Mclellan 2006. zqv
L\\o, ot Mnou(ouq kot Covonou\ou (2002:1) q\uvov ot: npooptkq toopto
ouotootk onouot(ct ono ou 0coou q cknotcuoq. 1qv c\cuoto ckocto
couv ytvct no\\c npoon0ctc otonotqoq q npooptkq toopto oo c\\qvtko
oo\cto, oc ouocto kot tpuoo (\. cvctktk zokk 2004 aou 2003 cnouoq
vpcou 2010).
ntko\oo potko
[402]

ovo\uoouc, oot(ovot oqv cnctpto o ono npoypoo
kooypoq q ontkq vqq oo Aqotko zo\cto kot oo
ouvoko\ou0o cvvoto\oytk kot ovoooootk (qqoo, nou
ovouovot ono ou. 1o cto\oytk kot c0oo\oytk opokqptotk
ouuv uv cknotcutkuv npoypouv ctvot uo. 1o npuo oop o
cntnco q c0oo\oyto kot o cucpo o cntnco ou voqoo.

SV 1/(>%/% >=<:5,7

U npo o cntnco uv c0oo\oytkuv totkootuv pto ctvot o
cntcpou (qqoo, o onoto 0o cntctpqoouc vo npoocyytoouc: o
cto uv pooqptoquv, o opto uv cknotcutkuv nopcocuv kot
o ptyuvtoo uv ckqptuv.

(o) Anonototeve poorpptrpre p enp0ere pooet,
cknotcutko o onoto onooot(ct vo cvct qv npooptkq toopto
oqv cknotcutkq totkooto ovtcunt(ct o cpuqo: nu o nott
0o nopoktvq0ouv vo ooo\q0ouv qtoupytk c poct npooptkq
toopto nopotqq npouno0coq ovonokptoq oo cpuqo ouo
vot(ouc ot ctvot q npok\qoq ou o0qtkou cvtocpovo. uo
oqotvct ot o qtoupytkocpo pono ctvot vo oto0ov0ouv o nott
ot q poq ou\\oyq npooptkuv opuptuv cct voqo yt ou kot
oct(cot c t ko0qcptvc ou cnctptc. zqv ncptnuoq ouq 0o
npcnct, ooo 0coo\oytk, ooo kot totkootk, ot cpyootc
kooypoq vo couv o opokqpo ouvo\tkocpuv c0voypotkuv
pocuv, q\. vo ovonokptvovot oc ouykckptcvo kotvuvtko-
no\ttotk (qqoo uv ontkuv kotvuvtuv nou oopouv o nott.
zuvuoocvo c o o0qtko cvtocpov ctvot o (qqo q
unopq cnpyoou c\tkou okonou. uo oqotvct ot o nott
oto0vovot qv ovykq vo 0coouv ono ovo ou cntcpou kot c\tkou
ooou, c oq ou onotou npoyoonotouv oocucvc
pooqptoqc npocot(ovo t c\tkc ou poct. zc ovt0cq
ncptnuoq, oov q\oq o npoypoo opyovuvcot onok\ctotk u
ouvov0u\cuo pooqptoquv, onon\ototucvuv ono k0c c\tko
voqo, t onotc cot(ct o cknotcutko c q opq u\\uv
cpyooto, oc o o0qtko cvtocpov ctuvcot pootk kot o
cknotcutk oc\q ncptopt(ovot oqv ko\\tcpycto ctoquv q on\u
oqv onokqoq yvuocuv.
t cpyootc kooypoq q ontkq vqq cvtouovot oov
cvooovot oc ouv0cocpc c0voypotkc poct,
2
ot onotc, onu

2
1t c\cuotc ckoctc q c0voypotkq cpcuvo pqotonotq0qkc oqv cknotcuoq c
topc opc. zqv nopouoo ouvcto o cvtocpouv ot cpyootc, nou ytvovot
ono o tto nott c okono qv cpcuvo ou coou ncpt\\ovo ou (oo\cto,
Mo0qtkc poct kooypoq q ontkq tooptkq vqq
[403]

npoovocpoc npouno0couv o o0qtko cvtocpov kt couv
cnpyoo c\tko okono. t cnpo0cc ouc poct oct(ovot c q
c0oo\oyto ou pro[ecL (lrey 196), o\\ kot c \\c cknotcutkc
npoktkc, onu q cpcuvo poq (acLlon research)
3
kot ot nototkc
cknotcutkc c0oot nou oot(ovot oqv cvq (arL base
meLhoololes).
4
1o nott cv0oppuvovot vo poouv oqv kotvoq
ou coo oc ono0cqcvc ouv0qkc (Lae Wener 1991 8aynham
2002:230-232), q\oq otonotuvo ou to0cotou \oyou uv
ontkuv kotvuvtuv, tuvovo npoyotkc kooooct kot
koovouvo t ontkc no\ttotkc voopontc. Lot cnvcovot vo
nopyouv t tkc ou cpyootc t onotc cvtocpovot vo
qootonotqoouv oqv kotvoqo ou oo\ctou, o\\ kot oqv cupucpq
ontkq kotvuvto (Lae Wener 1991).
8coto q notoqo q qtoupytkq npoocyytoq uv 0cuv
ouuv ono o nott oct(cot c t npounpouoc cnctptc ou kot
c o ouvo\tkocpo k\to q oo\tkq q. to nopctyo, q
onoc\cootkoqo uv oooouvcpyotkuv npoktkuv onotct npo
no\u povo kot unoovq ttotcpo oov o nott cv couv cpyooct
npoqyoucvu c ouov ov pono.
3

Lntoq o (qqo q qtoupytkq ckpooq npouno0cct k\to
c\cu0cpto kot ko\\tcpycto qtoupytkuv cnctptuv coo oqv q, o
onoto ovonuoocot ootok kot octoocvo. ptv cktvqoouc to
poq npooptkq toopto oct\ouc vo yvupt(ouc t uvooqc
kot o opto q oo\tkq o q (Moooyyoupo 2006). oo\u,
ko0u ot poct o 0o npoupouv, 0o o\\(ouv kot ot optkc
npouno0coct kot ootok 0o qtoupyctot cvo ouvcc ouvcpyotkou
ypootoou kot qtoupytkuv npoktkuv. Cu o\o ou onotouv
povo, unoovq kot cntooouvq ot qtoupytkc tkovoqc uv
nottuv.
zq poq kooypoq q ontkq vqq, oqv onoto kuptu
0o ovocp0ouc oq ouvccto kot q onoto npoyoonotq0qkc oc
Aqotko zo\cto q tcpto (potko 2006o), q cnt\oyq ou 0coo
qov onoppoto q npoqyoucvq oucoq uv nottuv oc
npoypoo \ctoupytkq tooko\to q y\uooo (potko 2006y) kot
ncpto\\ovtkq cknotcuoq, coo ono o onoto ctov qq ookq0ct oc

otkoycvcto, kotvoqo). 8\. cvctktk Anerson 199 ymes 1996 an-8oberLson
8loome 2001 8aynham, 2002 hrlsLensen !ames 200.
3
no qv n\ouoto t\toypoto yto qv cpcuvo poq nopo0couc cvctktk o
ou\\oytko oo ALeb, kemmls Wees 199.
4
Lvo qo uv ootocvuv oqv cvq nototkuv c0oo\oytuv oct(cot c
npoypoo ouo-c0voypoto kot npoountkuv oqyqocuv, \. cvctktk Leay
2009:23-62, onou kot n\ouoto t\toypoto.
3
to t oooouvcpyotkc cknotcutkc npoktkc, \. cvctktk !ohnson !ohnson
1999.
ntko\oo potko
[404]

ouvcpyotkc pooqptoqc nopoyuyq kot cnccpyooto opuptuv.
6

1o o0qtko cvtocpov npok\q0qkc, ooo ono o tto o 0co o onoto
oopouoc o coo ncpt\\ov q kotvoqo kot t ko0qcptvc ou
cnctptc, ooo kot ono o ovot n\ototo qtoupytkuv pocuv nou
npounc0cc. 1o nott cnvcuoqkov ono t uvooqc nou ctov vo
ooo\q0ouv c qv ktvoucvq ctkovo, t qqtkc kooypoc kot q
uoypoto. Lot nopqyov t tkc ou tvcootvtc t onotc, oou
t cnccpyoqkov ouvcpyotk, oo c\o t nopouotooov u ouvo\o
oou ouo0qc ou kot oqv ontkq kotvuvto.
7

(6) Aetrpre ouoyp kot koroypop npooptkv opruptv. ppre
opyle p toto0prtke npokrtke,
1o cucpo (qqo uv npoktkuv c0oo\oytkuv totkootuv, oop
o opto kot ou ponou ko\\tcpycto ctoquv ou\\oyq kot
kooypoq npooptkuv opuptuv. Looov, onu npoovocpoc,
ootko ootcto onoc\cootkoqo uv o0qtkuv pocuv ctvot o
npooovoo\too oc cnpo0cc poct kt ot oc onon\ototucvc
pooqptoqc, t0cot o cpuqo: c notov pono o nott 0o
onokqoouv t onopotqc ckctvc ctoqc, c t onotc 0o
nopcoouv vo ovonokpt0ouv oou ooou q poq ou
onvqoq nou 0cupouc cknotcutk pqotocpq oct(cot c qv
ko\\tcpycto q toto0qtkq yvuoq uv nottuv. vt q\oq vo
o0ouv copq pqc oqytc tcoyuyq ouvcvcucuv q cvtkc
ou\\oyq npooptkuv opuptuv, ctvot nto onootko o tto o nott
vo ovoko\unouv ootok kot toto0qtk t kuptocpc ono t
cvtkc ouc c oq qv opq q oktq kot q n\vq.

6
1o ootko npoypoo oo onoto 0o ovocp0ouc oq ouvccto ctc t\o: qyqoct
kot uoypotc yto o ncpt\\ov ou onou ou kot npoyoonotq0qkc q oo\tkq
povt 2003-2006 oo Aqotko zo\cto kovoptutooo tcpto, ono oo ckoncvc
(13) o0qptuvuv uv ptuv c\cuotuv cuv ou oo\ctou, cvoycvo oo cpyo
z...L. - Mcpo 2.6 - LLk 2 - ovcntoqto tyotou. 1o 0co npoocpoov yto
cpcuvqtkc pooqptoqc cko oo\ctou oo ontko ncpt\\ov q kotvoqo. t
ouo ctc toooct: (o) c0voypotkc, () tooptkc (npooptkq kot ontkq toopto), (y)
oqyqotkc kot y\uootkc (potko 200 potko 2011), () ncpto\\ovtkc (potko,
n. 2006), (c) no\upontkc kot ypootoou oc vco coo.
7
1o ootko coo kooypoq uv toopuv ctuv opuptuv qov q tvcokcpo ou
oo\ctou (anon, pal Mv 700 llLal vleo amcorer). cnt\oyq ouq cytvc yto
otkovotkou \oyou, o\\ kot ytot o nott cnt0uouoov vo ooo\q0ouv c qv
ktvoucvq ctkovo. zuvo\tk npoyoonotq0qkov tvcookonqoct ncvc (3) ncptnou
upuv oc opcto mpe. no o ouvo\o uv tvcookonqocuv cnt\c0qkc u\tko to
ncptnou upo yto qv c\tkq otvto. cnccpyooto ou ontkookouotkou u\tkou cytvc
oo \oytotko lnacle Lulo verslon 9. t o\ok\qpucvc ouvcvcuct qov ct (6) c
ouvo\tkq tpkcto ckoo oopvo (140) ncptnou \cnuv. 1o ouvo\o ou u\tkou ptokcot
ono0qkcucvo oo opcto ou oo\ctou.
[403]

zc npoktko cntnco o nott npoyoonotouv oktootkc
ouvcvcuct cou ou kot kooypouv oc tkpc otvtc 0coo ono
qv ko0qcptvq ou (uq. ko\ou0ct q ootkq cnccpyooto uv
ouvcvcucuv kot uv otvtuv, kooypovot o \0q kot oq ouvccto
q tto totkooto cnovo\ovcot uo q pct opc. Mcoo ono qv
no\tqoq ouq npoktkq, q onoto cct o npocpqo vo toqpct
(uvovo o o0qtko cvtocpov, c\tk npokunouv ot oqytc
ouvcvcucuv kot ot cvtkc yto o yuptoo uv otvtuv.
Ltvot
opokqptotko ot ot oqytc nou ovoko\unouv c ouov o
toto0qtko kot o tuotko pono o nott, cv tocpouv ouotootk
ono t ovtootc ootkc oqytc, nou npoctvct q c0oo\oyto q
npooptkq toopto.
9
t kuptocpc toopc cvont(ovot oc (qqoo
ovtvcuoq uo\oytkuv kot oqyqotkuv ocpcounuv (1hompson
2002:273-29, 331-344 Labo 2010) kot untkq opyvuoq uv
opuptuv. opo\o ou oc toto0qtko cntnco o nott nopouoov
vo cntoqvouv on\ (qqoo uo\oytkq cntqcuoq uv
ouvot\quv, q\. o oqcto ckctvo oo onoto ot cvq\tkc ouvot\qc
\\o(ov o ontko y\uootko ou uo oc \oytocpo, yto vo ytvouv nto
toktkot. Ato(ouc octk ot oqctuoct uv nottuv ono t
ouvcvcuct: y\uooo ou n\qpoopqq qov oc no\\ oqcto
uoko\ovoqq. pqotonotouoc no\\c \cct ono q y\uooo uv
ytoytuv. zuvq0tocvot unot pquv: eeoe, no'otve, e6enoe,
koroo6otvloroe, otno0, o'kt, rporepto, rounovo k.. (potko
2006o:62). Lvu oc \\q ncptnuoq: n\qpoopqpto t\ct opy, c
no\\c cnovo\qct kot npoono0ct vo pqotonotct \tyc \cct ono o
ontko ttuo (potko 2006o:63).
vtootq toto0qtkq totkooto oko\ou0q0qkc kot yto qv
opyvuoq q ouvot\to kot uv cpuqocuv. ptk 0cupq0qkc
pqotq q unopq unonotqcvou cpuqoo\oytou, ou oqv nopcto
onoct0qkc ot kot o c\cu0cpo t\oyo, o onoto oot(cot oc cvo
ycvtko n\vo cpuqocuv nopct vo ctvot o tto q kot ncptooocpo
onoc\cootko. Lot npoktk ot ouvcvcuct, cvu unqpc cvo
optko nupqvo cpuqocuv, q ouvot\to c\tk oko\ou0ouoc nto
c\cu0cpq nopcto kot oc opkcc ncptnuoct onokouoc toupo
cvouvoto0qtko ncptcocvo.
10
opouot(ct cvtocpov q ovtpooq uv

t c\tkc oqytc nou kocypoov o nott oopouoov pto 0coo: (o) ono
ouvcvcuq, () cnt\oyq uv n\qpoopquv kot npocotooto q ouvcvcuq, (y) pono
tcoyuyq q ouvcvcuq kot tounuoq uv cpuquv.
9
t oqytc nou npockuov couv opokqptotkc ootoqc c t ovtootc nou
pqotonotq0qkov ko qv copoyq ou kotvooou cknotcutkou npoypoo
npooptkq toopto loxlre oc oo\cto q cptkq ono ov lloL WllnLon (\.
1hompson 2002: 243-246).
10
to o (qqo q cvouvoto0qoq oqv toopto, \. hemllL 194.
ntko\oo potko
[406]

nottuv okoo kot ot uoko\c ncptnuoct, pouotkuv cnctptuv
ot onotc ot ouvot\qptcc ouyktvouvov.
11
M\too oc to
opokqptotkq coto ncptnuoq, oqv onoto q ouvot\qpto
ouyktvq0qkc ono t cv0uqoct ou nopc\0ovo, ot tkpc cpcuvqptc
kocpov vo ovtcuntoouv onoc\cootk q uoko\q kooooq
kot vo ko0qouoouv q ouvot\qpto, q onoto ovokoutocvq oo
c\o q ouvcvcuq q\uoc: uoptoro0e. yelo voere. \opko nou
pp0ore. rot elno konoo kot eo0okoo (potko 2006o:41).
ou npoqyq0ct q no\tqoq ouq totkooto oktq kot
n\vq, oq ouvccto ot toto0qtkc kookqoct uv nottuv
ouoqoonotouvot oc cpcuvqtkc kopc\c, ot onotc ot oc
ovoypouv o ootcto uv n\qpoopquvouvot\quv kot o
opokqptotk uv ouvcvcucuv. zo c\o ouvooouv ouvoc
nopoqpqoct, ot onotc ouvot(ouv t oqctuoct nou kpqoov ko
qv upo uv ouvcvcucuv, o\\ kot t nopoqpqoct uv ouo0quv
ou ko q tpkcto q cnccpyooto ou oqv o\oc\cto. t
nopoqpqoct ouc nopouot(ouv cvtocpov, ooo u npo qv
cntoqovoq uv ko0op n\qpooptokuv cocvuv, ooo kot u npo
qv ovtvcuoq uo\oytkuv opokqptotkuv.
Lntkouptk, ko q tpkcto ou npoypoo, o0qkov
cntnpoo0cc n\qpooptc yto o coo q\ckpovtkq kooypoq kot
ctkovtotkq onounuoq uv opuptuv (potko 2006o:42-47), o\\ kot
ouvontko u\tko nqyuv yto qv ontkq toopto (potko 2006o:30-60).
pqotc cntoq ctvot ot cntokcct oc upou cntoqovtkq
kooypoq npooptkuv opuptuv. zqv ncptnuoq ou npoypoo
o q oo cntokc0qkc o Lpyooqpto kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto ou
ovcntoqto Ccooo\to, onou o nott ctov qv cukotpto vo
nopoko\ou0qoouv ono kov ov pono c ov onoto opcto0couvot,
onooyvqouvouvot kot otonotouvot ot npooptkc opuptc. ko
q ou(qqoq c q tcu0uvpto ou Lpyooqptou ko0qyqpto tkq 8ov
Mnouoocv kot t uncu0uvc cpcuvqptc koovoqoov ot q
pooqptoqo c qv onoto ooo\ouvov yto qvc u cvo cto
notvttou cct kt \\c toooct ncptooocpo ouoqotkc kot
cntoqovtkc.

(y) Atotkoolo tooro0pop opruptv kot nourpontkp eneepyoolo
rou
1o pto npoktko c0oo\oytko (qqo oop ov ptyuvtoo uv
nqyuv, q\oq qv nop\\q\q kot q to\oytkq cnccpyooto uv

11
to o ouyktvqotoko cntnco uv ouvcvcucuv ovcoo oc cvq\tkc, \. cvctktk
zu\tovouq 2002. to ov\oyo (qqoo, \. 1hompson 2002: 217 k.c. Abrams 2010:
121-123. cvtkocpo yto o (qqo ou pouoo oc ou\\oytko kuptu cntnco, \.
cvctktk ooocptvt 199 kokktvo, Acovtou y(tq 2010.
[407]

npooptkuv opuptuv c \\o ctq nqyuv, onu yponc nqyc
octkc c qv ontkq toopto, oqyqoct kot 0pu\ou, ctkovtotko u\tko,
c0voypotkc kooypoc kot u\tk ko\otno.
12
Ccupouc oqovtkq
qv nop\\q\q ouq totkooto tot coo ono ouqv ko\\tcpyctot
n\qpcocpo q tooptkq koovoqoq kot unooq0ctot onoc\cootk q
oqyqotkq ctoqo. A\\uoc o cpuqo-npo\qo ou
\oyokcvptoou (loocenLrlsm) onooo\ct cvovo q c0oo\oyto q
npooptkq toopto.
13

to nopctyo, oo npoypo o oqovtkq nop\\q\q
pooqptoqo qov q ou\\oyq, q kooypoq kot q cpqvcto
uoypotkuv opuptuv (potko 2006o:42-30).
14
totkooto
cnccpyooto uv no\tuv uoypotuv cn\out(c t n\qpooptc nou
ov\ouvov ono t npooptkc opuptc kot oko\ou0ouoc cvo n\vo
cpuqocuv kot pooqptoquv oc coocpo oto: (o) ptkc
cvunuoct, () opo\oytkq kot ctkovoypotkq ov\uoq, (y)
ovoyvuptoq ou tooptkou povou, () koovoqoq uoypotkuv
ouocuv, (c) cntoqovoq uv upopovtkuv kot ncpto\\ovtkuv
o\\oyuv kot cocvuv.
op\\q\q oqooto onoo0qkc oqv no\upontkq ckpooq uv
nottuv kot oq tcvcpycto c0voypotkuv pocuv, nou cnckctvouv t
qtoupytkc ou uvooqc kot copcnouv qv tooptkq nqyq oc
(uvovq kot tuotkq npoyotkoqo.
13
Apooqptoqc onu
uoypoqoct kot tvcookonqoct q ko0qcptvq (uq oo ontt kot
oqv cpyooto, kooypoc oqcptvuv npo\quv nou oct(ovot c
ncpto\\ovtk kot kotvuvtk (qqoo, cnt onou octoypoo kot
oqctuoct nctou, octooo kot okqvo0coto uv tvcookonqocuv
nctou, ko\\tcpyouv t no\upontkc tkovoqc uv nottuv kot
cn\out(ouv qv tooptkq koovoqoq c q-\cktkc oqyqotkc
npoktkc.

12
to o (qqo q toooupuoq uv npooptkuv opuptuv c \\c tooptkc nqyc,
\. 1hompson 2002:231. to (qqoo ococuv npooptkq toopto, ontkuv cocvuv,
\oyocvto, ycuypoto, vcuv cvo\oytuv oc tcntoqovtko cntnco, \. cvctktk
1roer 2011.
13
1o cpuqo-npo\qo ou \oyokcvptoou oqv npooptkq toopto oop t ococt
q c \\o oqctutk coo ncpov uv \cktkuv, q\. c qv ctkovo kot qv oq.
tooqctuq ctvot q opoq no\\uv tooptkuv q npooptkq toopto npo t ctkovc
u nop\\q\uv kt ot un\\q\uv opuptuv. 8\. cvctktk llel 2012:7-9. zuvoc ctvot
o 0co q npocpotoqo q q ou yponou \oyou cvovt ou npooptkou (Cn 1997),
o\\ kot q cv ycvct \oyokcvptkq utkq ovt\qq ncpt npocpotoqo ou \oyou,
q\. q couotkq \oyokcvptkq o\oqo ouuvo c ov ncptv (ncptv 1990)
- cvovt q ypoq.
14
to t ococt npooptkq toopto kot uoypoto, \. lreu 1homson 2011.
13
Zqqoo toouvcoq npooptkuv opuptuv, c0voypotkq cpcuvo kot ktvoucvq
ctkovo, \. cvctktk: 1hompson 2002:264-263.
ntko\oo potko
[40]

LV 6, =+q/1>% /,7 =.*%#5=7/#.,r 2,(>%/,?

1o cpuqo nou ovoucot ono o octooo npoypouv
npooptkq toopto ctvot ouo ou voqoo. oto ctvot c\tk o voqo
q cvooo\qoq uv nottuv c poct kooypoq q ontkq
vqq Mqnu ot cknotcutkot o ooot ncptopt(ovot oqv
ko\\tcpycto ctoquv notvtuou q kotvootkou ncptcocvou,
q qnu oocuouc oqv q0tkq tooko\to cou q vqq t
onovqoct oo cpuqoo ou oopouv cv ycvct q tooko\to q
toopto, oqv onoto ot ococt tooptkq koovoqoq, vqq, oqyqoq
kot ontkoqo onoc\ouv ncto c0oo\oytkq kot oqooto\oytkq
tokucuoq. cknotcutko nou cnt0uct vo cnvcuoct oo nott
poct kooypoq q ontkq vqq ko\ctot vo ovoooooct u
npo t npoovocpocvc ococt kot vo ovtcuntoct o ovouocvo
cpuqoo, o onoto nopouv vo ovtcuntoouv ouopovo u
(qqoo tooptkq c0oo\oyto, voqoo kot cknotcutkq
npoktkq. to nopctyo, 0o npcnct vo ovoooooct u npo o nu
oqootooctot q cvvoto q ontkoqo uno o nptoo ou
nopovtoou uv co-vcucptkuv kotvuvtuv.
16
Looov q onokpuvoq
ono o 0ctktotk ovc\o tooptkq cqyqoq ouvto cntoqo\oytkq
tcoo ono t oyku\uoct ou nopc\0ovo, nooo cykupc ctvot ot
octktotkc cpqvcutkc oktc q oqyqotkq kot q npooptkq
toopto kot cv c\ct c noto pono ot npo\qotoot ouot nopouv vo
npoyou0ouv oc cknotcutkc npoktkc, ot onotc 0o oocuouv oqv
n\qoovq cknotcutkou voqoo kt ot oc kotvootkou kot
kpttkou pqoptoou
17

opon\qoto ctvot o cpuqo q pqoq kot ou voqoo uv
npooptkuv opuptuv nou ou\\cyouv o nott (1hompson 2002:231-
232). Ltvot no\u ouvo o otvocvo, okoo kot oqcpo, no\\
cknotcutk npoypoo npooptkq toopto vo 0couv u cvov ono
ou ootkou ou ooou q pqoq uv npooptkuv opuptuv nou
ou\\cyouv o nott u ono\uo cykupuv opuptuv ontkq toopto.
zqv ncptnuoq ouq cootuvcot q cknotcutkq toooq q
ou\\oyq opuptuv ono o nott, c qv cpcuvqtkq toooq nou cct
q ou\\oyq opuptuv ono cvq\tkc cnoyyc\otc tooptkou. Co npcnct
vo cntoqov0ct ot ctvot c\ctu toopctkc totkootc q ou\\oyq
npooptkuv opuptuv ono nott yto cknotcutkou okonou kot q
ou\\oyq npooptkuv opuptuv ono cvq\tkc c ou kovovc q
cntoqovtkq c0oou, q onoto coto ovtcunt(ct kot c\ctu

16
nopovtoo opt(cot u ouypovq cuoto0qoq kot tco ot (ouc oc cvo co-
vcucptko kooo upt nopc\0ov kot ot q cpcuvo ou nopc\0ovo uc\ct ovo cooov
tco\oyonotct o nopov, \. cvctktk kokktvo, Acovtou y(tq 2010 8ure 2009.
17
to q pqoptkq q kotvooto oqv cknotcuoq, \. zupvoto 2009.
[409]

toopctk (qqoo cykupoqo kot covo\oyto.
1
t cvq\tkc oov
ouvot\ouv c o nott \ctoupyouv c no\\on\ou po\ou kot
ouoqc.
19
no n\qpoopqcouvot\qc nou oqyouvot
cnctptc, ytvovot nocpc q qcpc uv nottuv oo onoto tvouv
q ouvcvcuq. t n\qpooptc ou ctvot ckouoto \oyokptcvc ono
o t\po ou toktoou kot uv q0tkuv nopotvcocuv, o onoto t
ncptooocpc opc oto0vovot unopcucvot vo 0couv oov
ovtcunt(ouv nott. t npooptkc opuptc nou ou\\cyouv o
nott couv ko oq cknotcutkq toooq kot q tooptkq ou
cykupoqo t0cot uno npouno0coct. t tontouoct ouc
oopouv ot ovo o npoypoo nou ytvovot oqv npuo0to
cknotcuoq, o\\ kt ou nou ytvovot oq cucpo0to. oo\u o
oo\cto nopct vo to0cct pnc(o npooptkuv opuptuv, qv onoto
nopouv vo pqotonotouv o nott u nqyq n\qpooptuv yto qv
kotvoq ou, o\\ kuptu u ocqpto ou(qqocuv yto t c0oou
nou pqotonotqoov ot ouo0qc ou no\otocpo. zc k0c ncptnuoq
o voqo q tcoyuyq cvo npoypoo npooptkq toopto oo
oo\cto ctvot nputou cknotcutko.
1o npoovocpocvo (qqoo kot cpuqoo npoko\ouv
c0otkocpq npoycuoq, q onoto ccuyct ono o opto q nopouoo
ctoqyqoq, 0cupouc ou ot ycvtkocpo o cpuqo ou voqoo
nopct vo onovq0ct, ocvo oc ocoq c qv notoqo uv
cknotcutkuv copoyuv kot ou o0ou oucoq uv nottuv oc
ouc kot occpou oc ocoq c o o0o ovnuq tooptkq
ouvctqoq (aamer 199 8usen 2006). Acct k\ctt ou
cknotcutkou voqoo oc ouqv qv ncptnuoq ctvot q korovpop kot q
poop. korovpop oop ou ontkou no\ttotkou \oyou kot
oqootc oq ouypovtkq kot oq topovtkq ou toooq. 1o nott
cpcuvouv t ontkc kotvuvtc, onokouv cntyvuoq uv no\ttotkuv
ou voquv kot koovoouv t notkt\c tokuvoct ou oov ovo
ou povou. t ontkc kotvuvtc ytvovot cot kotvoqc 0qoq
(Lae Wener 1991), coo ono t onotc o nott koovoouv
voopontc kot ovonuooouv tooptkq ouvctqoq (8usen 2006).
cnpyoq kot ono0cqcvq o0qtkq poop cv oocuct on\ oq
toqpqoq q vqq, o\\ cou q cnt\oyq ou tooptku
oqovtkou, cnvcct o nott vo ooo\q0ouv qtoupytk c
no\ttotk (qqoo kot o kuptocpo vo oqyq0ouv coo ono

1
Zqqoo cykupoqo kot covo\oyto uv npooptkuv opuptuv, \. cvctktk
1onln 1992:3-96, 113-136 kuptoktou-ncoopo 1993:227-270 1hompson 2002:329-
331 1otu\q 2006 8ov Mnouoocv 2002:133-137 Abrams 2010:34-77.
19
uu q \\u touct ouo nou cypoc q asserlnl: Acv ctooc ckctvo nou \cc ot
ctooc, ouc \cc o\o ckctvo nou ctooc (asserlnl 199:261).
ntko\oo potko
[410]

npoyotk coyvuotkc npoktkc oo vo opootoouv kot vo
octoouv o c\\ov uv ontkuv kotvuvtuv.

C7>*=+4$>%/%

to\oyuvo o cknotcutk onoc\cooo uv npoovocp0cvuv
npoypouv 0cupouc oqovtk ot ovo o cpqoto noootk
cocvo, oo onoto tontouvouc ooct o\\oyc oo cntnco q
onokqoq toopuv ctuv ctoquv (potko 2006o:66-6), o\\ kot
t nototkc cvctct yto qv onoooq tooptkuv kot no\ttotkuv
voquv ono o tto o nott. u nopouv npoktk vo oqov0ouv ot
nototkc ouc cvctct
npuo ctkq oop qv tto qv cknotcutkq totkooto
kot t cvctct ovnuq cnpyoou kot qtoupytkou
cvtocpovo yto qv ontkq toopto. 1o nott ookq0qkov oo vo
okouv c npoooq t oqyqoct q ontkq kotvuvto kot vo koovoouv
t ontkc no\ttotkc cct kot voopontc. opokqptotkc qov ot
onovqoct ou oo cpuqo nou ou c0qkc nptv kot c q
tcoyuyq ou npoypoo: Cov ot cy\ot oqyouvot tooptc q
u0ou yto q (uq oo upto o no\otocpo povto ou okouu c
npoooq, c tvu koto oqooto, q \\oc ou okouu kot \\oc ot.
t optkc onovqoct qov 0ctkc oo 30, cvu ot c\tkc oo 3, c
koto ono\uu opvqtkq onvqoq (potko 2006o:67).
cucpo ctkq oct(cot c qv notoqo ou c\tkou
nopoyocvou o0qtkou cpyou, oqv npokctcvq ncptnuoq q
o0qtkq c0voypotkq otvto. 1o nott oko\ou0uvo ouvcpyotkc
totkootc cnccpyoqkov qtoupytk t cpyootc ou
ovonokptvocvo c onoc\cootkoqo oo cpuqoo, nou c0coov
copq, koovouvo t o\\oyc ou onou ou oov ovo ou povou
kot oct(ovo o c\\ov ou.
pto ctkq oop qv cntppoq uv o0qtkuv pocuv
oqv ontkq kotvuvto. t kotkot kot ouvot\qc uv nottuv
nopoko\ou0qoov t o0qtkc pooqptoqc kot npo\qotoqkov
yto t on\c o\\ ck0opc cpqvcutkc ou npooct. qtoupyto
c ono cptk povto cvo tkpou, o\\ ttotcpo cvtocpovo
ouocto\oytk ontkou \ooypotkou ouoctou, c qv cu0uvq q
ko0qyqpto L\covopo zkoucpq-Atook\ou (zkoucpq-Atook\ou
uno ckooq) 0cupouc ot unooq0q0qkc ono o 0ctko k\to, o onoto
toopu0qkc oqv ontkq kotvuvto, ono q ouykckptcvq o0qtkq
c0voypotkq poq.
tocuouc cv c\ct ot ot onoc\cootkocpc cknotcutkc
poct kooypoq q ontkq vqq couv no\ucntnco opokqpo.
[411]

pouno0couv o cnpyoo o0qtko cvtocpov kot \ctoupyouv u
ncto okqoq no\ttotkou kot tooptkou voqoo, ooo yto ov
cknotcutko, ooo kot yto o nott.

9#h3#,&+%-0%

Abrams, L. 2010. Otol nlstoty 1beoty. Lonon,e or: 8ouLlee.
Anerson, . L. 199. rlLlcal Lhnoraphy ln ucaLlon: Crllns, urrenL
LaLus, an e lrecLlons. kevle of Jocotloool keseotcb
393:249-270.
ALeb, 8., kemmls, L. Wees, . (Ls.) 199. Actloo keseotcb lo
ltoctlce. lottoetsbls fot 5oclol ostlce lo Jocotloo. e or,
Lonon: 8ouLlee.
8ov Mnouoocv, . 2002. Ackocto ou 40: toooct q vqq oc
oqyqoct (uq q ncptoou. nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv
107 :133-133.
8aynham, M. 2002. npokrtke ypoortoo0. Mp. M. pnoy\ou.
0qvo: Mcotto.
8ure, . 2009. 1t elvot notrtotkp toroplo, Mp. zn. zqokkq.
0qvo: Mcotto.
potko, n. 2006o. Apypoet kot roypole yto ro nept6oov rou
rnou ou. Ot e0voypotke kot ot etkovtortke opruple orpv
nept6oovrtkp eknoleuop. kovoptutooo: ?.L..C.-ovcntoqto
tyotou-Aqotko zo\cto kovoptutooo tcpto.
potko, n. 2006. t c0voypotkc kot ot ctkovtotkc opuptc oqv
ncpto\\ovtkq cknotcuoq. 1o nopctyo ou z...L.: qyqoct
kot uoypotc yto o ncpt\\ov ou onou ou. zo C. A. Ackko
(Lnt.), npokrtko ou zuveplou z.n.n.., oo: ?.L..C. -
ovcntoqto tyotou, 963-973.
potko, n. 2006y. Lopoyq q tooko\to q \ctoupytkq pqoq
q y\uooo oqv puo0to Lknotcuoq. nt0eppop
knoteurtkv Oeorv 11:117-124.
potko, n. 200. Mc0oo\oyto c0voypotkq cpcuvo oqv
ncpto\\ovtkq cknotcuoq. ncptnuoq q oqyqoq. Avep
(nt0eppop kunptokp nottkp Aoyorevlo) 17: 6-97.
potko, n. 2011. \uootko ypootoo kot cnccpyooto o0qtkuv
cpcuvqtkuv pocuv (o0qotk npo\qoo, ncpto\\ovtkc kot
c0voypotkc poct. zo Meere yto rpv epvtkp yooo.
Atookolo kot eko0pop rp pvtkp, poktk 31
q
Lqoto
zuvvqoq 1oco \uooo\oyto, 1qoo t\o\oyto,
ntko\oo potko
[412]

t\oootkq zo\q, ..C., Ccooo\ovtkq: ..C. - votouo
ncoc\\qvtkuv znouuv [lpuo Movo\q 1ptovou\\tq], 9-101.
hrlsLensen, . !ames, A. (Ls.) 200. keseotcb ltb cbllJteo.
letsectlves ooJ ltoctlces. e or, Lonon: 8ouLlee. 1aylor
lrancls roup, secon elLlon.
an-8oberLson, A. 8loome, . 2001. looo kot notrto. Ot
o0pre-rpte epeuvpre-rpte. Mp. M. kopo\q. 0qvo:
Mcotto.
llel, . 2012. Otol nlstoty, commoolty, ooJ lslocemeot. moqloloq
Memotles lo lost-AottbelJ 5ootb Aftlco. alrae Lules ln Cral
lsLory. e or: alrae Macmlllan.
lreu, A. 1homson, A. (s.) 2011. Otol nlstoty ooJ lbotoqtoby.
alrae Lules ln Cral lsLory. e or: alrae Macmlllan.
lrey, k. 196. n Me0oo ltoect. Mto opp ouoytkp epyoolo oro
ooelo 0eplo kot npop. Mp. k\. M\\tou. Ccooo\ovtkq:
kuptoktq.
aamer, . . 199. 1o np6po rp toroptkp ouvelpop. Mp. .
Zcpo. 0qvo: lvtko.
usbans, . 2004. 1t opolvet tookolo rp loroplo, looo, tee
kot voporo. Mp. . Aukoupyo. 0qvo: Mcotto.
ymes, . 1996. tbooqtoby, lloqolstlcs, Nottotlve oeoollty. 1ootJ oo
oJetstooJloq of olce. Lonon: 1aylor lrancls.
!ohnson, .W. !ohnson, 8.1. 1999. leotoloq 1oqetbet ooJ Alooe.
cooetotlve, comototlve ooJ oJlvlJoollstlc leotoloq. 8osLon: Allyn
8acon, lLh elLlon.
kokktvo, ., Acovtou, L. y(tq, 8. 2010. 1o rpo0o kot ot notrtke
rp vpp. vetkrtke et rv ou6otkv noev yto rpv
loroplo kot rp Mvpp. Lkkcvpq oopto - oopto ono o ncpt0upto
no 3. 0qvo: 1otcuq.
kuptoktou-ncoopo, A. 1993. Aooypotko eerporo ll. 0qvo:
opcto.
kuhn, . Mclellan, M.L. 2006. volces o xperlence: Cral lsLory ln Lhe
lassroom. ln 8. ers A. 1homson (Ls), 1be Otol nlstoty keoJet,
Lonon: 8ouLlee, secon elLlon, 474-44.
Labo, W. 2010. Cral arraLles o ersonal xperlence. ln .. oan
(L.), 1be combtlJqe ocycloeJlo of tbe looqooqe 5cleoces,
ambrle: ambrle nlerslLy ress.
Lae, !. Wener, . 1991. 5ltooteJ leotoloq. leqltlmote letlbetol
lottlclotloo. ambrle: nlerslLy o ambrle ress.
Leay, . 2009. MetboJ Meets Att. Atts-boseJ teseotcb toctlce. e or,
Lonon: 1he ullor ress.
Moooyyoupo, . 2006. Oeplo kot npop rp tookolo. n ootkp
rop po, ooo, net0oplo, e0oo. 0qvo: pqyopq.
[413]

Mnou(ouq, . Covonou\ou, M. 2002. npooptkq toopto oqv
L\\o. t cnctptc to uoko\q nopcto. nt0eppop
kotvvtkv peuvv 107 : 3-21.
aou, l. 2003. Cral lsLory, Museums an lsLory LucaLlon. ln coo
Otol nlstoty Moe Obects 5eo lnLernaLlonal ouncll o Museums.
aper presenLe or Lhe onerence, apllon, reece. CcLober 1-21.
ncptv, Z. 1990. nepl lpoorooylo. Mp. k. onoytupyq. 0qvo:
vuoq.
Cn, !.W. 1997. npooptkrpro kot eyypooroo0vp. n ekrevoypop rou
you. Lnt. C. opoc\\q. pk\cto: ovcntoqtokc Lkooct
kpqq.
ooocptvt, A. 199. znopoyoro rou 0ou otvo. n toroplo 6tevp
enetplo. Mp. . 8opuv-8oop, . Ao\tuou, . cv(ou. 0qvo:
cc\q.
cnouoq, M. vpcou, . (Lnt.) 2010. npooptke torople. vo
opy npooptkp toroplo yto rpv eknoleuop kot rpv kotvrpro.
ovt: nooptokq uototkqoq ovtuv - ..C.
8usen, !. 2006. Meooloq ooJ keteseototloo lo nlstoty. Cxor, e or:
8erhahn 8oos.
zokk, 8. 2004. pooptkq toopto kot oo\cto. toopto u tucvq
cnctpto. 1ekpptov 4 (ntorpovtkp nerpplo 1poro
Apetovolo t6to0pkovolo, lvto noventorpto): 63-.
zkoucpq-Atook\ou, L. (uno ckooq). 1onot kot v0punot:
opoooct kot ovonopoooct. (opctyo: Aqtoupyuvo cvo
\ooypotko ouocto oqv kouvouptutooo tcpto). zo n. potko
(Lnt.), n nteplo oro uovrtvo kot oro erepo pvto, poktk 4
ou

cntoqovtkou ouvcptou, kocptvq: Lotpcto tcptkuv Mc\cuv
Loto tcptuv Mououv kocptvq,.
1hompson, . 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v. npooptkp toroplo. Mp.
. 8ov Mnouoocv, n. ootvo. 0qvo: \c0pov.
1otu\q, . 2006. lorople p kot 6toypotke opypoet. n 6toypotkp
npooeyytop orpv kotvvtooytkp notortkp epeuvo. 0qvo: kpttkq.
1onln, . 1992. Nottotloq Oot lost. 1be 5oclol coosttoctloo of Otol
nlstoty. ambrle: ambrle nlerslLy ress.
1roer, . (.) 2011. lloce, tltloq, ooJ olce lo Otol nlstoty. alrae
Lules ln Cral lsLory. e or: alrae Macmlllan.
ntko\oo potko
[414]

AXBXB6)PX S D%+/83=? }SN~ $72=2/=r='2 .%# *02%.%? ,51&#q2
$7282/=71?

Lknotcutko npoypoo: qyqoct kot uoypotc yto o
ncpt\\ov ou onou ou. cpto\\ovtkq o Aqotkou zo\ctou
kovoptutooo tcpto, oo\tkq povt 2003-2006.

D%+/83% S
X+V $7282/=71?@ 1
A31+,-,+1/(?@ ntko\oo kopo0vo
/,? &8221$1?@ 1930
6:*,? &8221$1? .%# .%/,#.0%?@ kovoptutooo tcpto
;#.,&=2=#%.( .%/4$/%$1@ ovpccvo c qv tkocptvq kopo0vou
6:*,? $7282/=71?@ zo ontt ou n\qpoopqq oqv kovoptutooo
tcpto
)>=+,>120% $7282/=71?@ 14 4 2006
6+:*,? .%/%&+%-(?@ 8tvco mpe
H#4+.=#%@ 21:60 \cn
"+=721/8?/+#=?@ . kopo0vo, L. notou, . Mnopnoycupyonou\ou
(A q Aqotkou)
=#+#$>:? .4>=+%?@ 1o c\q q oo
A=+#=U:>=2,@ Movo ouvcvcuq ono ov n\qpoopqq
A%+%/1+($=#? ,>45%?@ t cpuqoct uv cpcuvquv qov ncpccvc.
qyotvov ono o cvo 0co oo \\o. y\uooo ou n\qpoopqq qov oc
no\\ oqcto uoko\ovoqq. pqotonotouoc no\\c \cct ono o
ontko ttuo. zuvq0tocvot unot pquv: eeoe, 6yolv, pyvot,
no'otve, yevv'oe, e6enoe k.o. kot o nto neplepyo. koroo6otvloroe.
zuvq0tocvo ouotootk: 0kou, otno0, o'kt, rporepto, rounovo,
onlr k.o.
J8>%/%@ 01:19 zctk c o oo\cto no\otocpo 01:2 zctk c o
cnyyc\o ou ycupyou 02:30 (uq no\otocpo kot ot uoko\tc q
03:10 tkovotkq kooooq no\otocpo 03:3 zctk c o cupu
04:27 ooptc yto oypotkc ko\\tcpyctc 03:19 ooptc c o\cnouc
kot \ukou 07:40 kqvopoto no\otocpo kot oqcpo 0:10
Lntnuoct oqv kqvopoto ono o uopoko 09:10 oopto c
tt 10:03 \upto no\otocpo 10:44 \\oyc cotto q
konvoko\\tcpycto 11:02 Lttkocpo yto unopq cvpuv coo oo
upto 11:23 Acnocpctc yto qv konvoko\\tcpycto 11:34 1o oq
no\otocpo kot ot cntnuoct ono qv cn\uoq uv ycupytkuv
ko\\tcpyctuv 12:0 ko\\tcpycto otoptou no\otocpo kot oqcpo
12:30 Auoko\tc ot oypotkc cpyootc 13:13 \qpooptc yto
npoq0ctc npotovuv ono qv kocptvq - coo coop 13:43 1o
[413]

novqyupt q ovoyto 14:30 ottk notvtto 13:13 utoo c
yko(o\onc 13:32 L\cu0cpo povo o pto 16:02 (uq upt
q\ckptko pcuo 16:20 ooptc ono ov cu\to 17:40 oopto c
\uko 19: 1 ooptc c o u\kto opoou oqv n\octo ko q
tpkcto ou cu\tou
X*,>%&21/,-q21$1@ o\q q ouvcvcuq (cko ono c\too oqcto)

D%+/83% L
X+V $7282/=71?@ 2
A31+,-,+(/+#%@ tkocptvq kopo0vou (o ycvo 8oot\ctou)
/,? &8221$1?@ 1936
;#.,&=2=#%.( .%/4$/%$1: ovpccvq c ov ntko\oo kopo0vo
6:*,? $7282/=71?@ zo ontt q n\qpoopqpto oqv kovoptutooo
tcpto
)>=+,>120% $7282/=71?@ 14 npt\tou 2006
6+:*,? .%/%&+%-(?@ 8tvco mpe
H#4+.=#%@ 10:00 \cn
"+=721/8?/+#=?@ . kopo0vo, L. notou, . Mnopnoycupyonou\ou
(A q Aqotkou)
=#+#$>:? .4>=+%?@ 1o c\q q oo
A=+#=U:>=2,@ zuvcvcuq kot ncptqyqoq oo ontt q n\qpoopqpto
A%+%/1+($=#? ,>45%?@ t cpcuvqcptc cko ono cpuqoct
ou(qouoov c qv n\qpoopqpto. zc no\\ oqcto q n\qpoopqpto
ouyktvq0qkc. y\uooo q n\qpoopqpto qov nto koovoqq ono ou
ou(uyou q (ouvcvcuq op. 1) pqotonotouoc ou kt ouq \cct ono
o ontko ttuo
Dr+#% $1>=0%@ 00:22 n\qpoopqpto oqyctot ouvoo q (uq q kot
t uoko\tc nou ovtcuntoc 00:3 Auoko\tc oo upto kot ot
ou\ctc ou onttou 01:27 Auoko\tc oo cy\uo uv nottuv
02:06 \qpooptc yto o nott kot o cyyovto oqcpo 02:3
\qpooptc yto o nott oo oo\cto no\otocpo 03:3 cptouotok
04:27 1o cyyovto oqcpo 03:13 -cvyqoq oo ontt
X*,>%&21/,-q21$1@ o\q q ouvcvcuq (cko ono c\too oqcto)

D%+/83%
X+V $7282/=71?@ 3
A31+,-,+(/+#%@ uctvq voyvuoonou\ou
/,? &8221$1?@ 1942
;#.,&=2=#%.( .%/4$/%$1@ ovpccvq
tcpto
ntko\oo potko
[416]

)>=+,>120% $7282/=71?@ 13 npt\tou 2006
6+:*,? .%/%&+%-(?@ 8tvco mpe
H#4+.=#%@ 24:29 \cn
"+=721/8?/+#=?@ . Mtvou, M. 1ptko\onou\ou, . nooo\onou\o, 8.
Mnopnoycupyonou\o (z q Aqotkou)
=#+#$>:? .4>=+%?@ 8. Mnopnoycupyonou\o

A%+%/1+($=#? ,>45%?@ n\qpoopqpto t\ct (uqp kot pqotonotct
cptkc opc \cct ono o ontko ttuo, onu ou unou pquv:
otepvoe, oe0ooort, ekovot, pov. kcpo ctvot oo0cpq kot o
qo ko\o
J8>%/%@ 01:23 t poot kot o ontto no\otocpo 02:04 novto
02:1 \upto 02:32 1t cct o\\ct oo upto (poot, ontto,
oo\cto) 02:3 cvo\oyto no\otocpo 03:23 ?npouv oqcpo
ovcoct (voookocto, kcvpo onooo\qoq) 03:33 1o k... oqcpo, ot
oputc k.\.n. 04:0 - 03:3 poyout 03:3 - 06:49 Lnt onou
ncptypoq ou no\tou oupvou 06:33 zctk c o \oo q ovoyto
07:24 1o cvpo oo \oo 07:33 uotoypotk ootcto 09:24
kptoq yto o ov q (uq qov ko\ucpq no\otocpo 09.39 u qov o
c\cu0cpo povo upt q\copooq 10:13 t ou\ctc oo konv 10.34
o\t koooqoo oo upto 11:29 to o 0voo ou nocpo 11:44
to t ou\ctc no\otocpo 12:00: 1pct otkoycvctc o cvo ontt
12:11 t coktvqoct 12:33 ov no\u ko\ o nott ckctvo o
povto. 13:20 Mouotkc ooo\tc 14:23 ottk notvtto 13:06 1o
npooo ou nonnou 13:13 1o topo (uo ou onttou 13:26 1o
y\o ono o npooo 13:33 -cvyqoq oo ontt q n\qpoopqpto
19:42 1o ctooo
X*,>%&21/,-q21$1@ o\q q ouvcvcuq

D%+/83%
X+V $7282/=71?@ 4
A31+,-,+(/+#%@ zoupou\o kupv(q
/,? &8221$1?@ 1939
;#.,&=2=#%.( .%/4$/%$1@ novpccvq
tcpto
)>=+,>120% $7282/=71?@ 2 npt\tou 2006
6+:*,? .%/%&+%-(?@ 8tvco mpe
H#4+.=#%@ 10:46 \cn
"+=72(/+#=?@ . Mto\ou, z. kupv(q, z. kpo\q (z q Aqotkou)
=#+#$>:? .4>=+%?@ . Mto\ou
[417]


A%+%/1+($=#? ,>45%?@ n\qpoopqpto pqotonotct ouvoo kot
ouykckptcvo \oyo c \tyc \cct ono o ontko ttuo
J8>%/%@ 00:30 \\oyc oo ncpt\\ov (poot, pc k.\.n.) 01:04
\\oyc ot oypotkc cpyootc 01:33 1o vcpo no\otocpo 01:30 1o
oupvtoo 02:12 1o novqyupto no\otocpo 02:29 o\o 02:30
ko\ucpo ncpt\\ov oqotvct ko\ucpc ococt cou uv ov0punuv
03:21 opot oo tooupt 03:34 nco co, poykouopto, k\ovo,
nopou0to oo ontto, vucpto 04:1 ottk povto kot notvtto
04:30 Mcoktvqoct no\otocpo 03:02 (uq no\otocpo qov ko\ucpq
oo ot o kooo qov cyvotooo. zqcpo ou unpouv no\\c
ovcoct 03:37 1poyout 7:21 -cvyqoq oo ontt

D%+/83% M
X+V $7282/=71?@ 3
A31+,-,+(/+#%@ Mopto cpovotou
/,? &8221$1?@ 1941
;#.,&=2=#%.( .%/4$/%$1@ novpccvq
tcpto
)>=+,>120% $7282/=71?@ 29 npt\tou 2006
6+:*,? .%/%&+%-(?@ 8tvco mpe
H#4+.=#%@ 32:27 \cn
"+=72(/+#=?@ z. kupv(q, . Mto\ou, z. kpo\q, M. 1ptko\onou\ou (z
q Aqotkou)
=#+#$>:? .4>=+%?@ nooo\to Mto\ou
A%+%/1+($=#? ,>45%?@ n\qpoopqpto t\ct opy, c no\\c
cnovo\qct kot npoono0ct vo pqotonotct \tyc \cct ono o ontko
ttuo. kcpo ctvot oqcvq okpt ono qv n\qpoopqpto yt ouo
o qo cv ctvot ooo ko\o
J8>%/%@ 02:40 \\oyc oq \upto kot oqv novto 03:06 \\oyc ot
kootktc kot oou poou 03:16 Lnoyyc\oo 03:46 kqvopoto
06:07 t poot ou uptou 06:26 L\cu0cpo povo 07:00 ncpo yto
pcuoq kot upcuoq 07:3 zctk c o oo nou ncptoptoqkc yto
vo ytvouv poot 0:04 1o novqyupto 09:46 1t 0o npcnct vo
ko\ucpcct oo ncpt\\ov ou uptou 10:0 1o topcto kot q
oouvoto 11:00 1t 0o npcnct vo ko\ucpcct oo ncpt\\ov ou
uptou 11:27 toopto c ov ovoo koo 12.33 voo q
ovoyto 13:20 Aypto (uo 14.02 o\t notvtto 14:31 ko\\tcpycto
ntko\oo potko
[41]

ou otoptou 1:30 vcpou\o 19:40 t coktvqoct 20:46 zctk
c qv unopq cy\ou oou 20:37 kptoq yto q (uq no\otocpo
21:43 c\cu0cpo povo no\otocpo 21:30 oo\tkq (uq 22:06
n\octo 23:10 o\tc ouvoyc 23:11 Atopc ko\\tcpyctc (otpt,
ko\onokt, ooo\to, konvo, onc\to, tko k.o.) 27:33 to o
0cpokqnto 2:33 to t ytopc oov yto 0ovoto 29:10 to o
opouvo uv cpovuv oov yto 0ovoto 30:23 to ov voo q
oyto 8oppo

D%+/83%
X+V C7282/=71?@ 6
A31+,-,+1/(?@ vcoq Mtvo
/,? &8221$1?@ 1910
6:*,? &8221$1? .%# .%/,#.0%?@ q\q kuvoovtvouno\q -
kovoptutooo tcpto
;#.,&=2=#%.( .%/4$/%$1@ ovpccvo ( ou(uyo ou cct nc0vct)
6:*,? $7282/=71?@ zo ontt ou n\qpoopqq oqv kovoptutooo
tcpto
)>=+,>120% $7282/=71?@ 10 ouvtou 2006
6+:*,? .%/%&+%-(?@ 8tvco mpe
H#4+.=#%@ 33:07 \cn
"+=72(/+#=?@ . Mtvou (z q Aqotkou), . yo0oy\ou (L q
Aqotkou)
=#+#$>:? .4>=+%?@ . yo0oy\ou
A=+#=U:>=2,@ zuvcvcuq ovo ono ov n\qpoopqq
A%+%/1+($=#? ,>45%?@ n\qpoopqq t\ouoc ouvcu kot cv qoc
ko0o\ou ncpt0upto yto cpuqoct
X*,>%&21/,-q21$1@ cptk oqcto

[419]

AXBXB6)PX II A02%.%? ,51&#q2 $7282/=71?

SV 6:*,? $7282/=71?V Ltvot npotocpo q ouvcvcuq vo ytvcot oo
upo ou n\qpoopqq, ytot cot 0o oto0vcot nto vco, 0o t\ct nto
cuko\o kot 0o nopouc vo oyvqookonouc o upo nou (ct q
cpy(cot
LV A,#,# =02%# *31+,-,+1/8? .%# *q? *+,=/,#>4s,7>= /1 $7282/=71
2.1. t n\qpoopqc 0o npcnct vo couv (qoct oo upto
2.2. Acv ctvot onopotqo ot n\qpoopqc vo ctvot no\u ytoytc q
nonnouc. Mnopct vo ctvot kot vcocpot oqv q\tkto
2.3. Acv o cvtocpct o u\o ou
2.4. Co npcnct vo ctvot v0punot o\uv uv cnoyyc\uv
2.3. Acv 0o npcnct vo ctvot ovo n\ouotot q yvuoot, o\\ kot uot q
\tyo yvuoot
2.6. ou cnt\couc ov n\qpoopqq ov npooko\ouc cuycvtk c o
q\cuvo q c knoto cntokcq kot kovovt(ouc o(t ou ov ono kot
qv upo q ouvcvcuq
2.7. pocot(ouc ov n\qpoopqq yto t cpuqoct nou 0o ou
kvouc
V Aq? *%0+2,7>= /1 $7282/=71 .%# *q? .42,7>= /#? =+'/($=#?
3.1. otpvouc ouvcvcuq ono cvov n\qpoopqq k0c op yto vo
nopouc vo oqctuvouc ko\ucpo t onovqoct ou
3.2. zqv opq q ouvcvcuq (qc ono ov n\qpoopqq vo o nct
o ovo ou, qv q\tkto ou, ov ono ycvvqoq kot kootkto ou, o
c\q q otkoycvct ou kot o cnyyc\o q o cnoyyc\o ou
3.3. Ltooc cuycvtkot oov kvouc t cpuqoct o kot oc o\q q
tpkcto q ouvcvcuq
3.4. t cpuqoct o ctvot ycvtkc. M cvtocpct o n\qpoopqq vo
o oqyq0ct tooptc nou c(qoc q kouoc
3.3. t cpuqoct o ctvot ovotou kt ot k\ctoou unou. Aq\oq
vo nopct o n\qpoopqq vo onovqoct c no\\ \oyto kt ot c cvo
vot q cvo ot
3.6. Ac cpvouc ov n\qpoopqq oc uoko\q 0coq
3.7. Ac tokonouc noc ov n\qpoopqq
3.. qvouc ov n\qpoopqq vo ckp(cot oqv ko0qcptvq ou
y\uooo
3.9. no ovtcunt(ouc ov n\qpoopqq c cvtocpov kot ocooo,
upt ou uncpo\tkq ooopoqo
3.10. Lv o kcpoouv coooc cuycvtk o kcpooo
3.11. zo c\o q ouvcvcuq cuoptoouc ou n\qpoopqc yto q
ouvcvcuq

[420]

VII

VII FROM PERSONAL TO COMMUNITY MEMORY

[423]

W'/,$/,+0=?@ 1 %-(&1$1 /'2 -'/,&+%-#q2 /'2 P#.+%$#%/q2 .%#
1 >2(>1 /1? D,#2:/1/%?

0qv Aooko\kq
1

\jklmnol
lboto stotles. 1be oottotloo of tbe botoqtobs of Aslo Mloot
kefoqees

1be Jlqltol collectloo of tbe Atcblve of 1estlmooles of Aslo Mloot
kefoqees of tbe oooJotloo of tbe nelleolc otlJ, qlves os o votlety of
ootobloqtoblcol stotles ooJ etsoool eetleoces tbtooqb lotetvles
ooJ fomlly botos. 1be commoolcotlve memoty of oot oottotots
ttoosfetteJ to o oe JlqltolleJ eovltoomeot tbot cteotes o oe
commoolty, oeo to oll. All tbese ootobloqtoblcol boto stotles qlve
tbe oottoolty to tbe oottotots tbot ete sllt oott, becoose of
blstotlcol obeovol, to come toqetbet, commoolcote ooJ tecoosttoct o
oe commoolty.

6, *3%0$#, /,7 *+,&+4>>%/,?

zo lpuo Mct(ovo L\\qvtoou ono o 1997 oo qo
cvco\oyto, nou \tyo povto opyocpo covooqkc oc 1qo
cvco\oyto kot pooptkq oopto, npoyoonotctot q ou\\oyq
ycvco\oytkuv cvpuv, opuptuv kot ckqptuv Mtkpootouv
npoouyuv kot uv onoyovuv ouuv. 1o cpyo ouq q kooypoq
kot ou\\oyq ovocpcot oc ov0punou c kooyuyq q Mtkp oto,
ov ovo kot qv voo\tkq Cpkq. zo n\ototo uv pocuv ou
u\onotqoc o npoypoo cvco\oytkq, qtokq kot o\ttotkq
zu\\oyq kcvptkq Mokcovto kot tkq kot o onoto k\unov
ov ycuypotko upo q ncptcpcto kcvptkq Mokcovto kot
tkq ovtooto ko0u kot ovoopc ot noptc uv
npoouyuv oq Mtkp oto.
2
Lvo cpyo nou ouvctoqkc kot

1
Lpcuvqpto, lpuo Mct(ovo L\\qvtoou - 1qo cvco\oyto kot pooptkq
oopto, aLhlnas[mall.com.
2
t ouvcvcuct nou npoyoonotq0qkov oo n\ototo uv npoypouv ycvco\oytkuv,
qtokuv kot no\ttotkuv ou\\oyuv ouvocuovot ono nopoupqqpto ouvcvcuq kot
tooptkou u\tkou ckqptuoq (uoypotc - cyypoo). 1o pcto c t ouvcvcuct
kot t uoypotc ovqkct oo pcto Mopuptuv ou 1qoo cvco\oyto kot
pooptkq oopto ou puoo Mct(ovo L\\qvtoou. Lvo cy\o cpo ouq q
ou\\oyq nopct vo ct kovct q\ckpovtk oqv toooc\to ou 1qoo cvco\oyto
kot pooptkq oopto hLLp:.enealoles.r.
0qv Aooko\kq
[424]

opyocpo c Mtkpootc kot vqotuc cykocoqcvou oq
Aukopuoq kot c 1cvctou cykocoqcvou oqv 0qvo kuptu
c o 1933. cpcuvo ko\unct tooptk kuptu ov 20
o
otuvo o\\
c ovoopc kot oo onucpo nopc\0ov uv kotvoquv nou
nopouot(ct. t 0cotkot onot yupu ono ou onotou
ovonuoocot ctvot q otkoycvctokq vqq coo ono qv ycvco\oyto
kot qv toopto uv n\q0uouv, q cntkotvuvtokq vqq cou uv
ouotoypotuv kot uv opuptuv kot q no\ttotkq vqq cou
q ontkq toopto, uv kctq\tuv, uv opuv kot uv
uoypotuv.
3
zo nopov kctcvo 0o cotoouc o cvtocpov o
oc cvo kot q cpcuv o, ot uotooptc, q\oq t
oqyqoct nvu ot uoypotc, t uoypotc nou
ouvocuovot ono cvo qqtko vokoucvo. Cov cktvqooc o
npoypoo okc0qkoc nu 0o ctc cvtocpov vo ouvocuoouc
o uoypotko u\tko nou 0o ou\\couc c to oqyqoq, to
opupto, ncpo ono qv ontkookouotkq kot qqtkq
ouotoypotkq ouvcvcuq, nctpoot(ocvot kot ot ttot o
onoc\coo cvo cotou ouvuooou.

E0&% 3:&#% &#% /12 8+=72%

1o u\tko nou couc ou\\cct cktvct ono o 2003 kot oqpt(cot oc
cvo cupu oo n\qpoopquv kuptu q\tktucvuv Mtkpootouv
nou cy\uoov oc npoouytkou ouvotktoou kot ou onotou
ouvovqooc oc topc ncptoc oqv kcvptkq Mokcovto kot
oqv tkq. Lvo tkpo ctyo ouq q ou\ct npocpcot ono ov
Moupo\oo uv zcppuv, cvo otyu npoouytko upto nou
tpu0qkc o 1924 ono npoouyc nou qp0ov ono qv p\o totto
Mtkp oto.
4
vo(qqooc o ckqpto kot t uoypotc nou
ctov ot v0punot u\oyco oo ontto ou, oo otkoyctok ou
\nou q okoo kot noponcocvo oc nopto kot coocvc
kouc. t n\qpoopqc o cnc\cyov to octp ono uoypotc
nou 0o o ctvov yto qtonotqoq ko0u kot ckctvc nou ou
0ut(ov kt kot q0c\ov vo t\qoouv yto ouc. zqv n\ctovoqo

3
lpuo Mct(ovo L\\qvtoou, 1qo cvco\oyto kot pooptkq oopto.
hLLp:.enealoles.rlMenealoypeppaesprorammaln.phppae1lLleLh
eprorammeomalnelmae1nulllmae2nullbanner1nulllln1nullbanner2
nulllln2nullbanner3nulllln3nulllanree
4
no qv cntonto cpcuvo oo upto Moupo\oo zcppuv, npockuc cvo cy\o
opt0o ontkookouotkuv ouvcvcucuv, ouvcvcucuv qou nou ouvocuov
uoypotc, ycvco\oytkuv cvpuv kot uoypotkou u\tkou nou qtonotq0qkc.
C\o o u\tko qtonotqcvo u\oocot oo pcto Mopuptuv ou ML, 1qo
cvco\oyto kot pooptkq oopto kot ctvot npoooto oc cpcuvqc kot kotvo yto
cpcuvqtkou kot cknotcutkou okonou.
uotooptc: q oqyqoq uv uoypotuv uv Mtkpootouv
[423]

ouuv uv opuptuv o cpcuvqq \cnct o(t c ov oqyqq o\c
t uoypotc kot opt(ct vo ov puct yto k0c to ono ouc.
ootkq cpuqoq npo ov cpuucvo ctvot vo o ncptypct t
\cnct oq uoypoto kot ov 0uot kt q knoto toopto.
Lv0oppuvcot q\oq vo o oqyq0ct to toopto nou oot(cot q
npokunct ono q uoypoto c oq ouo nou cct npoo ou.
vt\ovcot kovct ot oc to ou\\oyq ncvqvo q ckoo
uoypotuv, o cpuucvo 0o cnt\cct ou0opqo ouc nou ou
0ut(ouv kt kot t uno\otnc on\ 0o t npooncpoct. zuvq0u
yto k0c n\qpoopqq npokunct to octp ono cko, uoypotc
nou ou 0ut(ouv kt kot 0c\ct vo o t ncptypct. o\u ouv q
uoypoto onoc\ct o cvouoo yto cvov t\oyo cou ou
cpcuvqq kot ou cpuucvou octk c topo 0coo nou
npokunouv coo ono qv ncptypoq q uoypoto.
1o cococvo q uoypoto ouvq0u puuvot oou
c\ctuoct o oqyqq qv oqyqoq ou nvu oqv k0c uoypoto
kot cooov cv couv co0ct ono ooo cct nct. Aq\oq ootcto
onu o notot ctkovt(ovot, o ono kot q povo\oyto cpovot oc
cucpq otpo cvtocpovo kot ov kot cooov o o cntpcct q
oqyqoq. 1o ootko oqcto cvtocpovo ctvot q c\cu0cpq
oqyqoq nvu oq uoypoto q op0ocpo c oopq qv
uoypoto. Mto octp ono npoountkc otyc ou nopc\0ovo
onu q nottkq q\tkto, q (uq oqv kotvoqo ovooupovot oqv
cntvcto. usan onLa o \cct:

vqq koppct kot oktvqonotct, ootkq q ovo ctvot q
covucvq ctkovo. uoypoto npoocpct cvov ypqyopo pono yto vo
koovoqoouc kt kot cvov ounukvucvo uno yto vo o
onovqovcuoouc. ko0cvo o ono0qkcuct voqtk ckoovc
uoypotc t onotc nopct vo t ovoko\coct oq otyq. (onLa
2003:29)

npoountkq kot kotvuvtkq vqq uv Mtkpootouv poouyuv ctc
outoct oo qooto \oyo c qv c0vtkq vqq q no\ttkq
toopto (8op\ 2003:14). zq vqq uv uoypotuv ou
\cnouc qv ootkq vqq ou k0c unokctcvou nu
cvououvcot oqv kotvuvtkq vqq. 'onokpuq toopto uv
uoypotuv nou poooouoc oov ttutko upo qv
npoouytkq ouoqo, upo ovooupcot. ooptc 0ocvc oo
vqovtko ono0co k0c otkoycvcto yotvouv oqv cntvcto
kvov o yvuoc tooptc kot ycyovoo nou nt0ov vo qv ctov
co0ct c \\o pono. totkooto q vqq copot oc cy\o
o0o ono o cvtocpov. zuv ot yuvotkc 0uouvot otkoycvctok
ycyovoo ko\ucpo ono ou vpc. okptcto oq vqq nt0ov
0qv Aooko\kq
[426]

oct(cot c o kotvuvtko cvtocpov q to no\u npoountkq toopto
(1hompson 2002:172). Mto cvtocpouoo toopto c \cnocpctc
ono qv otkoycvct q, o oqyctot oo nopoku onoonooo q
Moptoo ooo\tou.
3

Aur ro p elot ey.
i j*- 2($ k%@36"3)"e
Aur ro p elvot oro Apo6poko, to novpyupp nou ytvrove n eeye
kot p oepp ou kot rre ot ovoe voove ro roypoo vo p0et vo
6yoet ro notto rou. ppke ro roypoo kot e e6yoe yto vo orelet
oro oepto rou nou prov oro Ayplvto jevvoel ro oepto rou ou0you
rp]. lt' our npoono0poe p oo ou kot 6ppke ro roypoo kot nevre,
eko enro noo ele yto vo oet orp roypolo ourp. lto vo e 6yoet
vo orelet oro oepto rou. kot our elvot ro oerpt kot rre o 0elo ou o
oolp, enote pyovo our prov 6totrp kot rre eypoe. pe oepp
ou eet. Aurp p roypolo e npyoe no0. ltorl e eet ooopt.
uye on noort. 1o noort ev prov erot, konvooyoo prove. uye
on noort kot npye oe oo0pt, ytorl ou 'orete ourp rp roypolo
rpo, lto vo ko, yto vo orevopp0, kot oro notl, orp norp
proe kot ro oerpt, kot orp norp rou notto0 proe kot ro oerpt,

uoypoto onok ouo\tkq oto kot ovoko\ct vqc ooo yto
qv npoountkq kot otkoycvctokq toopto ooo kot yto qv ontkq. zqv
opq \\uoc q uoypoto pqotonotq0qkc kot oq0qoc oq
toqpqoq c vooo\ytko opokqpo q vqq ou ontou ono q
Mtkp oto coo ono to octp ono \cukuoo, oov npoouytko
uno kot oo ncptotk (8op\ 2003:139). pyocpo q pqoq q
oq0qoc oqv otkoycvctokq cv0uqoq otkoycvctokuv kot
npoountkuv otyuv ko0u kot otyuv ono qv toopto q
kotvoqo.
t n\qpoopqc o qov ctc ot ttot npoouyc, ctc
onoyovot npoouyuv c cvovc t vqc ono t
npoouyoyctovtc kot t tooptc (uq uv yovtuv ou kot q
yctovt. Lu\oyo 0o nopouoc vo ovopuq0ct kovct ov ouot ot
v0punot oqyouvot kt nou o couv (qoct ot ttot q to vqq
ono cucpo cpt, q\oq cocpovo qv cnctpto uv yovtuv
ou qv onoto ou cv couv (qoct ot ttot (8op\ 2003:171). zt
uotooptc ot onotc ko\ouc ov oqyqq o vo o oqyq0ct
ot ou 0ut(ct q tkq ou npoountkq otkoycvctokq uoypoto,
ouo cv ouotvct. Mcoo ono cptk nopoctyoo nou
nopo0couc nopoku 0o ouc ov pono c ov onoto oqyctot
kovct kt tko ou, kt otkcto onu ctvot to uoypoto. Cov
oqyouooc nvu oq uoypoto q tvouc vco voqo

3
ooo\tou Mopto, ouvcvcuq oqv Aooko\kq 0qv ot 17032006 oo
Moupo\oo zcppuv.
[427]

tkoto\oyuvo o ytot qv kpoct o oqyqq o. Aq\oq q
unopq kot toqpqoq q uoypoto ctvot cvo ycyovo oqovtko
yto ov oqyqq kot ov cpcuvqq. tot oc to n\cto
uoypotuv o oqyqq o nt0ov cct kpoqoct optocvc q
okoo op0ocpo cct cnt\cct optocvc yto vo nopouotoct q cct
cnt\cct notc 0o ono0cqoct oc ncptonq 0coq coo oo ontt ou q
oo otkoycvctoko \nou. t uoypotc nou ctvot ono0cqcvc
oc covc oqcto ou onttou q ou oyo(tou, ouv coo oc
kopvt(c oo oo\ovt q kpcoocvc oov oto, onoc\ouv ouv
ovtkctcvo cnt\oyq ou oqyqq vo t\qoct yto ouc. t0ov
uoypotc t onotc o oqyqq o cct k\q0ct ouv vo
ncptypct cou kot uno oc ouyycvct kot t\ou, vo nopct vo
ovoko\coct c cyo\ucpq okptcto n\qpooptc q ovovqoct, oc
ocoq c uoypotc t onotc cct vo ct no\\ povto kot cv
pctoqkc noc vo t\qoct yto ouc (1hompson 2002:201). zuvcnu
tvouc oov cpcuvqq qv cukotpto vo cpqvcuoct q \ctoupyto q
uoypoto coo oq vqq-ovvqoq.
uoypoto ktvqonotct oq vqq tucvc cnctptc. 1o
unokctcvo nopoqpct q uoypoto kot c oq ouq opt(ct kot
yupvct ntou oo povo. P cv0uoucvo okoo kot kt oqcptvo,
o ouykptvct q o ouvu(ct c to toopto kot q onoto oop qv
uoypoto. zotcto nou no\u ouv ntoonotouv oqovtk
ycyovoo oqv (uq cvo ov0punou, onu ctvot q ycvvqoq, o yo, q
ntoq, (o 0voo), ckq\uoct q kotvoqo, kuptopouv oc
no\\c uoypotc tvov o oqovtkc n\qpooptc yto q
(uq oqv kotvoqo. t uoypotc oq0ouv vo oqoouc -kot vo
ovo0cupqoouc- o oto0qo nou couc yto cvo nto okptvo
nopc\0ov. t uoypotc t onotc ovoyvupt(ouv ot nvc
onoc\ouv oqcpo ouootko cpo ou t cnt\cyct vo okcct to
kotvuvto q ou t q\uvct ot cct cnt\cct vo okcct (onLa
2003:91).
t uoypotc nou ou\\coc ctvot kuptu npoountkc
q\oq ono topc otyc q npoountkq (uq ou
n\qpoopqq, otkoycvctokc, q\oq otkoycvctok noppoto q ono
otkoycvctokc otyc, uoypotc ono ov qooto upo kot qv
kotvoqo. zuv knotot v0punot u\vc oo ontto ou
uoypotc ono oqovtkc otyc q toopto q kotvoq
ou, ou uptou ou, onu ctvot q ovcycpoq cvo voou, cvo
oo\ctou, ou npuou kotvopq kot \\c. o\\c ono ouc t
uoypotc cv 0o t ouc nou0cv o\\ou, oc kovcvov qooto
opco, nopot ouykpoouv kot opupouv qv toopto to
kotvoqo kot qv nopcto uv ov0punuv oo povo. uotk ouo
ono ovo ou cv 0o ctc ooq oqooto yto qv ontkq toopto ov cv
0qv Aooko\kq
[42]

ouvocuoov ono t tooptc. ooptc kot uoypotc
toopctkc yto k0c npoouno, nou cvtoc no\\c opc nopct vo
couv kot kotv oqcto q vo ctvot ono o tto ycyovo, ouykpoouv
qv ouoqo q kotvoqo. t uoypotc ctkovoypoouv q
(uq kot q vqq uv ov0punuv. Mo tvouv oct q ko0qcptvq
ou (uq, q ou\\oytkq ou poq kot q otkoycvctokq ou
toopto. vqq uv uoypotuv ctvot to kotvuvtkq ooo kot
ootkq totkooto (1hompson 2002:172). uotk cv cvc vo
\ouc unotv o nu q ncptypoq q k0c uoypoto nopct
vo ctnu0ct c toopctko pono oc topc kooooct,
okpooqpto, cpcuvqc, t\ou kot nu q ovk\qoq q nopct vo
unoktvq0ct ono to koucvo ou cpcuvqq, ono o ncpt\\ov, ono
qv cntokcq oov ono cvo nopc\0ovo ycyovoo, ono qv
nopouoto cvo ptou npoounou q ono onotoqnoc cucptko
nopyovo (1hompson 2002:174).
zqovtkq ctvot kot q nopouoto oqctuocuv kot otcpuocuv
oqv ntou oq uv uoypotuv, npyoo nou tvouv oov
n\qpoopqq q uvooqo vo t\qoct yto q oqooto ou q vo
'cto\uvct cvo kot q toopto q otkoycvcto ou q q
cnoq ou n. to ouvq0cto.
t cpuqoct t0cvot c on\o pono kot ctvot ovotc onu
1t \cnouc cu Cc\cc vo ou ncptypcc, Mt\qoc ou yto
qv uoypoto, zo 0ut(ct kt ono q (uq oo Lu t
\cnouc Cc\cc vo ou nctc. cvtk ot onotc cpuqoct ctvot
cotoocvc oqv ovvqoq knoto toopto cou uv
uoypotuv, onoc kot cv0oppuvcot o n\qpoopqq vo
ncptypct ouo nou \cnct kot c oopq ouo vo 0uq0ct kt
ono q (uq ou. Mc oq ouqv qv poq, npokunouv kot vcc
cpuqoct.
Acnocpct oqyqoct onu q otkoycvctokq (uq ctvot
no\utc ytot nopouv vo co0ouv otooo coo ono t
uoypotc. ooptc nou t oqyctot o k0c n\qpoopqq c
ov tko ou pono. npoo\qq ou nopc\0ovo cou uv
ovovqocuv uv ckqptuv, y(ct oqv cntvcto (uvovc
npoountkc tooptc, tooptc oynq q otkoycvctokc tooptc.
vqq ou oqyqq ctvot ouotoypotkq oou 0uot npoountkc
ovovqoct ono o nopc\0ov ou nou ou nopouot(ouv cvovo
ouvoto0qotko opokqpo. to nopctyo, 0uot o npuo
novqyupt oo upto nou oucctc, o npuo povcou, o npuo
noq\oo, cvo y\cvt ttotcpo q to ckpoq, to cnctpto no\u
oqovtkq ono qv otkoycvctokq ou toopto (ko\tq 2002:121)
1o cvtocpov ouuv uv opuptuv ctvot o t cnt\cyct vo
0uq0ct o oqyqq c oopq qv nopouoto q uoypoto. Lvu
[429]

q \c(vo nopct vo toopc\uoct q vo o\\ct o voqo q
uoypoto q opupto nou q ouvocuct q tvct to \\q ckoq
q npoyotkoqo. 1t ov ktvqonotct oq uoypoto kot 0uot
\cnocpctc q (uq ou Cnou cv ovocpcot q qcpoqvto oq
uoypoto u oqctuoq oqv ntou oq q q cv qv 0uot o
oqyqq, nopoqpouc vo qv npootopt(ct q oqyqoq oc ycyovoo
ono qv toopto q kotvoqo q ono qv otkoycvctokq toopto. Lvo
nopctyo nou q povo\oyto q uoypoto tvcot ncptypotk
coo ono qv oqyqoq cvo oqovtkou ycyovoo oq (uq ou
oqyqq. zo nopctyo nou oko\ou0ct \cnouc coo ono qv
ncptypoq q uoypoto vo ovooupovot ouopovo
n\qpooptc yto o c0to q kounopt, onu o 0uot o
oqyqq o ku\o \tvoy\ou.
6

elot kounopo. lot y0p oro evvto povv. kt elot kounopo.
lvot e0to. eel ro eloe ept npooro rpo lyo kon
eonooe nto ept npooro our nou oe oreovve, our oou 6orte
kot ro notto oou. kot ou ro lto, oreovve kot 6orte ro notto rou.
kt enetp o norepo ou ele ylvet kounopo e rov norepo rp kounopo
ou, ey enpene vo ylv onopnore vo kounope ol rou. kt
pouvo or povv konou ekel e 0uoot okpt6 rpv ptklo. konou
or ekel eoo, or evvto povv ep y. Dnou 0uoot rt yto v'
oo ro oreovo ekoroo oe to kopeko onov, yto vo ro rov kt rov
prov o op rou noo|o e ele o norepo ou o ouypeevo orpv
oykoto kot yupvoyoe y0p-y0p.
D >(BBA 2*-b-A 8)*' /)3- 6($52A%(-e^`_*-'" '* l'*- 5-6%Aem
Dt e vol. Ae 0uoot erot op neplnrop e oro pt. Ao prove
e0to! Apop ro kounopt e ooye. kot yto vo oou o vo
koroo6et, ey rov ooo kounopo ooo kounopo..! - eytvo
kounopo o' evo lo ou. kot -- ero nou novrpe0rpko ey e rpv kupo,
p vouvo ou ro po rp ro 'kove ero on nevre pvto, t pvto, Ae e
loye! Doe ope epouv on A0pvo e, e e loye ko0ou. kot
vo e e6ptoke oro po e e loye. Mero on kotp oo0 ne0ove o
vov kot ro otno ero on nevret pvto 0orepo, o eoe kot ro po
rp. Mto ro0pktkp 0po. 1o0pktkp 0po ! Aotnv, rt oo vo n, 1o
euyopt elvot o Avpeo nerplp kot p 1tt, 1po! 1po nerplou. n
v0p kovovtko erot prove. ooo. ooo 6oove orpv norp. Aur ro
kepvoye yto rp Aeurepo. Aeureptortko e eyove nou ro kepvoyove nov,
1o plvove nov. n ne0epo ouvp0 e ro ero npooro n elvot kot
rpo oko. 1o e0to. koptrovouv ro ero, ro kepooo nou kovouv.
lto vo npooe0oet ro vevuo euyopt. Otkovotko.

Mto octp ono uoypotc poqycvc oko\ou0uvo o npouno
uv kotvuvtkuv npoo\qcuv yto qv oyto otkoycvcto nou nqyotvct
ckpoq, ytop(ct o(t k\n., cou uv oqyqocuv onoko\unouv

6
\tvoy\ou ku\o ouvcvcuq oqv Aooko\kq 0qv ot 16032006 oo Moupo\oo
zcppuv.
0qv Aooko\kq
[430]

kpucvc nuc q otkoycvcto kot ko0opt(ouv t ctou
uoypotc cnt\cyovot vo poqouv (1hompson 2002:164).
ouc ou cvo nopctyo ou t cvvoouc. covocuoq oq
cpovto yto cpyooto q ckocto ou 60 qov no\u tococvq.
?npct n\q0o uoypotuv nou opupouv ouo o ycyovo.
?npouv ou kot to octp ono \\c, nou cncptcouv ouo o
ycyovo kpucvo, kcko\ucvo nou ovo to oqyqoq nvu oq
uoypoto nopct vo o onoko\uct q cou vo o unovoqoct.
opoqpuvo q uoypoto \cnouc ovo cvo notkt vo
kvct noq\oo. ko\opq kuptokq o oqyctot to
cvtocpouoo toopto c oopq o noq\oo nou ptoc oo yto
q kot ctkovt(cot oq uoypoto.
7

noorov eel orp lepovlo kt elo epet, eloe epet evo noporo rou
ytou ou, rou ltovvp rou kooopp. kt rov ro epoe ro noporo oro
pt, oe0rpkov o ro notto rou pto0. Me ro noporo. nrov
uoe0pero. nprp opo, ev ele oo noporo. zrp yetrovto o prove ro
ovotk noporo. Aev ele oo.

1o ovotk noporo. nre ro epoe,
1o '64 npyoe, ro '65. kt e nepo, elvot ro nopor rou, nou eet o0et,
kot kovet 6re. Aur ro evrpo, elvot npooro oro onlrt o our nou eet
p \puoo0o nou ekove ro0no. zro Moupoo. elvot npooro oro
onlrt o. zro po rou ontrto0. 1o norptk ou. Aur e ro evrpo.
1po noto rov e6yoe roypolo, ev ep.

usan onLa o \cct:

uq q ouoku\oupyto cntpcnct ot uoypotc vo ctvot
ovtkctcvtkq kooypoq ooo kot npoountkq opupto, ntoo ovtypoo q
coypoq to ouykckptcvq otyq q npoyotkoqo ooo kot
cpqvcto ouq q npoyotkoqo - cvo koop0uo nou nvo o
cnttukc q \oyocvto, o\\ noc cv o ncuc c ooo kupto\cktko
pono. (onLa 2003:33)

P ovtopoo tvcot to toopto nou vuvcot c ctkovc.
q\oq to oqyqoq nou oun\qpuvcot c uoypotc. ct
kovct t uoypotkc tooptc oc no\t cvuno, onou
uoypot nopouoto(ov uoypotc c ouvocutk kctcvo,
nopoko\ou0uvo to toopto (onLa 2003:39).
cntkotvuvtokq vqq (Assmann 1993:126-127)
ovonuoocot oo n\ototo tkpuv ouv kot uno, c ov
npooptko \oyo kot t ouotoypotkc kot otkoycvctokc tooptc.
t npoountkc ovovqoct nou ouvocuouv t uoypotc
coont(ovot ono o ncto q ttutkq ouvoto0qotkq oto

7
ko\opq kuptokq ouvcvcuq oqv Aooko\kq 0qv ot 17032006 oo
Moupo\oo zcppuv.
[431]

oo ncto q kotvuvtkq oqooto. opoqpouc q\oq to
coontoq ono ov npoountko opokqpo q vqq q
uoypoto oov ou\\oytko, ono qv npooptkq ovvqoq oo
ypono cntoqovtko kot qooto \oyo (8op\ 2007). ck0coq uv
ckqptuv o(t c o kctcvo nou o ouvocuouv qtoupyouv to
nop\\q\q toopto oc onoonooo, q onoto cktv ono t
cnctptc kot q vqovtkq kou\oupo uv unokctcvuv q toopto
kot vovo cpt q qtoupyto to vco kotvoqokotvoquv
cvtoc totkuokq, onou cvo cy\o tkuo oouv nopct vo
cntkotvuvqoct ouc t vqc kot o ckqpto nou t ouvocuouv.

9#h3#,&+%-0%

Assmann, !an. 1993. ollecLle Memory an ulLural lenLlLy, Ne
etmoo ctltloe, prln-ummer:123-133.
8op\, Mt\q. 2003. toopuoq q npoouytkq vqq.
zo nepo on rpv koroorpop Mtkpootore npouye orpv
oo rou Meoonoeou, 0qvo: lpuo Mct(ovo
L\\qvtoou:14-174.
8op\, Mt\q. 2007. ovovro rt ple, vokotvuoq oc
ckq\uoq oo lpuo q 8ou\q uv L\\qvuv c 0co '
tkq yq unoccot ou npoouyc ou '22, 0qvo, 22
Moptou.
ko\tq, Lovouq\. 2002. lvortkp uooylo, lvortkp
eupoentorpp kot knoteurtkp npop, 0qvo.
onLa, usan. 2003. noporppvro rov nvo rv ov, 0qvo:
crlpLa.
1hompson, aul. 2002. 1ve on ro nope0v, 0qvo: \c0pov.

[432]

[433]

W'/,&+%-#.8? *%+%5:$=#? .%# %#&%#%.8? 2='/=+#.:/1/=?V
) =<2,&+%-#.( h#,&+%-0% =2:? =2/:*#,7 -'/,&+4-,7 $/1 C.r+,

1puuv Mnont\q
1

\jklmnol

lbotoqtoblc ttoJltloos ooJ Aeqeoo moJetoltles. Ao etbooqtoblc
bloqtoby otoocb

5loce tbe beqlooloq of tbe teotletb ceototy botoqtobs bove become oo
loteqtol ott of tbe soclol llfe of Aeqeoo lslooJets. lbotoqtoblc lmoqes
bove beeo locotototeJ ooJ ofteo ossocloteJ ltb ttoJltloo,
ootbeotlclty, tltool toctlces ooJ locol lJeotlty. A oy of otoocbloq tbls
ttoJltlooollotloo of botoqtoby ls tbe bloqtoby of tbe self-tooqbt lslooJ
botoqtobet loools eootJls bo et tbe ooly botoqtoby sbo oo tbe
lslooJ of 5ytos fot ovet tbltty yeots. 1be stoty of tbe botoqtobets llfe
ooJ bls lJely cltcolotloq botoqtobs ote veblcles of votyloq ootloos of
ttoJltloo ooJ moJetolty tbot ote of ceottol lmottooce lo cootemototy
etbooqtoby ooJ ootbtooloqy.

"#$%&'&(

0coo uv cvontuv uoypuv q o\\tu uoypuv
ou uptou onoc\ct cvo oqovtko cpo q cono\ctkq L\\o
ot ovo cnctq kooypct toopctkc nuc ou no\ttoou q
L\\qvtkq unot0pou o\\ kot cnctq coo ono ouq qv ontkq
uoypoto ot cvvotc q nopooq kot ou ovcpvou
cvo\\ooovot kot onoc\ouv ootkc cvvoto\oytkc koqyoptc. 1o
nopov p0po onoc\ct to npuq npoon0cto ou ov0puno\oyou vo
cvontoct ov pono nou o ouotoko uoypo q zkupou tvvq
8cvopq ouvto\cycot c qv ou\ct ou kot cnt\cyct qv oto0qtkq
to ontkq nopoootokoqo.
Lvo poo yto vo npoocyytoouc ov uoypo, ov pono
nou ovt\ovcot ouo t uoypotc ou kot qv koptcpo ou,
ctvot cou q c0voypotkq ou toypoto. Cnu \\uoc cct ctct
kot o erzel (1997), q c0voypotkq toypoto nopct vo cncpoct o
opto to ovoypoto nou oqpt(cot kot tvct cooq oqv kotvuvtkq
oq, oc 0coou q okoq kot oc vopc. Lnt\cyovo u kcvptko ovo
o unokctcvo, q c0voypotkq toypoto nopct okoo kot vo
ouvto\\oyct c ouou nou nqyotvouv cvvto oqv kotvuvtkq oq q

1
ovcntoqto ou Aocpvo (vA). Lrlonb[yahoo.com.
1puuv Mnont\q
[434]

ptokovot oo ncpt0upto (Caley 196). Lvu o uoypo noc cv
onoc\coc ncpt0uptoko ootcto oo vqot q zkupou, o ycyovo ot
qov knoto c ootkc cntppoc nou kocypoc qv nopooq c ov
oko ou, ov tooponotct ono ou uno\otnou zkuptovou yto ou
onotou q nopooq qov cocvq.
Aovovo unoq qv cy\q ou q\tkto kot o ycyovo ot cv
unpct ouoqotkq kooypoq q ou\ct ou, q toypoto ou cct
ocvo ouotko opokqpo uoc vo kooypoct q ontkq ou ttou ou
uoypou oo o0o nou ouo ctvot uvoo kot occpou cct kpttkq
t0coq uoc ot uoypotc ouc onu kot \\c uoypotc
cvontuv uoypuv vo qv ck\ovovot on\ u onctkovtoct
cvo ctovtkcucvou nopc\0ovo.
uq q uotoyvutkq t0coq yto ov\uoq ou nopc\0ovo
coo ono uoypotk opcto 0o npcnct vo \ct ooop unoq t
ouv0qkc nopoyuyq uv uoypotuv o\\ kot qv npoountkq ooq
ou k0c uoypou oncvovt oc cvvotc nou opkcc opc nopct vo
npoocyyt(ovot ouotokpotk. opoctyoo ptv, unpouv opkcc
qootcuoct nou ovonopyouv cotou cto uoypotc yto vo
unooqptouv \ooypotk, ov0puno\oytk, q kot tooptoypotk
cntctpqoo. Mto npoocktkq toypoto q nopoyuyq ou nopct vo
ouvctocpct ttotcpo oc to ko\ucpq ovt\qq ou nopc\0ovo o\\
kot q cntppoq ou oov pono nou ovt\oovoooc o nopov.
1o 0coo nou cnt\cyct vo toouoct o k0c ov0puno\oyo coo
ono qv c0voypoto ou ncpo ono ov npoountko ou opokqpo
cvcouv to no\ttkq toooq o\\ kot to ouvcq cntpooq oq
toopuoq uv cvvotuv q nopooq, q cvontoqo kot q
no\ttotkq k\qpovot. Ltvot no\\ o nopoctyoo nou couc
oqcpo c0votkuv kot u\ctkuv ouv nou pqotonotouv qv
c0voypoto yto vo votonotqoouv qv t0oycvct ou q okoq kot qv
ouo0ovq ouoqo ou (omaro an omaro 2009, eschlere 2009,
upLa an leruson 1997). Mc ov tto pono q cvonto uoypoto
onoc\ct coo c o onoto topo npooyoo oo ovoo q
nopooq kot q no\ttotkq k\qpovot voqoooouvot kot
pqotonotouvot no\ttk, cvtoc ono ontkou opct, onu ou\\oyot
yto qv touoq q nopooq o\\ kot qotkc opc. Ltvot q
totkooto ko qv onoto o upto, coo ono no\\on\c okc,
npooootuvct o c0vo (onootpq 2006). Lko ou ono qv
no\ttkq toooq ou 0coo, o pono nou q ontkq uoypoto
cntp oqcpo ot ouypovc ycvtc cpcuvquv kot cvontuv ctvot kot
kotvuvtkq ko0u cct qtoupyqoct to ouvctqoq ono\uq pqq c o
nopc\0ov kot to cvvoto\oyqoq q vcucptkoqo oc ovttooo\q c
o no\ot povto, o c0to, kot cvov \\o pono (uq.
uoypotkc nopoooct kot otyotokc vcucptkoqc
[433]

uq q ontkq q nopooq ou yvqotou \otkou no\ttoou
kot q L\\qvtkq unot0pou cnqpc(cot o0t ono qv ontkq q
cnovoo(ocvq cvt ou 30, q onoto ptokoov oc to ouvcq
ovo(qqoq to ou0cvtkoqo kot L\\qvtkoqo (1(too 2011). Ltvot
ouo o ycvtkocpo no\ttotko n\ototo nou cnqpc(ct ov tvvq
8cpvopq, ko0u q uoypoto ou 0o ovo(qqoct qv cvvoto q
nopooq kot q ontkq zkuptovoqo oc nno\\c nuc q.

; -'/,&+4-,?

tvvq 8cpvopq ycvvtcot oq zkupo ot 2 Moptou o 1930. to
ou Aqqpq 8cpvopq kot q ko\\tonq ou 8o\tuq. cvvtcot oo
unoycto ou kocvctou ou nocpo ou oqv oyop ou vqotou kot ot
npuc ovovqoct onu kot uoypotc nou cpcot oc cnoq ctvot
coo oo kocvcto. 1o uoypotko noppoto ou nocpo ou o\\ kot
ouo ou nonnou ou ctvot oc ncptonq 0coq coo oo kocvcto nou
cyo\uvct. zo ontt ou unpouv ono nott q uoypoto ou nocpo
ou c ov vcoycvvqo tvvq oqv oyko\t ou tn\o oqv o\uvq, qv
qpoontkq npotko ntuv, kcpotkuv kot \\uv ovtkctcvuv.
ncvovt ono o kocvcto ou nocpo ou ctvot o novonu\cto
ou npno-tvvq ou 8oyyc\q. npno tvvq cct ovto vo
otn o tvvq oo you\o oov ctvot nott cpt vo \ct o
k\oo. Mc o k\o o tvvq notvct oo novonu\cto yto vo ov
kcpoct o novonu\q cvo kot o\ kot vo ov ko\ontoct.
novonu\q ctvot o npuo nou nou\ct uoypotk t\ oo vqot kot
ctvot cntoq o npuo nou cct to uoypotkq qovq tkpq
k\toko-o kovocpokout onu o nott qv ovoot(ouv.
ko\q ocoq ou tvvq c ov novonu\q ctvot kot q oopq
yto vo cp0ct oc cnoq o tvvq yto npuq op c q uoypoto o
1946. ptv ono to ckpoq oc to ono t nopo\tc ou vqotou o(t c
\\ou ouo0qc, o novonu\q npoocpct oov tvvq o kout yto
vo y\ouv uoypotc. 1o kout ou ov(ct oytko kot kt cvc\u
ovotko. 1o nott couv ovoct qovc o\\ opkc cyo\ucpc,
t yvuoc uoopovtkc. uq q qovq ctvot tkpq kot o nott
nopouv vo y\ouv o,t ou 0c\qoouv.
tvvq yvupt(ct ovo ono uoypotc o noppoto ou
nonnou kot ou nocpo ou o\\ kot noppoto \\uv npoyovuv coo
oo ontto q zkupou, ono0cqcvo tn\o oo ctkovoooto q oo
kcpotk kot oo nto nou cono(ouv oov zkuptovo tkooo. Lot, ot
npuc otkctc uoypotc nou op(ovot oqv vqq ou
uoypou ctvot noppoto npoyovuv nou ouvq0u ctvot npotovo
n\ovotuv uoypuv kot ono0couvot nvoc oc qooto 0co
coo oo ontto. Mcptk ctvot oonpooupc cntpuotocvc
1puuv Mnont\q
[436]

uoypotc nou (uypot(ovot kot cn\out(ovot c kpouvo kot
onoc\ouv to cvq nou otpt(ct c qv cvq uv kcpotkuv kot qv
nopoootokq cvq ou tkooou. A\\uoc kot ou o noppoto onu
kot o nto q o\uvq couv vo kvouv c qv vqq uv npoyovuv.
nocpo ou tvvq cct opkc noppoto, ou opcoct vo
uoypot(cot, o tto kot o nonnou ou nou unqpc qoycpovo
q cy\q opo. t povc kot ot qoycpovc nou kuptopouv
oqv kotvuvtkq (uq ou vqotou cpt kot o c\q ou 19ou otuvo ctvot
ouot nou cnqpc(ouv o0t qv cvvoto q nopooq, ko0u q
cntctktkq koov\uoq noq uocu tokooqtkuv ootctuv ono
nopoc\vc unou elL cu o yvuo kcpotk 'unou 1oov ko\c
(anaale) ytvovot ovonoonooo kot q ontkq oto0qtkq.
ko nopooto pono ot uoypotc cvououvovot oqv
oto0qtkq ou coucptkou upou kot oqv otokq koqyoptonotqoq uv
no\otuv. cpo ono o noppoto uv npoyovuv, ot npuc cntppoc
ou tvvq ctvot ot n\ovotot uoypot. A\\uoc o tvvq ctvot kot
ouo oo upto, oo ookkto, oqv oyop kot qv coq. Ltvot ko
knoto pono kot ouo n\ovoto uoypo ko0u noc cv
ooo\ctot c qv uoypoto oc oouvto. A\\uoc noc cv
qtoupyct to ot0ouoo \qcuv oo uoypocto ou kot cv 0c\ct vo
ou\cuct c oqcvc uoypotc oc coucptkou upou.
ocoq ou tvvq c qv onctkovtoq cktv qq ono o oo\tk
povto oqv Mcotkq L0vtkq pyvuoq nco\oto (Ln) onou notpvct
o0qoo (uypotkq ono ov cpovo ocponopo ou puou
oykootou o\cou kot oc\co q ontkq Ln oq zkupo, cokc.
cokc cnqpc(ct o0t ov tvvq ko0u u vcoot0ct yonpo oo
vqot kot cpovo cct to cuptoq ot ono ou kootkou ou
vqotou yto ov no\ttoo kot yto qv \otkq nopooq. Lpyo ou c
kpouvo q opoktk 0o onounu0ouv opyocpo ono ov tvvq kot 0o
onoc\coouv cnvcuoq yto qv cvvoto\oyqoq q nopoootokoqo.
tvvq \cnct q uoypoto opkc kov oq (uypotkq
kot nop\\q\o c t npuc uoypotc ou npoono0ct vo
(uypotoct. A\\uoc oo cnovoo(ocvo cpyooqpt ou tvct qq
ono o 1949, o(t c t uoypotc ou, onc\c yto oyo(t. Atu
pcuo q cvtoq uv t\ oo cpyooqpt ctvot opkc cnuuvq kot
ovoyk(cot vo oc\vct o t\ yto cvtoq oqv kuq c o kokt.
vcoo ot npuc uoypotc q nopco ou, opt(ct vo y(ct kot
uoypotc yto qooto cyypoo nou ou (qvc cntovo opkcot
vqotuc. Lot, ono cpootcvq ytvcot ootok cnoyyc\oto
[437]

uoypo, ono ovykq oo vqot o\\ kot yto tonoptotkou
\oyou
2
.
cpo ono t nopoyyc\tc nou opt(ct vo cct o tvvq,
ovonuooct kot ncptqyqtkq uoypoto q onoto cnt0uct vo cct to
ttotcpq ontkq kot uotkq ouoqo. v nopouoc, 0o q0c\c o\q ou q
ou\\oyq vo cnvcct ouq qv zkuptovq oupo kot k0c uoypoto vo
ctvot to onctkovtoq q nopooq.
zo npuo povto nou \ctoupyct o cpyooqpt ou kot oov o
tvvq ctvot ncptnou 23 cuv, o yvuoo uoypo znupo Mc\c(q
0o ov yvuptoct oqv zkupo. Mc\c(q cct optoct qq vo cttkcucot
oc kop noo\ kot t uo coc nou 0o ctvct oo vqot, o tvvq
0o ov cvoyqoct oc k0c \oyq onto kot 0coo. Lot o vcopo
uoypo (ct to cnctpto nou ov ko0opt(ct oqv ccncto nopcto
ou kot ovonuooct kot ouo ncpotcpu tcc oc ou\ kop noo\. 1o
0co ou nopocvouv nopoootok kot opt(ouv kot cnckctvovot oc
\oyq - \oyq ko0qcptvc pooqptoqc kot upou. pkc 0coo
oqvovot ouvctq, onu q yuvotko nou yvc0ct, uoc vo ctvot ooo o
uvoov nto ou0cvtk zkuptov kot vo cncptcouv ck0opo qv ontkq
ouoqo.
1o 0coo cnt\cyovot kuptu c oq cvo kptqpto, vo ouoouv
cvo nopov nou vcot kot vo kooypouv ouo nou o uoypo
voqoooct u nopooq. Mcoo oc ouo o n\ototo o uoypo
opt(ct vo t(ct kot o opcto ou q q ou\\oyq ou. ocoq ou c o
vcoouooo \ooypotko ouocto oo vqot, nou tpucot o 1967,
onoc\ct \\q to cntppoq oq uoypoto ou. Lu oc \\uoc q
ootkq oto0qtkq voctot u ovucpq, nto no\ttocvq kot ck\cnuocvq.
ontkq oto0qtkq cv ctvot ovcpvo o\\ cptkc opc
onto0opotkq kot q nopooq cct oto yto cptkou \ooypou nou
cpcuvouv qv zkupo kot npono\ctk. zotok, ou, ono o 1960 kot
c, covt(ovot ouptoc nou cvtocpovot yto qv nopooq kot
yto o \ooypotko ouocto kot ootok q \otkq nopooq kot cvq
ytvovot no\o c\q ouptoou (Zarla 1996). pkcot vqotuc ou(qvc
nu ot cvot cpovot ono okpt kot n\qpuvouv opkc yto vo ouv ov
\otko no\ttoo q zkupou -po q nopooq npcnct vo cct knoto oto.
uoypo ouvcpy(cot oc knoto 0coo c o
\ooypotko ouocto oc ncptoptocvc ckooct, u\\to q
onounuoct q ou\\oyq ou. Mcoo oq ckocto ou 1960 kot ou
1970 ou kot \\ot \ooypot 0o ov cntokcouv yto vo ou
ovo0coouv cpyooto oc nopoootok 0coo onu o oqto uv
otyonpouv uv oonvquv ono ov kopo(.

2
zuvcvcuq ou tvvq 8cvopq ono ov 1puuvo Mnont\q, opt0o 3, zkupo 22
Moou 2012.
1puuv Mnont\q
[43]

1o cyo\ucpo ou cpo q ou\ct ou uoypou
nopocvct npoountko, nop o\c t cntppoc q, kot ouvctq
nopoootoko. to ncptooocpo ono ptvo povto oo ovotko
uoypocto ou vqotou, o tvvq 0o ouykcvpuoct to ou\\oyq
cyo\ucpq ono 3.000 uoypotc ot onotc ot vqotuc 0o
ovo(qqoouv ouyycvct, t\ou kot yctovc. t uoypotc ou
oyop(ovot kot ono0couvot oc coucptkou upou onttuv ooo
oqv zkupo ooo kot oqv 0qvo onou (ct to cy\q kotvoqo
zkuptovuv.
1o 1992 cktcot ono qv Mopto Mouptkou, to cvonto
c0voypo kot ontko ov0puno\oyo, to ou\\oyq c t uoypotc
ou tvvq nou cct t\o uoypo q zkupou. t uoypotc
ou tvvq 0o qootcuouv oc n\q0upo \\uv ov0puno\oytkuv kot
\ooypotkuv c\cuv kot c\tk o tto 0o kootu0ct u o
nopoootoko uoypo. Aqo zkupou 0o ov tqoct oc
topc ckq\uoct kot ot\tc kot ontkot ou\\oyot 0o opyovuoouv
ck0coct c uoypotc npo tqv ou. zc to ono t c\cuotc
ckq\uoct oo kqo ou kcpotoo tvvq konoytvvq o 2007 0o
ytvct \too kot ovonopoooq q ovotuoq q nopooq coo ono
uoypotc ou tvvq. ncot vuvovot c nopoootokc opcotc kot
notpvouv no(c tn\o ot uoypotc ou. knotot \\ot
ovonoptoouv o o\uvtoo. uq ctvot q no\ot zkupo nou ou0qkc
coo ono t uoypotc ou, onu opkcot vqotuc ou(qouv.
tvvq ot tkc o ou(qqoct 0o ou nct nu onc0vcot
otqnoc ovcpvo, nop o\o nou cct kot to ou\\oyq ono yuv nou
cv cct ytvct noc qooto. uo nou ytvcot qooto ctvot nvoc
ocov o nopoootoko. t uoypotc ou cv couv ono\uu
koto povo\oyqoq kot cv unpct knoto qcpo\oyto q knoto
oqctuoq nou vo t ouvocuct. poono0uvo vo ou(qqoouc o
0coo ot uoypotc ou tvvq, o povo ytvcot ouotootk
ovunopko kot noyucvo ot otyc nou onctkovt(ct. uq q
ouvctqq opovtkq nopoootokoqo kot nopoootkonotqoq cvcct kot
to ononpoounonotqoq ouuv nou ptokovot ot uoypotc.
knoto npoouno ytvovot yvuo cvu o\\ nopocvouv yvuoo kot
coocvo. Ltvot ou npoouno npoyovuv, uv no\otuv, coo oc cvo
n\ototo onou q npoountkq ouoqo oo\yoonotctot c qv
ou\\oytkq zkuptovq opovtkq ouoqo.
Lot ot uoypotc copcnovot oc ouo nou o hrlsLopher
lnney (2003) ovo(ct onoq\o ootcto (ecepLle elence).
onoq\oqo uv uoypotuv ptokcot oo ot voqoooouvot vo
onctkovt(ouv to ctovtkcucvq zkupo oc cvo povo nou cv ctvot o
tko o. t uoypotc tcktkouv cvo upo kot cvo povo ncpo ono
[439]

o yytyo q vcucptkoqo, cvo noppoto noyucvo oo povo ncpo
ono qv ovooto ou uoypou.
1o npo\qo cktvct oov 0cupouc nu ot uoypotc ctvot
q onounuoq q otyq ou nopc\0ovo, to ovtkctcvtkq onctkovtoq
q npoyotkoqo. Cov \otnov npoono0ouc vo tooouc qv
uoypoto kot vo ckotcuoouc ootcto oct uv tkuv o
ovt\qcuv, cv kvouc kt \tyocpo ono ouo nou kvouv ot yvuoot
uotoyvutoc ov 19 otuvo, ot onotot to(ouv npoouno yto vo
cokptuoouv ov opokqpo knotou kot vo ov koqyoptonotqoouv.
A\\uoc oc ouq qv oq unpct q ncnot0qoq nu q npoyotkoqo
ouq unpct kot ctvot opoq oqv cntvcto, oo otvco0ot.
t npoountkc uoypotc ou tvvq nou cv ctvot qootc q
yvuoc, cv ctvot ouo nou ot vqotuc cvvoouv nopoootokc.
?npouv otyc ono oo\tk npt, ono ckpoc, ono otto ou
uoypou, ono q0onotou q yvuoc npoountkoqc oqv zkupo kot
uotk o yuv. A\\uoc o tto 0o otcct oc topc upc q
Lupunq, 0o ctvot ouv oqv 0qvo kot 0o kvct nopco c ooou
zkuptovou. Co ctvot ono ou npuou nou cct uoypotkq qovq
oo vqot o\\ kot ooooko kot \cnct ou pokc, ou
kootvoyovoou kot ou cotkou, vo o\\(ouv kot vo vovot.
Ltvot, tou, ono ou kocoqv vqotuc q zkupou nou tuvct
qv vcucptkoqo c ouo ov pono, u to ouvctqoq ono\uq pqq
c ouo nou ncpv kot vcot kot c\o ctvot ouo nou onu ot uo
npuc cntppoc ou, ot n\ovotot uoypot kot o noppoto
npoyovuv oo ontto kot oo kocvcto , onounuvouv q (uq uv
npoyovuv cu.
Lot ot uoypotc ou, cttk qv c\cuoto ckocto 0o
kpcooouv oc ocpvc kot cotoopto, kocvcto kot oouncp pkc,
ncptncpo kot c q opq kop noo\. uo ov kvct o0t ncpqovo
kot tkovonotqcvo ytot ot uoypotc ou opcoouv kot ptokct o
ko0cvo ouo nou 0c\ct oc ouc. koq kot ov ouo ctvot to
ovootokq no\ot zkupo.

C7>*=+4$>%/%

1o 1930 nou ycvvtcot o tvvq 8cvopq unpouv qq opkcc
uoypotc oo cunopo ontto q zkupou kot oo oyo(t q oyop.
uc ot uoypotc qtoupyouvot ono n\ovotou uoypou
kot ctvot ouvq0u noppoto npoyovuv kot c\uv uv otkoycvctuv.
u o noppoto ono0couvot o(t c o no\ot kot ytvovot
ovonoonooo cpo q coucptkq oto0qtkq ou zkuptovou onttou.
ko0u cyo\uvct o tvvq, 0o ov ouvcnpct o kout kot 0o
oycuct ono t uvooqc uv qovuv tkpq k\toko. Co optoct
1puuv Mnont\q
[440]

ootok vo pqotonotct qv npuq ou kcpo yto ovykc uv
vontuv o\\ kot yto tkou ou tonoptotkou \oyou. op\\q\o,
qtoupyct onc\c oyo(tuv kot ovotyvuct t tkovoqc ou cvtq
c ou uoypou. ootkq ou cntppoq ono o npuo povto q
uoypoto ou ctvot o kop noo\, c o onoto 0o cotkctu0ct kot
0o qtoupyqoct cvo cy\o cpo q ou\ct ou.
Mcoo oc ouo o n\ototo 0o okqvo0cqoct kot 0o ovo(qqoct
nuc to ontkq ou0cvtkoqo nou oyko\t(ct o okocvo
npoouno uv cotvuv, qv optckovtkq ou vqotou, t
c\coupytkc nuc q kotvuvtkq (uq, qv nopoyuytkq totkooto
kot nno\\c ctkovc q uoq ou vqotou. Mcoo oc o\o ou o
0coo o uoypo cct uo oo0cp cpuqoo nou tootvovot
oo cyo\ucpo cpo q ou\ct ou upt ou noc vo o
tounuvct pq, t kvct cvo 0co ko0couou zkuptovo kot t ctvot ouo
nou vcot ono q vcucptkoqo u ctvot \\uoc cpuqoo nou
kot o k0c c0voypo ko\ctot vo onovqoct oqv nopcto to cpcuvo.
tvvq 8cvopq ou onoc\ct cvov ouvctq ontko
uoypo nou oo cyo\ucpo toqo q koptcpo ou ovo(q vo
kooypct cvo nopov nou ytvcot nopc\0ov kot vcot o(t c o
ncptooocpo npoouno uv uoypotuv ou. uo o nopc\0ov
n\ototuvcot c o 0coo q nopoootokoqo nou ctvot kcvptkq
oqooto oqv ou\ct ou uoypou. no qv kooypoq uv
oonvquv cpt ov zkuptovo yo, ot uoypotc ou onctkovt(ouv
nctpc nuc ouou nou o uoypo voqoooct u nopooq.
uq q voqoooqoq ytvcot opkcc opc cnt\cycvo ko0u q ooq,
q ontkq q q nopoooq npoo oov oko ctvot kot okqvo0cqcvq.
npoon0cto koovoqoq ouq q ontkq cct vo kvct
uotk c nno\\c cntppoc q ycvt ou 1930, c qv cpotuoq q
\ooypoto oqv L\\o, c qv ovo(qqoq to L\\qvtkoqo oqv
unot0po, c qv koookcuq q c0vtkq ouoqo kot uotk c to
cono\ctkq oto0qoq q vcucptkoqo u ono\uq pqq c o
nopc\0ov.
1o npo\qo ou cktvct oov o cpcuvqq, o tooptko q o
ov0puno\oyo , \ovouv qv uoypoto on\ u to
ovonopoooq ou nopc\0ovo coo ono qv onoto nopouv vo
ovoko\uouv nuc q kou\oupo q q (uq uv uno c\cq
0cuv. Atu qv no\\on\ cnqpcoocvq toypoto ou uoypou
nou ctvot cvonto, ktvuvcuouc vo npouc qv cvontoqo u
cocvq kot vo oqyq0ouc oou \ouptv0ou uv onoq\uv
ootctuv. ktvuvcuouc vo ovo(qouc oupc oc uoypotc nou
couv ytvct kop noo\ kot vo unooootonotouc o nopc\0ov.

[441]

#h3#,&+%-0%

omaro, !. an omaro, !. 2009. tbolclty, loc. hlcao an Lonon: 1he
nlerslLy o hlcao ress.
eschlere, . 2009. 1be letlls of 8elooqloq. Aotocbtbooy, cltleosbl, ooJ
closloo lo Aftlco ooJ otoe. hlcao an Lonon: 1he nlerslLy
o hlcao ress.
upLa, A. an leruson, !. 1997. ulLure, oer, lace: xploraLlons ln
rlLlcal AnLhropoloy. ue nlerslLy ress.
erzel, M. 1997. orLralL o a ree lmalnaLlon: An Lhnoraphlc
8loraphy o Anreas eneals. hlcao an Lonon: 1he
Caley, !. 196. 5lmooe Je 8eoovolt. e or: anLheon.
onootpq L. 2006. Ltooyuyq oo Lu0uto onootpq
(cntc\cto), neptnerete rp ereprpro. n nopoyyp rp
notrtotkp toopo orp opeptvp oo, 0qvo: \cvpcto,
oc\. 1-3.
lnney, . 2003. 1hlns appen: Cr rom hlch MomenL oes LhaL b[ecL
ome ln anny Mlller (e.), Motetlollty, 236-272. urham
Lonon: ue nlerslLy ress.
pyer, . 2001. hoLoraphy's lramlns an nramlns: A 8ele
ArLlcle. comototlve 5toJles lo 5oclety ooJ nlstoty, 431:11-192.
1(too, A. 2011. O 00o rp yevto rou 1ptovro= ereptkrpro,
epvtkrpro kot notrtotkp teooylo. 0qvo, o\tV
Zarla, . (1996) hlloxenla 8ecelln 1ourlsLs - buL noL uesLs - on a
ree lslan, ln !. 8olssealn (es.), coloq ltb 1ootlsts. otoeoo
keoctloos to Moss 1ootlsm. rolence, Cxor: 8erhahn 8oos.

[442]

[443]

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=2:? +=>*8/1 $/, 5#4h% /,7 LR
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tvvq Zotkq
1

\jklmnol

cootesteJ otlJs lo tbe ootsltts of cltles. 1be moslcol bloqtoby of o
tebetls ovet tbe cootse of tbe 0tb ceototy

toloq ftom o tooqe of bloqtoblcol occooots, moslcol etfotmooces ooJ
etbooqtoblc testlmooles, tbe oet elotes tbe moslcol bloqtoby of oo
omoteot sloqet (1907-001) ooJ ttoces tbe coltotol memoty of o ooo-
commetclol te-tebetlco moslcol sceoe lo netolloo of ctete. Memotles of
ooJ oboot moslc ltblo tbe ottlcolot cootet of evetyJoy llfe of tbe clty
ootsltt otoooJ tbe loos btotbels Jlsttlct, bosblsb Jeos ooJ ottslJe
booots cotty tbelt oo blstotles tbot ote lotettloeJ ltb oostolqlc
teflectloo, octs of ootbeotlcotloo, meooloq ooJ omblvoleoce. 8loqtoblcol
occooots fooctloo os o fotm of coltotol teslstooce to tbe moJetolotloo of
otboo llfe ooJ commetclolleJ moslc blcb leJ to tbe motqloollotloo of
tbe sobects moslcol lJeotlty lo o cbooqloq soclol otlJ.

"#$%&'&(

t qot ou nopc\0ovo cocpouv o tk ou oqto ono qv
toopto kot qv no\ttotkq o\\oyq (8lLhell 2006). t ouotkc npoktkc
ttotcpuv kotvoquv nou opyovu0qkov cu ono o vcucptko ouoqo
q tokoypotkq nopoyuyq kot tooq q ouotkq nopouv vo
c\cq0ouv u (uoc no\ttotkc nopoooct nou ovotuvouv
npoouptv oo c0voypotko ncto kot tonpoyocuovot qv
no\ttotkq coo\q kot qv ouoqo. ouotkq toypoto, to
cpcuvqtkq npoktkq ovoouv0coq kot ovn\ooq q toopto (uq kot
q ouotkq topoq cvo unokctcvou coo ono qv oqyqoq kot
qv ovopotkq cntc\coq poyoutuv o tvct qv cukotpto vo
ccoouc ovotkctc ouotkc ou nopc\0ovo kot vo ovotouc cvo
t\oyo ovcoo oq vqq, qv toopto, qv ouotkq kot qv
no\ttotkq ouoqo.
vtkctcvo ouq q cpyooto ctvot q ouotkq toypoto ou
pokonq cnovkq q kou\oup (1907-2001), cvo cpootcvq

1
ovcntoqto kpqq.
tvvq Zotkq
[444]

poyoutoq nou ookouoc qv cvq ou ot nopuc q no\q c
cntkcvpo q ouvotkto uv nopvctuv ou Akkou. ov\uoq q to-
toopto ou tvct to ono t c\cuotc cukotptc oqv okoqotkq
kotvoqo yto vo tvq\oqoct cvo yvuoo kooo nou noponcnct oc to
ncptoo nptv qv v0qoq ou cnuvuou tokoypotkou pcnctkou, oqv
npuoycvq oq (Aotovko 197) q qv npotoopto ou
pcnctkou (o(qnovo(q 196) yto qv onoto unpct no\u u0o\oyto
kot vooo\yto o\\ \tyooq cpcuvo. op\\q\o, tvct cpc0tooo yto qv
koovoqoq ou ponou c ov onoto ot ko0qcptvot v0punot tuoov t
no\ttotkc coo\c q no\q ou pok\ctou ko0u oqvct ntou q
o kooono\ttko nopc\0ov q kpqtkq o\tcto kot cvououvcot
oo c0vtko kopo oko\ou0uvo to opyooupq totkooto no\ttotkou
ckovcpvtoou kot ckutktoou.
1o cyo\ucpo cpo ou npoyoo\oytkou u\tkou npocpcot
ono cupucpq cpcuvo nctou yto ov kotvuvtko kooo uv nopvctuv ou
Akkou q onoto cytvc oo cq 1992-1993 kot ncpt\ovc 23 totooptc,
opctoko, ouotko\oytko kot uoypotko u\tko kot onoc\tucvc
n\qpooptc ono ov ontko uno. zc ouq qv cpyooto onootoo vo
cnovc\0u oo c0voypotko ncto yto vo ccou ovoooootk to
nopoctyotkq to-toopto coo ono o cpqvcutko nptoo q
ouotkq toypoto. oopq yto qv cntopoq oo ncto onoc\coc
q ouykcvpuoq vcou cpcuvqtkou u\tkou nou cvontoqkc oq 8tkc\oto
8t\to0qkq pok\ctou c ouvcvcuct kot qoypoqoct poyoutuv
ou cnovkq nou cytvov o 19 kot ctvot opcto0cqcvc oc qtokq
opq oq 8tkc\oto 8t\to0qkq pok\ctou.
2
1o u\tko ouo npooc0qkc
oo ouo uv tootkuv ouvcvcucuv ou toypooucvou c o
ypovo kot ouotkuv qoypoqocuv oo cq 1992-93.

) >,7$#.( h#,&+%-0% $/, =<2,&+%-#.: *=50,

ouotkq toypoto cct pqotonotq0ct cupcu oo upo uv
kotvuvtkuv cntoquv, ttotcpo ono q ouotko\oyto kot qv
no\ttotkq ov0puno\oyto (koupo 1999, alnLer 2002, eacz 2004).
zt ncptooocpc ncptnuoct q ouotkq toypoto cct u cntkcvpo
cvo ovoyvuptoto kot tokckptcvo opco q ouotkq qtoupyto c

2
1o u\tko ouo ouncpt\ovct oc qtokq opq ouvcvcuct tpkcto uo upuv
ou cnovkq c ov qootoypo q L pok\ctou ntvo kuvoovonou\o kot ov
un\\q\o q 8tkc\oto tvvq \covpkq kot 2 poyouto nou qoypoq0qkov oq
tpkcto uv ouvcvcucuv. 1o poyouto ou, o(t c o 4 poyouto nou
qoypoq0qkov oq tpkcto q tkq ou cntonto cpcuvo, onoc\ouv cvo
cvtocpov u\tko c ttotcpq cpcuvqtkq oto oou cpo uv poyoutuv ouuv ctvot
o0qoouptoo q ouvtoouv nopo\\oyc tokoypoqcvuv poyoutuv npooopoocvuv
oo ttotcpo cpqvcutko uo ou poyoutoq.
toqoucvot kooot ot nopuc q no\q
[443]

qv ov\uoq vo ovoctkvuct to ouvcktkq toopto (uq yupu ono o
ouotko kot kotvuvtko noppco cvo qpuo, o npoouncto ou onotou
cct cvonotq0ct kot t\poptoct ono t uov ouykpouotokc,
ovtotkc kot ovt0ctkc oct ou. zc ouq q c\cq o
toypooucvo cv ovqkct oou cnuvuou qtoupyou ou
pcnctkou, o\\ cpcot ono o ku, ctvot cvo poyoutoq c
ouo\tko kc\oto oc to ontkq ouotkq okqvq oc cvo optocvo
nopc\0ovtko povo nou uoooo cv ncpooc noc o kou\t q
tokoypoto kot cv cytvc yvuoo oqv cupucpq kotvuvto. ov\uoq
cntctpct vo cpqvcuoct t ouvcctc kot t puyc uv toypotkuv
kuk\uv, vo ovoctct qv no\uoqto uv voquv oo toypotko
kctcvo kot o po\o q ouotkq oq ouykpoqoq q no\ttotkq
ouoqo kot q toctptoq q vqq.
ouotkq toypoto onoc\ct to no\ttotkq qtoupyto, to
kotvuvtkq koookcuq nou oqot(cot coo oo n\ototo to
o\\q\cntpootkq ocoq kot oq tpkcto uv o\\cn\\q\uv
c0voypotkuv ouvovqocuv ovcoo oo toypo-cpcuvqq c ov
toypooucvo oo c0voypotko ncto. zuuvo c ov koupo, o
nopoyuyo q, o toypo-ouyypoco, cpqvcuct o u\tko ou oq
ouo\tkq cntkpcto cvo ouv0cou \oyou, cvo to\oyou c cvo
cnctptko kot ouvo ovoooootko A\\o, ov toypooucvo c ov
onoto tonpoyocucot npoouno kot npoouncto nou ovonopyouv
kot toctpt(ovot oct kot ovtoct q (uq, ocpcouno kot
cpqvctc, opcuno kot tuoo q ov0puntvq kooooq
(1999:343).
toypo toctpt(cot, ovo\uct kot ycupuvct t ouotkc
cntc\coct oo ncto c t ovovqoct yto q ouotkq kot cvooct qv
unokctcvtkq cnctpto oo cupucpo kotvuvtk oupo(ocvo. koq,
tcpcuv q to\cktkq ocoq ovcoo oq vqq kot qv toopto, kot
ttotcpo oc ouou ou otoqoucvou kooou ovoctkvuct o
kpucvo, o otunq\o kot o ovonvco, ouo nou ouvq0u cy\top
ono t oqyqoct q cntoqq toopto (helemay 2006:33). ouotkq
cnctpto cnttuvct oq vqq u q ovvqoq cvo ttotcpou ouotkou
kooou nou onoc\ct npockooq to no\ttotkq ouoqo nou
ytvcot ovtkctcvo tonpoycuoq oo cpcuvqtko ncto.
toypooucvo ovon\0ct oq tpkcto q cpcuvo o
nopc\0ov ou, toctpt(cot cnt\cktk t vqc kot ovoko\ct coo ono
(uvovc cntc\coct q ouotkq ou nopc\0ovo. t ouotkc
cntc\coct tvouv qv cukotpto vo tctouoouc ono o ku oc to
ouotkq kotvoqo yto qv onoto to0couc ovo ncptypoc kot
tvvq Zotkq
[446]

oo\tooou ono tocoo\oqcvo ypon kctcvo
3
kot vo ccoouc
t ouotkc cvo octk yvuoou ouotkou kooou \\ov u
qtoupytkc (uoc nopoooct nop u ovonocuko oc\ct
ko0pcnc ocvuv no\ttouv (hull 2006:). t cntc\coct uv
poyoutuv ou cnovkq ytvoov oqv kotvoq ou, oo ontt ou, oc
ocpvc kot kocvcto q yctovt oqv onoto tccvc oo c\cuoto
povto q (uq ou kot o cpcuvqtko ncto copcnovov oc cvo
n\ototo npookotpq ovotuoq kot cntc\coq to ocvq ouotkq
nopooq ou nopc\0ovo. 1o poyouto ctvov oopc yto
kotvuvtkc kpttkc, oto\oyqoct kot oo\tooou kot yto q
tonpoycuoq to no\ttotkq ouoqo nou c0uptooc oo
ncpooo ou povou.
ouotkq toypoto ouvcct ou qou c t no\ttotkc
coo\c cvo kotvuvtkou upou. t ouotkot kooot \ctoupyouv u
cuc\tkot pc uv ovcpvuv tokoouv kot q ouotkq oq
toypotkq cpcuvo nopct vo \ctoupyqoct u cvo qcpo\oyto vqq.
Cnu cct cntoqvct o ouotko0cponcuq en 8uu, yupu ono
ouotkc cnctptc kot npoktkc nou ovon\0ovot oqv toypoto
ouvop0puvovot \oyot kot cpqvctc yto optocvc tooptkc ncptoou
kot ouv ouotk ycyovoo oqoooouv o ncpooo ono to oq
q (uq oc knoto \\q. t ouotkc cnctptc couv to tooptkq
toooq kot ot pc uv kotvotkuv ouotkuv tkuuv o\\(ouv
ko0u ot ouv0qkc co\\ovot. k0c qo cocpct oqto ono
qv toopto, k0c oqyqotko ocvpto ovovok\ qv oto0qoq uv
ov0punuv yto qv no\ttotkq ou ouoqo kot tvq\oct cupucpo
no\ttotk opuoo, tco\oytc, npoountkou opokqpc, otc kot
ponou (uq (8uu 1997:10, 12).
t ovon\oct ou nopc\0ovo topcovot ono vooo\yto kot
ouvoto0qo. 1o nopc\0ov nopouot(cot ouv ck\cnuocvo,
potvoptocvo, ko0opo kot oo\uvo. 1o cpyo ou toypou cu cv
ctvot vo ovo(qqoct ckqpto cykupoqo oc ouov o \oyo o\\ vo
ovoctct qv coucptkq \oytkq ouou ou \oyou, o otok ouoqoo
oo onoto cp(cot, t otoqtc kot t ovt0coct nou o
tonot(ouv. t \oyot yto qv ouotkq ouv ouvocuovot ono poct
ou0cvtkonotqoq ou nopc\0ovo nou ouvcouv qv toopto c q
no\ttotkq ouoqo coo ono q toctptoq ttotcpuv ouoquv
vqq. zuuvo c q helemay (2006:2) ou o ouoqoo oopouv
qv cnctootokq vqq (eplsolc memory) q onoto cntpcnct qv
ovk\qoq ouvuv ou 0c ouvcccvo c ovovqoct ouotkuv
npoktkuv, q oqooto\oytkq vqq (semanLlc memory) nou oop

3
8\. cvctktk ou oo\tooou ou ontkou unou yto qv kotvuvto ou Akkou, oo
Zotkq 200: 104-110, 14-134.
[447]

ouvctpou, cvvotc kot kooo0cuptc yto ov kotvuvtko kooo kot q
ouotkq kot c\o q totkootkq vqq (proceural memory) nou
oop ovovqoct totkootuv 0qoq kot kotvuvtkonotqoq oou
ko0qcptvou kooou q cvq.

X*: /12 D+1/#.( A,3#/=0% $/% *+,$-7&#.4 50./7% /,7 P=$,*,38>,7
.%# $/,2 >,7$#.: =.>,2/=+2#$>: /1? >=/%*,3=>#.(? *=+#:5,7

to-toopto ou pokonq cnovkq q kou\oup cytvc ovtkctcvo
0cotkq kot cpqvcutkq ov\uoq nou o cncpcc vo ccoouc
t oqyqoct (uq oc to povo\oytkq oko\ou0to kot yupu ono uo
o\\q\cvcou 0cotkou ovc: ov ouotko-no\ttotko kot ov
kotvuvtko-tooptko. kou\oup cy\uoc oqv cupucpq ncptoq q
ouvotkto ou Akkou. zqv ouvotkto ouq ctov ouykcvpu0ct o
nopvcto q no\q cncto ono qv ckooq ou Atoyoo cpt
ootunctuv q kpqtkq o\tcto o 1900 nou cntctpqoc to
otqpou k\otou vo ncptoptoct qv nopvcto okpt ono o \coo q
cuuno\qnq kotvuvto, ovtcunt(ovo cot o npo\qo q
kookopuq ouqoq uv yuvotkuv c\cu0cptuv q0uv oo \tvto q
kpqq c qv c\cuoq oc ou uv opotutkuv uv Lyyuqptuv
Auvcuv oo vqot (Zotkq 200:99-101).
cnovkq, yovo oypotkq otkoycvcto nou cokotoc oqv
npuq ckocto ou 20
ou
otuvo ono qv cvoupo ou voou oqv no\q
cykoo\ctnct o oo\cto oc tkpq q\tkto kot cotkctuvcot c t
npookotpc tonoptotkc npoktkc uv uuv uv no\cuv. Mc qv
ttoqo ou n\ovotou kou\oup ncptcpcot ot oyopc q no\q
to\o\uvo o npotovo ou, onu ckovc o k0c ouvt
tkponu\quv. op\\q\o, o0otvct ono ov ko\\tuvo nocpo ou vo
poyou, ou nou o tto onoko\ct no\t kot yvqoto poyouto q
no\q kot cotkctuvcot c o ouotk tkuo ou Akkou, ou
\ocpvo(qc q ouvotkto nou ncptcpovot oc ockto q no\q
tookc(ovo nopcc y\cvtouv, ou nou(ouqc nou not(ouv yto
npq ou oo kocvcto q ouvotkto kot ou cpuono0ouvc
opqc uv yuvotkuv uv nopvctuv.
t ovovqoct uv vcovtkuv ou povuv yto o ouotk tkuo
q kotvoqo kot q no\q ouvuotvovot c to oqyqotkq
ctkovoypoto uv qovtouv cvoq oqv kotvuvto ou Akkou
kootkuv ono to\ucvc kot uc otkoycvctc nou cpovot ono qv
cvoupo q ono \tvto ou votoovoo\tkou tyotou yto vo koo\qouv
\ouopot, \ocpvo(qc, ootoonu\qc, oyonqtkot kot voqc kot
oqv ncptnuoq uv yuvotkuv q\ucvc q oq\uc nopvc,
opcuptc, ocptopc, unqpcptc kot ovc. zt toypotkc ouc
ckopc q ouotkq, o opo kot o poyout npo\\ovot u ootcto
tvvq Zotkq
[44]

ou no\ttoou q ko0qcptvoqo kot u ouo\o ouoqo cvo
ttotcpou kotvuvtkou kooou nou tvct o otoko ou ouoqo ot
nopuc q no\q, npoko\uvo ono q to n\cup ouvoto0qoo
onopptq kot kookpouyq q cuuno\qnq kotvuvto kot ono qv
\\q qv kpuq c\q cvo cpou q noc kotvuvto nou ouv(ct
\o0poto oo kooyuyto ou Akkou.
cnovkq coo ono t toypotkc ckopc kutkonotct kot
t\ppct t no\ttotkc o\\oyc oo upo. Mcy\o cpo q
toypoto ou cp(cot ot vqc uv vcovtkuv ou povuv nou
toopuvovot oc cvo ttotcpo tooptko n\ototo oc to no\q nou
ouvunpouv ptotovot kot Mouoou\vot \tyo povto nptv qv
onoupqoq uv c\cuotuv. t oqyqoct ouc ctvot (uqpc,
no\un\cupc kot opokqpt(ovot ono vooo\ytkq t0coq kot
otoqtc. oqyqq ovoko\ct oq vqq ou ov no\ttotko
ouykcpooo uv uo kotvoquv oo kocvcto kot t no\uouvooc
oyopc, t ouotkc konovtc uv Mouoou\vuv kpquv kot qv
notqtkq uv poyoutuv ou Akkou oo onoto ouv oou c\\qvtkou
otou nopc\\ovot oupktkc \cct kot toto.
ptocvc oqyqotkc ctkovc pooonotouv c o tko ou
pono t oyuvtc kot o otcoo uv ko0qcptvuv ov0punuv oc to
ncptoo no\cuv kot c0vtktotkuv no0uv. Lvo coto nopctyo ctvot q
oqyqoq yto ov ko\\tuvo oupkokpqtko c\\q Moouq nou
to\o\ouoc oq kcvptkq n\octo q no\q, oo Mctvvt, qv
cncpocvq npoouyt c to ovtvo nou ctc tct:

1pv reeurolo koovto 6yoet ro Moourokt
kot oloe ro repevo vo net oro nonopokt
toe0 kt onootper rp po evo y0po
vo ou rooet o 0e yto vo ovoytoy0p.

pokctot yto tkpc tooptc nou o 0ut(ouv ot ot npoooktc q
cntopoq ot ocvc noptc kot o tuo ou cpt(uou qov
kotvo ot nop\\q\c topoc uo n\q0uouv nou ko\ouvov vo
npouv o poo q npoouyt cykoo\ctnovo t nopoyovtkc ou
cotc: uv L\\qvuv q Mtkp oto kot uv Mouoou\vuv ou oc
c\\otkou upou. zc nop\\q\q pot c o ouvo ou
tono\ttotkou ouyputoou nou tonot(ovot ono ounovto npo
ov no\ttotko A\\o, q oqyqoq nopoko\ou0ct kot qv copoq uv
c0vtktotkuv no0uv \tyo povto nptv ono qv ovo\\oyq uv n\q0uouv
c q zuv0qkq q Au(vq coo ono t y\oupc oqyqoct yto t
ouykpouoct vcopuv ccpo0pqokuv voquv ot yctovtc q no\q kot
ou ovo\toou Mouoou\ovtkuv vqctuv ono coyptucvou
ptotovou. pokctot yto ctkovc nou couv ttotcpq tooptkq oto
ko0u onoko\unouv nuc ou ponou tuoq q toopto kot uv
[449]

otoqtuv npoo\qq uv tooptkuv ycyovouv q cnoq ono ou
ko0qcptvou ov0punou o\\ kot ouvo yto o onoto unpct
otunq oqv cntoqq toopto.
o(tkq c\cuoq uv npoouyuv ono q Mtkp oto kot q
onoupqoq uv Mouoou\vuv oo pk\cto oo cq 1923-23
oqoooct cvo vco kuk\o oq toypotkq pot kot q ouotkq
topoq ou cnovkq. t Mtkpootc ouotkot nou qp0ov oqv no\q
opyvuoov o tk ou ouotk tkuo kot ockto cntkotvuvto oc
npoouytkou ouvotktoou kot ot npuqv Mouoou\ovtkc ouvotktc.
zc ockto, onu o opotooko\cto 8u(vto oov opo, o kou\oup
ouyput(cot c npoouytkc ouotkc konovtc kot (uytc opyvuv c
o oovoupoto\to kot ou oovcc kot cvououvct oo pcncpopto
ou poyouto q zupvq kot no\ttko, nopoootok q cvoupo kot
pcnctko q zupvctkq oo\q.
uq q no\ttotkq toooupuoq cv ctvot uoto. t ouotkc
ouc cpovot vo cn\outoouv kot vo tcupuvouv to nopooq
ovoo\ttkq npooptkq \otkq ouotkq nou ctc ovonu0ct oqv
no\q ono o povto q kpqtkq o\tcto ono q ouotkq okqvq uv
no\upt0uv koc ov c ouotkc ouo0ovuv ouotkuv ouv
o\\ kot nou\ouktuv nou koc0ovov oqv kpqq ono \tvto q
voo\q yto vo uoyuyqoouv o t\oouoo kotvo (Zotkq 1997-99,
Zalmals 2011).
vt0co ono qv opvqtkq unooq q ootkq kotvuvto nou
c\cnc t ouotkc uv npoouyuv u cvo ounuo no\ttotkq
nopokq, to ouo\tkq no\tvpoqoq oo 0uovtko nopc\0ov q
no\q (Zotkq 200:163-66) oc cvo cpo uv \otkuv opuuv kot
oc optocvou 0u\okc uoyuyto, onu qov o Akko kot o
npoouytk kocvcto ot ovoo\ttkc c\utc pqkov npooopo
coo yto vo ovonu0ouv. to ov cnovkq o Mtkpoottko
poyouto ctov y\uko kot n0o kot to c\cu0cptoqo oov oto
nou ov ckovov vo o \cnct oov tk ou poyouto. cntpooq q
Mtkpoottkq ouotkq qp0c kot ono cvo \\o tocoo\oqcvo
ouotko tkuo. zo povto ou Mcoono\cou totovot oqv no\q ot
npuot uvoypoot kot ypoouvo nou 0o cocpouv yto npuq
op ov qoypoqcvo qo ou tvu\tou oou kootkou q no\q.
toypoto tvq\oct t o\\oyc q no\ttkq otkovoto q ouotkq
c qv pqoq vcuv cvo\oytkuv cntcuyuv, onu o uvoypoo kot
o ypoouvo nou 0o ovtkoooqoouv t ncptcpocvc \ocpvc kot
0o touoouv oo uoyuytk ockto t npuc qoypoqoct
zupvottkuv poyoutuv kot pcnctkuv q oo\q ou koc ov kot
opyocpo q ctpotutkq.
cnovkq cvououvct oo pcncpopto ou ou o
poyouto npooopo(ov o oo ttotcpo cpqvcutko ou uo cvu
tvvq Zotkq
[430]

o 1932 c o yo ou c q ou(uyo ou uctvq cokot(ct oq
ouvotkto opo onou cn\ckcot oo vco ouotk tkuo nou
ouykpoq0qkov oq ouvotkto yupu ono npoouytk ockto. zq ocpvo
ou kopn0tou npoouyo pqoou Mnp 0o 0ct ptopo nou(oukt,
oov opotooko\cto 8u(vto 0o cookq0ct oqv cvq ou oovc kot
oov ckc ou kuvoovtvono\tq cpou Apkou ouyput(cot c
nopcc ono ykc q ouvotkto.
t vqc q uocpq coono\ctkq ncptoou couv ttotcpo
cvtocpov kot oov kotvuvtko-tooptko ovo. t kotvuvtkc o\\oyc
oqv no\q cyypovot oq to-toopto coo ono tkp oqyqotk
ocvpto. zc ou ctoopctot qv cvtoq nopooocuv c
oupopcnovo oou otou q no\q, q cy\q oncpyto ou 1933
nptv qv c\cuoq ou ko0couo q 4
q
uyouoou, o cpo kotvq
qouto kot qv oouvotkq cntqpqoq ou Akkou oo povto Mco,
t coptc Aokkoutovuv yto ooponcto, ou ovoykootkou you
yuvotkuv ou Akkou kot ov ckontoo koouvtouv. t oo\tooot
ou tonot(ovot ono topoucvc kptoct. oqyqq ctvot
cntkpttko oo (qqo q onoyopcuoq uv oovcuv (u oupktko
npyoo) kot cct ouccpq ooq yto t coptc uv optocpuv o\\
\cnct \\ov c 0ctkq t0coq t \otktotkc no\ttkc ou tkopo
vo npooocuoct q qooto q0tkq: o ocvuo uv nopvouv
(cuyoptuv, o ncptoptoo uv ouoptuv oponotkuv nou ck\cov
ou uptc oov cpoov vo nou\qoouv q ooto, ov ckontoo
uv oyonqtkuv ou Akkou kot uv ckco\\cuuv yuvotkuv.
ncptoo q kooq kot ou Lu\tou npo\\cot coo ono
ovon\oct cnctootokq vqq kot otunc. Mcpo ouuv uv
ovovqocuv cntkcvpuvovot oq oucoq ou oov c\\qvoto\tko
no\co oo ouv q \ovto kot oqv cntopoq oqv L\\o c qv
npoouptvq toovq ou oov ctpot, onou 0o ouyputoct c ykc
ono ov ctpot kot 0o yvuptoct ono npuo cpt o poyouto uv
ckcuv ou ctpot. koq oq toypoto ovon\0ovot tkpc
y\oupc tooptc nou onounuvouv o opoycvo k\to q cnoq: q
pouotkq cnctpto ou ouoktvqtotkou uouqoo oqv ncptoo
q kooq c ycpovtko ouoktvqo, o poyouto ou oo voookocto
q no\q onou vooq\cuqkc kot q onpoocvq kot ovcnt0uqq
ouvvqoq ou ot ku u\okc pok\ctou, onou pc0qkc npoouptv
yto oucoq oc voq\tkto q cnoq, c oupoyoptc kot ykcoontc.
cono\ctkq ncptoo ou ckouypovtoou q no\q kot q
npooopoyq q oo ovonutok npouno q upo ptokouv o
octo (uq ou oqyqq vo o\\(ouv ko0u opccot npo qv
otkoycvctokq (uq kot qv ckk\qoto onou u \q cnt(qct ov
coyvtoo ono cvo nopc\0ov nou tuvcot c otoqo pono c
vooo\yto kot c cvoq. 1qv tto upo o ouotko ncpt\\ov ootok
[431]

o\\(ct. ncot qot ctopcouv oqv no\q ono o potouvo, q ouotkq
cnopcuoonotctot kot q opyovucvq cnoyyc\otkq uoyuyto c o
nou(oukto couv ckontoct kotvotkc opc ouotkq qtoupyto.
kotvuvto ou Akkou cct nopokoct, ttotcpo c qv copoyq uv
vouv q onoykconotqoq q nopvcto oqv ncptoo 1939-1962. zt
ckoctc ou 190 kot 1990 ontkot qootoypot ovoko\unouv ov
oqyqq nopouot(ov ov oc q\contkc kot potouvtkc cknonc
ot onotc o tto ptokct cvo qo yto vo tonpoyocuct to
otoqoucvq ouotkono\ttotkq ouoqo.

) %7<=2/#.,*,01$1 /,7 *%+=3<:2/,? .%# 1 57$/,*0% /,7 >,2/8+2,7
.:$>,7

to ov toypooucvo ot ouotkc cntc\coct kot ot oqyqoct (uq
oo c0voypotko ncto \ctoupyouv u coo yto q tonpoycuoq
to no\ttotkq ouoqo ou nopc\0ovo kot qv ckpooq to
uoopto yto q ovcpvo kotvuvto. Mvqc kot oo\tooot ono cvo
no\uou\\cktko ouotko qtuo ou nopc\0ovo nou cktvct ono
t uvutc uv ouc(tvquv kot uv cptoquv oo (ot kot ou
ckcc q no\q kot vct oo oupouptko poyouto oo konq\ct
ou Akkou kot ou \tovtou cntpcnouv oov oqyqq vo qtoupyqoct
ycupc c o ouotko nopc\0ov kot vo ovoouoqoct to ouoqo nou
cct topu0ct oo ncpooo ou povou. zt cntc\coct oo ncto o
toypooucvo ovonopto kot cpqvcuct ouov ov ouotko kooo.
1poyou upt q ouvocto ouotkuv opyvuv, oo\t(ct c ooktooo
t c\utc, cnttcot oc nopo\\oyc kot ouooctooou oo
c\utko oto kot o oto kot cntctpct vo onoko\uct ouoct
cvo npooptkou no\ttoou, tcktkuvo o po\o ou 0coou\oko
kot ckpooq cvo oyvou nopoootokou kooou.
Mcoo ono q pqoq tootkuv oquv o cnovkq
ovtnopo\\ct qv ovootokq cuonto cvo otkctou, ou0cvtkou kot
tuotkou ouotkou kooou c q uoonto to ovotkcto,
ckovcpvtocvq kot vo0cucvq ono qv cnopcuoonotqoq
ouypovq ouotkq. zc ouqv qv ouotkq kooo\oyto ot vcc opc
tookcooq oo nou(oukto, o cotonopoo qo ou ntkn kot ou
koocouvou, o vco tkuo tovoq q ouotkq oo potouvo kot
qv q\copooq, q pqoq oqcto\oytkuv kutkuv, onu ot voc kot o
ckouypovtocvo nou(oukto c t tn\c opc onoc\ouv ctyoo
to ckponq ono cvo ocvo ouotko nopctoo. koq kot ot
ouotkc oo\c q vcocpq oo\q ou pcnctkou, c kootucvou
ouv0cc, onu ctvot o 1otovq kot o tuq ptokovot cu ono o
pcncpopto uv ou0cvtkuv ouotkuv ou nopc\0ovo oqv otvotkq
k\toko ou toypooucvou.
tvvq Zotkq
[432]

onooootonotqoq ono o vco onu o onoko\ct poyouto
ouvocucot ono qv cntk\qoq cvo poovtkonotqcvou ouotkou
nopc\0ovo nou ou0cvtkonotctot coo ono cvcvc pqoptkc
opoqytkc. Atvovo pqoptkq cooq oov pono nou cpqvcuov o
no\t poyouto, oo voqoo kot oqv cntkotvuvtokq \ctoupytkoqo
ou coo oqv kotvoqo (poyouc yto o kct kot yto qv nopco
o) otuvct to oto0qoq ou0evrtkrpro rp ekpoop, to kooooq
oqv onoto o poyoutoq c opou ou Allan Moore, cocpct qv
cvunuoq nu q ckop ou opokqpt(cot ono q0tkq okcpotoqo kot
cvo otocoo\qo uno cntkotvuvto c o kotvo ou (2002:214). zc
ouq q \oytkq cntkptvct t npoktkc uv cotptuv vo vo0cuouv o
no\t poyouto pononotuvo ou otou kot npooopo(ov ou
ot onotqoct ou koovo\utkou kotvou kot cpvct u nopctyo o
t\cvc cvo nopoootoko poyout nou cuvct o kpucvo cpuo
ptotovou yto to 1oupkonou\o o onoto oq tokoypoqcvq ou
tookcuq ono o tvvq Mopkonou\o copcncot oc n0o yto to
novpccvq.
4
pono c ov onoto o toypooucvo npoocyyt(ct q
ocoq ou c q ouotkq ou nopc\0ovo noponcnct oc ttotcpc
kotvuvtkc ooct nou uto0couv ouotkc kotvoqc, ot onotc
tcktkouv to ctkovo ou0cvtkoqo yto t ouotkc ou kot to
ko0opq ocoq uv qtoupyuv c o kotvo ou nou ctvot
onoyktopucvq ono t \oytkc q cnoptkq ovo\\oyq (1aylor
1997:2-3).
ouotkq yto ov kou\oup ctvot kot cvo ouo\o to
pcnctkq ouoqo nou ouvccot c cvo no\ttoo ovponpcncto
nou koookct ot cqcpc ono\ouoct, octkonotct t
otkoycvctokc otc kot onotct ttotcpq oqooto oq qooto ctkovo
ou ouoou vpo. pcncq npo\\cot u to tcountkq tyoupo,
o opq, o upoto oc o\o ou nou cv \oyopt(ct tnoo, ouc
otkoycvcto ouo nou vuvcot ttotcpo yto vo cupt(ct, nou
poyou q okouct o no\t oupouptko q not(ct oqv nopco ou
nou(oukt kot opcuct ko0opo (ctncktko. 1o pcnctko npoouncto nou
npuoyuvtoouv oo oqyqotk ocvpto ou toypooucvou ou
cntpcnouv vo ck0coct t onoct ou yto ou kutkc ouncptop,
o otoko ouoqo kot ov pono (uq to ctovtkcucvq pcnctkq
cuonto.
zc ou o ocvpto ouv nopc\\ovot ot cntc\coct uv
poyoutuv kot tqyqoct yto q totkooto nopoyuyq uv poyoutuv

4
Lvctktk o oto oo npuo cpoto q ckoq ou onu o poyouqoc ctvot q
cq: Mto 1oupkonou\o oo 1(ot \-\ uv(ct ov yt\o kt o 0o nct o
Mntp \ c q kopt c o(ct cvu oq tokoypoqcvq ckoq ytvcot: Mto
novpccvq oyonuCco vo o utoct upo ou ov vpo q vonopvq0ct kot cvo v
oyonqoct.
[433]

kot o voqo ou. 1o poyouto ytvovot cntkotvuvtok cpyo\cto yto
qv ckpooq kooo0cupqocuv kot o kotvuvtko oo\tooo cupucpuv
kotvuvtkuv npoktkuv kot ococuv, tooptkuv ycyovouv kot tuotkuv
koooocuv. Lot o toto opoovc ptoouycvvo opouoov ot
konvc ot ptotovot ot ckk\qotc kt q L\\q c o oyc cntpcnct
oov oqyqq vo oo\toct o kotvuvtk q0q q cnoq q ouvunopq
ptotovuv kot Mouoou\vuv kot ov pono nou q \otkq notqoq
toctpt(cot 0coo onou, onu o cpuo ovcoo oc npoouno
ccpok\quv 0pqokcutkuv kotvoquv unooknovo oc optocvc
ncptnuoct o kovovtotk n\ototo uv kuptopuv ovt\qcuv. koq,
poyouto c tooptko ncptcocvo, onu q zupvq tvouv o
cpc0too oov oqyqq yto qv ckop c0vokcvptkuv oo\tuv yto q
Mtkpoototkq kooopoq kot o po\o uv cvuv uvcuv.
zq to-toopto ou cnovkq q ouotkq puot(ct t vqc
kot ot oqyqoct yto q ouotkq o cntpcnouv vo onokutkonotqoouc
cvo cupucpo n\ototo kotvuvtkuv ococuv kot c\coupytkuv npoktkuv
q kotvoqo. toypotkq ov\uoq tvq\oct ov pono c ov onoto
o unokctcvo tuoc oqovtkou oo0ou oq (uq ou kot oto\oyqoc
q ck\oytkcuoc o nopc\0ov ckp(ovo q uoopto to ccpoonto
ou nopc\0ovo oo kc\cuooo q ovcpvo kotvuvto. Pot ou 0c
kot ovovqoct yto q ouotkq ovooupcvc ono ou unokctcvtkou
\ouptv0ou q vqq ovon\0ouv tuotkc kooooct ou
nopc\0ovo kot cocpouv t tkc ou tooptc tonotocvc c
vooo\yto, otunc, otoqtc, kpu voqoo kot npoktkc
ou0cvtkonotqoq. Mcoo ono ouou ou qou kotvoqc nou cv
couv uvq oqv cntoqq toopto ovo(qouv upo yto vo ckpooouv
coo ono cvo kovponvo q vqq (assoun 1996) nou ktvctot
oo cotto q cuonto kot q uoonto, q vqq kot q \q0q
onoko\unovo otoqtc nou topcouv no\ttotkc ccpoqc ou
nopc\0ovo.
tvvq Zotkq
[434]

#h3#,&+%-0%

8lLhell . 2006. 1he asL ln Muslc: lnLroucLlon, tboomoslcoloqy otom
131:3-16.
Aotovko z. 197. nopooop ovropolo kot ok notrto, 0qvo:
\c0pov.
Zotkq . 1997-1999. otkc ovt\qct kot uoyuytkc npoktkc:
1o koucto oo pk\cto qv ncptoo q ouovoto q
kpqq, MoJeto tee 5toJles (AusLralla an e Zealan), 3-
7:133-162.
Zotkq . 200 [1999]. koroyyto okoovro oro Aokko npokelou.
nopekktop, notrtotkp ptoupylo, ovvuo penertko(1900-
1940), 0qvo: \c0pov.
Zalmals ?. 2011. Muslc-maln ln Lhe oclal Worl o a reLan 1on
(erallon 1900-1960): A onLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe Luy o on-
ommerclal Cral kebetlo, loolot Moslc, 301:1-24.
assoun !. 1996. 1o kovrponovro rp vpp (p. . ocp), 0qvo:
Lvo, 1ptot Aoyo.
koupo . 1999. toypoto cvo \otkou opyovonotq:
c0voypotkq cntonto cpcuvo, cpqvcto kot u0on\ooto, oo
zu\\oyo t\ot q Mouotkq-Lpcuvqtko poypoo Cpkq,
Mouotke rp Opokp. to tentorpovtkp npooeyytop, 0qvo:
zu\\oyo t\ot q Mouotkq, 341-430.
Moore A. 2002. AuLhenLlclLy as AuLhenLlcaLlon, loolot Moslc, 212:209-
223.
alnLer k. 2002. MozarL aL Wor: 8loraphy an a Muslcal AesLheLlc or
Lhe merln erman 8oureolsle, 1be Moslcol Ooottetly 61:16-
233.
eacz !. 2004. Memory, lsLory an Meanln: Muslcal 8loraphy an lLs
lsconLenLs, ootool of Moslcoloqlcol keseotcb, 23:39-0.
8uu . 1997, Muslc an lenLlLy, NotJlc ootool of Moslc 1betoy 61:3-
13.
helemay kay k. 2006. Muslc Memory an lsLory, tboomoslcoloqy
otom 131:17-37.
hull !. 2006. LocaLln Lhe asL ln Lhe resenL: Llln 1ralLlons an Lhe
erormance o arly Muslc, tboomoslcoloqy otom 131:7-111.
1aylor 1. 1997. lobol lo. otlJ Moslc, otlJ Motet, co ?opkq kot
Aovtvo: 8ouLlee.
o(qnovo(q C. 196. 1p Aotorto Mo0op poorol. n okp rou
o0pvoko0 koe oov oro pvto rp 6ootelo rou lepytou A,
0qvo: ztyq.

[433]

d,/,$#.3=/0$/+#=?@ >=/%24$/+#=? -r3,7 $/% :+#% /1? %N.,#2:/1/%?

ntko\o pqokq
1

\jklmnol

omeo Mototcycllsts. eoJet Mlqtoots oo tbe Motqlos of Noo-commoolty

1be llfe-stotles of omeo mototcycllsts loJlcote tbot tbelt love fot
mototcyclloq ls otttlboteJ by tbem to tbelt oooototol ootote (tomboys).
Moteovet, tbey ovetcome o qeoetol feelloq of soslcloo, blle ot tbe some
tlme tbey foce Joobt, Jetoqototy oJmltotloo ooJ JlscotJloq eoollty by
meo, losloq lo tbe tocess mooy of tbe tetoqotlves osoolly coooecteJ to
femlololty. oJlvlJoollseJ ooJ olooe, tbey coooot telote ooJ belooq to ooy
os. Mototcycllsts bove ttoJltlooolly beeo o seclol qtoo (o moJel of tbe
Jlstloct qeoJet otttlbotes, seosltlvltles ooJ octlvltles), blcb lo tbls cose
sttetcbes to lts llmlts lo tbe fotm of oo oocooveotloool femlololty
(coottostloq o ftoqmeoteJ moscollolty) ooJ oo ocoJemlcolly coosttocteJ
ooo-commoolty tbot oolJ be lotetestloq to cootemlote oo.

SV "#$%&'&#.4

ko0qcptvq oqyqoq oootk\co ono yuvotkc ctc qq ktvqoct o
cvtocpov o oo n\ototo no\tocpq cpcuvo ovooptk c t
ptoktvuvc oct ou oootk\ctoou (u ootko c\coupytko
ovo0toq ou couou) (pqokq, 2002, 2003), upt ou cv c\ct
vo npoouc oc koto ttotcpq ovoop oo nu ot yuvotkc (oc
ovttooo\q c ou vpc qkot coo ono cvo \oyo nou 0o cnpcnc vo
npoocyytoct u otyu yuvotkcto) t\oyov yto qv ptoktvuvq
oqyqoq. Cnu o0toto npockuc, q o\q yuvotkcto oootk\ctotkq
unopq u kotvuvtko otvocvo (nou knotc uv tuvouv ck uv cou
kot knototc \\otc ov nopoqpouv) cct cy\o cvtocpov. Co
o onooo\qoct cu o (qqo ou nu ot oootk\ctoptc, ko0u
oqyouvot q oootk\ctotkq ou toopto, ck0couv kot
opyovuvouv t cnctptc ou ovooptk c ouqv, okqvo0couv
topc (ovtotkc qkot oun\qpuotkc) ckoc ou 0q\ukou
ou couou. pounot0cot \otnov ot:
(o) o oootk\ctoo ycvtku 0cupctot ovptkq uno0coq,
kt nou onoc\ct cpo to cupucpq tucvq tco\oyto (c qv

1
1qo Lntkotvuvto kot M.M.L., L.k... e-mall: nlcolchrl[mela.uoa.r.
ntko\o pqokq
[436]

cvvoto cvo ouvo\ou ncnot0qocuv, otuv kot npoktkuv), oo n\ototo q
onoto ot vpc, tcpoptk ovucpot, nopouv (couv qv tkovoqo
kot o tkotuo) vo oqyouv oootk\co, npyo nou npokunct ono
(kot cvuvouvct) knotc (0ctkc kot 0c\ktkc) ttoqc ou (nou
ot yuvotkc cv to0couv): c\cu0cpto, ouovoto,
ovtouotkoqo k..
() o u\o onoc\ct to tcpyooto entreeortkp (ovtu oc
cc\tq kot, u knoto o0o, tonpoycuoq) (cv. \. ley, 2010),
ko0u cntctkvucot, onoctkvucot, otoqctot k.o.k. (oo
to ou ououpyou kot uv \\uv) coo ono k0c ctou
pooqptoqc, \cktkc q q. ko0u o oootk\ctoo onoc\ct cvo
onoc\cootko cto cntc\coq q kuptopq oppcvunoqo,
cu\oyu npokunct o cpuqo ou t oqotvct yto t yuvotkc ouc
vo ctvot oootk\ctoptc.
cpo ono t ycyovotkc kot tuotkc oct q nopcto ou,
onu ot ttc t nopouot(ouv kot onu q cnccpyooto ou nopct vo
oqyqoct oq ouykpoqoq cvo ctou uokotvuvtkq koptcpo
(pqokq kot vo\uq, uno kptoq)
2
, 0o ooo\q0ouc \otnov c o nu
o oootk\ctoo, u cupucpq no\ttotkq ctkovo kot (to\ou
ouccpq, uoto) ouykckptcvq cu\q npq, ou\\ct oov pono
c ov onoto okcovot, t\v kot npouv ov couo ou ko
ttov q ot ococt ou c ou (k0c ctou) \\ou, ko0u kot
ouykpoouv t topc ckoc q ouoq ou.

LV A+,4&,2/%? /12 /%7/:/1/%

t oootk\ctoptc nopouot(ouv koop ov couo ou coo ono
o (ttotcpo 0ctko, onu 0o ouc ocou nopoku) n\ototo to
(0cc\tokq) toopctkoqo ono t \\c yuvotkc.

toopctkoqo ouq

(o) nopct vo npocpcot ono q uoq, nou t ckovc oyopokoptoo:

y e rp orono rou oyopokptroou on tkpp, e, oe unep6otk 6o0,
oo oveoprpro on' our reo novrv, oov t oveoprpro, 0ep rt -kt
our prov evo yo nou ev e onerpee on ro vo opypo povp,
e6ptoko pop rt nop vo ro kov enetp evroet oo0 elot ro
oyopokptroo nou elot, otyo, rt 0o kov, ev 0o opypo povp, o, ro
oyopokptroo, (z.)

2
Lytvov 20 ouvo\tk oqyqoct (uq, cou Moou 2006 kot nocptou 2007, o\c oqv
ncptoq q 0qvo. t qoypoqcvc ouvcvcuct cv ctvot kooupqcvc nou0cv kot
unpouv, oc ovo\oytkq kooco, onu kot ot ko o uvoov ntoc onooyvqouvqoct oc
opq or, oo npoountko opcto uv ouyypocuv.
Moootk\ctoptc: covoptc u\ou oo opto q o-kotvoqo
[437]

() cnttukcot oc knotc ncptnuoct ouvctq, oo n\ototo cvo
ctou ovoyuvtotkq-tooponotqtkq cnttuq

.elo ro nonl kot ero elo rt kukoopo0oov noe yuvolke e nonto. kot
e. 0o r oo, ev ylverot! kot npyo kot nppo povp. 1po e ro
evroupokt ro tkp, opl kot 6en opkere yuvolke our. 1po npenet vo
ro ovoo. Apop. 0e vo kov kort toopertk, kort noponov,
ouveeto. (v.)

(y) t tooponotct onu kt ov cct 0ctk ono q (o uv
ouvq0tocvuv yuvotkuv

.kov npoyoro. e. nou ev kovouv ouvp0 ot yuvolke. elvot kort nou kt
our ro ' ouprpoet reeurolo (yeto) e. lou ou. opolvet rt nop
vo op kot npoyoro nou nopoootoko ev ovpkouv orov koo ou, erot, rov
yuvotkelo, rov nopoootok (-.)

() npoko\ct cntoktootc kot 0ouooo

.ouvp0 evrunotoovrot. y. 6ootko vrpenoot, erot, kot ok06 ro
keot ou, ev ro nol. (.) vo rotrp ou ele net. no0 polo oou noet,
ep y, ou ro ele net erot, e no0 0ouoo. (.)

(o) nopct vo ouvcnycot kot cvo cto coucptkou pootoou ov
onoto ou oncuouv vo ononotq0ouv:

ntore0 rt unopouve repoorte toope, t rt ev unopouve koe
yuvolke opyol p rt ev unopouve oopot opyol oe ovrpe, oo ntore0
rt oro noooor ot yuvolke opyol ev eouve rpv lto o0re ovrlpp, o0re.
ev ep, ovrlpp, ev eouve rpv lto o0re ovrlpp e rou
ovrpe.ovrlpp orpv opypop... (1.)

Ot ovrpe eouve ko0repo ovrovokoortko, ko0repp enop e ro
ouroklvpro, on' ,rt 6en, kot epouve kot povooylo no0 ko0repo on
o rt yuvolke. 6e6oto ov rpv eerpoet 0o rpv o0et, oo p yuvolko otyo
pv koroet vo net oe ourp rp totkoolo. (.)

(c) oct(cot c qv ttonotqoq 0ctkuvovptkuv ttoquv:

ot, eloot npooro, eloot oto, kot nolvet kot e rt tyrepo npoovel
npo0no0eoet, erot, Apop. eloot kptopt, ev eloot. npoororeuevo, eloot
ekre0etevo ovl kot our onotrel etrpre, ev elvot on. (z.)

lto nopo nopo noo pvto ovrpe e6eno vo opyo0v pove, yuvolke ev
e6eno, onre ou eet nepoorel ro npruno rt p povp elvot koort rou
ovrpo. Apop, vot, eet evo evrovo opoevtk orotelo yto evo p opypop rp
povp. 1re elo our. ovptk npruno loov kort nto uvor, kort nou ro
ntko\o pqokq
[43]

koroepvet ko0repo, kort nou ovreneeperot nto uvotko, onre prove our
ou ro koort nou. nou ovopro0oo. (Mo.)

Mou 'et oet our ro uvoto. Ae oe e ovoykp. Aev e ovoykp kovevo.
1p povp ou rpv e, rp oueto ou rpv e, nore 0e rpv ko6oo kot
e0y. Ato0ovoot rpoepp oveoprpolo. (t.)

V 13q2,2/%? /% *%+4$1>%

Mc qv cc\tq q oqyqoq kot ov ovoooooo nou oc knotc
ncptnuoct cntpcnct q ouvcvcuq (kot cu npokctot yto npoouno nou
otvcot vo couv okcct kot ou(qqoct opkouvu ou o (qqoo.),
onoko\uncot ot q 0ctk cncvcucvq kot nvqo
ovoyvuptocvq oootk\ctotkq ouq ouoqo ouvocucot ono to
\\q, opvqtkq kot (uo\oytk kot npoktk) opt kot
uo\ctoupytkq, oq.

cpvct koop oqv cntvcto to opvqtkq kot cupucpo unotqcvq
ckoq q yuvotkcto ou ouoqo:

.p ovrlpoop elvot ouyopprppto, ouyopprppto, pop orov eour rou ev
eve ouyopprppto, on kovouve kort no0 e0koo yt ouro0, yto evo elvot
0okoo. (.) y ro 6tv rt ourol elvot evroet o no0e nou nopo0v kot ro
kovouv o kot yt ouro0 elvot e0koo, kt ey elot ro ovoo, ro ovlkovo, ro
oeto, ro oto, nou ouoou! elvot rpoep ro rt nop kot kov our (yc\to)
pop elvot oo vo 6enet to oo0 o evo rolpko nou kovet o no0e to
koro0no kot e (ctpokpouvo) ouoou p oo0 ekove rpv koro0no
ep y npo6o, pr. (M.)

ctkovo ou uvotoou, q ovcopqoto kot q oupkcto nou
ckncnouv yupv noucpovyk cvovtov ou, cnctq oto0vovot
unopcucvc vo qv cno\q0cuouv ovtu:

.ouprvro e ov0pnou e et ovrtpooet rou r0nou. o, opyel
povp, kot. vot. kot koo ove6olvet. elvot ro npruno kot koo rp yuvolko
rp uvotkp, rp oveoprprp. (.) ntore0 rt p oyopo rp povp rp
ouykekptevp ele kot to reroto nrup, ele kt evo reroto koort eoo rp.
eee. lo npoono0eto vo 6yo npo ro e evo uvotk opokrppo, nou ev
eet vo kovet vo e rp povp, eet vo kovet kot e oo npoyoro rp p
ou, kot lo lo npoono0eto vo ko0 tke ou ovoooete. (.) oo
rpo on evo opelo kot ero ou eperot vo n rt epet kort, evroet, ev ro
kov o kot ouep. elot kot o0vop kot our ev nop vo ro kov p ro
oo ev nop vo ro kov. (Mo.)

[439]

V A+%./#.,0 -:h,#K +0$.%K .02572,#

Cov cv ovocpovot ot tkovoqc nou t tooponotouv 0ctk ono
t uno\otnc ouvq0tocvc yuvotkc kot t npoocyyt(ouv oou
vpc (oootk\ctoc q q), ot oootk\ctoptc, okoo kot c qv
onokqoq tkovq cnctpto, ovocpovot oc knoto cto ovtq
ovoo\cto oo tovt:

Ave6pko orp povp kot ev nopo0oo vo rpv no evo erpo. Mou eyove rt
ev 0o ro koroepet, rt ev unopet neplnrop vo 6yet oro po. rt, rt,
rt. kot e elove plet nopo no0 uooytko. (u.)

ootko, our nou e nkope prov o tk ou 6o... ou otvrove no0
neplepyo rt ey 0o etptor our ro 0pplo. (.) nop vo n rt eoo oe ouro
ro okr pvto, eee. ev e enepooet evre ro 0eo rp ovoooeto. Aev
nop vo oou n rt elot to oo0nep overp opy. (Mo.)

noko\unovot cot topc (kotvoonc kot ko0qcptvc) opoqytkc
ovto0toq ouq q c\\ctotkq ouo-ctkovo, onu

(o) q tcuoq:

loore ev tyrepe, oo our o kovet vo eloore. nto. nto koe
opyol. ltorl npenet vo ro onoeloue eel rt eoue povp. (.) Av lo
yuvolko npokoeoet evo or0po, 0o ouprp0el on' ou, oot prov ekel y0p.
Av npokp0el on evov ovrpo ev 0o ro ouprpoet kovel. (.)

() o ovoyuvtoo c ou vpc oootk\ctoc:

.ovroyvtortkp elot rov e ovrternlouve e evov rpno. rt eloot eo0
rpo, 1re ekveuploot kot e. 0o oou el rt elot ey! ltorl oov o0o
ounepoooro eet 6yoet. lto vo elot e nov, opolvet. rt e kovet
nevre npoyoro. Aev eet kovevo tkolo vo e unorto. (.)

-ektvove e rpv oooeto rou rt eo, to nprp o e. kot orpv nopelo
6enouve rt ovoly kt ey. evroet ev elot p reeto opy, oo. ev ro
kot yto tyo0po! , ekel oplet kot ylverot ovroyvtortk ro 0eo. (.)

ltorl 0o npoonepoo rov r0no nou ou kooet oro po. ro 6eno oo
rre, rt kot koo oro po ou koove enetp elot yuvolko. kot e 0o oo
el ey. 0o oe to, ov volet rt eloot ovrpo enetp ko6oo povokt
eyoo kot rpeet, 0o oou el rt ev eloot ovrpo. (n.)

(y) ptoktvuvq oqyqoq ycvtku:

.nou elvot entklvuvo vo ou6el kort ekel opyo entklvuvo. Me 6enouv ot
lot ou kot ou eve. ev 0o poet yto no0 oko. (.) lvot tkp6to. elvot
ntko\o pqokq
[460]

ro rt lo nol rp p ou ko0e epo kopvo ypooro, e kovet vo
ekrto konoto npoyoro. vt0 noo tkpp elot oov ov0pno (.)

MV C7>h,3#.,0 -:h,#K +0$.%K .02572,#

uto0cqoq q oootk\ctotkq ouoqo ouvcnycot cvo cto
ovtpooq oo cu\okovovtotko \co q otkoycvcto kot
cupucpq onokpuvoq ono o otoko q ouoqo (nou unot0cot ot
out(cot kot c qv kotvuvtkq kovovtkoqo
3
):

.o norepo ou (ctnc). e kovet oe rpet kpe, kolo ev ou prpoe
reroto npoyo, kot ev eloot oypt. kot ev eloot oypt kot n eet eyooet
eo0 erot kt ouro. (L.)

...koo, ou eet (o non), kpp ekovo ey p ro ovoptk orotelo rp
A0pvo, (yc\to). O norepo ou o6orot, oo ev elvot o ov0pno nou oplet
p, npoee, pv rpeet. rou opeoet nou p kpp rou opyoet povp
4
. (.)

1ouopovo, ot (\\c) yuvotkc, t onookt(ouv qkot t
ctpuvcuovot:

.ro npro npoyo nou 0o kotroouv vo oou kovouve (ot yuvolke) elvot vo oou
kpeooouv rpv roneo rou oyopokptroou
5
, rt kort ev noet koo e oevo o
no0e kot eloot erot, e, konou unopet o no0e kot to optrevp 0npop,
ytorl ro koplrot our ev nopel vo 6oet roko0vto o no0e. (z.)

3
zuv q ovptkq oqyqoq oot(cot oq ovou0tkq toopto q qputkq ovo(qqoq,
cvu ot tooptc (uq uv yuvotkuv oopouv cvovocpo npo\qotoou yupu ono o
ouo ou (eren eren, 2010). Cu kt cu cv nopoko\ou0ouc to (ovt-qputkq
kot coovcpvo, ctvot o\q0cto) ovo(qqoq q 0q\ukoqo, q onoto okqvo0cctot oo
poo to q oootk\ctotkq cnt\oyq, onooctot, cnovocpcot kot nvoc
onct\ctot (ouo\tk kot npoktk to ou ptokou) otvcot nvu ot ouvooo q
otkoycvcto (kot ot ooo q oo ouvoq\tkuv) onoc\ct yto t vcopc yuvotkc cvo
n\ototo cpqoq kot ovt-cpqoq u npo npouno onou q kovovtkoqo
ton\ckcot c q 0q\ukoqo (AiL l kal, 2003).
4
t yovct, oou npuo ovtpoouv opvqtk u npo qv oootk\ctotkq cnt\oyq uv
0uyocpuv ou (kt nou oct\cot (o) oqv cntktvuvoqo nou ouu q \\u
ouvccot c q pqoq tkuk\ou -nooo \too yto to yuvotko, () oo ot o
oootk\ctoo 0cupctot q ouoo c o yuvotkcto u\o) koo\qyouv vo ov\ouv
knoto cto uncpqvcto ono ouq qv ko0qcptvu opoq toop kot vo t
oqpt(ouv ot (q0tkc kot npoktkc) uoko\tc ou cyctpqoo.
3
1o oyopokoptoo cu cv ctvot n\cov kt nou cpqvcuct kot nopyct to 0ctkq kot
cn\outotkq toop, o\\ kt nou onok\ctct ono q yuvotkcto kovovtkoqo kot q
0q\ukoqo. Acv ctvot to yuvotko cn\outocvq c ovptk ootcto, o\\ to yuvotko
nou cct oct 0q\uk ootcto.
[461]

kot cvu cpt upo ot vpc nopouot(ovov vo 0ou(ouv (cou kot
ot0uo
6
) ouq q o\\tkq yuvotko, knotot upo otoqouv qv
kovovtkoqo0q\ukoq q:

.uoru ot ovrpe npenet vo oe korpyoptonoto0ve kot vo oou 6oouv to
roneo. Apop, oo opyel povp, ev eloot yuvolko. n ov eloot yuvolko
ev nopel vo opyel povp kot ro0notv. (8.)

lt' ouro0 vo evo ovrpo nopel vo opypoet. (.) Apo yto vo ro kovet to
yuvolko kort ev noet koo. Apop noe ope o no0e ' eouve. eouve
prpoet le ou, t eevo, ev epovrot oe evo nore vo e prpoouv,
epet, to ekpoop nou okouoo reeurolo, elvot kovovtkp ourp, (yc\to) elvot
pop yuvolko, (M.)

1t \cnouc \otnov vo ovoputouvot ov cv couv oct cvo cy\o
cpo ou 0q\ukou ou kco\otou (oct(ocvou npoovu c qv
cvtoq):

Aev elvot 0pukp. ev unopet kort 0puk orp yuvolko rov elvot nov orp
povp. zlyoupo e eet neptoploet n o p o n o 0 oro vr0oto ou, nopo
no0. Aev opo roko0vto, ev opo o0ore. (.) lto evo prov no0
eyop oneto our. (zo.)

ee. 0ep rt ootpel ytorl. yto konotou olyoupo, ytorl evroet, ev
nopel vo 6oet to o0oro, o no0e, yto vo ove6et orp povp ero. (.)
Aur, o no0e, prov evo prpo e rov lo ou, o onolo ou 'eye rt ev ou
'peoot e to o0oro pe notl ou, ouveeto e ro novrevt, oo. oo0
epoot e rp povp, e, no0 vo rpv e rp o0oro. (A.)

kt ovtooto touct kot yto ou kotvuvtko-ouo\tkou nopou nou
uno kovovtk ouv0qko oct\ovot oq o\\q\cyyuq cou yuvotkuv:

.ot yuvolke (.) e, vol rt oe ovrternlouv oov ovrpo, 6enovro oe
nov oe to povp, pop ovtko eet 0yet on ro tk rou orporneo
kt eet nepooet oro oo., (z.)

opoko\ou0ouc \otnov qv (c0c\ouoto) onokpuvoq ono qv
nopoootokq ckoq q yuvotkcto kovovtkoqo kot q
0q\ukoqo (cvtoq), tou kot ono ou ttou ou vpc (nou
cvtoc t onopptnouv u q kovovtkc kot po ot opkc 0q\ukc,
cvtoc t 0ou(ouv, o\\ t onoopcovot u uncpo\tk 0q\ukc.
ko0u ou cv ot(ouv vo ot\\ouv u npo qv kovovtkoqo
q q 0q\ukoq ou, kot oo o0o nou q 0q\ukoqo ctvot to
cntc\coq, o cpuqo ou nu 0o toqpqoouv kot 0o ouvqpqoouv

6
Atot npokctot yto o 0ouooo yto to uncp o cov opooqo, po yto to
onpoonc\ooq kot onct\qtkq 0q\ukoqo.
ntko\o pqokq
[462]

kovovtkoqo, 0q\ukoqo (kot, oc nto npoktko cntnco, c\kuotkoqo)
nopocvct.

V P=/%2%$/=r,2/%? .%# *%3#22,$/q2/%?

Auvouv o uoko\o ou (qqoo qtoupyuvo to vqoto vco
0q\ukoqo o ouo o no omans lan nou qtoupyqoov yto ov
couo ou oqvovo ntou qv kovovtkoqo kot covoocuovo
7

oq upo ou oootk\ctoou. no q 0q\ukoqo qv onoto npoctvouv
ocvo onok\ctovot knoto nopoootok kot ouotk
(yuvotkcto) ouv0ctk q, cvu cvooovot kot ovoctkvuovot ootcto
cvunpovo oqv k\ootkq oootk\ctotkq (cou kot ovptkq) ctkovo
(uvotoo, ovcopqoto, ootkoqo.):

.e 0pukrpro oo e tk ou oru, reel toopertk on our nou
6enoue. Mo kot p 0pukrpro ev elvot evo npoyo, erot kt ot ev
unopet evo orovrop, o no0e, kt elvot our. lvot noo npoyoro. Aev
ovet on rpv 0pukrpro, oo. kot ev nopel vo eloot p yuvotko0o nou
epoue. nou eoprterot on' ouro0 (ou vpc). n yoro0o nou kovet vtoou
vtoou. (t.)

Aev 0ep rt p povp ootpel 0pukrpro p rt p 0pukrpro opolvet
o0oro. (.) 0ep rt to yuvolko nopel vo. kotoro vo elvot yuvotkopo e
ro po0o rp povp. (A.)

ko0u ouq 0q\ukoqo kotvooct cv nopct uotk ouc vo
oncu0uvcot oou nvc, ouc kot vo cktot ono ov onotovqnoc.
nockq q nopouot(cot vo ctvot cvo vpo tkovo vo nopo\cct
qv ovunopto uv k\ootkuv o0o\oovuv 0q\ukuv ootctuv q
oootk\ctopto kot, kuptu, vo cktqoct qv oyvoqoq ou ono ouc,
ovoctkvuovo cot qv coucptkq kot ouotootkocpq 0q\ukoq
ou:

( oootk\co) okppp rp 0pukrpro oo0 rpv ootpel. yt' ouro0 nou
epouv vo kotroouv vo ro rt opo! lto ou rou oou. 0o oro 0eo
no0 ono. Oo no on e npo ro eoo. 1o vo eet polo ko ev elvot
ovoykp vo opo evo no0 eko lvt yto vo ro et konoto. Mnopel vo ro
tokplvet evo ko ovrptk ort kot eoo on ro eporo. (.) 1o eoo. nopel
vo ro et o ovrpo vo kot vo e ro rt, vot, Ok, ourp ev ep ov elvot kop
p kokp, novr elvot toopertkp. lvot toopertkp yto rov ovrpo. (8.)

.koko ro eoro ev nop v' ove6 e rp ouorlroo ou vo opypo
(yc\to) oo o our ro npoyo nou ou et oet eee. rpv eukotplo o

7
Aovct(oooc ono qv Moptvouq (200:32) ouo ov opo nou ncptypct qv
kooooq yuvotkuv nou coopuvouv ov couo ou uto0cuvo ovptkou
kutkc.
[463]

no0e kot vo. vo o ro tkolo oe oou ov0pnou vo ovoko0ouve
rp 0pukrpro ou kot vo pv rou rpv oep6lp o no0e oro ntoro. e konoto
rpno. 1o 0ep pop our ro npoyo no0 nto opo kot no0 nto.
eprtk, on ro vo. vo petoerot vo entel o no0e kort, ro onolo vo
ovooerot 0pukrpro, ytorl erot eet kovovtorel vo elvot, ro roko0vt, p roovro,
p o0oro o no0e kt o our ro npoyo. . enoev vt0 no0 ko0repo
oo 0puk, oo yuvolko. (z.)

zov t oo(ovc, cv ovqkouv ouc oov ovptko ouc oo yuvotkcto
kooo kot tvouv qv cvunuoq ot oqyouvot oc cvo cto
onoovuoq. Coo kt ov otvcot nopoo, unoypot(ouv (o) qv
ovoykotoqo ck0opq opto0cqoq uv uo ouuv koouv () q tkq
ou no\tvvooqoq oo yuvotkcto n\cup, kt nou cntpcnct ov c\cyo
cnt uv cntnuocuv q onokpuvoq ou. t ouo kot ko0u q
ouvcvcuq npoup, ono q 0q\ukoqo q onoto q ovookcuq o\t
ovccp0q cv onok\ctovot otvq nto ouotkc oct ou yuvotkctou
po\ou, kt nou oocuct oo outooo (ovptkuv kuptu) npooovuv
c q tkq ou (yuvotkcto kot oootk\ctotkq) ttotcpoqo kot oqv
\uvoq uv (cvonpoountkuv kot tonpoountkuv) nopouvtuv kot
ouykpouocuv:

.npoono0 vo kpor ro erpo, nou noto ev ro ekovo. npoono0 vo kpor
ro erpo ytorl. ev no0et vo elot yuvolko, e kot ro o0uy ou, nou oo
ev 0e vo e 0epel oo lo rou (yc\to). ytorl ou 'et ou6el kt our,
pop, ou 'et r0et noe ope lot vo e 6enouve oov rov kopr
rou. (.) Apop 0e vo olverot rt elot yuvolko. (L.)

Aev ou opeoe vo kukoop ol rou (c ou t\ou ou), vo rou nolpv
on nlo pop kot vo npyolvoue 6ro. Apop, our ro npoyo ev ou
opeoet. oto0ovouvo nopo no0 oopo. (.) kot e ro ouroklvpro. Oe vo
ro opyel o oo. O ovrpo. Aev 0e vo ro opy ey. Aev ep, ev ou
opeoet. 0o nporto0oo vo pepe kt our vo opyel kot vo rpv enotpve ekelvo.
o pv opyo0oo ey. Aev ou opeoet oov etkvo. vot. vo elvot o ovrpo
nlo. (u.)

uq q q\uoq ko\uv npo0cocuv u npo ov (nopoootoko) cu\o
touptoo opotoquv cct kot npoktkou ooou (ppqko coto
ouvcccvou c ou cupucpou ouo\tko-ouotkou), q\oq q
q ov\qq ovptkuv ko0qkovuv, o\\ kot q toqpqoq uv
yuvotkctuv npovotuv: o uvotoo kot q ouovoto npcnct vo
ouvocuovot ono tkpc ooq 0q\ukq ouvoto kot cpqoq -
oqv ckoq ou couou nou npoycot cu, to yuvotko npcnct vo
ono0ou(cot tot ctvot yuvotko (0q\ukq, \cncnt\cnq, ouvoq
k.\n.) kot ot tot ctvot toq (cou kot oc tkovoqc) c ov vpo:

.onolouv (oq oootk\ctopto) kot pou yuvotkelou, nou rou eet erot
kt ot, kot. kot 6plokeoot neov. eoo0evel! Aev ro ovreet. lt' our oou
ntko\o pqokq
[464]

e ko elvot vo kporo kot rp 0pukp oou neupo. Aev elvot etovekrtk.
Ano, onoe0yet vo ent6op0vet rov eour oou. ee. ytorl. yt' our. ev
nopel vo ro kovet o! Ot ovrpe unopouve yto vo kovouve konoto oo
npoyoro nou t ev nopo0e vo ro kovoue eel, ono yto vo pv ro
kovoue kot ouro eel. Aur, our elvot.. 1o lto ntore0 rt ou6olvet kot
yto kelvou. kot ekelvot nopo0ve vo kovouve konoto 0epprtko yuvotkelo
npoyoro, oo ro onoeoe0ouve yto vo pv rou nerouve o ol. Apop,
kt ey nop o no0e vo oo oto orp povp ou, ev ro kov, nport
vo orel rov ovrpo ou, t ytorl ev ep vo no, kt e noet. oo. ytorl
vo pv ro kovet ekelvo kot vo pv koro ey oro onlrt nou e vo kov kot rt
ouete ou. Aotnv. ntore0 rt ko elvot vo ro otpooue kot vo pv
npoono0el vo ro kovet o vp oou. kot yt' our kporo. yt' our kporo rp
0pukp neupo. A ntore0et o oo rt elot lyo o0vop, ev e ooet,
kepl on' our ro npoyo. (L.)

-epet, ruolvouve kot toopo neptorortko, pop e. e ro vo eloot yuvolko
opy orootkero olpet kot topv npoyorv nou ot ovrpe ev ro
eouve, pop. oo oou neoet p povp kor 0o rpeouv onopnore vo oe
6op0poouv vo rp opkoet ytorl eo0 ro enrenlenro nooo ev nopel vo ro
kovet vp oou. (.) et kot ro 0ertko rou nou. 0ep rt our elvot o6ovro
o no0e oe oeop e rou ovrpe opyo0, kot ro ekeroeurel evr
ev nop vo n. (z.)

OV "*03,&,?

Ltvot npoovc ot onu cv covot ot q oqyqoq oootk\co
toouvoct c qv ononotqoq q yuvotkcto ou (0q\ukq) ouoqo,
c ov tto pono opvouvot ot oqyct oqv outoq kot qv ctouoq
uv uo koouv. no qv \\q, cvo cto pqoto0qptkou
yuvotkctou \oyou cv ouvcnycot, ko qv noq o, qv onooq
q ovptkq ovucpoqo kot couoto (kot q ouv kot knu kuvtk
onoppcouoo ctpoyuyqoq uv ovpuv). 0q\ukoqo (c o,t
ouvcnycot u npo qv npot0coq kot qv tkovoqo yto
ooyqvcuoq), u cpo q otovct ouvcpyotkq tou\tkq ocoq, o\\
kot q tto ouq ocoq, npoocyyt(ovot cu ko o \\ov q qov
ko\onpootpco, ouvcvotk 0o nopouooc vo nouc kot notyvtuu,
q\oq u pqoptko (c qv cupuoq cvvoto) notvtt cucptkuv
otvocvuv kot cvunuocuv. Acv onok\ctcot kt coto vo oct\cot
oq tuq ouvctqoq kot toctptoq q ttotcpq cvunuoq (kot
ooyqvq) nou npoko\ct (oou \\ou o\\ oqv tto!) q ouvunopq uv
uo ovt0cuv no\uv (oppcvunoqo kot 0q\ukoqo) nou
opokqpt(ct q oootk\ctopto: ovo\ovovo to ocpcountk
ovptkq pooqptoqo ot ouccouoc o tcktkouv oqv ouoto o
tkotu ou oqv cnt\oyq q npoountkq ou (ko0ot cnt\cycvq
ono t ttc) no\uou\\cktkq kot ouooctootkq 0q\ukoqo.
pokctot yto cvo cto toopponto ovcoo oq \c\oytocvq
onooqoq uv cu\uv kovovtotkuv npounuv kot oqv onooq
[463]

ou. onooq ouq nopct vo ctvot cucvq oov o uto0coucvo
ou npouno ctvot ono ouotkq kot npoktkq noq cunqpctk,
o\\ onpo0uq oov onoppu0t(ct npoountkou ooou kot tcuq.
pokctot nvu yto cvo notyvtt nou onotct qv cntyvuoq toopuv,
o\\ kot ov cvocpvtoo (nou nopct vo ctvot octpo kot onotutko,
o\\ nopct vo onoct qtoupytko kot cn\outotko) q
ovoykotoqo nctuv cntkotvuvto (cnoq) kot outoouv.
Lvo c\cuoto (qqo oct(cot cu c t oootk\ctoptc
(oov n\q0uvtko): cv npokctot yto to kotvoqo (q to ou\\oyq ono
unokou\oupc) c untkq opyvuoq kot coucptkq uvotkq, o\\ yto
to koqyopto (oo-ovtkctcvo) nou ovoucot cou q cpcuvqtkq
(okoqotkq) ovoykotoqo ouykpoqoq ovtkctcvuv. unopq ou
ctvot coto qooto: noponcnct oqv kotvuvtkq opooqo q
kuk\oopto oo poo, oqv oyktopuoq kot oqv c\q cvo ot0uou
kotvuvtkou \coo, ko0u kot oq toctptoq uv ouvcnoyocvuv
(vooc\ctok, ooo kt ov nopouot(ovot o0uo) ouotkuv
(ncptn\okuv kot ouv cnuuvuv) (qquv. ?npouv otyoupo
nopo\\q\tc kot cno\\q\tc ot oqyqoct ou, ouoqo (ootoqo
kot toop) unokctcvtkuv npo\qotouv kot uvooqo
ouykpoqoq ouvcktkuv 0cupqtko-c0oo\oytkuv npo\qotkuv.
Mo\oouo ot onovqoct ou ovooptk c o ou0otpco kot o
ovtotko uv kotvuvtkuv po\uv oqcpo ctvot cvovu ootkc kot,
couc qv cvunuoq, cou ovotkc. cpcuvo cv nopct nop vo
nopoko\ou0ct (ouvcnu vo oko\ou0qoct kot vo oko\ou0ct) ocotc
ouykckptcvc unoptokc ncptn\ovqoct.
ntko\o pqokq
[466]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

AiL l kal, ., 2003, Au emlnln, zo al Le 8reLon (.),
loJolesceoce tlsoe (pp. 200-213), arls: acheLLe, 200-213.
ley, lcolas. 2010. kpttkq \oyouo\oyto kot q c\cq ou
ovptoou. zo ntko Mno(o(q kot C\cto Apoyuvo (Lnt.).
kotvvtkp uooylo. n orpop oro yo, 0qvo: Mcotto,
137-176.
eren, kenneLh, eren, Mary. !., 2010. Aqyqotkq tcpcuvqoq:
t\oyo ncpo ono cntoqovtkou oct. zo ntko Mno(o(q
kot C\cto Apoyuvo (Lnt.). kotvvtkp uooylo. n orpop oro
yo, 0qvo Mcotto, 177-190.
Moptvouq, Ccoooto. 200. (uq upt ccvo. Lu\o unokctcvo
cvo kot cko uv ktvqotkuv upuv, Atnortkp
eronrutokp epyoolo rou Meronrutoko0 npoypooro
kotvvtkp kot notrtotkp ov0pnooylo. 0qvo: vcto
ovcntoqto.
pqokq, ntko\o. 2002. Cpto ou couou kot optokq oqyqoq
oootk\co: q ptoktvuvcuoq u onvqoq oq
toktvuvcuoq, nt0eppop kotvvtkv peuvv, 108-109 (8-
): 203-22.
pqokq, ntko\o. 2003. Morooukero. ptoktv0veuop kot tep.
0qvo: luLura.
pqokq, ntko\o. vo\uq, \cvpo. (p0po uno kptotv).
Morootkerlorpto. uokotvvtkp koptepo kot ekoe rp
0pukrpro.

[467]

6, >%.+r /%05# /1? &3q$$%? >8$% $/, $q>%

zc\to kpooovkq
S

\jklmnol

1be looq ootoey of looqooqe tbtooqb tbe boJy

o tbls oet e focos oo qtoos of oteots of Jtoq oJJlcts, bete tbe
oottotloo of stotles of loss ooJ qtlef, commoo to tbe fomllles of oJJlcteJ,
cteotes booJs of coootet-ooJetstooJloq ooJ sollJotlty, lo tbe cootet of o
qtoo. 1be blstoty of tbe nelleolc Jlosoto Jotloq tbe teotletb ceototy ls
ofteo meotlooeJ lo tbese oottotlves ooJ meets tbe etsoool stotles.
toJoolly tbe slJe-stotles comlete tbe ole of blstotlcol teteseototloo.
1be metobots, tbe metooymles ooJ tbe lctotes foll of meooloq, tbot
ottlcloots ose, coottlbote to tbe coltotol vlsloo of tbe oottotloo. 5ocb
oottotlves lo o sofe tbetoeotlc cootet setve os btlJqes beteeo Jlffeteot
oqes ooJ qeoetotloos.

t\o q ctoqyqoq ou cvc\u ovtk c cvo losos pqkc o
voqotko ou ooo. Lvu ctc ocoq c qv ouotkq vqq
cntkcvpu0qkc oqv oqyqoq kot cytvc 1o okpu ott q y\uooo
coo oo ooo. \oyo \otnov oqv oqyqoq, nou on o,t otvcot
cct 0cponcutkq uvoq, ctvot kuptu to cntkotvuvtokq pooqptoqo
nou npoko\ct qv o\\oyq, qv coopuoq kot cntcpct cvo
o\ok\qputko c\o oc no\\c ovcnt\uc tooptc.
vcoo oqv oqyqoq kot oq npoo\qq q coo\oct o
kouoo kot q uvooqo knotou vo couoct kt kot knotou vo o
npoo\ct.
Mnopouc vo ovooouc o tuo, knoto vo oqyctot kot
knoto vo okouct, ko0tocvot o cvo tn\o oov \\ov. okcouc
nooc ctkovc kot nopoooct ovouovot kot koo\ovouv ov upo
ovcoo ou. zuvuotvovot po\ot, kooooct, opokqpc, ococt
ko ctpovotc. Ppuc o koocpvouv q cv o koocpvouv, kvouv q
ot cnt\oyc, cnt\oyc \uputkc q kooopotkc, oc tooptc c opq,
coq kot c\o.
kot ot uo v0punot okouv qv tto toopto ou qv tto otyq
o ko0cvo ovoqtoupyct kot cntkotvuvct q tkq ou. zt ttc \cct o

1
utopo-Apooo0cponcuq-zkqvo0cq, .aeon-ramaLherapy.r
emall: aeonr[oLeneL.r.
zc\to kpooovkq
[46]

ko0cvo cocpct t tkc ou nopoooct, t tkc ou npoo\c.
opoko\ou0ouc cvo tuo cvcpyo, ktvqonotqcvo, oc ovoovq.
vcoo ou unpct uvotkq, cnvcuoq kot qtoupytkoqo.
opoko\ou0ouc cvo otpooo ouvoto0quv, tcuv,
cnctptuv, npcuv ono ov oqyqq npo ckctvov nou okouct c ooo
qv ono\ouoq, q yvuoq, qv ovonokptoq, qv ovovk\ooq, qv
koovoqoq. kot ot uo ono\ovouv, ovoyvupt(ouv kot yvupt(ouv ov
couo ou \ctoupyuvo u ko0pcnq o cvo ou \\ou. ?npct
o\\q\cntpooq ovcoo ou, q oqyqoq no\\on\oot(cot,
cnovoqtoupyctot kot ovoucot to vco uvotkq nou cncpv ou
ouccovc. 1o opto ovcoo oov oqyqq kot ckctvov nou okouct
ouycovot, o ouo\tko u\tko tct q 0coq ou oqv npoyotkoqo
kot ovtopou.
oto ot\ct kot noto okouct otunq cvo\\oocot c ov
\oyo. 1o ott cct cktvqoct. to nou zq ovooto zo ovotkcto zo
oouvctqo
qyo ctvot q cntooouvq kot q cnt0uto yto yvuoq. upo
ovcoo oou ouvot\qc, o upo q ouvvqoq ytvcot cvo
cootko upo kot q coucptkq cnctpto ytvcot cucptkq cnctpto.
0vouc oo oqcto ckktvqoq q kotvuvtkonotqoq o, o
nu q\oq q coucptkq cnctpto 0o cucptkcuct kot q cucptkq 0o
coucptkcu0ct.
1ouq q no\tvpoq, otpoq ktvqoq, ouq q tontouoq ot
q oqyqoq onoc\ct to ko coqv kotvuvtkq pooqptoqo tonvccot
ono qv cnt0uto vo cntkotvuvqoouc, ono qv ovykq ot ovo vo
qtoupyqoouc kot vo tuoouc t tooptc, o\\ kuptu ono qv
ovykq vo t oqyq0ouc, vo t otpooouc. no couc pupc yto
qv unopq o, cntcotuoq yto qv coucptkq optckovtkq q
okcq o, yto qv opyvuoq ou utkou o ou. zqvouc to
okqvq onou ovonoptoouc qv unopq o u \\ot 8\ovttp kot
Lopoykov oo cptcvovo ov kovo ou . 8eceLL.

AA1lMl. Doo topkel ro tkp rpo kot ro o0vroo ero.
z1AlkO.neptevovro, o npoono0pooue vo ouprpooue pl
vo ekveuptoore, eoov eloore ovlkovot vo onoooue.
AA1lMl. npoyort, eloore oorelpeurot.
z1AlkO. lvot yto vo p okeroore.
AA1lMl. oue tkotooylo.
z1AlkO. lto vo pv oko0e.
AA1lMl. oue rou you o.
z1AlkO. De rt ne0oeve ve.
AA1lMl. kovouv evo 0pu6o on repo0ye.
z1AlkO. An 0o.
AA1lMl. An oo.
z1AlkO. An 0o.
ztnp
1o okpu ott q y\uooo coo oo ouo
[469]

Lvo ouvcc ouoqo ovonopyct ovtkpouocvou optoou q ocoq.
not(u q poq ou 8lrhlsLell ouccu oqv cntkotvuvto ovt ou
cntkotvuvu c knotov ctvot opokqptotkq oq kocu0uvoq ouq
q 0cupqoq. Alla ersle (1997) unooqpt(ct ot:

cnt0uto o vo oqyq0ouc, q uvooqo vo kptvouc q otyq nou 0o o
kvouc kot q tkovoqo vo 0ouc ono qv oqyqoq onoc\ouv q oq yto
qv opyvuoq ou utoou o. t tooptc o oq0vc vo ovonu0ouc kot
vo ytvouc c\tk ouo nou ctooc, o couo o, q npoountkoqo o.

ycvvotoupq tkovoqo vo oqyq0ouc kot q (coq tkovoqo vo
okouoouc qtoupyouv toopponto ovcoo oc c kot ov kooo o,
cvu q cuoto0qq ouq toopponto ckp(ct cntoq ov o0o q uytou q
no0o\oytkq ouncptop o, qv tkovoqo vo cnttuvouc, vo
toctpt(oooc kot vo ovon\ototuvouc t ko0qcptvc o uoko\tc.
1o ott q (uq o yto povto o\ok\qpo ounukvuvcot oc
to ovo poq, cvu otyc ckctvovot kot couv cpoto
oqyqotkq tpkcto.
Lntpcnouc oov okpooq vo cntokc0ct q (uq o, ov
onokpuo kooo o, t nto npoountkc o okcct, o nto
ko\ou\oycvo ouvoto0qo o, nou o \cc npuq op oc kotvo.
1o c\cuoto povto q oqyqoq unpct cvovo kot otonotctot
c cooq novou. zq, ootkq q ootkq 0cponcto, oo 0copo, oq
\oyocvto, oqv oopto, oqv cpcuvo. Co ovocp0u kuptu oo upo
q 0cponcto kot ckct nou not(ovot o\o, o\o yto o\o, oo 0copo o
ouo o tn\ouno q unopq. Lkct nou not(ovo o tnoo ytvcot
kt, q\oq oo notvtt.
vupt(ouc ot q uo0cponcto cktvqoc u 0cponcto \oyou,
tolloq cote. Mcoo ono o \oyo kot q vqq o ycyovoo q (uq o\\
ouv kot q oopto cpovot oo cu kot upo. uo ouotvct ot
ovo oq uovo\utkq 0cponcto kot qv oqyqotkq 0cponcto, o\\
kot ot 0cponctc cvq kot ttotcpo oq Apooo0cponcto, onou cvo
ono o kupto ovc\o q ctvot o oqyqotko (ersle o.n.).
vupt(ouc ot q pooo0cponcto kuptu otonotct o ouo,
qv ktvqoq, t ctkovc, qv ovooto kot ou po\ou q (uq o c cvo
cooptko ouv pono. Cu nvu ono o\o oot(cot oo Apo kot
o Apo ctvot \oyo, ovqkct onu yvupt(ouc oq Apootkq notqoq.
\oyo \otnov cnovcpcot oq 0cponcto t \\q oou, o ott q
y\uooo cu ctvot ouotko onu kot q vqq ctvot ouotkq.
c\0ouc ou optk oo 0copo kot 0o ncpoouc cncto
oqv ncptoq q 0cponcto. 1o 0copo cktv ono o \oyo nou
tocoo\oct t ococt, o t\oyo kot oty-oty ncpv oq ouotkq
zc\to kpooovkq
[470]

ckpooq, oo \co, oq ctpovoto, oo nu q\oq o \oyo ytvcot
npq.
1o c\cuoto povto o\o kot ncptooocpo oo 0copo q poq
unoko0tooot ono qv oqyqoq. zuv nukv nopouot(ovot cnt
okqvq ouotoypotc, cntoo\oypotc, nc( kctcvo, vouc\c kot
u0toopqoo oo onoto ovo(qouc ov pootko ou nupqvo. t
toc ncptnou nopoooct nou notqkov ov ncpoocvo ctuvo oqv
0qvo, qov ovo\oyot kot o ouo cv ouvcctvc ovo q otkovotkq
kptoq o\\ kot q o0poo npooc\cuoq ou kotvou nou opcokcot oq
cuntkq oqyqoq, oto0vcot ot ouccct, ot koopyctot o
copo oto, ot ou oncu0uvovot kot cv nopoko\ou0ct k\c to
poq u nopoqpqq. Lntn\cov oc no\\c ono ouc t oqyqoct ot
npoountkc tooptc ouvovouv qv oopto kot otvcot ot ot cpc
o nou o\o kooppcouv o (qoucvo ctvot q oopto kot q y\uooo.
onotovq kot o 8u(qtvo couv qv tqtkq ou, o\\
kot toypotc onu ckctvq q Luuto onoytovvonou\ou, q
zuqpto Mnc\\ou, q uvotko q po, o Mopv 0, q yyc\o
on(oy\ou, q Mc\nu tuq, q amllle lauel, o op\t, o lnsenso.
Lvo 0copo q\oq oc npuo cvtko. 1o pto c\cuoto cpyo cto qv
cukotpto vo o okqvo0cqou kot vo c onooo\qoct kot q ouv0qkq q
okqvtkq pootkq oqyqoq, cv o q0onoto not(ct o npoouno q qv
oqyqoq ou npoounou kot \\o coto 0coptk kot ot ovov
(qqoo.
pokctot yto cvov oyuvo ovcoo oq uvooqo knotou vo
couoct oc to oo kt kot oqv tkovoqo q oo vo o
npoo\ct.
kt ov\oyo ouvc\ctot kot oq 0cponcto. 1o c\cuoto
toqo oo npoypoo ncpqoq Cqoco ou Aqou ko\\t0co
nou tcu0uvu, cc\toocot oo Apooo0cponcutk to nopoooq c
ou yovct, kot cttkocpo t qcpc uv copqcvuv oouv. 1o
u\tko npocpcot ono qv oqyqoq tooptuv nou oopouv o ncv0o, qv
onu\cto kot qv covocuoq, cnctptc kot kooooct ttotcpo
ouvc oo upo uv copqocuv. cntoqov0ct nooo cvtoucot q
ouvoq q oo coo ono qv oqyqoq uv npoountkuv ou
tooptuv.

qyctot to qcpo nou cct c\0ct ono qv uoto:

Mt ptvoe oe to np o enotpvov kot o npyotvov oe to op. Mt
6yooe ro npro uopokto not e0yoe. Drov p0o orpv oo, ro notl
ou prov 8 povv. Me to 6olroo kot ro notl. ztyo otyo optoo vo oue0,
vo ptv.

[471]

Mto \\q qcpo oun\qpuvct:

nouv 18 oro rep rou60. \o0vro. lto noventorpto o0re yo. loorov kot
optorepol. uyo yto lepovlo. Mou opeoe no0 ekel. Aoue0oe, eloe
kot rt ekpoe o. De ot opeve konee npyoe orp zlvykep. Mevoe
oe korotkle orou kpnou ev noorto0. Drov yevvp0pke ro notl ou enote
oro noprepto kot ort oee. Drov yuplooe nlo orpv oo rp ekoerlo rou
80 o ekove evr0nop p onorop orp p rv pvv.

Mto \\q qcpo t\ yto t oqc ovovqoct oqv uopo\to onou
oo c\o q ckocto ou 30 ccvov oc nopykc ono \ooptvo q to
tn\o oqv \\q kot onou tuoc qv kokonotqoq kot \\o pouotk
ycyovoo.
Mto \\q qcpo nopoqpct ot coo ono t oqyqoct
o0otvouc vo tonpoyocuoooc c q toopctkoqo, o cvovo
ouvoto0qoo, t ontocuc kooooct kot t ovctnuc \cct,
o0otvouc vo ycupuvouc o oo ovcoo oqv cnctpto kot oqv
ck0coq q.
1o 193, ot eren an eren cntvoqoov ov opo ouo-oqyqoq,
(self-oottotloo), yto vo ncptypouv q totkooto c qv onoto \cc
tooptc yto ov couo o oov couo o. ?no0coq ou ctvot ot ouo
o ouoqo qtoupyctot c ooo vo ytvouv ouvcoct ovcoo oo
ycyovoo q (uq o kot vo onokqoouc qv oto0qoq to
voqoooqcvq ouvcncto, ouvccto kot tpkcto. Co npooc0co
ot q oqyqoq oov couo o (self-oottotloo) cunqpcct qv cotkctuoq
c ov tto o ov couo. 1ov onookpuvouc yto vo ov oto0ov0ouc
nto kov o o\ok\qpo. Ltvot oov vo npo\\ouc ov couo o coo
oc cvov \\o povo kot upo.
1ou npopcnu t tooptc ou vo t oqyouvot oo ontt,
oov couo ou, uoc vo cotkctu0ouv o(t ou, vo ov onocouv. Auo
\\c qcpc ot oqyqoct ou ovocpouv ot yvupt(ouv pontkq,
ycyovo nou ou cncpcc oq to vo cnttuoct kot oqv \\q vo
onokqoct opkc pqoo oq cpovto kot vo oyopoct cvo ontt nou
o toqpct okoo kot oqcpo.
1ou tvu qv tco q etfotmooce vo cku\toocot yupu ono q
ponoqovq nou 0o ouo\t(ct to ypooqovq. k0c npoouno 0o
cpcot kot 0o \cct qv toopto povo nop\\q\o cvo kot
uooo oo uno qtoupyto otcbot q oo. zo c\o 0o
qtoupyq0ct o uovo q oo c o uooo kot o vqoo uv
tooptuv ou. Lncto oqkuvovot kot coo ono to ko0oqyqcvq
ovooto ktvouvot oo upo, oqyoucvq q k0c to qv toopto q c
onoto pono 0c\ct kot c onoto ktvqoq 0c\ct. 1t\o q nopoooq 0o
ctvot 1o vqoo q oopto.
zc\to kpooovkq
[472]

Aqtoupyctot oty-oty to \ctoupyto c \oyo, ktvqoq,
ouvoto0qoo, to uvoq cvcpycto kook\u(ct o upo. zty-oty coo
ono ouotkq cntopcouv oo ouo ou kot cvououvouv qv toopto
ou.
Mto ouvcpto vct oo c\o q kot cct pc0qkoc cvo
qo nto kov oqv o\ok\qpuoq q c\tkq etfotmooce c oqyqoct
uv tooptuv ou. ooptc nou ton\ckovot c qv oopto q upo
o, o\\ kot uv upuv q toonop, cvo c\\qvtoou nou ouvcu ls
follloq oott kot ouvcu ovoouvt0cot. kot q y\uooo onoc\ct cvo
kupto cpyo\cto ouq q ovoouv0coq, q tooptkq ouvctqoq cvo
ouvo\tkou \oyou, to ctkovo o\ok\qpq. 1c\ctuvovo 0o q0c\o vo
cntoqvu ot cvu q ctkovo ko0qou(ct, o \oyo o ktvqonotct. q
o okcnoct \otnov o\o to ctkovo.

[473]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

AlLlerl, . 1990. LoryLellln an Moral ency, 1be ootool of Aestbetlcs
ooJ Att ctltlclsm 42: 124.
AusLln, !. L. 1962. no to o 1bloqs ltb otJs. ambrle, Mass: arar
nlerslLy ress.
Aylln, 1. 199. 5totytellloq ooJ Jocotloo. Lonon: chool o rlmary
ucaLlon, 1hames olyLechnlc.
8auman, 8. 1973. 5toty, letfotmooce, ooJ veot. cootetool 5toJles of
Otol Nottotlve. ambrle: ambrle nlerslLy ress.
8eceLL . 1993. neptevovro rov lkovr. Mcpooq Aqqpq
Aqqptq. 0qvo: Lkooct Mz1z-ALzzz.
8oer, . . an Morro .. 1990. MenLal Moels ln arraLle
omprehenslon, 5cleoce 47. 44-48.
8runer, !. 1991. 1he arraLle onsLrucLlon o 8eallLy, ctltlcol oolty
1:1-21.
ersle, A. 1997. keflectloos oo 1betoeotlc 5totymoloq. 1be se of 5totles
lo toos. !esslca klnsley ubllshers. Lonon an 8rlsLol,
ennsylanla.
!acobs, M. 1971. 1be cooteot ooJ 5tyle of oo Otol lltetotote. hlcao:
Laha, M. 1992. Lory- maln ln AssessmenL MeLho or opln lLh
Lress. ln . !ennlns.tomotbetoy. Lonon: 8uLlee.
8ennle, . L. 1994. LoryLellln ln sychoLherapy. 1he llenLs ub[ecLle
xperlence, lsycbotbetoy J1 2:234-243.
8lcoeur, . 194. 1lme ooJ Nottotlve. hlcao: nlerslLy o hlcao ress.
ayer, . 1942. 1be oy of tbe 5totytellet. e or: vlln.
heloc, M. 1931. 1be Att of tbe 5totytellet. e or: oer
ubllcaLlons.
1amblln, !. 1991. Nottotlve ooJ Jeoloqy. Lory LraLor: Cpen nlerslLy
ress.
1yrell, L. 1990. LoryLellln an Moral Aency, 1be ootool of Aestbetlcs
ooJ Att ctltlclsm 4 2:113-126.
WlLLensLeln, L. 1990. looo, oyelo, reeroupylo. Ltooyuyq
cpooq oo\to kuoq M. kuotou. Lkooct kopotoo.
Zlpes, !. 1993. cteotlve 5totytellloq. e or: 8ouLlee.

[474]

[473]

) *+,-,+#.( #$/,+0% $/12 .,#2:/1/%

\jklmnol
Otol nlstoty lo tbe commoolty

1be kysell Otol nlstoty too (Onlk lo qtee) ls o locol commoolty qtoo
collectloq otol testlmooles. ts membets ote oll volooteets ooJ, most of
tbem, llve lo kysell ooce, o tylcol mlJJlecloss oelqbbootbooJ of Atbeos.
Ovet tbe lost tbltty yeots kysell bos ooJetqooe eootmoos cbooqe,
JeqtoJloq ftom oo offloeot, blqbly coveteJ Atbeos oelqbbotbooJ to ooe
ofteo slooJeteJ by tbe meJlo Joe to lts qteot oombet of lmmlqtoots,
locteosloq ovetty ooJ toclst vloleoce. 1be membets of Onlk bove beeo
cooJoctloq lotetvles omooq tbe teslJeots of tbls coottovetslol ooJ
Jeosely ooloteJ oteo fot oeotly to yeots oo. 1bls teseototloo
ottemts to oJJtess foot lssoes. o. cbolleoqes ooJ oottooltles otlsloq
ftom tbe octloo of o voloototy otol blstoty qtoo, b. 1be memoty of tbe
40s lo tbe commoolty, c. llvloq ooJ otloq lo tbe oteo ftom tbe 0 to tbe
teseot ooJ J. mmlqtotloo lo kysell ovet tbe lost JecoJes.

;>45% A+,-,+#.(? I$/,+0%? D7T831?

1ooou\o 8cpcvtuq, tooptko

o pooptkq oopto kuc\q (k) qtoupyq0qkc
qv votq ou 2011 oc to yctovt q 0qvo onou ptokcot cvo ono
ou upotocpou poou q no\q, q uktuvo ncypq, \\oc
okouoq kot qtocvq yto o kcvpo q, o\\ kot ou 0ouvc q.
kuc\q onoc\ct cpo ou uoponou 6
ou
Aqotkou Atocptooo
ou Aqou 0qvotuv. oo oqotuv, onu o noto, upt(ct o 6
o

Atocptoo oc uo tokptou - ono kotvuvtkq noq - onou.
kuc\q ptokcot ono qv nvu cpt, qv kop.
t kotkot q unooqpt(ouv ot q ncptoq ou ctvot nto
nukvokootkqcvq kot ono o ovyk kovyk. opt0o uv
o pooptkq oopto kuc\q
[476]

covoouvnpoouyuv ctvot cy\o. pocpovot ono t upc ou
npuqv voo\tkou Mn\ok, qv oto, o\\ kuptu ono qv ptkq kot
kootkouv ouvq0u oo unoycto q ou npuou opoou uv
no\ukootktuv. t yqycvct ctvot cykocoqcvot oou nvu opoou
kot ot ncptooocpot ctvot cy\ot oqv q\tkto, oou o nott ou couv
cokotoct oo npooto. zqv npoon0ct ou vo o y\ouv ncpo c
t uoko\tc nou ovtcunt(ouv oqv ko0qcptvoq ou tvouv
unou ou\\oyou, o (ouv c ou covoc kot qv
cyk\qotkoqo nou ouvcot, q\uvovo nop\\q\o ot oc kot
ncptnuoq cv ctvot pootoc.
t0ovov o\o o noponvu vo qov ot ottc q on\u o cvouoo,
yto vo oqotoct q k. zqv ckktvqoq ot ooot kot o ktvqpo ou
ko0cvo o qov toopctk. vu q ycvvqoq q k ouvccot
coo c q ouykupto. c\\qvtkq kotvuvto coo oqv no\uoto\q
kptoq nou qv o\ovt(ct npoono0ct vo oqotoct to vco ouoqo kot,
yt ouo, pct(cot cvo vco oqyqo.
kptoq ot(ct vo ctvot nto o0t oqv 0qvo, to npucuouoo
200 ncptnou povuv, nou ot ncptooocpot kotkot q ctvot coucptkot
covoc npuq q cucpq ycvt. Mto no\q nou cv q topcct
to ouvcq toopto otuvuv, onu q Ccooo\ovtkq yto nopctyo.
oot kotkot q 0qvo npocpovot ono qv c\\qvtkq cnopto
coko\ou0ouv vo toqpouv ocvou coou c o no\uoyonqcvo
ou upto, cvu no\\ot o\\oonot covoc cuc\ntoouv vo uyouv
ypqyopo ono cu.
ou\\oyq npooptkuv opuptuv ono ou c0c\ovc-c\q q
k onoc\coc o coo, yto vo yvuptoouc kot vo oyonqoouc ouq
qv no\q kot, oc c\cuoto ov\uoq, qv unopq o coo oc ouqv.
qootoypo A. uoyto covo ouvctqoq ou t oqotvct q
c\\ctq toopto cvo onou cypoc, c oopq qv cpto nou
opyvuoc q k ot 7 npt\tou 2012:

1ouc t uoko\c qcpc ou tooou kot q ocotoqo, nou q
ouvunopq ytvcot uoko\q, cotc npuoou\tc pcto(oooc ot yctovtc.
puoou\tc nou qtoupyouv o kotvo nopc\0ov, t kotvc ovoopc, o
kotv voqoo. 0qvo yto vo cnttuoct npcnct vo onokqoct npoouno,
npcnct vo ytvct kt noponvu ono qv no\q nou o o\otnupct c t
c\\ctct q kot o ot(ct c qv to (cq. Atbeos olce, 11.04.2012).

k kocpc vo uoct cvo Aoyo, cvo npoouno, to uvq oou
ov0punou q yctovt kot o ycyovo ouo otvcot ot ouvcc\coc
oq cy\q cntuto q cpto q, ko qv onoto o c\q q
nopouotooov q ou\ct ou: ncptnou 40 ouvcvcuct. 1qv cpto
nopoko\ou0qoov nvu ono 200 oo, cvu 130 cuoov q tcu0uvoq
ou yto vo cvqcpuvovot. no ou, 40 q\uoov ot 0c\ouv vo
npooptkq toopto oqv kotvoqo
[477]

ou\couv oqv k kot \\o ooo ot 0c\ouv vo uoouv ouvcvcuq
oo c\q q. tooono q k oc toqo \tyuv qcpuv cqkc
2.14 cntokcct ono 1.342 ov0punou. t cntokcnc cv kootkouoov
ovo oqv L\\o, o\\ kot oo Aovtvo, q 8tcvvq, o 8cpo\tvo, o
Movoo, q 8ouoncoq, qv o okoo kot o Mctko. zc c\tkq
ov\uoq q cy\q onqqoq q poq q k onoc\ct povq
onoctq q uvoq nou cct q npooptkq toopto vo ktvqonotct
ov0punou, vo nopyct tcc kot vo ut(ct o c\\ov.
unopq q k, u o pooptkq oopto, c0coc kot
to \\q oqovtkq nopcpo: noto 0cupouc ot ypct q npcnct vo
ouv-ypct qv oopto. ptv qv noykootonotqcvq cnoq o, qv
tooptkq nopcto coto(c vo qv ko0opt(ouv uotk npoouno:
opoq\c q no\ttkot qycc. Mc ouou ooo\ouvov ot tooptkot.
Acv ouotvct ou o tto ot cpc o. t oyopc nou pu0t(ouv
okoo kot qv ko0qcptvoqo uv ov0punuv ctvot onpoounc. t
pnc(c totkouvot ono vo(cp kot ot cotpctc covo(ovot,
cooqot(ovot, cocpovot, ouyuvcuovot, conu\ouvot,
upt vo ovo\ovouv o po q tooptkq cu0uvq uv pocuv
ou. Acv couv vqq.
t v0punot ou upt q vqq cv ctvot tnoo. t ouo
nopyouv vqovtkou onou, (ouv coo oc ouou kot c oq ouou
nopcuovot npo o c\\ov. pono nou ovonoptoouc o nopc\0ov,
o pono nou ypcot q oopto, okoo kot o 0coo nou onooo\ouv
ou cnoyyc\otc tooptkou, ctvot coo ouvcccvo c t
kotvuvtkc cc\tct. pokctot yto tou nop\\q\ou.
kot ouq qv cnoq, oncvovt ot onpoounc oyopc, couc
ovykq vo ovtouc to ov0punokcvptkq oopto. Mto oopto nou
vo t\ct yto ou on\ou, ou oovct, ou ov0punou nou cpt
upo onouoto(ov ono o tooptko npookqvto. 1o cpyo\cto yto to coto
npoocyytoq o o nopcct octu q npooptkq toopto.
1o c\q q k cntopu0qkov oq c0oo\oyto q
npooptkq toopto oc cvo octvpto 1 upuv nou cytvc qv votq ou
2011. Pov kotkot kuc\q, cpyo(ocvot q ouvotouot, o\\ kot
conutokot ono \\c yctovtc. C\ot c0c\ovc. k cv ctc
kot otkovotkq oqptq. 1o ycyovo \ctoupyqoc ncptooocpo 0ctk
nop opvqtk. Acv qov uoko\o vo pc0ouv \\ot c0c\ovc (t\ot
o) nou o toov vo koouc kot vo pouc o qqtk q o tvco,
ouc vo pouc kocc kot oyq vo o npoocpouc oqv cpto.
poono0qooc ono q to, vo ou\couc upt opqytk
oqoo kot, ono qv \\q, vo uoouc ou\\oytkq unooooq oq
ouykcvpuoq opuptuv, upt vo npoookouc \\o oc\q ncpo ono
qv cuoptoqoq nou tvct q qtoupytkq ou\ct.
[47]

cnttuq q ou\\oytkoqo kot q tooqo oqv ov\qq
cvcpyctuv kot cu0uvuv cv okovoc oc cvtk (qqoo, o\\ oc
c ou ttou. t ou\\oytkoqc ouvq0u ouykpoouvot, yto vo
no\cqoouv cvov c0po. k ou cv ctc kot cv cnpcnc vo ov
koookcuoouc. Lntn\cov, q cknotcuoq kot ycvtk q notcto o cv
oq0ouoc oqv onooq q toopctkoqo, oqv ovnuq q
ouvcpyooto, oov ovotko t\oyo, oqv cntooouvq, oqv ov\qq
npuoou\tuv, upt vo ooot ot oo npuo \0o 0o oc
unqoouv. op o\o o okonovcooo, oc ycvtkc ypoc, ko\
o nqyoc: ot ncptnuoct cyukcvptoou nou nopouotoqkov
onoovu0qkov ono qv oo. koocpoc vo ouvunpouc kot -
\\o \tyocpo, \\o ncptooocpo - vo 0ouc vo okouc ou
\\ou, to ctoqo nou ctvot cvc\u onopotqq kot yto q ou\\oyq
npooptkuv opuptuv.
k onoc\ouvov optk ono ncvc kot oq ouvccto ono
pct 0cotkc oc. t onu\ctc uno\oyt(ovot yupu oo 30, ooo
kot oqv cknotcuoq cvq\tkuv. k0c 0cotkq oo cnt\cyct q ck\cyct
cvov ouvovtoq. zq 0cotkq oo tcycot q kuptu ou\ct, cvu
o ouvo\o uv c\uv q k ouykcvpuvcot nto onvto, c cotpcoq
qv opyvuoq q cpto. t ouvovtoc, o\\ kot onoto \\o c\o
0c\ct, ptokovot ov\oyo c t ou\ctc nou pcouv. t pct
0cotkc oc oopouv q Ackocto 1940, qv ko0qcptvq Zuq kot q
Mcovocuoq.

P2(>=? %*: /12 D7T831 /1? 5=.%=/0%? /,7 R

kuo vuovkq - ?no. tkopo, vcto ovcntoqto

1o npuo npo\qo yto to cpcuvo npooptkq toopto ctvot q
ovo(qqoq n\qpoopquv, cttk oov to oo cct u 0co q o t
ouvcq nptv ono coqvo povto oc to ncptoq q onoto o
n\q0uoo \\oc pt(tk oo cootoqo.
1
t npuc cnoc cytvov
cou tkuuv yvuouv o nou kootkouoov oqv ncptoq, ko0u kot oc
upou onou ouvov kovct no\\ou q\tktucvou. Uoooo ot

1
opokqptotko nopctyo yto qv kuc\q ctvot ouo nou ouvcq c ov npoouytko
ouvotktoo ou o\uyuvou. ouvotktoo ctc qtoupyq0ct oo pco ko qko q
oqcptvq oou Luc\ntuv, yto vo ocyoct tkpootc npoouyc. to opkcou qvc
q k ovtcunt(c npo\qo oo vo pct n\qpoopqc ono ckct, ko0u q
nopoykouno\q ctc ykpctoct oq ckocto ou 60. no cvo uoto ncptootko o c\q
q k oqyq0qkov oov Ayto zuoq, ntou ono q zuyypou onou cct cykoooo0ct cvo
cpo ono ou kootkou ou no\tou ouvotktoou o\uyuvou.

[479]

ncptooocpot ono ouou nou 0o nopouoov vo 0uouvot q ckocto
ou 40 ctov cp0ct oqv kuc\q no\u opyocpo. no ou ov0punou
nou cvontooc c\tk, optocvot cv ctov t0coq vo t\qoouv. kot
ooot t\ouoov qov oykucvot ot oqyqoct ou. Lvo ono o
npuo ouncpooo ouq q npoon0cto qov ot okoo kot
coqvo povto opyocpo o oo cv cct coovtoct ono ouq q
ycvt. no q to ovt(ov ot nto oqv q\tkto ou cv ctov tnoo vo
oq0ouv (ot n\qpoopqc o qov ono 3 cu 94 cuv), ono qv \\q
ou, ot oqyqoct ou no\\c opc npoono0ouoov vo onouyouv
cnuuvc kot tootkc ovovqoct kot ovoopc.
t opuptc nou nqpoc qov opuptc out\tutkc,
opuptc nou coto(ov ot uoko\tc nou tuoov ot kotkot q
ncptoq coo oqv kooq, o\\ nopcoov vo t cncpoouv kot vo
cnttuoouv. Pov opuptc ototooc, oou cntkcvpuvovov oq
uvooqo cnttuoq nop o\c t kokoutc. ko0u o\ot ot
n\qpoopqcptc, cko ono to, cv qov opyovucvot oc knoto
ovtoootokq opyvuoq ouc ctov ococt c ov opoo kooq -
ou\toov cv q\u0qkc ouc o cvo ouc o \\o - t\qoov ono qv
n\cup cvo cvtotou \oou nou unccpc o ctv q nctvo, q
pookpoto kot q otkoto\oyqq to. Acv unqpc ovoop oc
knoto tootko oqo ouc nopouotoqkov knotot kotkot q
kuc\q oov c0pot. t n\qpoopqc o t\ouoov oo0cp c
oun0cto yto qv vtoooq kt o qv qov ot ttot opyovucvot.
Mnopct q vtoooq vo qv onoc\ouoc cpo q npoountkq ou
cnctpto, qov ou kt nou o ovoko\ouoov 0ctk kot o
ovtcunt(ov u ootcto cvo \oou nou cv unooocot. no qv \\q
n\cup, yto q poq oouv ctov ococt c t pc kooq, ctc u
n\qpooptooc ctc coo ono oot\oytkc opyovuoct, t\ouoov c
onc0cto. 1q 0cupouoov covucvq ktvqoq, kootkooco ono qv
kotvoqo, upt tco\oytko unoo0po, c ovo ooo ov n\outoo q
cotto q uotkq kokoqo ouuv uv npoounuv. to ou
n\qpoopqc o q ouvcpyooto c ov opoo kooq qov to ktvqoq
nou coc\t(c o unokctcvo q cu ono o c\\qvtko c0vo, tou cu kot
ono o ov0puntvo cto.
opon\qoto qov kot o pono c ov onoto ot oqyqc o
ovtcunt(ov o opoo kooq. qyq0qkov opkcc okqvc nou ctov
u 0co ou qv onv0punq ok\qpoqo uv cpovuv opotuuv.
\oyo ou qov ncptooocpo ovckoo\oytko kot ncptnuoto\oytko:
ovoctkvuov qv ok\qpoqo uv cpovuv coo ono ouykckptcvc
tooptc t onotc c(qoov, ctov q kouoov. kot ot \tyc ncptnuoct
onou ncptypcot cvo '\\o npoouno uv cpovuv ctvot ovcpo o
poo c ov onoto ou ovtcunt(c o n\q0uoo.
[40]

opoqpq0qkc ouvo\tk to oq ouyk\toq uv n\qpoopquv
oc knotc otc nou 0o opokqpt(ov cvo cvtoto c\\qvtko c0vo o onoto
oktoqkc ono q opopoqo ou opoou kooq - opotuuv
ok\qpuv nou cv cncctov kot ov0punt oncvovt oo 0uo ou.
zqv npoon0ct ou ouq ot n\qpoopqc nopo\ctnouv q \qoovouv
(qqoo nou \ctoupyouoov tootk ckctvq qv cnoq kot ootpouv
ono o ouvo\o uv L\\qvuv ckctvou nou ouvcpyoqkov c ou
cpovou. Mnopct ot oqyqoct ou vo qv ncptcouv cpoct
cyo\ctou kot c0vtkq uncpqvcto, o\\ qtoupyouv q oq yto vo
ouvctoouv qv oqyqoq ou oo n\ototo q cono\ctkq
ovoouykpoqoq q L\\o coo ono ok\qpq ou\ct kot ouvcc
cnt\oyc.
2

1oq oq vqq ou onoc\ct o Ackcpq ou 44, onoc ot
c cooov cpt kot qv kuc\q. t kotkot q kuc\q oqv
n\ctovoq ou pc0qkov ov 0coc kot ot npuoyuvtoc oq q
nou ouvcotvc tn\o ou. L.A..z nqpc ov c\cyo q ncptoq, cytvov
c yto ov c\cyo q upou\okq oqv oo Avpou kot c qv
qo ot ovpc onoupqoov ono qv ncptoq. vt0co, yto ov
cu\to nou oko\ou0qoc \tyc ctvot ot ovoopc ot oqyqoct ou.
cu\to onoc\coc to poytkq cc\tq yto q upo kot ou ov0punou
nou c\oov cpo oc ouov, o\\ upt cntnuoct yto q yctovt ouq
q 0qvo.
v kot o ouvo\o uv opuptuv ouykcvpu0qkc ono o
ko\okotpt ou 2011 cu qv votq ou 2012, cnoq ko qv onoto oov
no\ttko \oyo kuptpqoov ot ouykptoct ovcoo oov po\o q
t\cptkq cpovto u kookqq q L\\o kot uv ouypovuv
no\ttkuv cnt\oyuv q ycpovtkq kucpvqoq, cv ouot cv
tontou0qkc koto t0coq ck cpou oouv ctov (qoct ckctvq qv
cnoq vo npoupqoouv oc cotc ouykptoct. 1o tto ouvcq kot oo -
no\\ - oqcto oo onoto t\ouoov yto qv nctvo, cvo okoo 0co o
onoto kuptopouoc kot kuptopct oqv cntkotpoqo. uo nou ovccpov
ot ttot ot oqyqoct ou qov ot o kooo oc nctvouoc, kovcvo
ou ono ou n\qpoopqc o cv ktvuvcuoc o tto ono qv nctvo,
ooo kot ov ou uoko\cov ot ocpqoct. lou ckctvot nou npoyotk
nctvouoov qov ckctvot nou c\tk cv cnttuoov yto vo o oqyq0ouv.
t ko0qcptvc tooptc nou 0o oq0ouoov vo koo\ouc qv
cnctpto q kooq cv cpovov otooo oov \oyo uv

2
zuv ot n\qpoopqc o ovocpovov ot oqyqoct ou oo nooo ok\qp
ou\cov ot ttot c o c\o ou no\cou, cvu c ocvoqo npoco\\ov, cntoq, ooo
ctov ncuct o\o ou o povto. cvtk unqpc to covq ocoq ottou-
onoc\cooo oov pono c ov onoto ouvccov qv cono\ctkq ou cpyotkoqo
c qv oqcptvq ou otkovotkq vcoq.

[41]

n\qpoopquv, pcto(oov vo ytvouv ouykckptcvc cpuqoct yto vo
ovocp0ouv oc ouc. Mcoo ot oqyqoct ou ot ttot qov to q
cpqotq ovo oqv nopcto q oopto. oopto 0o npoupouoc
kot upt ouou. Lnccvov vo npotouv qv ontkq yuvto ou pupo
- okoo kot oc ycyovoo nou cv qov nopovc - nop ou
npuoyuvtoq, oc to ono o ku oqyqoq q oopto.
Lvu, ou, q no\ttkq kot q opotutkq toopto cnotvc ouv
oqv oqyqoq ou, cvouot ot npct ou kot ot okcct ou cv
qov oc t\oyo c ouqv. Acv onoc\ouoc q\oq q cy\q oopto
cvov ono ou nopyovc nou ou u0ouoc ot onooct ou, o\\
qov to nop\\q\q oqyqoq nou ctvov ck uv uocpuv, ovtkpto c
qv oqyqoq q tkpotoopto ou, upt ot uo ou vo
oun\ckovot. cotooq uv n\qpoopquv nopccvc oo ko0qcptvo
kot oqv ovykq uv ttuv, q otkoycvct ou kot uv otkctuv ou vo
cnttuoouv oc kptotc ouv0qkc, upt ou vo npouoouv ooo
ntocuov.
ou\ct nou cytvc nvu oqv ckocto ou 40 ono qv k
oqyct oo ouncpooo ot ot n\qpoopqc 0cupouoov qv npoountkq
ou toopto u kt nou ptokoov oo ncpt0upto, ov kot oc nop\\q\q
ktvqoq c q cy\q oopto. t cpqvctc nou couv kooypoct ot
ouvcvcuct ou yto o nopc\0ov cuvoouv out\tutkc kptoct ot
onotc cv nopyouv c0pou - ovt0co, cntctpouv vo cvouv o\o o
npoouno q oqyqoq oqv n\cup ou ko\ou. 1c\o, nop qv cvooq
q cntkotpoqo, ot v0punot nou ctov tuoo ono qv kooq cv
npoupouoov oc coc ouykptoct c o nopov, nop o\q q octkq
ou(qqoq nou cntkpoouoc oov qooto \oyo.

1o c\q q 0cotkq oo yto q Ackocto ou 40: kuo
vuovkq, 1ooou\o 8cpcvtuq, kuoq toupyo, L\toc Atovq,
\ckpo zpoo\tou.

) .%<1>=+#2( s'( $/12 D7T831

kocptvo kuptokou, pouno ctpootko zo\cto ovcntoqtou
0qvuv

Coot onoc\cooc q 0cotkq oo q ko0qcptvq Zuq (kZ) ctoc
ko vou cvo n\cyo ov0puntvuv ococuv kot pooqptoquv nou
ovonu0qkov q coko\ou0ouv vo ovonuooovot oo opto q kuc\q.
Mo cvtccpov ot ov0pnot orov rno kot rov pvo, nuc q (uq
oqv kuc\q nou oqcpo couv \qoovq0ct, o\\ kot tvq ou
nopc\0ovo nou cnttuvouv oqv ko0qcptvoqo uv kootkuv q.
[42]

vtcuntooc ono qv opq c okcntktoo ooo t
upotonotqoct ou nopc\0ovo ooo kot ou ocpcountkou opvqtkou
opokqptoou nou, o\ocvo kot ouvocpo nto, onotovot oqv
kuc\q. -cktvqooc c cvov oqyo ouvcvcuq nou oko\ou0ouoc t
opc q oqyqoq (uq. zqv nopcto ot ootkot 0cotkot ou ovc
oun\qpu0qkov c cnt cpou ncto ov\oyo ctc c o cttkocpo
cvtocpovo ou ouvcvcukq ctc, kuptu, c q opuqo nou o tto
o n\qpoopqq ctvc oc knoto ycyovoo q (uq ou. pockuov
\otnov cnt cpou 0cotkc, onu q ootokq o\\oyq ou ootkou
ontou, ot cvootkoycvctokc ococt kot ot ouvq0ctc nottuv kot
cvq\tkuv, ot onotc npooc0qkov ot 0cotkc q cpyooto-
cntctpqotkoqo kot q cknotcuoq, oov cnoc q \ctoupyto uv
ovtootuv 0cotkuv ouv q k.
zuuvqooc ot o povtk opto q oo kZ 0o o ko0opt(c
q q\tkto ou yqpotocpou kot ou vcocpou n\qpoopqq. 1o cvtocpov
o opqkc optk oc yqpotocpou ouno\tc o, ot ovo cnctq
ov noo otyq ktvuvcuoc vo ocpq0ouc q uotkq ou nopouoto,
o\\ kot cnctq ot ovovqoct ou ono q yctovt 0o cncpcnov, tou,
vo c\cy0ouv ot ovonopoooct q kuc\q, nou o nopcuoov
kuptu o c\\qvtko ktvqooypo kot ot ovoopc cnuvuuv
(ko\\tcvuv, \oyocvuv k..\.) oq 0pu\tkq n\cov ckocto ou 60.
kupto oyko uv n\qpooptuv o oop qv ko0qcptvq (uq oqv
kuc\q ono q ckocto ou 40 cu q ckocto ou 90, c cooq oqv
ncptoo 1930-opc 190. Uoooo, c q poq n\qpooptuv ono q to
0cotkq oo oqv \\q, o opto c\tk coktvctot npo o ntou oo
c\q q ckocto ou 20. vcocpo n\qpoopqq o ctvot 2 cuv
kot q ouvcvcuq ou onoko\unct qv o\\oyq q ot nvu oo
npyoo ono o coo q ckocto ou 90 kot cncto.
t n\qpoopqc o onoc\ouv cvctktko ctyo ou
n\q0uoou q kuc\q: oqv n\ctovoq ou kotkot q ncptoq
(un\\q\ot, votkokupc, ouvotouot, c\cu0cpot cnoyyc\otc, cvo
otqq), ot ncptooocpot ycvvqo-0pco q kuc\q, nott q
cyyovto npoouyuv q coucptkuv covoouv ou Mcoono\cou kot q
npuq cono\ctkq ckocto. 1c\o, v0punot nou cnc\cov qv
kuc\q yto \oyou npoktkou (n.. cuko\q npooooq oo kcvpo q
0qvo, uvooqo cnt\oyq kootkto \oyu cy\q npooop
tocptouv kot notkt\to tuv cvotktooq q nu\qoq). Mcptkot
n\qpoopqc o cv kootkouv nto oqv ncptoq (cy\q onoupqoq
nopoqpctot oo coo q ckocto ou 0), toqpouv ou coou
c q yctovt, \oyu ouyycvtkuv ou npoounuv nou (ouv okoo ckct q
\oyu tkuv ou ouvq0ctuv nou q0c\qcvo cv t o\\(ouv oo
ncpooo uv povuv.
[43]

to o opto q kuc\q ovopcoc optk oc no\cootkou
pc kot opctok ckqpto. t oqyqoct o\uv uv n\qpoopquv
q k cntcotuvouv qv ovoq uv ovtkctcvtkuv optuv q
kuc\q coo oov povo (o 1oupkoouvto, o pco ko qko q
oqcptvq oou Luc\ntuv kot o ctov ou Apcu, q oo oqotuv),
kot \too c vcc voqoooqoct. zo ovootoko uv kuc\tuuv,
uoooo, cvo uv ovtkctcvtkuv optuv nou npoovocpoc, ov ono
kot qv ko0qcptvoqo uv ov0punuv o ko0opt(ouv cntn\cov
optocvc oo0cpc nou cnovcpovot ot oqyqoct ovcpqo ono
qv q\tkto uv n\qpoopquv. Ltvot ot poot, ot n\octc kot o
oo\cto, vqovtkot onot (u\ot kot q, onu q Aqotkq yop) kot,
\tyocpo, ot voot.
t poot opt(ouv ov oupkq tkpokooo q yctovt kot q
uncpooq ou npouno0cct yto o\ou cvo toupo ktvqpo, n.. q
ko0qcptvq cpyooto ou nocpo oo cnoptko kcvpo q 0qvo.
M\too, ov\oyo kot c qv q\tkto, q uncpooq optocvuv pouv
ouvto uncpooq uv optuv, ot ovo kupto\cktk, o\\ kot
cooptk, n.. ot cqot c oopq qv ko0qcptvq topoq npo
kot ono o oo\cto q qv oktkq topoq yto ou npookonou kot yto
o oppqo q o\\tkq koqto ctpocouvot ono q yovctkq
cnoncto kot ouv ovoko\unouv q yoqcto ou onoyopcucvou oq
uktuvo ncypq. ko0u cvctvcot q ovotkooqoq kot n\q0otvouv o
pooopo, ot poot o\\(ouv oq, kot oo ootko onto q kuc\q
onounuvcot oococpo q kotvuvtkq toopuuoq: coucptkot
covoc kot npoouyc kootkouv oc ou0otpco - kot opyocpo,
no\ukootktc - nou no\\on\oot(ovot oo yupu uuoo (Avu kot
nco kuc\q), cvu ot no\ukootktc uv nctvuv kootkouv
cyo\oooot kot tkpoooot, cntoqovc kot un\\q\ot, v0punot ou
0coo kot to0uot - novou o opoo onqct q 0coq q
otkoycvcto oqv kotvuvtkq tcpopto kot ot 0upupot yvupt(ouv o nvo
yto o\ou, onu kot ot otktokc oq0ot, nou ovcokocotvouv ono q
ok\o q o ooovocp unqpcoto. t ovot nou cv otvcot vo
cvououvovot ctvot ot tkpootc npoouyc ou ouvotktoou
o\uyuvou (coo oo pco q oqcptvq oou Luc\ntuv), ot onotot,
\\uoc, oq ckocto ou 60 0o cykoooo0ouv, ouuvo c t
opuptc, oq Mcoopuoq kot oov Ayto zuoq.
zc cntnco ouo\touv, q kuc\q to0cct q tkq q
uncpontkq oo, q uktuvo ncypq, oqv onoto ono o coo q
ckocto ou 30 cpt oqcpo ouvovtouvot o\c ot kotvuvtkc ct
kot o\c ot q\tktc. Acv ctvot uoto ot yto no\\ou n\qpoopqc q
kuc\q ou 60 onoc\ct o alLer eo ou ko\uvoktou, cvu yto ou
kootkou \\uv ncptouv q 0qvo q uktuvo ncypq out(cot
cpt oqcpo c o\ok\qpq qv kuc\q, ko0u ckct, coo ono cvo n\q0o
[44]

pooqptoquv, npoyoonotctot k0c cpo (kot vuo) q ouv0coq uv
ovt0cocuv. v ccu\tok q uktuvo ncypq qov cvo nopctyo
kotvuvtkq ouvunopq (ko0u q out\tuoq, nou ooo qv ctc ovykq
q upo, opyouoc okoo), oqcpo q ouv0coq oop ou c\\qvc
kuc\tuc kot ou vcou kootkou q kuc\q ono k0c yuvt q
yq.
Mc qv oopq q ouvcvcuq ot n\qpoopqc
ovooo(ovot q (uq ou, kot \too yto knotou ono ouou ctvot
to ko\q cukotpto vo qv cvouv oc cvo cpqvcutko oqo, vo q ouv
on cu kot vo q oo\toouv c qv cnctpto nou couv onokqoct oo
cou. cv0ouotooo ncptoocuct oc o\ou, oov t\ouv yto o nottk
ou povto. nottkq q\tkto oqv kuc\q ctvot cvo otkono notyvtt
oc poou kot too otkonco (ovonocukc, ooo kot 0ctc oqv
ncptnuoq ouq, ot upotonotqoct). vqo\toqo, o touop, okoq
kot knoto ouooopkootko ovo tokptvct t oqyqoct nou
oopouv qv cvq\tkq (uq ou, nop t uov uoko\tc q - yto t
onotc ycvtk cv tounuvouv ntkpto. nuoqnoc cnt\cyouv vo
oqyq0ouv ncptootk nou ot ttot 0cupouv opokqptotk q
ko0qcptvoq ou, kooctvovo nvoc oc to ouvo\tk 0ctkq
cvunuoq yto ov okpooq ou. voyvupt(ouv nu q kuc\q qov kot
ctvot to \\ov ouvqpqtkq yctovt, onou ot v0punot ovcko0cv
cnctukov ocvo q c\tuoq uv opuv (uq q otkoycvct ou c
qv (ouv ok\qpq) cpyooto, occpou qv kotvuvtkq voo (q
cnocvq ycvt) cou q opuoq uv nottuv ou. 1o nto
opokqptotko yto o ctvot nu q no\ttkq cv ncpt\ovcot ot
vqc nou koo0couv, cko kot ov unqpov, cou kot yto \tyo,
kootk cvoycvot (ouo ouotvct kuptu c q ycvt ou 114 kot
ou o\ucvctou). cvtk q tco\oytkq cvoq uv n\qpoopquv o,
upt vo onokpuncot ouoqotk, nvu cv npokunct otooo. 1o
cvtocpov ctvot ot oqv ncptoq unpouv uo nopoctyoo
okpopovto ou\\oytkq poqnopcooq, q ko\qq q oou
Ac\o kopoytvvq (nvu ono ctkoot povto) kot q ko\qq q
Aqotkq yop (cu kot cptk povto), ot onotc ot n\qpoopqc
cv ovocpovot, cvu ono t ovovqoct ou ouv ou tvcot q
oopq, ou\toov ooov oop q Aqotkq yop. 1ou ocvoupct q
o\\oyq oo ncpt\\ov q yctovt kot q npoo\\ocvq ono o MML
uno0toq q, qv onoto onotouv oqv o\ocvo ouovocvq
nopouoto covoouv kot oqv otoopto q Aqotkq pq. Acv
0c\ouv uoooo vo opokqptoouv pootoc, yt ouo kot, ko qv
oqyqoq ou, oo\t(ouv ouvoo, c oqovto kot unoycto ovqouto
t uoko\tc q ko0qcptvoqo, c ooct unotvtyou oq
uocvcooq otkovotkq ouykupto. upt tou vo o cnttukouv o\ot o
tto ouvctq, ou cvtocpct vo ovoctouv qv cvoqo onou kot
[43]

povou kot yt ouo q kook\cto q ouvcvcuq ou cvcct nvoc
knoto qyoo ototooto.

zo ouvcpto q nopouotooq ck\ctoc c cntctq topootkou
pq q uktuvo ncypq nou qtoupyqoc o tvq kouopq nvu oc
to tco q L\cvq tvc
(hLLps:slLes.oole.comslLeoplomalnolonos-map ).

1o c\q q 0cotkq oo yto qv ko0qcptvq Zuq: L\cvq tvc,
8ou\o upyo\tou, kocptvo kuptokou, kocptvo 1otoc, kuoo
1oo\onq, Aqqpq Mno\onovtq, Aconu kptoukq, Aqo
onoocovkq, C\yo toupyou, Mopto 8ckpq, Moptv0q Mnc\\o.

P=/%24$/=7$1 .%# >=/%24$/=? $/12 D7T831V P#% >%.+:U+,21
*%+,7$0% .%# 1 572%>#.( /1?

Aconotvo ko\oypt, pyupu kuptokou\q, tvvq ou\o, Avvo
zouponou\ou

1o (qqo q covocuoq oqv kuc\q ctvot kcvptko \oyu q
okpopovq covoocutkq toopto q ouvotkto. covocuoq
u tooptkq kot uvotkq totkooto qv cct npootoptoct kot ouvct(ct
vo qv npootopt(ct u yctovt.
Mc to ouvoq ovopoq oq uvotkq uv n\q0uotokuv kot
otktotkuv o\\oyuv q kuc\q, 0o npoono0qoouc vo
oktoypoqoouc q uotoyvuto q, q cc\tq q onoto
nopoko\ou0ct t tooptkc, kotvuvtkc kot no\ttkc coo\c.
Mcpt ov Mcoono\co qov opotokootkqcvq, c
cnou\ct kot cotkc kootktc ovcoo oc oypokqoo. ko qv
ncptoo ouq opt(ct vo ovonuoocot kot vo onok q uotoyvuto
to cunopq kooono\ttkq yctovt. op\\q\o, oo pco q
oqcptvq oou Luc\ntuv cyko0toovot tkpootc npoouyc
(ouvotktoo o\uyuvou).
Mcono\ctk cyko0toovot o(tk coucptkot
covoc ono oypotkc ncptoc q qnctputkq kot q vqotutkq
L\\o, nou outuvouv c ou cunopou ooou. zt ckoctc ou
30 kot 60 q ovotkooqoq c o ouoqo q ovtnopoq kocot(ct
ootok t no\tc ovokootktc kot t ovtko0to c no\uupoc
no\ukootktc. Ltvot cnoq okq yto qv ncptoq (0copo,
ktvqooypot, vukcptvq (uq, ko\\tcvc, tovooucvot).
zo coo q ckocto ou 190 q ovotkooqoq
ouvct(cot kot o npo\qoo nou qq qov opo - q punovoq, q
[46]

c\\ctq npotvou kot c\cu0cpuv upuv, o kuk\ooptok otcoo, q
c\\ctq 0cocuv o0cuoq, q ovcnpkcto unoouv, q nukvq
kootkqoq - cvctvovot kot ootok o\ok\qpuvouv q oqcptvq ctkovo
q kuc\q. t kotkot nou couv qv otkovotkq uvooqo, okoq
kot ouot nou 0o koouyouv oo ovctoo cou ponc(uv, 0o
ovo(qqoouv ko\ucpc ouv0qkc totuoq knou o\\ou. Lot, cktvct
to coktvqoq ou vontou n\q0uoou, ttu votkokupt vcuv
ov0punuv, npo o opctoovoo\tk kot o votoovoo\tk npooto.
zq ckocto ou 1990 \otnov, qv ncptoo onou q
c\cuoq covoouv onok nto o(tko opokqpo, q kuc\q cct
octoct ono ou kootkou q - kuptu couv uyct ot vcot. 1o
novcntoqto onookpuv0qkov ono o kcvpo kot ot otqc \\oov
ncptoc kootkto, ot tocvtc ck\ctoov q cocp0qkov kt cot o
qtunoycto kot o tkp tocptooo uv npuuv opouv ctvot kcv,
onotucvo kot npooopo vo couv vcou kootkou. 1o oototk
ootcto uv onoypouv covt(ouv vo ovtoo0t(cot q uyq uv
no\otuv kootkuv c qv cykooooq no\uc\uv, ouvq0u,
votkokuptuv covoouv.
kuc\q cct ono o uq\ocpo noooo
covoocutkou n\q0uoou oqv L\\o (21 o 2001, oqcpo nopct
vo ctvot kot cyo\ucpo). op o\o nou o nooooo ctvot uq\o, cv
ctvot pootko kot cv ouykptvcot c qv kooooq nou cct
toopu0ct oc \\c cy\c cupunotkc no\ct, onou ot covoc
(ouv ouotootk oc ykco kot nopct vo 0vouv kot nvu ono o 30.
Mc ono ouq q ypqyopq ot oqv otktotkq cc\tq kot q
qoypoto q kuc\q cv ctvot vo onopct kovct nou p erovooreuop
ovoetkv0erot oe kolpto 0eo on e rt 0eortke ooe rp Onlk,
ko0u o\ot ot kotkot nou cuoov npooptkc opuptc ovocp0qkov
oou covoc u to nopouoto nou ko0opt(ct q yctovt, ov
opokqpo q, qv cc\tq q, qv ko0qcptvoq q. kuc\q, c
\\o \oyto, qtoupyctot ono t tootkc cykooooct
toopctkuv n\q0uotokuv ouv, toopuvct ootok q
uotoyvuto q kot q ccc\tooct coo ono qv ktvqtkoqo uv
kootkuv q.
nontot kot cvot covoc otp(ovot no\\ kotv tuoo,
o\\ unpouv tooponotqoct, ov\oyo c ov povo tq kot o
0cotko n\ototo unooq ou. Lvtoc unpouv ouykpouoct cou
ou, ou cvont(ouc kotvc ovqoutc: yto qv uno0toq q
ncptoq, qv cvooto q qv ovoo\cto. \\, ouo nou ou ouvcct
ouotootk, ctvot o oto0qo ou ovqkctv kot q 0c\qoq ou vo
kpoqoouv q yctovt (uvovq, oopq kot tuotq. 1o oto0qo ou
ovqkctv oq yctovt ono qv n\cup uv cvuv covoouv, nop qv
notkt\to uv upuv npoc\cuoq ou, ctvot cvunuotoko. uo, oc
[47]

ouvuooo c o opvqtk ou oo\to yto qv kpotkq no\ttkq, ctvct
to opq cvoq oqv no\q nptv ono qv cvoq oqv kotvuvto. zqv
cpcuvo c 0co t Aton\ckocvc ko0qcptvoqc kot t
upokotvuvtkc Mcoo\c oqv o\q (8oou 2007) cct unooqpt0ct
ot:

Lvoq oqv kotvuvto cv couc, npuov ytot unpct no\u cvovo c0votko
koocptoo q oyop cpyooto (nopot o oputko cntnco, ouv ctvot
uq\o - ttu ono v. Lupunq - ot covoccovoptc kvouv ovo
ctpuvoktkc kot oq\ octocvc cpyootc, t onotc ouvq0u cv 0c\ouv
vo kvouv ot L\\qvc), cucpov, ytot cv unpct kpotkq no\ttkq yto qv
cvoq ou - q covoocutkq no\ttkq onookonct kuptu oqv oouvocuoq
kot ov c\cyo ctooou. kt ov o nott uv covoouv cvououvovot oqv
c\\qvtkq kotvuvto coo ono o oo\cto, o tqo yt ouo ctvot q onu\cto q
optkq ou ouoqo, ytot o oo\cto \ctoupyct oootutk.

zov kuptopo no\ttko \oyo kot oqv ctkovo nou cotouv o MML,
ovttooc\\ovot ot oqyqoct kot ot opuptc uv vontuv kot uv
cvuv covoouv nou o cuoov ouvcvcuq. \oyo \too
optocvuv, cyctpct ooopc cvooct oqv cntkpoouoo pqoptkq kot
npoooct to \\q npoyotkoqo on ouqv nou cotcot kot
totcot.
Mcou q npooptkq toopto tvcot q uvooqo vo ypoct
q toopto uv ov0punuv onu ouot q tuoov kot onu qv
ovt\ovovot. o Mcovocuoq, ovo q tto ovonoonooo
kot q (uq oqv kuc\q, ktvqonotct kot o cn\ckct, ooo
npoountk ooo kot u oo. Lntctpouc, kot o cntctpouc ono
kotvou o(t ou, vo npouv q 0coq nou ou ovqkct oq qtoupyto ou
kotvuvtkou kot ou tooptkou ytyvco0ot kot vo ckpoouv q uvotkq
q nopouoto ou oq qtoupyto q toopto q nto no\uc0vtkq
yctovt q 0qvo. t oqyqc o ctvot cvvco: ct o\\oonot
covoc, uo coucptkot covoc kot to ovto. C\ot, o(t c
ou ouvc\coc, ovocpovot oo c\o ou leo 23\cnq tpkcto
c cvctktkc oqyqoct covoouv nou cotooc q o
Mcovocuoq. zo ouvcpto, c qv o\ok\qpuoq q nopouotooq,
npo\q0qkov onoonooo ono o cv \oyu tvco.

1o c\q q 0cotkq oo yto q Mcovocuoq: Aconotvo ko\oypt,
pyupu kuptokou\q, tvvq ou\o, Avvo zouponou\ou, Avvo zupt\q.

[4]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

8oou, ntvo (cntoq. uncu0uvq). 2007. Atonekeve ko0peptvrpre
kot pokotvvtke ero6oe orpv np. Merovoorpte kot vrnte
ort yetrovte rp A0pvo, A0pvo 005-007. u0oyopo , LM-
zo\q ptckovuv, 1oco o\cooto kot upooto.

VIII :

VIII ORAL HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH:
METHODS AND REFLEXIVITY

[491]

; +:3,? /,7 %*,58./1 *%+%3(*/1 >%+/7+#q2 %.+%0,7 T7U#.,r
/+%7>%/#$>,r $/12 *+%./#.( /1? *+,-,+#.(? #$/,+0%? .%# /1?
%2<+'*,3,&#.(? 8+=72%?

ptotvo \conou\ou
1

\jklmnol

kole ooJ osltloo of tbe tecelvets of otol testlmooles

oltlolly, e otoocb tbe oqteemeot of qlvloq otol testlmooy os oo
lotetsobectlve ftomeot fot collobototloo ooJ cteotloo of o tbltJ soce,
blcb ls JefloeJ by tbe teoest of tbe lofotmoot ooJ tbe osltloo of tbe
teseotcbet, ltblo tbelt ttoosmlsslve ootlttoosmlsslve telotloosbl. Net,
e ooolye tbe tole of tbe tecelvet of tbe testlmooy os o qootootot of tbe
sobect's oottotlve cootloolty bo ls cooble of tecelvloq, symbollcolly
teteseotloq ooJ teoJetloq to tbe lJet obllc tbe moemoolc
tecoosttoctloos of tbe ost. loolly, e otoocb cettolo Jlfflcoltles tbot
tbe tecelvet of tbe testlmooy comes o oqolost lo tbe eecotloo,
moooqemeot ooJ tocessloq of tbe lotetvles lo telotloo to tbe Jool
ootote of oo eoJeovot coocetoloq voclllotloq meotol ooJ blstotlcol ot soclol
fotces.

ouvoto0qoq q unopq o copot oc cy\o o0o ono o \co c o
onoto o kotouv ot \\ot. Mnopouc cot vo opokqptoouc u q
ov0puntvq qv cnctpto oouv c(qoov qcpc onou o v0puno qov cvo
ovtkctcvo yto ov \\ov v0puno. (Lel 193:13).

"#$%&'&(

Mto okcq nvu oov po\o ou nopo\qnq uv opuptuv okpotou
utkou pouotoou
2
oqv npoktkq q npooptkq toopto kot q
ov0puno\oytkq cpcuvo 0cct cpuqoo ooo yupu ono o 0cupqtk
kot covo\oytk npoonotoucvo uv cntoquv ouuv, ooo kot yupu
ono q ouvcoq ou c qv npoktkq npoocktkq okpoooq ou \\ou,
cot onu q toopuoc q uovo\utkq k\tvtkq. npq npoo\qq
ou \oyou cvo \\ou c qv ttoq ou u pupo ptokcot oc
oqcto tcntoqovtkq ouvvqoq` cocuct ov nopo\qnq ou vo

1
lALC (optot), alexopoulos[hoLmall.com.
2
to ov opo tmolqoolte, \. WalnLraLer 1999.
ptotvo \conou\ou
[492]

notct cvov ttotcpo po\o kot ov 0cct oc tt(ouoo 0coq oncvovt oov
n\qpoopqq, o onoto ccot vo ou cntocuct cvo qo q
npoountkq toopto ou oo n\ototo ouq q tunokctcvtkq
ouvvqoq, o\\ kot oncvovt oou ouvoc\ou ou, tooptkou q
ov0puno\oyou, ot onotot ot cpyootc nctou ou couv cp0ct cntoq
oc cnoq ouq qv oqyqotkq no\uuvto, q onoto ncpt\ovct
oqv k\toko \oyou q kot cvov coucptko t\oyo nou opokqpt(ct t
utkc tcpyootc ou cpcuvqq, ncpo ono qv ko0op \cktkq (q
cu\cktkq) ovo\\oyq c ov pupo, ov cocpocvo \oyo nou
ouo ckp(ct q o oqyqotk \cktk kot npoyoo\oytk
oupo(ocv ou. uo o coucptko t\oyo, nou oqoooct ooo
qv q0tkq ooq ooo kot qv cnt0uto ou nopo\qnq, onoc\ct cvo-
ootkq totkooto ko0optotkq yto q tunokctcvtkq tcpyooto. v q
totkooto npoo\qq uv opuptuv nou npouno0cct cvo pupo kot
cvov onockq opt(ct ov cpcuvqq u npuo nopo\qnq to tuotkq
oqyqoq, q oqyoucvq toopto ko\ctot vo cvouou0ct oc cvo no\u
cupucpo tkuo opuptuv, c qv onoooq q oqv cntoqovtkq
kotvoqo kot oo kotvuvtko ouvo\o. 1o tokovovtotko n\ototo q
opuptokq ouv0qkq, ot \ctoupytc ou onockq q opupto coo
oq ocoq ovo\\oyq kot o cyycvq oqv npq cooq opto
ouv0couv knotc ono t oct nou ko0opt(ouv ov po\o kot q 0coq
ou nopo\qnq q opupto oq totkooto q vqovtkq cooq.

) >%+/7+#%.( $72<(.1 $/, *3%0$#, /1? %-1&1>%/#.(? >=/45,$1?

opuptokq ouv0qkq oot(cot oc to cpotkoqo nou onoc\ctot
ono ov pupo, q opupto, ov onockq q kot o tokovovtotko
n\ototo ouq q ovo\\oyq. Co npoono0qou vo npootoptou o
ncptcocvo kot ou ouvc\coc q cooq kot vo ovoctu t
ouv0qkc ot onotc to oou npootoptocvq ocoq ovo\\oyq
nopct vo opyovu0ct.
zuuvo c t cpyootc uv 8enau ulon (199) kot !ean-
lranols hlanLareLLo (1996, 1997, 199, 1999, 2002a) nvu oq opupto
kot qv ouooqyqoq, q opupto nopct vo optoct u to oqyqoq oc
npuo npoouno, q onoto ouonotctot ono ov \oyo ouou nou
oqyctot kot nou cyyuot, coo ono qv tto qv npq nou ov
ouykpoct u pupo, qv unopq ou oqyoucvou ycyovoo
(hlanLareLLo 2002b:10). pokctcvou yto q opupto okpotuv
koooocuv, cnctptuv ckontoou, ycvokovtuv, cu\tou no\cou, q
cyk\quv ko q ov0punoqo, q opuptokq ckpooq
npoo\ovct cntc\cotko opokqpo. oqyqoq ckcpocvq ytvcot
npq nou cocuct ov pupo, o\\ kot qv oo (q t oc)
po\o ou onockq nopo\qnq opuptuv okpotou utkou pouotoou
[493]

npoo\qq q opupto kot, cupucpo, "o ov0puntvo ouvo\o"
(ZalLzman 1999:3).
zq tcnoq cou ootkou kot ou\\oytkou, o cyo\ucpo
tokucuo nopocvct nu vo onocu0ct to ovooqovq q konq
outoq ou pupo c o ypono ou q ov \oyo ou. tcpyooto q
oqyqotkoqo unctocpcot yto vo copcct ov couo oc ccpo,
ouuvo c ov aul 8lcour.

Mcou q oqyqoq, q oqyqotkq ouoqo, ouq ou couou (lpse)
unoko0to qv ouotuq ouoqo, ouqv ou ttou (lem). Lu, q uvooqo
ou unokctcvou vo ouooqyq0ct opt(cot u o cpo q tkovoq ou vo
ouonpootoptoct u tooptko ov, oc to tn\q toooq ovtoqo kot
o\\oyq (WalnLraLer 2004:72).

aul 8lcour, tooponotuvo o ouov ono qv couoqo
3
,
on\u kooctkvuct ot q oqyqotkq ouoqo ptokcot nvoc oc
to ovoouv0coq, nou 0o nopouooc vo ovtouc oqv
uovo\utkq tcpyooto onooqoq. uovo\uq 0cupct t
ovoko\oucvc ovovqoct u topt0o nponcooo nou
onokpunouv o onu0qcvo, o onoto npoono0ct vo ootpcoct pq
oov c\cu0cpo ouvctpo, oou tootkou ovooqotoou q
cotooq kot ot cpqvctc q oqyqoq. Cnu ovocpct q ophle
e Ml[olla, q oqyqotkq ouoqo octot oqv ouotoypoto,
o\\ to\ucot oqv uovo\utkq tcpyooto (Ml[olla 19:111).
Acv unpct noc ono\uq ounuoq cou q o\q0cto ou
unokctcvou kot uv ovonopooocuv q unokctcvtkoq ou. uq
q onok\toq, ouootko ootcto k0c 0cc\tuou ccpoqo,
top0puvct cntoq o n\ototo q tcpyooto npoo\qq q opupto,
u uvooqo okpoooq q onoto tooponotctot ono qv ontkq
ntoonotqoq nou (qctot ono ov ouonq pupo. to ov !ean-
lranols hlanLareLLo, o pupo covt(cot u o npoouno nou
onoccot, cvtoc cpt couv, qv ouvoto vo outoouv o
onoc\coo kot q npq ou \oyou q q ypoq, q ock\qq onok\toq
cou ot\ouvo unokctcvou kot unokctcvou q oqyqoq, cou
y\uooo kot unopq. Lovt(cot cot u o kocoqv oo nou
onoccot qv ouvoto vo nopotq0ct ono qv npoon0cto vo
koooqoct oto0qq kot voqq qv nopouoto ou nopc\0ovo
(hlanLareLLo 2004: 133).
oo\u o pupo okpotuv cnctptuv unpct ncpo ono qv
oqyqoq ou. opocvct uoooo oc ocvq cnoq ouqv cotto q
nopc\0ouoo kot q uptvq ou cn\okq, c oto0qo cu0uvq

3
8\. 8lcour (1990), onou o ouyypoco 0cc\tuvct ouq q tkptoq cou mmet kot
lslt.
ptotvo \conou\ou
[494]

oncvovt oc ooou cn\ckovot oqv oqyqoq ou kot oc ooou qv
npoo\ovouv, cyypoocvot cot, u cotootkc opc, oq
octp uv ovtkctcvoponuv ococuv ou pupo. L ou kot q oqooto
nou cct q tcpcuvqoq uv npo0cocuv ou onockq q opupto kot
ou opco oov onoto cpy(cot, o\\ kot uv oouvctquv npo0cocuv
ou pupo, ot onotc cv ountnouv onopotqo c qv
npoyotkoqo ou ckq\ou \oyou ou kot ot onotc qtoupyouv
ouykpouoct oq ocoq ou c ou \\ou
4
.
ou\\oyq, coypoq, ktvqooypqoq q qootcuoq q
npooptkq ckpooq uv n\qpooptoouv ko0to ov nopo\qnq,
pupo ou pupo, ov ono0cct oc 0coq ptou.

uq q \ctoupyto ou pupo cyyuqq, nou unooqpt(cot ono q y\uooo,
nopct vo ctvot tuotq ovo ov koop0uoct vo ctoupqoct oc npoyotkou
ptou nopo\qnc ono q to kot, ono qv \\q, vo oqptct utk oov
coucptko pupo, q\oq oc to coucptkq opq nou ovonopto ou
ootou kot cyypct qv ov0puntvq ttoqo. (hlanLareLLo 2003: 164).

Lpyo ou nopo\qnq q opupto ctvot \otnov vo koooqoct uvoo o
oto0qo q ov0puntvq ttoqo
3
c q oqoq cvo notkt\ou kot
cuptoou tunokctcvtkou upou, nopovo oc o\o o oto q
opuptokq ouv0qkq: ko qv n\ototuoq to no\un\cupq
okpoooq, qv cc\tq q tuotkq oqyqoq, qv cvtoq q
ypoq, u ouo\o cooq ono o cvoutko oo cvo-ootko kot
oo ou\\oytko, qv kuk\oopto c\o q opupto.
1o n\ototo ouo, u upo unooq kot tunokctcvtkq
tcpyooto, tcnocvo ono q opuptokq ouv0qkq cou q
uvooqo notkt\uv outocuv q cotootkq ocoq, tvct po\o
ovo\uq oo ouvo\o uv nopo\qnuv opuptuv. opuptokq ouv0qkq
cntopoyt(ct q cooq ono to kooooq kotvuvtkq ouvoto kot
utkq ooq0qoto oc to cnctpto okpoooq.
po\o q opuptokq ouv0qkq ctvot vo cntpcnct oqv ot\to
vo kuk\oopct kot ko ouo ov pono vo onoko\unct t oouvctqc
ovonopoooct ou unokctcvou. 0coo npcnct vo cntpcnct vo
npoo\ovcot kot vo ytvcot oto0qo, ono kotvou c o unokctcvo kot
yto \oyoptooo ou, o,t cv cct koooct uvoo vo ytvct ovt\qno, vo

4
Cnu ovocpct o Max kohn, o oouvctqo octo ouvccot c o,t ouotvct oqv
toopto ou, [...]. zuvtooot oo vo koop0uoct vo okouoct (npyo nou ko 0o
ctvot ko0o\tko) cnovo\ovovo o,t ouykpouotoko unpct yto o unokctcvo oq
ocoq ou c ov \\o (kohn 2011:39
3
to qv onov0punonotqtkq n\cup uv okpotuv cnctptuv, \. AnLelme (1947:10-11):
1o vo \cct kovct ot oto0ovoov oc vo otoqctot u v0puno, u c\o ou
ctou, nopct vo otvcot oov ovopotko ouvoto0qo, to cqyqoq ck uv uocpuv.
[...] otoqqoq q ov0puntvq ttoqo npoko\ct to ocov to\oytkq tcktkqoq
ou vo ovqkct kovct oo ov0puntvo cto.
[493]

ctnu0ct q vo ovonopooo0ct oqv toopto q kotvoqo, q
otkoycvcto kot ou ooou: onu0qcvc okcct, ouccponotqcvo
ouvoto0qoo, nopckcpocvc cvopqtkc cncvuoct, o\o
ckpoct to q koovoqotq ouykpouoq. 1o coucptk ovtkctcvo
ou unokctcvou, q ocoq ou c o yovctk opoctu\o, o
ouvoto0qoo nou cv couv tu0ct kot ot ooponotqc okcct
qtoupyouv to kooooq onou q npoo\q oo c\\ov kot q npoo\qq
ou nopovo nopcnot(ovot ono o,t cv cct tcu0cq0ct oc
ouo\tko cntnco kot, po, cvccot vo covtoct oqv
npoyotkoqo q tunokctcvtkq ocoq u ovonopoyuyc.
0tkq oq q opuptokq ouv0qkq ctvot vo tcuko\uvct qv
onoooq q oqyqoq ou pupo, tokptvovo o topo cntnco
nou q ouv0couv. t ouv0qkc cvtoq q opupto u
oqyqotkq ouvqtoupyto ko0opt(ovot ono q oqoq cvo
n\ototou opuptokq okpoooq.

) 3=#/,7+&0% /,7 *%+%3(*/1 /1? >%+/7+0%?

nopo\qnq q opupto cntc\ct n\q0o \ctoupytuv npokctcvou
vo cntponct oov pupo vo cqyqoct t ouotvct oov utoo ou
oov ot ouvq0ct opot q cyycvou oqv pouotkq cnctpto
opvqtkoqo onoctkvuovot ovcnopkct q cv nopouv vo
pqotonotq0ouv ono o unokctcvo (kaes 199a: 176-177). no qv
ouonotqtkq \ctoupyto q y\uooo (Aulanler 1973: 139) u q
uvooqo vo ccot o ouvoto0qoo kot t ouyktvqoct ou
pupo, o cpyo ou nopo\qnq q opupto npoooot(ct ouo
ou uovo\uq, ov kot ovtkctcvo q optkq ovokotvuoq cv ctvot
o \ov0vov ncptcocvo uv oouvctquv npotovuv, o\\ o ckq\o
\oyo ou unokctcvou, nptv ono cvo cvcocvo oto ypoq, uvoq
npockooq q opuptokq ouv0qkq kot tcpcuvqoq uv optuv q.
cktkoqo ou nopo\qnq nopct vo npoocyytoct coo ono
o nopctyo ou 8lon yto o ootcto \o kot qo (8lon 1979:43-44).
zov 8lon, q \ctoupyto \o ouvtooot, onu ouq q qcpo oo
npuo povto q (uq, oc to npooopoyq ot ovykc ou nottou,
nou ou pqotcuct ouypovu u npooooto ono ou cucptkou
cpc0toou, u t\po, u nopokoo0qkq kot u qpo yto qv
coucptkcuoq ouuv uv (utkuv \ctoupytuv. \\q\cvcq c o ncto
q ocoq, ouq q \ctoupyto cv nopct vo ookq0ct nop ovo
ovcoo oc uo utoou, qcponottou, oo0cvouuovo\uq, q,
oqv npokctcvq ncptnuoq, puponopo\qnq` toopctkq ono q
\ctoupyto oqptq nou ovcnuc o WlnnlcoLL c ov opo holln, q
\ctoupyto \o npouno0cct o ouov nou qv ookct to tkovoqo vo
npo\cnct t utkc ovykc ou \\ou, tvovo voqo o ouo nou
ptotvo \conou\ou
[496]

oto0vcot kot cv nopct vo okcct.
6
Mto okcq nou c unopq
oct(cot c o ouvoto0qoo, oou o lnans oto0vcot npyoo
npoou vo ctvot oc 0coq vo o cnccpyooct. uovo\uq ptokcot
ouvcu, \oyu q cotooq ou oo0cvou, oc to toooq ou npo-
unokctcvou onou o ouvoto0qo cv nopct okoq vo ovonopooo0ct,
ovo nop o\o ou nopov oc ovcnccpyooq kooooq (kohn
2011:37). uo o coo\too ootctuv \o oc ootcto qo
ovoko\ct cntoq qv cvvoto ou couoovtkctcvou, onu qv
nopouot(ct o elnz kohuL oq ycvtkcucvq uo\oyto ou couou,
q\oq u onooq to cktkq \ctoupyto ou ncpt\\ovo.
7
zq
opupto, o ouvot\qq ovo\ovct to \ctoupyto nou, u npo qv
onootvutkq q n\cup, nopct vo opokqptoct \ctoupyto \o kot
u npo qv unooqptktkq q n\cup \ctoupyto couoovtkctcvou
(WalnLraLer 2004:7).
pupo oto0vcot ko qv oqyqoq qv ovykq vo
cotoct-couoct oc to \\q utkq ouokcuq o,t cv nopct vo
toqpq0ct kot vo t\ocvq0ct oo tto o unokctcvo (kaes 1993b:) v
q tcpyooto unokctcvonotqoq ouvtooot yto ov pupo oo
unokctcvtko cpyo to ovoyvuptoq uv ouvoto0quv kot uv
ouyktvqocuv ko qv ckpooq ou c \cct kot to ouvctqq
ovtnop0coq c qv ouvoto yto n\qpq koovoooto uv
pouotkuv ou ouvoto0quv, ot uo ouc oct onoc\ouv
ocncpooq npouno0coq, ot ovo yto q cooq q cnctpto ou
cnt(uvo pupo, o\\ kot yto qv ckqptuoq ou ouvo yto ov
tto kot yto ou \\ou. 1o tokucuo ctvot q koctq oo nopov
q ovcnovop0uq onouoto kot q opupto yt ouqv c ouopovq
cntk\qoq opuptuv. (hlanLareLLo 2004:104)
nopo\qnq ptokcot ckc0ctcvo oc to okpoooq nou
nopct vo npct o opokqpo cvopqtkq onotopyvuoq,
koppcuoq k0c q0tkq ovoop kot cnovoou oc okqvc
ovcnccpyooc, otoopuc, cyk\ctoc oov koct\qcvo utoo
ou pupo. ktvuvo utkq nop\uoq, ouvoto yto
onotovqnoc ouvctpo, ctvot unopko yto ov nopo\qnq onu
okptu koc\oc ov pupo q otyq q pouotkq cnctpto.
ouvoto ono0cqoq ncpo ono qv pouotkq o\qoq ncot cu0cu
q uvooqo yto oto0qoq kot okcq (ayan 1993:34).
pokctot \otnov yto to ou\ct nvu oq otunq ncpo ono qv
no\uuvto uv \oyuv q oqyqoq, npokctcvou vo okouoouv vckp
oqcto q toopto, ouvoto0qoo upt npocpq 0coq oov utko to
cvo \\ou, ono qv cnqpcto uv onotuv o unokctcvo nopct vo

6
8\. WalnLraLer (1996:123-126 kot cttkocpo :7).
7
p\. Cppenhelmer (1996).
[497]

onoko\\q0ct. uvooqo cvouvoto0qoq ou nopo\qnq ctvot
0cc\tuq yto vo npoo\ct qv toopto ou \\ou u npo t no\u
opotkc oyuvtc q. ncvovt oo pouo q otunq q u\q, ou
. eereux, unpct q npooop \oyou nou cocuct kot nou cntpcnct
oo unokctcvo vo cyypoct oc cvo ouo\tko ouoqo.
uq q ovykq vo koooqoct kovct qv oqyqoq q toopto
ou tqyqoq c cntc\cotkq oto onoc\ct ouootko ootcto k0c
0cponcutkq tcpyooto` ctvot cntoq (utkq oqv cpyooto npooptkq
toopto q ov0puno\oyto c pupc okpotuv cnctptuv, onou o
coucptko pupo oot(cot oov pupo cyyuqq yto vo nopouoct
q opupto ou. po\o ou pupo ou pupo ctvot oqv
ncptnuoq ouq vo koovooct o vckp oqcto oqv toopto ou
unokctcvou, vo onokoooqoct q ouvccto ovcoo oo nopc\0ovtko
npuo npoouno, nou ocpctot opupuv, kot oo nopovtko npuo
npoouno, nou ptokcot oc opuptokq ovo(qqoq, vo cntpcct c\o
qv opyvuoq cvo ocvoptou (uq nou vo nopct vo cooo\t(ct qv
oqyqotkq ouvccto ou unokctcvou.
upo q cotooq, onu kot ou cuuo\oyqoo,
tcupuvct o ncto ou uvoou kot copcnct o vckpo oqcto oc
povtkoqo, onou cvo vco ycyovo nopct vo onoc\ct yto o unokctcvo
poq yupu ono cvo vckpo oqcto. uvooqo ot\to kot npoo\qq
q ono knotov \\o ctvot q oq q opuptokq npq. ot\to
nou c\cu0cpuvcot oqotvct qv ovuoq q unokctcvtkoqo uv
opupuv. ko0opt(ct cntoq ov po\o uv nopo\qnuv, npuuv
onockuv ouq q ot\to \\oc q okpootq kot cpqvcuotq.
nopo\qnq ko\ctot vo cntctkvuct topotkoqo kot cvouvoto0qoq, vo
\ovct unoq o tk ou ouvoto0qoo uoc vo ovoyvupt(ct
cuko\ocpo o,t npocpcot ono ov pupo kot vo cntpcnct oov
pupo vo ouonotct o tu ou. npq cpqvcto cv npcnct vo
unoko0to to ckpooq q tkovoqo cvouvoto0qoq ou nopo\qnq
q opupto. zqv ovt0cq ncptnuoq, o nopo\qnq q opupto
toktvuvcuct vo oqyqoct ov pupo vo ovo(qoct qv
onov0punonotqtkq cnctpto ou pouoo. otu, onotoqnoc
ttotcpo kopcocvq cpqvcto ctvot npo onouyq, ko0u q tkovoqo
ou nopo\qnq vo ovccot qv oto\to ctvot ctoou onopotqq c
qv pvqoq ou vo npootct voqo ovt yto ov pupo. tot kot o
pupo kot o nopo\qnq q opupto nopouv vo cntctpqoouv vo
koookcuoouv cvov kono kot oc\qo u0o nou vo op0uvcot
u koqyopqotkq cqyqoq ou nopc\0ovo, yto vo yctoct qv
oqyqotkq onq, vo onouyct qv ovtnop0coq c q \q0q kot qv
uncpvqoto, t uo nuc to tooqcvq vqq
, onou onu oov

to q tooqoq, \. lreu (193).

ptotvo \conou\ou
[49]

ouvtko kookcpotoo ou lerenczl (1934), o pupo, ncptoootok
kuo oo tto ou o \oyto, nopct vo tuvct cvo ouvoto0qotko
touptoo, nou onqct q t\uoq q otyq kootuq.
t0coq ou vo ctnu0ouv q vo okouoouv o\o koc\qc vo
ovtkoooqoct oqv npoooq toopto ov voo q otunq kot o po
ou oou, c ktvuvo q ctonotqoq q opuptokq totkooto:
cpotuoq kovovtotkq vqq
9
, coponq ou pupo oc ovovqotkq
oq\q q cyk\utoo ou oc cvo opvqotoko ouo\oto
10
, tonotocvo
ono qv tco\oyto q onokooooq
11
kt ono cvo q0cv ovokq0cvo
coo ovcoo oo kotvuvtko ouo kot o unokctcvo.
kooypoq q opupto npockctvct qv ononctpo
ouooqyqoq. to ov Mlchel e erLeau, q ypoq not(ct ov po\o
c\coupyto cvotooou, copkt(ct ov 0voo ctoyov ov oov
\oyo. Lovo ovo\ct ouo\totkq \ctoupyto, cntpcnct vo
oqocuct cvo nopc\0ov, vo o0ct to 0coq oov vckpo kot vo
pqotonotq0ct q oqyqotkoqo nou cvot(ct ou vckpou u
coov yto vo ko0optoct to 0coq yto ou (uvc (e erLeau
1973:11).
pupo ovo\ovct qv cu0uvq vo koooqoct ctkq qv
ovoyvuptoq kotvuv cnctptuv coo ono cvov ono ouoovooptkq
cyypoq kot ntoonotqoq. cpo ono onoto vopktoototkq cntcotuoq,
ooo ctvot q cntk\qoq q tkovoqo okpoooq, uv kpttkuv kot
ouonotqtkuv tkovoquv ou ovoyvuoq. zqv ncptnuoq q
opuptokq coypoq, o nopo\qnq cv ouyccot c ov oqyqq,
o\\ q ot\to ou npoot0cot oqv no\uuvto ou kctcvou, ytvcot to
ono t nopco\\ocvc uvc oc to oqyqoq q onoto q c\cq
ckkpcct. oqyqoq ytvcot no\ucotokq, o oqyqq cntpcnct vo
okouoouv ot topot \oyot upt vo ouyuvcucot o ouou, q
ovotkoq ou nopocvct okcpoto.
12

nopo\qnq ctvot q npoounonotqoq ou A\\ou, oov onoto
oncu0uvcot o pupo optk. zc to cocvq otyq, oo
ovootoko cntnco, conq oov po\o ou cknpoounou q

9
p\. Zara (1996:149).
10
8\. kaes (190, 199b, 1993). opvqotokq ouv0qkq covt(cot oov o unokctcvo
unooocot oqv tco\oyto nou ou npoctvcot u tcuc oncvovt oo oo
koppcuoq, nopcnot(ovo cot k0c ootkq cnccpyooto.
11
1o vopktoototko ouo\oto q ovotkooqtkq \ctoupyto ctvot q 0ctkq n\cup q
opvqotokq ouv0qkq. cpo ono qv cnovuovoq tunokctcvtkuv couv, cvcct ou
ov ktvuvo, qo q toopto vo nopoctvct ovcnccpyooo, 0cupoucvo u q
oqyqoto.
12
Cnu \cct kot o Alaln 8abaLel oqv ctooyuyq ou oov nomo Nottoos, ouq q
no\uuvto cv ovtokct c q ovotkoqo q ccvc0ctoq ot\to (8abaLel 200).
[499]

to0cotq ov0punoqo
13
yto ov ouvot\qq ou. knotc
cnovo\qct, ooo, ovoko\ou0tc kot ovokptctc ctvouv q
uoko\to ou pupo kot ou nopo\qnq vo otvoqoouv to
n\qpoopto nou uoko\cucot vo ctnu0ct, ov kot ouu q \\u q
o\q0cto \cycot ovo cv cpct. zq opq q, q tqyqoq ou oqyqq
uto0cct ov c\too ypotko kot cvovo tokckocvo opokqpo ou
ncptcocvou q oqyqoq. npoon0cto ouo\tkq onoooq
qoo q o\q0cto ou unokctcvou cktv ouq qv ononctp ou
vo oqyq0ct q opuptokq cnctpto kot vo qv oncu0uvct oc
ovoyvuoc.
pooptkq, yponq q coycypocvq, q npq q opupto
nopct vo onoct0ct 0cponcutkq yto ov pupo, vo ou cntpcct vo
cnovttonotq0ct qv toopto ou kot vo toopuoct to vco
unokctcvtkq 0coq. Mnopct cntoq, ovt0cu, vo ov oqyqoct oc to
ononctpo vopktoototkq cnovop0uoq, nou 0o tcvcpyq0ct ct po
onotooqnoc unokctcvtkq o\q0cto, 0o ov ovoykoct vo qv
ovto0ct oo kotvuvtko otqo nou cntko0opt(ct opuptokc
npotoypoc kot 0o onoct0ct o\\optutkq yto o unokctcvo ooov
oop oqv ouoq ou
14
. Mnopct n\t vo nopoktvqoct ov pupo
vo uto0cqoct cvo \oyo nou vo npo\\ct t otc kot t
ovonopoooct uv ouv ot onotc ovqkct q ovocpcot, ct po
q tkq ou ouykpouotokoqo, uv tco\oytkuv ou ono0cqocuv
kot uv q0tkuv ou npo\qotouv. opupto ktvuvcuct oc vo
nopckk\tvct npo to 0coq to0qkq, onou o pco vqq oncvovt
oo kotvuvtko ouvo\o uncptouct cvovt uv coucptkuv onotqocuv ou
pupo.

A,#% =02%# /% :+#% /1? 5#%5#.%$0%? >%+/7+#%.(? >=/45,$1?

opuptokq cooq yvupt(ct no\\ opto, nou oct\ovot ooo ot
utkc ouvtouoc, ooo kot oo tooptoypotk tokucuoo kot oo
kotvuvtk oupo(ocvo ou cyctpqoo. Co ncptoptou vo 0tu o
toycvcok tokucuoo q cooq kot q ovoyvuptoq q
vqq oc ocoq c q uvooqo nou cct npoqyoucvu o
n\qpooptooq vo cntocuct qv toopto ou oc cvov \\o, ko0u
kot o tkuo pcou kot ntoq nou opuvouv q vqovtkq cooq

13
npoountkq ou cn\okq 0ut(ct o \oyto ou 8\ovttp oq cucpq npq ou
neptevovro rov lkovr (8eceLL 1932): kvouc kt ooo couc qv cukotpto! Acv
o pct(ovot k0c cpo. [...] 1o k\coo nou okouooc oncu0uvcot \\ov oc
o\ok\qpq qv ov0punoqo. \\ cu, ouq q otyq, q ov0punoqo ctooc cct,
ctc o opcoct ctc ot. o ckco\\cuouc, npoou vo ctvot no\u opy.
14
kovovtkonotqoq q npq vqq cct ovtkuno oqv kovovtkonotqoq q opq
q opupto. 8\. Zara (1996:71-76 kot 147-130).
ptotvo \conou\ou
[300]

oncvovt ot ononctpc ouovoqoq kot unokctcvonotqoq ou
npoountkou \oyou ou pupo.
1o toycvcok tokucuoo q opuptokq cooq
oopouv ooo ou onoyovou kot ouo\tkou k\qpovoou ou
pupo, ooo kot ou cpcuvqc nou nopo\ovouv q opupto ou
kot nou ptokovot cot ovtcunot c ov pouotko poo nou o
unokctcvo cv tuvct, covo ono\q0ct ono q tppqq, kot o onoto
cot toot(ct t ycvcc uv onoyovuv qtoupyuvo cvo oo, to
ovooo\q q cnoq nou 0o nopouoc vo onoc\ct to ot\to q onoto
vo oncu0uvcot oo ovtkctcvo oynq (AlLounlan 2004:4).
uoko\to yto o unokctcvo vo cntocuct qv toopto ou kot
oc cvov \\o nou oc ovootuotko cntnco ptokcot oc 0coq
cnovop0uq yovco q 0ouotou nottou ono q to kot ouvcpyou to
ov0punoqo otopq yto npo no\u kotpo ono qv \\q,
ktvuvcuct vo nopcnotoct q ocoq cpyooto, kvov qv vo
o\ovcucot cou cotootkq uncpcktqoq kot cotootkq
onopptq kot toopuvovo cot o ncptcocvo uv \oyuv ou
pupo, \\oc 0uotkuv kot \\oc cktkqtkuv, ouv kcvuv
ouvoto0qoo cnctq opvouvot to npoo0cq vopktoototkq n\qyq.
ktvuvo ctvot unopko yto ov pupo vo oto0ov0ct ot ou
onoocpctot q toopto ou kot ot, ko ouo ov pono,
cnovo\ovcot q pouotkq cnctpto q o\\otvq ou unooyq.
Lvo nopo\qnq nou 0o koo\ovc q 0coq unot0ccvou yvuoq 0o
oucctc cvcpy o ouq qv optkq nopotooq, 0o u0ouoc ov
pupo vo ot\\ct yto qv o\q0cto q oqyqoq ou, q okoo kot
q tto q unokctcvtkq ou npoyotkoqo, kot 0o cnot(c
onotoqnoc nopoyuyq npoountkou \oyou. nopo\qnq npcnct vo
oyvoqoct t octpqvc to tkotootkq q cpqvcutkq novouvoto,
nou 0o ov ono0couoov ono qv n\cup q poq q q yvuoq.
nopo\qnq kocct ouv oc ovootoko cntnco q 0coq uv
nottuv q cucpq ycvt ono o onoto o cnt(uv 0o q0c\c vo (qqoct
vo unokoooqoouv o cvouvoto0qtko ncpt\\ov nou ctc ocpq0ct.
uq q 0coq ctvot kco\otuou oqooto yto vo npct ov \oyo o
pupo, o onoto, t ncptooocpc opc, cv cct koop0uoct vo
t\qoct oo tto ou o nott, ono oo qnu o pouotoct utk q
qnu ovct oov to uncpo\tk ko0qpqcvq opq.
1o toycvcok tokucuoo oopouv ttotcpo ou cpcuvqc
nou cvooovot oc kotvc, c ov pupo, kotvoqc vqq.
Mpupo kot nopo\qnq q opupto cv tocuyouv ono ou
ouv0cou qovtoou q couotooqoq. Ltc npocpovot ono qv
tto c0votkq oo ctc ot, kot ot uo ctvot ot\uot cvo tkuou
ootkuv ntocuv: ntocuv cnovop0uoq, oootuoq oc to
k\qpovot, ntoq oou vckpou q otkoycvcto kot q oo.
[301]

zuvcnu, q opuptokq cvo\q, oqv onoto oct\cot q ouvvqoq ou,
ctvot nvo ouvuoocvo onoc\coo to pqq kot ouvctqq
couotooqoq kot otunqpuv, ouv unoouvctquv,
couotooqocuv (WalnLraLer 2004:69). totkooto ou\\oyq
opuptuv cvcct ouv to oqtkq ouvtouoo nou nopct vo poct
kot u ktvqqpto uvoq yto qv cpcuvo kot u ovtoooq oq vqovtkq
tcpyooto.
qootonotqoq q opupto onoc\ct ovtkctcvo
ot0uto ko0u q ttotcpq toopto ou pupo ko\ctot vo
to\c0ct c \\c. npq q opupto ctvot o0t cvocvtoq ou
couou kot ck0coq oo \co uv \\uv. U ouonotqoq ou couou
ono ov \\ov cvcct ov ktvuvo oto0qoo nopoyvuptoq, onopptq
q pvqoq.
to vo npou\o0ct, o pupo nopct vo npoono0qoct vo
cvct q opupto ou ot opuptokc npotoypoc q kotvoq
ou, ncptopt(ovo cot o cptto tooponotqoq nou ctvot yvuptoo
k0c ttotcpq toopto, npo oc\o to ou\\oytkq oqyqoq, q
onoto ocvo ou nopcct cvo oqo kot to oocuoq ckop nou
ctvot onoc\cootk kot ouoqotk kot occpou ov ono\\ooct
ono q okp tcpyooto onooqoq nou onotct q cvookonqoq.
\oyo ou pupo ovovok\ t ococt cvvoq oootuoq,
q okoo kot pcou c qv c0votkq, no\ttkq, 0pqokcutkq ou
kotvoqo. t oc cvoq q ovoop uv opupuv onoc\ouv
cpotucvou ouonotqtkou coou, ou onotou ouv o oo
cct ovoyyct oc cuc ou Lyu. Mcocpouv to octp ono kuptopc
oo coucptko q kotvoqo vqq ou pupo ou\\oytkc
ovonopoooct, oncvovt ot onotc ot ononctpc ouovoqoq kot
unokctcvonotqoq ou npoountkou \oyou ou pupo onoctkvuovot
uoko\c. oo nopct vo ovtoct oc onotoqnoc o\\oyq q
otvcot cntktvuvq yto qv cvoq q
13
, c onoc\coo o ootko
\oyo vo covt(cot ovo c ono okpopovto ovoovq, oov ot
kotvuvtkc ouv0qkc o cntpcnouv.
1o ycyovoo q ou\\oytkq okpo-toopto ctvot \otnov
ko0optotk ooov oop oqv onoooq uv ouoovoooootkuv
totkootuv q ootkq tkpo-toopto, ko0u ot tooptkc kot
kotvuvtkc ouvtouoc q opuptokq npq onoctkvuovot ppqko
ouvcccvc c qv cc\tq q utkq tcpyooto ou pupo kot uv
onockuv ou \oyou ou.

13
p\. kaes 190.
ptotvo \conou\ou
[302]

C7>*=+4$>%/%

cpo ono o opto nou oct(ovot c t cyycvct oq opuptokq npq
uoko\tc, q ou\\oyq uv opuptuv kot q onoooq ou oo kotvuvtko
ouvo\o ou\\ouv cvcpy oqv onokooooq uv opupuv,
unokctcvuv ot\to kot cvoycvuv oqyquv to tqyqoq nou, ov cv
ountnct c qv oopto, ou\toov ouccct oqv (ovo)koookcuq
q. t npooptkc q coycypocvc opuptc cntpcnouv vo o0ct
to cvc\u vco toooq oqv toopto uv unokctcvtkoquv, oqv
cc\tq uv ovonopooocuv kot oq tcpyooto vqq. po\o ou
cpcuvqq cv out(cot c ko0tcpucvc yvuoct, ovt0cu
unoctkvuct qv onooqoq ou. t cpyootc nvu oq opuptokq
co-vqq kot ov opuptoko t\oyo cpovot vo uoouv to ooq
ctkovo ouq q totkooto ovoouv0coq. 1o opto q ou\\oyq kot q
onoooq q opupto ouvovouv ou ncptoptoou k0c
tunokctcvtkou cyctpqoo coo ono q otkq, yto q cooq,
onok\toq cou ckop kot npoo\qq. onooq ou cntpcnct vo
ytvct o,t coko\ou0ct vo nopocvct ctko: q npoon0cto
onokooooq to oqotvouoo o\uoto kot q oktoypqoq q
totpcoq ou unokctcvou. Lntpcnct cntoq oou pupc vo
t\qoouv, ncpo ono qv utkq nopo\uoto ou, yto o\ou ooot cv
koop0uoov vo o kvouv. Cnu cct nct o rlmo Lel (196:2):

el ot entvre eloore to eotorp oo kot o0otkp etovrpro. eloore
ourol ot onolot, on nopo6oop p entetrpro p r0p, ev erooov orov noro.
Doot ro ekovov, oot elov rp lopyvo, ev pp0ov yto vo o tpyp0o0v, p
eneorpeov ouyyol, elvot ourol, ot ouoouovot, ot koronovrtoevot,
ot ko0otkol oprupe, rv onolv p koro0eop 0o ele yevtkp opoolo.

ko knotov pono, ctooc o\ot o pupc opupuv.

[303]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

AlLounlan, !. 2004. e quol LemolnenL les malns es surlanLs e
laneanLlssemenL es lanLs, e lalrmaLlon e la le. zo
1molqooqes et ttoomo, lmllcotloos sycbooolytloes, optot:
uno, 27-63.
AnLelme, 8. 1947. lesce bomoloe. optot: lLe nlerselle, cnovck.
optot: alllmar, 197.
Aulanler, . 1973. lo vloleoce Je llotetttotloo. optot: l, octp Le ll
roue.
8eceLL, . 1932. o otteoJoot oJot. optot: lLlons e MlnulL.
8lon, W.8. 1979. Ao sootces Je letleoce. optot: l.
erLeau, M. e. 1973. lctltote Je lblstolte. optot: alllmar.
hlanLareLLo !.-l. (cn). 1996. ctltote Je sol et sycbooolyse. optot:
LarmaLLan.
hlanLareLLo !.-l. (cn). 1997. ctltote Je sol et ctltote Je lblstolte. optot:
ln ress.
hlanLareLLo !.-l. (cn). 199. ctltote Je sol et ttoomo. optot: AnLhropos.
hlanLareLLo !.-l. (cn). 1999. ctltote Je sol et sloctlt. optot: ln ress.
hlanLareLLo !.-l. (cn). 2002a. ctltote Je sol et ootclsslsme. optot: res.
hlanLareLLo !.-l. (cn). 2002b. lctltote Je sol, eot-elle Jlte lblstolte,
AcLes u colloque oranlse par la 8l, les 23 eL 24 mars 2001 au
enLre eores omplou, optot.
hlanLareLLo, !.-l. 2004. Le Lemoln lnLerne. zo 1molqooqe et ttoomo,
lmllcotloos sycbooolytloes, optot: uno.
hlanLareLLo, !.-l. 2003. le tmolo lotetoe. 1toovet eo sol lo fotce Je
tslstet. optot: lLlons llammarlon Aubler, octp La psychanalyse
prlse au moL.
ayan, M. 1993. conomle LraumaLlque. zo M. ayan (cn), 1toomo et
Jeveolt sycbloe, optot: l.
ulon, 8. 199. le 1molo Ocololte. les cooJltloos socloles Je lottestotloo
etsoooelle. optot: lLlons e l (8echerches hlsLolre eL e
sclences soclales).
lerenczl, . 1934. 8elexlons sur le LraumaLlsme. zo lsycbooolyse ,
optot: ayoL, cnovck. 192.
lreu, . 193. Le cllae u mol ans les processus e eense. zo
ksoltots, lJes, toblmes , cnovck. optot: l, 193.
kaes, 8. 190. llJoloqle, toJes sycbooolytloes. optot: uno.
kaes, 8. 199a. 8upLures caLasLrophlques eL Lraall e la memolre. zo !.
ueL (cn), loleoce Jtot et sycbooolyse, optot: uno.
kaes, 8. 199b. Le pacLe eneaLl ans les ensembles Lranssub[ecLls.
zo Mlssenar eL al. (cn), le oqotlf, flqotes et moJollts, optot:
uno.
ptotvo \conou\ou
[304]

kaes, 8. 1993a. Le su[eL e lherlLae. zo 1toosmlssloos Je lo vle
sycbloe eotte qototloos, optot: uno.
kaes, 8. 1993b. Le roupe eL le su[eL u roupe. optot: uno.
kohn, M. 1991. MoL esprlL, lnconsclenL eL eenemenL. optot:
LarmaLLan.
kohnK M. 200. ltso. Mots Jestlt ylJJlsb et locooscleot. Ato(: LamberL-
Lucas.
kohn, M. 2011. le ttovoll clloloe eo ceotte motetoel. les eottetleos
Joccoell lo Molsoo Je lo Mte et Je lofoot. optot: M!W
lelLlon.
Lel, . 193. 5l cest oo bomme. optot: !ulllar resses-oceL, cnovck.
19.
Lel, . 196. les oooftoqs et les tescos. optot: alllmar, cnovck.
199.
Ml[olla, . e. 19. urlre a son passe. zo lAotobloqtoble, optot:
Les 8elles LeLLres.
Cppenhelmer, A. 1996. kobot et lo sycboloqle Jo self. optot: l.
8abaLel, A. 200. nomo Nottoos, oot ooe ooolyse oooclotlve et
lotetoctloooelle Jo tclt. Ato(: LamberL-Lucas, octp LlnulsLlque.
8lcour, . 1990. 5ol-mme comme oo ootte. optot: eull.
WalnLraLer, 8. 1996. Le pacLe LesLlmonlal. zo Actes Jo collooe
lotetootloool sot nlstolte et mmolte Jes ctlmes et qooclJes
ools, 8ulleLln e la lonaLlon AuschlLz, op. 32, ou\to-
zcncpto 1996, 8puc\\c.
WalnLraLer, 8. 1999. Curlr les lmaes. Les aners u Lemolnae. zo
!. Menechal eL coll. (cn), le tlsoe Je lttooqet, optot: uno, 33-
6.
WalnLraLer, 8. 2000. Le pacLe LesLlmonlal, une leolole qul alL llen,
kevoe tooolse Je lsycbooolyse, evolt Je mmolte. eotte ossloo
et oobll, Lxlv, ovoupto-Mpto 2000: 201-210.
WalnLraLer, 8. 2004. Le pacLe LesLlmonlal. zo 1molqooqe et ttoomo,
lmllcotloos sycbooolytloes, optot: uno.
ZalLzman, . 1999. nomo socet: lhomme Luable, oo aLhalle ZalLzman
(cn), lo tslstooce et lbomolo, optot: l, octp eLlLe
blblloLheque e psychanalyse, 3-24.
Zara, !. 1996. 1emolnaes eL ecrans kot Memolre eL Lemolnaes:
enormallsaLlon, normallsaLlon, normaLllLe. zo Actes Je lo e
teocootte lotetootlooole sot le tmolqooqe Jes sotvlvoots Jes coms
Je cooceottotloo et Jetetmlootloo ools, 8olletlo Je lo fooJotloo
Aoscblt, op. 33, 8puc\\c.

[303]

H=7/=+,&=2(? %-1&1>%/#.( %2437$1 h#,&+%-#.q2 $72=2/=r='2@
82% =+&%$/(+#

co koknoupo
1

\jklmnol

5ecooJoty oottotlve ooolysls of bloqtoblcol lotetvles. A otsbo

o tbls oet, ottemt to Jevelo o tbeotetlcol ftomeot coocetoloq tbe
secooJoty oottotlve ooolysls emloyeJ lo tbe lotettetotloo of sttoctoteJ
lotetfomlllol bloqtoblcol lotetvles. 1be lottet focoseJ oo cbllJbooJ
eetleoces of tee oottotots lo tbe 19J0's. 1be lssoe os lovestlqoteJ lo
to otsbos oo otettetotlve ooJ keflectlve Nottotlve Aoolysls of
8loqtoblcol otetvles tbot too loce lo tbe cootet of nlstoty ooJ
1eocbloq of nlstoty ollote 5toJles ooJ coltote lostqtoJoote
ltoqtomme of tbe eottmeot of ltlmoty Jocotloo of tbe olvetslty of
Atbeos. 1be lotettetlve ooolysls of tbe lotetvles ls meoot to blqbllqbt tbe
obvloos ooJ blJJeo meooloqs of tbe oottotots' Jlscootses teqotJloq tbelt
cbllJbooJ, tbos teveolloq ottltoJes ooJ voloes teloteJ eltbet to tbe ost ot
tbe teseot tlme of tbelt oottotloos.

zqv nopouoo ctoqyqoq ovonuooouc o 0cupqtko n\ototo, o
cpuqoo kot q c0oo ov\uoq oqcvuv toypotkuv
ouvcvcucuv nou cot(ouv oo tuoo q nottkq q\tkto uv
oqyquv ptuv q ckocto ou 1930. 1o 0co ouo onoc\coc o
ovtkctcvo cpcuvo uo pyoorpplv ppveurtkp kot Avoorooortkp
Apyportkp Avouop toypotkv zuvevre0ev. 1o cpyooqpto
(orshops) u\onotq0qkov oo n\ototo ou o0qoo uotoypoto
kot Aooypoto nou too ko o novcntoqtok cq 2009-2010 kot
2011-2012 oc ckoct otqc ptc (cvvco otqc ptc o 2009-
2010 kot cn o 2011-2012) q kore00uvop loroplo kot Atokrtkp rp
loroplo Aooypolo kot notrto (nokore00uvop. Aooypolo kot
notrto) ou Mconutokou poypoo znouuv ou
otoyuytkou 1qoo Aqotkq Lknotcuoq (.1.A.L.) ou
ovcntoqtou 0qvuv.
cucpoycvq oqyqotkq ov\uoq (seconary narraLle
analysls)
2
cvootkoycvctokuv toypotkuv ouvcvcucuv nou couv

1
Lntkoupq ko0qyqpto .1.A.L., L.k... e-mall: raamp[prlmeu.uoa.r.
2
1o cvtocpov yto q cucpoycvq ov\uoq cct ouq0ct t c\cuotc ckoctc ot
kotvuvtkc cntoqc. 8\. cvctktk, laser 1962. laser 1963. ale eL al. 19. alm
co koknoupo
[306]

\q0ct ono \\ou cpcuvqc c\c toypotko u\tko nou
ncpt\ovcot oo Apelo Apypoev p ou .1.A.L. k0c otqq
pto ovc\oc qv ov\uoq to toypotkq ouvcvcuq. 1o Apelo
Apypoev p (A.A..) ncpt\ovct 362 oyvqouvqcvc -kot o
c\cuoto povto kot tvcookonqcvc- ouvcvcuct oqyqocuv (uq
kot o coypocvo kctcv ou. t ouvcvcuct couv \q0ct ono
nponutokou otqc ou .1.A.L. nou nopoko\ou0ouoov o cttk
octvpto nou npoocpo yto t cvtkc uv ouvcvcucuv q
toypotkq c0oou (c\cu0cpq, qtkocu0uvocvq, kocu0uvocvq).
notoyuytkq-toktkq okono0coto uv octvoptuv oct(cot c qv
koptoq uv ouptovuv ook\uv oq toypotkq npoocyytoq kot
cpcuvo c onucpo ooo vo qv copooouv oc 0cotk npoypoo
toycvcokq kot tono\ttotkq cpcuvo ou \otkou no\ttoou c q
c0oo pro[ecL (koknoupo 2010:213-223).
to qv opyvuoq uv ouvcvcucuv oc pcto kot qv
ckqptuoq ou oko\ou0q0qkc q npoktkq ouykpoqoq opctuv
npooptkq toopto
3
. 1o oyvqouvqcvo kot tvcookonqcvo u\tko
opcto0cq0qkc c oq q povo\oyto q ouvcvcuq, ouykpouvo
o Onrtkookouortk Apelo rv zuvevre0ev. zq ouvccto q
ctpoypoq coypoq uv ouvcvcucuv cocp0qkc oc q\ckpovtkq
opq -cpyo cotpctk povoopo to kot ovocpoooc oc t\tc
oc\tc ctpoypouv coypocvuv ouvcvcucuv- kot qtoupyq0qkc
cvo prpo c oq q povo\oyto kooypoq q k0c ouvcvcuq.
k0c oqyqoq (uq cotoqkc c pct kopc\c nou ncpt\ovouv
o ootcto q ouvcvcuq, ou ouvcvcukq kot ou oqyqq. 1o pcto
ncpt\ovct oc q\ckpovtkq opq euperppto uv ootctuv uv
oqyquv, uv ouvcvcukuv kot uv ouvcvcucuv c oq q
povo\oyto q ouvcvcuq, euperppto uv coypocvuv
ouvcvcucuv kot ouykevrprtk nlvoko (oo npoypoo xcel) c n\qpq
ootcto o\uv uv ouvcvcucuv
4
.
Lko ono qv cupcqptooq ou u\tkou no\u oqovtkq
npouno0coq yto q cucpoycvq ov\uoq onoc\ct q ntoq oov
npooptko \oyo kot oo k\to uv ouvcvcucuv eroypop ou. ko
q totkooto q coypoq ot ouvcvcukc
3
onounuvouv o\o ckctvo

192. eaLon 2004. 1otu\q 2011:129-139. to t tooponotqoct cou npuoycvou,
cucpoycvou ov\uoq kot co-ov\uoq, \. cvctktk, lass 1976:3-.
3
8\. cvctktk, 1hompson 2002:299-319.
4
to q qootonotqoq ou u\tkou ou opctou onotctot q totkooto q
ovuvuonotqoq uv npoountkuv cocvuv uv oqyquv ptuv, cooov cv
unpouv nopoupqqpto ono ou n\qpoopqc ptc.
3
zuuvo c ov les (1993:74-3) q kupto nqyq n\qpooptokou u\tkou, c q
ouvcvcuq, ctvot o tto o qqtko q ontkookouotko vokoucvo kot ot o
onooyvqouvqcvo kctcvo, nou onoc\ct qq to opq cpqvcto q ouvcvcuq.
Acucpoycvq oqyqotkq ov\uoq toypotkuv ouvcvcucuv
[307]

o opokqptotk q onotocvq tpooq (y\uootk,
nopoy\uootk, ouvoto0qoo kot ovtpoct uv oqyquv ptuv), o
onoto ctvot oqovtk yto qv ovoouykpoqoq ou voqoo nou
npockuc on ouqv. 1qpctot q tootkq o\\q\outo uv \c0cvuv kot
onotcot o ttotcpo ontko y\uootko ttuo (ov unpct) kot uv uo
ot\quv. zc oqyqoct c cvovo ontko ttuo nopot0cot looopto.
k0c ouvcvcuq n\ototuvcot ono roypotk utk ono topc
oct q (uq ou oqyqq. U npouno0coq yto q cucpoycvq
ov\uoq uv ouvcvcucuv kpt0qkc pqotq q oototkq ov\uoq uv
kotvuvtkuv opokqptotkuv uv oqyquv kot uv cpcuvqtkuv
cvtkuv uv ouvcvcucuv nou nopyouv toopctk ctq oqyqoq.
t oqyqoct otvoq0qkov c oq o co ycvvqoq ou oqyqq
pto kot q povo\oyto you, nou oqoooct o povo cvopq q
tkq ou q otkoycvcto, ov ono ycvvqoq kot ov ono q ou onou
cykooooq. oototkq ov\uoq ouvctoc c oq
kotvuvtkonotqtkou nopyovc, onu ctvot o oputko cntnco, o
0pqokcuo, o cnyyc\o (oc pct ycvtc: yovct oqyquv ptuv -
oqyqc ptc - nott oqyquv ptuv), cvu ot cvtkc uv
ouvcvcucuv, onu cntoq kot q ouyycvtkq q q ocoq ovcoo oo
ouvcvcukq kot ov qv oqyqq pto onoc\coov uo okoo kptqpto
otvoqoq ou (koknoupo 2011
2
:127-12).
0cupqtkq ckktvqoq uv cpyooqptuv cykctot oov
koookcuootko kot cu\o opokqpo q ootkq kot ou\\oytkq
vqq kot \ovct unoq q q oqooto uv kotvuvtkuv nopoyovuv
q opuoq, q q\tkto, ou onou ycvvqoq kot ovopoq, ou
otkoycvctokou kot kotvuvtkou ncpt\\ovo ou oqyqq kot q
cntoqq oopto oq toopuoq q opq kot ou ncptcocvou
ou oqyqotkou \oyou. ?to0couc qv noq ou M. albachs
(1930:33), ot o oo ctvot ou nou 0uouvot, o\\ o oo u
c\q knoto kotvuvtkq oo.
6
koovoqoq uv ootkuv
tuuv uv oqyquv q nottkq ou q\tkto q ckocto ou 1930
ytvcot oc t\oyo c q ou\\oytkq vqq kot cnctpto, cot onu ouq
ovoucot coo ono o \oyo uv oqyquv ptuv kot ovo\ucot oc to
octp c\cuv q npooptkq toopto, q kotvuvto\oyto (cttkocpo
uv k\uv q oypotkq kot ootkq kotvuvto\oyto kot q
kotvuvto\oyto q otkoycvcto) q \ooypoto kot q kotvuvtkq
uo\oyto.
7

to o \oyo ouo o tovtko npoouno yto qv coypoq ou npooptkou \oyou oc
ypono kctcvo ctvot o tto o ouvcvcukq.
6
8\ kot opoc\\q 1999:27-3.
7
npoctvocvq cvctktkq t\toypoto uv cpyooqptuv ctvot: y0uvo-cupyonou\ou
1993. \ckq 190. vv 197. ptc 1990. utko 1996. utko 2012. 8ovo(ouvo
1963-64:322-27. 8povq 1936:214-44. kouykou\q kot koupto 2000. kouykou\q kot
co koknoupo
[30]

cpqvcutkq ov\uoq uv ouvcvcucuv oocuct oqv
ovctq uv no\\on\uv -ovcpuv kot \ov0ovovuv- voqoooqocuv
q nottkq q\tkto ko q ckocto ou 1930 coo ono qv nopovtkq
ontkq q tocoo\oqcvq, ono o povo kot qv cnctpto ou,
oqyqoq q\tktucvuv ov0punuv. 8ootko cpuqo qov oc noto o0o
kot c noto pono ovoko\ctot oq vqq q ko0qcptvq (uq uv
nottkuv povuv kot ot cvootkoycvctokc ococt ovooptk c o
u\o, qv kotvuvtkq kot otkovotkq kooooq q otkoycvcto, q octp
ycvvqoq uv nottuv, o\\ kot ov ono nou cy\uoov (oypotko,
ootko cnopto, o0qvotko ootko upo). t ovo\uoct cntctpouv vo
utoouv t ococt ovcoo ot no\\on\c nottkc q\tktc \otkuv
opuuv ono ov oypotko kot ootko upo kot qv cc\tq q
c\\qvtkq kotvuvto kot otkoycvcto ou nputou 20
ou
otuvo.
cnt\oyq uv ouvcvcucuv nou ovo\u0qkov oo cpyooqpto
oko\ou0qoc o cq kptqpto: 1) q povo\oyto ycvvqoq uv oqyquv
qov ono o coo q ckocto ou 1920 cu t opc q ckocto ou
1930, 2) o u\o uv oqyquv (11 yuvotkc, 3 vpc), 3) q cvtkq q
ouvcvcuq. Lttkocpo cnt\cqkov toypotkc ouvcvcuct nou ctov
\q0ct c qv cvtkq q kocu0uvocvq ouvcvcuq u npo o
tuoo q nottkq kot cqtkq q\tkto kot t cvootkoycvctokc
ococt oo n\ototo q noptkq otkoycvcto kot c c\cu0cpq
ouvcvcuq ooov oop ov uno\otno to uv oqyquv ptuv. t
ouvcvcukc q npuoycvou cpcuvo ctov oko\ou0qoct cv no\\ot t
0cotkc kot t cpuqoct ou Opyo0 6toypotkp ouvevreup e
eoop orpv nottkp ptklo (koknoupo 2011:223-231). zq ouvoq
ou Opyo0 cto ov\qoct no\\ ootcto ono o \ooypotko
cpuqoo\oyto nou ovocpcot oqv ovopoq uv nottuv oo npuo

kopokoovq (cn) 200. ptoonou\o 1936:37-74. Aqqptou 1993:11-43. ullboL-8enolL
k.o. 199. Aotovko 2002. Apoyuvo 197. lableLl 196:113-23. Ztuyou-kopoocpytou
196. all eL al. 2003:463-470. anman 1993:193-213. Covoq 1993. koknoupo, 2011
2
.
koknoupo 2011o:463-470. koponokq 193
2
. kokq 199
. kouo(oy\ou 19:223-
342. kcpot 1929-1932:449-3. ko\tou 1997. kupto(q 1926:116-32. kuptoktou-ncoopo
199: 41-33. kuptoktou-ncoopo 1993
o
: 227-232. kuptoktou-ncoopo 1993:231-237.
kuptoktou-ncoopo 1993y:23-270. kuptoktou-ncoopo 1993:39-32. kuvoovtvou
1933:442-3. Ao(optq 1973:2-42 kot 166-19. Aqoupytuq 196. Aouko 193-39:124-
6. Moc\q 1976:243-63. Mauer 194:131-46. Maurlras-8ousqueL 1993:29-33. Mcpok\q
1992:2-33. Mcpok\q 1993
o
:11-17. Mcpok\q 1993:237-264. Mcpok\q 2011.
Mq\tykou-Mopkovuvq 1991: 277-31. Mtoc\ 197. Mouooupou 193. Mno-1ooukou
1993o. Mno-1ooukou 1993:73-1. Mnoko\kq kot L\cytou 197. Mnoupvtc 1996.
ntotko 1991. tkovotq 1962:446-342. ovo(q 2004. onoycupytou 196.
onotuvvou 1916:626-634. onotoq\ 1911-1912: 66-91. onootpq kot
opoc\\q (cn), 1992. opoc\\q 1999:27-3. cponou\o 1932:2-44. o\tq
191:299-346. o\tq 1931:206-221. qyo 199. 8ushLon 1992:131-70. zccp\q 1911-
1912:491-494. zo\ouv 1992. zu\\oytko cpyo c 0co 1o nottko notvtt 1993. 1otu\q
2006. 1otu\q 2011:129-139. o(qoot\ctou 19.
[309]

cuo ou t\tou ou cupytou Mcyo prporo pvtkp Aooypolo
(1939:139-142), npooopoocvo ot ovykc to toypotkq
oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq, ko0u cntoq kot ono ov Opy ou .
1hompson oo t\to ou 1be olce of tbe lost (197:296-306) nou
oopouv ov npootoptoo q kotvuvtkq 0coq q noptkq
otkoycvcto npooopoocvc ot kotvuvtkc kot no\ttotkc
ttotcpoqc q c\\qvtkq kotvuvto. t 0cotkc cvoqc ou
Opyo0 -kot ko cnckooq kot uv cpyooqptuv- qov: 1) ot
cvootkoycvctokc ococt uv nottuv cou ou (ocpto, ocpto)
kot c ou cvq\tkc ouyycvct (yovct -uotkot 0cot-, nonnouc
ytoytc, 0ctot0ctc), q ovopoq uv nottuv c cooq ot ko
u\o npootoptocvc otc, ovt\qct kot ouncptopc, ot ponot
nct0pqoq uv nottuv kot ot tuptc, 2) o npoountk tuoo
oucoq uv nottuv ot ytopc q otkoycvcto (ovoootkq ytopq
nocpo) kot q kotvoqo (novqyupto) kot ot c0ttkc cntc\coct ou
kuk\ou q (uq (toq-yo-kqcto) kot ou copo\oytou
(ptoouycvvo, nokptc, oo, k..), cnctptc ou c\cu0cpou povou
kuptu oov ootko upo (ckpoc, tokonc, no\ttotkc ckq\uoct),
3) q oo\tkq cnctpto kot o otto q o\tkq q cptkq c\\ctq q, o
uno ou oo\ctou, q ocoq c o oko\o kot ou ouo0qc, q
y\uooo kot ot notoyuytkc c0oot uv ook\uv, ot 0ctkc kot ot
opvqtkc vqc ono ook\ou, ot npotqoct o0quv, q
ouooto\oyqoq uv oqyquv ptuv q oo\tkq ou cntooq,
cvcocvc ootc ou u o0quv ptuv kot ot tuptc, ot
ovt\qct yovcuv kot ook\uv u npo q tonotoyuyqoq uv
o0quv, q cv0ppuvoq q q uv yovcuv yto nopoko\ou0qoq ou
oo\ctou kot q c\cq uv nottuv ou, o to\ctoo (o notvtto,
ot t\tc kot ot ouykpouoct), q ouykptoq ou oo\ctou q nottkq
q\tkto uv oqyquv c o oqcptvo oo\cto. zo Opy unpouv
octkc cpuqoct ko o0to cknotcuoq, npuo0to
cucpo0to pto0to, nou oko\ou0ouvot q ot ov\oyo c qv
cknotcutkq cnctpto ou q k0c oqyqq pto, 4) q vqq ou
notvttou kot q nottkq oo\q, oyonqcvo notvtto kot o0upoo,
ko u\o kot ctk notvtto, notvtto c o oc\to, ot t\tc, ot
ococt kot q tpkct ou, q ooq uv yovtuv oncvovt oo notvtt,
ont, oyonqcvo (uo, o0\qoo, no\ttotkc pooqptoqc. Uoooo
q cvoqo ouq qov oqv cpcuvqtkq npq oc coq ton\okq c qv
cnocvq nou oct(oov c 3) qv nottkq kot cqtkq cpyooto, cooov
ot ncptooocpot oqyqc ptc ono ov oypotko upo kot qv cpyotkq
tkpoootkq q ou ootkou upou ctov ouykckptcvc unopcuoct
oo n\ototo q otkoycvctokq nopoyuyq kot cpyooto cv no\\ot qq
ono qv q\tkto uv 7- povuv. 6) cnocvq 0cotkq cvoqo
ncpt\ovct cpuqoct nou ovoctkvuouv t kotvuvtkc ococt q
co koknoupo
[310]

noptkq otkoycvcto oo n\ototo q yctovt kot q kotvoqo, t
cu\c opoqytkc toctptoq ou votkokuptou, ov otko
npootoptoo q otkoycvcto c oq qv cpyooto uv yovtuv, ov uno
ou onttou, qv kotvuvtkq 0coq q otkoycvcto, ococt q ot c \\c
oc (npoouyc, c0vono\ttotkc oc), ckq\uoct kotvuvtkq
ktvqtkoqo. ouvcvcuq ouvct(oov c\cu0cpo ooov oop o yo
ou oqyqq kot q qtoupyto q tkq ou otkoycvcto kot ck\ctvc c
cpuqoct onotqoq uv ko\ucpuv kot ctpocpuv otyuv q (uq,
uv nto oyonqcvuv npoounuv, uv npoooktuv yto o c\\ov kot uv
0ctkuv kot opvqtkuv ouvoto0quv nou cvtuoc o oqyqq ko q
totkooto q oqyqoq q (uq ou.
zqv coototo opt(ovto ov\uoq uv ouvcvcucuv ko
0cotkq cvoqo ovoctqkov kotvc cnctptc, nou oct(ovov c
nopoootokc cv no\\ot voopontc kot npoktkc ovopoq uv
koptotuv kot uv oyoptuv ko o Mcoono\co, o\\ kot onpoocvc
tooptc nou cvcpyonotqoov (uqpc ou(qqoct octk c ovt\qct kot
npoktkc nou cv couv c\cq0ct ouoqotk ono qv ontkq uv
puvuv unokctcvuv. cpqvcutkq koovoqoq uv ococuv q
ootkq c q ou\\oytkq vqq ot oqyqoct (uq cot(ct oqv
ov\uoq ou tno\ou nopooq - vcocptkoqo ono qv ontkq ou
unokctcvou. ootkq cnctpto ou oqyqq ytvcot koovoqq coo
oo kotvuvtko n\ototo oo onoto cyypcot kot ovocpcot.
kuptoktou-ncoopo (1993:231) ovoputoov ov ctvot uvoov coo
oq ouypovq kotvuvto vo unpct okoo oq (uq ou ooou to
nopoootokq n\cup, nou cotcot c qv npoouno c npoouno
cntkotvuvto. onvqoq q qov 0ctkq:

tocuu ot o\ot (ouc cpo q (uq o c ov nopoootoko pono nou
opokqpt(ct o,t onoko\ouc npooptkq toopto. uq, ou, ctvot to
toopctkq npooptkq toopto ono o,t ouvq0u unoq\uvct o opo. Acv
cu\tycot, onu ouvq0t(c, oo cntnco q kotvoqo` nopct vo cvontoct
ovo oo cntnco q otkoycvcto kot ou ooou.

Mc \\o \oyto o ko nopootv -ouuvo c ov kuptoktq (1963
2
:
20)- yvuptoo uv \ooypotkuv otvocvuv cvont(cot n\cov
0pouootko oo oo ncptooocpo kot \tyocpo oqv oo. t
noykootc otkovotkc, no\ttkc kot kotvuvtkc o\\oyc q
cono\ctkq ncptoou couv co\ct o q0q, t voopontc kot t
no\ttotkc otc nou q to ycvt cotct oqv \\q
. Uoooo, ctvot
cupucpo onocko ono ou kotvuvtkou cpcuvqc ot, voopontc,
otc kot ouncptopc ou nopc\0ovo, ot ycvctkc opc uv

to ou cooqotoou kot co\\oyc uv nopoootokuv no\ttotkuv ootctuv

oq ouypovq cnoq, \. kot 8opouvq 1993.
[311]

tokptuv kot tokpttkuv npoktkuv, n.. o oyqo ou cpyq kot
kuptu o pono c ov onoto ouo o puct ., o hablLus (8ourleu
2000:22), co\\ovot c opyo pu0o, ctvot tooptk otvocvo
okp tpkcto, onu cntoqotvct kot q kuptoktou (1993:43).
ou(qqoq yto o tuoo q nottkq q\tkto q ckocto ou
1930 ktvq0qkc \otnov kot c oq o tno\o nopooq - vcocptkoqo,
oo onoto cvooovot oqotk tootc nou oopouv oc kotvuvtkc
kot otkovotkc coo\c q c\\qvtkq otkoycvcto kuptu ko q
cono\ctkq cnoq, onu: kotvuvtkq opvcto s kotvuvtkq
ktvqtkoqo, otkoycvctokpoto s ootktoo, kotvuvtkc cocuoct s
npoountkq c\cu0cpto, k\qpooqcvo kot vco cntcuyo, otkovoto
ouoouvqpqoq s otkovoto oyop, k0cq kotvuvtkq toopuuoq
c oq ouyycvctokc, q\tktokc, 0pqokcutkc k.\n. ococt s opt(ovto
kotvuvtkq toopuuoq c otkovotk kptqpto (otko ouoqo),
nopoyuyq opyovucvq oc otktokq oq s nopoyuyq oqptycvq oo
c\cu0cpo oo, ootctuq koocptoo cpyooto c oq o u\o
kot qv q\tkto s npoqycvo koocptoo cpyooto (ntotko
1991:140-141). t oqyqc tvouv voqo, \\oc coo \\oc ccoo,
o ouc t tootc coo ono ov ovonopoootko qovtoo q
oqyqoq uv npoountkuv ou tuuv kot uv kptocuv uv
ootkuv kot ou\\oytkuv, tooptkuv cnctptuv, ooo coo ono t
ontkc nou uto0couoov oo nopc\0ovtko povo q poq kot
ko0opt(ovov ono ounoyct no\ttotkc otc kot kotvuvtkc
npoktkc ooo kot coo ono qv ontkq ou nopovtkou povou q
oqyqoq, nou ouvto qv oto\oyqoq q (uq kot q cnoq ou oc
ouykptoq c q ouypovq cnoq q covcocptkoqo (koknoupo
2011:200).
Lvo ootcto nou ovcctc q cpqvcutkq ov\uoq uv ouvcvcucuv
qov q no\un\okoqo q voqoooqoq uv cnctptuv q nottkq
q\tkto ono ou t oqyqc ptc. to nopctyo ouo nou ouv
ovoko\ctot oq vqq cv npuot ctvot q c\\ctq ou povou ou
notvttou cotto uv no\\on\uv unopcuocuv uv nottuv
9
. Mto
oqyqpto ono oypotkq otkoycvcto oo 1ptocvo ukto oqv optkq
cpuqoq -1t notvlto enote onov koqyopqotk: -Aev noloe.
kr rov poorov po orpv ko0vto
10
, 0coq nou ovotpct oq ouvccto
cvont(ovo qv notyvtuq pooqptoqo oo n\ototo ou oo\tkou
povou q ou povou q oo\q oov cupucpo upo q kotvoqo kot
nvu c o ncpo uv unopcuocuv q ot oypotkc ou\ctc q
otkoycvcto.

9
8\. kot ono0ovootou 2003.
10
qyqoq Zuq, op. 433, oqyqpto: k. ., ouvcvcukpto: Avvo znq\tonou\ou,
qcpoqvto ouvcvcuq 22122003, Apelo Apypoev p, otoyuytko 1qo A.L.,
L.k...
co koknoupo
[312]

-, oro ooelo noloe ol. 1o onyeuo noloe ero rt ouete nou
enpene vo kovoue, rov v0rve...e, ro kookotpokto nou poorov, eloe nto
eeu0eplo, oeuoorov oe kovevo evrpo on kor, kovro oro onlrt o
lno, p orov kpno rou ontrto0 o, rou ko0e ptorontrou....

Lvtocpov nopouot(ct q ovt\qq q cvvoto ou notvttou oqv tto
oqyqpto q onoto, oq ouvccto q oqyqoq q, cvooct oo
notvtt q tookcooq nou npockunc ono qv cu\q cvooo\qoq c
o cpyoctpo nou ctovov o koptoto yto qv npotko ou,
ouykcvpucvo oc nopcc ouyycvtkc kot q yctovt:

Ouoot on no0 tkpp, e e 6e6oto rov pouvo et p enro, oo
nto eyop, eko ekorptv - ekonevre, nou eloe epyetpo, kot kevrpo
kot 6eovokt. Aur 0epelro kot tookeoop, ytorl npyolvoe p oe to eoep
o p oe to yetrvtooo, unppov koplroto rp ptklo o kot kevro0ooe,
nekoe, ovetoorov oeto kot noe ope opyoet, ev o
o0otvov...ey rouotorov ev npeoo, ev eo0o. e6oto e6eno rpv
prepo ou, ytorl eeye rt o opyoet ev elvot nto rpo yt eo. ko0repo
elvot evo oeto o evo kope, o evo oeev. Oo noe orpv A0pvo kot orpv A0pvo
no0 0o 6ooue rt koupeo0e p ouro ro uovro, kok 6e6oto ytorl ero
eytvov no0 rp o. Auro prov ro notvlto o. Apop neptoorepo oov
onoopop kot our, rre 0eoe rpv npolko o, yt our kot kevro0ooe kot
nekoe..

oqyqpto novpcuqkc ckooku povuv kot coktvq0qkc oqv
0qvo oo n\ototo q cono\ctkq oypooootkq covocuoq
onou kot qtoupyqoc q tkq q otkoycvcto. zqv oqyqoq q
cn\ckcot o povo uv nottkuv kot cqtkuv tuuv q kot q
nopovtkq npoo\qq ou kot q oto\oytkq ouykptoq nopc\0ovo
nopovo uno qv ontkq q cnctpto q q\tkto. Cnu cntoqotvct o
M. Mcpok\q (1993o:232), c\tk q ouykptoq -kot q ouykpouoq-
ovcoo oo nopc\0ov kot o nopov co\\cot o cvo ono o nto
oo0cp oto uv tqyqocuv ouuv, knoc \too onoc\ct kot
ov ov ou.
to qv koovoqoq q oqooto uv no\ttotkuv otuv,
ovt\qcuv kot npoktkuv uv oqyquv, oqovtkq -kot cv no\\ot
nopoc\qcvq ono t kotvuvtkc cntoqc- ctvot kot q ov\uoq uv
ouvoto0quv uv oqyquv kot uv ppquv ocuv q (uq ou. t
ouvcvcuct nou ovo\u0qkov couv cvo ttotcpo opokqptotko nou
onoc\coc kptqpto q ovoooootkq ov\uoq ou. Ltvot
cvootkoycvctokc ouvcvcuct, oqv n\ctoqto ou (13) oqyqoct
(uq ytoytuv kot nonnouuv ot cyyovc ou, to ouvcvcuq
nocpo oqv kopq ou, to 0cto oqv ovtt q kot to ovo qov q
ouyycvtkq ouvcvcuq to yctovtooo. ovoooootkq ov\uoq uv
cvootkoycvctokuv ouvcvcucuv ccot ot onoc\ouv tn\q
[313]

ouotoypoto, onu \cct o lranc (1979: 69-94), cvo t\oyo uo
ycvcuv ov0punuv nou ouvcovot c ouyycvtkou kot cvovou
ouvoto0qotkou coou, ycyovo nou cntp oo uo kot o
ncptcocvo q oqyqoq. Aovovo unoq o cpcuvqtko n\ototo
q ouvcvcuq nou cct kooypoct ono ou optkou cpcuvqc ot
k0eoet rp peuvprtkp Atotkoolo, q cucpoycvq ov\uoq uv
ouvcvcucuv oocuct oq tcpcuvqoq ou ootkou kot otkoycvctokou
yoqpou uv oqyquv ptuv, q pco\totkq kot ctovtkcutkq
vqq kot oqv ovtvcuoq uv otunuv nou oct(ovot c t kptotc,
pouotkc otyc q (uq ou.
zt ck0coct ouc o ouvcvcukq cpcuvqq ncptypct o
upo q ouvcvcuq, qv npocotooto, q totkooto kot o k\to q,
t ouvoto0qotkc tokuvoct, o npo\qoo q coypoq q.
Lttkocpo, ot cvootkoycvctokc toypotkc ouvcvcuct nou
cot(ouv oo tuoo q nottkq q\tkto uv oqyquv, cntctpctot
to npuq ovoooootkq ov\uoq q ono o q ouvcvcukq pto c
oq q 0cupqtkq 0coq ot k0c ouvcvcuq onoc\ct npotov q
topootkq kot cntkotvuvtokq ocoq nou ovonu0qkc c ovqv
oqyqq pto ko q tpkcto q cpcuvo. t ck0coct ouc oc
ouvuooo c o npoyoo\oytko u\tko q oqyqoq onoc\coov
oqovtko ootcto to ov\uoq uv tunokctcvtkuv voquv nou
ovouovot coo ono o t\oyo uo ycvcuv ko q totkooto q
ouvcvcuq, nou onu cntoqotvouv ot ouvcvcukc, cyyovto q nott
uv oqyquv, ou ckovc vo koo\ouv ko\ucpo qv otkoycvctokq
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unooqpt(ct kot o aul 1hompson oqv ctooyuyq q ptq ckooq
(2009: ll) ou ou\\oytkou oou nou cntc\q0qkc o(t c ov anlel
8erLaux, 8eteeo eoetotloos. omlly MoJels, Mytbs ooJ Memotles, q
otkoycvcto nopocvct oqcpo o ootko kov\t q cotooq no\\uv
ootkuv ocuv ou no\ttoou kot q ouoqo kot ouq q
cotooq ctvot to no\un\okq totkooto nou onoc\ct ncptooocpo
to ovo\\oyq ovcoo ot ycvtc nop to cu0cto cotooq.
toooq ouq ovoct0qkc ot ovoooootkc npoocyytoct uv
ouvcvcukuv ptuv, nou cvu 0cupouoov o\ot kot o\c ot ot oqyqoct
uv ouyycvuv ou qov ct\tkptvct (koknoupo 2011o:463-470),
cvouot cvont(ov ootcto cupototkq vqq, ovctq ou
ootkou kot otkoycvctokou yoqpou ouvuoocvou c t no\ttotkc
otc nou ckctvot c ctov ovopoct, o ouou\cutko knotc opc
uo ou, cvu ouvctqonotouoov, yto npuq op tou, t kptotc
otunc kot q oqooto ou.

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Ccooo\ovtkq: ot kuptoktq.

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?4=<UC6=6N H3<G@37:64N >N 39PF G9N R:G<8JHN qov npooovoo\tocvq oqv cntoqq
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t\o poocyyt(ovo qv pooptkq oopto oqv L\\o oqcpo: 1oct kot
cpcuvqtkq totkooto. Pov npooovoo\tocvq oq tcntoqovtkoqo ou upou q
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onok\toq uv cpcuvuv nou tcyouv cpcuvqc toopuv cntoqovtkuv k\uv
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cpcot vo ouvctocpct c vcou ponou oq ouykpoqoq ou upou q pooptkq
Mopto Covonou\ou puov0q Zou
[322]

ovoct0ct kot ou(qq0ct q oqooto q nopouoto kot q cn\okq ou
cpcuvqq oqv (uq to kotvoqo q oo. k0c kotvoqo q
kotvuvtkq oo to0cct ot ovo ou\\oytkq vqq o\\ kot tkou q
qovtoou kot totkootc yto vo qv ouvqpct kot vo qv ovonopyct
kot, cou ouuv, vo opt(ct qv ou\\oytkq q ouoq kot vo cnttuvct
oo povo. pokctot yto kotvuvtkc totkootc, npoktkc kot
c\coupytc ou\\oytkq cv0uqoq (albachs 196, albachs 1973,
urhelm 2001), ot onotc npo\\ouv cnt\cktk cpo ovo q
ou\\oytkq ouq vqq, cvu, nop\\q\o, ouvocuovot kot ono
kotvuvtkc totkootc onootunqoq kot \q0q (onnerLon 199,
onnerLon 200). Mc qv cvvoto ouq k0c kotvoqo q kotvuvtkq oo
cct q uvooqo vo toctpt(cot q ou\\oytkq q vqq, cou ouq
vo koookcu(ct q ou\\oytkq q ouoqo kot c\tku vo ouo-
npootopt(cot.
Mc qv ovnuq q cpcuvo nctou oo upo uv kotvuvtkuv
cntoquv kot qv nopouoto ou cpcuvqq oou ko\nou to
kotvoqo, ot kotvuvtkc totkootc ou\\oytkq cv0uqoq
nopc\\cot o cpcuvqtko cyctpqo o onoto cnqpc(ct qv
unpouoo toctptoq q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq. Mc qv
cvvoto ouq, k0c kotvoqo q kotvuvtkq oo cou q oucoq
q oqv cpcuvqtkq totkooto, ck uv npoyuv ckupct -ouvctq q
q- oov cpcuvqq q uvooqo vo toctpt(cot kot ouo q ou\\oytkq
q vqq kot vo koookcu(ct q ou\\oytkq q ouoqo cot uoc
c\tku q kotvoqo q q kotvuvtkq oo vo ccpo-npootopt(cot.
Mc ocqpto q ootkq tontouoq ot ooo q ou\\oytkq vqq,
ooo kot q ou\\oytkq ouoqo ctvot npotovo kotvuvtkq koookcuq,
0o cntctpqoouc vo oktoypoqoouc uo ponou toctptoq q
npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq: npuo oop q toctptoq q ono
qv tto qv kotvoqo cvu o cucpo q toctptoq q ono ov
cpcuvqq. zq ouvccto 0o ovonuouc cvov npo\qotoo yto ou
po\ou nou topoot(ct o cpcuvqq (enzln Llncoln 2003, 8er
Lune 2012) oc ko0ct ono t uo ncptnuoct. to o okono ouo 0o
pqotonotqoouc nopoctyoo cpcuvuv ot onotc couc ot ttc
oucoct.
okont nou uto0couc yto vo npoocyytoouc o upo q
pooptkq oopto -upo onou ouvovuvot notkt\c cpcuvqtkc kot
0cupqtkc nopoooct- ctvot ouq q kotvuvto\oyto kot q
kotvuvtkq v0puno\oyto, k\uv nou ouvctocpouv oqv pooptkq

oopto, cvo upou nou cvtocpct ttotcpo o L0vtko kcvpo kotvuvtkuv Lpcuvuv.
nototkq cpcuvo, q cpcuvo nctou, q toypotkq npoocyytoq, q ou\\oytkq vqq, q
oun\qpuotkoqo uv yponuv kot npooptkuv nqyuv k.. onoc\ouv oct
cvooo\qoq oou onotou couv pooqptonotq0ct ot cpcuvqc ou oo nopc\0ov kot
ouvct(ouv vo pooqptonotouvot oqcpo.
vcoo oqv pooptkq oopto kot t npooptkc tooptc
[323]

oopto c qv nopooq q nototkq cpcuvo, q toypotkq
npoocyytoq, q cpcuvo nctou oc kotvoqc, t 0cuptc ncpt
ou\\oytkq vqq kot ou\\oytkq ouoqo, o\\ kot c ov octko
cntoqo\oytko ovoooooo yto o po\o ou cpcuvqq.
) 5#%U=0+#$1 /1? *+,-,+#.(? $733,&#.(? >2(>1? %*: /12 .,#2:/1/%
1o npuo nopctyo oop qv ncptnuoq q toctptoq q
npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq ono ou ou\\oyou coucptkuv
covoouv. qyq v\qoq ou npo\qotoou o onoc\ouv uo
cpcuvc oc ou\\oyou coucptkuv covoouv. npuq ctvot nototkq
cpcuvo q puov0q Zou (Zachou 2003) yto q toctptoq q ontkq
ouoqo ono ou kotvotkou ou\\oyou uv coucptkuv
covoouv oqv pucuouoo nou tcq0q ono o 199-2001.
cucpq ctvot q pcouoo kotvq o nototkq cpcuvo c t\o o
kotvorto rv Aeukolv Merovoorv. kotvortko Alkruo kot
Anorunoet rp zuoytkp Mvpp
4
. op ov kotvotoo uv
Acukotuv, onu ouo tocoo\octot ono ou zu\\oyou Acukotuv
coucptkuv covoouv kot o kotvotk tkuo o onoto ot zu\\oyot
ouot ouvnouv cou ou, o\\ kot c \\ou ontkou ou\\oyou
Acukotuv q ou\\oyou Acukotuv ou cucptkou.
npuq cpcuvo koc\qc oc cupqoo nou cntcotuvct kot q
pcouoo cpcuvo oou zu\\oyou Acukotuv. zuykckptcvo ono qv
cpcuvo ouq, nou ctvot oc cc\tq, cct npokuct ot ot zu\\oyot cou
uv totkqtkuv ou ouou\tuv \ctoupyouv u toctptoc q
ou\\oytkq vqq q kotvoqo uv Acukotuv vooucvq c uo
cvvotc: q kotvoqo npoc\cuoq (upto q vqot) kot q kotvoqo
cykooooq ('unokoooq kotvoqo), onu ouq npoo\ovcot
c ovootokou opou. zq cucpq ncptnuoq q tcupucvq kot
otppqkq, c ovootokou opou, kotvoqo nou cct u oqcto
ovoop cvo upto ou vqotou q Acuko q o\ok\qpo o vqot
onopt(cot ono o\ou ooou (ouv cvo kot cko ouou (nerson
193). t zu\\oyot -u toctptoc kot q npooptkq ou\\oytkq
vqq q kotvoqo- ou\\cyouv cnt\cktk npooptkc tooptc,
q\oq tooptc uv c\uv q kotvoqoc\uv ou zu\\oyou, t
qootonotouv cou uv cvunuv ou kot t copcnouv oc yponq q
kot ontkq vqq. ?noktvouv, cntn\cov, q ou\\oytkq ovk\qoq q
npooptkq vqq uv c\uv ou kot -cou q opyvuoq
ckq\uocuv kot pooqptoquv nou onoc\ouv c\coupytc

4
pokctot yto poypoo ou L0vtkou kcvpou kotvuvtkuv Lpcuvuv nou
pqoooctot ono qv 1LAk Acuko, ptokcot oc cc\tq kot 0o oqyqoct oc cttkq
ckooq uv onoc\couv.
[324]

npooptkq ou\\oytkq uncv0utoq- ovotuvouv kotvuvtkc npoktkc
ou nopc\0ovo. Mc ou ponou ouou ot zu\\oyot ot ovo
ovooouv kot ovonopyouv cnt\cktk cpo q npooptkq
ou\\oytkq vqq, o\\ kot ou\\ouv oqv noytuoq ou. ko
cnckooq, cou uv npoktkuv toctptoq q npooptkq vqq nou
uto0couv, kot \ctoupyuvo u okqvo0cc nou oqvouv q okqvq cnt
q onoto c\ouvot ouvcct (ovo)nopoooct q ontkq ouoqo,
ot zu\\oyot ot ovo toqpouv, o\\ kot ovokoookcu(ouv (ohen
193) ocov c ocpcountko pono, qv ontkq ou\\oytkq ouoqo
ootk otk ootcto q onoto ctvot q cntk\qoq q cvontoqo, q
tokptq kotvq ontkq kou\oupo, q tooptkq ouvccto kot q ctovtkcuoq
ou nopc\0ovo.
zqv ncptnuoq nou cc(ouc, ot zu\\oyot uv Acukotuv
coucptkuv covoouv- nou onoc\ouv opc ou\\oytkq
cknpoounqoq q kotvoqo- \ctoupyouv u toctptoc q
ou\\oytkq q vqq kot ouoqo q. Lot, cou uv zu\\oyuv, q
kotvoqo ouonpootopt(cot c opou ooo npoyotkou, ooo kot
ovootokou. koookcu(ct q\oq, qv ctkovo q ck uv cou kot
ypct qv toopto q ono o ku upt q tocoo\qoq cpcuvqq.
Cnu ctvot npoovc, q ouykckptcvq cpcuvo yto ou zu\\oyou
cv ctc coq ocoq c qv pooptkq oopto u cntoqovtkq
npoocyytoqV \qv ou ovcctc o oqovtko po\o uv zu\\oyuv oq
toctptoq q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq, q\oq uv npooptkuv
tooptuv q kotvoqo. v kot q cpcuvo ouq cv ncpt\ovct ou\\oyq
npooptkuv opuptuv ono t cpcuvqptc -npyo nou oqotvct ot
cv nopcotvct, cou q cpcuvqtkq totkooto, coo oq
toctptoq q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq q kotvoqo- cct
uoooo, ccoo nopcotko opokqpo. Mcou uv c\tkuv
noptouv q yto ou ponou toctptoq q npooptkq vqq
ono ou zu\\oyou, ctvot uvoov kot ouq vo ou\ct ccoo -kot
\too c cntoqovtkou opou- ctc oqv noytuoq kot votonotqoq
ou cpou q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq nou unoktvouv kot
ovonopyouv ot zu\\oyot, ctc ovt0co oqv onovotonotqoq ouq
q vqq.
1c\tku, oo npuo ouo nopctyo, ot cv zu\\oyot \oyu ou
tocoo\oqtkou ou po\ou (Anerson 1971, olloc 192, 8erer
euhaus 2000, Zachou 2003, Zachou 2006), ptokovot ouopovo
ovcoo ot npooptkc tooptc uv c\uv q kotvoqo o\\ kot
ovcoo oou cvo\\oktkou ponou c ou onotou nopouv vo t
toctptoouv. t c cpcuvqc, ptokovot ovcoo ot
tocoo\oqcvc ono ou ou\\oyou npooptkc tooptc uv c\uv
q kotvoqo kot ou cvo\\oktkou ponou c ou onotou 0o t
toctptoouv oo n\ototo ou cpcuvqtkou ou cyctpqoo. pokctot
[323]

q\oq yto toctptoq q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq oc
toopctk cntnco. kot ctvot npoovc, oqv ncptnuoq ouq, ot o
po\o ou cpcuvqq u npo q toctptoq q vqq cv ctvot
npuoptko.
) 5#%U=0+#$1 /1? *+,-,+#.(? $733,&#.(? >2(>1? %*: /,2 =+=721/( $/,
*3%0$#, =*#/:*#%? 8+=72%?V
1o cucpo nopctyo oop qv ncptnuoq toctptoq q
npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq ono ov cpcuvqq. qyq v\qoq ou
npo\qotoou onoc\coc to no\otocpq cpcuvo q Mopto
Covonou\ou (2000) yto q tcpcuvqoq q npooptkp zuoytkp
Mvpp rou noykoolou noeou orou ntvre ev \pto0 rp
Aeukoo nou tcq0q o 190-191= pokctot yto cpcuvo nou
ouvc\cc npooptkc tooptc cnt(uvuv c ooo vo tcpcuvqoct t
cnttuvc u vqq ou 8 oykootou o\cou oc to oypotkq
kotvoqo 40 povto c, o\\ kot vo ovoyvuptoct coo o ouc o
ootcto nou ouykpoouv qv npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq q
kotvoqo. cpcuvo cntkcvpu0qkc oq vqq uv oovuv opupuv
to oqovtkq tooptkq ncptoou. pqotonotqoc cpyo\cto q
pooptkq oopto ono\cnovo ot oqv ovoouoooq ou tooptkou
nopc\0ovo, o\\ oq c\cq uv opuv cnt\cktkq ovooqoq ou
ono qv ontkq kotvoqo q cocvq povtkq otyq tcoyuyq q
cpcuvo. ouykckptcvq cpcuvo 0o onoc\coct on\u qv oopq yto
vo ovocp0ouc oq toctptoq q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq ono
ov cpcuvqq c oq ouykckptcvou cpcuvqtkou ooou.
zqv ncptnuoq ouq q nopouoto ou cpcuvqq oou ko\nou
to kotvoqo ouvto cvo cto no\\on\q nopcooq oq (uq ouq
q kotvoqo. 1o otqo ou cpcuvqq cv out(cot onopotqo c o
otqo q kotvoqo oq cocvq povtkq otyq. Lntn\cov, o otqo
ouo unoktvct kot cvcpyonotct to vco -oc ocoq c t totkootc
ou\\oytkq cv0uqoq q kotvoqo- totkooto ovokoookcuq q
ou\\oytkq vqq, ctooyocvq kot npooopoocvq oou
cpcuvqtkou ooou. cpcuvqq, ov\oyo c o cntoqovtko ncto
nou unqpcct kot t 0cupqtkc kot c0oo\oytkc cnt\oyc oo upo
q pooptkq oopto, cvcpyonotct q vqq q kotvoqo c
ouykckptcvo pono kot npo ouykckptcvq kocu0uvoq. \\ kot q
kotvoqo, ov\oyo c qv kotvuvtkq ouoqo ou cpcuvqq (u\o,
q\tkto, kooyuyq, k.\n.) kot ov pono npoo\qq q nopouoto ou,
cnt\cyct ou ponou c ou onotou 0o ovonokpt0ct oo otq ou.
Lot, ouo nou ou\\cyct o cpcuvqq u npooptkq ou\\oytkq
vqq ctvot npotov ou ponou nopcooq ou oqv kotvoqo kot
ovovok\ q ocoq nou ouo ovonuooct c o c\q q. uo cct u
[326]

onoc\coo otqnoc ou\\cyct o cpcuvqq u 'vqq oo n\ototo q
cpcuvo pooptkq oopto vo onoc\ct cpo ovo q npooptkq
ou\\oytkq vqq ouq q kotvoqo. pokctot yt ouo o onoto ou
nopotcot q ou cot(cot uno opq npooptkuv tooptuv
oq ouykckptcvq povtkq otyq ku ono ouykckptcvc ouv0qkc.
nopcooq ou cpcuvqq oqv npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq
nou ou cct nopoo0ct ono qv kotvoqo ouvct(cot kot ko o
cnocvo oto q cpcuvqtkq totkooto. zuvccot c to ouv0cq
tcpyooto coponq q npooptkq vqq oc yponq q onoto kot
ouvcnycot qv ono\otq uv (uvovuv ootctuv q npooptkoqo.
zuvopot, cntoq c to tcpyooto cpooq ou npuoycvou
tuoo nou cncptccot ot npoountkc tooptc oc opou
cntoqovtkou. Mcou q cnt\cktkq cnccpyooto onoonoouv q
vqq ouq kot q ovotopyvuoq kot otvoqoq ou u\tkou,
npokctcvou vo ovoct0ouv o noptooo q cpcuvo kot q cpqvcto
ou, ouvc\ctot kot ono ov cpcuvqq to ovooqoq q npooptkq
ou\\oytkq vqq nou ou cct nopoo0ct.
Mc qv o\ok\qpuoq ou cpcuvqtkou cyctpqoo, o tto o
onoc\coo n\cov q cpyooto ou cpcuvqq nopct vo cct yto q (uq
q kotvoqo toopuv ctuv cntnuoct, coonpo0coc q kot
okponpo0coc. Ltc o cpyo ou oncu0uvcot oqv cntoqovtkq
kotvoqo, ctc oqv ontkq kotvuvto qv onoto cct c\cqoct, cv nouct
-cou q tocoo\qoq ou cpcuvqq- vo ouvc\ct oq touoq cvo
cpou q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq q kotvoqo, ttu oqv
ncptnuoq nou q tto kotvoqo ouvoct vo q toqpqoct. M\too, c
qv kooypoq -coo ono o cpyo ou- q tuotkq cnctpto q
npovotouuv, on\uv kot oovuv ov0punuv, o cpcuvqq tvct qo oc
c\q q kotvoqo nou cv couv uvq (1hompson 2000:4-3, lummer
2001:41, 8ecer 2002:3-4, Covonou\ou 2009:231) kot ouvc\ct oq
qootonotqoq cpou q vqq q cko uv optuv q. Acv nouct,
cntoq o cpyo ou -cou ou ouqcvou cntoqovtkou ou kupou- vo
ouvc\ct, ko ncptnuoq, oqv noytuoq kot votonotqoq q
npooptkq vqq nou ou cct cotooct q oqv onovotonotqoq
q.
Mcou uv npoktkuv toctptoq q npooptkq vqq nou
uto0cct, o cpcuvqq nopct vo ou\ct c o cpyo ou ot ovo oq
toqpqoq, o\\ kot qv ovokoookcuq q ou\\oytkq ouoqo,
onoouvo cvcocvu kot ocpcountkc npoo\qct q. Mnopct
vo topoot(ct, q\oq, ko0optotko po\o u npo q toctptoq q
ou\\oytkq vqq kot q ouoqo kot vo ou\ct cot oov
ccponpootoptoo q kotvoqo. Mc o cpyo ou koookcu(ct qv
ctkovo q kotvoqo (lummer 2001:206) cu0cv kot ypct qv
toopto q c q tocoo\qoq ou.
[327]

1c\tku, oo cucpo nopctyo toctptoq q npooptkq
ou\\oytkq vqq nou ccooc, tontouvouc ot ot cpcuvqc
ptokovot c no\\on\ou ponou ovcoo oqv pooptkq oopto kot
t npooptkc tooptc uv c\uv q kotvoqo. ko\ouvot, koopqv,
vo ycupuoouv qv kotvuvtkq onooooq nou ou upt(ct ono o c\q
ou, cvu ouopovo ko\ouvot vo c\cyouv ov o0o kot ov pono
cn\okq ou oqv (uq q kotvoqo. Ltvot ovoykoto, cntoq, vo
ycupuoouv o oo nou unpct ovcoo oov octooo to
cpcuvo nou cvoocot oo upo q pooptkq oopto kot qv
npoyotkoqo q kotvoqo nou c\couv= kot o kuptocpo, u
toctptoc q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq uv on\uv ov0punuv
c oqotvovo po\o, ko\ouvot vo \ctoupyqoouv u tocoo\oqc
ovcoo oqv kotvoqo nou c\couv kot o cntoqovtko ncto oo
onoto kot ovqkouv.
C7>*=+%$>%/#.8? *%+%/1+($=#?
Lytvc ovcpo ot q totkooto ou\\oyq npooptkuv tooptuv ono ov
cpcuvqq nou cvooct qv npoocyytoq oo upo q pooptkq
oopto k0c \\o nop ctvot kotvuvtk kot cntoqovtk ouccpq
(Llncoln enzln 2003, lllc 2009:422). Cnu toupt(ovot ot Llncoln
enzln, q cv nototkq cpcuvo onoc\ct oucotko kot ouvcpyotko
cyctpqo nou ouvcct ov cpcuvqq c o unokctcvo q cpcuvo oc
cvo topkq q0tko t\oyo (Llncoln enzln 2003:613), o c cpcuvqq
q nototkq cpcuvo, onu unooqpt(ct o 8runer cv ctvot cvo
ovtkctcvtko, cykupo kot no\ttk ouccpo nopoqpqq nou
ockcot cu kot nvu ono o kctcvo. (8runer oo Llncoln enzln
2003:613). Lot, q ou\\oyq npooptkuv tooptuv ono ov cpcuvqq
ouvto nopcooq toopuv too0tocuv oq (uq to kotvoqo q
kotvuvtkq oo. voct0qkc, cntoq, ot o cpcuvqtko cyctpqo
cct ttotcpq kotvuvtkq oqooto cotto ou ycyovoo ot onoc\ct
totkooto touoq cpou q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq.
pockuc, cntn\cov, ot q cpcuvqtkq totkooto ctvot npotov
tonpoycuoq ovcoo oo c\q q kotvoqo -npuoyuvtoc
npooptkuv tooptuv kot opct q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq- kot
oov cpcuvqq-npuoyuvtoq q cpcuvqtkq totkooto kot opco q
cntoqovtkq yvuoq nou ouvccot kot c o upo q pooptkq
oopto.
C\c ouc ot oqovtkc kotvuvtkc kot cpcuvqtkc totkootc
nou ouvocuouv qv nopouoto ou cpcuvqq, ck uv npoyuv ov
ko\ouv vo ouvctqonotqoct noto ctvot k0c op o po\o ou cvo
ou nctou kot vo ovopuq0ct yto t cntnuoct ou po\ou ouou, ooo
oo cpcuvqtko cyctpqo ooo kot oqv kotvoqo.
[32]

U ck ouou o cpcuvqq ou\\cyovo npooptkq vqq ctvot
ovoykoto vo ncptypct ovo\utk kot c okptcto qv o\q totkooto
ou\\oyq q ko0u kot qv cc\tq q ocoq ou c qv kotvoqo.
Ltvot ovoykoto vo oo(cot nvu oou ponou c ou onotou
ovovok\ot q cpcuvqtkq totkooto oq opq kot oo ncptcocvo
q npooptkq ou\\oytkq vqq nou cct ou\\cct ko q tpkcto
q cpcuvo nctou. kot no\u ncptooocpo vo ovooo(cot (lummer
2001, lllc 2009), u npo t q0tkc, no\ttkc kot kotvuvtkc
npockoct q cpcuv ou c yvuovo qv ov0puntotkq nopooq
uv kotvuvtkuv cntoquv (lummer 2001:2) nou 0ut(ct ot, oc
c\cuoto ov\uoq, ouo nou npocct oc k0c cyctpqo ctvot o tto o
v0puno.

[329]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

Anerson, 8enelcL. 193. moqloeJ commooltles. Lonon: verso.
Anerson, 8. 1971. volunLary AssoclaLlons ln lsLory Ametlcoo
Aotbtooloqlst, 732: 209-222.
8ecer, oar. 2002. 1he Lle lsLory an Lhe clenLllc Mosalc. n
arln Welnber, (e.), Ooolltotlve keseotcb MetboJs. Cxor:
8lacell, pp.79-7.
8ell, olln eby oar. 1972. commoolty 5toJles. Ao ottoJoctloo to
tbe 5ocloloqy of locol commoolty. e or: raeer.
8er, 8ruce Lune, oar. 2012. Ooolltotlve keseotcb MetboJs fot tbe
5oclol 5cleoces. 8osLon: earson.
8erer, eLer euhaus, 8lchar, !ohn. 2000. lrom LaLe Lo lll
ocleLy. ln on berly, (e.) 1be sseostlol clvll 5oclety keoJet. 1be
closslc ssoys. Lanham, Marylan: 8oman LlLLlelel, pp.161-12.
onnerLon, aul. 199. no 5ocletles kemembet. ambrle, k:
onnerLon, aul. 200. een 1ypes o loreLLln. Memoty 5toJles. 1:
39-71.
ohen, AnLhony, . 193. 1be 5ymbollc coosttoctloo of commoolty,
Lonon: 1alsLoc.
enzln, orman Llncoln, onna (es). 2003. collectloq ooJ otettetloq
Ooolltotlve Motetlols. 1housan Cas, A: ae.
urhelm, mlle. 2001. 1be lemeototy otms of kellqloos llfe.Cxor:
Cxor nlerslLy ress.
lllc, e. 2009. Ao ottoJoctloo to Ooolltotlve keseotcb. Lonon: ae.
albachs, Maurlce. 196. lo Mmolte collectlve, arls: l.
albachs, Maurlce. 1973. les coJtes 5ocloo Je lo Mmolte, arls:
MouLon.
Zachou, hrysanLhl. 2003. commoool Assoclotloos. 1be tboo llloqets
5ttoqqle ltb MoJetolty lo lost-ot teece (1945- 1995).
ovcntoqto ou ssex, M. 8pcovto (oqootcuq tokoptkq
toptq).
Zachou, hrysanLhl. 2006. lobal vlllaes: ommunal eLors o rees
ln laspora, poktk zuvcptou. \ otlJ cooqtess of
5ocloloqy. 1be Ooollty of 5oclol lsteoce lo o lobollloq otlJ (kc
0J). urban, ouLh Arlca: lnLernaLlonal oclololcal AssoclaLlon
(lA).
Covonou\ou, Mopto. 2000. n npooptkp Mvpp rou noeou.
Atepe0vpop rp zuoytkp Mvpp rou noykoolou noeou
orou ntvre ev \pto0 rp Aeukoo. 0qvo: L0vtko kcvpo
kotvuvtkuv Lpcuvuv.
[330]

Covonou\ou, Mopto Mnou(ouq, \cko (cn.). 2002. Cct q
pooptkq oopto oqv L\\o. ttko cuo nt0eppop
kotvvtkv peuvv, 107.
Covonou\ou, Mopto. 2009. 8toypotkq poocyytoq kot q zo\q ou
ztkyou: Mto vopoq. zo ntko\oo 1oq Mopto
Covonou\ou (cn), n kotvvtooylo rp zop rou ztkoyou. 0qvo:
ono(qoq, oc\ 213-236.
kenna, MarareL. 193. lnsLlLuLlonal an 1ransormaLlonal MlraLlon an
Lhe ollLlcs o ommunlLy: ree lnLernal MlranLs an Lhelr
MlranLs AssoclaLlon ln ALhens, otoeoo ootool of 5ocloloqy, 24:
263-27.
Llncoln, onna an enzln, orman. 2003. 1he eenLh MomenL ouL o
Lhe asL. ln orman enzln onna Llncoln (es), 1be looJscoe
of Ooolltotlve keseotcb. 1beotles ooJ sooes. 1housan Cas, A:
ae, oc\ 611-640.
olloc, hllllp. 192. CranlzaLlon an AllenaLlon: 1he MelaLlon
ypoLhesls 8elslLe, 1be 5ocloloqlcol Ooottetly, 232: 143-133.
lummer, ken. 2001. ocomeots of llfe . Ao ovltotloo to o ctltlcol
nomoolsm. Lonon: ae.
1hompson, aul. 2000. 1be olce of tbe lost. Otol nlstoty. Cxor: Cxor
nlerslLy ress.

[331]

J='+1/#.8? .%# >=<,5,3,&#.8? %2/#*%+%<8$=#? $/, *=50, /1?
.,#2'2#,3,&#.(? h#,&+%-#.(? 8+=72%?

tupyo 1otu\q
1

\jklmnol

1beotetlcol ooJ metboJoloqlcol coottovetsles lo bloqtoblcol socloloqlcol
teseotcb

1be oet lll loltlolly focos oo tbe ttoosltloo ftom tbe bloqtoblcol
metboJ, lo blcb tbe bloqtoblcol oottotlves ote etcelveJ tlmotlly os
sootces tbot teveol tbe sobectlve etsectlve oo soclol beoomeoo, to
bloqtoblcol teseotcb bete bloqtobles ote ooJetstooJ os soclol
coosttoctloos, os o tesolt of seclol effotts moJe by loJlvlJools lo otJet to
coosttoct octlvely tbelt soclol eetleoces ooJ olso to qeoetote etsoool
cobeteoce. 1beo lll tefet to tbe ctltlclsm foceJ by tbls otoocb, (o) ftom
o toJlcol coosttoctlvlst olot of vle, blcb otqoes tbot bloqtoblcol
oottotlve most be seeo ooly os oo lostootooeoos tet, ooJ (b) ftom o
ostmoJetolst etsectlve, blcb otqoes tbot tbe lotettetotlve cose-
tecoosttoctlve bloqtoblcol teseotcb tetoJoces oecessotlly oo esseotlollst
etcetloo of o cobeteot ooJ stoble self lJeotlty. loolly, lll Jlscoss bo
bloqtoblcol teseotcbets ooset tbese ctltlclsms.

1o kctcvo cct u ovtkctcvo q toypotkq npoocyytoq oqv
kotvuvto\oytkq cpcuvo kot cntctpct vo oktoypoqoct cvtocpouoc
0cupqtkc kot c0oo\oytkc ovtnopo0coct nou \ovouv upo oo
ncto ouo. v\ct nputou ono qv nopooq q
ovokoookcuootkq toypotkq cpcuvo, nou ouvovc oov
ycpovouvo upo kot ou(q to octp ono cvooct kot kpttkc nou
cct cct q ouykckptcvq nopooq.
Co npcnct vo tcukptvtoouc nu c ov opo toypotkq
npoocyytoq cv cvvoouc to cvtoto kot ounoyq cpcuvqtkq
kocu0uvoq. cptypouc ncptooocpo cvo nouote ncto
cpcuvqtkq pooqptoqo, onou toopctkc c0oo\oytkc
npooct kot cpcuvqtkc npoktkc ouvunpouv
2
. kotvo
nopovoooq uv cpcuvquv nou uto0couv q 6toypotkp npooeyytop
ctvot ot pqotonotouv u uq\q nukvoqo kotvuvto\oytko u\tko t

1
Lntkoupo ko0qyqq, 1qo kotvuvto\oyto, zo\q kotvuvtkuv Lntoquv
ovcntoqtou kpqq. emall: Lslolls[uoc.r.
2
to q toypotkq npoocyytoq \. cvctktk hamberlayne, 8ornaL Wenra (2000)
luchs-elnrlLz (2000) 8oberLs, (2002) 8osenLhal (2004) Mlller (2003) vlLer, k.. (2003)
1otu\q (2006), (2010).
tupyo 1otu\q
[332]

6toypotke opypoet p ot rt opypoet p toypotkc
oqyqoct, nou nopyovot oo n\ototo to cttkq cntkotvuvtokq
kooooq, q toypotkq oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq
J
, onou o
cpuucvo ko\ctot cvuntov ou ouvcvcukq vo oqyq0ct
onpooctooo qv toopto q (uq ou ouvo\tk q to ncptoo q,
ovoko\uvo oq vqq npoountkc cnctptc kot tuoo, ycyovoo
oo onoto o tto ctc npoountkq ovctq. cntkotvuvtokq ouq
tpooq kooypcot c q\ckpovtk coo (qoypoctot qkot
tvcookonctot) kot cou q totkooto q coypoq
(LranscrlpLlon) onotcot oc ypono kctcvo (\. octk 1otu\q, 2006:
11-13). 1o kctcvo ouo onoc\ct cvc\ct o u\tko nou 0o cnccpyooct
ovo\utk o cpcuvqq.
no t opc q toypotkq cpcuvo cvo kcvptko (qqo nou
onooo\qoc ou cpcuvqcptc kot npok\coc cvovc 0cupqtkc kot
c0oo\oytkc ou(qqoct qov o cq: noto ctvot o cpcuvqtko
c\qvckc ouq q npoocyytoq t ctou cpuqoo nopouc vo
0coouc kot t ctou npoyotkoqc nopouc vo npoocyytoouc
yvuotk cou q ov\uoq kot q cpqvcto toypotkuv
oqyqocuv.
zt opc q toypotkq npoocyytoq kuptpqoov ncptooocpo
vooupo\totkc kot pco\totkc npoocyytoct: ot oqyqoct,
q\oq \oyt(ovov o(t c o \\o onoko\oucvo npoountk
ckqpto q ckqpto (uq (personal ocumenLs q ocumenLs o
lle - lummer, 2000) u nqyq n\qpooptuv yto qv ovtvcuoq to
cucptkq npo qv oqyqoq npoyotkoqo, nou ou
onctkovt(cot c knotov pono oqv oqyqoq.
Mto opokqptotkq ncptnuoq onoc\coc q npuq kotvuvto\oytkq
cpcuvo nou pqotonotqoc toypotko u\tko: q cpcuvo uv Wllllam
1homas kot llorlan Znanlecl O nov \ptk orpv upnp kot orpv
Aeptkp. (1homas Znanlecl, 193). cv \oyu c\cq ctc u 0co q
o(tkq covocuoq n\q0uouv ono oypotkc kotvoqc q
o\uvto ot toqovtkc cyo\ouno\ct uv vucvuv o\tctuv
ko0u kot q cooq ono nopoootokc opc (uq ot onotc
cono(ov ot otkoycvctokc kot ouyycvtkc ococt oc ootk
ncpt\\ovo c cvovo opokqptotk cootkcuoq.
t 1homas kot Znanlecl, cnqpcoocvot ono o t\oootko pcuo ou
poyotoou, npcocuov nu yto to o\ok\qpucvq cpcuvqtkq
npoocyytoq uv kotvuvtkuv otvocvuv o cpcuvqq oct\ct vo
ouvckt, nop\\q\o c ou ovtkctcvtkou npootoptoou, kot qv
unokctcvtkq ou toooq. 1o ko0qkov ou cpcuvqq cykctot, ko

3
zctk c q toypotkq oqyqotkq ouvcvcuq \cnc cou \\uv chuLze (193),
8osenLhal (2003: 137-132), Malno (2003:121-133), AlhelL (1997), 1otu\q (2006:170-
11).
Ccupqtkc kot c0oo\oytkc ovtnopo0coct oo ncto q kotvuvto\oytkq
toypotkq cpcuvo
[333]

ou 1homas kot Znanlecl, oo vo ovoctct nu ot unokctcvtkc
npoto0coct kot ooct, onokpuoo\\ucvc oqv cnctpto,
ko0opt(ouv qv ovonokptoq uv oouv cvovt uv ovtkctcvtkuv
nopoyovuv nou npoko\ouv q poq ou cvo ouykckptcvuv
koooocuv (\. oser, 1977:313). U cvcctycvo cnctptko u\tko yto
qv ccooq q unokctcvtkq toooq uv kotvuvtkuv otvocvuv ot
1homas kot Znanlecl 0cupqoov o npoountk ckqpto cou uv
onotuv kot q toypoto, nou opokqpt(ov \too u ov reeto uno
kotvuvto\oytkou u\tkou (1homas Znanlecl, 193:132).
Mto npuq onvqoq nou o0qkc, \otnov, oo cpuqo t nopouc
vo ovtvcuoouc cvo to toypotkq oqyqoq qov: q unoketevtkp
orto rv pvrv unoketevv nov orov kotvvtk koo. 8cotu q
kpttkq nou cct ookq0ct oov o\uvo uptko, octk c o oqcto
ouo ctvot nu to coto ouvcoq 0cupq0qkc ncptnou u ouovoqq kot
cv ckqptu0qkc cnopku 0cupqtk kot c0oo\oytk. Lntoq, coo
ono to coto ovt\qq otvcot vo ovonopycot to utotkq
ovt\qq ovtkctcvtkou-unokctcvtkou, nopot kt coto cv ovqkct
oq \oytkq ou npoyotoou.
ovoycvvqoq ou cvtocpovo yto q toypotkq cpcuvo, ono o
c\q q ckocto ou '70 ouvocuqkc ono nto ouv0cc onovqoct
oo cpuqo nou c0qkc noponvu. ?no qv cntpooq q
otvocvo\oytkq kotvuvto\oytkq 0cupqoq kot ou cpqvcutkou
nopoctyoo, q nopoyuyq kot ov\uoq oqyqocuv (uq \oyt(cot u
cvcctycvo pono yto vo:

- ovoct0ct q ontkq kotvuvtkuv ouv uv onotuv q uvq
qov onok\ctocvq ono ov qooto kot 0cotk
ovoyvuptocvo \oyo,
- vo npoocyytoouv ot tucvc cnctptc, q totkooto tuoq
kot ot ovtootot npooovoo\toot q poq,
- vo ovtvcuouv ovccpcuvqot q ncpt0uptokot kotvuvtkot
kooot,
- vo c\cq0ouv unot kotvuvtkuv ococuv, npoktkc,
topoct kot cttkc kooooct nou cvont(ovot oc
ouykckptcvo kotvuvtk mllleu.

vco ouq onvqoq ouvocuqkc ono to no\u nto cnccpyoocvq
cntctpqoo\oyto. zu(qq0qkov ot cttkc uvooqc nou nopcct q
oqyqoq, u cvo ttotcpo cto \oyou, yto vo onouoct q tucvq
cnctpto. zu(qq0qkov, okoq, ot no\\on\c tocoo\oqoct cou
tuoo, vqq kot oqyqoq. Lntoq, oq vco ouq oq q
toypotkq cpcuvo ovonuooovot ouoqotkc kot c0oo\oytk
c\cycvc c0oot nopoyuyq kot ov\uoq ou toypotkou u\tkou.
tupyo 1otu\q
[334]

opokqptotko cknpoouno q vco ouq ckoq onoc\ct o
noptpq q ycpovtkq toypotkq cpcuvo, lrlLz chuLze, o onoto
tounuvct to npoooq nou ov\ct ono q otvocvo\oytkq nopooq,
q Ccupto q zuo\tkq Atpooq kot qv kotvuvtoy\uooo\oyto.
pooovoo\t(cot oq c\cq q ouykpoqoq ou ono0coo q
toypotkq cnctpto cvo uv toopctkuv ncptouv q toopto
ou tou. totcpq cooq onotct ot kooooct opvprtkp 6lop.
Mc\c, q\oq, toypotkc ncptoou npoountkq onotopyvuoq,
cotto cvovuv kotvuvtkuv coo\uv nou cop(ovot oc
toypotkc pqct.
Lnqpcoocvo ono ou kotvuvto-y\uooo\oyou Labo kot WaleLzy,
o chuLze (197: 14) unooqpt(ct nu cou q oqyqoq nopouv vo
ovok\q0ouv oq vqq c ov ko\ucpo uvoo pono ot oc
npooovoo\toou q npoyotkq poq kot vo ovonopo0ct q
yvortkp eneepyoolo q o\\q\outo uv tucvuv ycyovouv. zq
oqoq ou kctcvou q oqyqotkq onoooq nopct vo ovtvcuct
o cto q tuotkq cn\okq ou opco q toypoto oo
ycyovoo kot \too oq topovtkq q cc\tq. kooootkq ouq
0coq q npoooq ou lrlLz chuLze ctvot yvuoq oq octkq ou(qqoq
u q otkp oooylo q oqyqoq kot q toypotkq cnctpto.
zuuvo c q 0coq ouq, o cpcuvqq uvoot, cou q cvcctycvq
c0oou nopoyuyq kot ov\uoq onpooctoouv oqyqocuv, vo
onokqoct npooooq oov pono oqoq q toypotkq cnctpto
coo oov povo.
npoooq ou lrlLz chuLze uncoq oopq kpttkq kuptu oc o,t
cct vo kvct c q 0coq nou uto0cct ncpt oo\oyto ou pou q
oqyqoq c o pcuo q toopuoucvq toypotkq cnctpto.
Mnopouc vo nopoqpqoouc oc ouqv nu nopot coto cncptcct
to no\u nto cnccpyoocvq kot c0oo\oytk ouykpoqcvq noq yto
t notoqc q oqyqoq u ttotcpou ponou ck0coq
koooocuv npoyuv, ouvct(ct vo unooqpt(ct to ovooptkq
\ctoupyto q toypotkq oqyqotkq cpcuvo, oou okono q
ctvot vo ovtvcuoct cvo uv oqyqocuv kooooct npoyuv
(tuoo kot poct) nou couv cc\t0ct oc nopc\0ovo povo.
op \otnov ov ouoqotko c0oo\oytko kot 0cupqtko
ovoooooo, nou ouvocuct t vcc ouc onovqoct oc ouqv q
cucpq ncptoo q toypotkq cpcuvo, otvcot nu ouvct(ct vo
kuptopct q ovt\qq nou 0cupct t toypotkc oqyqoct u nqyq
n\qpooptuv u cvov uno, q\oq, cpcuvqtkou u\tkou cou \\uv,
nou nopcct cvcocvu npovotokq npooooq oc knotc nuc ou
kotvuvtkou.

toypotkq cpcuvo
[333]

no o c\o q ckocto ou 0 o ouovocvo cvtocpov yto q
toypotkq c0oo ouvocucot ono to nototkq o\\oyq, kuptu oov
ycpovouvo upo. t toypotc cv koovoouvot n\cov (ovo) u
nqyq n\qpooptuv q on\u u cpcuvqtko u\tko. tto q toypoto
0cupctot u cvo tt(ov kotvvtk po, u to kotvvtkp
korookeup, nou tocoo\oct q to\cktkq ocoq ooou - kotvuvto.
Mto coto 0cupqoq q toypoto cnt\\ct qv uncpooq to
cpyo\ctokq ovtcuntoq q kot qv ovocpqoq uv cpcuvquv c
cpuqoo nou oopouv oq oqooto, oq \ctoupyto, oq oq kot ot
totkootc koookcuq ouou ou kotvuvtkou opuoo. llscher-
8osenLhal (1990:13) t\ yto q cooq ono q "toypotkq c0oo"
oq "toypotkq cpcuvo", oou nop\\q\o c o (qqoo c0oou
ovonuoocot kot to 0cupqtkq ou(qqoq ncpt q toypoto.
M\too, oo ovo to coto 0cupqoq, q cvtoq q toypotkq
cpcuvo tooptkonotctot kot koovoctot u onvqoq oqv npotouoo
toypotkonotqoq, nou nopoqpctot ot kotvuvtc q vcucptkoqo
kot kuptu q uocpq vcucptkoqo.
cv \oyu 0cupqtkq ou(qqoq cct poooq0ct ko kupto \oyo
ono uo kotvuvto\oytkc npoocyytoct, ot onotc \ctoupyuvo
toyvuotk cntoqotvouv t oqovtkc kotvuvtkc coo\c nou
couv \ct upo ot utkc kotvuvtc ono q ckocto ou 70.
npuq npcocuct q 0coq ncpt ou veou k0oro eorolkeuop, o onoto
opokqpt(ct t ouypovc kotvuvtc q 0oreppe0repp
(ovoorooortkp) vereptkrpro
4
. cucpq cp(cot oq ouorptkp
0eppop ou . Luhmann kot uv cntyovuv ou (onu o . chlman
3
kot
ot A. assehl kot . Weber
6
), nou ovt\ovovot u kotkq cc\tq
uv ouypovuv kotvuvtuv q \ctoupytkq tooponotqoq uv
unoouoquv ou kotvuvtkou. kot ot uo ouc npoocyytoct 0couv ck
vcou cnt nqo t totkootc cykotvuvtoou uv oouv ot
ouypovc kotvuvtc, q to\cktkq ocoq ou ootkou c o kotvuvtko
ko0u kot ou opou ouykpoqoq q unokctcvtkoqo. zc o\c ouc
t totkootc ovt(cot q kotkq oqooto q 6toypolo, rou
6toypotko0 ovooroooo0 kot q 6toypotkp epyoolo.
t toypotc \oyt(ovot u kcvptkot opyovutkot 0coot ot
ouypovc kotvuvtc, tot \ctoupyouv u 0cotk unoctyoo nou
unonotouv kot kovovtkonotouv t topoc ou tou, nopcovo
ouopovo kptqpto yto qv oto\oyqoq kot ov ono\oytoo ou.
toypoto onoc\ct, cntoq, cyyuqoq kot onopotqq ouv0qkq yto qv
kotvuvtkq oucoq, oov o0o nou to octp ono 0coot

4
8\. octk 8ec (196) 8ec, lens Lash (1996) lens, (19902001), (1991).
3
8\. chlman (19).
6
8\. assehl (1994), assehl Weber (1990).
tupyo 1otu\q
[336]

ovoyvupt(ouv kot cvooouv (q onok\ctouv) o oo oq oq q
toypotkq ou ncptypoq
7
.
1ouopovo, uoooo, q toypoto onoc\ct to ttotcpq opq
ouoncptypoq, cvov pono vo tooo\t(ouv o oo q ouvccto kot
q ouvcktkoq ou, nop t ckq\c ovtvotc ou kotvuvtkou ou
tou. A. anses ounukvuvct ouqv q \oytkq u cq:

[...] oc cvov kooo oov onoto q no\un\okoqo kot q \ctoupytkq tooponotqoq
uv kotvuvtuv tcupuvcot topku, o no\\on\ootooo uv koooocuv ou tou
kot uv tokoouv ouvct kot ot nopoootokot kotvuvtkot 0coot cv onoc\ouv
n\cov ou ouovoqou nopoyuyou voqoo kot ou toopuc uv
topouv ou tou, q toypoto ko0tooot kcvptko ovo npooovoo\toou yto
vo npootoptoct o oo ov kotvuvtko ou ono. toypoto ctvot \otnov kt
ncptooocpo ono qv ctoopqcvq toopto (uq: ctvot q toypotk onokqcvq
yvuoq kot ouvo to ouotootkq nqyq yto q too\toq to coucptkq
ouvcktkoqo cvo q no\un\okoqo uv ouypovuv kotvuvtkuv koouv (2004:
1).

Cu kot q npoootkctuoq ou kotvuvtkou ono o oo cct nvoc
toypotkq toooq, onu ovt(ouv ot eLer AlhelL 8eLLlna auslen
(2000). 1o oo ot ouypovc kotvuvtc 0o npcnct vo koo\\ct
toypotkq cpyooto yto vo nopyct q toypoto ou kot c ouov ov
pono vo opyovuvct kot vo okonotct o ouvo q toopto q (uq
ou. Mc unoo0po o ono0co q toypotkq ou cnctpto kot
yvuoq ko\ctot vo npoootkctuvcot vco ouvo ou tou ou. 1o
oo npoootkctuvovot cvcpy qv kotvuvtkq npoyotkoqo cou
topkou (ovo-)koookcuq q toypoto ou. uq q tcpyooto cvcct
to tq toooq: (o) ono q to, oponotct t vcc cnctptc uno o
u q onokpuoo\\ucvq toypotkq yvuoq kot t cyktut(ct c
ttotcpo pono cvo q oqyqoq (uq. () cvcpyq npoootkctuoq
vcuv cnctptuv, ono qv \\q, ut(ct ouv c vco pono
npoycvcocpc cnctptc kot tvct vcc ouvcoct kot ouvop0puoct.
zuvcnu q toypoto 0o npcnct vo ck\q0ct u to topku
ovo0cupoucvq opq, nou oot(cot ot ovooqootooqoct q
tucvq cnctpto, kot ot u cvo ootko ouvo\o nou on\u
cnckctvcot cntnpoo0ctk oq tpkcto ou tou. toypoto

7
Ltvot cvctktko, onu cntoqotvouv ot llscher-8osenLhal 8osenLhal (1997), nu yto
qv ko\qq to cnoyyc\otkq 0coq cv ctvot n\cov oqovtko t "nopct" kovct vo
kvct q noto "ctvot", o\\ ov cct oko\ou0qoct to topoq nou ncpt\ovct ou
onopotqou oo0ou oqv npooqkouoo o\\q\outo kot q\tktokq ou ckn\qpuoq. Acv
ctvot uoto nu to ouvq0q oqyto, nou nopcouv ot zuou\ot cnoyyc\otkq
ootopoto oc ckctvou nou cnt0uouv vo toypouv to cntuqcvq koptcpo,
ctvot vo povtoouv uoc o toypotko ou oqctuo vo qv covt(ct cy\o kcv
tooqoo kot vo ncpt\ovct o onopotqo cntcuyoo oov cvcctycvo povo.
toypotkq cpcuvo
[337]

koovoctot u cvoqo nou cvououvovo vco ootcto co\\cot
topku.
Mto coto vco koovoqoq q toypoto kot q \ctoupyto q
ot kotvuvtc q uocpq vcucptkoqo cnovonpootopt(ct, onu
ctvot ovocvocvo, o cpcuvqtko c\qvckc q toypotkq cpcuvo.
U ovtkctcvo q \oyt(ovot upo ot toypotkc koookcuc, o
onoc\cooo q\oq ckctvq q cttkq koookcuootkq cntooq
nou koo\\cot ono qv n\cup uv oouv, yto vo toctptoouv
kotvuvtkc ovokooct, ovoponc, pqct kot oouvcctc,
cpqvcuov c kot onotov ou voqo cntoq, yto vo t
npoootkctu0ouv oo n\ototo q toopto q (uq ou, cvooov c
oc to ncptooocpo q \tyocpo ouvcktkq oqyqoq ou couou. pokctot
yto ouv0cc totkootc cvcpyqtkq cnccpyooto uv vcuv tuuv
c ovo o ono0co q toypotkq ou cnctpto kot yvuoq.
Ltvot, uoooo, oqovtko vo cntoqvouc cu nu q koovoqoq
uv toypotuv u onoc\cooo koookcuootkuv cntoocuv uv
unokctcvuv cv oqotvct nu kt coto ouotvct ou0otpco q ko
o okouv - ot ot toypotc q\oq onoc\ouv c\cu0cpc
koookcuc. ?npouv ouykckptcvot ncptoptoot onu: q tto q
topoq ou tou u ktvqoq oov kotvuvtko upo kot oov tooptko
povo nou nopcct opto0cqcvo ncpt0upto tuoq kot poq cntoq,
0cotk unoctyoo nou unonotouv kot kovovtkonotouv t
toypotkc topoc. t toypotkc koookcuc npootopt(ovot
okoq ono oqyqotkc ouoct, oqoo, kotvuvtk to0cotc
opc o\\ kot ono ou Aoyou (lscourses) c ou onotou
ouvop0puvovot. pto0couvot, cntoq, ono qv ncptoooq (seLLln) kot
ou topootkou opou q nopoyuyq ou. cptopt(ovot, c\o,
ono qv onokpuoo\\oucvq opq nou \ovct q ctoopqcvq
toopto (uq u onoc\coo npoqyoucvuv ovoooootkuv
totkootuv kot oqyqocuv. v cu, yto nopctyo, ouvq0toct vo
oqyouot q (uq ou u to toopto cntutuv cv ou ctvot cuko\o
vo cnccpyoou kot vo 0coonotqou cnctptc onu\cto q onouto.
Mto coto npoocyytoq q toypotkq cpcuvo (onou u
ovtkctcvo q \oyt(ovot ot toypotkc koookcuc kot ot ouv0cc
totkootc ouykpoqoq ou) ouvuoqkc, ou\toov oq cpovto,
c q \oytkq q ovokoookcuq (8eonsLruLlon).
zuuvo c q \oytkq ouq, nou noponcnct oov Alre chuLz, ot
cntoqovtkc koqyoptc onoc\ouv koookcuc cucpou o0ou, ot
onotc cp(ovot oc koookcuc, nou npounpouv qq oov kooo uv
puvuv oqv ko0qcptvoqo unokctcvuv (\. cou \\uv, auslen,
2000). t ovo\uoct kot ot 0cuptc uv kotvuvtkuv cntoqovuv
qtoupyouvot ouvcnu u ovo-koookcuc ouuv uv ko0qcptvuv
koookcuuv. zqv ncptnuoq, ouvcnu, q toypotkq cpcuvo, ot
tupyo 1otu\q
[33]

cpcuvqc cv ko\ouvot vo onoko\uouv cucptkc ovoqc nou
onctkovt(ovot c knoto pono coo ot oqyqoct. ct\ouv vo
ovokoookcuoouv t toypotkc koookcuc uv puvuv oqv
ko0qcptvoqo unokctcvuv u onoc\cooo uv cyctpquv ou
vo cpqvcuoouv kot vo npoootkctu0ouv qv kotvuvtkq ou
npoyotkoqo. 8coto 0o npcnct vo npoocouc nu ovokorookeup
cv oqotvct to on\q kooypoq kot cntkupuoq uv ko0qcptvuv
otvoqtkuv koqyoptuv, o\\ to kpttkq ovo\utkq cnccpyooto uv
totkootuv koookcuq npuou o0ou ko0u kot uv
npouno0cocuv ou (auslen 2000).
ovokoookcuootkq toypotkq cpcuvo otonotct toypotkc
oqyqoct, nou nopyovot oo topootko n\ototo oqyqotkuv
ouvcvcucuv. zo c0oo\oytko cntnco oko\ou0ct t cq opc (\.
cou \\uv kot 8osenLhal 2004):
(o) k0c ncptnuoq oct\ct vo ovtcunt(cot cpqvcutk oo
ouvo\o q, oqv no\un\okoq q kot u onokpuo\\uoq to
uvotkq totkooto nopoyuyq. ( ncptnuoq q\oq cv
kcpot(cot oq oq co\quv q 0cotkuv).
() oko\ou0ctot q tootkq ov\uoq, q\oq k0c ootcto
nopct vo cpqvcuct oc ocoq c o nu ono0cctot cvo q
o\\q\outo uv npoqyoucvuv kot uv oko\ou0uv, o\\ kot cvo q
ouvo\tkq oq q ncptnuoq. (nocuycot k0c ktvqoq
onon\ototonotqoq uv cocvuv).
(y) coo ono to onoyuytkq (abucLl) totkooto ovtvcucot q
(\ov0vouoo) coucptkq \oytkq nou tcnct kot ouvcct qv ncptnuoq.
(nocuycot q\oq q unoyuyq q ncptnuoq q cntcpou ootctuv
q oc npokoookcuoocvc koqyoptc kot oqoo).
Co ouc upo to octp ono cvooct nou couv cycp0ct cvovt
to coto npoocyytoq:
Mto npuq cvoooq cct yvuoto0cupqtko opokqpo kot npocpcot
ono cknpoounou ou pt(oonootkou kovopoukttoou. uot
toupt(ovot nu okoq kot ov couc ot \ovct upo to coto
totkooto toypotkq cpyooto, to ouoovooptkq q\oq
cnccpyooto uv tuuv cou q ouykpoqoq toypotkuv
koookcuuv, ouq onoc\ct to utkp totkooto, nou 0o npcnct vo
tokptvcot ouoqpu kot ono\uu ono o kotvvtk c\cotko
cvcpyqo (sozlale CperaLlon), ko o onoto q topoq ou tou
0coonotctot oo n\ototo to cntkotvuvtokq tpooq (assehl
1994:34).
assehl (1994:34), nou unooqpt(ct to coto noq, oncuct vo
koooqoct ooc nu ouo nou nopouc vo ovt\q0ouc cnctptk
u toypoto cv ctvot oc kot ncptnuoq q unot0ccvq ouoto q
toypotkq ouoqo, nop onok\ctotk kot ovo toypotkq
toypotkq cpcuvo
[339]

cntkotvuvto. toypotkq 0coonotqoq, ouuvo c o assehl, cv
ko0opt(cot ono q tu0ctoo (uq, ouc nopct vo onoko\uct q
tcpyooto q toypotkq npoootkctuoq ou kotvuvtkou. toypoto
ctvot o npotov to cntkotvuvtokq tpooq. n\cup q toypoto
nou oop oqv utkq tcpyooto uv tuuv nopocvct okoctvq,
tot nopct vo ytvct ovtkctcvo nopoqpqoq ovo coo ono q
toypotkq cntkotvuvto, q onoto unokouct uoooo oc toopctkc
\oytkc.
cpqvcuq, ko ov assehl (1994:39), cv 0o npcnct vo cpu
noto voqo cncptccot oo kctcvo, o\\ nu o kctcvo
0coonotct kt ncptopt(ovo qv cvcocvtkoqo uv ponuv
0coonotqoq ou. assehl, uoooo, kvct kot cvo qo noponcpo.
Ccupct nu coo ono q 0eoronolpop ouq o kctcvo ouykporel
ouopovo o tto o ovtkctcvo oo n\ototo q cntkotvuvtokq
tpooq. Acv unpct knoto uncpkctcvo n\ototo nou onotct
voqo oo kctcvo, o\\ ctvot o kctcvo nou koookcu(ct oupootk
n\ototo yto vo ouncpt\ouv o ouykckptcvo 0co (\. oc. assehl
kot aae 2002:2).
to vo koo\ouc ouq q tooponotqoq 0o cpu u nopctyo
qv cpcuvo yto ou npooq\uou (\. oc. Wohlrab-ahr 1999).
zuuvo c qv npoocyytoq ou pt(oonootkou kovopoukttoou oo
ncto q cpcuvo uv npooq\uuv 0o npcnct vo cykoo\ctouc o
cvtocpov o yto cpuqoo, nou oopouv ou \oyou, nou oqyouv
knotov oc to pt(tkq o\\oyq q 0cupqoq ou kooou kot ou couou q
t totkootc to coto coo\q coo oov totooptko povo kot
ouo tot ot oqyqoct uv npooq\uuv cv nopcouv kot
uvooqo npooooq oc ycyovoo, cnctptc kot cc\tct q npo ou
npooq\utoou totooptkq ncptoou. 1o cvtocpov npcnct vo opoct
oc cpuqoo nou oct(ovot c o nu ot npooq\uot nopyouv to
ouoqo npooq\uou cou y\uootkuv kot oqyqotkuv opuv kot
opoqytkuv ck0coq ou couou. t oqyqoct \otnov uv npooq\uuv
0o npcnct vo toooouv u cttkc y\uootkc opc cou uv onotuv
o npooq\uo ouykpoct kot tooo\t(ct qv ouoq ou u coto.
pooq\uo, ouuvo c qv npoocyytoq ouq, ctvot ckctvo nou
nopouot(ct ov couo ou kot t\ u npooq\uo.
Mto cucpq cvoooq npocpcot ono onoou to onoototkq
0cupqoq q ouoqo, ot onotot ov\ouv kot ono q oukutkq kpttkq
oq 0cupto ou unokctcvou (\. oc. chaer kot vlLer 2003). zuuvo
c qv cvoooq ouq q toypotkq cpcuvo, kot \too ckctvq q ckoq
q nou ovokoookcu(ct o\totk ootkc ncptnuoct, npoocyyt(ct qv
toypotkq oqyqoq u ypotko kot ouvcktko \oyo, unovouvo nu o
\oyo ouo ckcpcot ono, o\\ kot ovtootct oc cvo oo0cpo kot
cvtoto unokctcvo. vo(quvo q ovokoookcuootkq toypotkq
tupyo 1otu\q
[340]

cpcuvo untk unoctyoo q tuoq kot q poq, nou
cnovo\ovovot c novootouno pono oq toypoto cvo ooou,
ovonopyct ovoykootk qv ovt\qq ncpt q unopq cvo ouvcktkou
nupqvo q ouoqo ou couou, q unopq ou onotou tkoto\oyct
ouqv qv cnovo\qntkq ouvcncto k0c ckpooq ou tou, ooo
topovtk ooo kot ouypovtk (chaer kot vlLer 2003).
t chaer kot vlLer (2003:176-17) oqpt(ouv qv noponvu
cvoooq u cq: opoqpouv nu ocov o\ot ckctvot nou cpy(ovot
oo ncto q toypotkq cpcuvo kot ovokoookcu(ouv ootkc
ncptnuoct covot ot unpct cvo top0pucvo ono0co cnctpto,
nou otkooctot kot opyovuvcot cvo ou pou q tuoq, o\\ kot
cvo ouoqo kovovuv ntou on ouo, nou cncvcpyct uvct oc o\ou
ou oct ou tou cv ctct ycvcotoupyou oq uv ouykckptcvuv
toypotkuv cnt\oyuv. vopcovo oq octkq t\toypoto q
ovokoookcuootkq toypotkq cpcuvo, cvont(ouv opou onu
\ov0vovc ponot nopoyuyq q ootkq (uq (8ue 194:11),
toypotkq oq voqoo (Wohlrab-ahr 2002:13) q coucptko
kutko cnccpyooto q cnctpto (AlhelL 2003:23). Lntoqotvouv,
cntoq, nu ot cpcuvqc nou pqotonotouv ouou ou opou
toupt(ovot ot q ou\ct ou kotvuvto\oyou ctvot vo onoko\uct q
ycvcotoupyo oq uv ouykckptcvuv toypotkuv cnt\oyuv nou
cvunpct oc k0c toypotkq ncptnuoq. Cnu toupt(ovot ot uo
ouyypoct (chaer kot vlLer 2003:17), kt coto oqotvct nu o
cpcuvqq q q cpcuvqpto uotvct cvov oqooto\oytko too \oytkuv
ococuv, oov onoto noytcuovot o\c ot npct, ot okcct q o
ouvoto0qoo ou toypooucvou. Cu coto cyctpqoo
onok\uq ouvcktkuv ouv voqoo kot cvtotuv \oytkuv ctoyouv
ono o nop0upo to 0cupqoq ou unokctcvou u ko0o\tkq cvoqo
q qv tco cvo coucpou couou.
Lvooct kot kpttkc oov ouc nou o\t oktoypqoo, nopot
ouv tounuvovot c cvov no\ctko cu kot onopptntko pono,
oq0ouv uoooo oov c0oo\oytko ouo-ovoooooo q toypotkq
cpcuvo. A\\uoc q tto q cc\tq q toypotkq cpcuvo ctvot o
onoc\coo uv npoono0ctuv onokptoq oc cotou ctou cvooct.
ztyoupo oncouc noppu nto ono on\otkc ovt\qct nou out(ouv
qv oqyqoq c ouo nou ouvcq npoyotk. unovqoq q
oqooto nou cct q nopovtkq ontkq ou oqyqq, o cvtocpov ou
vo ot\cuoct to ouykckptcvq ctkovo ou couou ou kot q uvotkq q
tpooq nou ovonuoocot oo n\ototo q ouvcvcuq, o
npooocuct ono on\otkc onoct nou 0c\ouv qv oqyqoq vo
onoc\ct qv ovotuoq to nopc\0ouoo kooooq q tooq
ycyovouv.
toypotkq cpcuvo
[341]

Cu ono qv \\q, nopot q o\\q\outo uv nopc\0ovuv
toypotkuv ycyovouv notpvct q opq cvo kctcvou nou nopycot
oo nopov, ot ctoopoucvc oc ouo totkootc kot o pono c ov
onoto o oo ctc cn\okct oc ouc couv ouvctocpct oo vo
npokuct ouo o kctcvo cot kot ot o\\tu (ooo u npo o
ncptcocvo, ooo kot u npo q opq) (Wohlrab-ahr 2002:12).
?npct q\oq to nto ouv0cq ocoq ou nopc\0ovtkou nopovo kot
ou nopovtkou nopc\0ovo, nou ko0opt(cot ono q to\cktkq uv
cntncuv q tuoq, q vqq kot q oqyqoq (\. 8osenLhal, 1993
2003 8ov Mnouoocv 1997:211-220). t toypotkc koookcuc cv
ctvot ou0otpcc cntvoqoct ou nopovo, ov\ouv ooo ono q
toypotkq cnctpto kot yvuoq, ooo kot ono utocvou Aoyou
(lscourses), no\ttotk to0cotc oc voqoo, onokpuoo\\uoct
q ou\\oytkq vqq k..
noq nou toupt(cot nu ko q totkooto q oqyqotkq
ouvcvcuq nopycot to ypotkq kot ouvcktkq oqyqoq ou tou,
nou ovonopyct cvc\ct qv ovt\qq ncpt cvo cvtotou kot oo0cpou
unokctcvou, nopct vo tounu0ct ovo ono knotov nou cv cct
ou\cct c coto u\tko. t oqyqoct (uq ctvot no\uotct
koookcuc nou cncptcouv ovtoct, oouvcctc kot onootunqoct.
Lncptcouv toopctkc, nop\\q\c ctc ovtkpouocvc
oqyqotkc topoc, cntoq no\\on\c uvc. t oqyqoct 0o
npcnct vo koovoq0ouv u no\uuvtk kot no\upontk kctcvo.Lntoq,
nopot k0c oqyqoq unokpunct, npoovu, o cvtocpov ou
toypooucvou vo otkooqoct to ouykckptcvq ctkovo ou couou
ou, tocuyct ou n\qpou c\cyou ou oqyqq (ctc cnctq ouo
nopooupcot oq poq q oqyqoq (\. chuLze 197) ctc ytot
npoko\ctot ono ov ouvcvcukq cou uv cncpuqocuv ou.
Cvu q ovokoookcuootkq toypotkq cpcuvo ovtcunt(ct qv
k0c ncptnuoq oo ouvo\o q, oqv no\un\okoq q kot u
onokpuo\\uoq to uvotkq totkooto nopoyuyq. Lnttukct, c,
vo onokutkonotqoct ko qv ov\uoq qv coucptkq \oytkq nou tcnct
qv k0c ncptnuoq. Cu, oq 0cupqoq yto nopctyo ou AlhelL, o
onoto unooqpt(ct qv unopq to \ov0vouoo oq voqoo nou
onoc\ct ov cttko coucptko kutko cnccpyooto q cnctpto, q
0cupqoq ouq cv cp(cot oc to ovt\qq ncpt cvo o0ucpou q
ovo\\otuou q ko0o\tk kot topovtk oc\qou couou. kot
ouo, tot ouq q \ov0vouoo oq voqoo oponotct cv t
toypotkc cnctptc, o\\ kot cooqot(cot ono ouc.
totkooto toypotkq npoootkctuoq ou kotvuvtkou cvcct ocvo
to ovonopoyuytkq kot occpou to cooqototkq toooq.
Lntctpqoo, noponvu vo oktoypoqou to octp ono (qqoo
nou t0cvot ncpt q toypotkq cpcuvo oqv cc\tq q coo oov
tupyo 1otu\q
[342]

povo, kuptu yupu ono ov npootoptoo ou ovtkctcvou q.
pokctot yto to n\ouoto kot no\uotq ou(qqoq, q onoto cct cotu
kot tcntoqovtko opokqpo kot cvtocpov. uov okptu ov
tcntoqovtko opokqpo ovt(ct c ov ko\ucpo pono q ouv0coq uv
0cotkuv kot uv ctoqyqocuv ouou ou ouvcptou.

9#h3#,&+%-0%

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8loraphleorschun: versuch elner LanorLbesLlmmun. zo eLer
AlhelL, Wolram llscher-8osenLhal rla oernln (cn)
8loqtoblefotscbooq. loe 2lscbeoblloo lo Jet Jeotscbeo
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eor 8rose 8runo llenbran (cn), om oJe Jes oJlvlJooms
ot oJlvlJoolltot oboe oJe. Cplaen: Lese 8urlch. 33-72.
chuLze lrlLz. 193. 8loraphleorschun un arraLles lnLerle. Neoe
ltols, 13, 23-293.
chuLze lrlLz. 197. os Nottotlve otetvle lo otetotloofelJstoJleo .
lernunlerslLaL ln aen.
1homas Wllllam Znanlecl llorlan. 193. 1be lollsb leosoot lo otoe
ooJ Ametlco (1919-191). e or: oer ubllcaLlon.
1otu\q tupyo. 2006. lorople p kot 6toypotke opypoet. n
6toypotkp npooeyytop orpv kotvvtooytkp notortkp epeuvo.
0qvo: kpttkq.
1otu\q tupyo. 2010. cntkotpoqo q toypotkq npoocyytoq
oqv nototkq kotvuvtkq cpcuvo. zo Mpto oupko Movo\q
Aocpo (cn), notortkp epeuvo ort kotvvtke entorpe.
ntorpooytko, e0oooytko kot p0tko prporo. 0qvo: 1ono.
347-370
vlLer 8eLLlna, 8eLLlna auslen, elma LuLz abrlele 8osenLhal. 2003.
8loqtoblefotscbooq lm lsots. Wlesbaen: v verla.
Wohlrab-ahr Monla. 1999. 8loraphleorschun [enselLs es
konsLruLllsmus. 5olole elt, 30, 43-494.
Wohlrab-ahr Monla. 2002. rozesssLruLuren, LebensonsLruLlonen,
8loraphlsche lsurse. oslLlonen lm lel ozlololscher
8loraphleorschun un Mllche Anschlusse nach Auen. 8O5,
20021: 3-23.

[343]

"*%2%U+($=#? .%# =*%2%*+,$=&&0$=#? %+U=#%.,r 73#.,r *+,-,+#.(?
#$/,+0%?V 6, *%+45=#&>% =2:? owmzk #$/,+#q2 s'(? %$1>,7+&q2

kuvoovtvo Mno
1

\jklmnol

keosloq ooJ tevolootloq otcblve motetlols of otol blstoty. 1be eomle of o
cotos of sllvetsmltbs llfe stotles

1be oet eomloes bo mocb olJet otol blstoty motetlol ls telotetteteJ
by tbe some ot o Jlffeteot teseotcbet ftom o Jlffeteot etsectlve. e lll
focos oo tbe te-ose of elqbty lotetvles of sllvetsmltbs ftom ooooloo,
tecotJeJ lo 1995-6 ooJ Jeolloq ltb tbe blstoty of ctoftsmoosbl os ell os
tbe evetyJoy llfe ooJ coltote of tbe sllvetsmltbs. 1be tetoto to tbls motetlol
teveoleJ ooloe oteos fot stoJy, ooeloteJ oteos ooJ meooloqs tbot JlJ
oot qet eoooqb otteotloo, fot eomle coocetoloq tbe lmoct of tbe ot
JecoJe oo tbe llves of tbe sllvetsmltbs, tbe tole of omeo ooJ qeoJet
telotloos, tbe tole of tbe fomlly ooJ tbe Jevelomeot of o locol coltotol
lJeotlty. As o tesolt, tbe estobllsbmeot of otol blstoty otcblves lo
oolvetsltles ot otbet teseotcb otqoolotloos coostltotes oo esseotlol move.

npoycuoq ou 0coo oot(cot oqv cnovonpoocyytoq cvo
u\tkou 7 ncptnou qtkocu0uvocvuv ouvcvcucuv, npocpocvuv
ono ooqoupyou uv uovvtvuv. 1o u\tko ou\\c0qkc ko o cq 1993-
1997, oo n\ototo cpcuvqtkou npoypoo c t\o opoocvc
nopoootokc \otkc cvc q nctpou - \ckpovtkq kooypoq
npoo\q kot cknotcuoq: cvq q Aoqoupyto (1993-1997)"
2
c
cntoqovtko uncu0uvo c\o AL q \qpooptkq. 1o c\tko
nopooco ou npoypoo qov cvo nou 0o ncptctc
qtonotqcvo uoypotko u\tko kootkuv kot ckk\qotootkuv
ooqoupytkuv ovtkctcvuv, cvo ncptoptocvo cntoq u\tko yponuv kot
npooptkuv nqyuv, kot cvo ouvontko kctcvo nou 0o oktoypoouoc qv

1
ovcntoqto uovvtvuv, baa[cc.uol.r, onbaa[mall.com.
2
1o cpyo npoyoonotq0qkc oo n\ototo ou npoypoo k8A q cvtkq
poocto Lpcuvo kot 1cvo\oyto, Lntponq Lpcuvuv ovcntoqtou uovvtvuv, c
cntoqovtko uncu0uvo ov Aqqpq utq, c\o AL ou 1qoo \qpooptkq
ou ovcntoqtou uovvtvuv. zuvovtotko po\o ctc o 8. optoq optckuv. zo
npoypoo oucctc q Lotpcto nctputkuv Mc\cuv - Aooypotko Mouocto k.
pov(ou (L\cu0cpto ntko\oou), q cpcuvqpto 8oppo onoonou\ou, uncu0uvq yto
qv kooypoq uv ckk\qotootkuv ooqoupytkuv ovtkctcvuv kot kuvoovtvo
Mno, ?ncu0uvq q c0voypotkq kot tooptkq cpcuvo yto q c\cq q toopto q
ooqoupyto oqv Pnctpo.
kuvoovtvo Mno
[346]

cvq kot qv cvtkq q ooqoupyto q nctpou oo nopc\0ov kot oq
ouypovq opq q. no qv ncptypoq ou cpcuvqtkou cpyou oq
c\cq okontoqo, ou ooou ou kot o nopooco ou qov
ovcpo ot oov 0cupqtko kot c0oo\oytko npooovoo\too q
cpcuvo npuvcuc q oto0qtkq 0cupqoq kot cv cpct q c0voypotkq c
qv cvvoto q ncptypotkq kooypoq uv cpyooqptuv, uv cvtkuv
nopoyuyq kot tokooqoq. zqctuvcot nopckotk cu ot q
oto0qtkq npoocyytoq uv npotovuv q ctpocvtkq kot tocvtkq
pooqptoqo kot q ovotooq npoocyytoq ou u ko\\tcvtkuv
npotovuv kot ou cvtq u ko\\tcvq cct tovuoct to okp
topoq nou cktvqoc o povto ou coono\cou (onoonou\o
192:9-64, Mno 2002:20-34, tkovoou 2002:31-63, Mcpok\q
1990:93-103) cv0qkc oq cono\ctkq ncptoo kot u 0cupqoq
ouvct(ct vo cct toupq cntpooq u oqcpo, nop qv ovnuq kot qv
copoyq vcocpuv tooptko-ov0puno\oytkuv npoocyytocuv ou u\tkou
ycvtkocpo tou kot no\ttoou. vo\utkocpo, ono q ckocto ou 70
ot Aooypot L0voypot cvououvouv oq c0oo\oyto qv
cntonto-c0voypotkq cpcuvo (Aouko 196, 197), ctoyouv qv
ovt\qq q tooptkq coo\q oq c\cq ou nopoootokou cv u
ouvo\u no\ttoou (kuptoktou 1993:123-142, Mcpok\q 196) kot
opcouv ono t opc q ckocto ou 0, qv npoooq ou kot npo
ov kotvuvtko ouvc\coq ouou ou no\ttoou (onoonou\o
192:3-64, kuptoktou-ncoopo 1993o:231-270, koppc \untou
2003, \untou 2010, Mno 2012).
to q c\cq q ooqoupyto oqv Pnctpo kocu0uvo koopqv
qv oo cpyooto (onoc\oucvq ono otqc ou), npo qv c0oo
q tooptkq c0voypoto (kuptoktou-coopo 1993:137-142) kot
npo qv kooypoq q tucvq cnctpto kot vqq uv
ooqoupyuv-c0voypotkuv opcuv (uv uovvtvuv kot q yupu
ncptoq). to qv koovoqoq q 0cupto kot q c0oou q tooptkq
c0voypoto kot q npooptkq toopto npoyoonotq0qkov ono
cpou ou octvoptok o0qoo kot oq ouvccto npoyoonotq0qkc
q cntonto kot q tooptkq cpcuvo. kooypqkov, cou uv \\uv,
oyovo cn qtkocu0uvocvc ouvcvcuct c ooqoupyou
ouvocuocvc, ot ncptooocpc, ono ontko u\tko nou ncptctc ootcto
yto o oto q cvtkq nopoyuyq kot tokooqoq, yto ov
cpyo\ctoko con\too, u\oycvo no\t kot vco ovtkctcvo,
uoypotc, tokooqtk octo, oqytc, ouvoyc ctq uv
c\\uv k.\n. t ouvcvcuct onooyvqouvq0qkov, ouv0qkov
kot oun\qpu0qkov c\to kooypoq kot 0cotkq otvoqoq. zo
c\to kooupouvov o otkoycvctok ootcto, q topoq ootkq
kot otkoycvctokq (uq, q cnctpto q o0qcto kot q cknotcuoq, q
opyvuoq ou cpyooqptou kot ot coucptkc ococt uv c\uv ou, ot
Lnovopqoct kot cnovonpoocyytoct opctokou u\tkou npooptkq toopto
[347]

cvtkc nopoyuyq kot tokooqoq, ot cpyootokc ococt, q toktvqoq
ou npotovo, q ouoctokq opyvuoq, ootcto cntoq nou tvouv o
n\cyo uv kotvuvtkuv ococuv, qv oto\oyqoq q ouykckptcvq
pooqptoqo ono ou ttou ou ooqoupyou, ou nc\c kot o
cupucpo ou\\oytko ouo.
Mto npuq ovyvuoq ouou ou u\tkou utoc no\\ oqcto
q tto q toopto q cpyooqptokq pooqptoqo q
ooqoupyto ov 20
o
otuvo kot ovcctc q oqooto kot o voqo nou
ctc kot cct ouq q pooqptoqo yto o tto o unokctcvo q
cpyooto kot yto qv no\q.
zq ouvo0ctoo c\tkq ck0coq onounu0qkc ouvontk q
tooptkq topoq q tocvtkq pooqptoqo q ooqoupyto, q
onoto kot onoo0qkc kot ncptypotk kot oo nopooco ou cpyou, o
. 1o ncptcocvo ou c\cuotou o onoc\ouoc ko oq q
\qooypotkq kot oto0qtk npootoptocvq nopouotooq cvo
ouvo\ou kootkuv kot ckk\qotootkuv ooqoupytkuv ovtkctcvuv kot
cptk onoonooo ontkookouotkuv opuptuv.
zo u\tko ouo uv ouvcvcucuv cnovq\0o o 2011 c okono vo
ovtvcuou oct ou no\ttoou q ko0qcptvoqo q no\q uv
uovvtvuv q onoto q cnoyyc\otkq oo uv ooqoupyuv
onoc\ouoc kot ouvct(ct vo onoc\ct npoyotk kot ouo\tk
ouootko kot uvotko ootcto q (Mno 2012o). vocpcot
cvctktk ot q no\q uv uovvtvuv okoo oqcpo onou q
pooqptoqo cct ncptoptoct oqovtk, q no\q uv ypouv, uv
cvuv, uv 0pu\uv kot uv u0uv cct cnt\cct vo npo\ct u
ouootko ootcto q ontkq no\ttotkq q ouoqo qv 'cvq
q ooqoupyto kot ou ouvc\coc q: q no\q uv ooqoupyuv oo
ko\ooupt(ct q tvvcvo, q no\q uv ooqoupyuv, ypouv ot
cntypoc ot uo ctooou q no\q (Mnc\\ou 2011).
cnovovyvuoq ouou ou u\tkou uocpo ono 14 ncptnou
povto, oo toqo uv onotuv cn\outoqkc q npooptkq toopto c
vcc 0cupqtkc kot c0oo\oytkc npoocyytoct kot to ouuv kot q tkq
ou ontkq, ou votc vco ncto cpcuvo oo 0co nou c cvtocpct.
Mcou ouuv q tcpcuvqoq q unokctcvtkoqo, q vqq kot q
ouoqo. ov\uoq ou u\tkou cctc ot q ootkqou\\oytkq vqq
cpy(cot c ov tko q cnt\cktko pono yto qv cnovooqoq ou
nopc\0ovo kot q ouykpoqoq q no\ttotkq ouoqo ou
ooqoupyou kot q cnoyyc\otkq oo nou ovqkct. Mcoo ono t
ovonopoooct q (uq ou kot t ocpcountkc ovonopoooct
uv ooopuv, uv o0qcuocvuv kot uv cvtuv tontouvcot ot
octot to ouoqo nou npootopt(cot ono qv cvvoto kot o
ncptcocvo q cntnovq ctpocvtkq cpyooto, q ooopt, ono o
npouno ou o\tkou cpyqcvtq, qv tkovoqo q ktvqtkoqo kot
kuvoovtvo Mno
[34]

q npooopoyq oou vcou opou, q ouvct(ocvq c\o
nopooq ou onou.
Mou onok\uc ycvtkocpo ovonvco 0coo yto c\cq,
o0coc cntoq nuc kot cpqvctc nou t cto npooncpoct upt
npoooq, ytot onu oqctu0qkc kot q ontkq ou qov toopctkq. to
nopctyo, ovocpu ot oq cucpq npoocyytoq ou u\tkou tckptvo
to nukvq kot otonpoockq ovoop q vqq uv ooqoupyuv oq
ckocto ou 40. uc ot vqovtkc ovoopc onoctqkov
no\\on\u pqotc yto q c\cq q tucvq cnctpto kot q
vqq q ckocto, kuptu ou ovoct0qkov u ootcto cpqvcto
q coo\q nou cnq\0c oq ctpocvtkq pooqptoqo kot ot (uc
uv ooqoupyuv oqv ncptoo q ckocto kot oq cono\ctkq: oq
tpkcto q kooq q pooqptoqo oupptkvuvcot, o cpyooqpto
k\ctvouv kot ot cvtc ovo(qouv opou cnttuoq cu ono qv no\q kot
ono ov opctvo kooo q ooqoupyto, ou ko\oppuc. qvcot
c\\ou vo cvvoq0ct ot opkcot cvtc ctov optocpq tco\oyto kot
ovcnuov ovtoootokq poq nou oqyqoc cptkou ono ouou oc
tkc kot oc coptc ko o cu\tok kot ccu\tok povto.
Lttkocpo, o cu\to ouvto qv cpqvcutkq konq yto qv optotkq
uyq ou, ono o opctvo ou\toov cpyooqptoko ou ncpt\\ov.
zqctuvcot ot o c\cuoto otkocvtko cpyooqpto k\ctvct oou
ko\oppuc o 1943. no kct kot uocpo covt(ovot vo opyovuvouv q
ou\ct ou kot q (uq ou oou onou cykooooq, oqpt(ocvot
nputou oc tkuo o\\q\ounooqptq nou oot(ovov ot ococt
ouvoq kot o\\q\ooq0cto (Mopou k.. 1993). zcoct nou oou
tcou(c o oypotko kooo, ov onoto nopct vo qoov ntou u cpqo
ono kot onto (van 8oeschoLen 2003:139-160) o\\ ot v0punot ou
nqpov o(t ou t coucptkcucvc otc kot uvotkc ou.
Mconutokot otqc ou nou k\q0qkov vo npoocyytoouv,
nctpootk, o tto u\tko, cvontoov 0coo onu q cu\q cnctpto
q yuvotkcto cpyooto oo cpyooqpto, q oucoq q toopto kot
q vqq q ooqoupyto oq totkooto ouykpoqoq q ontkq
no\ttotkq ouoqo, onu npoovocp0qkc.
cnovpqoq u\tkou q npooptkq toopto tvct cnocvu q
uvooqo yto vcc cpcuvc, vcc ovoyvuoct kot cpqvctc kot yt ouo
o c\cuoto povto cct ckq\u0ct cvovo cvtocpov kot
npo\qotoo 0cupqtkou, c0oo\oytkou o\\ kot q0tkou-
covo\oytkou opokqpo octk c o (qqo q cnovpqoq-
cucpq ov\uoq nototkuv cpcuvqtkuv cocvuv, qv tpuoq kot
\ctoupyto yto ouov ov okono pctuv cocvuv nototkq cpcuvo.
zc \\c upc q opyvuoq pctuv pooptkq oopto, tpucvuv kot
cou npoypouv npooptkq toopto, q ovnuq cntoq
totkootuv ko0coq, pqoq kot cnovpqoq cotuv pctuv cct
[349]

npoupqoct oqovtk c oto\oyo onoc\cooo yto qv cpcuvo.
Mnopu c\ctu cvctktk vo ovocpu o ovcntoqto ou Looc nou
cct o CuallLaLle aLa Archlal 8esource enLre, onou cct ouykcvpu0ct
kot otvoq0ct n\q0o u\tkou npoountkuv ouvcvcucuv, cou ouuv
kot u\tko ouvcvcucuv-tooptuv (uq nou kocypoc o . 1hompson
(1hompson 2000:370-37, orLl an 1hompson 2004). vtooto u\tko
\\uv cpcuvquv ptokcot otvoqcvo oqv kcvptkq t\to0qkq ou
ttou ovcntoqtou. Louv c npoyoonotq0ct kot cpyooqpto -
octvpto yto ov pono cnovpqoq ou u\tkou
3
. uq uoooo q
uvooqo cnovpqoq cvo u\tkou npooptkq toopto cyctpct oc
\\ou cpuqoo kot t\qoo octk c qv cntoqovtk kot q0tk,
votonotqcvq pqoq - u cucpq ov\uoq ou npoovocpocvou
u\tkou (8lshop 2009:233-272, 8room eL al.2009:1163-110). qv
nopo\cnouc koopqv ot ouo ctvot npotov q o\\q\cntpooq uo
unokctcvuv -ou to-toopoucvou kot ou cpcuvqq- kot q
nopoyocvq toopto kuptu ou q cpqvcto ctvot onoc\coo q
tpooq uv uo unokctcvuv kot u ck ouou u totkooto kot u
onoc\coo ctvot coto ou povou, uv n\ototuv, uv unokctcvuv kot
uv ococuv nou o nopqyoyov. Acv npcnct uoooo vo nopoyvupt(cot
ot q cucpq ov\uoq kot pqoq ou u\tkou tvct to cucpq (uq oc
ouo, ko0u c ov vco ou cntokcnq - cpcuvqq nopct vo uoct
toopctkc, oc ocoq c qv npuq pqoq , cpqvctc (8ornaL 2003:31-
32, rele 197:370-37, 1otu\q 2011:140-141). ko q yvuq ou
ovonuoocot ono qv opq to \\q ocoq, ncptooocpo ovootokq.
cpcuvqq ko\ctot vo ouykpoqoct to ctkovo yto ov yvuoo
ouvot\qq ou -nou ctvot kpucvo coo oo kctcvo q ouvcvcuq-
kot vo npoocyytoct o u\tko c to oto0qoq kotvuvtkou kot no\ttotkou
ycyovoo, c to oto0qoq ocoq tocoo\oqcvq ono t \cct.
zq upo o cv couv ouykpoq0ct nop c\too pcto
pooptkq oopto kot u ck ouou ctvot no\u ncptoptocvc ot
uvooqc cnovpqoq u\tkou npooptkq oopto kot oqyqocuv
(uq. 1o novcntoqto kot \\o cpcuvqtk kcvpo 0o nopouoov vo
npouv qv npuoou\to yto q ouykpoqoq pctuv npooptkq
toopto cv0oppuvovo ouopovo ov cpcuvqq nou cct ncpouoct
qv c\cq ou vo koo0coct o octko u\tko q cpcuv ou oo pcto.
Ltvot coto ovoykoto vo tououv kovovc nou vo cooo\t(ouv qv
qpqoq uv kovovuv q q0tkq q cpcuvo kot qv npooooto uv
npoountkuv cocvuv. 1t0cot nvo cvo q0tko 0co octk c qv
cnovpqoq ouvcvcucuv oo o0o nou ot cnocvot cpcuvqc tou

3
zctk octvpto nou opyovu0qkov oqv yy\to ono o aLlonal oclal ollcy an oclal
hane Archle, kevlsltloq letet 1ooseoJ . 5oclol lollty Ooolltotlve keseotcb ooJ lts ke-
ose, olchesLer 21 CcLober 1997: aLlonal oclal ollcy an oclal hane Archle,
nlerslLy o ssex.
kuvoovtvo Mno
[330]

pqotonotqoouv o u\tko to ouvcvcuq q to toopto (uq c
ponou nou nopct vo kvouv kot o uo onovo unokctcvo
(ouvcvcuto(ocvo kot npuo cpcuvqq) vo oto0ov0ouv oqo. to qv
onouyq to coto cnctpto cct npoo0ct vo cooo\t(cot q
ovuvuto oo npo cnovpqoq kot npo qootcuoq u\tko uv pctuv.
k\ctvovo 0o npoctvo q ou(qqoq yto o (qqoo q
covo\oyto q cpcuvo oc coto opcto kot ycvtkocpo q ou(qqoq
yto o 0cupqtk, c0oo\oytk kot q0tk (qqoo nou 0cct o (qqo
q cnovpqoq ou u\tkou q nototkq cpcuvo 0o nopouoc vo qv
ovotct q Lvuoq pooptkq oopto nou tpucot kot oqv L\\o,
topyovuvovo ouvovqoct kot octkc cptc kot cocpovo
qv cnctpto \\uv upuv oc coto 0coo. 1o npuo coto kot o
ovoykoto qo ctvot vo qtoupyqoct to \too c o unpovo,
0coo0cqcvo q ot pcto npooptkq toopto kot qyqocuv Zuq
kot vo kooypct qv u upo poq ou.

[331]

9#h3#,&+%-0%

8lshop, Llbby. 2009. Lhlcal harln an 8e-use o CuallLaLle aLa,
Aosttolloo ootool of 5oclol ssoes 443: 233-272.
8room, A., heslre L., mmlson, M. 2009. CuallLaLle 8esearchers
nersLanln o Lhelr racLlce an Lhe lmpllcaLlon or aLa
Archlln an harln, 5ocloloqy 436: 1163-110.
8ornaL, !oanna. 2003. A econ 1ae: 8elslLln lnLerles lLh a
lerenL urpose, Otol nlstoty 311:47-33.
orLl L., 1hompson . 2004. econary Analysls o Archle aLa ln
eale eL al. (es), Ooolltotlve keseotcb ltoctlce, Lonon: ae, 327-
343.
rele, 8onal. 197. Cn sln Cral lsLory ollecLlons, 1be ootool of
Ametlcoo nlstoty 742:370-37.
koppc, kocptvo \untou, Luokto. 2003. Av0pnot kot
nopoootoko enoyyeoro oro Atyolo. 0qvo: lpuo Mct(ovo
L\\qvtoou.
kuptoktou-ncoopo, A\kq. 1993o. oopto, npooptkq toopto,
ov0puno\oyto kot \ooypoto, Aooypotko Meerporo, . 2,
0qvo: opcto, 231-270.
kuptoktou-ncoopo, A\kq. 1993. Aooypoto: q c\cq ou
nopoootokou no\ttoou. qyc yto ov \otko no\ttoo,
Aooypotko Meerporo, . 2, 0qvo: opcto, 123-142.
Aouko, Aqqpto. 196. Aooypolo-e0voypolo. orotelo
tookolo kot onet on rov evopkrppto yo rp epo rou,
uvvtvo.
Aouko, Aqqpto. 197. tooyyp orpv epvtkp ooypolo,
0qvo.
Mopou, . k.. 1993. kotvuvtk tkuo oov ootko upo,
kotvuvtkoqo, o\\q\ooq0cto, cpyooto, kk.k.5.k 0qvo:
LkkL, 172-211.
Mcpok\q, M. . 196. pvtkp ooypolo. kotvvtkp ouykprpop
A0qvo: Cuooco.
Mcpok\q, M. . 1990, c\cq ou u\tkou no\ttoou. Mto ot okonq
ovopoq, Aooypolo 33: 93-103.
Mno, kuvoovtvo. 2002. Aotkq cvq kot no\ttoo, tkoortkp
notelo 1:20-34.
Mno, kuvoovtvo. 2012
o
(uno ckunuoq). toopto kot q vqq ou
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