1

103

103

??? 1 ?

103

E1F

{
K

103

W
W
K

W
W

K1
K2

K3
K4

W
K

W
K80
W
K4

W
K

-1-

103

EF 1-1

Linear measurements K1
Angular measurements K2

KHorizontal measurement K

KVertical measurement K

KSlope measurement K

KHorizontal Angle

KVertical Angle

-2-

103

KUnits of measurement21

K
W

KMetric system ( SI units ) WEF1

KEnglish system

KUnits of length measurements 121

W1121

EmFEMetreF
W

EFMillimetre

mm

EFCentimetre

cm

EFKilometre

km

1
1000000
1
10 3 m =
1000
1
10 2 m =
100

10 3 m = 1000

EFMicrometre

1 mm = 1000 m

10 6 m =

1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m

-3-

103

mm K1.97 m W1J 1

1.97m 100 10 = 1970 mm

Kkm K55000 cm W2J 1

55000 / (100 1000) = 0.55km

2J 1J 2J 1

EFInch

inELLF

EFFoot
EFYard

ftELF
yd

EFMile

mi

1 ft = 12 in
1 yd = 3 ft
1 mi = 1760 yd

-4-

103

mi 300ftW31

300/(31760)=0.0568 mi

W3121

K
K

-5-

103

41

K880 km

8001000100/(2.541231760)
=546.8066 mi
K100

W51

yd

1003122.54/100=91.440 m
Kunits of area measurement 221

1
1
1
1
1

Cm2
m2
km2

=
=
=

1010
100100
10001000
EFHectare(ha)
EFDonm

=
=
=
=
=

100 mm2
10000 cm2
1000000 m2
10000 m2
1000 m2

7813456 m W61
2

7813456/1000000=7.813456 m2

-6-

103

Wunits of volume measurement321

W
1
EF 1
EF 1

m3
Liter
Gallon

=
=
=

1000000 cm3
1000 cm3
4.546 Liter

1000 Liter

36 m3W71

361000=36000 Liter

W31

The sexayesimal system 131

(Degree) 360

( mminute ) ( )

EsecondF EF

KE1J 1FFEF

1 circle = 360
1 = 60
1 = 60
W

78 45 34
W
45 21 27.49

E1J 1F

-7-

103

KThe decimal or centesimal system 231

EgradF 400

100EgF
100EcFE Centesimal minuteF

ECentesimal

secondF

KEccF

1 circle=400 g
1g=100 c
1c=100 cc

51.6731 g

cc
c
g
31 67 51

E2J 1F

1
1
1

Circle
gon
cgon

=
=
=

W
400 gon
100 cgon (centigon)
10 mgon (million)

-8-

103

Radian system K 3-3-1

Radian

E3J 1F

E3J 1F

E4J 1F

W2 r Z
r ( radius ) W

WE22/7 FW
2r / r = 2 = 2

22 44
=
= 6.285714286
7
7

W 4-3-1

2 = 3600 = 400 g

Degree

360

1
1g
1 rad

EGradianF
400 g

360
= 1
360
360 9
=
= 0.9
400 10
360 180
=

Radian

-9-

400 10
=
360 9
400
=1
400
400 200
=

=
360 180

2
=
400 200
2
=l
2

103

W81

64 18 20

64HE18/60FHE20/3600) =64.30555556

EF641820Z64.30555556
64.30555556 10 =71.4506 g

64.30555556CE/180F=1.122344Rad

W91

227.4589 g

227.45890.9 = 204.713010

EF = 204 42 46.84
204.71301 - 204 = 0.71301

0.7130160 = 42.7806
0.780660 = 46.84

-10-

E204F
E42F
EF

103

K227.4589CE/200FZ3.572916 rad

W101

2.137524 rad

2.137524E/180F=122.471104 =122 28 16

2.137524 E/200F=136.0790 g

-11-

103

350 km 1

5000 m2
K1 ft3

30m4

100 mi /hour5

30 yd6

K10 km 27

K2400 gallon 8

K18 m39

45 10

385.4831 g 11

0.004218 rad12
131 21 4713

225.418 gon 14

-12-

103

1700 km 15

K550 mi

K16

E5J 1F

16

AK18017

17E6J 1F
-13-

103

W
W
K

W
W
K1

K2

K3

W
K

W
K80

W
K4

W
K

-14-

103

1J 2

K( n-dimensional ) W

EFW
K

K( Origin point ) K1

K( Coordinates axes ) K2

K K3

2J 2

Cartesian 1J 2J 2
Coordinate System

Rectangular coordinates

Ex F

Ey F
( 0 ( origin )

E1J 2F

( x , y ) K, 0 )

( y ) ( x )

K( x ) ( y )

KE1J 2F

-15-

103

Polar Coordinates System 2J 2J 2

( Pole )

( Polar axis )

EF

WEr , F

KWr

E2J 2F

EF

KCircular coordinates system

3J 2J 2
W

X = r cos

E1J 2F

Y = r sin

E2J 2F

X2 + Y 2

E3J 2F

r=

= tan 1

E4J 2F

y
x

E3J 2F

-16-

103

EF422
W

KEF1422

x F

x FKx , y , z RE, y , z

yx WE, y , z

KKz
FEx , y , zF

xxEOrigin point
yy

E4J 2F

E42FKzz

Cylinderical coordinates

W2422

r FEr , , zFEF

EzFz E,
K

Er , , zF

Kzz
K

E5J 2F

K
K

-17-

103

Sherical coordinates system

W3422

WE , , F

KEoriginpoint FW

KW

W
Kz

p E , , F

E6J 2F

Geographical coordinates system

W13422

EF

K
K

Latitude ( ) WEF

E7J 2F

K180K

-18-

103

Longitude ( ) WEF

EF

180180360
K

KW4422

E8J 2F

W
x = r cos

E5J 2F

y = r sin

E6J 2F

z=

E7J 2F

-19-

103

W
r=

E8J 2F

x2 + y2

tan 1

z=

E9J 2F

y
x

E10J 2F

WW4422

E9J 2F

E11J 2F

r 2 + z2

=
=

tan 1

E12J 2F
E13J 2F

r
z

r = sin
=
z= cos

E14J 2F
E15J 2F
E16J 2F

-20-

103

K
=
=
=

E17J 2F

x2 + y2 + z2
tan 1

tan

y
x

E18J 2F
x2 + y2
z

E19J 2F
K

x = sincos
y = sinsin
z= cos

E20J 2F
E21J 2F
E22J 2F

-21-

103

W
W
K

W
K
K1

K2

W
K

W
K80

W
K4

W
K1

K2

-32-

103

1J 3

( Horizontal Distance ) K

2J 3

Slope Distance ( s ) K1

KHorizontal Distance ( H )K2

KVertical Distance ( v ) K3

KEtotal station F

3J 3

-33-

103

W1J 3J 3

E1J 3F

H = S cos

E1J 3F

KWH

KWS

KW

W1J 3

249.510 m A , B

2 22 41

E1J 3FW
H = S cos
= 249.510 cos (2 22 41 )
= 249.295 m
-34-

103

EF 2-3-3
W

H = S 2 V 2

E2J 3F
W

KEFWV

E2J 3F

K124.567 m W2J 3
K2.416 m

E2J 3FW

H = S 2 V 2
= (124.567)2 ( 2.416)2
= 124.544 m

-35-

103

3-3-3
H = V cos

W
E3J 3F

E3J 3F

3J 3

A , B
00 58 431.583 m

E3J 3FW

H = V coat
=

v
tan

1.583
tan (00 58 43)

= 92.673 m
-36-

103

W 4-3-3

2:3 ,

1:2 , 1:1

(T1 )

K( T2 )

( G= 3% ) ( G=2% )

100 m K

E4J 3F

3 m 2m

W
E4J 3F
H = t 2 s / t12 + t 22

K = H
K = S
K = t1
K = t2

-37-

103

100 m W4J 3

K1 : 4

= t 2 s / t12 + t 22
= 4 100 1 + 16

= 97.014 m
250 m W5J 3
KG= 3%

G=3%

t1=3

t2=100
H =
=

t 2 s / t12 + t 22
100 250 / 9 + 10000

249.887 m
W

4-3

1J 4J 3
E13F

V = S sin

E5J 3F

EFWV

W63

KE13F
V

=
=
=

Ssin
249.51 SIN(02 22 41)
10.353 m
-38-

103

KW243
E23FE23F

V = S 2 H 2

E6J 3F

WE73F

K124.567 m

124.544 m

E63F
V

=
=
=

S 2 H2

(124.567)2 ( 124.544)2

2.394 m

WW343

E33FE33F

H
H = V cot V =
cot

J 3F

E7

v = H tan

WE83F

74.584 mB , C

01 20 34

E73F

= H tan
= 74.584 tan(01 20 34)
= 1.748 m
-39-

103

WW443
WE433FE43F
V = t1s / t12 + t 22

E8J 3F

WE93F

KE43F

V = t1s / t12 + t 22

1 100 / 12 + 4 2

24.253 m

WE103FF

E53F
V = t1s / t12 + t 22

3 250 / 3 3 + 100 2

7.496 m

-40-

103

EQ1

1 49 55 523.72 m

EQ2
S= 271.548 m
V= 3.517 m
H=?

5.451 mEQ3
5.418 gon

E1FEQ4
174.521 m EQ5
173.953 m

E53FE Q6

E5J 3F

-41-

103

K324.571 m ( Q7
K1 : 3

5%( Q8

K524.34 m

Q8 , Q7( Q9

25.432 yd725.431 m(Q10

-42-

103

W
W
K

W
W

1
K

K2
K3

K4

W
K

W
K80

W
K4

W
K1

K2

-43-

103

WW14

WK

W
W1
1
4
Geographical North or True Meridian

E14FK

E1J 4F

Magnetic Meridian WW214

KE24F

E2J 4F

-44-

103

Angle of DeclinationWW24

KE34FK

E4J 4F

E3J 4F

W
GN = MN
E14F

K WGN

K WMN
K W

K WH

K WJ

WE14F

2 30 77 30 AB

GN AB

= MN AB +
= 77 30+2 30
-45-

103

= 80 00

BearingsWW34

Azimuth or WW1 3 4
Circular Bearing

360 K

EAZFEF

KE54F

E5J 4F

Bearing or Reduced Bearing WW234

KE
F90

KE64FKEBrF

E6J 4F

-46-

103

WW334

F(Br ) ( Az )

KEFE10J 4

E7J 4F

W2J 4
Az AB = 041 32 18
Az AC = 118 45 23
Az AD = 260 14 48
Az AE = 345 04 54
W
Bearing
S 41
S 61
S 80
N14

32
14
14
55

18 E
37 E
48 W
06 W

Br = N ( Az ) E
Br = S (180- Az ) E
Br = S(Az 180 )w
Br = N( 360-Az )w
-47-

Azimuth
AB
041 32 18
AC
118 45 23
AD
260 14 48
AE
345 04 54

103

WW3J 4
Br AB = N 014 03 49 E
Br AC = S049 23 18 E
Br AD = S038 44 53 W
Br AE = N 065 42 02 W
W
Azimuth

014
130
218
294

03
36
44
17

49
42
53
58

Az = Br
Az =180- Br
Az =180 + B r
Az = 360 B r

Bearing
AB
S 014 03 49 E
AC
S 049 23 18 E
AD
S 038 44 53 W
AE
N 065 42 02 W

4J 3J 4

Forward and Back Azimuth

1J 4J 3J 4

E8J 4FK

KW

KW

E8J 4F

=1800

AB

B az = F az 180

E24F
W

K=B az

K=F az

K1800WEHF

K1800WEF
-48-

103

A AB J

FB BA J

EAB

125 15 22AB W4J 4

B AZ
B AZ
B AZ

= F AZ 180
= 125 22 22+ 180
= 205 15 22

Forward and Back Bearing2J 4J 3J 4

KE9J 4F

E9J 4F

AB

-49-

103

AB W5J 4
KN 450 E

WAB
S 450 W
5J 3J 4

900

K
K

K

3600

3
K

-50-

103

K1 3028 30/AC WQ1

2 81 30BD WQ2
30/

451123AB WQ3

325 2435AD WQ4

121 1517AC WQ5

2450 5143AC WQ6

S 21 1522WBC WQ7

N 31 1125WBD WQ8

-51-

103

Br AB =
Br AC =
Br AD =
Br AE =

WWQ9

N 67 1519E
S 12 2737E
S 28 2351W
N52 3747W

WWQ10

Az AB=022
Az BC=112
Az AD=241
Az BE=311

25 14
41 29
17 52
31 42

-52-

103

W
W
K

W
W

K1
K2

W
K

W
K80

K
K4

W
K1

K2

-53-

103

WW1J 5

EF

EF

2J 5

(X ,
X , Y Y )

KEE N F
X E

Y N

J 5FEE,N F

KE1

E1J 5F

E,N

Er F

KEr , FEF
-54-

103

W1J 2J 5

AB A,B
B

WE2J 5F

E2J 5F

E AB = D AB SIN AB

E1J 5F

E AB = D AB COS AB

E2J 5F

E B = E A + E AB

E3J 5F

N B = N A + N AB

E4J 5F

KA WEA

K A WNA

KB WEB

K B WNB

KAB : AB

KBAWDAB

KBAWEAB

KBAWNAB
-55-

103

W1J 5

A (3215.45, 5678.21 )mB

67 24 54 AB 220.45m

EAB
NAB
EB
NB

=
=
=
=

DAB sin AAB

DAB cos AB
EA + EAB
NA + NAB

= 220.45 sin
(67 24 54) = 203.54 m .
= 220.45 cos
( 67 24 54 ) = 84 . 66 m .
= 3215.45+ 203.54 =3418.99 m
= 5678.21 + 84.66=6662.87 m .
B( 3418.99 , 6662.87) m .

WW225
WE25F
E5J 5F

D AB = E 2AB + N2AB
E AB
F
AB = tan 1 E
N AB

E6J 5F

E AB = EB E A

E7J 5F

N AB = NB N A

E8J 5F

E3J 5F

-56-

103

E45Ftan E35F
W

E4J 5F

EF

H1=AZ

EtanF

EJ 2F

EF

AZ=EJ 2F+180

H 3

II

III

AZ=3+180
EJ 4F

AZ=EJ 4F+360
-57-

IV

103

WE25F

ABB ,A

point
E
(m )
N (m)

E AB = EB E A
N AB = NB N A

D AB = E 2AB + N2AB
E AB
F
AB = tan 1 E
N AB

A
2372.51
1572.68
=

1913.41

1673.75

2542.16

48 49 20

B
4285.92
3246.43
W

WW35

EF
K

E5J 5F

-58-

103

KE55F

Z = D tan

E9J 5F

Z = s cos

E10J 5F

KWz
KWD

KWS

KW

KZenith Angle W

EF1J 3J 5

WE900FW

E6J 5F

-59-

103

WE6J 5F
HB = HA + i + D tan - t

E11J 5F

OR
HB = HA + i + D tan(90 ) t

E12J 5F

KB =HB

KA =HA

KEA F=i
KA , B =D

KB =t
K=

K=

K=S

WE90 FW

E7J 5F
90

-60-

103

HB = HA + i - D tan - t
or
HB = HA + i - D tan( - 90 ) t

WE7J 5F
E13J 5F
E14J 5F

HB = HA + S cos + ( i t )

W
E15J 5F

A B E6J 5FW3J 5

62 20 30305.125 m 102.654 m

1.50 mZB 1.56 m ZA

W
HB = HA+ i + D tan(90- ) t
HB = 102.654 + 1.56 - 305.125 tan ( 90 - 62 20 30) -1.50
HB = 262.625 m

A BE7J 5FW4J 5
115 175.193 m 1218.625 m

1.50 ZB 1.58 m ZA 10 30
m

HB
HB
HB

HA + i - D tan(-
90) t
= 1218.625 + 1.58 - 175.193 tan(115 10 30 - 90 ) 1.50
= 1136.359 m

-61-

103

WQ1

E3254.48 ,- 6723.81 Fm A D

124 55 34A D 324.54 m

WQ2

AB A , B
point
A
B
E
(m )
48964.38
48988.66
N (m)
69866.75
62583.18
594.148 m ABWQ3
78 15 31425.189 m

1.71 mZB 1.58 m ZA

100 22 12B Q3 WQ4

CD KC & D WQ5

C ( 2375.48 , 3457.69 ) m , D ( -4321.81 , -5683.45 ) m

A ( 7245.32 , 4578.12 ) mWQ6

AE KE(-3224.59 , 6784.37 ) m

BC B & C WQ7
Point
E(m)
N(m)

B
1237.42
2463.56

-62-

CB
C
3234.36
5968.68

103

W
W
K

W
W

K1

K2
K3

W
K

W
K80

W
K18

W
K1

K2

K3

-63-

103

WW16

K
W

K1

KEF2

K3

K1

K2

W 1
K

KW2
W3

WW26

Area of Traingle

WW126

W1126

Area =

bh
1J
2

KWArea

KEBaseF Wb

E1J 6F

KEHeightFWh

-64-

103

4.5 mE1 6F W1 6

2.7 m

Area =

bh 4.5 2.7
=
= 6.075 m 2
2
2

WW2126

E2J 6F

1
ab sin C
2
1
Area = ac sin B
2
1
Area = bc sin A
2

Area =

E2J 6F

KE2J 6FWa,b,c

KE2J 6FWA,B,C

15.22 17.51 mC ,B26W26

22 15 14 m

1
1
Area = bc sin A = 17.51 15.22 sin 22 15 14 = 50.464 m 2
2
2

WW3126

Area = s (s a )(s b )(s c )

S=

E3J 6F

(a + b + c )
2

E3J 6F
W

-65-

103

E46FW36

E4J 6F

III{II{IW

Area of I
S =

70.15 + 64.30 + 112.70

= 123.575 m
2

Area = s (s a )(s b )(s c )

Area
Area

= 123.575(123.575 70.15)(123.575112.70)(123.575 64.30)

= 2062.947 m2

Area of II

S =

176.40 + 84.20 + 112.70

= 186.65 m
2

Area(II) = 186.65(186.65176.40)(168.65 84.20)(186.65112.70)

Area(II) = 3807.159 m2
Area of III

S =

84.20 + 93.40 + 68.70

= 123.15 m
2

Area (III) = 123.15(123.15 84.20)(123.15 93.40)(123.15 68.70)

Area (III) = 2787.490 m2

TotalArea = I+II+III=2062.947+3807.159+2787.490

= 8657.596 m2
-66-

103

Area of square

WW326

d2
Area = S =
2

4J 6

KWs
KWd

E5J 6F

12m E5 6FW4 6

Area = S2=(12)2=144 m2
Area =

d2
d2 = 2 Area
2
2 Area

Qd =
= 144 2
= 16.97 m

Area of rectangle
Area = bh

WW426

E5J 6F
W

KWb

KWh

E6J 6F

-67-

103

WE56F

K427 m787 m

Area = bh

= 787 X 427
= 336049 m2
Area of parallelogram
WW526

Area = bh

E6J 6F
W

KWb
KWh

E7J 6F

WE66F

K22 m 58 m

Area = bh

= 58 x 22
= 1276 m2

Area of rhombus
Area = bh=

WW626

d1d2
2

E7J 6F
KWb

KWh

KWd1

KWd2

E8J 6F

-68-

103

21 m , 17 m WE76F

Area

=
=

d1d2
2
17 21
= 178.5 m 2
2

KArea of trapezoid WW726

Area =

1
h(b + a)
2

E8J 6F

KWh

KWb

KWa

E9J 6F

WE86F

14 m , 24 7 mE96F
m

Area = 1 h(b + a ) =
2

1
7(24 + 14)
2

= 133 m2

KArea of regular polygon.W826

Area =

1 2
180
ns cot
4
n

E9J 6F
W

KWn

KWs

E10J 6F

-69-

103

9m WE96F
Area =

1 2
180
ns cot
4
n

1
180
8 9 2 cot
4
8

= 391.10 m2

KArea of Quadrilateral 9J 2J 6

Area =

d1d2

sin
2

E10J 6F

KWd1

Wd2

KW
E11J 6F

9.6m 6.5 m E11J 6F WE10J 6F

48 12 41

Area =

d1d2

sin
2

6.5 9.6 sin (84 o 12 41)

2

= 31.04 m2

-70-

103

KArea of Circle10J 2J 6

Area = r

d 2
4

E11J 6F
W

KWr
KWd

12m E116F

E12J 6F

Area= r

= (12)
= 452.389 m2

KArea of circular Ring

11J 2J 6

Area =(R2-r2)

E12J 6F
W

KW r

KWR

E13J 6F

-71-

103

E136FWE126F

9m

E11 m F

Area =(R2-r2)

= (112-92)
= 125.66 m2

KArea of sector 12J 2J 6

Area =r2

E13J 6F

360

K=

K=r

E146FWE136F
340 15/ 27//

E14J 6F

17.5 m

Area =r2

360 o

2 34
= (17.5 )

= 91.55 m2

15 27
360 o

-72-

103

K Area of segment 13J 2J 6

r2
sin
2
360
sin
=r2( )
360
2

Area =r2
Area

E14J 6F

E156FWE146F
45 8.5m

E15J 6F

Area =r2(

sin
)
360
2

2
= E8.5F (

45 sin 45
)

360
2

= 2.83 m2

.Area of Ellipse 14J 2J 6

Area = ab

E15J 6F
W

KWa

KWb

E166FE156F

E16J 6F

32.5 m
28.7 m

Area = ab = 32.528.7
= 2930.32 m2

-73-

103

KArea of parabola 15J 2J 6

Area =

2
Lh
3

E16J 6F
W

KWh

KWL

E166F
E17J 6F

15m E176F
24m

Area = 2 Lh =
3

2
24 15
3

= 240 m2

EF3J 6

Take and Give method 1J 3J 6

-74-

103

E18J 6F

K K1
K

K K2

2J 3J 6
COUNTING SQUARE

K
W

E19J 6F

K1
K
-75-

103

K K2
Trapezoidal rule

W336

E20J 6F

d
Area = [L1 + 2(L2 + L3 +
2

L n 1 ) + L N ]

E17J 6F

Simpson's One Third Rule

4J 3J 6

E21J 6F

-76-

103

K K1

K2
K

W K3
Area=

d
[(L1 + Ln ) + 4(L2 + L4 + L6 + .......) + 2(L3 + L5 + L7 + ..........)]
3

18J 6

FHEFHEF]
[E

E176F

K1980 1:2000

K0.5 cm

K2EFCC=

Area = 1980(0.5)2(2000)2
= 1980106 cm2
=

1980000000
10000

= 198000 m2

-77-

103

E226FWE186F

E22J 6F

Area=

d
[ L1 + 2(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 ) + L8 ]
3

Area =

50
[41+2E43+48+49+45+51+50FH47]
2

= 16500 m2

Area=

Area =

50
3

d
[(L1 + L7
3

K
) + 4(L + L + L ) + 2(L + L )] + [ h(b + a )]
2

[E41+50FH4E43+49+51FH2E48+45F]+[

= 16575 m2
-78-

50(50 + 47)
]
2

103

Area by Coordinates 4J 6

EF
W

E236FWK1

E23J 6F

Y X K2
WX Y

-79-

103

K3

= XA . yB+xB . yC+xC . yD +xD yA

= YA . xB +yB . xC +yc . xD +yD . xA

WK4
Area =

E196F

KW

WA B C D WE196F
STATION
X- COORDINATES
Y- COORDINATES
A
1000
4000
B
6000
8000
C
9000
3000
D
5000
1000
W
POINT

XCOORDINATES

1000

Y-

COORDINATES

4000

10008000=8000000

6000

8000

60003000=18000000

80009000=72000000

9000

3000

90001000=9000000

30005000=15000000

5000

1000

1000

4000

50004000=20000000

= 55000000 m2

40006000=24000000

10001000=1000000

= 112000000 m2

Area = 1

55000000

12000000

Area = 28500000 m2=28.5 km2

-80-

103

Planimeter

EFW56

K
K

Mechanicale planimetere
Digital planimetere

WW156
1
2

E24J 6F

-81-

103

E25J 6F
W

E26J 6F

polar planineter
rolling planimeter
-82-

103

E27J 6F

{EaF
EcF{EbF
-83-

103

EFE28J 6F

E29J 6F

-84-

103

Digital planimeter

KE30J 6FPLANIX 7
W

E31J 6FK
PLANIX7E30J

KK1

6F

KK2
KK3
KK4

KEFK5

KK6
KK7

E32J 6FK

E31J 6F

KK8
KEFK9

KK10

E33J 6FK

KE34J 6FK

E32J 6F

E34J 6F

E33J 6F
-85-

103

WWK

KK1

K2

KEF

K3

WWK

E35J 6F

ON/ C

WWK
K

WK
K

WK

E36J 6F

K1

K2

KE35J 6FStart

K3

E36J 6F

KE37L6F

E37J 6F
-86-

103

WQ1

E38J 6F
1:2500 WQ2

1 mm

750
K50

-87-

103

WQ3

E39J 6F

WQ4

E40J 6F

-88-

103

WQ5

E41J 6F

WQ6

E42J 6F

-89-

103

FWQ7
E

E43J 6F

WA B C D E F G H I WQ8
Point A
X
0
Y
1.9

B
4
2.9

C
34
4.4

D
64
2.9

E
71
1.1

F
49
0.2

G
34
1.0

H
29
1.1

I
14
0

WQ9
AB = 30.00 m
BC = 35.00 m
CA = 25.00 m

E44J 6F
-90-

103

WQ10

E45J 6F

WQ11

E46J 6F

-91-

103

WQ12

E47J 6F

-92-

103

W
W
K

W
W
K1

K 2

W
K

W
K80

K
K18

W
K1

K2

-94-

103

K1J 7

W
K K1

K K2
K K3

K K4

Volume Computation by Geometric formulas 2J 7

Cube
V=L3

1-2-7
E1J 7F
W

KWV

KWL

WE1J 7F

3 m

E1J 7F

V=L3=33=27 m3
-95-

103

Rectangular Box

2-2-7

E2J 7F

V=L w h

KW V

WL

WW

E2J 7F

Wh

E2J 7F

K5C3C2

V=L w h =532=30 m3

Prism

3-2-7

E3J 7F

V=Ah

KWV

KWA
KWh

E3J 7F

WE3J 7F

K5m 4m & 6 m
10m
W

V=Ah =[

(4 + 6) 5
2

]10=250 m3
-96-

103

Cone4J 2J 7
V=

1 2
r h
3

E4J 7F

KWV

KWr
KWh

E7J 4F

6m E4J 7FE4J 7F

6m

V= 1 r 2 h
3

1
(6)2 6 = 226.195 m2
3

Frustum of Cone 5J 2J 7

V= 1 h(r 2 + rR + R 2 )
3

E5J 7F

KWV
KWh

E5J 7F

KWR

KWr

-97-

103

20m E5J 7FE5J 7F

5m 10m

V= 1 h(r 2 + rR + R 2 )

3
1
V= 20(52 + 5 10 + 102 ) = 3665.191 m3
3

Pyramid

6J 2J 7

h
V= A
3

E6J 7F
W

KWV

KWh

KWA

E6J 7F

E6J 7F

8m 25m

h
A
3
h
8
V= A = (25)2 = 1666.7 m3
3
3

V=

Cylinder

V= r 2h

7J 2J 7

E7J 7F
W

KWV

KWh

E7J 7F

KWr

-98-

103

2m 10m E7J 7F

V= r 2 h
V= (2)2 10 = 125.664

m3

Sphere

8J 2J 7

V= 4 r 3

E8J 7F

KWV

KWr
E8J 7F

E8J 7FE8J 7F
10m

4 3
r
3
4
V= (10)3 = 4188.790m3
3

V=

Frustum of pyramid 9J 2J 7
V=

h
( A + A 2 + A1A 2 )
3 1

E9J 7F
W

KWV
KWh

KWA1

E9J 7F

WA2
-99-

103

8m E9J 7FE9J 7F

15m2 , 25m2

h
( A + A 2 + A1A 2 )
3 1
8
V= (25 + 15 + 25 15 ) = 158.306 m3
3

V=

Right Prism

10J 2J 7

V=

1
Ah
2

E10J 7F
W

KWV
KWh

KWA

E10J 7FE10J 7F

5m 10m

E10J 7F

1
Ah
2
1
V= (10 10) 5 = 250 m3
2

V=

Frustum of prism11J 2J 7
V=

h
( A + 4A m + A 2 )
6 1

E11J 7F
W

KWV

KWA1

KWA2

E11J 7F

KWAm
-100-

103

EAm F
K
E11J 7F
7 m 20 m , 15 m
10 m 5 m 10 m , 7 m
W
h
( A + 4A m + A 2 )
6 1
20 + 15
A1 = (
) 7 = 122.5 m 2
2
10 + 7
A2 = (
) 5 = 42.5 m 2
2

20 + 10
= 15 m
2
15 + 7
= 11 m
2

V=

Am

7+5
=6 m
2
15 + 11
Am = (
) 6 = 78 m 2
2
10
V= (122.5 + 4 78 + 42.5) = 795 m3
6

WE1FW3J 7

EF

( Reference Datum )

a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,iABCD

E12J 7F
-101-

103

K
ELevel F

E1FJ 1

Ha , Hb , Hc , Hd , He , Hf , d1,d2

abde KHg , Hh , Hi

E12J 7F

( Average Depth ) d1Cd2

EF ( Average

Depth)abde =

-102-

Ha + Hb + Hd + He
4

103

W a b d e
Volume= Plan Area Average depth
=

Volume1=d1.d2 (

Ha + Hb + Hd + He
4

Wb c e f
Hb + Hc + He + H f
4

Volume2=d1.d2(

Wd e g h
Volume3=d1.d2 (

Hd + He + Hg + Hh
4

We f h i
Volume4=d1.d2(

He + Hf + Hh + Hi
4

a c g i
W
Volume total 1 = Volume1 + Volume2 + Volume3 + Volume4

Volume total 1=
d1 d2
[(Ha + Hb + Hd + He ) + (Hb + Hc + He + H f ) + (Hd + He + Hg + Hh ) + (He + H f + Hh + Hi )]
4

Volume total 1=

d1 d2
[1( H a + H c + H g + H i ) + 2( H b + H d + H f + H h ) + 4( H e )]
4

-103-

12J 7

103

K1
K

K2
K

abde ,bcef ,dehi a c g i K3

WE137F,efhi

edg , egd , efh , fhi , abd , bde , bce , cef

K

E13J 7F

abdK
EAverage DepthFabd=

Ha + Hb + Hd
3
-104-

103

Wabd
Volme= Plan AreaAverage Depth
Volme1= d1 d 2 H a + + H b + H d = d1 d 2 (H

+ Hb + Hd )

Volme2=
Volme3=
Volme4=
Volme5=
Volme6=
Volme7=
Volme8=

d1 d 2
6
d1 d 2
6
d1 d 2
6
d1 d 2
6
d1 d 2
6
d1 d 2
6
d1 d 2
6

(H d + H b + H e )
(H b + H c + H e )

(H

+ He + H f

(H

+ He + H g )

(H

+ Hg + Hh )

(H

+ H f + Hh )

(H

+ Hh + Hi )

(Borrow pit Method ) ?? K4

K(Unit-Area Method ) ??

(Gravel ) K5

acgi
Volmetotal=

d1 d2
1(Ha + Hi ) + 2(Hc + Hg ) + 3(Hb + Hd + Hf + Hh ) + 6(He )
6

-105-

13J 7

103

K(Rough Terrain )

E127F

WE127F

Point no.
A
B
C
D
E
F
g
H
I

Height above Datum ( m )
106.68
107.17
106.97
107.06
107.50
107.76
107.96
108.01
108.68

104.00 m

acgi

(25 x 20) m

WE104.00F

Point no.

Height above Datum

(m)1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i

106.68
107.17
106.97
107.06
107.50
107.76
107.96
108.01
108.68
-106-

104.00
104.00
104.00
104.00
104.00
104.00
104.00
104.00
104.00

2.68
3.17
2.97
3.06
3.50
3.76
3.96
4.01
4.08

Formation level
(m) 2

Depth of cut
(m)( 1-2)

103

Volmetotal l=
Volmetotal l=

d1 d 2
[1(H a + H c + H g + H i ) + 2(H b + H d + H f + H h ) + 4(H e )]
4
25 20
[1(2.68 + 2.97 + 3.96 + 4.08) + 2(3.17 + 3.06 + 3.76 + 4.01) + 4(3.50 )] = 6961.25m 3
4

WE13J 7F

Volmetotal l=
Volmetotal l=

d1 d 2
[1(H a + H i ) + 2(H c + H g ) + 3(H b + H d + H f + H h ) + 6(H e )]
6
d1 d 2
[1(2.68 + 4.08) + 2(2.97 + 3.96 ) + 3(3.17 + 3.06 + 3.76 + 4.01) + 6(3.50 )] = 6968.33m 3
6

Volume from contour lines

W4J 7

KK

E14J 7FWE13J 7F

Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour

130 = 100 m2
120 = 150 m2
110 = 240 m2
100 = 350 m2
90 = 490 m2
80 = 670 m2

K100 m

-107-

103

(14-7)

EFSum of cut=C130-120+C120-110+C110-100

C130-120= Area of Contour (130) + Area of Contour (120) Contour Interval (F

2

(100 + 150) 10

= 1250 m3

C120-110

(150 + 240) 10

= 1250 m3

C110-100

C130-120

2
(140 + 350) 10
2

= 1250 m3

Z1250+1950+2950=6150 m3

EF Sum of fill =F100-90+F90-80

-108-

103

F100-90=(Area of Contour 90[(90)]-Area of Contour 100)

(100)
F100-90 =
F90-80

(490 350) (0 + 10)

2
(670 + 490) (10 + 20)
2

= 700 m3
= 2700 m3

=700+2700=3400 m3

10m 450m3WQ1

{9m 118 m3WQ2

{4m 15 m WQ3

-109-

103

6 WQ4
m

E15J 7F
K32.55 m WQ5
10m

E16J 7F
-110-

103

WQ6

E17J 7F

100 m WQ7

E18J 7F
-111-

103

100 m WQ8

Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour

150 = 50 m2
140 = 70 m2
130 = 130 m2
120 = 250 m2
110 = 510 m2
100 = 1120 m2

E19J 7F

-112-

103

70 m WQ9
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour

70 = 700 m2
65 = 340 m2
60 = 180 m2
55 = 100 m2
50 = 60 m2

E20J 7F

-113-

103

WQ10

Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour

600 = 80 m2
580 = 180 m2
560 = 370 m2
540 = 750 m2
520 = 1520 m2
500 = 3100 m2

E21J 7F

K540m

5 m C8 mC10 m WQ11

E22J 7F
-114-

103

KKE1985F1

KKE1983F2

KKE1997F3

KKK4

KKK5

KKK6

KKKKE1989F7

KE1991FKK8

KKKKE2004F9
10
KKKE2002F
K

KKKE1997F 11
KK

KKKE1999F12

KKE1424F 13
KK

14- Mc Cormac, Jack ( 1999) . SURVEYING . Prentice-Hall .Inc.new jersey .

15- Schofield , W.(Wiltred ) ( 2002 ) . Engineering surveying . Botterworth , Heinemann.
Oxford .
16- Moffitt , Francis H. and Bossler,John D. ( 1998 ) . Surveying. Addison Wesley
Longman . U S A .
17- kavanagh ,Barry F. ( 2001 ) Surveying with construction Applications . prentice Hall .
new jersey .
18- Muskett , John ( 2002 ) . site surveying . Blackwell science . Oxford .
19- Wirshing , James R . and Wirshing ,Roy H . ( 1985 ) . Introductory surveying . Mc
Graw Hill .
20- Davis , Raymond E . , Foote , Francis S . , Anderson , James M .and Mikhail , Ejward
M. ( 1981 ) . surveying theory and practic . MeGraw Aill .

-115-

103

The Greek
Alphabet
Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

Epsilon

Zeta

Eta

Theta

Lota

Kappa

,x

Lambda

Mu

Nu

Xi

Omicron

Pi

Rho

Sigma

Tau

Upsilon

Phi

Chi

Psi

Omega

-116-

103

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

1 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
2K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
3K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
3K K K K K K K K K K K K

KUnits of measurement21

KUnits of length measurements 121

3K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
4K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
5K K K K K K K K K K K

EF1-1

W1121

2J 1J 2J 1

W3121

6K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Kunits of area measurement 221

7 K K K K K K K K K K K K K Wunits of volume measurement321

7K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
7K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
8K K K K K K K K K K

W31

The sexayesimal system131

KThe decimal or centesimal system 231

9K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Radian systemK1-3-3

9K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

W4J 3J 1

14 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
15 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 1J 2
15 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
15 K K K K K K K K K

2J 2

Cartesian Coordinate System1J 2J 2

16 K K K K K K K K K K K

Polar Coordinates System2J 2J 2

16 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3J 2J 2
17 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF422
17 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
17 K K K K K K K K K K K

KEF1422

Cylinderical coordinatesW2422

18 K K K K K K K K K K Sherical coordinates systemW3422

19 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

KW4422

20 K K K K K K K K K K K WW4422
-117-

103

32 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
33 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

1J 3

33 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2J 3
33 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3J 3
34 K K K K K K K K K K K K K
35 K K K K K K K K K K K

W1J 3J 3

EF2J 3J 3

36 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

3J 3J 3

37 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W4J 3J 3
38 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
38 K K K K K K K K K K K K K
39 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
39 K K K K K K K K K K K K K
40 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

W4J 3

1J 4J 3
KW243
WW343
WW443

43 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

44 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW14
44 K K K K K K

Geographical North or True MeridianWW114

44 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Magnetic MeridianWW214

45 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Angle of DeclinationWW24

46 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

BearingsWW34

46 K K K K K K K K K K K K K Azimuth or Circular BearingWW134

46 K K K K K K K K K K K K K Bearing or Reduced BearingWW234
47 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW334
48 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

4J 3J 4

48 K K K

Forward and Back Azimuth1J 4J 3J 4

49 K K K

Forward and Back Bearing2J 4J 3J 4

50 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 5J 3J 4
53 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

54 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
54 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

WW1J 5

2J 5

55 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1J 2J 5
-118-

103

56 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

WW225

58 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
59 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

WW35

EF1J 3J 5

63 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

64 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW16
64 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
64 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Area of TraingleWW126

64 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
65 K K K K K K K K K K K K K

WW26

W1126

WW2126

65 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

WW3126

67 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of squareWW326
67 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of rectangleWW426
68 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Area of parallelogramWW526

68 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Area of rhombusWW626

69 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of trapezoid WW726

69 K K K K K K K K K K

KArea of regular polygon

.W826

70 K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of Quadrilateral 9J 2J 6
71 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

KArea of Circle10J 2J 6

71 K K K K K K K K K K KArea of circular Ring

11J 2J 6

72 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of sector 12J 2J 6

73 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of segment 13J 2J 6
73 K K K K K K K K K K K K K .Area of Ellipse14J 2J 6
74 K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of parabola 15J 2J 6
74 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
75 K K K K K K K K K K K K

COUNTING SQUARE2J 3J 6

76 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
76 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
79 K K K K K K K K K K K K K

EF3J 6
Trapezoidal ruleW336

Simpson's One Third Rule4J 3J 6

Area by Coordinates4J 6

81 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K PlanimeterEFW56
94 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
-119-

103

95 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
95 K K K K K

K1J 7

Volume Computation by Geometric formulas2J 7

95 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Cube7-2-1

96 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Rectangular Box7-2-2
96 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Prism3J 2J 7
97 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Cone4J 2J 7
97 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Frustum of Cone5J 2J 7

98 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Pyramid6J 2J 7

98 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Cylinder7J 2J 7

99 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
99 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Frustum of pyramid9J 2J 7

100 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
100 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

Sphere8J 2J 7

Right Prism10J 2J 7

Frustum of prism11J 2J 7

101 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW3J 7
107 K K K K K K K K K K K

Volume from contour linesW4J 7

115 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

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GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS