TS.

NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC

August 2, 2012

1

LI GII TM TT HOC P S
1) t u (1)
r (s v t) (2)
( pv q ) r (3)
(s v u ) (4)
______________
p

s.

u ( Do tin (4) v lut i ngu ) (5)

u (Do (5) v lut n gin ni lin) (6)
t ( Do (1),(6) v lut ph nh) (7)

s (Do (5) v lut n gin ni lin) (8)

t .s ( Do (7), (8) v php tan ni lin) (9)

(t vs) ( Do (9) v lut i ngu) (10)

r (Do (2), (10) v lut ph nh) (11)

( p vq) (Do (3), (11) v lut ph nh) ( 12)
p . q ( Do (12) v lut i ngu) (13)
p (Do (13) v lut n gin ni lin).
2) a)- C > 0, - m e, n e,( n > m ,x
n
, < C n ).
b) C > 0, m e, -n e,( n > m . ,x
n
, > C n ).
3) a)-C > 0, -d e , - m e, n e ( n m T(n) < C n
d
).
b) C > 0, d e , m e, - n e ( n m . T(n) C n
d
).
4)

1) ( ) q s v (tin )
2) q s . (lut De Morgan)
3) q v s (lut n gin)
4) p q (tin )
5) p (PP ph nh)

6) p. s (T 3, 5 v nh ngha php ni lin)
7) ( ) p s v (lut De Morgan)
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

2

8) r (p vs) (tin )
9) r (PP ph nh)
10) (t p) r (tin )
11) (t p) (PP ph nh)
12) t .p (lut De Morgan)
13) t (lut n gin)
Vy suy lun cho l ng.
5)
1) )) ( ) ( ) ( ( x R x Q x P R x . e (Tin )
2)
) ( ) ( ) ( a R a Q a P .
(Qui tc c bit ph dng vi a bt k)
3)
) ( ) ( ) ( a R a Q a P v v
(Lut ko theo)
4) ) ( ) ( ) ( a R a P a Q v (Lut ko theo)
5)
) ( ) ( ( x Q x P R x v e
(Tin )
6) ) ( ) ( a Q a P v

(Qui tc c bit ha ph dng vi a bt k)
7)
) ( ) ( a Q a P
(Lut ko theo)
8)
) ( ) ( ) ( a R a P a P v
(T 4 v 7, Tam an lun)
9)
) ( ) ( ) ( a R a P a P v v
(Lut ko theo)
10)
) ( ) ( a R a P v
(Lut ly ng)
11)
) ( ) ( a P a R
(Lut ko theo)
12)
)) ( ) ( ( x P x R R x e
(Qui tc tng qut ha ph dng)
6)
4 4
12 8
. .1
3!
C C
= 5775.
7) a) 3281 b) 29615.
8) a)5461512; b) 486000; c) 1959552; d) 1958040
9) a)2118760; b) 1050000
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

3

10) (36
6
26
6
) + (36
7
26
7
) + (36
8
26
8
) = 2684483063360.
11) X = {x e N: 1 s x s 20} vi quan h s thng thng.
a) min(A) = 8 v |A| > 10 A = B {8} vi B c Y = {9, 10,, 20}, |B| > 9.
S tp con A tha min(A) = 8 v |A| > 10
= S tp con B c Y = {9, 10,, 20}, |B| > 9
9 10 11 12
12 12 12 12
C C C C 299 = + + + =

b) min(A) = 6 v max(A) = 18 A = {6, 18} C vi C c Z = {7, 8,, 17}.
S tp con A tha min(A) = 6 v max(A) = 18= S tp con C c Z = {7, 8,, 17}.
= 2
11
= 2048.
12) t a
j
l s trn m i bng chi cho n ht ngy th j trong thng. Ta c a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
l
mt dy tng gm cc s nguyn dng khc nhau tng i v a
j
45. Hn na, a
1
+14 , a
2
+ 14,
, a
30
+ 14 cng l mt dy s tng gm cc s nguyn dng khc nhau vi 15 a
j
+14 59.
Ta thy rng 60 s nguyn dng a
1
, a
2
, , a
30
, a
1
+14, a
2
+14, , a
30
+ 14 u nh hn hoc bng
59. p dng nguyn l Dirichlet ta thy c t nht hai trong 60 s nguyn dng ni trn phi
bng nhau. Nh th phi c t nht hai ch s i v j sao cho a
i
= a
j
+14. Do ng 14 trn c
i bng chi t ngy th j + 1 n ngy th i.
13)
a) s
2
< s
3
< s
1

s
3
= aba < ab * * * * < s
1
= ac
b) Mi v tr * c 3 cch chn. Do c 3* 3 *3 *3 = 81 chui.
14) S: 42580.
15)
a)
1 2
2 0. =
n n n
x x x
Phng trnh c trng

2
2 = 0
C hai ngim thc l
1
= 1,
1
= 2. Nghim tng qut l
x
n
= C
1
(1)
n
+ C
2
2
n

b)
1
1 2
2 (6 5)2 =
n
n n n
x x x n (1) tha iu kin u x
0
= 7, x
1
= 4.
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

4


V 2 l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng nn (1) c mt nghim ring dng
x
n
= n(an + b)2
n

Th vo (1) ta c
n(an + b)2
n
(n 1)[a(n 1) + b]2
n 1
2(n 2)[a(n 2) + b]2
n 2

= (6n 5)2
n 1

12an 10a + 6b = 12n 10
12a = 12, 10a + 6b = 10
a = 1, b = 0.
Vy mt nghim ring ca (1) l
x
n
= n
2
2
n
.
Nghim tng qut ca (1) l
x
n
= C
1
(1)
n
+ C
2
2
n
+ n
2
2
n

Th iu kin x
0
= 7, x
1
= 4 ta c
1 2 1
1 2 2
7 4
2 2 4 3
+ = =

+ + = =

C C C
C C C

Vy x
n
= 4(1)
n
+ 3.2
n
+ n
2
2
n

16)
a) S: a
n
= c 3
n
+dn 3
n
.
b)S: a
n
= (2 +n )3
n
+

2
2
(n + 3) 3
n

17)
a) a
n
= ( A + n B) 3
n
+ (n 2) n
2
3
n


b) Tm s cc chui nh phn chiu di n cha chui con 00.
Gi a
n
l s chui nh phn chiu di n cha chui con 00.
Ta c a
0
= 0, a
1
= 0.
Ta tnh a
n
:
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

5

- TH1 : Nu bit u tin l bit 1 th c a
n 1
cch chn n 1 bit cn li.
- TH2 : Nu bit u tin l bit 0 th c hai TH xy ra:
- Bit th 2 l bit 1 : c a
n 2
cch chn n 2 bit cn li
- Bit th 2 l bit 0 : c 2
n 2
cch chn n 2 bit cn li ( cc bit ny chn 0 hay 1 u c)
Vy a
n
= a
n 1
+ a
n 2
+ 2
n 2
( n > 2) (1).
H thc qui TTTN : a
n
= a
n 1
+ a
n 2
(2)
PTT : x
2
x 1 = 0 c 2 nghim n l
1,2
=
15
2

Nghim tng qut ca (2) l a
n
= A
1+5
2

+
15
2

Ta tm mt nghim ring ca (1) di dng a
n
= C2
n
. Thay vo (1) :
C2
n
= C2
n 1
+ C2
n 2
+ 2
n 2
4C = 2C + C + 1 C = 1.
Nghim TQ ca (1) l a
n
= A
1+5
2

+
15
2

+ 2
n
.
S dng K u : A + B + 1 = 0
A
1+5
2
+
15
2
+2 = 0.
A = -
5+35
10
, B = -
535
10

a
n
=
5+35
10

1+5
2

535
10

15
2

+ 2
n

18)
a) a
n
= a
n-1
+ 6a
n-2
c vit li a
n
- a
n-1
- 6a
n-2
= 0 (1)

Phng trnh c trng ca (1) l x
2
- x - 6 = 0 c 2 nghim l x = -2 v x = 3.

Nn nghim tng qut ca (1) l a
n
= C
1
(-2)
n
+ C
2
3
n
.
b) t f
n
= 10n(-2)
n
- 3(-2)
n-1
= (-2)
n
(10n + 3/2).V -2 l 1 nghim ca phng trnh c trng nn
nghim ring c dng n(-2)
n
(An + B). (3)
Th (3) vo h thc ban u ta c:
n(-2)
n
(An + B) = (n-1)(-2)
n-1
(A(n-1) + B) + 6(n-2)(-2)
n-2
(A(n-2) + B) + (-2)
n
(10n + 3/2) (4).

TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

6

Th n = 2 vo (4), ta c:

2(-2)
2
(2A + B) = (-2)(A + B) + (-2)
2
(10.2 + 3/2)

16A + 8B = -2A - 2B + 86 18A + 10B = 86 9A + 5B = 43 (5)

Th n = 1 vo (4), ta c:

(-2)(A + B) = 6(-1)(-2)
-1
(B - A) + (-2)(10 + 3/2)

-2A - 2B = 3B - 3A - 23 A - 5B = -23 (6)

T (5) v (6) ta c h phng trnh

9 + 5 = 43
5 = 23

Gii h ny ta c: A = 2 v B = 5
Nh vy nghim tng qut ca h thc l:
a
n
= C
1
(-2)
n
+ C
2
3
n
+ n(-2)
n
(2n + 5) (7)
Th iu kin u vo (7), ta c:
a
0
= 8 = C
1
(-2)
0
+ C
2
3
0
+ 0(-2)
0
(2.0 + 5)
C
1
+ C
2
= 8 (8)
a
1
= 5 = C
1
(-2)
1
+ C
2
3
1
+ 1(-2)
1
(2.1 + 5)
-2C
1
+ 3C
2
= 19 (9)
T (8) v (9) ta c h phng trnh:
C
1
+ C
2
= 8
-2C
1
+ 3C
2
= 19
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c C
1
= 1 v C
2
= 7.
Vy nghim ca h thc qui (1) l:
a
n
= (-2)
n
+ 7.3
n
+ n(-2)
n
(2n + 5).
19)
a)Gi P
n
l tng s tin c trong ti khon vo cui nm th n.
Nh vy:
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

7

- S tin c trong ti khon vo ngy u ca nm th nht s l:
P
0
= 100 triu
- S tin c trong ti khon vo ngy cui nm ca nm th nht l:
P
1
= P
0
+ Li 1 + Li 2
Trong :
Li 1 = 20% tng s tin c trong ti khon c nm
= 0.2 * P
0
Li 2 = 45% tng s tin c trong ti khon ca nm trc
= 0.45 *0
Vy :
P
1
= P
0
+ 0.2 P
0

- S tin c trong ti khon vo ngy cui nm th hai s l:
P
2
= P
1
+ 0.2*P
1
+ 0.45*P
0
Tng s tin c trong ti khon vo cui nm th n s l:

P
n
= P
n-1
+ 0.2*P
n-1
+ 0.45*P
n-2
= 0.45*P
n-2
+1.02*P
n-1

b)Gii h thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht vi P
0
=100, P
1
= 120 ta c
P
n
=
250 3 50 3
3 2 3 10
n n
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
.
20)
a)Gi L
n
l s cch xp s xe my, xe p cho y n l
- s cch xp cho y n l vi v tr u tin l xe p l L
n-1

- s cch xp cho y n l vi v tr u tin l xe my l L
n-2

Vy:
L
n
= L
n-1
+ L
n-2
b)Gii h thc qui vi iu kin u:
L
0
= 1, L
1
= 1 ta c
1 1
1 1 5 1 1 5
2 2 5 5
n n
n
L
+ +
| | | |
+
=
| |
\ . \ .

21)
Gi s n-1 ng thng chia mt phng thnh x
n-1
min.
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

8


ng thng th n ct n-1 ng thng cho trc ti n-1 giao im .
Trong :
- c n-2 an thng hu hn
- c 2 an c mt u v hn
Mi an thng ny phn min mt phng n i qua thnh 2 min .
Do vy s tng thm n min.
Vy: x
n
= x
n-1
+ n
Gii h thc qui tuyn tnh khng thun nht vi iu kin u x
0
= 1, x
1
= 2 ta c
( 1)
1
2
n
n n
x
+
= +
.
22) Tm tt c cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca hm Bool 4 bin sau:
( , , , ) ( ) ( ). = v v v v f x y z t xyz y xz zt xy z t z
( , , , ) . f x y z t xyz x yz y zt xyz t xy z = v v v v
V kar(f):


x x
x x

z 1
t
z 2 3 t
z
4 5 t
z
6 7 8
t
y y y y

Cc t bo ln: x yz, x yt , yzt , xyt, xz , y zt .
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

9

x x
x x
x x
x x

z 1
t
z 1
t
z 2 3 t z 2 3 t
z
4 5 t
z
4 5 t
z
6 7 8
t

z
6 7 8
t
y y y y y y y y
x yz
x yt


x x
x x
x x
x x

z 1
t
z 1
t
z 2 3 t z 2 3 t
z
4 5 t
z
4 5 t
z
6 7 8
t

z
6 7 8
t
y y y y y y y y
yzt xyt
x x
x x
x x
x x

z 1
t
z 1
t
z 2 3 t z 2 3 t
z
4 5 t
z
4 5 t
z
6 7 8
t

z
6 7 8
t
y y y y y y y y

xz

y zt

T bo ln nht thit phi chn: xz .


TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

10

Cc cng thc a thc tng ng vi cc ph ti tiu gm cc t bo ln:
1
2
3
4
f xz yzt x yt (F )
f xz yzt xyz yzt (F )
f xz xyt x yz x yt (F )
f xz xyt x yz y zt (F )
= v v
= v v v
= v v v
= v v v

So snh ta thy cng thc (F
1
) thc s n gin hn cc cng thc khc. Suy ra f c mt cng thc
a thc i tiu l

1
f xz yzt x yt (F ) = v v

23)
a)Biu Karnaugh ca f gm cc gch cho





Suy ra biu Karnaugh ca

gm cc trng.
b)Dng ni ri chnh tc ( dng tuyn chun tc) ca

= t v x

v x y z

v y z

v y z t v y t
24)
a) Cc t bo ln:
, , ,, , , y t z y x zt x yt x y z x z t
b) S : C ba cng thc a thc ti tiu l
,
,
v v v
v v v
v v v
y t y z x zt x y z
y t y z x yt x y z
y t y z x yt x z t

TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

11

25)
G ng cu vi G.
f(u
1
) = v
6
, f(u
2
) =v
3
, f(u
3
) = v
4,
f(u
4
) = v
5
, f(u
5
) = v
1
, f(u
6
) = v
2

1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
G
u u u u u u
u
u
M u
u
u
u
| |
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .


6 3 4 5 1 2
6
3
' 4
5
1
2
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
G
v v v v v v
v
v
M v
v
v
v
| |
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

M
G
= M
G
26)



TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

12

v
1
v
2
v
3
v
4
v
5
v
6
v
7
v
8
v
9
v
10
0 ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-)
- (1,v
1
)* ( ,-) ( ,-) (10, v
1
) ( ,-) ( ,-) (6,v
1
) (3,v
1
) ( ,-)
-
-
(5, v
2
) ( ,-) (10, v
1
) ( ,-) ( ,-) (6,v
1
) (3,v
1
)* ( ,-)
- - (5, v
2
)* ( ,-) (10, v
1
)

( ,-) (9,v
9
) (5,v
9
) - (11,v
9
)
- - - (10, v
3
)

(6,v
3
) (7,v
3
) (9,v
9
) (5,v
9
)* - (11,v
9
)
- - - (10, v
3
) (6,v
3
)* (7,v
3
) (9,v
9
) - - (11,v
9
)
- - - (10, v
3
)
-
(7,v
3
)* (7,v
5
)

- - (11,v
9
)
- - - (9,v
6
) - - (7,v
5
)
*
- - (11,v
9
)
- - - (9,v
6
)* - - - - - (10, v
7
)
- - - - - - - - - (10, v
7
)*
27)

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

z

0 ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-)
0* (4,a) (
3,a
) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-)
- (4,a)

(3,a)* ( ,-) (10, c) ( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-)
- (4,a)* - (
9,b
) (10, c)

( ,-) ( ,-) ( ,-)
- - - (9,b)*

(10, c) (14,d) (11,d) ( ,-)
- - - - (10, c) (14,d) (11,d) ( ,-)
- - - -
-
(12,g) (11,d)*

(15,g)
- - - - - (12,g)* - (15,g)
- - - - - - - (15,g)*

ng i ngn nht t a n z l abdgz vi chiu di 15.
28)
s x y z t
0* (, - ) (, - ) (, - ) (, - )
- (10, s ) (5, s )* (, - ) (, - )
- (8, y ) - (14, y ) (7, y )*
- (8, y )* - (13, t ) -
- - - (9, x )* -
d(s, x) = 8. ng i : syx ; d(s,y) = 5. ng i: sy; d(s,z) = 9. ng i: syxz
d(s, t) = 7. ng i: syt
Tng t ta c bng sau vi th mi
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

13

s x y z t
0* (, - ) (, - ) (, - ) (, - )
- (10, s ) (5, s )* (, - ) (, - )
- (2, y )* - (14, y ) (7, y )
- - - (3, x )* (7, y )
- - - - (7, y )*

Tuy nhin kt qu by gi khng phi l ng i ngn nht. Chng hn trong ct y ta c
ng i sy vi chiu di 5. Tuy nhin ng i syxy c chiu di l
5 3+2 = 4 < 5.
29) a) Dng thut ton Dijkstra ta tm c ng i ngn nht t a n cc nh e ( di 6):
a b c d e f g h
0*
(, ) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, )
(4,a)
(, ) (, ) (, ) (, )
(6,a) (2,a)*
(3,h)*
(, ) (,) (, )
(10, h) (4,h)
(8,b) (9,b)
(, )
(5,b) (4,h)*
(8,b) (9,b)
(, )
(5,b)*
(8,b) (9,b) (6,f)*

a b
h
f
e
1
2
2
1

b) ng i ngn nht t nh a n nh d nhng phi i qua nh e gm cc ng i ngn nht
t a n e v ng i ngn nht t e n d. Dng thut ton Dijkstra tm c ng i ngn nht
t e n d ( di 4) nh sau:
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

14

e a b c d f g h
0*
(, ) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, )

(, ) (, )
(1,e)* (5,e) (1, e)
(, ) (, )

(, )
(6,c) (4,c) (1,e)*
(, ) (,)

(, )
(3,f)* (4,c) (10,f) (9,f)
(7,b) (4,c)* (17,f) (4,h)

d
c
e
1
3

Suy ra ng i cn tm nh sau (c di l 6 + 4 = 10):
a b
h
f
d
c
e
1
2
2
1
1
3

30) Trong tp hp cc hm Boole ca 5 bin c 2
5
= 32 t ti tiu.
S cch chn 6 t ti tiu trong 32 t ti tiu l
32
6
= 906102
31) th K
n
c n(n 1 )/ 2 cnh.
Do G c n(n 1 )/ 4 cnh. Suy ra n chia ht cho 4 hoc n 1 chia ht cho 4.
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

15

32)
K
4
< K
5
<K
2
<K
11
<K
9
<K
3
<K
6
<K
1
<K
10
<K
8
<K
7
<K
14
<K
12
<K
13
K
1
K
2
K
7
K
4
K
3
K
8
K
12
K
13
K
5
K
9
K
6
K
10
K
11
K
14

chn thm kha K vi K
6
< K < K
1
ta cn so snh n vi K
1
, K
2
, K
3
, K
6
.
Do cn 4 php so snh.
33)
Tnh cht: Nu T l cy nh phn gm N nt trong th T c N + 1 nt l.
CM. Mi nt trong ca cy nh phn u c bc ra l 2, cn mi nt l ca n u c bc ra
bng 0. Do tng bc ra ca tt c cc nt l 2N.
Theo nh l v bc th s cnh m = 2N. (1)
V T l cy nn s cnh ca n l m = N + l 1 .( y l l s nt l).(2)
T (1) , (2) ta c : 2N = N + l 1 . Suy ra l = N + 1.
Gii cu 33.
a) Gi T l mt cy nh phn ( mi nt trong c ng hai nt con) vi N nt trong v c
chiu cao h. Chng minh rng :
h
2

( +1)


TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

16

Ta CM qui np theo chiu cao h BT l s 2
h
- R rng bt ng thc ng khi h = 1( lc ny l = 2).
- Gi s BT ng vi mi cy c chiu cao s h 1 . Xt T l cy c chiu cao h.
Gi l
1
, l
2
l s nt l ca cy con T
1
, T
2
l cy con bn tri v bn phi ca nt gc. rng T
1
v
T
2
l cc cy c chiu cao s h 1 nn theo gi thit qui np ta c
l =l
1
+l
2
s 2. 2
h-1
= 2
h
.
Vy h > log
2
l h > log
2
(N + 1) h
2

( +1)

.
b) Do cy l cy cn bng nn cc nt mc s h 2 u l nt trong. V vy tng s nt
mc h 1 l 2
h -1
. Tng s nt l mc h bng 2 ln s nt trong mc h 1 nn
2
h 1
< N + 1 s 2
h
h 1 < log
2
(N + 1) s h h =
2

( +1)


Gii thch :
N + 1 = l= l
h
+ l
h 1
= 2N
h 1
+ l
h 1
= N
h 1
+N
h 1
+ l
h 1
= N
h 1
+ 2
h 1
> 2
h 1
.
34) .
R khng phi l th t ton phn v (1, 2) v (2, 1) khng so snh c vi nhau.
nh ngha quan h R trn
2
bi ( a, b) R (c, d) khi v ch khi a < c hoc a = c v
b s d. R rng R l th t ton phn trn
2
.
Gi s A l mt tp con khc rng ca
2
. Khi y tp cc thnh phn th nht ca nhng phn t
trong A l mt tp con khc rng ca nn c phn t b nht l m. Khi tp con cc thnh
phn th hai ca nhng cp trong A vi thnh phn th nht l m s c phn t b nht l n . R
rng (m ,n ) l phn t b nht ca A.

35) V 2310 = 2*3*5*7*11 nn mi c =1 ca 2310 l tch ca cc s nguyn t thuc mt tp
con ca S ={2, 3, 5, 7, 11}. Ta c th ng nht c ny vi dy s nguyn a
1
a
2
a
m
trong
2 s a
1
< a
2
<<a
m
s 11, v {a
1,
a
2
, , a
m
}c S. Th t R c nh ngha sao cho 1 l phn t b
nht. Nu hai c a = 1= b c biu din bi hai dy a
1
a
2
a
m
v b
1
b
2
b
p
ta nh ngha
a R b khi v ch khi m < p hoc m = p v a
1
a
2
a
m
tri b
1
b
2
b
p
theo th t t in. Chng minh
d dng R l th t ton phn trn U.
36) .
37) .
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

17

38)


7 5
7 6
4 1 11
D

(
(

(
=
(
(

2 3
3 4
1 2 3
Q

(
(

(
=
(
(

1
7 5
7 6
4 1 9
D

(
(

(
=
(
(

1
2 3
3 4
1 2 1
Q

(
(

(
=
(
(

2
7 5 13
7 6
4 1 8 7
D

(
(

(
=
(
(

2
2 3 2
3 4
1 2 2 2
Q

(
(

(
=
(
(


3
7 5 13
7 6
4 1 8 7
D

(
(

(
=
(
(

3
2 3 2
3 4
1 2 2 2
Q

(
(

(
=
(
(

4
17 7 5 13
10 7 7 6
4 1 8 7
D
(
(
(
=
(
(

4
2 2 3 2
4 4 3 4
1 2 2 2
Q
(
(
(
=
(
(



39)

a) Ta CM bng phn chng. Gi s G khng lin thng. Khi G c t nht hai thnh phn
lin thng, trong phi tn ti thnh phn lin thng H vi < n/2 nh. Trong H bc ca
mi nh <

2
1, tri gi thit.
b) Theo cu a) th G lin thng. Gi G l th thu c t G bng cch b i mt nh. Nu
G khng lin thng th tn ti mt thnh phn lin thng H c s
1
2
nh. Trong H mi nh
P c bc s
1
2
1. Khi trong G nh P c bc s
1
2
. Tri gi thit.
40)
R rng ta ch cn CM cho G lin thng l . Ta CM bng phn chng.
Gi s G lin thng v G - e c t nht 3 thnh phn lin thng. Tr li cnh e cho G. Ta thy e ch
c th ni nhiu lm l 2 trong 3 thnh phn lin thng ca G e vi nhau, v do G c t nht
hai thnh phn lin thng. Tri gi thit G lin thng.
41) Ta CM qui np theo s cnh m ca G.
Vi m

= 0 th khng nh hin nhin ng ( Mi nh l mt thnh phn lin thng).
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

18

Gi s kt lun bi tan ng cho m = k cnh. Xt G ty c k+ 1 cnh. B mt cnh ra khi G
ta thu c G c k cnh. Trong G c t nht n k thnh phn lin thng. Theo Cu 17 s thnh
phn lin thng trong G khng vt qu 1 so vi G. Do s thnh phn lin thng trong G
khng t hn n k 1 = n ( k + 1). Vy kt lun ng cho m = k+1.
42)
a) (a + b)
2
+ c : + | + a b 2 c
a b + 2 | c +

a + b
2
+ c : + + a | b 2 c
a b 2 | + c +
(a + b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab : | + a b 2 = + +| a 2 |b 2 * 2 * ab
a b + 2 | = a 2 |b 2| + 2 a b * * +
b) (a + b)
2
/ (c d )
[(x + y)
2
(x y )
2
]/(x*y)

43) a)V cy biu din ca biu thc












b)duyt cy theo tin th t ta c biu thc theo k php Ba Lan:
+ + + x^ x 2 ^ x 3 ^ x 4 .

44) a)
3 / 2 / ^ - + x y z x y z

+
+
+
^
^
^
x
x
x
x
2
3
4
TS. NGUYN VIT NG Hng dn, p s BI TP TON RI RC
August 2, 2012

19


+
^
*
y
y
z
x
3
/
2
z /

x


b) Biu thc trn c vit theo k php thng thng nh sau:
z
y x y
3x .
z 2

| |
+
|
\ .