: &

: 34 &

. : 2003-4

3.0

14.06.2004

34
` &


34

( - Demand)

( - Supply)

( )

..

&
() :
.
.
:
, .
:

,
.

,
.

:
[
()].
: , (
, .. )
() K :
, .

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.

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.

 ,
(.
).
,
(. ).
: , .
:
, ( 1%,
).
, ( 1%,
).
: ,
( )
.
:
-. [
Qd = Qs]
:
.

,

, . Q*. ( 1 P+,
).
P
S
+

P*

D
0

Q
Q*
1

,
,
, . Q* ( 2 ,
).
P
S

P*
PD
0

Q
Q*
2

= = ()
/
1:
Qs = f(P)
Qs = 10*P.

0,

1, 10 [10*1]

2, 20 [10*2]

3, 30 .

Qs 10 1
. 10/1 = 10. ()
.
2:
Qs = f(P)
Qs = 100 + 10*P.

0, 100 [100 + 10*0]

1, 110 [100 + 10*1]

2, 120 [100 + 10*2]

3, 130 .

Qs 10/1 = 10.
P . , . 48.

: = a + bX.

(
).

To a .

To b ( 1 )

:
(. /)

a b .

b > 0,

b < 0,

4
Y = a + bX

Y = a + bX

a = -2

a=4

b>0

b<0

0
X

-2
3

. Qd = f(P).
,
.

P = f(Qd). .
.


, ..
: C = f(Q).

: Q = 100 2P
: P = 50 0.5Q
: ...
Q = 100 2P =>

2P = 100 Q =>

Q = 140 4P

P = [100 Q] / 2 =>

Q = 200 0.5P

P = 100/2 Q/2 =>

Q = 1000 P

( Q).
:
P = 1200 4Q

P = 1500 0.4Q

P = 100,000 25Q

, &
= [ = f()]
= ( ) /
= /
P ()
P /
P /
P

10 utils (
) ()
10 utils (.
) ()

 1
10 3 .
14 , 3
3*10 + 14 = 44 /11 = 4 .
: , ;
2
() P = 100 0.2Q
()
.
: R = P*Q => TR = (100 0.2Q) * Q => TR = 100Q
0.2Q2
( ) = ( ) /:

TR/Q = 100 0.4 Q (. )

( ) = /

TR/Q = [100Q 0.2Q2] / Q = 100 0.2 Q

Q = 100

= 100 * 100 0.2(100)2 = 10000 0.2 * 10000 = 10000 2000 =

8000

= 100 0.4 * 100 = 100 40 = 60

= 100 0.2 * 100 = 100 20 = 80

< .
.

, Q = 101

= 100 * 101 0.2(101)2 = 10100 0.2 * 10201 = 10100 2040.2

= 8059.8

= 100 0.4 * 101 = 100 40.4 = 59.6

= 100 0.2 * 101 = 100 20.2 = 79.8

Ceteris paribus

, (ceteris) ( =
paribus) .

,
, ..
,
, .. .


: () .
, . ,
.
,
, .
. ;
.
, .

.


:

&

.
,
.

()
3 .

( )

(.. )

(.. CD)

PA * QA

PB * QB

=>

Q ( Q ,
. 4). Q

, . Q = f (QA). , .
= PA * QA + PB * QB =>
=> ( Q) PB * QB = PA * QA =>
=> QB = [ PA * QA] / PB =>
=> QB = [ / PB] [PA * QA] / PB =>
=> QB = [ / PB] [PA / PB ] * QA
[ =

*X]

/ PB (
).
pa/pb, .
QB

- PA/PB

QA
/PA
4

, /

, . [ ;]

 ()
()
.
:

().
QB

O
Z
E

II
I
QA

.
.
, ,

. ;
( ) .
:

, dy/dx

(Marginal Rate of Substitution MRS) (MRS)

,
.

10

 ()
( ) ,
. .
.
( ) ,
. , ,
(
).

(.. ),
() ,
(. ) .
: , . .

, .
1

P = 10

Q = 100

P = 12

Q = 90

P = 14

Q = 80 .

2
3 .
( ):

10

100

105

120

110

435

12

90

95

100

102

387

14

80

85

80

94

339

() , ,
2-5.

;
.

.
11

 ()
()
,
= +
: PA/PB
:
( )

:
(Q > 0)

:
(Q > 0). [ ,
Q,
(Q < 0).]

o Q > 0, [
Giffen ]
o Q < 0, [ ,
Giffen]
o Giffen
Giffen

()

()

=
=
: = / / /

: 1% , %
= Q

12

 &

: ().
( ): L (-Labour
-Capital). = Q =
f(K, L)
(T): L .

: L/K

: /L

Q
.

Q
.

()
Q (
). ,
.

: L
(PL) L
Q

:
(MP)
Q

Q.
, .

(SR)
( )

(LR)

P ,

, ,
: Q = f(L, K)
P ( ):

AP : L = Q/L

AP : K = Q/
13

 ( ):

MP : MPL = Q/L

MP : MPK = Q/

. . 101 (SR)

SR: = , MPL
L .
LR:

A K (AAK): ,
Q .
.

A K (AK): ,
Q .

(): ,
Q .

.
(..
).

, .

( L) (r w, ).

( w/r). ,
Q .

, MRTSL,K = MPL/MPK.

(. . 111)

: (budget) ,

Q.

: Q ,
.

, : w / r = MRTSL,K.
14


:
Q.
SR: .
w / r = MRTSL,K.
( ).
LR: .
w / r = MRTSL,K.
.
P
. , .

.

C=f(Q). ,
() ,
()
.

FC = . SR.
VC = .
, VC.
LR: FC, VC.
C = FC + VC
,
:

TC = C/Q. U (
).

AVC = VC/Q. U.

AFC = FC/Q. (
0) Q.

AVC ATC , AFC 0 ( ATC =

AFC + AVC).

C: ,
Q .
MC = TC/Q. VC/Q ( FC/Q = 0)

MC < ATC ( AVC) => ATC ( AVC)

MC > ATC ( AVC) => ATC ( AVC)

. . 130.

15

, FC, VC.
(LAC)
Q.
U ( :
, ..
... ( Q),
(..
, ..).
Q managers -
Q.
Q , .


.
.
: .
(LAC) (
) .

.
, .
.
= f(Q) :
= [ ] [ ]

= TR TC

Max (1 )

d/dQ = = 0 =>
=>
=>
=>
=>

(TR TC) = 0
(R) (TC) = 0
MR MC = 0
MR = MC

, max Q MR = MC
max , ().
,
.
:
:
< 0,

(TR) (VC)
FC, (
, FC, ).

16

(TR) VC
.
.

< 0,

TR , .
TR = 0, TC = 0, = 0.

()

()

( )

SR

LR

( P >
AC). ( LR)
P = AC = 0.
(
),
() SR LR.

= [ ] [ ] =>

= TR TC =>

= [ * ] [ ]

= P*Q TC

( ,

),

17

 . R = P*Q (R) = = (
).
(.
), P .
,
. , R = P*Q = [a bQ]*Q
= aQ bQ2 R = a bQ (.
).
1:

2:

P = 700 ( P = 1000 Q
Qd Qs)
C = 100Q + Q2
TC = 100Q + 2Q2

= TR TC =>

= TR TC =>

= P*Q TC =>

= P*Q TC =>

= 700Q [100Q + 2Q2] =>

= [(1000 Q)*Q] TC =>

= 600Q 2Q2

= [(1000Q Q2) (100Q +

Q2) =>
= 900Q 2Q2

= max () = 0 () < 0
()

= 0 =>

= 0 =>
2

()

(600Q 2Q ) = 0 =>

(900Q 2Q2) = 0 =>

600 4Q = 0 =>

900 4Q = 0 =>

4Q = 600 =>

4Q = 900 =>

Q = 150

Q = 225

= () = (600 4Q) =

= () = (900 4Q) =

= 4 < 0

= 4 < 0

,

Q = 150

,
Q = 225

=>

=> = 0

,

( = 0).
18


.
:
.
MC
(SR)
(LR).
: /

( ).

, Q P
. , (DWWL)
(. . 208).

, Q P (
C ).
.

:
: P = 1000 0,5Q C = 100Q.
() () ;

TC = 100Q =>
AC = 100Q/Q = 100
MC = 100

MR

MR = P = 1000 0,5Q

R = R = (P*Q) =
[(1000 0,5Q)*Q] =

(
,
MR )

(1000Q 0,5Q2) =
1000 Q
=

[(1000 0,5Q)*Q] 100Q =

1000Q 0,5Q2 100Q =
900Q 0,5Q2

Qs

MR = MC =>

Max = 0 =>

1000 0,5Q = 100 =>

(900Q 0,5Q2) = 0 =>

900 = 0,5Q =>

900 Q = 0

Q = 1800

Q = 900

19

P=

1000 0,5*1800 =

P=

1000 0,5*900 =

1000 900 =

1000 450 =

100 (=AC)

550 (>AC)

CS = [Q*(1000 100)] /2 =
(1800*900) / 2 =
(CS)
810 000 ..

(900*450) / 2 =

Q * (P AC) =

Q * (P AC) =

1800 * (100 100) =

900 * (550 100) =

1800 * 0 =

900 * 450 =

0 ..

405 000 ..

CS

CS = [Q*(1000 550)] / 2 =
202 500 ..

CS CS = 810 000 202 500 = 607 500 .

405 000 ..
. (202 500 ..)
.

P, MR, AC
1000
D
550
100

AC
MRM
0

900

1800

2000

Baumol:

,
.

, .

20

( P)
( )
( ,

).
-----

21