TNG QUAN V IPV6

IPv4 c chun hoa k t RFC 791 phat hanh nm 1981. IPv4 dung 32bit biu din ia chi IP. Su
dung 32 bit nay, ta co th anh c khoang 4.3 ty ia chi khac nhau. Nhng chi khoang hon 10 nm sau
khi ra oi, vao nua u thp ky 90, nguy co thiu ia chi IP xut hin tai 1 s noc nh Trung Quc, An
D, .... Cac nha phat trin triu tp nhiu hi nghi, nhiu phong an xut hin nh: CIDR, NAT, ...
song, voi su phat trin cuc ky tc , 4.3 ty ia chi kia khng u t ia chi cho nhung PC, di ng, cac
thit bi in tu khac, ... ni truc tip toi Internet.
D giai quyt vn o thi IPv6 ra oi. Voi 128 bit lon hon IPv4 gp 4 ln, ban co th anh c
khoang 340 ty ty ty ty ia chi. Dy la khng gian ia chi cuc lon khng chi danh ring cho Internet ma con
cho tt ca cac mang may tinh, h thng vin thng, h thng iu khin va thm chi la vt dung gia
inh. Co bao gio mt ngay nao o, ban cha tt may lanh o nha, ni com in o nha cha bt, ban co mong
mun la du ban co o bt cu noi u vn co th kt ni va ra lnh cho nhung thit bi o t xa. Trong tong
lai khng xa, chc chn s lam c iu o, mi mt vt dung gia inh s mang mt ia chi IPv6
IPv6 c tich hp trong Windows XP SP1 va Windows Server 2003 nhng bi n . Con trn Windows
Server 2008 va Windows Vista, mc inh IPv6 c mo. Hin tai thi nhu cu chung ta cn 15 IPv6, con
85 con lai dung du phong trong tong lai
Trong phn nay, ti s gioi thiu tng quan, cach trin khai va thit lp mt h thng mang co IPv6.
CU TRC A CH IPv6
Tinh nng quan trong nht cua IPv6 khi c so sanh voi IPv4 chinh la khng gian ia chi lon hon. Dia chi
IPv4 s khng bao gio c mo rng, do o vic nng cp ln IPv6 la iu thit yu nu Internet ngay cang
phat trin.
IPv6 co tng cng la 128 bit c chia lam 2 phn: 64 bit u c goi la network, 64 bit con lai c goi
la host. Phn network dung xac inh subnet, ia chi nay c gan boi cac ISP hoc nhung t chuc lon
nh IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Con phn host la mt ia chi ngu nhin dua trn 48 bit
cua MAC Address.
Dia chi IPv6 co 128 bit, do o vic nho c ia chi nay rt kho khn. Cho nn vit ia chi IPv6, ngoi
ta chia 128 bit ra thanh 8 nhom, mi nhom chim 2 bytes, gm 4 s c vit doi h s 16, va mi
nhom c ngn cach nhau bng du hai chm
H THP LC PHN V H NH PHN
Vi du:
FEDL!"#$%#$6EADC&A'!()*)#(!)A&CD
Nhng nu ma vit theo kiu nh vy (ep thi co ep o), nhng ban s khng th nho c. Cho nn, cn
phai on gian cai ia chi nay mt chut. Vi IPv6 la mt ia chi moi nn chung ta s ko xai ht 128 bits, cung
ging nh SIM in thoai vy, u s 0122 moi ra co rt nhiu s va do o chung ta co quyn lua chon. Va
IPv6 cung vy, vi moi ra cho nn s co nhiu s 0 o cac bit u. Chung ta co th lc bo cac s 0 nay
i. Ti ly mt vi du cu th:
Dia chi: *)!!)))))))))))))))!)!))())C"6#A
--~ Ban co th vit 0 thay vi phai vit la 0000, vit 8 thay vi phai vit 0008, vit 800 thay vi phai vit la
0800
Va y la ia chi c rut gon: *)!!)))!!))())C"6#A
Nhin chung nh vy cung c ri, nhng IPv6 con co mt nguyn tc nua la ban co th nhom cac s 0 lai
thanh 2 du hai chm "::", ia chi o trn, ban co th vit lai nh sau:
*)!!!!))())C"6#A
Qua vi du trn, ban s rut ra c 2 nguyn tc:
*+ T,-./ 012 345 678 IPV69 .:; 6< => ) 3?./ 3@; 6< A7B C-DE FG+ VH 0I )!)) =J 3KL6 vE:A A7M.7 !))9
7-N6 )))! =J 3KL6 vE:A A7M.7 !
(+ T,-./ 012 345 678 IPv69 .:; 6< 6O6 .7<P => ) CEQ. AE:R9 6< A7B 3S. /ET. 6O6 .7<P .M2 FU./ ( 0V;
W 67H OR 0I./ X7E 012 ) CEQ. AE:R .75;Y
Ban voi ti thu lam vai vi du nhe:
Vi du 1: FADC&A'!%6$"#(*)
-~ IPv6 co tng cng la 8 nhom, ma o trn ban thy co 4 nhom, nh vy o giua 2 du hai chm, s la 4
nhom s 0. Vy ia chi trn co th vit y u la:
FADC&A'!))))%6$"#(*)
Vi du 2: FADC&A'!%6$"#(*)
-~ co ia chi y u la: FADC&A'!%6$"#(*)))))
Vi du 3: FADC&A'!%6$"#(*)
-~ co ia chi y u la: ))))FADC&A'!%6$"#(*)
Nhng by gio ti co trong hp nh th nay:
Gia su ti co ia chi )))A&6$!'$())), by gio yu cu ban on gian hoa ia chi nay lai, Ti xin a
3 ap an cho ban chon
*+ A&6$!'$(
(+ A&6$!'$()))
#+ )))A&6$!'$(
Chi co ap an 2 va 3 la ung. Mt nguyn tc nua cn phai nho trong IPv6 la ban 678 6< A7B =Z 0I./ ( 0V;
75E 67VP P[A C@. v\E 345 678. Khng c vit nh vy A&6$!'$(, vi nu ban vit nh th s gy
nhm ln khi dich ra y u.
Vi du: Nu ban vit A&6$!'$(, thi ngoi ta co th oan ia chi y u cua no nh th nay
))A&6$!'$()))) hoc ))))A&6$!'$()) , .
]Z 0I./ 6O6 345 678 IPv6 A,-./ vE^6 A,;2 6_R URL
Ban co th truy cp mt trang web bng tn hoc bng ia chi IP. Vi du trang web MSOPENLAB
```+P=-Ra.C5F+6-P, co ia chi ip tong ung la ()#+*%*+#)+(*(. Vy ban hoan toan co th vao website
Nhat Nghe bng cach g: 7AARbb()#+*%*+#)+(*(.
Tong tu nh vy ban co th truy cp mt trang web bng ia chi IPv6 nhng phai no trong cp du .
Vi du:
7AARbbcFEDL!"#$%#$6EADC&A'!()*)#(!)A&CDd
Ngoai ra, ban cung co th thm s port vao ia chi RL, Vi du:
7AARbbcFEDL!"#$%#$6EADC&A'!()*)#(!)A&CDd!)
CeC LfgI IPv6
IPv6 /hP 6O6 C-DE 67H.7 =5; 3i2
j U.E65=A A00,a== nicast Address dung xac inh mt Interace trong pham vi cac nicast Address.
Goi tin (Packet) co ich n la nicast Address s thng qua Routing chuyn n 1 Interace duy nht
j A.265=A A00,a== Anycast Address dung xac inh nhiu Interaces. Tuy vy, Packet co ich n la
Anycast Address s thng qua Routing chuyn n mt Interace trong s cac Interace co cung Anycast
Address, thng thong la Interace gn nht. Chu gn nht o y c xac inh thng qua giao thuc inh
tuyn ang su dung
j k;CAE65=A A00,a== Multicast Address dung xac inh nhiu Interaces. Packet co ich n la
Multicast Address s thng qua Routing chuyn n tt ca cac Interaces co cung Multicast Address
&D. .7_. A7V2 IPv6 X7l./ 6< 345 678 &,-5065=A vm 67?6 .n./ 6o5 345 678 .M2 31 F5- /hP A,-./ .7<P
345 678 k;CAE65=A
N<E A<P CDE9 FD. 6< A7B 7EB; .7K =5;
U.E65=A Gui toi 1 ia chi xac inh
k;CAE65=A Gui toi tt ca cac thanh vin cua 1 nhom
A.265=A Gui toi 1 thanh vin gn nht cua 1 nhom
&i2 /Ep 67q./ A5 =J 3E =i; vM- Ar./ C-DE .7s
*t U.E65=A A00,a==
KL6 67E5 A7M.7 " .7<P
5b GC-F5C U.E65=A A00,a==
Dia chi nay c su dung h tr cho cac ISP. Noi tom lai Global nicast Address ging nh ia chi
Public cua IPv4.
))* 3 bits u lun lun co gia tri 001
TLA IDW T-R LavaC A//,a/5AE-.Y Xac inh nha cung cp cao nht trong h thng cac nha cung cp dich
vu
Ra= cha su dung
NLA ID WNauA LavaC A//,a/5AE-.Y Xac inh nha cung cp tip theo trong h thng cac nha cung cp dich
vu
]LA ID W]EAa LavaC A//,a/5AE-.Y Xac inh cac site tao cac subnet
I.Aa,v56a ID La ia chi cua Interace trong subnet
]S ]S 3h R7i. 6VR 6o5 GC-F5C U.E65=A A00,a==
Fb LE.XtC-65C A00,a==a=
Dy la loai ia chi dung cho cac host khi chung mun giao tip voi cac host khac trong cung mang. Tt ca
IPv6 cua cac interace u co ia chi link local
Theo hinh bn doi, ban s thy
10 bits u tin lun la: 1111 1110 10
54 bits k tip co gia tri bng 0
-~ Nh vy, trong Link Local Address: 6" FEA 3@; CM /EO A,4 6> 34.7 X7l./ A752 3wE (preix : e80::64)
Ban thu vao cmd, g lnh ipconig all xem thu gia tri Link-Local Address
j 6" FEA= 6;>E 6x./ CM 345 678 6o5 I.Aa,v56a
VM 6< P[A CK; y 0M.7 67- FD. k[A ,-;Aa, X7l./ A7B 67;2B. FVA Xz /<E AE. .M- 6< 345 678 ./;h. 7-N6
345 678 3H67 CM LE.X L-65C A00,a==
6b ]EAatL-65C A00,a==a=
Site-Local Addresses c su dung trong h thng ni b (Intranet) tong tu cac ia chi Private IPv4
(10.X.X.X, 172.16.X.X, 192.168.X.X). Pham vi su dung Site-Local Addresses la trong cung Site.
*) FEA= 3@; AEQ. C;l. CM 1111 1110 11 (Preix FEC0::10)
$" FEA= X: AE:R la gia tri Subnet ID
6" FEA= 6;>E 6x./ la ia chi cua Interace
0b U.E{;a L-65C A00,a==
U.E{;a L-65C A00,a== CM 345 678 34.7 A;2:. /E|5 6O6 =;F.aA A,Q. P[A R,Ev5Aa .aA`-,X
**** **)* 8 bits u la gia tri c inh FD00:: 8
") FEA= X: AE:R CM GC-F5C ID ia chi Site (Site ID). Co th gan tuy
*6 FEA= X: AE:R CM ];F.aA ID ia chi Subnet trong Site, co th tao ra 65.536 subnet trong mt site
6" FEA= 6;>E 6x./ la ia chi cua Interace
(t A.265=A A00,a==
Anycast Address la ia chi c bit co th gan cho nhiu interace, goi tin chuyn n Anycast Address s
c vn chuyn boi h thng Routing n Interace gn nht. Hin nay, ia chi Anycast c su dung rt
han ch, rt it tai liu noi v cach su dung loai ia chi nay. Hu nh Anycast addresss chi c dung t
cho Router, khng t cho Host, l do la boi vi hin nay ia chi nay chi c su dung vao muc ich cn
bng tai.
Vi du : khi mt nha cung cp dich vu mang co rt nhiu khach hang mun truy cp dich vu t nhiu noi
khac nhau, nha cung cp mun tit kim nn chi mt Server trung tm phuc vu tt ca, ho xy dung nhiu
Router kt ni khach hang voi Server trung tm, khi o mi khach hang co th co nhiu con ong truy
cp dich vu. Nha cung cp dich vu t ia chi Anycast cho cac Interaces la cac Router kt ni n Server
trung tm, by gio mi khach hang chi vic ghi nho va truy cp vao mt ia chi Anycast thi, tu ng ho s
c kt ni toi Server thng qua Router gn nht. Dy tht su la mt cach xu l on gian va hiu qua
Khi tim hiu v ia chi Anycast, ban s thy rt conused. Boi vi nu nh ban gan ia chi nay cho mt
Interace thi no y nh la ia chi nicast, nhng khi ban gan cho nhiu Interaces thi no lai co v nh la ia
chi Multicast. Hihi, rc ri qua phai hem Nhng khi ban oc n phn sau, ban s thy su khac bit giua
Multicast va Anycast+
#t k;CAE65=A A00,a==
Trong ia chi IPv6 khng con tn tai khai nim ia chi Broadcast. Moi chuc nng cua ia chi Broadcast
trong IPv4 c am nhim thay th boi ia chi IPv6 Multicast. Dia chi Multicast ging ia chi Broadcast
o ch im ich cua goi tin la mt nhom cac may trong mt mang, song khng phai tt ca cac may. Trong
khi Broadcast gui truc tip toi moi host trong mt subnet thi Multicast chi gui truc tip cho mt nhom xac
inh cac host, cac host nay lai co th thuc cac subnet khac nhau. Host co th lua chon co tham gia vao mt
nhom Multicast cu th nao o hay khng (thong c thuc hin voi thu tuc quan l nhom internet -
Internet Group Management Protocol), trong khi o voi Broadcast, moi host la thanh vin cua nhom
Broadcast bt k no co mun hay khng.
"t CO6 C-DE 345 678 IPV6 3N6 FE^A
5+ IPv"tCR-PR5AEFCa A00,a== (IPv4CA) :
Format : ))))))w.x.y.z Trong o w,x,y, la cac IPv4 Address
Vd : 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.1.2
IPv4CA la ia chi tong thich cua mt IPv4/IPv6 Node. Khi su dung IPv4CA nh mt IPv6 Destination,
goi tin s c ong goi (Packet) voi IPv4 Header truyn trong mi trong IPv4
F+ IPv"tP5RRa0 500,a== (IPv4MA)
Format : )))))FFFFw.x.y.z (FFFFw.x.y.zY Trong o w,x,y, la cac IPv4 Address
Vd : 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.168.1.2
IPv4MA la ia chi cua mt IPv4 Only Node i voi mt IPv6 Node, IPv4MA chi co tac dung thng bao va
khng c dung nh Resource hoc Destination Address
6+ 6A-" A00,a==
La ia chi su dung trong lin lac giua cac IPv4IPv6 nodes trong h thng ha tng IPv4 (IPv4 Routing
Inrastructure). 6to4 c tao boi Preix gm 64 bits nh sau :
Preix 200216 32 bits IPv4 Address 64 bits
6A-" A00,a== la ia chi cua Tunnel (Tulneling Address) inh ngha boi RFC 3056
D cho cac ban d nho, ti s a cho cac ban mt cai bang tom tt cac loai ia chi IPV6
Nguyn Manh Trong